## 8 Results  
### Types and Causative Earthquakes of the Detected Effects  
Based on the study of the 9, 11 and 12 August 1953 earthquakes, 120 cases of environmental effects were totally detected in the southern Ionian Islands. Thirty-three cases of primary effects were induced by the 12 August 1953 earthquake (27.5% of the triggered effects), while 87 cases of secondary ones were generated by all three earthquakes (72.5% of the triggered effects) (Figure 14a). The primary ones included 33 cases of permanent conseismic surface deformation (uplift, 27.5%), while the secondary ones included 49 cases of slope failures (40.8%), 13 cases of hydrological anomalies (10.8%), 10 cases of ground cracks (8.3%), 5 of anomalous waves/tsunami (4.2%), 5 of liquefaction (4.2%), 2 of dust clouds (1.7%) as well as a case of jumping stones (0.8%) and a case of effects on vegetation (0.8%) (Figure 14a). A case of hydrocarbon-related effects was also detected (0.8%) (Figure 14a).  
The studied earthquakes also triggered far-field effects in Aetoloakarnania comprising a case of hydrological anomalies and a case of anomalous sea waves, in Achaia, including two cases of slope failures and a case of ground cracks, as well as in Elis comprising two cases of slope failures, a case of ground cracks and a case of hydrocarbon-related phenomena.  
As regards the causative earthquake, it is concluded that the majority of the detected earthquake environmental effects were triggered by the 12 August 1953 mainshock. In particular, 7 cases of secondary effects were triggered by the 9 August earthquake (5.8% of the 120 effects; Figure 14b), 15 cases of secondary effects triggered by 11 August earthquake (12.5%; Figure 14c), 65 cases of secondary effects (54.2%) were triggered by the 12 August earthquake (Figure 14d).  
It became clear from the aforementioned data that the majority of the detected environmental effects included by the studied August 1953 earthquakes were distributed close to residential areas including villages and towns. These effects were characterized by a high location reliability. As we moved away from residential areas, the exact location and the qualitative and quantitative information of the triggered effects became more difficult to identify, resulting in lower location reliability. Moreover, a lack of information was observed in remote areas. This fact could be attributed to the impact of the triggered effects that caused severe damage to the road network and subsequent traffic and communication disruption resulting in isolated areas difficult-to-impossible to reach during the first hours, days and weeks after these destructive earthquakes. A characteristic example is Zakynthos Island, where information about earthquake environmental effects are available for the homonymous town in the eastern part of the island, while information for the rest of the island are missing. This lack is attributed mainly to the destruction of the road network leading from the coastal Zakynthos town to the inland part of the island, which could also have been affected by the 1953 earthquakes, but not reported in the aforementioned sources and secondarily to the low preservation potential of the triggered effects in inland Zakynthos.  
As regards the reliability of the detected sites, taking into account the results from assigning the location reliability index in all sites affected by primary and secondary environmental effects, it is concluded that 74.2% (89 out of 120) of the triggered effects are classified into the first class (0-100 m), while 20.8 % (25 out of 120) into the second class