## 5 Experimental Setup and Results
### Simulation Results  
The reliability evaluations of D-Chain and Q-Chain, in the case of stationary CH for the proposed models, are illustrated in Figures 19-21. It is apparent across all models, that the D-Chain exhibits the poorest reliability performance, which utilizes distance as the sole  
Figure 16: Single-chain formation: (nodes are represented using various colors, while * is used to represent the CH) (**a**) D-Chain, (**b**) Q-Chain. Figure 17: Multi-chain single-hop formation: (nodes are represented using different colors, while * represents the CH). (**a**) D-Chain, (**b**) Q-Chain. Figure 18: Multi-chain multi-hop formation: (nodes are depicted using a range of colors, whereas the CH is symbolized by * and the LN is symbolized by *). (**a**) D-Chain, (**b**) Q-Chain. Figures 19a, 20a and 21a demonstrate that the SD-Chain model displays the lowest reliability, due to its construction process that employs a greedy approach, using only distance as a parameter for selecting the next connection. This results in long-distance connections between nodes, causing some nodes to deplete their energy quickly. Additionally, relying solely on the distance to choose the next hop connection, without considering the remaining energy, can lead to weak points in the chain, potentially disconnecting some nodes. On the contrary, the MD-Chain model boasts the highest reliability among the D-Chain models. MD-Chain has a shorter chain length than SD-Chain, leading to less energy consumption, as more than one CH receives the data and sends it to the BS. Table 2 makes it abundantly clear that the SD-Chain exhibits the lowest level of reliability among all the models. In both scenarios, random and grid, the MD-Chain-SH demonstrates 1.1 times higher average reliability than MD-Chain-MH, when comparing the average reliability of the D-Chain over iterations 100-500. Figures 19b, 20b and 21b illustrate that the MQ-Chain-SH model performs the best among the Q-Chain models, whereas the SQ-Chain model exhibits the lowest reliability. The performance of MQ-Chain in the grid and random scenarios can be compared by referring to Figures 20b and 21b. It can be observed that, in the MQ-Chain/single-hop model, the reliability is better in the grid scenario than in the random scenario. Moreover, an MQ-Chain-MH-based grid scenario has better reliability than an MQ-Chain-MH-based random scenario. Table 3 illustrates that MQ-Chain-SH in a grid scenario has better average reliability, 7.6 times and 1.3 times, than SQ-Chain and MQ-Chain-MH, respectively, through the iterations 200 to 1000. In addition, MQ-Chain-MH has 5.6 times better average reliability than SQ-Chain. In a random scenario, MQ-Chain-SH has 4.4 times and 1.4 times better average reliability than SQ-Chain and MQ-Chain-MH, respectively. Moreover, MQ-Chain-MH has 3.3 times better average reliability than SQ-Chain. MQ-Chain-SH and MQ-Chain-MH-based grids are 1.8 times and 1.9 times better than random. In the grid scenario, MQ-Chain-SH has 11.12 times better average reliability than MD-Chain-SH. Additionally, MQ-Chain-SH has 6.38 times better average reliability than MD-Chain-SH, in a random scenario. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **SD-Chain** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MD-Chain-SH**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MD-Chain-MH**} \\  & & **Grid** & **Random** & **Grid** & **Random** \\ \hline
100 & \(4.3\times 10^{-3}\) & 0.7006 & 0.6879 & 0.6694 & 0.6553 \\ \hline
200 & \(1.3\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.2250 & 0.2123 & 0.2069 & 0.1932 \\ \hline
300 & \(2.6\times 10^{-8}  
Based on Tables 2 and 3, the results can be summarized as follows:  
* In both D-Chain and Q-Chain cases, as the number of iterations increases, the reliability decreases, due to the gradual loss of energy in the nodes over time. However, it is worth noting that the rate of energy loss is more significant in D-Chain than in Q-Chain. This is because, in D-Chain, the choice of CH depends on distance, while the available energy of the nodes to perform their tasks is disregarded.