esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# SCM-IoT: An Approach for Internet of Things Services Integration and Coordination
## 3 Methodology
### Platform Dependent Computacional Model  
The data-driven approach of SCM-IoT is based on a reduced set of services that enable IoT systems to exhibit relatively complex intelligent behavior. The services update, subscription, and collection, already described in the previous models, are now described as a platform-dependent computational model built upon the XML, XSL, and BPEL technologies.  
The extensible markup language (XML) is a markup language that consists of a set of syntactic rules for describing information in both human-readable and machine-readable formats. The XML schema language uses XML as a metalanguage to rigorously describe the formation rules of XML structures. The extensible stylesheet language (XSL) is a family of XML languages designed to transform XML structures. The path language (XPath), belonging to the XSL family, is heavily used within XSL transformations to access the XML elements and attributes of the structure.  
The business process execution language (BPEL) is an XML language for describing business process behavior and interaction protocols. BPEL provides service composition and orchestration through an interoperable model of web services integration to facilitate business process automation. BPEL can approach a business process description from two perspectives. The executable processes model is the actual behavior in business interaction, and the abstract process for business protocols specifies the externally observable behavior through the exchange of messages without revealing internal behavior.
## 3 Data Processing
### Statistical Testing  
To test the equality of variances between two populations, namely GPS and GNSS solutions for each of the receivers, the Fisher-Snedecor test (test \(F\)) was used. The null and alternative hypotheses were as follows:  
\[H_{0}:\ \sigma_{GPS}^{2}=\sigma_{GNSS}^{2},\ H_{1}:\ \sigma_{GPS}^{2}\
eq \sigma_{GNSS}^{2} \tag{3}\]  
based on the assumption that for each test, there were two independent random samples of the deviations in horizontal distances (the same procedure was used for the spatial distances) and the reference ones from Equation (2), namely \(dev\_d_{GPS}\), and \(i=1,\ldots,n\), and \(dev\_d_{GNSS}\), \(dev\_d_{GNSS}\), and \(i=1,\ldots,m\), drawn from two normal distributions, \(N(H_{GPS},\sigma_{GPS})\) and \(N(H_{GNSS},\sigma_{GNSS})\). To perform the test, a random sample of \(n\) should be obtained from one population and a sample of \(m\) should be obtained from the second population. The means and variances of the sample followed the equation for GPS or GNSS:  
\[\overline{dev\_d}=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}dev\_d_i},\ s_{dev\_d}^{2}=\frac{ \sum_{i=1}^{n}\Bigl{(}dev\_d_i}-\overline{dev\_d}\Bigr{)}^{2}{n-1}, \tag{4}\]  
while the statistics \(F\) for different receivers were based on the equation:  
\[F=\frac{s_{dev\_d_{GPS}}^{2}}{s_{dev\_d_{GNSS}}^{2}} \tag{5}\]  
followed \(F\)-distribution with \(n-1\) and \(m-1\) degrees of freedom. If the calculated \(F\)-score is close to one, the null hypothesis that the samples come from the same populations could be accepted; the more the ratio from Equation (5) deviates from 1, the stronger the evidence for unequal population variances exists. If the \(F\)-score is greater than the defined \(F_{\alpha/2,n-1,m-1}\) or less than \(F_{1-\alpha/2,n-1,m-1}\) for the significance level \(\alpha\), that leads to the conclusion that the null hypothesis (Equation (3)) could be rejected, and it could be stated that the variances from the two different solutions were not the same in both groups.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Optical Emission Spectroscopy
In addition, when sealed nitrogen is used as a discharge gas, the intensity of the characteristic peaks in the SPS band decreases at a faster rate, which may be due to the fact that nitrogen is continuously consumed during the reaction process. Therefore, when using sealed nitrogen as a discharge gas, the reaction time should not be too long, and the nitrogen needs to be replenished in time to improve the ammonia synthesis efficiency. Figure 7a shows the OES of sealed N2 under different peak-peak voltages, and Figure 7b shows that when sealed nitrogen is used as the discharge gas, the characteristic peak intensities of both SPS and FNS bands are enhanced with the Increase in the peak-peak voltage. Further analysis showed that the ammonia yield was positively correlated with the spectral intensities of the SPS and FNS bands (Figure 5). These spectral evidence suggest that the excited N2 and N2+ reactive species are closely related to plasma ammonia synthesis.
