esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Object/** \\ **Evaluation** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Method**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Number of** \\ **Scratches** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Correct Rate**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**The Number of**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Scratches** \\ **Marked as** \\ **Scratches** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Scratch** \\ **Detection** \\ **Length Error** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Area/Area** \\ **Identified as** \\ **Scratches** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{A} & Photometric & \multirow{2}{*}{2/2} & \multirow{2}{*}{100\%} & \multirow{2}{*}{87} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-\)14.8 mm} & \multirow{2}{*}{88.43\%} \\  & Stereo [48, 49] & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Photometric Stereo & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & + FFT-gauss [50] & 2/2 & 100\% & 674 & +9.3 mm & 86.31\% \\ \cline{1-1}  & Our Method & 2/2 & 100\% & 0 & \(-\)0.4 mm & 98.43\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{B} & Photometric & \multirow{2}{*}{3/3} & \multirow{2}{*}{100\%} & \multirow{2}{*}{187} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-\)31.4 mm} & \multirow{2}{*}{78.33\%} \\  & Stereo [48, 49] & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Photometric Stereo & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & + FFT-gauss [50] & 3/3 & 100\% & 1316 & +24.0 mm & 42.74\% \\ \cline{1-1}  & Our Method & 3/3 & 100\% & 1 & \(-\)0.2 mm & 99.12\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{C} & Photometric & \multirow{2}{*}{5/6} & \multirow{2}{*}{80\%} & \multirow{2}{*}{143} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-\)13.1 mm} & \multirow{2}{*}{86.49\%} \\  & Stereo [48, 49] & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Photometric Stereo & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & + FFT-gauss [50] & 6/6 & 100\% & 978 & +8.1 mm & 72.31\% \\ \cline{1-1}  & Our Method & 6/6 & 100\% & 0 & \(-\)0.2 mm & 99.77\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The more comprehensive comparison of the performance of our method against photometric stereo vision alone [48, 49] and a combination of photometric stereo vision and FFT-Gauss [50]. Data Availability Statement: The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Network Architecture and Topology
### Network Architecture Classification
#### 3.5.1 Flat Networks  
In flat networks all the deployed nodes play the same role and therefore perform the same tasks. ITS systems employing them are single-tier systems where a roadside WSN carries out sensing, distribution and, if required, collaborative decision making tasks. Conversely, centralized decision making and execution tasks, due to the limitations of WSNs, are undertaken by other external subsystems. The main advantage of these systems is their simplicity. Nodes with higher complexity are not needed since, on the one hand, it is not necessary to deal with issues related to the interconnection of different technologies and, on the other hand, routing protocols in flat networks are usually simple. However, flat networks have an important disadvantage in what regards scalability. As the number of nodes in a network increases, the gateway node and those around it are subject to an overload which can either degrade the performance (by means of information packet collisions and increased latencies) or force the use of a longer active period in the nodes, thus increasing power consumption.  
The lack of scalability of this pattern restricts its use to small areas. As a consequence, it is mostly used for smart parking applications [29, 47], in which sensor nodes are installed on every parking slot forming a grid layout which suits the use of generic routing protocols for flat networks [48]. However, it is also possible to find traffic applications using flat networks with string sensing topologies [36]. Their use is feasible in applications aimed at controlling isolated hotspots on the road, not requiring a centralized and distant DMS, for example in overtaking assistance in dangerous locations, since it is only necessary to share events with a few neighbors.
