esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# The Ground-Based Absolute Radiometric Calibration of the Landsat 9 Operational Land Imager
## 2 Methodology
### Automated Measurements: The Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS)  
#### 2.2.1 RadCaTS Development  
The RadCaTS was developed by the Remote Sensing Group of the Wyant College of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona (U Arizona) in the early 2000s [32; 33; 34]. During the prototyping phase, the RadCaTS was used to supplement the in situ data that were routinely collected by on-site personnel using the traditional reflectance-based approach. A data processing methodology was developed, tested, and compared to the reflectance-based results during the prototyping stage. The knowledge gained in this process resulted in the development of radiometrically stable, all-weather, multispectral ground-viewing radiometers (GVRs), the first examples of which were deployed in 2012 [35; 36]. Additional upgrades over the past ten years have included a satellite uplink station, upgraded Cimel CE-318T solar-lunar photometer [29], and a GVR with linear motion [37]. The RadCaTS has been used successfully for such sensors as the Landsat 7 ETM+ [38], the Landsat 8 and 9 OLIs [17; 39; 40], Terra and Aqua MODIS [41], ASTER [42; 43], SNPP, NOAA-20 VIIRS [44], Sentinel-2A and -2B MSI [38], and GOES-16 and -17 ABI [45; 46]. It has also been used to validate the calibration of airborne sensors [47; 15; 48].  
The expansion from on-site personnel to an automated system evolved as a sensible response to the growing number of national and international Earth-observing satellite programs. In addition to national space programs, the creation of nanosat and CubeSat constellations by commercial companies is also increasing rapidly. Automated ground-based radiometric calibration sources become increasingly important to the operators of these programs since many of these small satellites have limited or no onboard radiometric calibration systems [49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58].
## 5 Passive Dual-Band Phase-Gradient Metasurfaces
### All-Metallic Unit cells  
Single band all-metallic unit cells are also explored in [70; 73; 90; 91; 92], eliminating the need for expensive laminates in all-dielectric or composite (metal-dielectric printed) structures. The first dual-band all metallic phase gradient near-field meta-steering antenna is reported in [31] utilizing dual-band all metallic unit cells incorporating a modified swastika slot in the middle for phase adjustment at one frequency band of operation and half swastika slots in the corners for the other frequency band's phase tuning. Overall, four metal and dielectric layers separated by air gaps are utilized.  
However, limitations of these structures include narrow operation bandwidth, losses due to the conductivity of metallic layers, expensive manufacturing, and polarization dependence. Moreover, most of these cells are fabricated by cutting slots in the metal sheets  
Figure 8: Different types of dual-band phase shifting cells. (**a**) Multilayer cells based on the selection of optimized phase pairs corresponding to the desired response in the dual-frequency bands [59; 84], (**b**) interleaving resonant elements corresponding to each frequency [31; 60], (**c**) dual-band phase rotation cell [61], and (**d**) a concentric cell using orthogonal polarized modified split rings and Jerusalem cross [67].  
using the concentrated heat of high-power lasers. When subjected to high-intensity heat, the metal sheets may deform, which can be a significant obstacle in extending such designs for highly directive (\(>\)30 dBi) applications. Most of the all-metal structures are in the form of mesh, which may become very thin for higher frequencies, and bending of the surface may be another issue when using such unit cells.
# Corrosion Behavior of Zn-Al-Mg-Si Coatings in Sulfur Dioxide-Containing Environment
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization Methods  
Investigations of the microstructure of coatings and corrosion products were performed using Hitachi S-3400 N scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive spectroscope (EDS) (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Noran Instruments--System Six software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for the tests. X-ray phase analysis was performed on a Philips X'Pert 3 X-ray diffractometer (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK) using a copper anode lamp (\(\lambda\)CuK\(\alpha\) = 1.54178 A) powered by a current of 30 mA and a voltage of 40 kV and a graphite monochromator.  
Sulfur dioxide testing with general moisture condensation was carried out in accordance with the EN ISO 6988 standard [23]. The tests were carried out in a Koesternich Hygrotherm model 519 chamber with a working capacity of 300 dm\({}^{3}\). The daily cycle consisted of 8 h of exposure of samples in a closed chamber in a humid environment containing sulfur compounds at a temperature of 40 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 16 h of exposure to ambient atmosphere. The smoothness and changes on the surface of the samples were monitored every 24 h. Gravimetric tests were performed every 5 daily cycles. The final result was the average of 5 samples of the same type and three measurements for each sample. The total testing time was 30 daily cycles. The corrosion rate was determined on the basis of the unit mass change of the samples after subsequent periods of exposure in the Koesternich chamber.
