esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Limitations  
This study has some limitations. First, as the results show, the low contribution of post-diagnosis notes to model performance may be due to data bias from the pre-diagnosis note collection system, which varies by hospital or location. In order to be effective, pre-diagnostic notes must contain words and contexts that are highly associated with head injury. Therefore, based on the results displayed in Figure 3b, the large fluctuations in the performance metrics of the model with post-diagnosis notes may be due to the presence of more diverse information compared to the pre-diagnosis note model. Second, in this study, a word-by-word exclusion technique was used to determine the importance of words. This is due to the lack of explanatory power of the model considering the context, so the evaluation results of the trained model could not be interpreted in context. The issue can be resolved by utilizing the attention map of the transformer model. Further study based on multi-center data will help develop a generalized and explainable AI-based model for the classification of LOC patients, which will provide insights into the development of rapid and reliable analytical models for clinical narratives and directly contribute to improving patient outcomes. Lastly, differences in writing style and terminology among ED clinicians may influence the model's performance. However, we did not capture this stylistic and terminological information in our study. Further study should be conducted incorporating such variables to evaluate and mitigate potential biases stemming from inter-clinician variability in EMR documentation.
# An Improved Weighted and Location-Based Clustering Scheme for Flying Ad Hoc Networks
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Clustering Scheme Comparison
#### 5.3.1 Analysis of Network Density
The effective packet transmission reduces the extra energy consumption on communications. Figure 11: Network lifetime in different clustering schemes with varying numbers of UAV nodes. Figure 10: Number of clusters in different clustering schemes with varying numbers of UAV nodes.
# Subway Station Capacity Maintained by Optimizing a Maintenance Schedule of Key Equipment
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, the dynamical subway station capacity (DSSC) is defined according to the gathering and scattering process of the subway station and the travel time of passengers is taken as the DSSC indicator. In consideration of key equipment failure, the expected DSSC model is established based on the idea of binomial distribution and mathematical expectation. After that, the lower bound of equipment reliability is determined by sensitivity analysis based on the equipment reliability-expected station capacity curve. Finally, the maintenance schedule optimization model is established to maintain DSSC with the lowest cost under the constraint of equipment reliability, and a solution to the maintenance optimization model is also proposed. The simulation results demonstrate that the station capacity can be maintained in a level range by using the proposed method of maintenance schedule optimization. This provides a useful alternative for subway operation companies. This is the first contribution which aims at maintaining the station capacity while considering key equipment failure by optimizing the maintenance schedule of the key equipment.  
There are still some technical issues need to be considered. For example, a more general expected capacity calculation framework may be considered, in which passenger route assignment aims to achieve the maximum capacity of the subway station subject to equipment failure. In addition, the age regression factor may be considered in maintenance schedule optimization, since not all equipment can be restored to a completely new state after maintenance. These areas will be our work in the future.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] collected and analyzed the data, made charts and diagrams, conceived and performed the experiments and wrote the paper; [PERSON] conceived the structure, modified the manuscript and provided guidance; [PERSON] provided the idea of station capacity model and searched the literature; [PERSON] modified the manuscript. [PERSON] provided the method to analyze the fault data of station equipment.  
**Funding:** This research is supported by National Key R&D Program of China (Contract No. 2017 YFB1201203).  
**Acknowledgments:** This research is also supported by State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety (Contract No. RCS2019 ZT004) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M641174).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 18: Expected travel time change with incorporating reliability and maintenance levels.
## 4 Fire Retardation of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorous-Containing Compounds
### Reactive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers  
The chemical incorporation of fire-retarding species into the polymeric chains through covalent bonding is known as a reactive modification. The P-containing monomer(s) with double (-C=C-) bonds can be _co-_ or _ter-_ polymerised with the monomer of styrene (St) to produce the polymeric systems with improved fire retardance [48; 107; 108]. The reactive modification is particularly attractive because the fire-retarding groups, which are linked to the polymeric chains via covalent bonds, tend not to leach out from the polymer during its processing and the consequent use. In addition, the reactive FRs, which are directly integrated into the structures of polymers during their syntheses, are homogenously dispersed throughout the polymer on a molecular level, thus reducing their loadings required to become effective FRs. On the other hand, the lower amounts of fire-retarding groups less adversely affect the overall chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the modified polymer, with the assurance of better fire retardance [1; 5; 35]. The reactive P-containing FRs are attractive not only as the halogen-free alternatives but also as more sustainable options, since the polymers with chemically linked modifications are more likely to be recycled compared to the multi-component materials with various additives.
