## 4 Integration of Biosensors
### Node Configuration
#### 4.2.2 Communications Protocol  
Multi-hop IoT systems support various communication protocols and technologies to enable the relay of information across multiple nodes. The choice of communication method depends on factors such as range, power consumption, data rate, and the specific  
\begin{table} \begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Aims and Contributions** & **Methodology** & **Biosensors Used** & **Evaluation Metrics** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[61]} & & This paper addresses gaps & & \\  & & in IoT applications in & & \\  & & health, compares IoT & & \\  & & architectures for digital & & \\  & To propose an innovative & health, conducts a & & \\  & design for an IoT-enabled & comparative survey, & & \\  & interconnected healthcare & investigates wireless (BLE & & \\  & system for wireless patient & and RFID) to communicate & & \\  & biomomitoring using & with a Biosticker Smart & & \\  & sensor patches. & Box, and provides a & & \\  & & detailed design of a & & \\  & & decoupled architecture & & \\  & & with solutions & & \\  & & and strategies. & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[62]} & & This paper details the & & \\  & This paper examines IoT in & design of a prototype & & \\  & healthcare, highlights IoT’s & system using MicaZ & & \\  & penetration in healthcare, & wireless modules for pulse & & \\  & discusses future trends like & & & \\  & bio- and nano-IoT, and & & & \\  & emphasizes WBANs’ & & & \\  & importance in monitoring & & & \\  & patient vital signs. & & & \\  & & data accuracy. & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[63]} & & The paper demonstrates & & \\  & & the integration of & & \\  & The paper highlights a & & biosensors for vital signs & \\  & potential role for IoT and & monitoring, introduces a & & \\  & artificial intelligence & & 1D CNN-based BP & & \\  & technologies in improving & & & \\  & health and preventing & & & \\  & chronic conditions. & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[64]} & & The paper utilizes a & & \\  & & creatinine-selective & & \\  & & molecularly imprinted & & \\  & & polymer-coated & & \\  & & interdigital sensor, & & \\  & point-of-care (PoC) & & & \\  & diagnostic device for & & & \\  & monitoring creatinine & & & \\  & levels in serum samples, & & \\  & which is important for the & & & \\  & early diagnosis of & & \\  & kidney disease. & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} This work aims to develop \\  & \\  & an IoT-enabled \\  & point-of-care (PoC) \\  & & headitters toT \\  & & a low-power \\  & microcontroller and an \\  & IoT-associated cloud server \\  & for quantitative \\  & measurement of serum \\  & & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\ \end{tabular}  \ \begin{tabular}{c} An interdigital sensor \\  & coated with creatinine \\  & Selective molecularly \\  & imprinted polymer (MIP) \\  & by utilizing electrochemical \\  & impedance \\  & spectroscopy (EIS). \\ \end{tabular} 
\begin{tabular}{c} Creatinine levels from \\ urine or serum. \\  \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & & \\  & \\  & \\  & & \\  & \\  & & \\  & \\  & & \\  & \\  & \\  & & \\  & \\  & \\  & \\  & & \\  & \\  & \\  & & \\  & \\  & & \\  & \\  & & \\  & \\  & & \\  & \\  & & \\  & \\  & & \\  & \\  & & \\  & &requirements of the IoT application. Every communication technology contributes to the flexibility and scalability of a multi-hop IoT system. This section focuses on some of the common communications methods that are used in multi-hop IoT networks. * Mesh networking: This is a fundamental and decentralized communication protocol for multi-hop IoT networks, which incorporates a resilient and self-sustainable structure that enables continuous operation even in the face of node failures [65]. In this decentralized approach, each node acts as a source and relay point, allowing data to be dynamically rerouted along alternative paths in the event of disruption [66].