# A Survey of Blockchain Applications for Management in Agriculture and Livestock Internet of Things
## 5 Future Research Directions
### Optimizing Blockchain Storage and Redundancy Issue  
Addressing the challenges of storage and redundancy in blockchain entails implementing effective data processing and storage strategies. Among these strategies, data pruning, layered storage, and sidechain technologies stand out as prevalent solutions. Data pruning involves trimming unnecessary old blocks or transaction records from the blockchain, reducing its storage demands while preserving its integrity and security. This method is instrumental in eliminating redundant data that no longer serves a purpose.  
The layered storage strategy mitigates the storage burden on individual nodes by dispersing data across nodes at various hierarchical levels. This strategy allows for the decentralized nature of blockchain to be maintained while effectively managing the scale and cost associated with data storage.  
Sidechain technology functions by establishing auxiliary chains that run parallel to the main blockchain. These sidechains are designated for specific transaction types or data categories, enabling the diversion of certain workloads from the main chain. This not only enhances the processing capacity of the main chain but also contributes to a reduction in its storage requirements.  
Integrating these technological solutions enables blockchain systems to significantly curtail the space needed for data storage and minimize redundancy without compromising on essential attributes like decentralization, security, and immutability. This optimization is particularly vital in scenarios involving extensive data management, such as in agricultural IoT applications. These advancements facilitate a more efficient processing and storage of data within blockchain systems, concurrently lowering maintenance costs and augmenting overall system performance. Exploring these optimizations represents a promising avenue for further research in blockchain technology.
# A Person Re-Identification Scheme Using Local Multiscale Feature Embedding with Dual Pyramids
## 5 Discussion  
The main aim of this study was to develop a dual pyramid structure with more discriminative feature embedding for a person re-identification. To accurately detect the gallery that is the same as the query, discriminative feature embedding was used, which is the connection of 15 local feature embedding by the proposed scheme using scale and part pyramid structure. According to the analysis of the experimental results in (Table 5), the performance rates of the proposed scheme based on Rank-1 accuracy are 94.79% and 99.25% for the DukeMTMC-reID [18] dataset and the Market-1501 [19] dataset, respectively.  
In recent years, many studies have reported high performance in person re-identification using various deep learning approaches [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. Among the studies, some used additional meta-information [3; 4], multi-scale features [5; 8], or localized features [10; 11; 12] as useful elements to determine the identity of the person in the image.  
To compare the performance results of these approaches, the approaches of [3] and [4] with the Rank-1 accuracy rate of 94.0% and 91.61% based on the DukeMTMC-reID [18] dataset and the Rank-1 accuracy rate of 98.00% and 96.79% based on the Market-1501 [19] dataset, which is a lower performance than proposed scheme, are shown. These results suggest that only the person image can be used for re-identification without additional meta-information such as shooting time, location, and viewpoint for a comparatively superior performance. The approaches of [5] and [8] with the Rank-1 accuracy rate of 79.2% and 88.6% based on the DukeMTMC-reID [18] dataset and the Rank-1 accuracy rate of 88.9% and 94.8% based on the Market-1501 [19] dataset are also shown. Moreover, the approaches of [10], [11], and [12] with the Rank-1 accuracy rate of 83.3%, 89.0%, and 86.6% based on the DukeMTMC-reID [18] dataset and the Rank-1 accuracy rate of 92.3%, 95.7%, and 94.2% based on the Market-1501 [19] dataset are shown. All of them have a lower performance than the proposed scheme, which suggests that using multi-scale features and localized features together can make better performance than using them separately.
