esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Materials and Methods  
Identifying the primary factors that trigger landslides is crucial for assessing landslide susceptibility. However, there is currently a lack of standardized methodologies to determine these vital factors [41; 42]. Our assessment framework for landslide susceptibility in Taxkorgan takes into account terrain, geomorphology, hydrology, climate change, and land use/cover, particularly sparse vegetation and low population density. We delineate fourteen potential landslide factors that are both static and dynamic: elevation, slope, topographic relief, aspect, Terrain Roughness Index (TRI), landform type, lithology, hydrogeology, LS factor, TWI, valley depth, distance to river, temperature, and precipitation (Figure 3). Initially, both static and dynamic factors were optimized; to achieve this, we applied the CF model and conducted susceptibility using the LR model to determine the key factors contributing to landslides. Subsequently, we calculated the spatial probability by generating a landslide map for 2020 with the LR model, which was validated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve methodology. Finally, we employed a statistical downscaling model to project future climate variables (temperature, rainfall, and snowfall) under the SSP1-2.6 scenario based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset [43]. The LR model was also utilized to forecast the landslide susceptibility of the years 2030 and 2060. Figure 3 illustrates the methodological approach used in this study in a flowchart.  
In this study, we conducted downscaling for the GLDAS dataset based on data from 10 observation stations to obtain climate variables for 1948-2020. Then, we simulated the temperature and precipitation for Taxkorgan from 2020 to 2100. This simulation was conducted using the SSP1-2.6 scenario and 27 climate models from the IPCC6 [43; 44]. The detailed calculation processes for the climate variables and the projected climate variables can be found in the literature [5; 6].  
The SSPs represent a crucial enhancement within the CMIP6 framework. The SSP1-2.6 scenario aims to limit the temperature trend below 2.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C per decade by 2060, driven by  
Figure 2: Climate change in the study area. (**a**) Previous climate change; (**b**) anticipated changes in climate (revised from the literature [5; 6]).  
national policy interventions; the SSP2-4.5 scenario predicts a temperature trend of approximately 2.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C per decade by 2030; and the SSP5-8.5 scenario illustrates an extreme case of no policy intervention [45]. Recently, countries worldwide have actively implemented energy-saving and emission-reduction policies in an effort to control the temperature trend below 2.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C per decade by 2060. Therefore, this paper focuses on predicting landslide susceptibility for the years 2030 and 2060 under the SSP1-2.6 scenario.
###### Abstract  
The shelf life of meat products is a critical factor in ensuring both consumer safety and product quality. Traditional methods for determining shelf life are labor-intensive and time-consuming, making it challenging for manufacturers to adapt to market demands. The accelerated shelf life testing (ASLT) methodology offers a viable solution by exposing products to controlled elevated conditions that simulate long-term storage, allowing for faster shelf life predictions. This study evaluates the ASLT methodology as a predictive tool for determining the shelf life of high-pressure (HPPP)-treated meat products. The present study includes experiments to verify the shelf life of frankfurter-type sausages under accelerated conditions. By simulating long-term storage at elevated temperatures (4-18 \({}^{\circ}\)C), a kinetic model was developed to monitor spoilage bacteria growth, with validation under dynamic temperature conditions. The results indicate that the main spoilage population of frankfurter-type sausages was lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which was strongly correlated with the total mesophilic microflora of the products. The findings show that elevated storage temperatures (8 and 18 \({}^{\circ}\)C) provide accurate shelf life predictions, offering an efficient approach to ensure product quality and meet consumer demands.  
frankfurter-type sausages; meat quality; microbial growth curves; temperature dependence; accelerated shelf life testing; high-pressure processing; kinetic model +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# Special Equipment Safety Supervision System Architecture Based on Blockchain Technology
## 5 Discussion
### The Shortcomings and Solutions  
Blockchain technology plays an important role in the system, but there is still something to be improved. Although the security, reliability, and efficiency of blockchain technology improve the feasibility of its implementation, its low tolerance mechanism for errors restricts the flexibility of user operation. The possible solutions include standardizing operating procedures, establishing a mechanism of cancelling wrong operations (deleting world state data), and adding fault-tolerant algorithms to the blockchain network. The support of Hyperledger Fabric for multiple data structures keeps the flexibility of data, but the efficiency of data mining in such a huge digital ledger will be affected. It is very important for the success of the system to optimize data mining methods and strengthen data standardization with meeting the requirements.  
