## 2 Detailed Analysis of the Literature
### Prosumer Communities
#### 2.1.4 Prosumer Market Design  
In this section, we discuss prosumer market design. The \"prosumer market\" is characterized by consumers providing services to the grid and transforming into active prosumers [36]. The platform enables consumers to engage and integrate with other entities in the energy value network using market-based energy prosumption strategies. Prosumers could potentially integrate into the energy markets through three engagement models [16; 52]. One is the P2P model which involves a decentralized, autonomous, and flexible P2P network where prosumers interconnect directly with each other. Another is the prosumer-to-grid model that involves prosumers providing services to either an independent microgrid or a microgrid connected to the main grid. The third is the organized prosumer group model which is composed of multiple groups of prosumers. The groups work together and pool resources for community benefit or can become large enough to form a prosumer VPP [16]. VPP and P2P platform can be combined to attain the advantages of each model [49]. The federated power plant is another type of electricity market structure wherein P2P trading of autonomous prosumers forms a VPP [49].  
A study on prosumer market introduced and evaluated a direct P2P design and a closed order book design [53]. It also evaluated zero intelligence agents and intelligently bidding agents. It derived four scenarios, i.e., two market designs combined with two agent behaviors. The objective was to determine which parameters are suitable for a local energy trading market that integrates distributed generation at energy prices that are beneficial to the local agents. Based on simulation results, all scenarios offer similar economic advantages regarding self-consumption and energy traded. However, the P2P design with intelligent agent is the most relevant for participating agents because of the resulting lower energy rates.  
In another study of prosumer centric digital energy ecosystem, the authors propose a framework consisting of actors and layers [38]. The actors include the natural environment and various organizations such as regulators, academia, business system, energy industry incumbents, new energy industry actors, and new entrants from other sectors. It also comprises digital actors such as hardware and software platforms such as ICT infrastructure, smart grid infrastructure, smart meters, energy storage, home energy management system, data hubs, and other devices. The four layers include the human activity layer (consisting of prosumer activities), the value-adding layer (applications, processes, and activities), the digital layer (ICT infrastructure, fog computing, data analytics in the cloud), and the energy layer that involves energy production, transmission, distribution, and consumption. All these actors and layers link together the various processes (human activity, value creation, digitization, and energy process) that contribute to the digital energy ecosystem success [38]. Based on the above, we propose the following:  
**Proposition 4**.: _The prosumer market is a platform which enables integration between prosumers and other entities to enable an efficient and sustainable energy exchange within the energy value network. Prosumer engagement can either be P2P, prosumer-to-grid, organized prosumer group, or combination of P2P and organized prosumer group. A prosumer centric digital energy ecosystem integrates different actors and layers to link various processes essential to the ecosystem's success._