esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Polynomial Modeling of Noise Figure in Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Utilization of the Model in a Deep-Learning EDFA Framework  
The performance of the developed model is assessed by integrating it into a more complex EDFA model, as outlined in earlier sections. This integration is essential because the model was not intended for standalone use, but rather as a component within a broader system. The deep-learning EDFA model, previously trained for varying spectral load configurations in the input [8], accepts the signal power spectral PSD and EDFA configuration settings as inputs and generates the amplified output PSD. A critical factor for the model's success is its ability to accurately estimate the amplifier's noise figure. In previous usages of the model, this noise figure was determined using a heuristic, fixed-value method, which was independent of the input settings and configuration. This involved manually iterating through training and testing loops to find an optimal value. The tests were conducted using seven datasets from Juniper Networks devices, chosen specifically for their representation of worst-case scenarios. This selection ensures a rigorous test of the model's performance.  
The results, comparing the fixed noise figure approach with the estimation model
## 5 Conclusions  
After conducting the study, several conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, the methodology employed allows for the precise and effective delineation of coastal areas at risk of inundation due to sea-level rise at an economical cost. Furthermore, the results obtained provide valuable information regarding the degree of vulnerability and the flood risk profile along the southern coast of Ria of Arosa, in the event of a potential sea-level rise, whether it occurs gradually or during extreme events.  
The vulnerability and flood risk maps represent the risk associated with any sea-level rise in Ria of Arosa. The calculated urbanized area affected by flood risk is approximately 7.45 km\({}^{2}\), but this figure increases when considering agricultural areas and non-urbanized or uninhabited zones. Concerning the population exposed to flood risk, there is a total of 3707 individuals exposed, with a higher exposure on the Isle of Arosa and the El Grove peninsula.  
The validity of the study's methodology is confirmed through the alignment of the affected areas obtained in the results, using both the vulnerability index method (based on empirical parameters within the study area) and the risk method (based on deterministic methods employing temporal trend scenarios).  
Lastly, the produced maps serve as a preventive measure that can help mitigate the risk of this coastline, which includes urban developments and tourism infrastructure, attracting a large number of tourists. Therefore, this tool can be effective in identifying sectors requiring structural measures to minimize the risk of sea-level rise impacts, whether due to natural trends or short- and long-term extreme events.  
Conceptualization, C.E.N., A.M.M.-G. and B.E.; methodology, C.E.N., A.M.M.-G. and B.E.; software, C.E.N. and B.E.; validation, C.E.N. and A.M.M.-G.; formal analysis, C.E.N., A.M.M.-G. and B.E.; investigation, C.E.N. and B.E.; resources, C.E.N., A.M.M.-G. and B.E.; data curation C.E.N., A.M.M.-G. and B.E.; writing--original draft preparation, C.E.N.; writing--review and editing, C.E.N. and A.M.M.-G.; visualization, C.E.N.; supervision, A.M.M.-G.; project administration, A.M.M.-G.; funding acquisition, A.M.M.M.-G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Grant 131874B-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available within this article.  
This research was assisted by the GEAPAGE research group (Environmental Geomorphology and Geological Heritage) of the University of Salamanca.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
Three types of modulus data were obtained through field testing, which were SASW modulus, FWD modulus, and axial compressive modulus, respectively. An analytical comparison will be carried out to analyze the results from these diverse measurement types. During the comparison, although the SASW method is capable of deriving the modulus profile as it varies with depth, this research selected to utilize the average modulus of each layer from the SASW results to streamline the comparative analysis of modulus values. Additionally, the performance of in-service concrete pavements and the gradient modulus analysis will also be elucidated.
