## 5 Results
### Question II--Color Preferences  
Since we used Likert-like scales with four or five items, which were alternately rated between all participants, resulting scales are in the ordinary range [33]. By calculating mean values out of Likert items, the new scale might have interval scale properties, which is controversially discussed in the literature [34]. Meaning, for the calculation of the significance \(p\), we used only ordinary scale tests: for independent groups, the Mann-Whitney-U test and for depended groups, the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Both tests were applied to prove the null hypotheses H\({}_{0}\): The distribution between the investigated groups is equal, and we concluded this to be an equal median. If the test result leads to a rejection of H\({}_{0}\), the alternative hypothesis H\({}_{1}\) would be valid, meaning the opposite of H\({}_{0}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} Driving, China: Did you drive a car before? & Driving, Europe: Did you drive a car before? \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Driving behavior.  
In Figure 2a the results of the color preferences are displayed, including significant dependencies in b.  
Following [PERSON]'s color circle [35], we sorted the investigated colors according to their hue angle. By doing so, three color groups were identified: polarization, acceptance and merging. Within the polarization group most significant differences could be identified between genders and origins. The statistical power was calculated using coefficient \(r\)[36] and evaluated according its power for strong, medium or weak following Cohen [37]. Furthermore, since the sample size is \(n>30\), we calculated the asymptotic \(p\) and set the significance level \(\alpha=0.05\). If \(p\) was smaller than \(\alpha\), H\({}_{0}\) was rejected, meaning that the alternative hypothesis H\({}_{1}\) was valid. Table 7 shows the detailed statics and results of the Mann-Whitney-U test rounded for three digits.  
The highest significance values are in the red, orange and blue color regions within gender and origin. Within the polarization group, there are within each color significant color preference differences. Cyan, blue and warm white are the highest preferred colors for the displayed door lighting scenery for both genders and origins. Within the multichromatic colors, there is a preferable region which is globally and gender-wide accepted. To prove this merging effect, a variance calculation should be performed. However, since the original scale level might be ordinal, at this level we argue with the less significant differences for this color region between genders and origins, marked as a blue bracket in Figure 2b.  
The following Table 8 shows the detailed statistics between the three identified groups polarization, acceptance and merging using the [PERSON] signed rank test. These groups were created by a separate calculation of the mean values of each of the 238 participants and for each investigated group individual to keep the sample size and scale level equal: men and women, from China and Europe. Between the polarization and the acceptance group there are significant differences between all four origin and gender groups. The English participants showed a significant difference between the acceptance and the merging group. On the other hand, the Chinese and European women participants showed a population projected difference between the polarization and the merging group. The effect power shows a medium to strong correlation.  
Figure 2: (a) Color preferences rating and (b) statistical evaluation separated between the Chinese- and Europe-group and genders. Statistical significances \(p<0.05\) marked with *.