# Password Managers--It's All about Trust and Transparency
## 4 Results
### Heuristic Evaluation of Three Cloud-Based Password Managers (LastPass, Dashlane, Keeper)
#### 4.1.1 Positive Aspects and Nielsen's Principles Applied to Three Cloud Password Managers  
In this study of three cloud-based password managers (LastPass, Dashlane and Keeper), we found that they offer many features. These password managers store loads of passwords and categorize them,offer random password generator and store personal information such as \"bank details\". The system is visible as the menu of these password managers are the same, they provide concrete icons and speak the user's language with words and concepts familiar to the users. The three password managers use icons that match those in the real world such as payment, they have consistent grammars and terminology. They allow the user to copy and modify data, for example, the user can copy password and paste it on the log-in form which is also allowed on other pages. One of the features is autofill where the username and password are filled in automatically on a log-in form thus the user does not need to type them which saves time. Regarding changing sensitive date, they do not allow users to change sensitive data without asking them to enter the master password, otherwise the data are not changed. If there is an error, these password managers use a good text to inform users about errors which is shown briefly and unambiguously. Moreover, the three cloud-based password managers provide the user with sufficient and understandable guidelines to use the system (Table 6). The random password generator generates a password once it is open and the user can change the length or remove characters. In LastPass and Dashlane password managers, user can use different paths to find functions, for example, account settings, which makes it flexible to open it quickly. Regarding password changer, only Dashlane provides this good feature as user can change a password with only one click because Dashlane will change the password on the website automatically, yet this feature is only available for specific websites. In Keeper password manager, users can recover the account by installing the application and follow few important steps to reset the master password which is easier than LastPass and Dashlane. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Password Managers** & **Positive Aspects** & **Principles Applied** \\ \hline All 3 & System display page & Visibility of system status. \\ \hline All 3 & Main menu of the system & Visibility of system status, Consistency and standards, Aesthetic and minimalist design. \\ \hline All 3 & Icons, grammar, and terminology & Match between system and real world, Consistency and standards. \\ \hline All 3 & Storing personal information & Visibility of system status, Flexibility and efficiency of use, User control and freedom. \\ \hline All 3 & Storing online passwords & Visibility of system status, Flexibility and efficiency of use, User control and freedom. \\ \hline All 3 & Main system page (vault) & Aesthetic and minimalist design, Visibility of system status. \\ \hline All 3 & Copy and modify data & User control and freedom, Flexibility and efficiency of use. \\ \hline All 3 & Autofill credentials to log in & Flexibility and efficiency of use, Recognition rather than recall. \\ \hline All 3 & Change sensitive data & Error prevention. \\ \hline All 3 & Random password generator & Flexibility and efficiency of use, User control and freedom. \\ \hline All 3 & Error messages (warnings) & Help users recognize and diagnose and recover from errors, Error prevention. \\ \hline All 3 & Log in to main page (vault) & Flexibility and efficiency of use. \\ \hline All 3 & Help section for users & Help and Documentation. \\ \hline LastPass Dashlane & Different paths to find functions & Flexibility and efficiency of use, User control and freedom. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Positive aspects and Nielsen’s principles applied to three cloud password managers. Explanation of positive aspects can be found in the Appendix A.1).