# A Study on Ergonomic Layout of Automotive Electronic Shift Buttons
## 3 Results
### Effects of Ergonomic Principle and Driving Experience on EACH Dependent Measure  
Tables 8 and 9 show the mean differences between layouts to which ergonomic principles (consistency, compatibility, functional similarity, and stereotype) were applied and layouts to which they were not applied for the novice and experienced driver groups, respectively. The mean differences with statistically significant simple main effects for layout are indicated by bold font and asterisks. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline  & **Accuracy** & **Convenience** & **Rapidity** & **Learnability** & **Intuitiveness** & **Safety** & **Preference** \\ \hline L1 & –0.19 & –0.30 & –0.30 & –0.42 & –0.95 & –0.28 & –0.45 \\ \hline L2 & **1.75 * & **2.03 ** & **1.81 * & **2.45 ** & **2.71 *** & **2.62 *** & **2.88 *** \\ \hline L3 & 0.73 & 0.14 & 0.15 & –0.15 & 0.27 & 0.84 & 0.11 \\ \hline L4 & **1.74 ** & **1.45 * & **1.22 * & 1.18 & **2.13 ** & **1.92 ** & **2.05 ** \\ \hline L5 & –0.90 & –0.44 & 0.01 & –0.40 & 0.08 & 0.05 & 0.06 \\ \hline L6 & 0.06 & 0.14 & 0.71 & 0.07 & 0.33 & 0.06 & 0.27 \\ \hline L7 & 0.04 & 0.30 & 0.55 & –0.61 & –0.39 & –0.45 & 0.35 \\ \hline L8 & **1.50 * & 0.98 & 0.79 & 1.31 & 1.56 & 1.48 & 1.31 \\ \hline L9 & –1.50 & –1.32 & **-1.87 * & **-1.75 * & -2.28 ** & -2.24 ** & -2.14 ** \\ \hline L10 & –0.04 & –0.25 & –0.16 & 0.92 & 1.53 & 0.19 & 0.70 \\ \hline L11 & –**-1.76 * & **-1.81 ** & **-2.05 * & **-1.66 * & **–2.08 ** & **–2.62 *** & **–1.68 * \\ \hline L12 & –0.45 & –0.05 & –0.15 & 0.05 & 0.35 & 0.04 & 0.09 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{*}p<0.05\), ** \(p<0.01\), *** \(p<0.001\).  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Mean differences of seven dependent measures between the novice and experienced driver groups for each layout (\(\text{Mean}_{\text{novice driver}}-\text{Mean}_{\text{experienced driver}}\)). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Principle**} & **Pair of Layouts** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Accuracy**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Convenience**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Rapidity**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Learnability**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Intuitiveness Safety**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Preference**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{6-9}  & & L2-L1 & 0.64 & 0.73 & 0.91 & 0.27 & 1.36 & 1.00 & 1.64 \\ \cline{2-9}  & & L4-L3 & –0.09 & –0.09 & 0.27 & –0.27 & 0.45 & 0.18 & 0.55 \\ \cline{2-9}  & & L10-L9 & –0.64 & –0.73 & –0.09 & –0.64 & –0.09 & –0.27 & –0.36 \\ \cline{2-9}  & & L12-L11 & 0.82 & **1.36 * & 0.91 & 0.82 & **1.73 * & **1.45 * & 1.27 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Functional similarity} & & L3-L1 & 0.82 & 0.64 & 0.55 & 0.27 & 0.73 & 0.82 & 0.36 \\ \cline{2-9}  & & L4-L2 & 0.09 & -0.18 & –0.09 & –0.27 & –0.18 & 0.00 & –0.73 \\ \cline{2-9}  & & L3-L9 & **1.73 * & 1.45 & **1.82 ** & **1.00 * & **1.45 * & **2.27 *** & **1.55 * \\ \cline{2-9}  & & L4-L10 & 2.27 & 2.09 & 2.18 & 1.36 & 2.00 & 2.73 & 2.45 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Stereotype} & & L6-L5 & 1.36 & 1.27 & 1.00 & 1.27 & 1.55 & 0.91 & 0.91 \\ \cline{2-9}  & & L8-L7 & 1.36 & 1.18 & 0.55 & **1.82 ** & **2.45 ** & **1.73 ** & 1.45 \\ \cline{2-9}  & & L9-L11 & 1.36 & 2.09 & 1.18 & 1.82 & 2.00 & 1.18 & 1.55 \\ \cline{2-9}  & & L10-L12 & –0.09 & 0.00 & 0.18 & 0.36 & 0.18 & –0.55 & –0.09 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{*}p<0.05\), ** \(p<0.01\), *** \(p<0.001\).  
\end{table} 
Table 8: Evaluation results for novice driver group: mean differences between layouts to which ergonomic principles were applied and layouts to which they were not applied. For the novice driver group, the comparison pairs that show statistically significant differences for each dependent measure are as follows:  
* For convenience, intuitiveness, and safety, L12, to which the compatibility principle was applied, exhibits significantly higher mean scores compared to L11, to which this principle was not applied. * For all the measures except convenience, L3, to which the functional similarity principle was applied, presents significantly higher mean scores compared to L9, to which this principle was not applied.