In summary, it is basically certain that the proposed system architecture can meet the requirements for effectiveness and efficiency of the special equipment safety supervision system.
# mDARAL: A Multi-Radio Version for the DARAL Routing Algorithm
## 2 Routing Algorithms and Multi-Radio Techniques for WSN
Its neighbour nodes can connect to it using different roles, either as end nodes (ENs) or as virtual coordinators (VCs). Each VC is responsible for creating and maintaining a sub-network that is identified with a virtual identification (vID) as was described in [24]. A node will be treated as an EN when the link quality between it and its coordinator is higher than a certain threshold. If the quality is worse than this value, the node acquires the role of virtual coordinator, which will try to expand the network, creating a sub-network around it. Each VC can be connected to new ENs or VCs, producing a multi-level hierarchy of sub-networks. Therefore, the network is similar to a tree topology, where VCs are the element of a branch and ENs act as leaves in the tree. The dynamic role selection process (DSRP) is the most important aspect of the network formation. The appropriate number of VCs will depend on the scenario, so the threshold level is adaptable to each deployment. However, neither AODV, nor RPL, nor _DARAL_ are fully designed to be used under a high-density environment, like Smart Cities or even the IoT. The high spectrum occupancy requires new techniques in order to provide adaptability to the network environment [25; 26]. As it was described in [27], new radio developments are based on multi-radio systems, where a radio senses its electromagnetic environment and can dynamically adjust some of its parameters to improve the communication, which leads to a dynamic environment where the routing process acquires a great complexity. The nodes need to be aware not only of their neighbouring initial conditions but also of their current status. New routing protocols need to be developed in order to provide this functionality. As it has been previously described, the actual routing algorithms have some drawbacks in terms of efficient convergence time, optimized energy consumption and minimal control overhead during the network set-up phase. Therefore, we propose an improvement of the _DARAL_ routing algorithm which takes advantage of multi-radio and multi-channel techniques selection in order to maximize the throughput of the network, maintaining or even improving the convergence time, energy consumption and control overhead during the set-up phase of the network.
# Efficient Transcoding and Encryption for Live 360 CCTV System
## 2 Related Work
### The 360 Video Standard in MPEG  
In the 116 th MPEG meeting, the MPEG-I group was established and organized to provide the support for immersive media. They began the support project for immersive media by releasing standards related to the format of immersive, and omnidirectional video in 2017 [5]. Figure 2 shows the standardization roadmap of MPEG. MPEG-I group divided the standardization into three phases [6] with some terminologies such as High Dynamic Range (HDR), Media Linking Application Format (MLAF), Common Media Application Format (CMAF) and Descriptors for Video Analysis (CDVA). One of them aims to provide 360 video contents including projection, video coding, and stitching.  
The 360 video is mapped into a sphere and then mapped to the 2D plane for transmitting that is known as projection. The omnidirectional media format (OMAF) [7] addressed the standards for omnidirectional 360 video that includes projection types such as cubemap projection (CMP), equirectangular projection (ERP), adjusted cubemap projection (ACP), octahedron projection (OHP), rotated sphere projection (RSP), and segmented sphere projection (SSP).  
According to the definition of projection types, ERP projection is the most popular and widely used format for representing 360 videos. It makes the projection to the video on the sphere into the rectangular 2D plane, as shown in Figure 3a. As top and bottom pixels areas mapped in the sphere are overlapped during projection into 2D rectangular plane, there are some distortions in those areas.  
