## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Experiment Setup  
The experiment was carried out using a York driving simulator, integrated with a Logitech G27 racing wheel system, equipped with a set of pedals and a shifter module. A wide range of ADAS and AV functions, as detailed in Table 1, were allocated to distinct buttons located on both the steering wheel and the shifter module to replicate a realistic driving environment. The experimental design involved manoeuvring an AV within a three-dimensional virtual environment. Participants had the option to control the vehicle manually or allow it to function autonomously. Additionally, the ADAS features could be switched between \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Trigger No** & **Instruction** & **Function Type** \\ \hline T1 & Turn on the Autopilot function & AV \\ \hline T2 & Turn on the Lane-Keeping Assist function & ADAS \\ \hline T3 & Turn on the Collision Avoidance function & ADAS \\ \hline T4 & Turn on the Adaptive Cruise Control function & ADAS \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Instructions for each trigger. activated and deactivated states. The simulated AV featured automatic transmission, allowing the panel on the shifter module to be utilised exclusively for activating and deactivating ADAS functions. As a result, the shifter lever was intentionally disabled for the entirety of the experiment to avoid any operational confusion. To enhance the ecological validity of the research, meticulous attention was devoted to the design elements, aimed at simulating a highly immersive and authentic driving scenario. This arrangement is graphically represented in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 illustrates components \"a\" through \"c\" as the steering wheel, driving seat, and pedals, respectively. Figure 2 showcases the driving environment and components \"d\" through \"h\", each corresponding to specific ADAS functions. In reference to Figure 2, component \"e\" indicates the location of the LKA button, which is situated on the shifter module. In the simulation, when LKA is activated, its corresponding indicator is illuminated in green on the virtual dashboard, as illustrated in Figure 3. This function steers the vehicle, guiding it towards the centre of the lane. It will do the necessary steering. However, it has no control over the accelerator and brake and thus has no control over the velocity of the vehicle. Component \"f\" illustrates the positions of the ACC features on the side panel. When engaged, the ACC system autonomously modifies the vehicle's speed to maintain a safe distance from preceding vehicles, thereby promoting both driver convenience and safety. The Autopilot-On (AP-On) feature is represented by component \"g\" and is conveniently located on the steering wheel. When the AP function is enabled, the system assumes full control of the vehicle, necessitating no driver intervention. It governs both the lateral movements and modulates the acceleration and deceleration of  
Figure 1: Experiment setup: [a: steering wheel, b: driving seat, c: pedals]. the vehicle. Finally, component \"h\" denotes the CA function integrated into the steering wheel. When activated, the CA system intervenes to mitigate potential frontal collisions. According to the SAE J3016 standard [49; 50], the LKA, ACC, and CA systems in our simulation are categorised as Level 2 (partial driving automation). These systems require the driver to remain engaged with the driving task and to monitor the environment,  
Figure 3: A snapshot of the simulator interface: [i: Rear mirror view, j: front of the simulated AV, k: Shows LKA function is ON, l: right side mirror, m: speedometer, n: left side mirror view]. Figure 2: ADAS functions’ locations: [d: Driving environment, e: LKA, f: ACC, g: AP-On, h: CA]. although they assist in both lateral and longitudinal vehicle motion control.