## 3 Simulation Work of EV Fast Charger
### Simulation Results and Discussions  
The findings obtained from the simulation work are clearly presented and thoroughly discussed in this section. Figure 8 shows the voltage and current waveforms of EV fast charging system, where Figure 8a,b present the simulation waveforms of the drawn voltage and current from the grid to the charging station, respectively. According to these figures, the three-phase input current have a nearly sinusoidal wave shape (with low THD) which is working in phase with the three-phase input voltage (unity power factor). Figure 8c,d show the three-phase voltage waveforms of AC fast charging (first mode charging), where Figure 8c illustrates the output voltage of the SPWM inverter before the LC filter, while Figure 8d shows the charging voltage which is delivered to the primary side of the transformer. Figure 9 depicts the waveforms of input currents (phase A, phase B, and phase C) correspondingly with three-phase input voltages (\(\mathbf{v_{Sabc}}\)) in Figure 9a. Based on the observation of these waveforms, the input current of phase A, phase B, and phase C are kept in synchronized phase shift with the three-phase input voltages (\(\mathbf{v_{Sabc}}\)). Figure 10 presents phase A waveforms of AC fast charging voltage and current. According to Figure 10a,b, the fast charging system is operated in unity power factor during the entire charging as the input current of phase A is kept in phase with the input voltage of phase A. The unity power factor is obtained since the reactive component (_iq_), inside IMC process, is regulated to zero. Figure 10c,d show the voltage waveforms of AC fast charging (first mode charging) for phase A, while Figure 10c illustrates the output voltage of the SPWM inverter before the LC filter, while Figure 10d shows the charging voltage which is delivered to the primary side of the transformer. Figure 8: Simulation waveforms of the drawn voltage and current from the grid to charging station: (**a**) input three-phase voltages, (**b**) input three-phase currents, (**c**) three-phase voltage waveforms of AC fast charging before LC filter, (**d**) three-phase voltage waveforms of AC fast charging after LC filter. Figure 11 illustrates the current and voltage waveforms of DC fast charging (second mode charging). In order to perform the DC fast charging (second mode charging), it can be perceived that  
Figure 10: Phase A waveforms of AC fast charging voltage and current: (**a**) input voltage, (**b**) input current, (**c**) voltage before LC filter (**d**) voltage after LC filter. Figure 9: The waveforms of three-phase input voltages along with input currents: (**a**) input three-phase voltages, (**b**) input current (phase A), (**c**) input current (phase B), (**d**) input current (phase C). the proposed EV fast charger was able to maintain the output DC charging of current 130 A along with the output DC charging voltage of 650 V.  
Figure 12 shows the THD result of the input current of phase A, where this result was obtained by using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis with a fundamental frequency of 50 Hz. As can be observed from this figure, it is clear that the proposed control scheme is able to maintain the THD of the input current at 1.55% while performing the DC and AC charging, thus leading to unity power factor of the fast charging system. Moreover, the proposed EV fast charger is proven to provide effective DC and AC charging without causing any noticeable harmonic distortion to the connected grid. Table 1 compares the performance of the proposed charger with the existing chargers in term of the control structure, mitigation the THD, and isolation system. As presented in Table 1, the proposed  
Figure 11: The current and voltage waveforms of DC fast charging: (**a**) current, (**b**) voltage. Figure 12: Total harmonic distortion (THD) result of the input current of Phase A.  
charger, which is controlled by IMC with synchronized decoupled controller algorithms, provides potential advantages by considering controller complexity and THD performance.