esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Superhydrophobic Polypyrrole-Coated Cigarette Filters for Effective Oil/Water Separation
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, we demonstrated a simple method to prepare cigarette filters capable of oil separation and absorption. They are made of waste cigarettes and can solve issues relating to the recycling and reuse of cigarette filters and oil/water separation. Py was coated on the surface of the cigarette filter skeleton to achieve micro-nano hierarchical structures. The as-prepared superhydrophobic cigarette filters can realize wettability alteration via changing the ammonium persulfate (APS) concentration from 0.15 mol/L to 3 mol/L; the contact angle increased from 0\({}^{\circ}\) on the original cigarette filter to 155\({}^{\circ}\) with a sliding angle of 5\({}^{\circ}\). N-dodecanethiol was used as a low-surface-energy material to increase the hydrophobicity. The obtained Pyp-coated cigarette filter modified by N-dodecanethiol exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity. In addition, the pyrrole concentration affected the surface wettability. Owing to these outstanding properties, the superhydrophobic Pyp-coated cigarette filter showed very high efficiency in oil/water separation for various oil/water mixtures under gravity alone. The separation efficiency reached 97.3%-99% for both light oil and heavy oil. The superhydrophobic Ppy-coated cigarette filter also had good separation stability. Moreover, the superhydrophobic Ppy-coated cigarette filter absorbed oils and organic solvents with absorption capacities 9.4-22.7 times the filter's mass, which indicated good oil absorption capacities. Therefore,  
Figure 8: The absorption capacities of the as-prepared superhydrophobic cigarette filters: (**a**) \(Q_{\text{ab}}\) values for different Py concentrations; (**b**) \(Q_{\text{ab}}\) values of filters prepared using 2 mol/L Py for various oils and organic solvents.  
this superhydrophobic Ppy-coated cigarette filter is an excellent candidate for oil/water separation and absorption; it could not only reduce solid waste but also be applied to clean up oil spills.  
[PERSON] designed the fabrication process of the superhydrophobic cigarette filters with [PERSON], and conducted the research with [PERSON] and [PERSON], [PERSON] finally wrote the manuscript; [PERSON] rechecked the manuscript; [PERSON] provided the experiment location and equipment. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was funded by the Laboratory Society Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (No. GS2019 ZD07), Jiangsu Normal University Undergraduate Education Research Foundation (No. JYKTY201905), China National Natural Science Foundation (No. 51775545), and Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Science Foundation of China (No. 19 KJD460003).  
The experimental process was guided by experts from the Xuzhou Engineering Machinery Design and Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center. We are very grateful for their help.  
This article is the original work of the authors and does not involve any conflict of interest.
# Effect of Washing Temperature on Adsorption of Cationic Dyes by Raw Lignocellulosic Biomass
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Results of Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet Adsorption on Raw Materials
#### 3.2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis  
Calculating certain thermodynamic parameters is essential for determining the nature of the retention process. The values of these parameters for the adsorption of MB and CV on raw biosorbents are presented in Table 6. The results show that the values of the variation in free enthalpy (\(\Delta\)G\({}^{\circ}\)) were negative in all cases, indicating that the adsorption of MB and CV on the raw MP and C was spontaneous and favorable at any temperature [91].  
The positive values of the standard entropy variation (\(\Delta\)S\({}^{\circ}\)) suggest that the MB and CV molecules become less ordered at the solid/solution interface during the adsorption process [92; 93]. The negative values of the standard enthalpy (\(\Delta\)H\({}^{\circ}\)) for the adsorption of MB on MPC, MPW, and MPH confirmed that the adsorption process was exothermic and that lower temperatures favor adsorption. In contrast, for the other cases, \(\Delta\)H\({}^{\circ}\) was positive, indicating that the adsorption process was endothermic and more favorable at higher temperatures [71]. The low absolute values of \(\Delta\)H\({}^{\circ}\) for the different materials confirmed that the adsorbent-adsorbate interactions are physical in nature (\(1\,\Delta\)H\({}^{\circ}\)\(\leq\) 40 kJ mol\({}^{-1}\)) [2].