Figure 2: Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) standardization roadmap.  
As shown in Figure 3b, the CMP projection is widely used nowadays for 360 video coding with six square faces. By inscribing the sphere with 360 videos in a regular hexahedron, each face is projected into a square. In some cases, it can reduce the size of the video compared to the ERP projection. However, there are some distortions on each edge of the squares. Because CMP projection samples the pixels non-uniformly, the video with CMP projection inefficiently represents the sphere.  
As shown in Figure 4, the areas closer to the cube side edges are more densely sampled. Therefore, ACP projection was developed to overcome the explained problems. It can process approximately uniform sphere sampling while preserving the packing scheme.  
The function shown in Equation (1)  
\[f(x)=sgn(x)\frac{0.34-\sqrt{0.34^{2}-0.09\left|x\right|}}{0.18} \tag{1}\]  
modifies the lookup vectors, which are used in 2D to 3D conversion. For 3D to 2D conversion, the inverse function of Equation (2) is used when modifying the lookup vectors:  
\[g(x)=sgn(x)(-0.36x^{2}+1.36\left|x\right|) \tag{2}\]  
Consequently, ACP projection enlarges the center of the cubemap in CMP, as shown in Figure 5. Figure 5b shows that ACP can make the center of the image become larger when compared to CMP, while CMP focuses on the overall image, as shown in Figure 5a.  
Figure 4: Cubemap sampling.  
Figure 3: (a) Equirectangular projection; and (b) cubemap projection.
# A Carbon Benefits-Based Signal Control Method in a Connected Environment
## 5 Evaluation
### Experiment Design
#### 5.1.3 Tested Model  
This study conducted tests on two signal control methods: the fixed signal control method and the proposed method. Details are as follows.  
Fixed Signal Control Method (Base): In this scenario, the signal control scheme operates on fixed, predetermined signal timings. This method serves as a baseline to illustrate the necessity of optimization.  
The Proposed Method: In this scenario, the traffic consists of a mix of CBCVs and non-CBCVs. CBCVs are guided in coordination with the traffic signals. When the proportion of CBCVs is 0, the proposed method is equivalent to an adaptive signal control method.
## Chiral \(\beta\)-Amino Alcohols as Ligands for the  
**Ruthenium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of \(N\)-Phosphinyl Ketimines**  
**[PERSON], [PERSON] * and [PERSON] * Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Sintesis Organica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain**  
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.Y.); Tel.: +34-9-6590-3548; Fax: +34-9-6590-3549.  
_Received: 1 November 2011; in revised form: 22 December 2011 / Accepted: 28 December 2011 / Published: 9 January 2012_  
**Abstract:** Some chiral \(\beta\)-amino alcohols have been evaluated as potential ligands for the ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of \(N\)-phosphinyl kestimines in isopropyl alcohol. The ruthenium complex prepared from [RuCl\({}_{2}\)(\(p\)-cymene)]\({}_{2}\) and (1\(S\),2\(R\))-1-amino-2-indanol has shown to be an efficient catalyst for the ATH of several \(N\)-(diphenylphosphinyl)imines, affording the reduction products in very good isolated yields and enantiomeric excesses up to 82%. The inherent rigidity of the indane ring system present in the ligand seems to be very important to achieve good enantioselectivities.  
**Keywords:**\(N\)-(diphenylphosphinyl)imine; asymmetric transfer hydrogenation; ruthenium catalyst; \(\beta\)-amino alcohol; isopropyl alcohol
## 3 Results
### Prama  
The EDX spectrum of the Prama system is shown in Figure 1b.  
