## 2 Materials and Methods
### LMD-Manufactured HiperFer\({}^{\text{AM}}\)  
The base HiperFer\({}^{\text{AM}}\) powder material was manufactured from gas-atomized experimental 22 A powder (chemical composition listed in Table 1). Since 22 A powder was utilized as the base composition, the first HiperFer\({}^{\text{AM}}\) alloy featured a higher chromium content than HiperFer 17 Cr2 (cf. Table 1).  
The final powder material was manufactured by blending the 22 A powder with high-purity Si, Nb and W powders in a Turbulay-mixing device (WAB GmbH) for 30 min. As a substrate material, a tool steel (AISH10, 1.2365) was used, which was sand-blasted and cleaned with ethanol prior to deposition. LMD processing was conducted with two individual 5-axis handling systems, both using fiber-coupled diode lasers (Laserline GmbH, Mulheim-Karlich, Germany). For the large beam diameter (3 mm), also referred to as the low \"power density\" in Table 2, an LDM3000-60 laser, emitting laser radiation with a wavelength of 976 nm (beam parameter product (BPP): 60 mm\({}^{*}\)mrad), was used. The laser beam was coupled into an optical fiber with a core diameter of 600 \(\upmu\)m (NA = 0.2) and subsequently shaped using collimation (f\({}_{\text{c, 3 mm}}\) = 65 mm) and focusing lenses (f\({}_{\text{f, 3 mm}}\) = 230 mm). The smaller beam diameter (0.66 mm) was created by using an LDF2000-30 diode laser system, simultaneously emitting laser radiation with 1025 nm and 1064 nm. Beam shaping after the optical fiber (core diameter: 600 \(\upmu\)m, NA = 0.2) was enabled using a combination of collimation (f\({}_{\text{c, 0.66 mm}}\) = 200 mm) and focusing lenses (f\({}_{\text{f, 0.66 mm}}\) = 182 mm). The powder  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **C** & **S** & **N** & **Cr** & **Ni** & **Mn** & **Si** & **Mo** & **Ti** \\
**22 A** & **0.004** & **\textless{0.001**} & **0.002** & **22.8** & **-** & **0.44** & **0.02** & **-** & **0.06** \\  & **Nb** & **W** & **Cu** & **Fe** & **P** & **A1** & **Mg** & **Co** & **La** \\  & **\textless{0.01**}** & **-** & **-** & **Balance** & **-** & **0.013** & **-** & **-** & **-** \\ \hline  & **C** & **S** & **N** & **Cr** & **Ni** & **Mn** & **Si** & **Mo** & **Ti** \\
**HiperFer** & \textless{0.003} & \textless{0.001} & \textless{0.003} & 17–18 & - & 0.2–0.5 & 0.2–0.3 & - & - \\
**17 Cr2 \({}^{*}\)** & **Nb** & **W** & **Cu** & **Fe** & **P** & **A1** & **Mg** & **Co** & **La** \\  & 0.5-0.6 & 2.4-2.6 & - & Balance & - & - & - & - & - \\ \hline  & **C** & **S** & **N** & **Cr** & **Ni** & **Mn** & **Si** & **Mo** & **Ti** \\
**HiperFer** & 0.0033 & \textless{0.0008} & 0.0017 & 19.152 & - & 0.365 & 1 & - & 0.05 \\  & **Nb** & **W** & **Cu** & **Fe** & **P** & **A1** & **Mg** & **Co** & **La** \\  & 1.5 & 2 & - & Balance & - & - & - & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)[40].  
\end{table}
Table 1: Chemical compositions of Laves-phase-strengthened ferritic trial steels (wt.-%).  
material was fed pneumatically with argon gas via a disc-based feeding system (Sulzer-Metco Twin 10C, OC Oerlikon AG, Pfaffikon, Switzerland) through a coaxial 3-jet nozzle (D40-type, Fraunhofer ILT, Aachen, Germany). For melt pool shielding, argon gas was used, which was fed through the tip of the coaxial powder nozzle. The HiperFer\({}^{\text{AM}}\) powder blend was processed with the process parameters shown in Table 2.