## 1 Introduction  
The \"central dogma\" is the continuous flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins via mRNA [1]. Since DNA is in its most upstream, the regulation of the DNA function can lead to the specific control of subsequent gene expression. From this perspective, genome editing technology, which replaces genomic DNA with the desired sequence, has been intensively investigated. With the CRISPR-Cas9 system awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020, the understanding of gene function is accelerating [2; 3; 4]. In addition to research into DNA-binding proteins, including ZF [5; 6; 7; 8; 9], TALE [10; 11], as well as CRISPR-Cas9 [2; 3; 4], various small molecules which target DNA have also been investigated. For the selective recognition of DNA, minor groove binders (Py-Im polyamides) [12; 13; 14; 15] and various artificial nucleic acids have been developed [16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. With their high selectivity, artificial nucleic acids, in which a part of the nucleic acid is chemically modified, have been attracting attention as nucleic acid medicines in recent years. Unlike conventional small-molecule drugs that target proteins, nucleic acid drugs are expected to offer completely different selectivity and potency by targeting nucleic acids. However, artificial nucleic acids other than triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) [30; 31; 32] can only target nucleic acids in single-stranded form and have difficulty directly recognizing double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). This is because the recognition of artificial nucleic acids is based on complementarity via Watson-Crick base pairing, and the process of base-pair formation is essential for their recognition. Therefore, artificial nucleic acids are usually utilized to target single-stranded DNA denatured by heat or alkaline conditions from dsDNA. While single-strand recognition is sufficient for the antisense methodology targeting mRNA, artificial nucleic acids recognizing dsDNA are essential for the direct recognition of the genomic DNA. Human genomic DNA consists of about 3 billion base pairs, and a variety of genes have been identified, including those related to phenotypes and diseases. Developing a technology that can freely recognize such a huge genomic DNA is expected to have a very wide range of applications in the field of biology as well as medicine.  
In this review, we focus on the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) that enables the direct recognition of dsDNA, which is difficult to achieve with conventional artificial nucleic acids, and describe its characteristic dsDNA recognition mode (\"invasion\"), from basic information to applications.
# Artificial Neural Networks for Navigation Systems: A Review of Recent Research
## 4 Navigation Integration Enhanced by the ANN
### More Recent Development of NNs for Navigation System Designs
#### 4.3.3 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) NN  
In order to lessen the ambiguous noise of the IMU raw measurements and offer reliable data for upcoming GPS/INS data fusion and training samples, a method for preprocessing the data based on EMD for wavelet denoising is created. The IMM-EKF approach is then suggested to increase the precision of the model training target result and the robustness of the KF output. Figure 17 presents a fresh, intelligent GPS/INS framework based on the ELM.  
Figure 16: Architecture of LSTM model.  
When the GPS is available, the denoised INS data and the outputs of the IMM-EKF are used to train the ELM while the GPS and denoised INS data are fused using the IMM-EKF. The ELM forecasts and corrects the INS position error during GPS failures. Three tests were run in the real field test to gauge the success of the suggested approach. The comparison of findings demonstrates that the suggested fusion method can greatly increase the precision and dependability of locating during GPS failures [88; 109; 110; 111]. The wavelet-based denoising algorithm built on EMD is known as EMD-WD. An ANN-based fusion approach is suggested to address GNSS outages. The ELM network is first used to swiftly identify brief GNSS signal failures. The BPNN is then used to anticipate the overall output of GNSS following the output of the INS system, and the accuracy is increased by adopting the INS's historical data in various steps. Extensive testing demonstrates that the integrated navigation fusion algorithm built on ELM and BPNN may significantly lower navigation errors when GNSS signals are interrupted. To balance the computational load and navigational precision, various algorithm alternatives are offered concurrently.
# C-SAR/02 Satellite Polarimetric Calibration and Validation Based on Active Radar Calibrators
## 3 Experimental Procedures and Methods
### SAR Image Processing Procedure
#### 3.3.4 Polarization Correction of the Whole Image  
The original quad-polarization complex image before correction was denoted as \(M=\begin{bmatrix}M_{hh}&M_{vh}\\ M_{hv}&M_{vv}\end{bmatrix}\). Each pixel was corrected according to Equations (18) and (19) to obtain the corrected relatively true ground scattering matrix \(\hat{S}\):  
\[\hat{S}=\frac{e^{-j\varphi}}{AR_{vv}T_{hh}}(R^{t})^{-1}\begin{pmatrix}M_{hh} &M_{vh}\\ M_{hv}&M_{vv}\end{pmatrix}_{i,j}(T)^{-1} \tag{20}\]  
Or  
\[\hat{S}=\frac{e^{-j\varphi}}{AR_{hh}T_{vv}}(R^{t})^{-1}\begin{pmatrix}M_{hh}&M_ {vh}\\ M_{hv}&M_{vv}\end{pmatrix}_{i,j}(T)^{-1} \tag{21}\]  
where \(\hat{S}\) is the result of the corrected ground scattering matrix; \(R\) and \(T\) are the received and transmitted aberration matrices extracted in Section 3.3.3, respectively; and \(i,j\) denote the row and column numbers of the pixels, \(\begin{bmatrix}M_{hh}&M_{uh}\\ M_{hy}&M_{vv}\end{bmatrix}_{i,j}\) (i.e., they correspond to the values of the pixels in the ith row and jth column of the four polarization channel files).