## 2 Wettability Measurement Methods  
The choice of a wettability measurement method depends on the properties of the fluid and surface, the accuracy required, and the equipment available. In this paper, we have roughly divided wettability measurement methods into four categories based on their underlying mechanisms: methods that take into account the effect of the spontaneous absorption of liquid by the rock, methods that measure the contact angle between the rock surface and the liquid droplet, methods that take into account the characteristics of liquids absorbed by the rock, and analytical methods for determining wettability with already available relative phase permeability curve data.  
It is important to note that methods based on contact angle measurements reflect the local wettability of the sample, which depends on surface roughness and chemistry. Other methods indicate the apparent wettability.
## 10 Results
### Mesh Throughput Results
#### 10.1.3. UDP vs. TCP  
The results also indicate that for both mesh routing protocols, a double hop resulted in better UDP performance as compared to TCP. This can be attributed to TCP's handshake acknowledgement packets being lost across wireless hops, which would result in retransmissions leading to a decrease in throughput. For single hop throughput performance, HWMP performed better with TCP, since there was a low risk of acknowledgement packets being lost due to no extra hops being required. B.A.T.M.A.N.-adv performed better with UDP for both single and double hops. This can be attributed to the B.A.T.M.A.N.-adv protocol's decentralized proactive nature.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**CONFIGATION** & **20 MHz** & **40 MHz** & **80 MHz** \\ \hline
1 hop TCP & 120 Mbps & 210 Mbps & 220 Mbps \\
2 hops TCP & 60 Mbps & 120 Mbps & 190 Mbps \\
1 hop UDP & 140 Mbps & 140 Mbps & 140 Mbps \\
2 hops UDP & 80 Mbps & 130 Mbps & 130 Mbps \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: HWMP multi-hop performance using various channel bandwidths at 5 GHz.  
10.1.4. HWMP vs. B.A.T.M.A.N.-Adv  
The throughput performance of HWMP was better than B.A.T.M.A.N.-adv for all tests. This can be attributed to HWMP's utilization of a hybrid approach which uses both reactive and proactive mesh routing whilst B.A.T.M.A.N. only uses proactive mesh routing. The reactive component proved to be worth the expense of the additional overhead.
###### Abstract  
Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) involving massive advanced sensors and electronic control units (ECUs) bring intelligentization to the transportation system and conveniences to human mobility. Unfortunately, these automated vehicles face security threats due to complexity and connectivity. Especially, the existing in-vehicle network protocols (e.g., controller area network) lack security consideration, which is vulnerable to malicious attacks and puts people at large-scale severe risks. In this paper, we propose a novel anomaly detection model that integrates a continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and convolutional neural network (CNN) for an in-vehicle network. By transforming in-vehicle sensor signals in different segments, we adopt CWT to calculate wavelet coefficients for vehicle state image construction so that the model exploits both the time and frequency domain characteristics of the raw data, which can demonstrate more hidden patterns of vehicle events and improve the accuracy of the follow-up detection process. Our model constructs a two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform scalogram (CWTS) and utilizes it as an input into our optimized CNN. The proposed model is able to provide local transient characteristics of the signals so that it can detect anomaly deviations caused by malicious behaviors, and the model is effective for coping with various vehicle anomalies. The experiments show the superior performance of our proposed model under different anomaly scenarios. Compared with related works, the average accuracy and F1 score are improved by 2.51% and 2.46%.  
connected and automated vehicles; anomaly detection; continuous wavelet transform; convolutional neural network +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
## 3 Experimental Setup and Test Procedure
This last is selected to realize the Maximum Brake Torque (MBT) condition at knock free operations, while at high/medium loads the SA is chosen to operate at knock borderline (knock limited spark advance, KLSA). In particular, knocking is monitored by a knock sensor, installed between the two cylinders on the block, which automatically cuts out the power output and avoids the engine operation under severe knock conditions. The measured net IMEP (Table 2) is properly derived from the acquired in-cylinder pressure traces over the entire engine cycle and represents the difference between the gross IMEP (in-cylinder pressure over compression and expansion strokes) and the pumping mean effective pressure (PMEP), evaluated over the intake and exhaust strokes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Load** & **Speed, rpm** & **IMEP, bar** & \(\lambda_{\star}\) - & **EGR Rate,\%** & \begin{tabular}{c} **SA, CAD** \\ **AFTDC** \\ \end{tabular}  & **Label** \\ \hline Low & 3000 & 6.96 & 1.01 & 0.0 & \(-\)30 & 3000@7 \\  & 3000 & 6.93 & 1.01 & 5.8 & \(-\)38 & \\  & 3000 & 6.92 & 0.99 & 9  
Further parameters are monitored to preserve the safety of the turbocharger and of the entire engine. In particular, the boost pressure is controlled at high loads, acting on the waste-gate (WG) valve opening, to provide proper operation for the port injectors and to avoid the mechanical failures for the intake manifold. The average maximum in-cylinder pressure is constrained to limit the engine mechanical stresses. The mechanical and thermal safety of the turbine also obliges to control the turbocharger speed and the turbine inlet temperature (TIT). Summarizing, the following constraints are taken into account:  
* Boost pressure: below 2.4 bar;
* TIT: below 950 \({}^{\circ}\)C;
* In-cylinder pressure peak: below 85 bar;
* Turbocharger speed: below 255,000 rpm.