## 1 Introduction
* The proposed EAEND model eliminates the computing error by using an error integration term, and therefore effectively suppresses noises and improves the solution accuracy, which is able to assist the CEM method in identifying Arctic sea ice in noisy environments. * Theoretical analyses and comparative experiments confirm that the CEM method with the proposed EAEND model has high accuracy and strong stability.
# Design and Analysis of Systematic Batched Network Codes
## 5 Inner Code for Systematic Batches
### Numerical Evaluations  
We perform numerical evaluations to verify the performance of the new inner codes in terms of both the average rank and the average number of recoverable message packets and compare it with that of the random linear inner code (RLIC) and the systematic inner code (SIC). We use line networks of length up to 50 hops, where each link has the same independent packet erasure probability 0.2. The batch size \(M=16\) and the number of packets to transmit \(N_{u}^{\prime}=20\) for all nodes \(u\). Since the performance of SMPIC and MPIC shows negligible differences in simulation, we only show the results for SMPIC, where we evaluate \(w=0\) and \(w=N_{u}^{\prime}-s\) as representatives.  
Our numerical evaluation results are shown in Figure 7. We plot the average number of recoverable message packets and the average rank at node 0 to 50 for SIC, RLIC, SMPIC with \(w=0\) (denoted by SMPIC0) and SMPIC with \(w=N_{u}^{\prime}-s\) (denoted by SMPIC1), each with 500 trials. We have the following observations.  
* SIC and RLIC have almost the same rank performance. SIC has a larger number of recoverable message packets than RLIC. However, for both SIC and RLIC, the number of recoverable message packets drops quickly.
* SMPIC0 has similar rank performance to SIC and RLIC and has a much higher average number of recoverable message packets than that of SIC and RLIC.
* SMPIC1 has the highest average number of recoverable message packets among the four inner codes, at the cost of a reduced average rank.  
The recoding computation costs at each network node are also determined in the experiments and are illustrated in Figure 8. For RLIC, as \(N_{u}^{\prime}=20\) and the expectation of \(N_{u}=16\), the recoding computation cost is about 320 LCOs. For SIC, the recoding computation cost is about 64 LCOs. The recoding computation cost of SMPIC0 also matches the formula that we have derived, where the expectation of \(s_{0}\) is \(1-\epsilon=0.8\) multiplied by the number of recovered message packets in the previous hop. In Figure 8, we also show the computation cost of SMPIC1, which is close to that of SMPIC0.  
Figure 7: The average number of recovered message packets and the average rank at node 0 to 50 for SIC, RLIC, SMPIC with \(w=0\) (denoted by SMPIC0) and SMPIC with \(w=N_{u}^{\prime}-s\) (denoted by SMPIC1), each with 500 trials.
## 5 Literature Review Summary
### Robot-Aided Rehabilitation of Upper Limb Motor Function
#### Focus of Treatment  
The human arm is a complex chain of bones and muscles. It can be divided into the upper arm, which extends from the shoulder to the elbow, the forearm, which extends from the elbow to the hand, and the hand. The arm model can be simplified into a model of two links (upper arm and forearm) or seven DoF. In this definition, the fingers' joints are not considered.  
It can be seen that regardless of the type of robot, a common approach is focused on the rehabilitation of the shoulder and elbow joints. Forty percent of the reviewed systems (primarily end-point systems) covered the training of such joints. However, 27% of systems extended its primary use for shoulder and elbow training to cover other arm parts such as forearm, wrist, or hand. Besides, another portion is focused on specific movements of forearm and wrist (BI-MANU-TRACK, SUPINATOR-EXTENDER, WOTAS, ADLER), only elbow (MYOPRO), or hand and fingers. It must be noted that regarding hand training, it can be with (AMADEO(r), RUTGERS MASTER) or without (HWARD, Mentor ProTM, HEXORR) fingers' dissociation.  
