###### Abstract  
Delivering persistent values in a dynamic environment is a challenging but imperative capability for a system-of-systems (SoS). Practitioners in the SoS and defense domains are exploring the benefits of the operational-level reconfiguration strategies via new operational concepts such as mosaic warfare. However, an architecture design that allows reconfiguration is also a crucial task, but has not yet received adequate attention, not to mention accounting for the mutual impact between architecture design alternatives and reconfiguration options. Therefore, this paper proposes an integrated method that can select the architecture with a specific inherent structure in the design phase that supports dynamic reconfiguration during the operational phase. This method firstly builds a structural framework that connects architecture design and reconfiguration, and identifies the enablers for SoS architecture reconfiguration. After developing an SoS effectiveness evaluator, the method constructs an integrated multi-objective formulation for the initial architecture selection and reconfiguration process, and provides a solution algorithm based on a fast non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. An application to an air and missile defense SoS illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. The generated Pareto optimal set of solutions that have non-dominated recoverability and survivability provide useful decision support for SoS composition and initial architecture configuration, based upon which an SoS can also respond effectively to disruptions by computing the reconfiguration decisions. architecture alternatives; effectiveness evaluation; system-of-systems; reconfiguration; resilience 20251399/12/20251399/12/20251399/12/20251399/12/202513999/12/202513999/12/202513999/12/202513999/12/20251399999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999  
to cope with the uncertain and unpredictable changes. The \"ilities\" can be considered as a proactive design that enables rapid reactive strategies in an uncertain operational environment, with the goal of maintaining the vitality of an SoS. Resilience as a salient \"ility\" has attracted considerable attention in the past few decades. Resilient systems are expected to sustain and recover functions or services in the face of unexpected and unknown disruptions [3]. The resilience-related topics have received heated discussion across a variety of disciplines, including transportation systems, infrastructure systems, ecological systems, defense systems, to name a few. Researchers have devoted large effort to develop methods for resilience quantification and resilience enhancement. To achieve a sustainable SoS, the resilience enhancement strategies encompass both the design phase and the operational phase (i.e., runtime). Many defense programs propose reconfiguration as a promising solution in operational phase. For example, the key idea behind mosaic warfare, proposed by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), is to increase the agility, resilience, adaptability and survivability of U.S. forces through swift configuration and reconfiguration of smaller-sized functional units [4]. The U.S. Navy is exploring a similar concept of distributed maritime operations through studies conducted by the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) [5]. The essential principle behind these efforts is to develop the internal capability of an SoS, allowing reconfiguration towards resilience instead of external actions such as repair and replenishment; this is especially important for expedition warfare and time-critical warfare. An SoS architecture that supports reconfiguration during the operational phase must include specifically designed features such as functional redundancy, adequate functional capacity, and component redundancy, among others, during the design phase. An architecture defines the structure of components, their relationships, and the principles and guidelines governing their design and evolution over time.