# MTRSRP: Joint Design of Multi-Triangular Ring and Self-Routing Protocol for BLE Networks
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
This study introduced a novel MTRSRP topology architecture for BLE networks by standardizing a fixed structural pattern and incorporating a convenient encoding mechanism. This mechanism enhanced the formation of the entire network and facilitated data forwarding. This paper details the construction process of the desired MTRSRP formation and introduces self-routing rules. The construction of the MTRSRP topology involves leader selection and scatter formation to establish the desired multi-triangular ring architecture. The self-routing strategy within the multi-ring architecture enables efficient data transmission and eliminates packet looping. The characteristics of the multi-ring interconnected structure mitigate potential root node bottlenecks and resolve problems, such as excessively long network paths caused by a single ring. The experimental results demonstrate that MTRSRP significantly outperforms the CORP and BLEmesh schemes. The MTRSRP network architecture achieves dual-path selection, leading to fewer transmission hops; shorter transmission paths; and improved throughput, end-to-end latency, packet loss rate, and other performance metrics. Despite incurring higher link generation costs than those of CORP and BLEmesh during topology construction, MTRSRP demonstrated superior performance once the network was established. This is attributed to its ability to combine a dual-bridging network structure and self-routing design, highlighting its efficiency and effectiveness in real-world scenarios.  
The current design of MTRSRP assumes a relatively static and uniformly distributed deployment environment with sufficient radio coverage and minimal interference. However, real-world BLE applications often involve dynamic topologies, irregular node distributions, and varying wireless channel conditions. To enhance the robustness and adaptability of MTRSRP in such scenarios, future work will focus on three key directions: (1) mobility support: designing a dynamic label re-assignment mechanism and mobility-aware topology adaptation strategy to maintain routing consistency when nodes move; (2) topology flexibility: developing fallback strategies for incomplete triangular layouts, including par tial ring formation, redundancy-aware bridge selection, and topology repair algorithms, to ensure connectivity even under sparse or irregular node placement; and (3) link quality adaptation: integrating link quality estimation and adaptive retransmission mechanisms to address the impact of environmental noise and coverage fluctuations on packet delivery and delay performance. These enhancements will broaden the applicability of MTRSRP to more realistic and dynamic BLE network deployments.  
Conceptualization, T.-W.H.; Formal analysis, T.-W.H. and M.-L.K.; Investigation, M.-L.K.; Methodology, C.-M.Y.; Project administration, L.-C.W.; Software, J.-P.L.; Supervision, L.-C.W.; Validation, J.-P.L.; Writing--original draft, T.-W.H.; Writing--review and editing, C.-M.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan, under Grant Nos. NSTC 114-2221-E-033-026 and NSTC 114-2221-E-008-061, and in part by Subsidy Trial Program for Collaborated Research Projects Between Chung Yuan Christian University and Other Domestic Colleges and Universities, Project No. 107011305.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.