Different advantages and drawbacks could arise depending on the morphology of the robotic device. For example, due to the condition of exoskeletons as a wearable device, it allows for aligning the joints of the patient with the exoskeletons'. In this case, the therapist has better control of the patient's movements. However, one of the main drawbacks of exoskeleton-type systems is the risk of joint misalignment in arm mobilization. Modern developments are promising to obtain exoskeletons with a natural and wide range of motions [133].  
In the case of end-point robots, the mobilization is performed with the user's arm partially attached to the device. This feature implies a good trajectory control for the joints attached to the robotic device. However, there is a loss of control on the non-attached joints. Hence, compensatory movements can be performed, reducing the effectiveness of the treatment. The use of external systems for monitoring the user's movements could help to detect these abnormal actions.
# UAV Detection and Tracking in Urban Environments Using Passive Sensors: A Survey
## 2 UAV Detection and Identification
### Vision-Based Detection
#### 2.3.2 Deep Learning Based Object Detection
A novel loss function called \"focal loss\" was proposed to address this problem, which alters the standard cross-entropy loss function so that the detector can focus more on difficult, misclassified examples during training, mitigating the loss resulting from well-classified or simple examples. The use of focal loss greatly improves the accuracy of RetinaNet, allowing it to achieve COCO mAP@.5 of 59.1% and mAP@[.5,.95] of 39.1%, while maintaining the speed of previous single-stage detectors.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Catalytic Pyrolysis
#### 3.3.4 Characterization of Syngas Fraction
Thus, the authors studied the pyrolysis of mixtures of masks and food waste and found that the contents of CO\({}_{2}\) and CO in the syngas were proportional to the amount of food waste introduced into the pyrolyzed food waste-mask mixture due to the higher oxygen content in food waste than in masks. Finally, the H\({}_{2}\) content was very low, with values ranging between 0.8% and 1.8%. In addition, the gases produced from the pyrolysis of masks have high calorific values, higher than 40 MJ/Nm\({}^{3}\) in all cases, with only a slight decrease with the use of the catalyst. Therefore, the gases produced can be used as fuel for different applications, such as the production of electrical energy in combustion engines or gas turbines. The syngas composition was studied over the duration of the experiment by analyzing its evolution over time. Figures S1 and S2 represent the evolution of gas composition over the time for the pyrolysis experiments. Two clear trends can be observed in the experiments. On the one hand, in the thermal pyrolysis and in the first use of catalyst in the catalytic pyrolysis of both masks, it is appreciated that methane increases to a maximum at 30 min and then decreases, while ethane has the opposite behavior. In addition, propane increased over time, reaching end values above the methane composition in the surgical mask pyrolysis. For the second and the third use of the catalyst in catalytic pyrolysis, the highest composition of methane was reached at the end of the experiment at the expense of ethane. The rest of the compounds remained practically stable. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**
\begin{tabular}{c} **\(HHV\)**, \\ **MJ/Nm\({}^{3}\)** \\ \end{tabular}**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Hydrogen**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Methane**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Carbon**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ethane**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ethylene**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Carbon**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ethyne**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Propane**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Propyne**} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{6-11}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Surgical & 46.71 & 0.83 & 42.84 & 9.63 & 15.99 & 5.07 & 10.46 & 0.91 & 8.20 & 6.07 \\ \hline Surgical mask + catalyst (1 st) & 45.65 & 0.83 & 46.53 & 7.63 & 12.95 & 4.71 & 11.42 & 3.08 & 6.28 & 6.57 \\ \hline Surgical mask + catalyst (2 nd) & 42.31 & 1.30 & 46.75 & 9.29 & 16.25 & 5.65 & 11.61 & 2.65 & 0.00 & 6.50 \\ \hline Surgical mask + catalyst (3 rd) & 43.50 & 0.97 & 45.60 & 9.20 & 18.88 & 5.54 & 10.56 & 3.61 & 0.00 & 5.65 \\ \hline FFP2 & 47.12 & 1.55 & 46.70 & 3.59 & 18.93 & 8.03 & 9.37 & 4.96 & 1.54 & 5.34 \\ \hline FFP2 mask + catalyst (1 st) & 41.95 & 1.75 & 52.45 & 7.37 & 8.76 & 8.22 & 10.62 & 4.52 & 0.00 & 6.31 \\ \hline FFP2 mask + catalyst (2 nd) & 42.73 & 0.97 & 51.50 & 6.82 & 12.73 & 7.83 & 11.10 & 2.38 & 0.00 & 6.67 \\ \hline FFP2 mask + catalyst (3 rd) & 42.01 & 0.76 & 50.92 & 8.99 & 12.27 & 7.38 & 10.70 & 2.74 & 0.00 & 6.23 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Overall composition of the syngas stream.
