esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Principle and Applications of the Coupling of Surface Plasmons and Excitons
## 3 Recent Progress in Coupling between Surface Plasmons and Excitons
### Strong Coupling between Metal Periodic Structure Plasmons and Excitons
(**b**) Schematic of typical finished sample structure and its fluorescence spectra [90]. [PERSON] et al. [93] optimized the optical transmission properties of the structure using the angles between the central hole and the side holes, the polarization angle of the incident light, and the structural parameters (i.e., the central hole and side hole diameters, the structural thickness, and the structural parameters). The optical transmission properties of the structure using the angles between the central hole and the side hole, the polarization angle of the incident light, and the structural parameters (i.e., the central hole and side hole diameters, the structural thickness, and the structural parameters) are shown in Fig. 15.  
Figure 16: (**a**) Schematic of sub-wavelength hole array milled in silver film on a glass substrate; adsorbed J-aggregated H\({}_{4}\)TPPS\({}^{2}\)–/PDDA bilayers grown on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) slab are added on top of the array. (**b**) Normal incidence transmission of a square hole array (period: 330 nm) when bonded to a 1-mm-thick PDMS slab (red curve) and when bonded to a PDMS slab with J-aggregated H\({}_{4}\)TPPS\({}^{2}\)–/PDDA bilayers with absorbance of 0.898 at 491 nm (blue curve). (**c**) Rabi splitting values as a function of the square root of the J-aggregate absorbance at 491 nm for both hexagonal (circles) and square arrays (squares) [92]. Figure 15: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of fabricated polyacrylonitrile PAN nanohole structures with etching times of (**a**) 0, (**b**) 2, (**c**) 3, (**d**) 4, and (**e**) 5 min. (**f**) Nanohole diameters as a function of etching time. The red line corresponds to a linear fit of the data [91]. the space between the side holes and the central hole). Further analysis of the variation of the peak transmission under different refractive index conditions indicated that their structure had high sensitivity to the refractive index of the surrounding environment. Overall, the surface lattice resonance mode in periodic structures provides a good test platform for cavity polarizing devices. The periodic surface plasmon diffraction mode and the polaritons formed by coupling of excitons have nonspatial locality characteristics that can be used for coherent energy transfer within the lattice range of the plasmon; in addition, spatial coherence can also be observed in such systems. Further studies of nonlinear optics in coupled systems were also performed, based on a similar periodic plasmon structure and exciton coupling system.
# Perceptual Quality of Audio-Visual Content with Common Video and Audio Degradations
## 4 Video and Audio Distortions
### Audio Degradations
#### 4.2.1 Background Noise  
For background noise distortion, two parameters were considered to generate different test conditions: the type of noise (babble, car, road, and office) and the SNR level associated with the noise (5, 10, 15 dBs). Combining these parameters resulted in four test conditions (Table 5).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction  
Total mRNA was extracted from GMSCs (N = 3) using a QIAGEN RNA extraction kit (QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. q-Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (q-RT PCR) quantification was performed using SYBR Green premix (Qiagen). The mRNA expression levels were normalized against \(\beta\)-actin, and all experiments were performed in triplicate [51]. The primer sequences used were as follows:  
DMP1: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-AGGAAGTCTCGCATCT CAGAG-3\({}^{\prime}\) (forward) and 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TGGAGTTGCGTTTTTCTGTAGAG-3\({}^{\prime}\) (reverse);  
DSPP: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TCACAAGGAGAAGGGAATG-3\({}^{\prime}\) (forward) and 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TGCCATTTGCTGTGATG
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Extraction and Analysis of Sinigrin  
The content in sinigrin was analyzed as described in [PERSON] et al. [8]. The analysis was performed with freeze-dried material. Materials were weighed before (fresh weight, FW) and after (dry weight, DW) the freeze-drying process. The difference between both weights was used to determine the percentages in humidity for the leaves according to the formula:  
\[\%\ humidity=\frac{FW-DW}{FW}\times 100\]  
For the extraction and analysis, 0.1 g of the dried ground material were heated for 2 min at 75 \({}^{\circ}\)C to inactivate the plant myrosinase [23]. Then, 1 mL of methanol 70% (_v_/_v_) was added and the mixture was incubated for 15 min at 75 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a Thermoblock TD150 P2 (Falc Instruments, Treviglio, Italy). After the centrifugation of the samples (4,500 rpm for 5 min), the supernatant was collected ant the extraction step repeated. Supernatants were injected into SPE columns containing a DEAE Sephadex anion exchanger (A-25; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), which were previously activated with 20 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5).  
