# Ocular Motility Abnormalities in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: An Observational Study
## 4 Discussion  
In our study, a complete and detailed OM evaluation describes the characteristics of the extraocular muscle disorders in patients with diagnosed EDS. A manifest strabismus was observed in a small group of the included patients. However, several extraocular muscles, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pain**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Diplopia**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-7}  & & **Absent** & **Present** & & **Absent** & **Present** & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{MR} & Normal & 9 & 7 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(<\)0.001 \({}^{\circ}\)} & 14 & 2 & \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-7}  & Alteration & 1 & 24 & & 10 & 15 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{LR} & Normal & 9 & 13 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.011\)\({}^{\circ}\)} & 14 & 8 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.476\)\({}^{\ast}\)} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-7}  & Alteration & 1 & 18 & & 10 & 9 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{SR} & Normal & 7 & 15 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.292\)\({}^{\circ}\)} & 15 & 7 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.177\)\({}^{\ast}\)} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-7}  & Alteration & 3 & 16 & & 9 & 10 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{IR} & Normal & 10 & 31 & \multirow{2}{*}{NC} & 24 & 17 & \multirow{2}{*}{NC} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-7}  & Alteration & — & — & — & — & — & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{SO} & Normal & 10 & 31 & \multirow{2}{*}{NC} & 24 & 17 & \multirow{2}{*}{NC} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-7}  & Alteration & — & — & — & — & — & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{IO} & Normal & 8 & 21 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.694\)\({}^{\circ}\)} & 19 & 10 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.184\)\({}^{\circ}\)} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-7}  & Alteration & 2 & 10 & & 5 & 7 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* MR: Medial Rectus, LR: Lateral rectus, SR: Superior Rectus, IR: Inferior Rectus, SO: Superior Oblique, IO: Inferior Oblique.
* \(p\)-value Chi-Square Test; \({}^{\circ}\)\(p\)-value Fisher Test; NC: not calculable.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Univariate analysis of the LE orthotopic parameters with pain/diplopia. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pain**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Diplopia**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-7}  & & **Absent** & **Present** & & **Absent** & **Present** & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{MR} & Normal & 9 & 10 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.020\)\({}^{\circ}\)} & 15 & 4 & \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-7}  & Alteration & 1 & 21 & & 9 & 13 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{LR} & Normal & 9 & 11 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.004\)\({}^{\circ}\)} & 14 & 6 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.146\)\({}^{\ast}\)} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-7}  & Alteration & 1 & 20 & & 10 & 11 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{SR} & Normal & 8 & 16 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.152\)\({}^{\circ}\)} & 16 & 8 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.209\)\({}^{\ast}\)} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-7}  & Alteration & 2 & 15 & & 8 & 9 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{IR} & Normal & 10 & 31 & \multirow{2}{*}{NC} & 24 & 17 & \multirow{2}{*}{NC} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-7}  & Alteration & — & — & — & — & — \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{SO} & Normal & 10 & 31 & \multirow{2}{*}{NC} & 24 & 17 & \multirow{2}{*}{NC} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-7}  & Alteration & — & — & — & — & — \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{IO} & Normal & 8 & 21 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.694\)\({}^{\circ}\)} & 19 & 10 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.184\)\({}^{\circ}\)} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-7}  & Alteration & 2 & 10 & & 5 & 7 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* MR: Medial Rectus, LR: Lateral rectus, SR: Superior Rectus, IR: Inferior Rectus, SO: Superior Oblique, IO: Inferior Oblique.
* \(p\)-value Chi-Square Test; \({}^{\circ}\)\(p\)-value Fisher Test; NC: not calculable.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Univariate analysis of the RE orthotopic parameters with pain/diplopia. such as MR, LR, SR and IO, were affected, with different frequencies, by hypofunction or hyperfunction, while the IR and SO showed no alteration.