# Autonomous Load Regulation Based Energy Balanced Routing in Reshargeable Wireless Sensor Networks
## 5 Routing Algorithm Based on Autonomous Load Regulation Mechanism
### Routing Setup and Update  
The states of nodes change with time and the network needs to update the routing scheme in a timely manner in order to optimize the network performance. The sink broadcasts the charging scheme, data relay radius, and relative state parameters of nodes in the previous round at the beginning of each round. Each node calculates the link state of its available forward neighbors and determines the optimal next hop according to the broadcast information. The specific process is given in Algorithm 2.  
```
Inputs:\(V\), state information of all nodes; Outputs: Network routing \(V\).next; for all\(v_{i}\in V\) \(FN(i)=\left\{j\middle|d_{js}<d_{is},d_{ij}<R,j\in V\right\}\); \(AFN(i)=\left\{j\middle|d_{js}<d_{is},d_{ij}<r_{j},j\in V\right\}\); if\(AFN(i)\
eq\phi\)then\(v_{i}\).next \(\leftarrow\)\(\operatorname*{arg\,max}_{v_{j\in AFN(i)}}\left[LS_{ij}\right\}\); else\(v_{i}\).next \(\leftarrow\)\(\operatorname*{arg\,max}_{v_{j\in AFN(i)}}\left[E_{j}\right]\) endif endfor\(V\).next \(=\{v_{i}\).next\(|\forall v_{i}\in V\}\)
```  
**Algorithm 2** Routing setup and update strategy of the autonomous load regulation mechanism-based energy balanced routing algorithm (ALRMR).  
Each node establishes its available forward neighbor set and chooses the next hop with the optimal link state. Some nodes may have no available forward neighbors, depending on the routing setup. This is because all forward neighbor of these nodes have a short data relay radius due to overload, so the node will choose the forward neighbor with the highest energy as the next hop in order to ensure data upload. Data packets from these nodes are tagged and any node will relay them unconditionally. Each node updates its status parameters at the end of the round and uploads the information to the sink in order to provide data support for the routing update and charging scheme in the next round.  
The operation principle of our routing strategy can be described by Figure 2, where the shadow area is the relay range of node B according to Formula (11) and the squares near the nodes represent their loads. It is assumed that nodes F and G choose node B as their next hops, according to the link state. Thus, node B has a higher energy consumption and needs to reduce its load appropriately. However, if node B cannot remove its load automatically, it can only wait for its subnodes (nodes F and G) to change their next hops due to the significant decrease of node B's residual energy, which greatly reduces the energy balance efficiency. Using the autonomous load regulation mechanism, node B can become aware of its heavy load state and remove some load by decreasing its data relay radius in a timely fashion. Then node G has to immediately change its next hop, which can balance the load of nodes and the network energy distribution efficiently.  
Figure 2: Operation principle of the routing strategy.
# Approximation of the Riesz-Caputo Derivative by Cubic Splines
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Approximation of the Riesz-Caputo Derivative  
To approximate the Riesz-Caputo derivative of a give function \(y\), we approximate the function by a cubic spline represented by a linear combination of the basis functions \(\mathcal{N}_{h}\):  
\[y(x)\approx y_{h}(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{M_{h}}a_{k,h}N_{k,h}(x),\qquad x\in[0,L]\,. \tag{8}\]  
We recall that cubic spline approximations belong to \(C^{2}[0,L]\) and are exact on polynomials of degree less than or equal to 3 [34; 35].  