The extracted glucosinolates were incubated with 20 \(\mu\)L of diluted aryl sulfatase (type H-1 from _Helix pomatia_; Sigma-Aldrich) overnight. The desulfo-glucosinolates were eluted with 1 mL of milliQ water. The analysis was performed using an HPLC 1220 Infinity LC System (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a Luna(r) Omega C\({}_{18}\) column (150 mm \(\times\) 4.6 mm i.d., 3 \(\upmu\)m particle size; Phenomex, Torrance, CA, USA). As mobile phase, acetonitrile (A) and water (B) were used with the following gradient: from 98% A to 65% in 35 min and then equilibrated to the initial conditions for 5 min, at a flow rate of 0.75 mL min\({}^{-1}\). The injection volume was 10 \(\upmu\)L, and the signal was recorded at 229 nm. Sinigrin hydrate (PhytoPlan, Heidelberg, Germany) was used as external standard for the quantification after desulfation. Results were expressed as mg of sinigrin in each 100 g of fresh leaves (mg 100 g\({}^{-1}\) FW).
## 4 Conclusions
The results of the magnetic field intensity and RF-EMF measurements were subjected to the Anderson-Darling test, and it was concluded that the GEV distribution can best express all measurements. This study enhances our understanding of EMF exposure in electric buses and its potential health risks. The findings offer valuable insights for developing strategies to reduce exposure and ensure safety in electric bus transportation. Specifically, this study identifies areas for optimizing EMF exposure for passengers and drivers, guiding design improvements, and creating EMF safety guidelines. The practical applications of the results obtained from this study are as follows: the identification of high-EMF areas enables targeted shielding or design modifications to improve the design of electric buses. Implementing measures to reduce EMF levels helps minimize the impact on passengers and drivers, thereby improving their safety and ensuring EMF levels meet local and international standards. Our study provides baseline data for further studies on EVs and general EMF exposure and facilitates more comprehensive analyses. In future studies, similar measurements are planned in different provinces, on other routes, and under various operating conditions to reveal the specific mechanisms of factors affecting B and RF-EMF measurements in electric buses, assess long-term effects, and develop EMF safety guidelines for electric buses. Conceptualization, Z.E.A., C.K., T.K. and A.A.C. ; methodology, Z.E.A., C.K., T.K. and A.A.C. ; software, C.K. and A.A.C. ; validation, Z.E.A., C.K., T.K. and A.A.C. ; formal analysis, Z.E.A. and C.K. ; investigation, C.K. ; resources, Z.E.A., C.K., T.K. and A.A.C. ; data curation, Z.E.A. and C.K. ; writing--original draft preparation, Z.E.A. and C.K. ; writing--review and editing, Z.E.A., C.K., T.K. and A.A.C. ; visualization, C.K. and T.K. ; supervision, C.K. and A.A.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Not applicable. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. We extend our gratitude to Samsun Metropolitan Municipality and SAMULAS for granting the necessary permissions for conducting the measurements. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
## 4 An Architecture for IoT and Multimedia Data Handling
### Downstream Data Flow Management
#### 4.1.3 Enhancement of Existing Caching Mechanisms Based on the Clustering Approach
The solution of the hash caching problem is provided based on the cluster-based approach that is shown in Figure 8. At first, the clustering approach applied to make the cluster and cluster head. When the neighbor router of the User is unable to serve the interest because of the unavailability of the content, the interest packet is forwarded to the Router 4 according to the interest packet forwarding mechanism in the cluster-based mechanism. Router 4 forwards the interest packet towards the content server instead of Router 2. Finally, the content server serves the interest packet to the User.
