## 8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Furthermore, the inherent characteristics of duckweed, such as its fast, clonal growth and simple growth habits, make it a promising platform for biomanufacturing, including the production of proteins, polymers, and small molecules. However, the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that underlie these traits are not fully understood, limiting the ability to fully leverage duckweed's potential in this area. In conclusion, while the research on duckweed has made significant strides in recent years, there are still several gaps that need to be addressed. These include a better understanding of the factors influencing the nutritional composition and bioavailability of duckweed, as well as the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that govern its growth and metabolic pathways. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Advantages**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Limitations**} \\ \hline  & & - & Enzymes are highly specific, targeting specific bonds & - & As enzymes are highly specific, thus leaving other compounds \\  & & - & The process typically occurs & relatively intact, not all bioactive \\  & Enzymatic degradation & & under mild temperatures & - \\  & & (30-50 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and near-neutral pH, requiring less energy compared & - & Enzymes can lose activity over time \\  & & & to thermochemical methods & or under certain processing \\  & & & requiring less energy compared & conditions, necessitating careful \\  & & & to thermochemical methods & control of the environment (e.g., pH, temperature) \\ \hline  & & - & Increased nutritional value & - \\  & & (reduced antinutritional factors, increased protein or free amino acid content, higher-quality proteins) & - & Fermentation conditions, microorganisms, and the raw \\  & & & (reduced protein or free amino acid content, higher-quality proteins) & material have a significant impact on the fermentation process and, thus, on the final product \\ \hline  & & Traditional pretreatment processing methods such & - & Simple \\  & & - & Well known & - \\  & as drying, crushing, or pressing & - & Require minimal tools & combination with other techniques \\ \hline  & & & - & The absence of generalizable data \\  & & - & US process can increase the & has a significant impact on the \\  & & bioaccessibility of bioactive & optimisation of ultrasound \\  & & compounds by disrupting the & applications across a range of \\  & & cell walls of the product matrix & - & products \\  & & - & The method reduces the & - \\  & & extraction time & & to result in the degradation of \\  & & & & protein matrices with molecular \\  & & & & weights greater than 20–25 kDa \\ \hline  & & & - & The presence of air bubbles in \\  & & & & foodstuffs has been demonstrated \\  & & & to result in the generation of sparks \\  & & - & It requires reduced treatment & within the treatment chamber \\  & & time and temperature & - & The utilisation of this process is \\  & & - & The process has the potential to & incompatible with foods exhibiting \\  & & result in the disruption of cell & elevated or variable electrical \\  & & membranes, a phenomenon that & conductivity \\  & & has been demonstrated to & - & The efficacy of the process is subject \\  & & facilitate the extraction of & to considerable variation, \\  & & bioactive compounds from & contingent upon the characteristics \\  & & plant materials & of the medium under consideration; \\  & & & this has the potential to engender \\  & & & difficulties in attaining consistent \\  & & outcomes across a range of \\  & & & products \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Advantages and limitations of the traditional and novel technological treatments. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualisation, K.T., R.V. and Z.M. ; data curation, K.T., Z.Z. and R.V. ; writing--original draft preparation, K.T., R.V., Z.M. and P.B. ; writing--review and editing, R.V., J.H., K.A., M.D., K.C., J.K., T.C., P.M., A.M., LD. and Z.Z. ; visualisation, K.T. ; supervision, I.D., R.V. and Z.Z. ; project administration, I.D.