###### Abstract  
(1) Aim: To compare transverse dimensions measured on AI-generated intra-oral models and conventional digital intra-oral models. (2) Methods: A group of 38 patients treated with clear aligners was selected retrospectively from those whose records featured both AI-generated and conventional digital intra-oral models taken at the same timepoint. Transverse dimensions (inter-canine, inter-premolar, and inter-molar distances) on both upper and lower arches were evaluated and compared. Intra-class correlation index and paired \(t\)-test were applied to test the repeatability of measurements and statistically significant differences, respectively. Statistical significance was set at 0.05. (3) Results: Intra-class correlation index showed good repeatability. Paired \(t\)-test showed differences in measurements of the distances between the thicket area of gingva on the palatal side of the upper first molar (\(p\) = 0.002), the gingival margin of the lower first molar (\(p\) = 0.014), and the mesio-vestibular cusps of the lower first molars (\(p\) = 0.019). (4) Conclusions: Transverse measurements were similar on AI-generated and conventional intra-oral.stl renderings. Statistical differences were found on posterior areas of both upper and lower dental arches, but are unlikely to be clinically significant.  
artificial intelligence; remote monitoring; transversal dimension +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# Dynamics of Monoterpene Formation in Spike Lavender Plants
###### Abstract  
The metabolic cross-talk between the mevalonate (MVA) and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways was analyzed in spike Lavender (_Lavandula latifolia_ Med) on the basis of \({}^{13}\)CO\({}_{2}\)-labelling experiments using wildtype and transgenic plants overexpressing the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR), the first and key enzyme of the MVA pathway. The plants were labelled in the presence of \({}^{13}\)CO\({}_{2}\) in a gas chamber for controlled pulse and chase periods of time. GC/MS and NMR analysis of 1,8-cineole and camphor, the major monoterpenes present in their essential oil, indicated that the C5-precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) of both monoterpenes are predominantly biosynthesized via the MEP pathway. Surprisingly, overexpression of HMGR did not have significant impact upon the crosstalk between the MVA and MEP pathways indicating that the MEP route is the preferred pathway for the synthesis of C5 monoterpene precursors in spike lavender.  
Keywords:essential oils; isotopologoue profiling; laminaceae; _Lavandula latifolia;_ spike lavender; terpenoid biosynthesis; mevalonate; CO\({}_{2}\)
## 4 Results
### Qualitative Evaluation of the SSDA Smoke Detections
#### 4.1.2 Qualitative Evaluation Using VIIRS ADP and TROPOMI Smoke  
Figure 7 shows the spatial comparison of the SSDA smoke detection results with the VIIRS ADP product and TROPOMI smoke over southeastern North America. Visually, the SSDA detection map matches well with the true-color image, but differs largely from the VIIRS ADP product and TROPOMI smoke, for both the location and amount of fire smoke plumes (Figure 7). The VIIRS ADP product misclassified considerable amounts of snow/ice and cloud pixels as smoke in the north of the image, but it also missed many small smoke plumes and smoke pixels at plume edges (Figure 7c). TROPOMI smoke also greatly underestimated smoke cover (Figure 7d). The differences are more apparent in the three zoom-in images (Figure 7a'-c'). Compared with corresponding true-color imagery, the SSDA detected smoke plume extent well, although stripes resulted from VIIRS aggregation process at large view zenith angles [59] were unclassified because filling stripe was not a focus in this study. However, both the VIIRS ADP product and TROPOMI smoke missed a lot of smoke pixels at plume boundaries since the absorption aerosol index is not sensitive to thin smoke, composed of weakly absorbing aerosols, especially for absorption aerosols near the Earth's surface (1.5 km or less) [60].
# Collaborative Caching for Implementing a Location-Privacy Aware LBS on a MANET
## 6 Performance Evaluation
### Cache Management Policy Selection  
Prior to our main experiments, we evaluated various cache management policies to identify the most effective approach. Following established strategies in distributed systems [29; 35], we compared several techniques: FIFO (first input, first output), RAN (random elimination), DIST (distance elimination), POP (minimum popularity elimination), and MINPD (minimum popularity and distance ratio elimination). All evaluations used our default configuration parameters.  
As shown in Table 1, DIST and FIFO emerge as the most effective strategies, generating significantly fewer LBS queries. DIST's superior performance (14,698 LBS accesses versus FIFO's 15,336) stems from its geographical awareness, which is crucial for spatial queries. On the basis of these results, we adopt DIST for all subsequent experiments.
