# E-Waste Challenges in India: Environmental and Human Health Impacts
## 6 Negative Impact of E-Waste on Human Health and Well-Being
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**Heavy Metal** & **Sources of Heavy Metal** & **Health Effects** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Antimony (Sb) metal} & & \(\bullet\) & Pulmonary lungs inflammation. \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Chronic bronchial inflammation. \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Chronic pulmonary emphysema. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Arsenic (As) metal} & PV cells, integrated circuit, gallium & \(\bullet\) & Dermatological problems. \\  & arsenide within LED (light emitting & \(\bullet\) & Pulmonary cancer. \\  & diodes) devices and semiconductors. & \(\bullet\) & Damaged digestive system. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Barium (Ba) metal} & Electron beam generator in cathode & \(\bullet\) & Paralysis and death. \\  & ray tubes (CRT), vacuum tubes, and & \(\bullet\) & Brain swelling. \\  & fluorescent lamps. & \(\bullet\) & Muscle weakness. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Beryllium (Be) metal} & Circuit boards, motherboards, & \(\bullet\) & It can cause berylliosis. \\  & connectors, power supply units, and & \(\bullet\) & It is carcinogenic (lung cancer). \\  & X-ray optics & \(\bullet\) & It can also affect other organs like skin, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, kidneys, and heart. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Cadmium (Cd) metal} & Chip resistors, switches, solder joints, infrared detectors, toner ink, photocopy machines, mobile phone, rechargeable batteries, nickel cadmium (NiCd), and fluorescent coating with randomized controlled trial screens. & \(\bullet\) & It accumulates in the kidney and weakens the filtration system. \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Weakens immune and central nervous system (CNS). \\  & & rechargeable batteries, nickel cadmium (NiCd), and fluorescent coating with randomized controlled trial screens. & \(\bullet\) & Fever, headache, sweating, and muscle pain [74]. \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Lowers cognitive skills in children. \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Additional health issues include intense vomiting, stomachache, and diarrhea. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Chromium (Cr) metal} & Galvanized steel plates and & \(\bullet\) & Irritation to eyes, mucus membrane. \\  & decorators, steel housing of CPU, & \(\bullet\) & Skin rashes, stomach upset, ulcers. \\  & floppy discs, dyes, pigments, chrome & \(\bullet\) & Causes chronic brain damage. \\  & plating, metal ceramics, and & \(\bullet\) & Causes respiratory problems like bronchitis. \\  & data cassettes. & \(\bullet\) & Alterations of genetic material. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Copper (Cu) metal} & Copper wires, DVDs, television, cables, wires, printed circuit board tracks. & \(\bullet\) & It triggers stomach discomfort and nausea. \\  & & \(\bullet\) & It induces liver damage and \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Lead (Pb) metal} & & \(\bullet\) & It accumulates in water bodies and soil, leading to poisoning. \\  & & \(\bullet\) & In the human body it enters through air, water, and food, and can lead to affects like the following: \\  & Solder in printed circuit boards, & \(\bullet\) & Anemia and disruption of biosynthesis of hemoglobin. \\  & gaskets in computer monitors, acid batteries, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) & \(\bullet\) & It can impair the circulatory system, the CNS \\  & cables wires, cathode ray tube monitors, and electrical batteries. & \(\bullet\) & In the human body it enters through air, water, and food, and can lead to affects like the following: \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Anemia and disruption of biosynthesis of hemoglobin. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Lithium (Li) metal} & Lithium-ion batteries, smartphones, and video equipment. & \(\bullet\) & This can transfer through the breast milk of a mother and hurt a nursing baby. \\  & & \(\bullet\) & In the human body it enters through air, water, and food, and can lead to affects like the following: \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \(\bullet\) & Anemia and disruption of biosynthesis of hemoglobin. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \(\bullet\) & It can impair the circulatory system, the CNS \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \(\bullet\) & (central nervous system), and the PNS \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \(\bullet\) & (peripheral nervous system) [75; 76]. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \(\bullet\) & Miscarriage, decline in male fertility. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \(\bullet\) & It can cause chronic asthma. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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