# Identification and Description of Outliers in the [PERSON] Collection of Native American Music
## 4 Outliers in the Densmore Collection of Native American Music
### Outlier Songs with Unusual Features  
Table 4 lists several outliers characterised by single-feature patterns whose descriptions can be related to similar observations in [PERSON]'s writings. For example, the Nootka song ID1337 \"is a lively, interesting melody, with a compass of 10 tones, and begins on the highest tone of the compass [the third above the octave], which is _unusual_\" ([16], p. 93, our emphasis). [PERSON]'s description of the Papago song ID1027 explicitly refers to the context of the song's group: \"The song is harmonic in structure, which is _unusual in the present series_\" ([13], p. 112, our emphasis). If underlying a categorical attribute is an inherently ordinal scale the outlying feature may represent a value towards the margins of the scale: the Choctaw song ID2357 \"has a compass of 11 tones which is _the largest in the Choctaw \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Outlier Description** & **Outliers** & **Group** & **Background** \\ \hline Papago & \{firstReKey: third\_or\_fifth\_above\_octave\} & 1 & 0.6\% & 14.1\% \\ Choctaw & \{compass: nine\_to\_twelve\_tones\} & 2 & 3.1\% & 35.2\% \\ Papago & \{firstReKey: octave, lastReKey: keynote\} & 2 & 1.2\% & 12.7\% \\ Pueblos & \{metreChange: no\} & 2 & 2.4\% & 18.0\% \\ Teton Sioux & \{compass: four\_or\_less\_tones\} & 2 & 0.8\% & 8.6\% \\ Chippewa & \{lastRKey: irregular\} & 3 & 0.9\% & 6.2\% \\ Nootka and Quileute & \{firstReKey: third\_or\_fifth\_above\_octave\} & 3 & 1.4\% & 14.4\% \\ Yuman and Yaqui & \{compass: nine\_to\_twelve\_tones\} & 3 & 2.3\% & 37.0\% \\ Chippewa & \{firstReKey: keynote\} & 8 & 2.3\% & 17.5\% \\ Choctaw & \{firstMer: unaccented\} & 8 & 12.3\% & 43.3\% \\ [PERSON] and Hidatsa & \{lastReCompass: containing\_lower\} & 9 & 8.2\% & 37.7\% \\ Papago & \{structure: harmonic\} & 9 & 5.4\% & 17.7\% \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] & \{structure: melodic\_with\_harmonic\_framework\} & 10 & 4.8\% & 17.8\% \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] & \{firstReKey: octave\} & 12 & 5.7\% & 16.3\% \\ Menominee & \{compass: five\_to\_eight\_tones, firstDir: up\} & 14 & 10.0\% & 27.1\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Significantly infrequent minimal contrast patterns in the [PERSON] collection (significance level \(\alpha=0.01\), with Bonferroni correction; maximum support count threshold \(\theta=15\)). songs\"_ ([17], p. 140, our emphasis). Similarly, the compass of ten tones in the Yunnan song ID1241 is \"_larger than any other song_ in the analysed group\" ([15], p. 196, our emphasis). For some discovered outliers the outlier description is reflected in [PERSON]'s comments on the song without [PERSON] explicitly identifying a feature as rare. In several cases, however, the unusual occurrence of properties can be inferred from [PERSON]'s comments on other songs in the group. For example, while for the Nootka song ID1337 [PERSON] emphasises the unusual beginning on the tenth, for song ID1345 the same property is not explicitly described as being unusual though it can be assumed by analogy to ID1337. Still in other cases [PERSON]'s comments do not include the features highlighted in the outlier description. For example, [PERSON]'s narrative analysis of the Pueblos song ID1907 omits reference to the constant metre: \"This is a pleasing melody with a simple rhythmic unit and a compass of nine tones. It progresses chiefly by whole tones, which comprise 19 of the 33 intervals. Next in frequency is a minor third\" ([18], p. 27). Nevertheless, the outlier status of these songs is indirectly confirmed by [PERSON]'s group-level description: \"A change of measure lengths occurs in 97 percent of these Pueblo songs [...] and in only 80 percent of the combined group\" ([18], p. 112); less than 3% of the analysed Pueblos songs (2 out of 82 songs) contain no change of metre, a smaller proportion than in any other group.