## 3 The \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)-\(\eta\)-\(\theta\) Filter
### The \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\) Filter  
The \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\) filter is well known and popular in tracking because of its simplicity and utility in real-time applications. Its prediction steps are the same as for the \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)-\(\eta\)-\(\theta\) filter. The smoothing process is defined as in [10]:  
\[x_{\mathrm{s},k} =x_{\mathrm{p},k}+\alpha(x_{\mathrm{o},k}-x_{\mathrm{p},k}), \tag{5}\] \[v_{\mathrm{s},k} =v_{\mathrm{p},k}+(\beta/T)(x_{\mathrm{o},k}-x_{\mathrm{p},k}). \tag{6}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l c} \hline \hline
**Variables** & **Description** & **Unit** \\ \hline \(B_{\mathrm{x}}\) & Error variance of \(x_{\mathrm{o}}\) & (m\({}^{2}\)) \\ \(B_{\mathrm{v}}\) & Error variance of \(v_{\mathrm{o}}\) & (m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\)) \\ \(\mathbf{Q}_{\mathrm{ra}}\) & Process noise matrix in random-acceleration (RA) model & \\ \(q\) & Variance of random-acceleration (RA) process noise & (m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{4}\)) \\ \(R_{\mathrm{sv}}\) & Ratio of \(B_{\mathrm{x}}\) to \(T^{2}B_{\mathrm{v}}\) & Dimensionless \\ E() & Mean with respect to \(k\) & \\ \(\sigma_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}\) & Smoothing performance index & (m\({}^{2}\)) \\ \(e_{\mathrm{fin}}\) & Tracking performance index & (m) \\ \(a_{\mathrm{c}}\) & Acceleration assumed in the derivation of \(e_{\mathrm{fin}}\) & (m/s\({}^{2}\)) \\ \(e_{\mathrm{rms}}\) & Root-mean-square (RMS) index & (m) \\ \(\mu\) & Evaluating function in the proposed gain design strategy & Dimensionless \\ \(a_{\mathrm{D}}\) & Design parameter for the proposed strategy & Dimensionless \\ \(\mathbf{Q}_{\mathrm{gen}}\) & Arbitrary process noise matrix & \\ \(a\) & (1,1) element of \(\mathbf{Q}_{\mathrm{gen}}\) & (m\({}^{2}\)) \\ \(b\) & (1,2) (or (2,1)) element of \(\mathbf{Q}_{\mathrm{gen}}\) & (m\({}^{2}\)/s) \\ \(c\) & (2,2) element of \(\mathbf{Q}_{\mathrm{gen}}\) & (m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\)) \\ \(\varepsilon\) & RMS prediction error of Monte Carlo simulations & (m) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: \(Cont.\)When \(\eta=\theta=0\), the \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)-\(\eta\)-\(\theta\) filter is identical to the \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\) filter. Thus, the difference between the two lies in whether measured velocities are used. [PERSON] verified the better performance of the \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)-\(\eta\)-\(\theta\) filter compared with the \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\) filter using velocity measurements [31].  
The \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\) filter is widely used in the position-only-measured tracking systems, and its performance has been sufficiently analyzed [12]. Various useful relationships between gains \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) and the design strategy based on a design parameter known as a tracking index have been applied in its design [10]. The \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\) filter is derived from the Kalman filter equations in the limit \(k\to\infty\). Thus, it is useful in the steady state performance analysis of the Kalman filter tracking. Similar properties of the \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\) filter are expected for the \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)-\(\eta\)-\(\theta\) filter, and clarifying these is useful for the PVM tracker design.
## 5 Capacity Evaluation Analysis  
### Model Establishment  
#### 5.1.1 Capacity Determination  
The capacity values of 10 scenarios are obtained through simulation data, which are shown in Figure 10; the highest value of traffic flow determined by simulation can be regarded as the capacity. Figure 10a-c, respectively, represent the density and flow rate with different CAV penetration scenarios. It can be observed that under the CAVs environment, the car-following distance is shortened with the increase in CAV penetration, resulting in the capacity of traffic flow being gradually improved.  
Figure 10: Capacity at different penetration rates of CAVs (Ra). (**a**) Ra = 0%; (**b**) Ra = 50%; (**c**) Ra = 100%.  
