## 6 Evaluation of RPL and RPAL in a Real World Environment
### Testbed Setup
* The other 10 nodes would have different power supplies, but with the similar experimental environments, such as weather condition, duration of test, data collection frequency, and state of charge for all batteries, in three comparative experiments as listed in Tables 11 and 12. * To explain the consequence of introducing misbehaving nodes, the concept and utilization of NANO module needs to be clarified. It is a specific energy efficient SCM and its designed program is used to guarantee the robustness of the targeted system. The mechanism is to force the software running on the AVR MCU to keep periodical communication (a loop of state reading) with the NANO module. If this rule is broken, the whole system will be reset and the interior counter of NANO will be increased to record this restart behavior of the system. * As three comparative experiments should be conducted in the same scenario, the weather conditions and system problems are essentially unpredictable, and the unbalance of energy consumption requires long-time accumulation, thus, a remote controlling application is \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Required Data Type** & **Measurements Gathered from the Testbed** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Sensor data} & Temperature; output of battery voltage; restart counter; and light intensity \\  & **(Depends on transparency of the utilized waterproof plastic box)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Network states} & Size of neighbor list and routing table; topology; controlling message interval; ETX value; \\  & Rank value; packet delivery ratio (PDR); number of hops; number of churns \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Power supply states} & Average power consumption; average radio duty cycle; battery indicator from online \\  & energy estimation model. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Three main types of required measurements for statistical analysis. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Experiment Settings** & **Details and Parameters** \\ \hline Collecting frequency & 60 s–120 s \\ \hline Duration of test & 6 h (expressed as 1:00 to 7:00) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Initial energy of power supply} & 594,000 mJ \\  & (10\% of nominal capacities in battery’s fully recharged state) \\ \cline{1-1}  & When the battery is depleted, the radio chip is off. \\ \hline Heavy task for fast energy & The testbed node 3 and 6 pretend a 70% decrease of their remaining \\ consuming (reduce 70\% battery) & energy by manual remote control application at [3:55, 4:00]. \\ \hline Testbed node with Misbehavior & Testbed node 4 has communication problem with its NANO module \\ of restarting & within a frequency of 600 s–1200 s during the periods of its lifetime. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Similar settings in three comparative experiments. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sequence N. of** & **RPL Model** & **Routing Metrics** & **Testbeds with Energy Harvesting** \\
**Comparative Test** & & & **Module (Solar Panel)** \\ \hline
1 st experiment & Standard RPL model & ETX & No \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2 nd experiment} & \multirow{3}{*}{RPAL model} & ETX; & \multirow{3}{*}{No} \\  & & Context-aware metric & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3 rd experiment} & \multirow{3}{*}{RPAL model} & ETX; & Yes (testbed node 3 and 6 recover \\  & & Context-aware metric & their batteries from 4:00 to 5:00) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Different settings in three comparative experiments. implemented for sending commands (see Table 13) to achieve the expected settings of different tests. To ensure the command packets are well received, a repetition mechanism is performed until the receiver replies with an ACK message.