# Connection-Aware Digital Twin for Mobile Adhoc Networks in the 5G Era
## 2 Related Works
The work proposed in [14] explores the application of a DT to enhance routing information in a smart city context. The virtual representation of the topology is used to restrict the communication area and reduce unnecessary control traffic in the network. For this, precise monitoring of node locations is applied, utilizing individual cellular networks to transmit control data. This solution is a successful technique that aligns DT with ad-hoc networks. However, the proposal does not include any mechanisms to handle potential disconnections in the network. As a result, this study assumes constant connection availability, allowing nodes to share their location and computational resources at any time. Therefore, despite its valuable contribution, the work is not operable in contexts where coverage is unstable. In the case of [7], the work explores a federated DT framework for improving real-time imitations of mobile systems like UAVs. This proposal addresses the challenge of capturing the high dynamics of mobile networks. To achieve this, the federated approach enhances accuracy and reduces latency in DT models for UAV-based tracking. However, despite UAV networks sharing several challenges with MANETs, the proposal does not fully align with their specific characteristics  
Works such as [27; 28] explore the role of DT in offloading techniques while preserving energy consumption. In the case of [27], the proposal focuses on calculating deviations between pre-decision configurations and the worst-case scenario. Thus, a DT is used to calculate the optimal setup to minimize latency and energy consumption. Similarly, alternatives such as [28] apply Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to define the optimal network configuration. In addition to research in MEC, the work proposed in [25] introduces a DT to enhance autonomous vehicles' ability to change lanes effectively. Considering the addressed proposals, there is no perspective focused on providing a global architecture to monitor 5G-MANETs while enabling adaptation to the network's changing topology. Since most works concentrate on providing contextual applications, this proposal aims to address the growing need for a global real-time monitoring tool for 5G-MANETs, tackling the well-defined challenge of their dynamic and nondeterministic behavior [20]. The main contributions of this work are detailed next. * The proposal aims to provide a DT-based monitoring architecture focused on real-time virtual representations of 5G-MANETs. Specifically, the work proposes a solution that enables integration in multiple local contexts, utilizing 5G technology to reduce latency and empower devices with autonomous communication. * The work accounts for occasional disconnections of nodes due to mobility or lack of 5G coverage. In these cases, the proposal applies a distance-based routing protocol that enables routing control information to keep the DT updated. * The proposal has been evaluated in a proof-of-concept implementation, analyzing the impact of contextual variables such as cellular network availability and varying topologies. Considering these claims, the next section addresses the details of the proposal, providing an overview of the system, analyzing the components involved in the architecture, and discussing context-aware routing.