# Retrospective Study on Seismic Ionospheric Anomalies Based on Five-Year Observations from CSES
## 4 Conclusions and Discussion
It is difficult to accurately identify disturbances related to EQ from numerous disturbances present in satellite observations, relying solely on variations of a single parameter. Methods and criteria that consider the coupling relationships among different parameters are crucial for capturing the EQ-related disturbances from various parameters. In the future, incorporating AI and big data technologies could delve deeper into the data for information and further enhance our ability to obtain these relationships. 3. The limitation of extracting weak seismic signals under a strong and varying space background  
With the advent of strong solar activity years in the 25 th solar cycle, solar flares, magnetic storms, and other events are on the rise, leading to frequent disturbances in ionospheric observation data, thus forming a complex and continuously dynamic ionospheric background environment. The ionospheric anomalies caused by the EQ preparation process are notably weak and localized when compared to this complex changing background, making it extremely challenging to effectively identify seismic anomalies from those caused by space weather disturbances. In this way, we need to obtain more observational data on the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere. The evolution process of different events can be mastered with the help of observational data from different spheres, to understand the relationship between different variations of ionospheric parameters throughout the whole evolution process, and to better distinguish the changes in observational data caused by different events. 4. The shortcomings and complexity of the LAIC mechanism  
The lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) mechanism provides a potential theoretical explanation for the ionospheric disturbance during the EQ preparation process [17; 18]. However, in most cases, models may fail to provide quantitative support for seismic anomalies because the simulation results often differ by several orders of magnitude when compared to actual observations or ground experiment results [43; 46]. Consequently, given the complexity of seismic genesis, further understanding and research on LAIC are necessary until the process of LAIC is well understood. Therefore, more data are needed for practice and testing, thus leading to a better understanding of the coupling mechanism. So far, estimating the risk of potential EQs is still a challenge, particularly in accurately predicting the three key elements of impending EQs (i.e., time, location, and magnitude). Satellite-based observation offers advantages such as all-weather, global coverage, short periods, high efficiency, and strong dynamics, which play an important role in the study of EQ occurrence mechanisms, EQ monitoring and prediction, EQ disaster prevention, and emergency rescue operations [1]. Through satellite observation, the monitoring range can be expanded globally, so that more EQ cases as well as more abundant data can be obtained. Earthquake monitoring and prediction extend beyond the field of geophysics; it is necessary to enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of satellite data through the subsequent series of CSES satellites and constellation plans, integrate the ground-based electromagnetic, deformation, fluid, and gravity observational data, and combine disciplines such as seismology, geodesy, and geochemistry, etc. By adopting a comprehensive approach to \"hunt\" for EQ precursors, we can overcome the scientific challenge of EQ prediction. Further detailed research in this field is needed in the future. Conceptualization, R.Y., Z.Z. ([PERSON]), J.H. and J.L. ; Methodology, R.Y., Y., Q.W., J.H., D.L., Z.Z. ([PERSON]), W.C., S.X. and H.L. ; Software, R.Y., Y.Y., Q.W., J.H., D.L., Z.Z. ([PERSON]), W.C., S.X., H.L., W.P. and L.W. ; Investigation, R.Y., Z.Z. ([PERSON]), Y.Y., Q.W., J.H., D.L., Z.Z. ([PERSON]), W.C., S.X., H.L. and J.L. ; Data Curation, N.Z., W.L. and Q.T. ; Writing--Original Draft, R.Y. and W.P. ; Writing--Review and Editing, Z.Z. ([PERSON]) and R.Y.