## 4 Finite Element Numerical Calculation
### Numerical Analysis Results
#### 4.3.3 Crown Beam Stiffness  
The crown beam works for load transfer, redistributes the load upon different anti-slide piles, and thus effectively controls the overall deformation of the composite structure. The crown beam stiffness was changed through an adjustment of its elastic modulus in order to further analyze the influence of stiffness upon the internal force of the top beam. Based on  
Figure 19: Soil pressure in front of pile: (**a**) P1; (**b**) P3; (**c**) P5; (**d**) P6.  
the reference value of the elastic modulus E = 30 GPa of the crown beam, six different elastic moduli were set, namely, 0.2, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 times the reference value, respectively. The axial force in the crown beam is shown in Figure 20. P1-2 represent a crown beam section between the P1 top and the P2 top. According to Figure 20, the crown beam stiffness had a great influence on axial force. The load was successively transmitted to side piles at the slope foot through the crown beam, and the axial force gradually increased from the arch vault to the arch foot. When the stiffness reached five times the reference value, the curve of the axial force tended to be stable. When the crown beam stiffness continued increased to 20 times the reference value, the axial force near the slope toe increased by about 30% compared with the stiffness of 0.2 times the reference value. However, the axial force at the arch vault decreased by about 16%, which was always the pressure.  
The bending moments were generated in the arc crown beam along the downhill and the transverse slope direction and are shown in Figures 21 and 22. When the crown beam stiffness was 0.2 and 1 times the reference value, respectively, \(M_{x}\) appeared of the P1-2 of the crown beam. As the crown beam stiffness continued to increase, the maximum value appeared at P2-3. However, the \(M_{x}\) of P5-6 was the smallest near the arch vault. The distribution regularity of \(M_{y}
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Chemical Structure by FTIR  
Figure 3 shows the FTIR spectra of pure epoxy composites and reinforced epoxy composites with an increasing fraction of quartz fibers (0.20, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35). The FTIR spectra showed -OH stretching (bands at 3439 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 2922 cm\({}^{-1}\)), C-N-C stretching (1174.3 cm\({}^{-1}\)), C=O (1645 cm\({}^{-1}\)), symmetric and asymmetric C-O-C stretching (1099 cm\({}^{-1}\)), C-H deformation (801.2 cm\({}^{-1}\)), Si-O-Si deformation (467.7 cm\({}^{-1}\)), and Si-OH compression (891.3 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1005 cm\({}^{-1}\)) bands. The spectra showed polymerization of the thermoset epoxy resin [38] during curing. Irrespective of the embedding quartz fiber content in the epoxy resin, the identical spectra showed the existence of organic and inorganic networks [39] due to the crosslinking of the epoxy/amine upon curing.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Resin** & **Fiber** & **Impregnation** & **Pressing** & **Curing Conditions** \\ \hline
**Fraction** & **Fraction** & **min** & **bar** & **Cure** & **Post Cure** \\ \hline
0.80 to 0.65 & 0.20 to 0.35 & 30 & 10 & 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 12 h & 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C \& 3 h \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Preparation conditions for quartz fiber/epoxy composite.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Test** & **Equipment Used** \\ \hline Functional groups & FTIR- Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 (Waltham, MA, USA) \\
400–4000 cm\({}^{-1}\) \\ \hline Dielectric constant & PNA Network Analyzer 8326 Agilent \\ \hline Dielectric loss & Frequency used 2 GHz (Santa Clara, CA, USA) \\ \hline Tensile strength & \\ \hline Bending strength & Trapezium, AGX-Plus, Tokyo, Japan \\ Test speed 2 mm/min, 50 KN \\ \hline Interlaminar shear strength & \\ \hline Morphology & SEM-JSM 6490 A, EOL Tokyo, Japan \\ Accelerating voltage 20 KV \\ \hline Thermal degradation & TGA Q600 SDT, TA Instruments, \\ Weight loss (\%) & SHIMADZU, Tokyo, Japan \\ Heating rate = 20\({}^{\circ}\) C/min (N\({}_{2}\) flow) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Characterization methodologies for quartz fiber/epoxy composite.  
Figure 2: Fabrication of quartz fiber/epoxy composite.
## 3 The LOBIN Prototype: A Practical Study Case
### System Description
#### 3.1.4 Management Subsystem  
The Management Subsystem is based on a client-server architecture (shown in Figure 9), the Management Server being the server and the GUIs being the clients.  
