###### Abstract
Owing to smart grids, the connection between the amount of energy demanded by users and the amount of energy supplied from alternative energy sources can be optimized [9]. In addition, it has the potential to ensure the storage of electrical energy during times when the generated electrical power from renewable energy is abundant. The utilization of the stored energy is high during times when there is demand for electrical energy. If a power plant is far away, a smart grid operator helps achieve this aim by ensuring key insight into energy markets. This process is accomplished through the internet, control systems, communication, and automation for smart grid applications [10]. A smart grid connects and supervises a variety of distributed energy resources to a common link. Due to environmental awareness, alternative energy sources such as PVs and wind play an active role in the smart grid [11]. The energy demand and environmental factors stimulate the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) with the grid as potential energy storage units. Environmentally friendly EVs, which are gradually replacing conventional fuel vehicles, have taken their place on the roads, the number of which has increased significantly in recent years [12]. However, most EVs spend an average of 90-95% of each day parked at facilities with charging infrastructures [13]. While these vehicles are parked, they can contribute to alternative energy solutions for stationary applications such as energy supply/demand. In recent years, the integration of smart grids with renewable power plants has increased the significance of EVs for grid integration as well as the transportation sector [14]. When EVs are parked, these structures play an essential role as critical components of smart grids with their energy charge and discharge features [15]. The integrated coordination of EVs will facilitate active consumer participation by supporting the smart grid with ancillary services [16]. EVs employ a variety of charging topologies to stock excessive energy produced from clean energy sources, supply electrical energy during times of power shortages, and use scheduling to consume grid loads more smoothly. Using EVs as a vital component of the smart grid ensures that the vehicles power the electric network and vice versa, making the smart grid more flexible, efficient, and balanced [17]. Most studies in the literature show that integrating EVs as an alternative energy source in smart grids is applicable and advantageous for a variety of ancillary contributions. For electrical grid connection, the available structures include various EVs like battery EVs, fuel cell EVs, and hybrid EVs [18]. In addition, many studies explain and detail the role of EVs in smart grids. Related to vehicle-smart grid integration, the system concepts are classified in terms of unidirectional/bidirectional charging and centralized/decentralized scheduling by researchers [19]. In one study, the researchers classified the concepts, frameworks, advantages, challenges, and optimization methods for the integration of EVs in smart grids [20]. In [21], the economic and reliability impacts of the vehicle-grid integration sector were explained. Also, it presented on-board/off-board charge infrastructures, challenges of energy storage technologies, and communication requirements for EVs [21]. A review of problems and their solution strategies regarding EVs connected to smart grids is explained in [22]. The charge scheduling, renewable energy integration, and infrastructure facilities of EVs have been clarified by researchers [22]. The authors examined the charging complication of EVs connected to smart grid technology and its interaction with sustainable energy [23]. A study focused on the feasibility of a smart vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system, the interaction of EVs in smart grids, and the integration of sustainable energy resources like PVs in [24; 25]. The authors provided information about the service relationships between fleet operators and components in the smart grid [26].