## 3 Biological Activities  
### Cytotoxic Activity  
The capability of 13- Acetoxysarcocrassolide **9** was investigated, as a cytotoxic agent against gastric carcinoma using MTT method, colony formation method, cell morphology assessments, and wound-healing method. It suppressed the development and migration of gastric cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner and initiated both early and late cell death examined by flow cytometer assay [134]. The authors mentioned that there was a relationship between the structure of sarcrassin A, B, D, and E **76**, **77**, **79**, and **80**, and emblide **81**, and its activity, showing that loss of acetoxy group as in crassocolide C **84** led to loss of activity against all tested cell lines. While, acetylation at 4-OH position in crassocolide B **83** resulted in a decrease in activity cytotoxicity. However, the existence of two hydroxy moiety present at carbon-3 and carbon-4 and no oxidation at carbon-13 as in crassocolide D **85** showed potent activity against MCF-7 and A549 cell lines. While, crassocolide A **82** and F **87** exhibited potent activity toward Hep G2, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and A549, because of the 5-\(O\)-acetyl group [46]. Furthermore, crassocolide H and L **90** and **94**, from _S. crassocaule_, showed strong activity toward KB, Hela, and Daoy cell lines owing to the presence of Cl atom at C-11 instead of OH group in crassocolide H **90**[47].  
Sarcocrassocolides A-D **137-140**, showed potent activity toward MCF-7, WiDr, HEp-2 and Daoy cell lines [58]. The authors maintained that the existence of acetoxy group at C-13 was important for activity. Sarcocrassocolides F-I **143-146**, showed cytotoxicity toward all or part cell lines. However, sarcocrassocolide I **146** was most potent toward Daoy, HEp-2, MCF-7 and WiDr cell lines while sarcocrassocolide J and L **147** and **149** 13-deacetoxy derivatives, were least potent against all tested cell lines with ED\({}_{50}\) = >20 uM. Furthermore, hydroxy moiety at carbon-8 improve the cytotoxic activity in contrast with carbon-8 hydroperoxy-bearing correspondents sarcocrassocolide F and H **143** and **145** were most potent toward MCF-7 [59].  
Owing to the \(\alpha\),\(\beta\)-unsaturated \(\epsilon\)-lactone ring in glaucumolides A and B **329** and **330** both exhibited strong cytotoxicity toward HL-60 and CCRF-CEM cell [103]. The authors specified that the less degrees of oxidation the more immunosuppressive activity, valongene A **71** was the most potent even better than the positive control Cyclosporin A [100]. (245)-24-methylcholestane-3\(\beta\),5\(\alpha\),6\(\beta\),25-tetrol-25-monoacetate **375** exhibited potent activity toward P-388, A549, and HT-29 cell lines [114]. The authors reported that there was a structure activity relationship in which the existence of an extra free hydroxyl group at C-20 position in 23,24-dimethylcholest-16(17)-\(E\)-ene-3\(\beta\),5\(\alpha\),6\(\beta\),20(\(S\))-tetraol **374**, and acetyl group at C-25 position in 24-methylcholestane-3\(\beta\),5\(\alpha\),6\(\beta\),25-tetraol 25-monoacetate **375** led to strong cytotoxicity toward human M14, HL60, and MCF7 cells with a dose-dependent manner [29]. The occurrence of OAc moiety at carbon-11 was important for cytotoxic activity, as in (23\(R\),24\(R\),172)-11\(\alpha\)-acetoxy-168-methoxy-23,24-dimethylcholest-17(20)-en-3\(\beta\),5\(\alpha\),6\(\beta\)-triol **406**, (22\(E\),245)-11\(\alpha\)-acetoxy-ergost-22, 25-dien-3\(\beta\),5\(\alpha\),6\(\beta\)-triol **411** and (24\(R\))-11\(\alpha\)-acetoxy-gorgost-3\(\beta\),5\(\alpha\),6\(\beta\)-triol **413** showed a strong cytotoxicity toward K562, HL-60, HeLa cell lines, while, 11\(\alpha\)-acetoxycholest-24-en-1\(\alpha\),3\(\beta\),5\(\alpha\),6\(\beta\)-tetraol **408**, 11\(\alpha\)-acetoxy-cholest-24-en-3\(\beta\),5\(\alpha\),6\(\beta\)-triol **410** and (24\(S\))-11\(\alpha\)-acetoxy-ergost-3\(\beta\),5\(\alpha\),6\(\beta\)-triol **412** exhibited a potent activity toward K562 and HL-60 [118].