The Management Server was developed using C as programming language. It runs on Fedora, which is an operating system built on top of the Linux kernel. It uses an Oracle database (DDBB) to store the information associated with the patients. The DDBB provides an independent interface with the GUI, thus allowing the development of tailored user applications to cover additional functionalities.  
The GUI was developed in Java, which provides it with great flexibility and allows it to run on any platform without problems, a computer, a PDA or a mobile. The developed GUI meets the system requirements, since it allows managing patients' profiles, monitoring all the medical parameters of any  
Figure 9: Management Subsystem client-server architecture.  
patient in real-time, locating any patient within the hospital facilities, verifying if any alarm has been activated, as well as sending an SMS including this information if required.  
The Management System also provides tools for managing maps and BPs' locations, so that this application can be implemented in any hospital without modifying the software of the location module.
# Flexible Antennas for a Sub-6 GHz 5G Band:
## 4 Flexible Antennas for a Sub-6 GHz 5G Band
### Flexible MIMO Antennas for Sub-6 GHz 5G Band
#### 4.3.3 Metamaterial-Based Flexible Antenna  
In [78], a compact and flexible MIMO antenna is proposed. The structure consists of a T-shaped monopole with a negative permeability (MNG) unit cell to decrease the mutual coupling. The proposed unit cell called the bridge rectangular split-ring resonator (BS-SRR)  
Figure 20: Four element antenna with a truncated ground: (**a**) Fabricated prototype; (**b**) S-parameter; (**c**) Radiation pattern. Reprinted with permission from ref. [77]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier.  
provides a negative permeability over a certain bandwidth of the antenna. The antenna is fed by a microstrip feed line with a partial ground plane to enhance the bandwidth of the antenna. The antenna operates at 4.9 GHz with a bandwidth of 695 MHz. To check the flexibility of the antenna, the antenna is bent over a cylindrical foam of a radius of 13 mm, and it is observed that there is no significant change in the reflection coefficient of the antenna. The antenna gives a gain of 2.2 dB with an efficiency of 70.7%. The antenna gives an omnidirectional radiation pattern in both planes.  
In [79], a flexible MIMO antenna with a circular slotted patch is proposed to work at 3.5 GHz, as shown in Figure 21a. A partial ground plane is implemented to enhance the bandwidth of the antenna. The mutual coupling of the antenna is reduced by \(-11.6\) dB, by the utilization of an electromagnetic band gap (EBG). The structure used as metamaterial reduces the mutual coupling by creating a band gap at the required frequency to suppress the surface currents that cause the mutual coupling. Moreover, with the introduction of the EBG structure, the gain and the efficiency of the antenna are improved by 1.074 dB and 2.4%, respectively. The bending analysis of the antenna is performed using a cylindrical foam with a radius of 13 mm. There is no noticeable change in the values of \(S_{11}\) and \(S_{21}\) for the desired frequency of operation. Figure 21b shows the S-parameter of the antenna.  
Figure 21: EBG-based MIMO antenna: (a) Antenna prototype; (b) S-parameter. Reprinted from ref. [79].