Figure 9: The change rates of FLR of ten scenarios relate to the flow rate. (**a**) Ra = 0%; (**b**) Ra = 50%; (**c**) Ra = 100%.
# Effects of Different Variables on the Formation of Mesopores in Y Zeolite by the Action of CTA+
###### Abstract  
Zeolites are microporous crystalline aluminosilicates with a number of useful properties including acidity, hydrothermal stability, and structural selectivity. However, the exclusive presence of micropores restricts diffusive mass transport and reduces the access of large molecules to active sites. In order to resolve this problem, mesopores can be created in the zeolite, combining the advantages of microporous and mesoporous materials. In this work, mesospores were created in the Ultrastable USY zeolite (silicon/aluminum ratio of 15) using alkaline treatment (NaOH) in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant, followed by hydrothermal treatment. The effects of the different concentrations of NaOH and the surfactant on the textural, chemical, and morphological characteristics of the modified zeolites were evaluated. Generating mesoporous in the USY zeolite was possible through the simultaneous presence of surfactant and alkaline solution. Among the parameters studied, the concentration of the alkaline medium had the greatest influence on the textural properties of the zeolites. The presence of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTA\({}^{+}\)) prevented the amorphization of the structure during the modification and also avoided desalination of the zeolite.  
zeolites; mesopores; diffusion; surfactant +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters B
# Generating Robotic Speech Prosody for Human Robot Interaction: A Preliminary Study
## 1 Introduction
### Voice via Intelligent Systems  
Recent studies have shown that people prefer to communicate with robots using voice [15]. Synthetic speech has been developed for natural communication between humans and robots [16], and, by applying emotion to synthetic speech, the conversation can be made much more natural [17]. Additionally, voice signals can transmit emotional information by vocal prosody, which is an important aspect regarding the communicationbetween humans and intelligent systems [18]. Prosody is the part of linguistics that studies the intonation, rhythm, and accent (intensity, height, duration) of spoken language and other related attributes in speech. Prosody describes all acoustic properties of speech that cannot be predicted by orthographic transcription [10]. Natural language recognition has been handled as an important issue to control the humanoid robots in human robot interaction areas [19].  
Although the use of emotional speech in applications of robotics, i.e., the ability of intelligent systems to generate prosodic vocal communication, can lead to the improvement of system performance and reduce training time [18], there are few approaches that focus on the development or study of emotional prosody for a specific group of people. This aspect, which is lacking in development, could be important because we may use voice tones to different degrees among different individuals, depending on social context or relationships [20]. Furthermore, there is a significant difference in perception for the elderly regarding the pitch and timing in speech when compared to younger individuals. (Here, the pitch represents the perceptual part of sound related with the frequency. Timing means the speed and pauses in the speech. The detailed explanation is described in Section 2). A system intended to interact with the elderly using prosodic vocal communication should take these parameters into account.