# Advances in Graphene Field Effect Transistors (FETs) for Annine Neurotransmitter Sensing
## 3 Amine Neurotransmitter Detection via GFETs
### Acetylcholine  
For ACh sensing, the GFET sensing principle detects increased solution acidity promoted by the ACh receptor known as Acetylcholinesteraseterase (AChE). AChE catalyses the hydrolysis of ACh into acetic acid and choline, resulting in the release of protons (H\({}^{+}\)) that acidify the solution [174; 237]. This change in pH alters the doping of the graphene surface, thereby modulating the electrical conductance of the graphene channel [143].  
In their pioneering work, [PERSON] et al. [173] employed a rGO-based top-gated graphene channel to facilitate AChE amine group immobilisation through 1-pyrenebuthanoic acid succinimidyl ester (PBSE) linker to form an amide bond with rGO [228; 239; 240; 241; 156; 229; 242; 243; 244; 245; 246; 247; 248; 249; 250; 251; 252; 253; 254; 255; 256; 257; 258; 259; 260; 261; 262; 263;  
than bare rGO-FETs. The PAni film enzymatic activity with electrostatic binding promoted improved sensitivity (LOD\(-\)72.3 nM). The inhibition studies with rivastigmine revealed minimised responses at higher ACh concentrations, confirming its efficacy as an inhibitor. [PERSON] et al. [179] elaborated a liquid-gated graphene nanoribbons FET sensor for detecting 1 nM ACh, determining an increase in \(\mathrm{I_{DS}}\) level and showing a plateau in inhibition rate as incubation time increased [251].
# A Blockchain-Based Secure Inter-Hospital EMR Sharing System
## 4 Security Analysis
### Resisting Replay Attack  
The information transmitted between the sender and the receiver may also be intercepted by a malicious attacker. He/she impersonates a legal sender and then sends the same information again to the predetermined receiver. However, as all information transmitted between the sender and the receiver is protected with the session key \(SEK_{AP}\), \(SEK_{BP}\) and \(SEK_{AB}\), a malicious attacker cannot calculate the correct session key, thus this attack will fail in the proposed system. Due to the transmitted information being changed after every round, the same information cannot be sent twice. Therefore, the replay attack cannot succeed in the proposed scheme.
# Ultraviolet-Assisted Modified Delignified Wood with High Transparency
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Microstructural Analysis  
As shown in Figure 2a,b--which contain scanned electron microscopy images of untreated balsa wood (NW)-- wood has a cellular architecture resembling a honeycomb structure at the micrometre scale. The average fibre diameter is 800 microns. They show that the cell cavities are in a hollow state with large filling spaces, and the layered porous structure provides a framework and anchor points for polymer impregnation attachment. After treatment with hydrogen peroxide, the porous structure of the wood was well preserved, but the cell walls were looser than in untreated wood. As shown in Figure 2c,d, there are obvious pores in the cell walls because lignin and pectin were partially removed from the wood after treatment with a hydrogen peroxide solution. Normally, the removal of lignin results in the formation of micropores and nanopores in the cell wall. The resulting micropores facilitate the penetration of the epoxy resin into the wood. Figure 2e,f show the morphology of low and high magnification \"transparent wood\" (TW). Figure 2e shows that the wood cell crevices are filled with a large amount of polymer, and the polymer is tightly adhered to the wood, the treated wood surface becomes smoother, and some of the original micro-grooves and furrow structures are covered. On closer inspection of Figure 2f, the polymer deposited on the wood can be easily observed. The surface of the sample is covered entirely with polymers, which exhibit deposited aggregates on the wood surface and form a micro-raised structure with a large surface roughness [27]. Some of the cell cavities are well filled with epoxy resin. In contrast, others have small pores within them, which can lead to refraction of light by \"transparent wood\", reflected macroscopically by high haze and low transmittance.  
