# An Internet of Things-Based Low-Power Integrated Beekeeping Safety and Conditions Monitoring System
## 2 Related Work on Internet of Things (IoT) Beehive Incident Response and Management Systems
### New Beehive Cells Supporting the IBSMC Architecture
The six peltier modules (Figure 2c (6)) are mounted on a 3 mm transparent PVC surface with their cool surface aiming at the internal hive and their hot surface aiming at the hive's lid. When the peltier actuator is powered up, it removes heat from the internal hive towards the hive lid. For the heat extraction process out of the hive, the peltier unit also uses a 5V DC external heat blower installed onto one of the hive's ventilation holes (Figure 2c (9)). The peltier actuator subsystem is controlled by the beehive MCU (Figure 2c(3)) and it can be remotely powered up or down only at high temperatures (more than 36 \({}^{\circ}\)C). The specified maximum daily operational time interval for the subsystem is 48 min to avoid battery depletion (2 min per hour). The \"on\" interval of the subsystem can be set to off and PWM settings, giving an 8 s \"on\" interval per 4 min period, depending on the subsystem operational state (disabled, enabled). The operational state of the subsystem can also be remotely controlled by the central hive. Its current drain is at 2600 mA including the blower, giving a daily energy consumption of around 2 Ah. 4. The fan actuator unit focuses on moisture removal. This unit consists of three DC micro-servo motors attached in the upper part of the three remaining lid ventilation holes. The servo motors are mounted on a lightweight insulation surface and maintain a plastic arm (Figure 2b (1)). The servo motors can move in controlled angles of 0\({}^{\circ}\), 45\({}^{\circ}\), 90\({}^{\circ}\), 120\({}^{\circ}\) or be set to continuous shifting (0\({}^{\circ}\)-120\({}^{\circ}\)) over a 5 s cycle period. Regarding humidity over temperature control, the MCU can instruct the servo motors to either close the holes (low internal humidity and low internal temperature), open the holes (high internal humidity and high internal temperature) or remain in any of the other semi-open positions (little open 45\({}^{\circ}\), half open 90\({}^{\circ}\)) if temperature drops and humidity increases or if temperature increases and humidity drops accordingly. Figure 2c also presents the internal part of the automated beehive lid. Found in this part of the lid are the 5V AVR ATmega328 MCU microprocessor of the beehive (Figure 2c (3)) connected using the SPI interface with the RF12B wireless transponder [31] (Figure 2c (5)), the lid magnetic clip connections with the main hive box (Figure 2c (2)), the solid state PLCB [47] lithium ceramic battery (Figure 2c (7)) and the switch box that can power the hive from the internal battery or from an external 5V battery source or external charging unit. The automatic beehives are also able to operate autonomously using either their 6V/5W solar panels embedded in the top lid surface (Figure 2b (5)) or via an external power supply or centralized PV unit operating at 12V DC (using its internal regulator-charger unit circuit). The RF12B transponder has been selected amongst others due to its low transmission power (0 dBm-1 mW) at 433 MHz. Safety mechanisms of the new beekeeping hives include low price and low energy consumption control sensors, installed in all automated hives. Additionally, there will be a central point of interconnection and data forwarding of the entire array, referred to as the central hive cell of the array. In the IBSMC system only the central hive is capable of sending notifications with the form of alerts and per beehive sensory information to the Information System (ISMCA). That is, the proposed IBSMC implementation of the central hive avoids using high-energy-consuming 3G/4G technologies. The security mechanisms integrated on the new type of automated beehives are the following:  
1. Magnetic sensor: A magnetic contact on the lid of the automated hives that when open, will send a security theft alert to the central hive unit (Figure 2b (3)). 2. Gyroscopic sensor (Figure 2a (7)): Each automated hive has a plastic embedded gyroscopic sensor for the detection of shifts in hive position and hive falls.