###### Abstract  
This study, based on circular economy principles and sustainable development practices, aims to present the results of soil samples analysis after their mixture with a biobed bio-mixture of straw, soil and compost, used for two consecutive years as organic bio-filter of olive oil mill wastewater. So far, exhausted bio-mixtures used in biobeds to minimize pesticide point-source contamination turned out to contain residues of pesticides, and they are considered hazardous wastes; thus, they require special treatment before their disposal. Contrariwise, saturated bio-mixtures from bio-bed systems utilized for olive mill wastewater (OMWW) treatment not only do not require any special treatment before their final disposal but also can be exploited as a soil amendment. To this end, the effects of the used bio-mixture application in three different proportions as a soil amendment on the physical and chemical properties of medium-texture soil were investigated. The application of water simulating a typical irrigation period during a growing season took place. Upon completion of the water application, soil samples were collected from two different depths of the columns and analyzed, and leachates collected from the columns were also analyzed. Soil texture, organic matter, calcium carbonate, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total nitrogen, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available iron, manganese, copper, zinc and boron were monitored in the soil samples as indexes of potential soil amendment, and EC, pH, nitrates, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), total hardness, iron, manganese, copper, zinc and boron were monitored in the leachates as indexes of potential groundwater contamination.The study demonstrated the effective use of saturated bio-mixture as an organic soil amendment, while the impact of selected amendments on groundwater was the minimum.  
bio-mixture; biobed; soil amendment; olive mill wastewater; circular economy Article
## 4 Performance Analysis of the Strengthened Walls
### Interaction between the Strengthening Layers and the Masonry Substrate  
To investigate the interaction between the UHPC layers and the masonry substrate, cylinder core samples were drilled out of the failed W1S and W2, as shown in Figure 13. It shows the UHPC had flowed into and filled the existing damages in the masonry substrate, and it had rehabilitated the masonry substrate before strengthening the walls. The mechanism not only prevented the development of the damages that had existed in the target walls before strengthening, but also improved the bondage between the UHPC layers and the masonry substrate. Moreover, it would relieve the unfavorable stress provoked by the thermal strain difference between the UHPC layers and the masonry substrate.  
Figure 12: Percentage of performance rehabilitation and improvement of the strengthened walls comparing to the unstrengthened W1: (**a**) W1S; (**b**) W2; (**c**) W3.  
Figure 13: Interaction mechanism between the UHPC layer and the masonry substrate.  
The mechanism that results in the favorable strengthening effect has minor relation to the walls' aspect ratio. Therefore, similar strengthening effect could be expected when the UHPC layers are applied on slender masonry walls. It should be noticed that the UHPC layers could change the ratio of the bending stiffness to the shearing stiffness of the slender walls, and then change the walls' ductility or failure mode. The reinforced polymer mortar layer did not have the above-mentioned mechanism. The interface between the layer and the masonry substrate was much smoother than that between the UHPC layer and the masonry substrate, as shown in Figure 14. The reinforced polymer mortar layer ensured the bondage with the masonry substrate by cohesion and dowel action from the anchorage short bars illustrated in Figure 3b. As a result, it was less effective than the UHPC layers.
# Miniaturized Near-Infrared Analyzer for Quantitative Detection of Trace Water in Ethylene Glycol
## 1 Introduction
These applications have shown excellent detection accuracy and stability. Such case studies underscore the potential of MEMS-based FT-NIR systems for solvent water detection, effectively overcoming the limitations of traditional FT-NIR spectrometers, which tend to be too large and expensive for widespread on-site use [27; 28; 29]. This study focuses on ethylene glycol solutions by developing an absorption testing system using a portable near-infrared MEMS spectrometer. The absorption spectra of ethylene glycol were measured in the wavelength range of 1100 to 2500 nm. To address the incoherent and redundant information present in the spectra, interval partial least squares (iPLS) was employed to optimize the selection of characteristic wavelength variables and identify wavelength bands that are highly correlated with water content. Building on this, a quantitative analysis model for water content was established using partial least squares regression (PLSR), enabling efficient detection of water in ethylene glycol.
# RingFFL: A Ring-Architecture-Based Fair Federated Learning Framework
## 5 Security Analysis and Numerical Results
### Security Analysis  
In this paper, we use blockchain in the ring-architecture-based FL to address the aforementioned security threats.  
1. _Guaranteeing the data security of the clients_: We use FL with ring architecture to train the model, and the local model parameters instead of the raw data are transmitted during the training process. The raw data are stored locally from start to finish, thus ensuring the security of the clients' data.
