### Blockchain Technology and Token Standards  
Blockchain has gone a long way since its first introduction by [PERSON] [3]. It started off as a simple distributed ledger. Each block would store a number of transactions, and each subsequent block would reference the previous one, using a hash of its content. This chain of blocks creates a fingerprint for all transactions ever executed, enabling a quick and efficient verification process. Due to the nature of the system, with its transparency and resistance to tampering, it provides exceptional guarantees of immutability. Since then, the blockchain capabilities were expanded with the introduction of smart contracts, which enable the execution of publicly available code as part of transactions, thus opening up new stream of possibilities [4; 5]. An example of this could be the distribution, ownership, and trading of digital assets, including trading cards [6]. By leveraging decentralized ledgers, blockchain provides a secure and transparent system for recording transactions and provides a publicly verifiable, persistent, and highly available storage solution. Smart contracts play a pivotal role in enabling advanced capabilities of blockchain technology. In essence, they are simply compiled programs, which are stored on the blockchain as executable code. This code, like all other data on the blockchain, is immutable and available publicly. In smart contract-enabled blockchains, during a special type of block transaction, which will carry call data, they can be executed. This will result in the code being run and the state being modified. As the code is public and immutable, the caller can easily verify the program they are calling. Smart contracts facilitate the seamless and automated transfer of ownership of digital assets, enhancing the efficiency and security of transactions in the trading card market [7]. In the context of trading card games and digital collectibles, smart contracts facilitate the transfer of ownership, enable seamless trading, and manage auction mechanisms, all without the need for intermediaries. Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) as well as Fungible Tokens (FTs) are smart contract standards that stand at the forefront, representing a wide range of assets and ownership on the chain. NFTs represent unique, indivisible, and non-interchangeable digital assets, making them an ideal solution for unique digital collectibles, be it a trading card or any other form of digital art [8]. This uniqueness and indivisibility are crucial for maintaining the scarcity and value of digital trading cards, which mirror the rarity and desirability factors that drive the traditional TCG market. The application of NFTs in TCGs offers several advantages considered below. 1. Provenance and authenticity: Blockchain technology ensures that the history and ownership of each digital card are transparently recorded, making it easy to verify its authenticity and provenance. This addresses concerns over counterfeiting and unauthorized reproductions, which are significant issues in the physical TCG market. This also mitigates the risks of theft. 2. Ownership and transferability: Through NFTs, digital cards become truly owned by the players, allowing them to control, trade, or sell their assets with minimal restrictions. This contrasts with traditional digital items, which are often bound by platform-specific limitations, enhancing the liquidity and market dynamics of digital TCGs. 3. Interoperability: Blockchain platforms can enable NFTs to be used across different games and ecosystems, provided they share the same underlying technology. This interoperability opens up new possibilities for cross-game promotions, collaborations, and a unified marketplace for digital trading cards. 4. Innovation in gameplay: The integration of blockchain and NFTs allows for innovative gameplay mechanisms, such as cards that evolve or change based on in-gameachievements or with external conditions recorded on the blockchain. This can add a dynamic and personalized element to the gaming experience.