## 2 Overview of IoV
### Challenges in the IoV System  
#### 2.3.1 Authentication-Related Issues  
A secure IoV network must be one that can authenticate the exchanged messages inside the network [8; 27]. It must not be venerable to attacks [8]. Through authentication, the correct identity of both the sending and receiving nodes in the network are secured [27; 28]. Some of the common attacks an IoV network is often susceptible to include sybil attacks, masquerading attacks, impersonation attacks, spoofing attacks, replay attacks, and wormhole attacks [27; 28; 48].
# Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in Hong Kong with Consideration of Spatio-Temporal Consistency
## 5 Discussion
### Typical Region Analysis
#### 5.3.3 Areas with Significant Changes in Landslide Susceptibility  
Figure 14(a),b depicts the western part of the study area, where a significant number of historical landslide points were clustered between 2000 and 2004, forming a contiguous high-susceptibility area for landslides. Similar to Figure 13, the prediction results accurately match the local conditions in the plain residential areas between the two mountains. Over time, the susceptibility level gradually decreases in the mountainous areas on both sides of the residential areas, which is also consistent with local conditions.  
Figure 14: Typical interface area of different land covers.  
Figure 13: Typical boundary between different terrains.  
Figure 16 shows Lantau Island in Hong Kong [52], which has been mentioned multiple times before. The overall trend here differs from that in Figure 15. In 2008, a severe landslide disaster occurred here. Although landslides occurred in other years, none were as severe as the one in 2008. Since 2008 falls within the time range of 2005-2009, the results effectively reflect this temporal difference.  
Overall, the superiority of the research results was verified through the comparative analysis of susceptibility outcomes from different perspectives, including various terrain interfaces, surface cover areas, and time ranges.
## 5 Discussion  
This article presented the results of the expert case study on integrating COVE-VR platform using asymmetric setup with Teams to facilitate the collaboration of geographically distributed departments involved in the pipeline of maintenance method development and technical documentation creation. The study addressed the actual challenge present in the industry, whereas the study design on asymmetric VR was dictated by real-life limitations, such as travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic and the unavailability of HMDs for purchase in global markets.  
Previous studies on asymmetric VR have mostly focused on co-located settings and explored how to increase the immersion and feeling of control for non-HMD users relying on additional costly technologies [26; 28; 55]. However, there is still no clear knowledge on how asymmetry might occur in distributed settings. To address this shortcoming, this study explored a scalable approach to distributed asymmetric VR, based on adding desktop users via Microsoft Teams, who get a visual representation of VE over streamed video and can interact with the VR-users over voice to complete shared tasks. This setup can still be referred to as collaboration over a mixed-reality continuum, since the collaboration happened via merging two virtual worlds with different immersion levels. The strongest contribution of this industry-focused study lies in eliciting the data involving multinational domain experts based on actual industrial scenarios, roles, and tasks.  
Overall, our study indicates the potential of a practical asymmetric VR setup to fulfil industrial needs. By merging the use of VR with traditional conferencing tools, it is possible to extract the value of VR technology without the need to provide expensive equipment to every employee. In contrast, distributed asymmetric use of VR is sufficient to improve the communication of departments in several industrial scenarios, which, in turn, leads to increased scalability, accessibility, and cost reduction. Therefore, with this article, we suggest that the adoption of VR technology for industrial needs can reach a wider range of interactive and non-interactive users when it can be performed without extensive hardware costs, which was noted as one of the main obstacles towards wide VR adoption [25].