2. _Guaranteeing the security of the clients' deposits_: In the process of deposit payment and deposit refund, we use blockchain to guarantee the security of the transactions. The security mechanism based on consensus can avoid security attacks such as double spending, thus ensuring the security of clients' deposits during the training process.
3. _Guaranteeing the correctness of the transmitted local model parameters_: To prevent the dishonest clients from transmitting false local model parameters, the acknowledgment process needs to validate the hash values of the model parameters, and only the correct ones will pass the validation. The client will then receive the corresponding amount of digital currencies.
4. _Guaranteeing the fairness of the FL_: To avoid dishonest clients from aborting during the FL process, the penalty mechanism can deduct the digital currency deposits of the aborting clients to compensate clients with additional information loss. In this way, the fairness of FL is guaranteed.  
Figure 3: An example of the penalty mechanism in RingFFL.
# Context-Aware Trust and Reputation Routing Protocol for Opportunistic IoT Networks
###### Abstract  
In opportunistic IoT (OppIoT) networks, non-cooperative nodes present a significant challenge to the data forwarding process, leading to increased packet loss and communication delays. This paper proposes a novel Context-Aware Trust and Reputation Routing (CATR) protocol for opportunistic IoT networks, which leverages the probability density function of the beta distribution and some contextual factors, to dynamically compute the trust and reputation values of nodes, leading to efficient data dissemination, where malicious nodes are effectively identified and bypassed during that process. Simulation experiments using the ONE simulator show that CATR is superior to the Epidemic protocol, the so-called beta-based trust and reputation evaluation system (denoted BTRES), and the secure and privacy-preserving structure in opportunistic networks (denoted PPHB+), achieving an improvement of 22%, 15%, and 9% in terms of average latency, number of messages dropped, and average hop count, respectively, under varying number of nodes, buffer size, time to live, and message generation interval.  
opportunistic IoT networks; beta distribution; trust; reputation; security; Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE) simulator 2024246750. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237650](https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237650)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237650](https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237650))
# Flow Analysis of a Novel, Three-Way Cartridge Flow Control Valve
## 3 Methodology
### Turbulence Model  
The calculated _Re_ values indicate transitional or turbulent flow depending on the flow rate. At first, a turbulence model had to be selected. Based on the publications related to CFD research on hydraulic components such as pumps [25] and valves [26; 27; 28; 29; 30] the \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\) turbulence model was chosen. Since there are several variants of the \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\) model, including Standard, Realisable and RNG, some initial simulations were carried out to compare the results. The obtained results were virtually identical; hence the Standard \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\) model was selected as the least time-consuming one.  
The Standard \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\) model comprises two transport equations, which can be found, e.g., in [31; 32; 33]. It is based on two major factors: kinetic energy of the turbulence \(k\), and kinetic energy dissipation \(\varepsilon\). The calculation process also requires determination of a number of parameters, such as turbulent viscosity \(\mu_{t}\), turbulence intensity \(I\), length scale \(\ell\) and the constants \(s_{k}\), \(s_{\varepsilon}\), \(C_{1\varepsilon}\), \(C_{2\varepsilon}\) and \(C_{\mu}\). The values adopted based on the general recommendations of Ansys [34] and previous research by the authors [4; 35] are presented in Table 3.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Antibacterial Activity Assays
#### 2.7.2 Quantitative Antibacterial Assay (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Assay)  
To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of crude plant extracts against eight isolates of S. aureus, four isolates of NAS, and one ATCC 29213 strain of _S. aureus_, a simple, reproducible, low-cost, and sensitive serial dilution microplate method [27] was utilized. The bacterial cultures were adjusted to a McFarland standard of 1 and grown overnight in MH broth. The dried extracts were dissolved in acetone to a concentration of 10 mg/mL, and 100 \(\upmu\)L aliquots were added to the first well of a sterile 96-well microtiter plate containing 100 \(\upmu\)L of water, which was serially diluted with sterile distilled water. A hundred microliters of appropriately adjusted bacterial cultures were then added to each well. The bacteria were exposed to final extract concentrations of 2.5, 1.25, 0.63, 0.32, 0.16, 0.08, 0.04, and 0.02 mg/mL. Gentamicin and acetone served as positive and negative controls, respectively. The final concentration of acetone used in the bioassays is not toxic to microorganisms [28]. The microplates were incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 18-24 h, and the MIC values were determined visually as the lowest concentration that inhibited growth.  
The total activity (mL/g) of the extracts was calculated by dividing the mass in mg extracted from 1 g of plant material by the MIC in mg/mL, considering the maximum volume of solvent that can be used to dilute the mass extracted from 1 g of the plant with retention of antibacterial activity. This provides a measure of the efficacy of antibacterial compounds [29].