# Broadband Power Line Communication for Integration of Energy Sensors within a Smart City Ecosystem
## 7 Simulation of Real Scenario and Comparison with Real Measurement
### Simulation Comparison with Real Measurement  
Based on the measurement results, a simulation was performed, which was configured according to real parameters to provide comparison of simulation with measurements. If comparison shows compliance, the simulation could be used for different allocation or scenarios. First, the topology parameters such as substations distance, sub-section routes  
Figure 11: Impact of distance on UDP/IP throughput with the theoretical trend line interpolation.  
Figure 12: Comparison of simulated and measured results: (Simulation) NS-3 simulation of real topology with PLC model setup due to BPLC modems parameters; (Measurement) Throughput measurement on UDP layer in one direction in sub-sections—without repeaters.  
and the primary parameters of the cables were implemented. Second, the parameters of the BPLC modems were defined in a simulation model within the G.hn standard (real modems were IEEE P1901 compliant). The weakness of the simulation is the inaccurate definition of the physical layer, whose parameters could not be determined from the used modems. The physical layer setup of the simulation was the experimental setup used in LV simulations (Sections 6.1-6.3), excluding cable definitions. There are also differences in the setup of the OFDM technique that could not be determined. Table 11 shows a summary of channel parameters for the simulation. Impedance matching was also considered as an input parameter. The load impedance was set to 100 \(\Omega\) and the input impedance to 40 \(\Omega\). These values are also theoretical from the IEEE P1901 standard. Branches were not considered.  
The simulation results of the throughput at the application layer are demonstrated together with the measurement results in Figure 12. The results correspond with the defined topology with separate sections--the simulated value always corresponds to a separate route between two neighboring nodes/substations. The exponential expression of interpolation of values is shown for the simulated and measured values.  
In the comparison of simulated and measured throughput values there are differences of approximately 26%. The simulation bars in Figure 12 show an approximate error deviation value of 30%. From the achieved simulation results, throughput values at the physical layer were calculated.  
Calculation of the physical rate is based on the throughput values reached, always from one way communication from a more distant node/substation, i.e., S2 to S1 etc. Figure 13 shows the calculated throughput at the physical layer.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Access method & CSMA/CA \\ Cable type (MV) & AXEKCY; AXEKVCEY \\ Bandwidth & 25 MHz \\ Modulation & QAM64 \\ Transmit PSD & \(-55\) dBm/Hz \\ Background noise & \(-105\) dBm/Hz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 11: Input channel parameters of the experimental simulation of the real BPL topology.  
Figure 13: Calculated throughput at the physical layer.