## 3 Methodology
### Developing the Essential Guidelines and Strategic Measures
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Phase**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**The Most Impactful Risks**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**RI**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Their Impact on Sustainability Pillars**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & **EN** & **EC** & **SO** \\ \hline \hline
**R27—**Weather and Geological Risks & 18.45 & High & High & High \\
**R25—**Natural Disaster Risks & 18.04 & High & High & High \\
**R31—**Material Quality and Supply Risks & 17.22 & High & High & Moderate \\
**R12—**Construction Quality Issues & 17.20 & High & High & Moderate \\
**R13—**Contractor Management Problems & 16.80 & Moderate & High & Moderate \\
**R24—**Worker Safety and Health Risks & 16.80 & Low & High & High \\
**R19—**Environmental Impact Assessments & 16.40 & High & Moderate & Moderate \\
**R3—**Poor Communication and & 15.99 & Low & High & High \\
**R29—**Supply Chain Disruptions & 15.99 & Moderate & High & Moderate \\
**R40—**Impact of Climate Change & 15.99 & High & Moderate & Low \\
**R28—**Data Management Challenges & 15.91 & Low & High & Moderate \\
**R18—**Data Use in BIM Processes & 15.60 & Moderate & High & Moderate \\
**R37—**Budgeting for Future Maintenance & 15.60 & Low & High & Moderate \\
**R22—**Pollution and Waste Management Issues & 15.20 & High & Moderate & Moderate \\
**Construction** & **R38—**Inefficient Resource Utilization & 15.20 & Moderate & High & Moderate \\
**and** & **R36—**Ineflexible Project Management & 14.80 & Low & High & Moderate \\
**Supervision** & **R41—**Data Integrity Issues & 14.76 & Low & High & Moderate \\
**R43—**Environmental Compliance Risks & 14.43 & High & Moderate & Moderate \\
**R46—**Limited Access to & 14.43 & Moderate & High & Moderate \\ Advanced Technologies & **R44—**Maintenance Challenges & 14.06 & Moderate & High & Moderate \\
**R17—**Equipment Quality and Maintenance & 14.06 & Moderate & High & Moderate \\ Issues & **R50—**Risks from Energy-Intensive Processes & 14.00 & High & Moderate & Low \\
**R52—**Political Factors & 13.69 & Low & High & High \\
**R32—**Technological Integration Issues & 13.65 & Moderate & High & Moderate \\
**R21—**Regulatory Compliance Delays & 13.20 & Low & High & Moderate \\
**R33—**Project Scope Creep & 12.95 & Low & High & Moderate \\
**R39—**Risk of Current Technologies Becoming & 12.95 & Low & High & Moderate \\
**R51—**Regulatory Changes & 12.58 & Low & High & High \\
**R34—**Reputational Risks & 12.40 & Low & High & Moderate \\
**R8—**Progress Tracking Difficulties & 12.00 & Low & High & Moderate \\
**R30—**Lifecycle Emission Assessment Issues & 11.78 & High & Moderate & Low \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 13: Cont. in the Construction and Supervision phase, focusing on worker safety, community engagement, and stakeholder communication. Worker safety and health risks (R24) must be addressed through robust health, safety, and environment (HSE) management systems to ensure the well-being of workers and prevent accidents. Similarly, risks such as R3--poor communication and stakeholder engagement--emphasize the importance of involving stakeholders and maintaining open communication to align construction activities with community values and safety needs. An integrated approach that considers all three pillars of sustainability--economic, environmental, and social--is essential in the Construction and Supervision phase. While economic viability is critical, it must be pursued alongside environmental protection and social responsibility. Improvement guidelines should be developed to enhance not only economic outcomes but also environmental and social aspects. This can be achieved by incorporating sustainability criteria into construction processes and ensuring that decisions made during this phase reflect their impact across all pillars. By adopting such a comprehensive approach, the Construction and Supervision phase can contribute to a more successful and sustainable project outcome.