# Performance Analysis of FSO-UWOC Mixed Dual-Hop Relay System with Decode-and-Forward Protocol
## 2 System and Channel Modeling
### Derivation of the PDF and CDF of Instantaneous SNR PDF and CDF for S-R Ink
Substituting Equation (12) into the CDF definition of \(\gamma_{1}\),\(F_{\gamma_{1}}(\gamma)=\int_{0}^{\gamma}f_{\gamma_{1}}(x)dx\). \[ \begin{array}{ll}F_{\gamma_{1}}(\gamma)&=\int_{0}^{\gamma}f_{\gamma_{1}}(x) dx\\ &=\frac{\varsigma_{1}^{2}}{r\Gamma(\alpha)\Gamma(\beta)}\int_{0}^{\gamma}x^{-1}G _{1,3}^{3,0}\left[\eta_{1}\alpha\beta\mu_{r}^{-\frac{1}{r}}x\begin{array}{c }1\\ \varsigma_{1}^{2},\alpha,\beta\end{array}\right]dx\end{array}  \tag{13}\]  
By expanding the Meijer-G function in Equation (13) as per the definition in [30] (Equation 9.301), and using the properties of the Gamma function \(s\Gamma(s)=\Gamma(s+1)\), we can obtain the closed-form expression for the CDF of the instantaneous SNR \(\gamma_{1}\) under the hybrid-fading channel \(h_{1}\) with path loss, zero-boresight pointing error, and atmospheric turbulence, as follows:  
\[F_{\gamma_{1}}(\gamma)=\frac{\varsigma_{1}^{2}}{\Gamma(\alpha)\Gamma(\beta)}G_ {2,4}^{3,1}\left[\eta_{1}\alpha\beta\left(\frac{\gamma}{\mu_{r}}\right)^{ \frac{1}{r}} \begin{array}{c}1,\xi_{1}^{2}+1\\ \xi_{1}^{2},\alpha,\beta,0\end{array} \right] \tag{14}\]
## 4 Discussion
### Impact of pH on the Viability of Fish Sperm during Preservation  
Numerous studies investigated the suitable pH values for fish sperm, with most results indicating that fish sperm thrived in neutral or weakly alkaline solutions. For instance, the sperm of _Northern snakehead_ was suitable in the pH range of 7.0 to 8.0 [8]. The rapid movement and lifespan of _Varicorithusbarbatulus_ sperm increased with an increase in pH, reaching a maximum at pH 7.0 [9]. Sperm from four species of _Cyprinidae_, including _Rhodeus ocellatus_, _Pseudogobiosecimus_, _Carassius auratus_, and _Sarochelicththysnigripinnis_, exhibited maximum vitality in solutions with a pH between 7.0 and 9.0 [10]. The sperm of _Paralichthysolivuccus_ was suitable for survival in a weakly alkaline environment [11]. This experiment used [PERSON]'s solution containing phenol red to preserve celestial goldfish sperm. It was observed that when the solution started to turn lighter (indicating a decrease in pH), many sperm began to die. This observation suggested that celestial goldfish sperm might also be suitable for preservation in weakly alkaline solutions. Another possibility was that the decay of proteins and energy substances in the sperm led to a decrease in liquid pH, subsequently causing sperm death.
## 3 Results and Discussion
The largest total surface area was occupied by pores with a diameter of 3 nm in all cases when the fiber was obtained at 55.5; 55.6 and 74 kW. Clearly, the predominant pore distribution range was between 1 and 10 nm in all three cases. It is worth noting that the characteristics of the porous structure depended on the chemical and physical characteristics of the particles of the primary material (slag), such as composition, melting process, etc. Fraction and geometric shapes of slag granules also have an influence. It is worth noting that the porosity and specific surface area of the obtained fiber depended on the formation conditions, such as the plasma flow rate, the temperature at the exit of the reactor, the diameter of the plasma-chemical channel, etc. Figure 2:0 FTIR results: **1**–wood ash before plasma–chemical treatment, **2**—wood ash after plasma–chemical treatment, **3**—fly ash obtained during the incineration of household waste, **4**—fly ash after plasma–chemical treatment, **5**—slag obtained from the incineration of household waste (primary material), **6**—slag after plasma–chemical treatment, **7**—fiber obtained from slag during the plasma–chemical process when the power was 55.5 kW, **8**—fiber obtained when the power was 55.6 kW. Microfiber is formed when the primary raw material particles are melted and flow at high speed in the plasma-chemical channel. In this way, a micrometric fiber is formed at the exit of the plasma-chemical channel. In this case, it is not necessary to separate the fiber from the general mixture, since the entire primary production is used to form the fiber. Micron-sized fibers obtained by the plasma-chemical processing of slag can be used in various industrial fields due to their unique properties and potential. Micrometer fibers can be used as a reinforcing material in composites such as polymers or metals, improving their mechanical properties. This may be important in the development of vehicles, structures, or other engineering systems to increase their strength and durability. These fibers can be used as catalysts in chemical processes where a high surface area and activity are required. They can be used both on a production and laboratory scale, speeding up chemical reactions and improving product purification. In addition, micrometer fibers could be applied in the field of nanotechnology, for example, as nanoparticles, due to their small size and special properties. This could lead to the development of new materials and products in the fields of, for example, nanosensors, nanomaterials, and nanoelectronics [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. The final benefits and scope of application depend on the chemical composition, shape, and other properties  
Figure 2:1 BET results of fiber obtained after plasma–chemical processing of slag: (a)—55.5 kW; (b)—55.6 kW and (c)—74 kW. of micrometer fibers, so their potential is very high, and they can be applied to different fields of industry and science.
