# Boating Tourism and Fishing Interactions: A Social Network Analysis Using AIS Data
## 5 Discussion
### Implications of the Interactions  
From the analysis of the data, it was found that there is some spatial overlap between the vessels, but at a temporal level, this occurrence is not evident. In terms of ecological impacts, fishing extracts natural resources (fish), but apparently at a sustainable rate [61]. This evidence comes from the existence of species subject to annual quotas, which are established within the European Union's common fisheries policy (CFP). Additionally, there are records of landings in fishing statistics that show some constancy in the quantities and diversity of species [62]. In the analysis of the data, it can be seen that the fishing that is carried out the furthest from the coast is trawling, which shows evidence that this fishing method causes some damage to the habitats where it is cast [63]. However, the interaction of the vessels that use this fishing method with nautical tourism activities is minimal and is only related to the movement of the vessels when they go to or come from fishing.  
Purse seine is a fishing method that interacts most with boat tourism activities, and as it aims to capture pelagic fish, there is a strong relationship with the marine mammals that feed on these species and which are sought after by leisure passenger boats [64]. All these vessel activities cause some pollution, not only in terms of carbon footprint [65] but also in terms of noise that causes some harm to marine species, which is why mitigating measures are being sought for this problem [66].  
Sometimes, interactions between economic activities can also expand a little; that is, some small fishing boats, many of them without AIS, tend to provide leisure services to tourists in the summer seasons in the sense of fishing linked to tourism (as shown in Figure 5 for the case of 'extractive for self-consumption'). In these cases, fishermen take tourists fishing, earning more from the leisure service provided than from the economic income obtained from fishing catches. This evidence can be corroborated by some literature in other geographies, such as Spain [67; 68], Italy [69; 70], and elsewhere [38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43].  
There is no evidence of negative interactions between recreational boating activities and fisheries. In other words, professional fishing apparently does not suffer harm, namely damaged fishing gear, caused by the dynamics of recreational activities, despite the literature mentioning cases in which damage does occur [71]. Therefore, it seems that there are more opportunities for cooperation than for conflicts to occur [72].  
At a social level, there is an important arrangement to regulate economic activities related to both fishing and tourism and leisure, which is why a recent marine protected area (MPA) was created (Figure 2) [73]. These types of action demonstrate that there is a capacity to bring together stakeholders for the mutual enjoyment of the common good (CPRs). The presence of an MPA and its recent implementation could contribute to the CPR principles defined by [PERSON], particularly because clear limitations have been established, and there is apparently greater ease of monitoring the area.  
Recently, steps have also been taken to regulate visits to areas close to the coast due to the high pressure that was evident on the carrying capacity along the rocky sandstone coast [53]. There is also the case of the existence of artificial reefs in the central zone of the area under analysis, which have had the function of \"creating/attracting\" and protecting marine resources and also, in a certain way, distributing the allocation of fishing effort [74; 75].