## 1 Introduction
Both transcriptome-based analysis and the isolation of individual genes have contributed to the identification of increasing numbers of plant _TPS_ genes [28; 29]. The increasing availability of high-quality genomic resources means that it should now be possible to comprehensively analyze the evolution and functional diversification of _TPSs_. We reasoned that building networks of the phylogenetic and syntenic relationships of _TPSs_ across numerous species could provide insights into the evolution of these important genes, which exhibit variation and conservation in both gene sequence and biochemical function. Monoterpene alcohols and other volatile terpene substances provide roses (_Rosa_ spp.) with their scent [30; 31; 32], which is an important target for rose breeders. As a eudicot species within the super-rosids clade--a major evolutionary radiation of core dicots--rose exhibits genomic features characteristic of this advanced angiosperm group [33]. This phylogenetic context helps explain the observed expansion of specialized metabolic gene families like TPSs. In addition, highly volatile terpene compounds are widely used in essential oil production [34]. A unique monoterepene biosynthesis enzyme in rose, _Rosa hybrida_ nudix hydrolase 1 (RhNUDX1), shows geranyl diphosphate diphosphohydrolase activity in vitro and is involved in geraniol biosynthesis [4]. However, little is known about rose TPSs. A high-quality genome sequence is now available for _R. chinensis_ 'Old Blush': (1) Its status as a diploid progenitor (2n = 2x = 14) of modern tetraploid garden roses simplifies genomic analyses; (2) The cultivar's exceptional terpene volatile diversity provides a rich phenotypic trait for gene-function correlation; (3) As a founder genotype in rose breeding programs, functional insights gained here can directly inform fragrance enhancement strategies [33]. The availability of 'Old Blush' genome sequence provides an opportunity to explore the relationships between TPSs and thereby lay the foundation for analysis of terpene-related processes in rose, such as fragrance formation, plant-insect interaction, and phytohormone biosynthesis. In this study, systematic characterization across diverse angiosperms were used effective methods: (1) Profile HMM searches (HMMER3.0) provide superior sensitivity for detecting divergent TPS homologs; (2) Dual-domain verification (PF01397/PF03936) ensures accurate family membership assignment; (3) Stringent \(E\)-value thresholds (<10\({}^{-3}\)) balance discovery rates with false positives in large-scale analyses. We performed genome-wide identification and subgroup classification of the TPS families in 115 angiosperms with sequenced genomes (including super-asterids, super rosids, basal-eudicots, monocots, _Liriodendron chinese_ ([PERSON].) [PERSON] and _Amborella trichropoda_ [PERSON]) and constructed a phylogenomic synteny network to investigate their evolutionary traits. We then used _R. chinensis_ as an example species and performed a detailed comparative analysis of TPS subfamily members. Based on synteny analysis, we discovered and validated a bifunctionalprotein, RcTPS23, which has both linalool and meridold synthase activity. Our findings further expand our understanding of the phylogeny and functional differentiation of this important gene family in angiosperms and pave the way for analysis of functional diversity and conservation of TPSs from a new perspective.