## 1 Introduction  
As an important carrier of geospatial information, high-resolution remote sensing (HRRS) image has been widely used in many geoscience applications, including disaster assessments, mapping surveys, high-accuracy navigation, reconnaissance, monitoring, etc. Meanwhile, the development of geoscience information systems (GIS) and network technologies has provided advanced technical support for the sharing and using of HRRS images, but it also poses new challenges to the security of HRRS images, how to ensure the integrity of HRRS images is one of the key issues. HRRS imagesgenerally have characteristics of high precision and confidentiality. If the HRRS images are tampered or their content integrity is questioned by users, their value of use will be greatly reduced. Examples of the tampering instances are shown in Figure 1. Even with careful inspection, it is difficult to confirm whether the HRRS images in Figure 1 have been tampered. In more serious cases, it will even affect national security. In this case, authentication technology of HRRS images is becoming increasingly challenging. In fact, confidentiality and authentication are both aspects of information security, and they have different attributes. Confidentiality is to ensure that information is not stolen or illegally used. Authentication technology protects data by verifying the data integrity, the reliability, and authenticity of the data source. As HRRS images and ordinary images are similar in existence, the image authentication methods can be used to achieve authentication of HRRS images. At present, image authentication methods mainly include cryptography signatures and watermarking techniques. Cryptographic hash functions and digital signature techniques are too sensitive to changes in the binary level of image data. As long as the data is altered by one bit, the data is considered to have been tampered with. This sensitivity is very suitable for the authentication of textual data, but not suitable for HRRS image authentication. In the actual use and transmission process of HRRS images, after the HRRS images are subjected to operations such as format conversion, data compression, or invisible watermark embedding, the useful content information carried by the HRRS images is not changed, and only the information carrier is changed. Watermarking technology (mainly fragile watermark) embeds the authentication information into an image, and when the image content is suspected, extracts the embedded authentication information to verify the integrity of the image. However, fragile watermark takes advantage of the nature of the watermark itself and cannot achieve content-based authentication for the image. What is more, fragile watermark will modify the original data, which is not allowed in many application environments for HRRS images. In the field of GIS application, the authentication of HRRS images is essentially concerned with the integrity of the content, rather than the content carrier itself. Perceptual hashing provides a viable approach to content-based authentication for HRRS images. The perceptual hash algorithm, also known as perceptual hashing, is a one-way mapping of multimedia data to perceptual digests and can map the multimedia data with the same perceptual content to the same digital digest and satisfy perceptual robustness and security [1; 2]. It has attracted increasing popularity in recent years [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8]. Figure 1: Examples of tampered HRRS images that have undergone different tampering techniques: (**a**) Original HRRS images, (**b**) corresponding tampered images. HRRS images have the following characteristics, such as rich geometry, structure, texture features, fine-grained spectra, multi-scale target objects, etc., which makes the perceptual hash algorithm for HRRS images challenged. In the related research for HRRS images, a Gabor filter bank and DWT-based perceptual hash algorithm is proposed in [9] for remote sensing image, while it is not specifically designed for HRRS images.