## 5 New Technologies in Greenhouses
### Automation of Greenhouse
(2024), a thermoelectric air conditioning system that uses solar energy and is based on the Peltier effect was investigated. This system was specifically designed to cool a small test room with a volume of 1 m\({}^{2}\). The results showed that the system has high cooling efficiency, maintaining the outlet temperature between 22 and 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This performance indicates the potential of the thermoelectric system as a viable and efficient alternative for cooling small environments, offering a sustainable and technically advanced solution for thermal control [278]. Automated irrigation systems use soil moisture sensors to determine plants' water needs. When the soil reaches a moisture level below ideal, the system activates irrigation pumps that deliver the exact amount of water needed. This avoids wasting water and ensures that the plants are always adequately hydrated [279]. In the study by [PERSON] et al. [280], a new one-sided nuclear magnetic resonance (UNMR) sensor was proposed for soil moisture detection. This sensor is based on a simplified analytical model that allows in situ detection of soil moisture with high efficiency and precision. The innovation lies in the sensor's ability to perform continuous monitoring of soil conditions, which is crucial for agricultural and water resource management applications. The implementation of this sensor promises to significantly improve irrigation and soil management practices, ensuring a more sustainable and effective use of natural resources. Fertigation combines irrigation with the application of nutrients. Automated systems control both the amount of water and the dosage of fertilizers applied to the soil. Based on the specific needs of plants at different growth stages, the system adjusts the composition and quantity of nutrients supplied, ensuring precise and efficient nutrition [281; 282]. In the study conducted by [PERSON] [283], the laser irrigation system (LSIS) was evaluated for its efficiency in water use and corn productivity. Operating at low pressure and simulating gentle rain, LSIS has been shown to be significantly more efficient in terms of water use and agricultural productivity compared to traditional irrigation methods. This technological innovation allows for a more uniform distribution of water, reducing waste and improving plant growth, which represents an important advance for sustainable agriculture and the efficient management of water resources. Adjustable LED lighting is used to control the duration and intensity of the light. Light sensors measure the amount of natural light and, if necessary, artificial lighting systems are activated to supplement sunlight. This is crucial for plants that require specific light conditions for photosynthesis and growth. Automation allows you to adjust light and dark cycles to optimize plant development [276]. The paper by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [284] presents the development of a low-cost sensor intended to measure the intensity of light required for plant growth, known as photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). This system was tested in a hydroponic test bed situated within a greenhouse, where it was exposed to both natural light and supplemental LED lighting in the blue and red light ranges. The results indicated that the sensor is effective in monitoring PPFD, providing accurate data to optimize lighting conditions, and improving plant growth and productivity in controlled environments. Robots are used to perform repetitive tasks such as planting, pruning, harvesting, and transporting products within the greenhouse. Equipped with cameras and sensors, these robots can navigate the greenhouse, identify plants that require specific care, and perform the necessary tasks accurately and efficiently, reducing the need for manual labor and increasing productivity [285]. The article by [PERSON] et al. [286] discusses the application of an advanced automated monitoring and control system in greenhouses.