Apart from the differences in delignification and impregnation methods, the type of wood chosen and the growing environment play a key role in the treatment results, and the wood dimensions vary with temperature and humidity [28]. The thickness of natural wood  
Figure 2: SEM images of natural wood (NW)at (**a**) low magnification, (**b**) high magnification, SEM images of “transparent wood” (DW-D-U) at (**c**) low magnification, (**d**) high magnification, SEM images of “transparent wood” (TW-D-U) at (**e**) low magnification, (**f**) high magnification.  
is 1.013 \(\pm\) 0.064 mm, and that of transparent wood is 1.461 \(\pm\) 0.155 mm. This is because part of the impregnation solution forms a film on the surface of the wood, and therefore there is a significant increase in thickness.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper analyzes the PUF response of GS-PUF in different gas environments and utilizes the excitation response relationship to determine the authentication scheme. The output of GS-PUF is based on physical properties that are challenging to replicate, thereby rendering it difficult for attackers to counterfeit or tamper with the device. Furthermore, the GS-PUF is highly reliable, responding correctly to the gas environment and guaranteeing the correctness of the data. We propose an anonymous bidirectional authentication protocol based on GS-PUF to protect the security of data during transmission. The protocol encrypts the data using physically unclonable functions, irreversible hash functions, and XOR functions for data encryption, aiming to reduce computational overhead through lightweight encryption. In the security analysis and overhead comparison, the proposed authentication scheme not only ensures multiple critical security properties but also reduces computational costs, thereby enhancing the security of sensor data. With this scheme, gas sensors can operate under server monitoring, ensuring that users receive authentic and reliable gas sensor data while maintaining the security of legitimate users.  
Conceptualization, S.H., H.H. and X.L.; methodology, S.H. and H.H.; software, S.H.; validation, S.H., H.H. and X.L.; formal analysis, S.H. and H.H.; investigation, S.H.; resources, H.H. and X.L.; data curation, S.H.; writing--original draft preparation, S.H.; writing--review and editing, S.H.; visualization, H.H.; supervision, P.W. and Y.Z.; project administration, P.W. and Y.Z.; funding acquisition, P.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62174121, 62234008, 62474100), the Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project of Ningbo (2022Z203), Ningbo University and Ningbo Yongxin Microelectronics Technology Co., Ltd. Digital Integrated Circuit Design Joint Laboratory (XQ2022000005), and the Ningbo University Student Research and Innovation Program (2024 SRIP1304).  
Data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare that this study received funding from Ningbo University and Ningbo Yongxin Microelectronics Technology Co., Ltd. Digital Integrated Circuit Design Joint Laboratory. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication.
## 3 Methods and Model Setup
### Methods
#### 3.1.3 Heat Conservation Equation  
Heat transport is often intrinsically coupled with deformation. The heat conservation equation (temperature equation) must be derived to predict the temperature change due to heat transfer. This equation (Equation (5)) is nonlinear in T because of the variation in thermal conductivity. Equation (5) describes the heat balance in a continuum media, and it relates temperature changes to thermal generation, conduction, and advection. The Lagrange equation is as follows [60]:  
\[\rho C_{P}\frac{DT}{Dt}=\
abla\cdot(k\
abla T)+\rho H \tag{5}\]  
where \(C_{P}\) is heat capacity at constant pressure (J/kg/K), \(H\) is volumetric heat production/consumption (W/m\({}^{3}\)), \(\frac{DT}{Dt}\) is the substantive time derivative of temperature, \(k\) is the thermal conductivity (W/m/K), \(\
abla\) is the divergence operator, \(\
abla T\) is the gradient of Temperature \(T\).  
