# Decentralized Public Transport Management System Based on Blockchain Technology +
## 2 Related Work and Background
### Intelligent Transport Systems and Urban Logistics  
Blockchain technology is widely applicable in developing ITSs and autonomous driving vehicles. The fundamental factor for their operation is the security and integrity of data exchange between the actors of the system [11]. In the case of DLT, the risk of a single point of failure is significantly reduced. As another solution, deep learning can detect intrusions in ITSs using various elements of the Internet of Things (IoT) [12].  
Additional conventional ITS issues also include poor scalability, difficulties with maintaining the quality of service, and problems with reliability and confidentiality [13]. Blockchain-based solutions can solve these problems within the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) framework [14]. However, the use of blockchain in the IoV also brings a minor set of limitations--the speed and size of the transaction. These factors also need to be optimized for transmissions over the wireless medium [15]. A system that considers these limitations is presented in one work [16]. Considering the realities of the modern world, information exchange between vehicles is increasing with the development of modern cellular technologies beyond 5G [17]. The improvement of transmission rates requires ITSs to organize access control only for trusted nodes [18].  
Blockchain technology is also used in conventional road transport, which directly participates in any logistics chain. The entire logistics system is constantly faced with an unstable environment, uncertain schedules, and a high information uncertainty. Blockchains can be used for coordinated work in supply chains involving road transport [19]. In addition to controlling the chain from above, it is important to understand the information about the actual conditions and positions of each vehicle in the system. Reference [20] offers the GOLIATH model, a real-time platform for exchanging data between vehicles. This continues the topic of using blockchains in intelligent transport systems. Finally, the automotive industry needs to conduct recall campaigns cost-effectively. Each such campaign is associated with a huge array of data that could be stored in a blockchain for the transparency and greater efficiency of the entire process [21]. Such systems can be developed on the open Ethereum blockchain.  
The delay and throughput of vehicle communication are important in urban environments. One work [22] outlines that a vehicle-for-hire system with a driver moderates supply and demand, with the ability to predict them and manage the entire system in real time due to a high transmission rate. Secondly, a similar task is the forecasting and management of urban logistics systems [23]. Thirdly, there is a traffic light system in every city. The operation of this system depends on many factors, and its safe and reliable functioning keeps order and tranquility in cities. Such fundamental objects in traffic management should be maximally protected and resistant to attacks. A blockchain-based approach can facilitate adaptive traffic light management [24].