The Riesz-Caputo derivative (2) can be approximated as  
\[\frac{d^{\gamma}}{d|x|^{\gamma}}y(x)\approx\frac{d^{\gamma}}{d|x|^{\gamma}}y_{ h}(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{M_{h}}a_{k,h}\frac{d^{\gamma}}{d|x|^{\gamma}}N_{k,h}(x), \qquad x\in[0,L]\,. \tag{9}\]  
Thus, we need to evaluate the Riesz-Caputo derivative of the basis functions:  
\[\frac{d^{\gamma}}{d|x|^{\gamma}}N_{k,h}(x)\coloneqq\frac{1}{2}(D_{0,x}^{ \gamma}+(-1)^{m}D_{x,L}^{\gamma})N_{k,h}(x),\qquad 0\leq k\leq L+2.\]  
To this end, it is sufficient to evaluate the derivative when \(h=1\), since for any function \(f\) (see [12]),  
\[D_{0,x}^{\gamma}f\left(\frac{x}{h}\right)=\frac{1}{h\gamma}D_{0,h^{-1}x}^{ \gamma}f\left(\frac{x}{h}\right),\qquad D_{x,L}^{\gamma}f\left(\frac{x}{h} \right)=\frac{1}{h\gamma}D_{h^{-1}x,h^{-1}L}^{\gamma}f\left(\frac{x}{h}\right).\]  
The explicit expression of the left Caputo derivative \(D_{0,\gamma}^{\gamma}N_{k}\) was given in [13; 37] (see Appendix B). The right Caputo derivative can be evaluated by using the symmetry property (5).  
**Proposition 1**.: _Let \(\Phi=\{\phi_{k}(x),0\leq k\leq M\}\) be a function basis centrally symmetric in the interval \([0,L]\), i.e.,_  
\[\phi_{k}(x)=\phi_{M-k}(L-x),\qquad 0\leq k\leq M,\qquad x\in[0,L]. \tag{10}\]  
_Then, the left and right Caputo derivatives of the basis function \(\Phi\) are related by the following symmetry properties:_  
\[D_{x,L}^{\gamma}\phi_{k}(x) =\frac{(-1)^{m}}{\Gamma(m-\gamma)}\int_{x}^{L}\frac{\phi_{k}^{(m)}( \tau)}{(\tau-x)^{-m+\gamma+1}}d\tau\] \[=\frac{1}{\Gamma(m-\gamma)}\int_{x}^{L}\frac{\phi_{M-k}^{(m)}(L- \tau)}{(\tau-x)^{-m+\gamma+1}}d\tau\] \[=\frac{1}{\Gamma(m-\gamma)}\int_{0}^{L-x}\frac{\phi_{M-k}^{(m)}( \tau)}{(L-x-\tilde{\tau})^{-m+\gamma+1}}d\tilde{\tau}\] \[=D_{0,L-x}^{\gamma}\phi_{M-k}(L-x).\]  
Using the symmetry properties (5), Proposition (1) and Equations (A4)-(A12), we obtain the explicit expressions of the Riesz-Caputo derivatives \(\frac{d^{\gamma}}{d|x|^{\gamma}}N_{k}\). We observe that the derivatives retain the same symmetry/antisymmetry properties as the ordinary derivatives.  
The Riesz-Caputo derivative of the basis functions is plotted in Figures 2 and 3 for different values of the order of the fractional derivative.
# Impact of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Gaseous Emissions of Turbocharged Spark-Ignition Engines
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Overall Assessment  
Table 3 includes a summary of the emissions impact found for all six operating points described in Section 2. In particular, the values obtained in terms of NO\({}_{x}\), CO, and HC are provided for the no EGR condition as well as for the maximum EGR rate run in the study. Additionally, in the case of the 1500 rpm 6 bar BMEP condition, the results are provided for the two valve overlap settings previously discussed.  
The first three rows correspond to the low engine load condition, analyzed for both 1500 and 2000 rpm. In the case of 2000 rpm 6 bar BMEP, it has to be considered that the calibration optimization provided high overlap settings for the no EGR case and low overlap when the maximum rate was applied. Therefore, the amount of internal residuals helps to maintain relatively low NO\({}_{x}\) already without external EGR, but even greater potential to reduce this emission is achieved with cooled EGR thanks to the lower initial temperature reached inside the cylinder. Other than that, similar increases in HC and decreases in CO as already discussed for the 1500 rpm condition are observed. The maximum EGR rate reachable with minimum overlap is also consistent between both conditions.  
The last raws show the results for the medium load points, ranging from 12 to 15 bar BMEP depending on the engine speed. In this case, the amount of internal residuals is always low regardless of the VVT settings employed, so the results are more similar to the condition of minimum overlap seen in the low-load region. Therefore, the impact of external EGR on NO\({}_{x}\) is more severe, being reduced around one order of magnitude for all conditions. Additionally, the CO emissions are reduced to a lesser extent, stressing more the catalyst capabilities as already discussed for the 3000 rpm 14 bar BMEP condition.  