The thermal conductivity \(k\) is based on the following equation [59; 61]:  
\[k=k_{0}+\frac{a}{T+77} \tag{6}\]
## 3 Results
### Effect of Mevalonate Pathways in ET Group  
The mevalonate pathway (MVA pathway) is a metabolic pathway for terpenoids, which produces isopentene pyrophosphate (IPP) in the cytoplasm using acetyl CoA as the primary donor. The transcriptome analysis showed that the ET treatment upregulated the enzymes involved in the MVA pathway and promoted the accumulation of terpenoids, as depicted in Figure 8. The KEGG annotation revealed that all enzymes in this pathway were affected, except MVK, with multiple enzymes being regulated by different transcripts. HMG-CoA reductase, a key rate-limiting enzyme of the MVA pathway, was annotated by seven genes at the transcriptional level. It catalyzes the synthesis of mevalonate from acetyl CoA, which, in turn, synthesizes IPP by further enzymatic action and generates dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), another precursor of terpenoids. Additionally, ET treatment promoted the synthesis of GPP and FPP, which are important precursors of terpenoids, thus positively affecting the synthesis of monoterpenes, diterpenes, and triterpenes.  
Mevalonate kinase (MVK) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the MVA pathway, and its activity level plays a crucial role in the rate of terpenoid synthesis, affecting the yield of terpenoids significantly. However, the impact of fungal elicitor on MVK's transcriptional expression was not evident in this experiment.  
Figure 7: A nine\(-\)quadrant diagram representing the association between DAMs and DETs of _S. sanguhung_ after elicitor treatment t. The \(x-\)axis represents the log ratio of differential genes. The \(y-\)axis represents the log ratio of differential metabolites; they are partitioned into 1��$\(-\)5�$ quadrants left to right and top to bottom with black dashed lines. The black dashed lines represent the different thresholds. Each dot represents a gene or metabolite, black dots represent the unchanged genes or metabolites; green dots represent DAMs with unchanged genes; blue dots represent differentially expressed genes with unchanged metabolites; red dots represent both differentially expressed genes and DAMs. Quadrant 5�$ represents unchanged genes and metabolites; quadrants 1�$\(-\)5�$, and 4�$ represent metabolite expression abundance over genes; quadrants 3�$ and 2�$ indicate genes whose expression patterns are consistent with those of metabolites; and quadrants 6�$, 8�$, and 7�$ represent differentially expressed metabolites with lower expression abundance than differentially expressed genes.
# The Influence of Processing on the Bioactive Compounds of Small Berries
## 4 Processing of Small Berries and Their Effects on Bioactive Compounds
### Enzymatic, Mashing, and Pressing Treatments  
Enzymatic treatment followed by mashing and pressing is a preliminary operation applied for preprocessing fresh berry products before they are transformed into juices, pures, nects, or jams. These operations are intended to enhance the yield and to maintain the sensorial and nutritional properties of the processed berry products [58].  
The enzyme-assisted pretreatment of berry products allows high-quality final products with health-promoting properties to be obtained. The addition of enzymes during preprocessing promotes the release of most nutrients and bioactive components from berry pulp and skins. However, the enzymes must be carefully selected so as not to exert a negative effect on the sensorial properties. Mashing is often performed for juice or jam production, whereas pressing is used only for separating the juice from the solid parts. Depending on several parameters under which these operations are performed, the content of bioactive compounds from the berries may remain constant, decrease, or increase.  
Anthocyanins of many berries are mainly found in skins, making their extraction more difficult. In particular, blackcurrant and blueberry skins are very hard to grind, and most of the anthocyanins are retained in the press cake fraction [59]. [PERSON] et al. reported that pressing did not have any effect on the phytochemical content of blackberry juice [60], while [PERSON] et al. reported losses between 6% and 16% for blackberry and black raspberry juice [61; 62]. On the other hand, the enzymatic pretreatment of berries increases anthocyanin extraction yield by about 28% when pressing black mulberries to obtain juice [63].  
Figure 2: The main processing operations and technologies employed in the production of berry products.