## 7 Pharmacological Effects
### Antibacterial Effect  
_T. chinensis_ manifests broad-spectrum bacteriostatic activity against both Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative Bacilli, including _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Diplococcus pneumoniae_, and _Sligella dysenteriae_. The pivotal antibacterial constituents of _T. chinensis_ are its flavonoids, notably Orientin and Vitexin [101; 102; 103; 104]. In vitro assessments utilized Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) as benchmarks for analyzing _Escherichia coli_, Salmonella, _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Bacillus subtilis_, _Streptococcus mutans_, _Streptomyces_, _Rhodotorula_, _Aspergillus niger_, and _Candidia albicans_. The 30% ethanolic extract of _T. chinensis_ exhibited notable antibacterial efficacy, particularly inhibiting Streptococcus mutans, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue for dental caries. _T. chinensis_ total flavonoids, along with Orientin and Vitexin, exhibited notable inhibitory effects on Gram-positive cocci while demonstrating no discernible impact on Gram-negative Bacilli and fungi. Their most pronounced inhibitory activity was observed against _Staphylococcus aureus_, with the order of inhibitory strength being Orientin = Total flavonoids > Vitexin. Specifically, the lowest inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were determined to be 0.15625 mg\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\) and 0.625 mg\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\) for Orientin and total flavonoids, respectively. Additionally, these components demonstrated considerable inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans, with the antibacterial efficacy ranking as Orientin > Total flavonoids > Vitexin. Notably, the lowest inhibitory concentration and bactericidal concentration of Orientin were 0.15625 mg\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\) and 0.625 mg\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\), surpassing the efficacy of Vitexin [15]. In investigations exploring the bacteriostatic activity of various _T. chinensis_ preparations, the _Staphylococcus aureus_ solution clarified at concentrations of 225 mg/mL for Jinlianhuaa Tablets, 56.25 mg/mL for Jinlianhuaa Tablets, 56.25 mg/mL for _T. chinensis_ oral solution. For _Bacillus subtilis_, clarification occurred at concentrations of 56.25 mg/mL for Jinlianhuaa tablets, 14.0625 mg/mL for _T. chinensis_ capsule, 225 mg/mL for _T. chinensis_ granules, and 28.125 mg/mL for _T. chinensis_ oral solution. Notably, the _T. chinensis_ oral solution displayed no inhibitory effect against _Escherichia coli_. These experiments revealed that the antibacterial activities of the four _T. chinensis_ preparations followed the order of strength as _Bacillus subtilis > Staphylococcus aureus > Escherichia coli_, with varying minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against _Staphylococcus aureus_ and _Bacillus subtilis_ for different _T. chinensis_ preparations, ranked from strongest to weakest as Jinlianhuaa capsules, Jinlianhuaa mixture, Jinlianhuaa tablets, and Jinlianhua granules [105]. In the in vitro bacteriostatic efficacy assessment, the total flavonoids extracted from _T. chinensis_ exhibited robust inhibitory effects against common pathogenic organisms, including Staphylococcusococcus epidermidis, _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Escherichia coli_, _Streptococcus viridans_, _Salmonella paratyphi A_, and _Salmonella paratyphi B_. Notably, the total demonstrated considerable protective effects in _Staphylococcus aureus_-infected mice, showcasing a dose-dependent reduction in the 48-h mortality of the infected mice [106]. The yellow pigment of _T. chinensis_, composed of xantho-phyll epoxyde and trollixanthin, also displayed bacteriostatic properties, with varying degrees of inhibition against _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Bacillus subtilis_, and _Escherichia coli_, showing increased activity with escalating concentrations. Tecomin, a glucose ester of Veratric acid, exhibited effective inhibition against _Staphylococcus aureus_ and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with MICs of 0.256 and 0.128 mg/mL, respectively [107].