## 3 Results and Discussion
### Variability in Phytochemical Contents among A. triphyllla Genotypes  
Genotype is a significant factor that can influence both the quality and yield of phytochemicals [24]. Consequently, this factor contributes to the diverse array of pharmacological effects witnessed in medicinal plants. To investigate the effect of genotypes on phytochemicals, five _A. triphyllla_ genotypes were grown and harvested under the same environmental conditions. As shown in Figure 2, the mean values of TPC, TFC, and TSC varied among the _A. triphyllla_ genotypes. In leaf extracts, TPC ranged from 435.89 to 624.03 using GAE/mg (Figure 2a), and the TPC values could be ordered as follows: NT (869.40 \(\upmu\)g QE/mg) > BT (840.91 \(\upmu\)g QE/mg) > BG (734.64 \(\upmu\)g QE/mg) > NG (723.48 \(\upmu\)QE/mg) > L (580.79 \(\upmu\)g QE/mg) (Figure 2b). The root extracts had significantly lower levels of TPC and TFC that were approximately 2-11 times and 40-80 times lower, respectively, than those identified in the leaf extracts. Unlike TPC and TFC, the analysis of TSC revealed the richness of saponin compounds in both the root and leaf extracts (Figure 2c). Notably, the leaf extract of the BT phenotype exhibited the highest TSC (255 \(\pm\) 4.35 \(\upmu\)g DE/mg). Lupenne (lupane-type tritterpenoid) and \(\upbeta\)-sitosterol (sterol) are marker compounds used to differentiate the Caman-punalaceae family and assess the quality of _A. triphyllla_. [14; 25; 26]. As shown in Figure 2d,e, the leaf extracts of the collected genotypes contained lupenone and \(\upbeta\)-sitosterol within the range of 16.52-89.90 \(\upmu\)g/g of extract and 10.82-37.49 \(\upmu\)g/g of extract, respectively. The root extracts contained lupenone in the range of 6.81-11.32 \(\upmu\)g/g of extract, accompanied by \(\upbeta\)-sitosterol in the range of 7.67-11.80 \(\upmu\)g/g of extract. The highest contents of lupenone and \(\upbeta\)-sitosterol were found in leaf extracts of the L genotype. Rheophytic types, like the L genotype, possess thick cuticles on the leaf surface, which have been associated with adaptations for avoiding or resisting thermal damage in open environments [15]. In various  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Genotypes**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Size (bp)/Accession Number (NABIC)**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **ITS2** & **matK** & **psbA-trnH** \\ \hline NG & 259 bp/NU-1869 & 601 bp/NU-1875 & 312 bp/NU-1882 \\ BT & 258 bp/NU-1870 & 601 bp/NU-1878 & 311 bp/NU-1880 \\ BG & 257 bp/NU-1871 & 601 bp/NU-1877 & 311 bp/NU-1879 \\ L & 257 bp/NU-1872 & 601 bp/NU-1874 & 311 bp/NU-1881 \\ NT & 259 bp/NU-1873 & 601 bp/NU-1876 & 311 bp/NU-1883 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Characteristics and variation of the ITS2, matK, and psbA-trnH regions.  
plants, the accumulation of steroids and triterpenoids in cuticular waxes may be necessary to enhance the mechanical strength of the fruit cuticle by acting as nanof fillers [27]. The highest levels of lupenone and \(\beta\)-sitosterol in the L genotype might be necessary for the development of cuticles and suggest that the genotype has a substantial impact on the phytochemical contents of _A. triphyllla_.