## 3 Technology, Hardware and Software of Edge Computing
### The Technology of Edge Computing
#### 3.1.1 Data Processing of Edge Computing  
CC often struggles to meet the rising computational demands due to its centralized nature. In contrast, EC addresses this challenge by distributing computation, data storage, and processing to local edge nodes, ensuring more efficient data handling. These edge nodes process and cache data locally, predicting user traffic demands, which helps reduce latency by avoiding the need to download information from remote data centers [75]. Moreover, EC significantly reduces the bandwidth burden on centralized clouds, as it manages data locally and performs real-time computations at the edge, minimizing end-to-end latency. For instance, ref. [76] introduces a method to improve video streaming experiences within smart cities by autonomously creating MEC services. This approach enables seamless data access anytime, anywhere, ensuring optimal QoE while reducing latency. Video streams from monitoring devices are processed and analyzed locally on MEC servers, with relevant information forwarded to application servers to further alleviate network traffic. Furthermore, ref. [77] explores the use of serverless computing platforms to address challenges in running data-intensive applications in edge environments. This \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Cloud Computing** & **Fog Computing** & **Edge Computing** \\ \hline Data Transmission & High (large amounts of data & Medium (aggregates and & Low (only critical data are \\ Cost & sent to cloud centers) & pre-processes data before & sent, reducing bandwidth \\  & & sending to cloud) & usage) \\ Scalability & High (scales based on cloud & Medium (limited by regional & High (scales as more edge \\  & provider infrastructure) & computing capacity) & devices are deployed) \\ Resilience to Network & Low (dependent on & Medium (operates even if & High (independent \\  & & continuous connectivity) & the cloud connection is lost) \\ Uninterrupted Power & Requires stable power for & Provides flexibility in & Can operate during grid \\  & data centers; failure may & managing energy at a & outages, ensuring \\  & impact multiple applications & regional level & continuous data processing \\ Integration with & Supports large-scale & Manages regional renewable & Directly interfaces with local \\ Renewable Energy & renewable energy & energy fluctuations, & renewable sources like \\ Sources & integration, but with delays & optimizing local usage & microgrids and DERs \\ Data Aggregation and & Minimal (raw data sent to & Moderate (aggregates and & High (processes critical data \\  & & the cloud for analysis) & filters data before sending) & locally, reducing \\  & & & transmission needs) \\ Support for Smart & Used for large-scale smart & Supports regional smart grid & Essential for real-time \\ Grids & grid analytics and & operations and energy & control of smart grids, \\  & decision-making & management & managing demand-response \\ Support for & & & programs \\ Distributed Energy & Centralized monitoring and & Enables coordination of & Direct integration with DERs \\ Resources (DERs) & optimization of DERs & distributed energy assets & for local optimization and \\ Support for Demand & & & real-time adjustments \\ Response (DR) & Delayed responses due to & Supports aggregated & Real-time, automated \\ Programs & cloud processing times & demand response strategies & demand response \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._approach optimizes computation and data movement by adapting to workload-specific requirements, ensuring efficient use of edge infrastructure. A growing area of research is the integration of blockchain with EC, primarily to tackle privacy concerns in IoT data processing. To mitigate security risks, specialized EC environments are being developed that continuously monitor and audit node activities. For example, ref. [78] introduces Recordchain, a blockchain architecture tailored to EC environments, addressing bandwidth and security issues effectively.