## 3 Numerical Simulation
### Parameter Configuration and Grid Generation  
A physical model of the super large cooling tower was built according to original size, so that the Reynolds number used in numerical simulation would be comparable to that in the actual project. The size of the computational domain was \(X\times Y\times Z=6000\) m \(\times\) 4000 m \(\times\) 1000 m (X is across-wind direction, Y is along-wind direction, and Z is height direction). The blocking rate of the model was below 1%. The computational domain was divided into dense region and peripheral region so as to ensure both computational efficiency and precision. Non-structured grids with a high adaptability were used for the region near the cooling tower; for the peripheral space further away from the cooling tower, structured grids having a regular topology were used for the discretization. Therefore, the total number of grids was reduced, which improved the computational efficiency. The minimum grid size was 0.2 m in the core region. The model of the built-up tower had approximately 12.8 million grids.  
Boundary conditions were defined using UDF (User define function) file. Inlet boundary condition was velocity inlet, and the outlet boundary condition was pressure outlet. The top and sides of the computational domain were equivalent to free slip walls, the symmetry boundary conditions (Symmetry). The floor and structure surface were equivalent to no-slip wall boundary condition. The wind field was considered as incompressible flow field. Discrete equations were solved using SIMPLEC. This calculation method has good convergence performance and applies to LES (Large eddy simulation) with small time step. The time step of LES was set to 0.05 s. Here, only the schematic for the computational domain and grid generation of the model of the built-up tower is provided, as shown in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: \(Cont.\)
# Multiband Frequency Tuneable Antennas for Selection Combining Strategy in White Space Applications
## 2 Antenna Design
### Digitally Tunable Capacitor  
A digitally tuneable capacitor is an active component manufactured by the pSemi-Murata company (Figure 4). The item is compatible with the reconfigurable frequency antenna due to the RF power handling capability of up to 34 dBm while maintaining a low current consumption of 30 \(\upmu\)A. The DTC also offers the highest quality factor and a wide power supply range of 2.3-3.6 V.  
Figure 3: Top view of the proposed antenna.  
Figure 2: Equivalent circuit of the antenna.  
Unlike a conventional varactor, DTC is quite simple to control thanks to the serial interface. Instead of regulating with the complex tuning voltage circuit, the DTC uses I2C signals to allow for the capacitance to be changed digitally among the 32 states. Depending on the configuration, the capacitance of the DTC varies from 0.38 to 4.32 pF for series connections, and from 0.9 to 4.6 pF for shunt connections. In this proposal, the configuration shunt was used with the radiating element that was connected to the DTC via RF + and RF -. By using the evaluation kit of DTC, the capacitance values were measured in the white-space frequency band in different states. The specifications provided by the manufacturer, and the measurement results are shown in the Table 1. In general, these values were quite similar.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**State** & **Datasheet (pF)** & **Measurements (pF)** \\ \hline  
\hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Digitally tuneable capacitor values.  
Figure 4: DTC structure and its pinout.
# Earthquake Risk Probability Evaluation for Najin Lhasa in Southern Tibet
## 3 Data Processing Results  
### Division of Potential Source Areas  
The division of potential seismogenic (source) areas follows the principle of seismotectonic analogy and the principle of repetition of seismic activity [24, 31, 32, 33]. According to the tectonic conditions and the parameters of the 18 potential hypocenter areas that are shown in Table 1 (e.g., [24, 30]), we divided the study area into 18 potential source areas, as shown in Figure 2. The division basis and description of several key potential source areas that have a greater impact on the site are as follows.  
