## 5 Energy Storage for Demand-Side Resources  
Energy storage plays a crucial role in optimizing demand-side resources. In this section, we will be highlighting its significance in the context of demand-side management in ADNs. Demand-side resources play a vital role in the energy sector as they offer important benefits for both consumers and grid operators. These resources refer to the ability of consumers to actively manage their energy consumption patterns and contribute to grid stability. By incorporating energy storage technologies, demand-side resources can become even more valuable [88]. Storage allows consumers to shift their energy usage to times when electricity is cheaper or more readily available, reducing costs and optimizing energy efficiency. Additionally, energy storage enables consumers to store excess electricity generated from renewable sources and use it during high-demand periods, thereby enhancing grid reliability and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. This integration of energy storage with demand-side resources presents numerous opportunities for a more sustainable and resilient energy system in the future. In a study by [89], the authors proposed a framework where neighboring microgrids form a multi-microgrid (multi-MG) to install a shared Cloud Energy Storage (CES) with the aim of increasing profit and improving reliability. They went further to evaluate different investment scenarios, considering the yearly reward from Transmission System Operators (TSO) and Distribution System Operators (DSO), and provided a decision table for selecting the best investment scenario. This work contributes to providing a practical plan to make CES investment affordable for microgrids and considering multiple criteria in the decision-making process. The authors in [90] presented a stochastic model and a novel mixed-integer model to determine the optimal capacity and operation of Large-scale Energy Storage Systems (LESS) in coordination with a demand response scheme. The proposed model considers managerial options, such as the number of allowed demand response actions and the number of allowed charging and discharging. From the work, the simulation results demonstrated the significant economic impacts of considering these options. This work aimed at enhancing the economic viability of demand response programs by integrating large-scale energy storage systems into the distribution substation. Community Energy Storage (CES) is an effective tool for congestion management and operational cost optimization in distribution systems, thus, providing economic benefits to both the microgrids and the (DSO). The significance of CES in tackling congestion- and cost-related concerns in distribution systems is emphasized in [91], and the demonstration of the effectiveness of CES in lowering energy prices for the microgrids and controlling congestion in the distribution system is studied. The work employed a Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm to optimize the operation of the battery within microgrids, resulting in a decrease in energy costs for the microgrids. Additionally, the CES system is utilized to alleviate congestion in the distribution system, with the DSO purchasing charged power from the storage manager, even at a premium price exceeding the prevailing electricity rate during congested hours. This mechanism effectively alleviates congestion and provides economic benefits to both the microgrids and the DSO. Furthermore, the authors also presented a comparative analysis of heuristic algorithms, hence, highlighting the superior performance of the TLBO algorithm in achieving cost reduction and optimizing the distribution system, leading to cost efficiency. The impact of energy storage facilities on the flexibility of active distribution networks cannot be underestimated, as it plays a vital role in eliminating challenges related to renewable energy resources.