# Arabic Automatic Speech Recognition: A Systematic Literature Review
## 4 Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Feature Techniques**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Type of Arabic**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Topics**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Type of Speech Recognition**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Datasets**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-6}  & **Extraction Techniques** & & & & **Mode** & **Speaker** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[37]} & LDA, MFCC, & GMM, DNN, CNN, TDNN, & \multirow{4}{*}{MSA} & KALDI, & Continuous speech & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & A 1.200-h speech corpus was made available for the 2016 Arabic Multi-genre Broadcast (MGB) Challenge 2. \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-6}  & MLT, fMLLR & GMM, DNN, CNN, TDNN, & \multirow{4}{*}{MSA} & KALDI, & Isolated words & Speaker \\  & MLT, fMLLR & H-LSTM, GLSTM & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[38]} & GMM-SI, GMM SAT, GMM & \multirow{4}{*}{MPE, GMM MMI, SGMM, SGMM, SGMM-bMMI, DNN, DNN-MPE} & \multirow{4}{*}{MSA} & KALDI, & Isolated words & Speaker \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[39]} & MFCC & HMM, MLP-HMM, & \multirow{4}{*}{MSA} & \multirow{4}{*}{HTK} & Continuous speech & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & ARABIC\_DB for large vocabulary continuous Speech recognition [68] \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-6}  & MFCC & HMM, Hybrid SVM-HMM & \multirow{4}{*}{MSA} & \multirow{4}{*}{HTK} & Isolated words & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & ARABIC\_DB [68]. \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-6}  & DBN, Hybrid SVM-DBN & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[41]} & FFT & Fuzzy logic, Neural & \multirow{4}{*}{MSA} & \multirow{4}{*}{MATLAB} & Isolated words & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & 2 Arabic words. \\  & network & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[43]} & Filter bank, & GMM-HMM, & \multirow{4}{*}{MSA} & \multirow{4}{*}{HTK} & Continuous speech & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & 8-h Ajazeera broadcast, \\  & Neutral & HMM-GMM-Tandem, & \multirow{4}{*}{MSA} & \multirow{4}{*}{HTK} & Continuous speech & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{4}{*}{Computing Research Institute (QCRI) using an advanced transcription system [69].} \\  & network & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[44]} & MFCC & ANN & MSA & HTK & Isolated words & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & 3 Arabic letters of sa (\_), \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[45]} & MFCC, & \multirow{4}{*}{HMM} & MSA & \multirow{4}{*}{HTK} & Isolated words & Speaker \\  & RASTA-PL, & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & PNCC & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[47]} & DAE & HMM & MSA & CMU & Isolated words & Speaker \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & 15492 utterances from 12 speakers [70]. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[1]} & MFCC & CHMM & MSA & CMU & Continuous recognition & Speaker \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & MFCC & CNN, RNN & \multirow{4}{*}{MSA, Egyptian, Gulf} & CMU & Isolated words & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & A corpus covering multiple dialects and different accents. \\ \cline{1-1}  & MFCC, FFT, & \multirow{4}{*}{DTW, Genetic algorithm} & MSA & MATLAB & Isolated words & Speaker \\  & Filter Bank & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[50]} & N/A & HMM & MSA & HTK & Continuous speech & Speaker \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[51]} & N/A & N/A & MSA & CMU & Continuous speech & N/A & Broadcast news from As-Sabah TV. \\ \cline{1-1}  & N/A & N/A & MSA & CMU & Continuous speech & N/A & A 5.4-h speech corpus of MSA. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[52]} & N/A & N/A & MSA & CMU & Continuous speech & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{4}{*}{Tunisian dialect paired speech collection\" TuneSpeech\" \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[53]} & MFCC & DNN, RNN & Dialetcal Tunisian & KenLM & Continuous words & N/A &
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[54]} & N/A & HMM & MSA & CMU & Continuous speech & N/A & Broadcast news using MSA. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: \(Cont.\)