## 1 Introduction
### Data Sharing vs. Data Protection
Here again, there might very well be a directive, but the question is then how can data protection be implemented practically? The classical approach has long been to \"seek ways to prevent information from escaping beyond appropriate boundaries\" [26]. However the authors argue that this is no longer sufficient and they propose an alternative approach based on accountability, where \"the use of information should be transparent so it is possible to determine whether a particular use is appropriate under a given set of rules and that the system enables individuals and institutions to be held accountable for misuse\". This is supported by a survey on the determinants of trust in government cross-boundary information sharing conducted by [PERSON] _et al._[27], who shows that clearly defined roles and responsibilities support trust and thus information sharing. More generally [PERSON] [28] proposes two principles for transparency policies of public information:  
* Stewardship focuses on the accuracy, integrity and preservation of information holdings. * Usefulness recognizes that government information is a valuable asset that can generate social and economic benefits through active use and innovation.
# Global Time-Varying Path Planning Method Based on Tunable Bezier Curves
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, a novel path planning method, GTVP, is proposed. In this method, the center point is obtained according to the real-time shape and position information of the obstacle and feature points representing the obstacle information are extracted. Then the obstacle surface is amplified by the scale coefficient to generate the center point and Bezier curve feature point. Finally, the curve corresponding to the real-time motion path of the manipulator is output. The GTVP method is applied to trajectory planning in single obstacle or multi-obstacle environment and each process of the method is described in detail. The simulation results demonstrate that the path planned with the GTVP method can meet various conditions at the same time: (1) real-time obstacle avoidance; (2) global obstacle avoidance; and (3) obstacle avoidance under multiple obstacles. When the manipulator moves in a multi-obstacle environment, the closest distance between the manipulator and the obstacle is 15 mm, which is greater than the set minimum distance. In addition, compared with other path planning algorithms, the GTVP method can plan real-time smooth paths that meet multiple conditions without the help of an intelligent optimization algorithm.  
In the future, we can continue to improve the GTVP method in the following directions: (1) analyze how to adjust multiple adjustable parameters better in the GTVP method; (2) the GTVP method is combined with other intelligent optimization algorithms to plan optimal trajectory planning based on time, space, speed and other goals; and (3) the GTVP method can be applied to smooth obstacle avoidance in a three-dimensional environment.  
methodology, L.J.; software, B.L.; writing--original draft, L.F. and Y.H.; writing--review & editing, S.Z. and Z.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2022 YFB4700800.  
Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: [[https://github.com/Longfejlia/GTVP_method_code](https://github.com/Longfejlia/GTVP_method_code)]([https://github.com/Longfejlia/GTVP_method_code](https://github.com/Longfejlia/GTVP_method_code)), accessed on 10 December 2023.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods** & **Simulation Time** & **Global Obstacle** & **Characteristics** \\  & \(t_{n}\)**(s)** & **Avoidance** & **Characteristics** \\ \hline Bezier curves (\(n=9\)) & 71.552 & \(\checkmark\) & Trajectory mutation \\ Bezier curves (\(n=7\)) & 44.491 & \(\checkmark\) & Feasible \\ Bezier curves (\(n=5\)) & 20.313 & \(\checkmark\) & Feasible \\ Bezier curves (\(n=3\)) & - & \(\times\) & Infeasible \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Characteristics of methods under different orders.