Figure 11: Catalyst performance estimation for 1500 rpm and 6 bar BMEP: low valve overlap conditions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline
**Engine Point** & **EGR** & **NO\({}_{x}\)** & **HC** & **CO** \\
**rpm - bar** & **(\%)** & **(ppm)** & **(ppm)** & **(ppm)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1500 - 6 bar (max. overlap)} & 0 & 401 & 2306 & 5938 \\  & 19.9 & 80 & 3023 & 5895 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1500 - 6 bar (min. overlap)} & 0 & 2777 & 1982 & 7442 \\  & 28.0 & 116 & 2965 & 5087 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{2000 - 6 bar} & 0 & 1006 & 1926 & 6988 \\  & 27.7 & 155 & 2687 & 5171 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1500 - 12 bar} & 0 & 2645 & 1366 & 6306 \\  & 24.6 & 392 & 1987 & 5162 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{2000 - 15 bar} & 0 & 2764 & 1230 & 8158 \\  & 27.4 & 185 & 1700 & 7592 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{2500 - 14 bar} & 0 & 3359 & 1138 & 5271 \\  & 28.8 & 187 & 1821 & 5200 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{3000 - 12 bar} & 0 & 3240 & 1196 & 6310 \\  & 26.3 & 218 & 1902 & 5358 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Emission comparison between zero EGR and maximum EGR operation.
# Soliton Content of Fiber-Optic Light Pulses
## 2 The Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation and Some of Its Solutions
### Soliton Solutions
#### 2.1.3 Soliton Interaction  
When two or more pulses are launched in rapid succession, each of them is affected by the presence of the others due to the index nonlinearity. In an integrable system, they cannot merge (the number is preserved), but they can be set in relative motion as if there were interaction forces. [PERSON] investigated the soliton-soliton interaction [12] and found that an effective force would decay exponentially with growing separation between pulses and vary sinusoidally with their relative phase. This means that there can be both attraction (in phase) or repulsion (opposite phase). This prediction was tested experimentally in [13] and was found to be fully correct, with the only caveat that in the attractive case, the first close encounter (collision) leads to processes of higher order not captured in the NLSE.  
Note that this view of interaction forces between particles is metaphorical and justifiable only if both are well separated. In a nonlinear system, the superposition principle does not hold; therefore, two sech-shaped pulses in close proximity to each other are not really two identical, but overlapping solitons, but form a somewhat more involved two-soliton compound [14]. For that, energy and velocity are preserved quantities.  
Figure 3: Soliton and radiation energies as a function of soliton order \(N\). Energy is normalized to units of fundamental soliton \(E_{\text{sol}}\) of Equation (5). The fundamental soliton is at the black dotted markers. Individual soliton energies (grey lines) add up to a cumulative value (piecewise linear blue trace); the latter approximates the total pulse energy (red dashed parabola). The difference between both is shown on an expanded, inverted scale in the lower part (green curve). From [2].
# Feedback Devices for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Narrative Review
## 4 Equipment Support of CPR Feedback Physiological Parameter Monitoring
### The Application of End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Feedback  
End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO\({}_{2}\)), serving as an indirect measure of blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), is widely employed as a guiding tool in the CPR process [48]. Throughout the course of CPR, ETCO\({}_{2}\) maintains a direct correlation with cardiac output, thus making it a common metric for gauging output during CPR [49].  
Existing research suggests a linear relationship between the depth of chest compression and end-expiratory carbon dioxide values. An analysis utilizing mixed-effects models on a sample of 230 subjects revealed a 4.0% increase in ETCO\({}_{2}\) (\(p<0.0001\)) for each 10 mm augmentation in chest compression depth and a 1.7% increase (\(p=0.02\)) in ETCO\({}_{2}\) with every 10-compression/min increase in chest compression frequency [50].  
In another study encompassing 583 patients with both in-hospital (2%) and out-of-hospital (27%) cardiac arrests, chest compression rates ranged from 95 to 125/min, with depths varying between 31 and 59 mm. The mixed-effects model also demonstrated that for each 10 mm increase in compression depth, ETCO\({}_{2}\) increased by 1.4 mm (\(p<0.001\)). Conversely, ETCO\({}_{2}\) decreased by 3.0 mmHg (\(p<0.001\)) for every 10-compression/min rise in ventilation rate. The compression frequency did not exhibit a significant effect on ETCO\({}_{2}\)[49].