## 2 Theoretical Background
### Hypothesis Development and Conceptual Model  
Discussions about the environmental and financial impacts of GPP date back decades. In terms of their environmental impacts, whether in the service or manufacturing industry, it is intuitively expected that GPP should have a positive impact on EP. At this point, the studies in [32; 39; 40; 41; 42] have indicated that companies would see an upward trend in their EP thanks to GPP. Considering GSS as part of GPP only, [PERSON] et al. [43] indicated that choosing the right supplier with environmental awareness will enable companies to improve their EP. In a similar manner, it has been pointed out that GSC have a significant impact on the EPs of companies in direct proportion to their willingness to learn how one another operates [44; 45; 46]. In addition, the studies in [47; 48] stated that GSD provides higher EP by putting pressure on suppliers and supporting them with technical advice on environmental issues. Finally, a significant increase is observed in EP when suppliers are monitored under a GSE system [49]. Thus, the following hypotheses can be presented accordingly:  
**H\({}_{\textbf{1}}\). **_GPP have a significant impact on EP._  
**H\({}_{\textbf{1a}}\). **_GSS has a significant impact on EP._  
**H\({}_{\textbf{1b}}\). **_GSD has a significant impact on EP._  
**H\({}_{\textbf{1c}}\). **_GSC has a significant impact on EP._  
**H\({}_{\textbf{1d}}\). **_GSE has a significant impact on EP._  
However, when it comes to the direct impacts of GPP on FP, the situation is not so clear as with EP. For instance, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50] have suggested that GPP negatively affects FP by causing an increase in purchasing costs, while the studies in [51; 52] have reported an increase in FP with GPP adoption. With a focus in each GPP group, it has been reported that GSS could provide a competitive power, leading to higher FP [53; 54]. Similarly, GSC can provide a gain to FP by ensuring a reduction in transportation costs [55]. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [56] have mentioned that GSC may lead to increases in FP. Finally,it has been revealed that companies could improve their FP significantly through GSD adoption [57]. Thus, the following hypotheses are presented accordingly:  
**H2. **_GPP have a significant impact on FP._  
**H2a. **_GSS has a significant impact on FP._  
**H2b. **_GSD has a significant impact on FP._  
**H2c. **_GSC has a significant impact on FP._  
**H2d. **_GSE has a significant impact on FP._  
The effect of EP on FP is of great interest to researchers. More than two decades ago, the studies in [58; 59] pointed out that EP success would result in a positive effect on FP. In addition, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [60] argued that a positive effect of EP on FP could be established with a long-term GSCM. More recently, [PERSON] et al. [61] reported that EP and FP paved the way for each other and mentioned an interaction between them. According to [PERSON] et al. [62], an increase in a company's EP due to GPP, followed by an increase in its other achievements in FP, indicates a positive effect. The outputs of [PERSON] et al. [51] confirmed a positive correlation between EP and FP. The studies in [63; 64] found that EP has a strong positive effect on FP and that every increase in EP improves the FP of firms. Thus, the following hypothesis is presented:  
**H3. **_EP has a significant impact on FP._  
Finally, it is also interesting to investigate the mediating effect of EP between GPP and FP. In this context, [PERSON] et al. [65] argued that EP indirectly affects the relationship between GSC and firms' competition. Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50] stated that EP is an indicator of decisions to invest in green activities and could affect FP. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [34] have found that green organizational culture and green innovation have a significant impact on the competitive advantage by mediating EP. Finally, it has been reported that EP may act as a multiplier for FP as it is inherently linked to a future competitive advantage [66].