In the Qushui M7.5 potential source area (No. 13, Figure 2), a series of large-scale near-E-W-trending fault zones have developed in the Himalayan vicinity and south of the Yarlung-Zangpo River which control the tectonic evolution and seismic activity in the region. Some fault zones have obvious Holocene activities. This area facilitates the occurrence of strong earthquakes; thus, it is divided into a potential source area of magnitude 7.5.  
In the Dangxiong M8.5 potential source area (No. 7, Figure 2), the seismogenic structure is the fault at the southeastern foot of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains, which are located in the middle-north section of the Yadong-Gulu fault, an active Holocene fault that is still active at present and developed on the Dangxiong-Yangbajing basement. An M = 8 earthquake occurred in 1411, and the fault has the possibility of generating an M7.5-8.0 earthquake at present, hence, the upper limit of the magnitude is limited to 8.5.  
The Kangma M7.5 potential source area (No. 8, Figure 2) dips eastward and spreads along the middle section of the Yadong-Gulu fault zone, an active Holocene fault, which developed at the southern section of the Dangxiong-Yangbajing Basin. Six M \(\geq\) 6 earthquakes have occurred, and the largest historical one was an earthquake occurred in 1901. The potential epicenter is also located at the intersection of the Yadong-Gulu fault zone and the fault along the Luzangbo River. According to the principle of tectonic analogy, the upper  
Figure 2: Division map of 18 potential seismogenic zones (red lines) according to this study. The numbers indicate the zone number. Black curves indicate the county boundaries.  
magnitude limit is 7.5, while the boundaries of potential hypocenters were determined based on the geological structure and distribution of earthquakes.
# High-Precision Pseudo-Noise Ranging Based on BOC Signal: Zero-Bias Mitigation Methods
## 5 Performance Simulation and Analysis  
Section 4 describes two methods of zero-bias mitigation, but only the condition of pure signals is considered. The effects of limited bandwidth, Doppler effect, and thermal noise on the sampling distortion of digital BOC signals are discussed below.
## 3 Maintenance and Lifespan Management
### Maintenance-based Asset Management  
The present and future facilities and infrastructures require advanced maintenance systems that are optimally managed. In this regard, the \(SG\) will also need efficient maintenance and asset management systems. Potential subareas are:  
* The integrated solutions of SF\({}_{6}\) can cause reductions in maintenance costs.
* Out of the substations, there must be standardized communications, therefore, these must be raised.
* To monitor the \(SG\) and to optimize the control of assets.
* Tools that allow maintenance based on assets, as well as their management, are necessary.  
As [PERSON] et al. [190] show, the emphasis should be put on condition monitoring and diagnosis (CMD) devices specific to power transformers, gas-insulated systems, overhead transmission lines and power cables. As [PERSON] and [PERSON] [191] show, asset management is a term derived from the financial industry although financial assets are more easily managed than transport and distribution assets, and [PERSON] [192] present the customers as a strategic asset.  
After the review of the works, the author has considered grouping them in the following subsections: Asset Management and Monitoring and Maintenance and Risk Management.
# Experimental Tests and Aeroacoustic Simulations of the Control of Cavity Tone by Plasma Actuators
## 2 Methodologies  
### Experimental Tests  
#### 2.1.1 Wind Tunnel and Test Section  
Figure 3 shows the experimental setup for our tests. The experiments were carried out using a suction-type, low-noise wind tunnel with a rectangular test section having a cross-section with dimensions of 150 mm \(\times\) 75 mm. The intensity of freestream turbulence was less than 0.5%, and the background-noise level was 55.2 dB (A) at the freestream velocity of 30 m/s.  
Figure 1: Configuration of the flow over a cavity.  
Figure 2: Typical configuration of a dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma actuator.  
The origin of coordinates was located at the mid-span of the upstream edge of the cavity. The \(x\), \(y\), and \(z\) axes were oriented in the streamwise, normal, and spanwise directions, respectively.  
The cavity length was \(L=20\) mm and the depth-to-length ratio was \(D/L=2.5\). From such small gaps between parts of an actual high-speed transportation mode, such as an automobile, tonal sound often radiates as cavity tone. The test section of the cavity was terminated in the spanwise direction by end walls composed of porous plates, which suppressed acoustic resonances in the spanwise direction. The width of the test section was \(W/L=7.5\).