# Mechanical Performance of Polymer Materials for Low-Temperature Applications
###### Abstract
studied the rate-dependent large deformation behavior of polycarbonate and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) at crosshead speeds ranging from \(1\) to \(3000\) mm/min. The results demonstrated that the strain rate substantially affects the stress-strain relationship of PC/ABS. At lower strain-rate ranges, the necking deformation can be ignored, but not at higher strain rates [8]. [PERSON] et al. examined the impact of temperature and strain rate on the tensile behavior of high-density polyethylene (PE). Experiments were carried out at four distinct constant isothermal temperatures (\(25\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, \(50\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, \(75\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, and \(100\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) and five distinct strain rates (\(7.25\times 10^{-5}\), \(1.45\times 10^{-4}\), \(7.25\times 10^{-4}\), \(1.45\times 10^{-3}\), and \(7.25\times 10^{-3}\) s\({}^{-1}\)). Their research revealed that temperature and strain-rate dependence significantly impacted rigid  
Figure 1: Plastic piping systems employed in an icebreaking tanker. ity, tensile strength, and ductility. The ultimate tensile strength exhibited a decreasing trend as the temperature and strain rate increased [9]. [PERSON] et al. studied the effect of strain rates on thermoplastic polymers processed by fused filament fabrication (FFF), including polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polyamide6 (PA6), and polypropylene (PP). The mechanical properties of PA6, ABS, and PP 3D-printed samples, including stiffness, yield strength, tensile strength, and toughness, exhibited a low dependence on strain-rate sensitivity. However, PLA appears to be extremely strain-rate sensitive [10]. At room temperature, [PERSON] and [PERSON] tested the uniaxial compressive response of six commercially available extruded polymers, including ABS, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polycarbonate (PC), polyoxymethylene (POM), PP, and polyvinylchloride (PVC), at three different strain rates (\(10^{-3}\) s\({}^{-1}\), \(10^{-1}\) s\({}^{-1}\), and \(1.0\) s\({}^{-1}\)). Except for HDPE and POM, the elastic modulus and strength of the polymers increased significantly with strain rate [11]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] investigated the effect of extrusion orientation and strain rate on the mechanical behavior of thermoplastic sheets such as HDPE, ABS, and isotactic polypropylene (i-PP). Specimens cut in three different orientations were subjected to uniaxial tension tests with strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 0.3 s\({}^{-1}\). Regardless of their orientations, an increase in strain rate led to an increase in yield strength for all three polymers [12]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] investigated the strain-rate sensitivity of yield behavior in a semicrystalline polymer, nylon 101. Different specimens with different designs and geometries were prepared to conduct experiments under different loading conditions such as tension, compression, torsion, and biaxial loading condition. All experiments were conducted at four different strain rates (\(10^{-5}\), \(10^{-4}\), \(10^{-2}\), and \(1\) s\({}^{-1}\)) at room temperature. The results showed that the mechanical strength increased in proportion to the strain rate [13]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] investigated the strain-rate-dependent elastic-plastic deformation of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and PC at strain rates in the range \(10^{-4}\)-\(10^{4}\) s\({}^{-1}\). The results showed that both the PC and PMMA materials exhibited enhanced rate sensitivity when deformed under high rates of loading compared to their behavior under quasistatic rates of loading. The enhanced rate sensitivity was directly attributed to the restriction of secondary molecular motions [14]. Previous research evaluated various polymer materials, including PE, ABS, PLA, PETG, PA6, HDPE, and POM, for their mechanical performance at quasistatic and dynamic strain rates. According to most research findings, the stiffness and strength of polymer materials showed an upward trend with an increasing strain rate.