## 2 Results
### Analyses of Gene Expressions in Hop Cones of Healthy and HVLd-Infected Plants
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**HLVd Infection** & **Negative** & **Positive** & **Negative** & **Positive** \\ \hline
**Harvest year** & **2019** & **2019** & **2020** & **2020** \\
**Number of samples** & **21** & **6** & **14** & **56** \\ \hline
**Total oils (\% of DW)** & 0.527 \(\pm\) 0.146 & 0.438 \(\pm\) 0.108 & 0.443 \(\pm\) 0.094 & 0.481 \(\pm\) 0.112 \\ \hline
**Monoterpenes (\% of EO)** & & & & \\ \hline Myrcene & 19.75 \(\pm\) 3.12 & 24.60 \(\pm\) 5.82 ** & 22.79 \(\pm\) 3.71 & 25.26 \(\pm\) 3.81 ** \\ \(\alpha\)-pinene & 0.053 \(\pm\) 0.013 & 0.083 \(\pm\) 0.027 *** & 0.082 \(\pm\) 0.025 & 0.116 \(\pm\) 0.026 *** \\ \(\beta\)-pinene & 0.414 \(\pm\) 0.070 & 0.603 \(\pm\) 0.157 *** & 0.615 \(\pm\) 0.161 & 0.871 \(\pm\) 0.186 *** \\
**Sesquiterpenes (\% of EO)** & & & & \\ \hline \(\alpha\)-humulene & 20.72 \(\pm\) 2.52 & 19.08 \(\pm\) 2.27 & 20.38 \(\pm\) 2.59 & 20.17 \(\pm\) 2.67 \\ \(\beta\)-caryophyllene & 8.74 \(\pm\) 1.00 & 7.02 \(\pm\) 1.58 *** & 7.09 \(\pm\) 1.11 & 6.68 \(\pm\) 1.03 \\ \(\beta\)-farnesene & 23.50 \(\pm\) 3.00 & 20.79 \(\pm\) 3.38 * & 22.13 \(\pm\) 3.00 & 17.96 \(\pm\) 2.82 *** \\ \(\gamma\)-muvurolene & 1.098 \(\pm\) 0.165 & 0.892 \(\pm\) 0.263 ** & 0.796 \(\pm\) 0.106 & 0.765 \(\pm\) 0.120 \\ \(\beta\)-bisabolene & 0.409 \(\pm\) 0.097 & 0.420 \(\pm\) 0.040 & 0.474 \(\pm\) 0.061 & 0.405 \(\pm\) 0.093 *** \\ \(\gamma\)-cadience & 1.136 \(\pm\) 0.172 & 0.912 \(\pm\) 0.267 ** & 0.806 \(\pm\) 0.107 & 0.779 \(\pm\) 0.130 \\ \(\delta\)-cadience & 1.892 \(\pm\) 0.257 & 1.512 \(\pm\) 0.404 *** & 1.295 \(\pm\) 0.204 & 1.214 \(\pm\) 0.201 \\
**Selinenes** & 1.626 \(\pm\) 0.462 & 1.588 \(\pm\) 1.086 & 1.108 \(\pm\) 0.168 & 1.064 \(\pm\) 0.244 \\
**Alcohols (\% of EO)** & & & & \\ \hline Linalool & 0.201 \(\pm\) 0.064 & 0.303 \(\pm\) 0.084 *** & 0.337 \(\pm\) 0.124 & 0.554 \(\pm\) 0.175 *** \\ Geraniol & 0.035 \(\pm\) 0.014 & 0.218 \(\pm\) 0.127 *** & 0.204 \(\pm\) 0.278 & 0.514 \(\pm\) 0.272 *** \\
**Epoxides \({}^{\textbf{A (\% of EO)}}\)** & 0.859 \(\pm\) 0.483 & 0.995 \(\pm\) 0.397 & 1.558 \(\pm\) 0.522 & 3.070 \(\pm\) 1.173 *** \\ \hline
**Ketones \({}^{\textbf{B (\% of EO)}}\)** & 2.637 \(\pm\) 0.461 & 2.302 \(\pm\) 0.289 & 2.838 \(\pm\) 0.495 & 1.970 \(\pm\) 0.483 *** \\ \hline
**Esters (\% of EO)** & & & & \\ \hline Methylgeranate & 0.082 \(\pm\) 0.035 & 0.348 \(\pm\) 0.150 *** & 0.198 \(\pm\) 0.139 & 0.672 \(\pm\) 0.381 *** \\ Methylheptanoate & 0.261 \(\pm\) 0.087 & 0.259 \(\pm\) 0.078 & 0.329 \(\pm\) 0.090 & 0.434 \(\pm\) 0.109 *** \\ Methyloctanoate & 0.547 \(\pm\) 0.204 & 0.432 \(\pm\) 0.063 & 0.420 \(\pm\) 0.163 & 0.314 \(\pm\) 0.132 ** \\ Methylmon-6-enoate & 0.069 \(\pm\) 0.030 & 0.093 \(\pm\) 0.056 & 0.084 \(\pm\) 0.035 & 0.157 \(\pm\) 0.029 *** \\ Methyl-8-methylmonanoate & 0.158 \(\pm\) 0.053 & 0.121 \(\pm\) 0.043 & 0.163 \(\pm\) 0.046 & 0.114 \(\pm\) 0.043 *** \\ Methyldeca-4,8-dienoate & 0.433 \(\pm\) 0.118 & 0.485 \(\pm\) 0.113 & 0.409 \(\pm\) 0.121 & 0.702 \(\pm\) 0.126 *** \\ \hline Methyldecanoate & 0.383 \(\pm\) 0.137 & 0.288 \(\pm\) 0.045 & 0.259 \(\pm\) 0.096 & 0.140 \(\pm\) 0.081 *** \\ \hline Methyldodeca-3,6-dienoate & 0.924 \(\pm\) 0.180 & 0.827 \(\pm\) 0.070 & 0.813 \(\pm\) 0.146 & 0.550 \(\pm\) 0.173 *** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Probability level: *—\(p<\) 0.1, ***—\(p<\) 0.05, and ***—\(p<\) 0.01. Abbreviations: DW—dry weight; EO—essential oils; \({}^{\textbf{A}}\) Eposides—sum of carophyllene epoxide, humulene epoxide 1 a II; and \({}^{\textbf{B}}\) Ketones—sum of 2-nonanone, 2-decanone, 7-Me-2-decanone, 2-undecanone, and 2-rideeanone.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Contents of hop essential oils (average \(\pm\) SD) in dry cones of HLVd-free and infected plants of the Saaz cultivar. genes HS1 (Figure 2E) and HS2 (Figure 2F), which are last-step enzymes of alpha bitter acids biosynthesis, were down-regulated by infection in cones of all the cultivars: Saaz (8.3 and 8.1 times), Sladek (3.3 and 2.3 times), Premiant (3.3 and 2.5 times), and Agnus (2 and 1.5 times).