## 5 Earth Observation Emerging Missions and Advancements
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{85.4 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Models** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** \\ \hline Two-Source SEB models & TSEB & The two-source SEB models require low meteorological & For all two-source SEB, only available for clear-sky; high sensitivity to surface temperature errors; requires scaling of instantaneous to daily values [9]. \\  & & LISALEXI characterized by high VPD and limited meteorological data. & ALEXI requires the utilization of land surface temperature data characterized by a high temporal resolution. \\  & & ALEXI is capable of producing extensive-scale maps for daily energy fluxes and soil moisture levels. & In all models, the estimation is applicable solely under clear-sky conditions. The connections established from TSEB are overdily suspicious and necessitate the conversion of momentary values to daily ones [9]. \\  & & & \\ \hline Contexture-based ET models & TME & In all models, there is minimal susceptibility to Is errors, along with minimal metrological data demands [9]. & In all models, the estimation is applicable solely under clear-sky conditions. The connections established from TME, exhibits a straightforward design with minimal & In all models, the estimation is applicable solely under clear-sky conditions. The connections established from TME are overdily suspicious and necessitate the conversion of momentary values to daily ones [9]. \\  & & TME & FLAME exhibits inaccuracies in energy flux estimation because of its sensitivity to temperature-dependent cold boundaries. Various choices of wet and dry boundaries are available, and they require a level surface with a substantial pixel count. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._and more accurate geolocation. The Landsat-9 satellite was launched in September 2021 and closely resembles Landsat-8. These Landsat missions ensure a consistent supply of multispectral images [122]. To this constellation Landsat Next will be added in late 2030. The next Landsat mission will not only guarantee the uninterrupted continuation of the longest space-based documentation of Earth's land surface, but it will also significantly enhance the range and quality of practical information that will be freely accessible to end users. Landsat Next will enhance the existing Landsat program by offering higher resolution in temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution. This will enable better observation, management, and adaptation to Earth's changes. Additionally, it will provide enhanced capabilities to facilitate the development of new applications in land, water, and climate research. Landsat Next signifies a significant advancement in the ability to measure and gather data. The improved temporal and spatial resolution of the upcoming 26-band super spectral Landsat Next constellation will strengthen current Landsat applications and enable new applications that aid in evaluating water quality and aquatic health, optimizing crop production and soil conservation, managing and monitoring forests, and mapping minerals using thermal emissivity. In addition, Landsat Next will acquire phenological signatures to classify vegetation and model crop development, health, and yields. It will also detect periodic disturbances caused by harvesting, as well as episodic insect and disease agents. Furthermore, it will assess near-continuous water use and evapotranspiration. Additionally, it will offer early warnings regarding the initiation of fires and harmful algal blooms. Moreover, it will monitor public health during heat wave seasons and track the dynamics of snow and ice on both land and sea. Additionally, more of the future Copernicus missions may contribute added value to the estimation of evapotranspiration via crop monitoring and soil moisture.