# Parameter Estimation for Some Probability Distributions Used in Hydrology
## 2 Probability Distributions
### Kappa Distribution (K3-Generalized Gumbel)  
The distribution represents a particular case of the four-parameter Kappa distribution. It is also known as the generalized Gumbel distribution [19].  
\[\mathrm{f(x)}=\frac{1}{\beta}\cdot\exp\left(-\frac{\mathrm{x}-\gamma}{\beta} \right)\cdot\left(1-\alpha\cdot\exp\left(-\frac{\mathrm{x}-\gamma}{\beta} \right)\right)^{\frac{1}{\alpha}-1} \tag{26}\]  
\[\mathrm{F(x)}=1-\left(1-\alpha\cdot\exp\left(-\frac{\mathrm{x}-\gamma}{\beta} \right)\right)^{\frac{1}{\alpha}} \tag{27}\]  
\[\mathrm{x(p)}=\gamma+\beta\cdot\ln\left(\frac{\alpha}{1-\left(1-\mathrm{p} \right)^{\alpha}}\right),\text{ if }\alpha>0 \tag{28}\]  
\[\mathrm{x(p)}=\gamma-\beta\cdot\ln\left(\frac{\left(1-\mathrm{p}\right)^{- \alpha}-1}{\alpha}\right),\text{ if }\alpha<0 \tag{29}\]  
where, \(\alpha,\beta,\gamma\) are the shape, the scale and the position parameters. \(\mathrm{x},\beta>0\).
## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis  
Based on 5880 speech samples from 50 Mandarin Chinese learners (advanced group UCA, intermediate group UCI, elementary group UCB) and 10 standard speakers, this study systematically evaluates the performance differences between SVM and ID3 decision tree algorithms in vowel classification tasks and explores the discriminative efficacy of formant parameters for non-standard pronunciation. By constructing an acoustic feature set with the first and second formants (F1-F2) as the core, combined with machine learning algorithms, the vowel pronunciation quality of the three learner groups is classified hierarchically. The experiment focuses on the following core issues: (1) the classification sensitivity of different algorithms to pronunciation features at different levels; (2) the quantitative representation ability of acoustic parameters in detecting non-standard pronunciation; and (3) the systematic acoustic patterns of learners' pronunciation errors. Through comparative analysis, this study not only reveals the intrinsic relationship between algorithm performance and acoustic features but also provides data-driven theoretical foundations for optimizing pronunciation assessment models.
# Optimization of Stop Plan for Skip-Stop Operation on Suburban Railway Line
## 5 Case Study
### Calculation Results and Analysis
#### 5.3.3 Comparison of Optimal Results between Different Modes  
1. Comparison between E/L Mode (Overtake) and AS Mode  
Under the overtaking situation, the total wait time \(t_{wait}\) in optimal E/L mode is 994.05 h, which is 132.63 h higher than that (861.42 h) in all-stop (AS) mode, this is because the express train skip at some stations leads to longer waiting time for passengers at skip stations. Moreover, the total in-vehicle time \(t_{onboard}\) in optimal E/L mode is 6158.83 h, which is 1633.03 h (20.96%) less than that (7791.86 h) in AS mode. This is because the express train skips some stations leading to higher operating speeds and less running time between stations. Overall, the total time \(t_{total}\) is less than that in AS mode, reduced by 1500.04 h (approximately 17.34%). Moreover, the optimal E/L mode requires 23 trains, more than the 20 trains needed by AS mode. Although the number of trains in E/L mode is greater than that in AS mode, the E/L mode is better overall because the total travel time in E/L mode is less and the weight of passenger travel time in the normalized objective function is greater than the weight of the number of trains. Table 7 summarizes the comparison results between E/L mode with the overtaking condition and AS mode.  
2. Comparison between E/L Mode (Overtake) and E/L Mode (No Overtake)  
When the line adopts E/L mode but the overtaking condition is not allowed, the total wait time \(t_{wait}\) in is 1593.02 h, which is 598.97 h higher than that in E/L mode with the overtaking condition, this is because in non-overtaking mode, the interval between express train and local train at each station becomes very long in order to meet the safety interval requirements. Moreover, the total in-vehicle time \(t_{onboard}\) in non-overtaking mode is 6849.58 h, which is 690.75 h (10.08%) greater than that in E/L mode with the overtaking condition. The extra time is mainly caused by the longer transfer time of non-direct passengers at the transfer station. Overall, the total time \(t_{total}\) with the overtaking condition is less than that with the non-overtaking condition, it can reduce 1289.72 h (approximately 15.28%). As the express train cannot overtake the local train, the departure frequency of the train is very small to ensure the safe operation interval, thus the total number of trains required is fewer. Table 8 summarizes the comparison results between E/L mode with the overtaking condition and E/L mode without overtaking condition.
## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, various moisture-trapping and thermosensitive polymers including chitosan (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), gelatin and poly (ethylene oxide) copolymers have been developed and applied in a variety of fields. Among them, CS, fabricated by deacetylation of chitin, can provide a cationic polysaccharide, and is biocompatible and bio-degradable. Thus, CS plays an important role in many biological processes, such as tissue hydration, proteoglycan organization, and cell differentiation. Recently, CS was considered as an outstanding material for environmental protection [1] and a candidate for environmental and energy issues [2]. However, it is insoluble in aqueous solution, which restricts its biomedical application. Under neutral conditions, amphipatic chitosan (carboxymethyl-hexanoyll chitosan, CHC) has great water-absorption and water-retention capabilities [3]. CHC, a water-solublechitosan derivative, integrates the hexanoyl (hydrophobic) and carboxymethyl (hydrophilic) groups together. In addition, CHC possesses good biocompatibility, transparency and biodegradable properties, which offers huge potential for many applications. [4]  
The highly crystalline, rod-like, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) fibers are separated by acid hydrolysis from natural cellulose fibers [5]. There are many inherent features of CNCs, such as high surface area, nanoscale dimensions, high specific strength, low coefficient of thermal expansion, low density, and a strong Young's modulus [6]. Polysaccharide chains (CS) that include a hydroxyl can easily bond with CNCs, due to the plentiful hydroxyl groups on the surface of CNCs [7; 8].  
Chemically modified carbon materials, such as graphene or carbon nanotubes, have been investigated in many biomedical fields, due to their outstanding thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties [9; 10]. The common method of exfoliating graphite flakes involves oxidizing agents to form hydrophilic nanosheets of graphene oxide (GO) [11; 12], which can easily be dispersed in water. A series of reactive oxygen functional groups on the surface of GO gives it potential to self-assemble and inhibit bacterial growth. [13]  
Thus, in this research, the nanocomposite hydrogel (CHC/GO/CNC) was prepared by an uncomplicated solution casting method. The nanocomposite hydrogel was designed for use in bio-medical applications, such as plastic masks, wound dressings and tissue engineering [14; 15]. We expected CNC to homogeneously disperse the GO nanosheets in water, in order to ensure great compatibility with the addition of the CHC polymer matrix. The features of the nanocomposite hydrogel were evaluated by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, biocompatibility and antibacterial capability was also investigated.
## 3 Methodology
### Health Hazard  
The health hazard is studied to detect potential environmental and personal risks of the selected PCM for the specific application in which it is implemented. Therefore, results from the health hazard indicate the standards and procedures which need to be followed during the handling and operation of the selected PCM.  
One of the most used systems to study the health hazard of a specific material is the material safety datasheet which is usually provided by the manufacturer. However, in this study, health hazard was evaluated first by means of the NFPA 704 standard and then complemented with the globally harmonized system (GHS) classification [15; 16]. The \"NFPA 704: Standard system for the identification of the hazards of materials for emergency response\" is a standard which was developed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) of the United States. This standard aims at visually providing the risk of many common chemicals by means of a coloured diamond. This diamond is divided in four indicators: red for flammability, blue for a health hazard, yellow for chemical reactivity, and white for special hazards. However, only the health hazard (blue) indicator was considered. Each indicator is graded from 0 to 4, with 0 being non-hazardous substances and 4 those that could cause death or major residual injuries by very short exposure.  
After grading the materials from 0 to 4 according to the NFPA 704 standard, the health hazard was further specified with the GHS of classification and labelling of chemicals, which is an internationally agreed-upon system more complex than the NFPA 704 standard. This standard classifies hazard into physical, environmental and country-specific for many common chemical compounds. It also includes directions for application of the hazard communication elements: pictograms, signal words, and hazard statements. In this study, health hazard statements were considered for each material.