## 4 Results and Discussion
#### Discussion--Table Summary and Research Gap  
Table 3 provides a detailed overview of studies employing various analytical tools to assess the costs of trenchless approaches and OCCM for sewer system rehabilitation. The studies consistently demonstrate that trenchless methods, such as CIPPRT, are more cost-effective than OCCM, particularly in urban settings. For example, [PERSON] et al. [24] showed that CIPPRT costs are 60% lower than OCCM for most pipe diameters, while [PERSON] [33] found that CIPPRT reduces total environmental and social costs by up to 90%, compared to OCCM. Additionally, [PERSON] [1] reported that pipe-bursting techniques reduce CO\({}_{2}\) emissions by 72.6% compared to OCCM, emphasizing the environmental advantages of trenchless methods. The studies also highlight the critical role of integrating environmental and social costs into life-cycle cost analysis. For instance, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [81] identified social costs, such as traffic delays and business disruptions, as significant contributors to total project costs, amounting to up to 30% of the latter. Analytical frameworks such as Monte Carlo simulations [77] and cost component analyses [33] were instrumental in quantifying these impacts, enabling more informed decision-making. The table also highlights diverse applications of machine learning tools in cost prediction and decision-making for sewer system rehabilitation. These studies demonstrate how models like Random Forest models, ANNs, Gradient Boosting models, and Monte Carlo simulations improve the accuracy of life-cycle cost analysis by incorporating complex variables. [PERSON] [55] applied models such as k-NN, multiple linear regression (MLR), and decision tree regressors (DTRs) to predict trenchless pipe renewal costs, showcasing machine learning's ability to handle cost variability effectively. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [97] used k-NN and binary classification to predict sewer pipe conditions, enabling maintenance prioritization based on degradation trends. The studies also emphasize integrating environmental, social, and economic cost factors into ML-driven frameworks. [PERSON] et al. [99] employed logistic regression and Random Forest models to assess sanitary sewer conditions, offering actionable insights
###### Abstract
examined the process of different geometry cutting edge wear and its effect on machined surface quality [19]. They pointed out that the flank wear had a large impact on the final component's quality in terms of surface integrity and roughness. [PERSON] and co-authors [20] suggested that some machining parameters, such as cutting speed, among others, had small effects on the surface quality and can be omitted in investigations. In contrast, the insert type and geometry had significant effects on surface roughness and residual stress. Even though no FEM-based methods have been proposed so far to predict the residual stresses after machining with wiper inserts, the authors reported that wiper inserts produced smoother surfaces and appeared to be more stable. Moreover, in their experiments, the application of wiper inserts provided better surface quality than conventional inserts. In this context, practical application of the specific CBN cutting inserts in certain purpose-oriented conditions still requires additional investigation. This study is focused on the issue of CBN cutting insert geometry and its influence on the surface integrity of the machined surface, since there is no comprehensive study covering the problem and giving some practical recommendations. For instance, [PERSON] et al. analyzed the influence of cutting parameters on cutting forces and tool wear during the turning of Ni-Co alloy with CBN tools, also considering the topography and roughness parameters of the machined surface [21]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a procedure for the optimization of finishing cutting parameters with minimized specific cutting force, also considering the quality of the machined surface [22]. [PERSON] et al. studied the effects of coated and uncoated polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools with TiN and TiAlN on the geometric parameters of the machined surface of hardened and tempered EN X153 CrMoV12 steel [23]. [PERSON] et al. conducted a comprehensive study on the performance of different CBN insertswith the same geometry but different coating technologies during the hard turning of AISI 4320 case-carburized steel [24]. In light of the available publications, it was decided to undertake the study involving different geometries of CBN cutting tools and surface integrity parameters of the machined thin-walled bearing rings, as follows. The issue is very important from the application perspective, since the selection of cutting tools includes edge geometry type, insert size, and insert grade [25] so that proper surface quality can be obtained.
# Use of Wireless Sensor Networks for Area-Based Speed Control and Traffic Monitoring
## 3 LoRa/LoRaWAN Standard  
LoRa (Long Range) is a wireless data transmission and exchange standard designed for long-range communication with low power consumption, dedicated to transmitting small data volumes. These features make it an ideal solution for creating vast networks comprising different sensor types, providing data for control, monitoring, and surveillance systems [50]. This technology does not support image transmission, especially at a quality that meets today's standards. However, it is possible to send processed and extracted camera data, such as vehicle license plates, weight, or category. LoRa sits between standards like WiFi, Bluetooth, LTE, or ZigBee, offering unique advantages such as cost reduction or increased coverage. LoRaWAN, on the other hand, is a bidirectional MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol developed with high efficiency, long range, and low power consumption in mind. Therefore, LoRa and LoRaWAN are not identical. LoRaWAN optimizes power consumption and supports mechanisms for optimizing traffic between nodes. Establishing secure connections is guaranteed by a point-to-point encryption mechanism. The protocol also supports the wireless registration of new devices in the network and multicast transmission (one-to-many communication) [51].  
The LoRa standard is formally managed by the LoRa Alliance, an open non-profit association that has become one of the largest and fastest-growing technology sector alliances since its establishment in 2015. Its members collaborate closely and share their experiences to promote and drive the development of the LoRa standard, which they consider to be a leading, open-source, global standard for secure IoT connectivity [52].