# Identification of Water Hammering for Centrifugal Pump Drive Systems
## 1 Introduction
In a study, the stack demonizing encoder is used for DL for the improvement of features by computational data. The efficiency of the system is improved by prediction and condition monitoring of pattern recognition model-based technology [9]. In different operating conditions, parameter variation is required, and in all conditions, it is not possible. Therefore, to make it more effective, parameter analysis is needed. Transient pressure variations occur in the pipeline due to variations of fluid velocity. When velocity varies suddenly, the pump elastic property varies, and water hammering occurs [10; 11]. Water hammering analysis to control water in an underground mine is very critical. For this reason, the proper flow of water needs to be measured, and the pressure difference inside the pipeline needs to be appropriately maintained. The combination of internal and external forces, estimation of friction terms, and the unbalanced flow of water also can be measured to maintain a pressure difference and proper flow of water [12]. Column separation is one of the oldest technologies for the analysis of water hammering. It relates to vaporous cavitation and the water hammering process, which are interlinked. However, this method has some disadvantages to the pressure transducer. The method depends on the cavity model, so it is more complex and time-consuming. Getting accurate results becomes difficult in this situation [13]. The receding-horizon optimal control helps control the stability of the system. The mathematical model-based system helps handle various constraints and minimize the cost function. In the case of the feasibility of the optimization of the system, the model is the challenging factor [14]. A comprehensive look at water hammering with an emphasis on home plumbing systems has discussed. The mathematical model of water hammering is explained, and a four-point implicit finite-difference scheme has been solved numerically. It is shown that unsteady momentum and continuity equations can be used to solve water distribution problems instead of steady-state energy and continuity equations. This shows that an unsteady approach is more suitable than the standard Hardy-Cross method [15]. Water hammering analysis of pumping systems for the control of water underground has been discussed. The underlying mechanisms causing water hammering events in pumping systems is introduced. Based on the law of pressure, propellant filling systems can be applied for water hammering problem identification. The main aim of this paper is to find the effect of water hammering on a filling system during the filling process [16]. Finite time-optimal control of the problem is the mathematical model-based theory by which transient pressure surge can be measured. When suddenly fluid flow is stopped by valve closure, water hammering occurs in the system. Valve actuation strategies have been identified by optimal control theory. Water hammering analysis is a vital work of a pipeline system's design process for water distribution networks. [17]. The most important results of a theoretical, experimental, and in situ investigation have been developed in connection with a water supply pumping pipeline failure. This incident occurred after the power failure of the pumping system caused the burst of a prestressed concrete cylinder pipe [18]. For transient operation, higher-order modeling of a hydropower plant is needed. Stability analysis is done for different loads, and significant analysis is done to stabilize the network. However, some optimization problems still exist in the model, which needs to be improved [19]. Rocket propellant filling piping is a mathematical model-based approach for the analysis of water hammering. This model is suitable during the filling of the spaceflight pipeline filling. It is helpful to identify the error in the filling process, but the control method needs to be improved further [20]. Various conventional methods have been discussed above, but each method has some drawbacks.