Even in this case, the dominant signal of titanium is observed, meaning it is titanium cp (commercially pure titanium) and very likely grade 4 titanium. Figure 4a-c was obtained in backscattered mode and the comments are similar to the previous ones reported for the Syra implant: the surface is very clean and free from significant contamination. For Figure 4d-f, obtained in conventional mode, all the considerations just explained apply both for the collar and for the roughened area which has plastic deformation from visible sandblasting observed at low magnifications, while micro-structure deformation due to double attack with acid can also be easily observed at greater magnifications. Even in this case, such as for Syra, sandblasting using zirconium oxide took place according to the same ZirTi process.  
Note that in this case the collar had a gold color which was obtained by an anodizing process. This coloring, which does not involve the addition of pigments or additives, is obtained by means of an electrochemical process which promotes the growth of the surface titanium oxide layer, transparent per se, up to a thickness of the order of 50-200 nm, and is the cause of the formation of interference colors. The thickness of the oxide surface layer is controlled by the potential difference applied in the electrochemical process. In this case, a voltage suitable for the formation of gold coloring was applied as a result of an oxide surface layer of about 100-120 nm thick. As visible in the images of the collar, the process did not involve significant alterations to the surface topography which remained substantially similar to that of a machined implant.  
Additionally, in this case, the color-scale elaborations of different areas of the surface are provided (Figure 3). Table 2 shows the roughness values obtained.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Zone** & **Sa (\(\mu\)m)** & **Sz (\(\mu\)m)** & **Sdr\%** \\ \hline Syra—Coronal & 0.9 & 10.38 & 31.7 \\ Syra—Central & 0.82 & 8.58 & 29.2 \\ Syra—Apical & 0.72 & 7.13 & 29.9 \\ Syra—Collar & 0.79 & 7.14 & 17.7 \\ Prama—Coronal & 0.9 & 9.46 & 51.9 \\ Prama—Central & 0.96 & 9.38 & 46.4 \\ Prama—Apical & 0.95 & 8.6 & 49.9 \\ Prama—Collar & 1.12 & 9.25 & 27.8 \\
3i T3—Coronal & 0.38 & 4.79 & 32 \\
3i T3—Central & 2.67 & 19.45 & 59.8 \\ Shard—Coronal & 0.55 & 6.08 & 31.3 \\ Shard—Central & 0.54 & 5.61 & 32.7 \\ Shard—Apical & 0.72 & 6.2 & 33.4 \\ Nobel Pearl—Collar & 0.37 & 3.55 & 16.4 \\ Nobel Pearl—Central & 0.4 & 4.16 & 33.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The table summarizes all the surface roughness data obtained for the implants analyzed in their coronal, central, and apical portion and in their collar if differently treated compared to the implant coronal portion.
# Weighted-CAPIC Caching Algorithm for Priority Traffic in Named Data Network
## 2 Named Data Network (NDN)  
Named Data Network (NDN) is one of the candidates for future internet architecture because it offers a more efficient communication mechanism than the current internet (TCP/IP). The network must adaptively support various technological development and various consumer characteristics. Unlike NDN, which has these features naturally, the internet today (TCP/IP) requires many additional mechanisms or protocols to support multiple evolved applications [10]. IP networks add some mechanisms to maintain end-to-end connections and map the data with a specific address. On an IP network, the consumer sends a request for content to a particular server. This request message contains the address of the server. Therefore, the response to this consumer request is only made by a server with a specific address.  
NDN has two types of packet: an interest packet containing a consumer's request and a data packet containing the information as a response to the interest packet. Every node on NDN has three components, namely Content Store (CS), Pending Interest Table (PIT), and Forwarding Information Based (FIB) [11]. When an NDN router node receives an interest message containing a content request from customers, the node checks its content store (CS) for whether the node has the requested data in its cache. If the content exists in the router, it will be sent directly to the consumer. If not, then the router node will continue to check its PIT and update this request's information. The router will add information about the face from which the request came. The router also writes the requested content's name if this data does not exist before in the PIT. If there is no previous information about the requested content on the PIT, then the interest message will be forwarded to another node based on the information in the FIB. The information on FIB contains the next hop to reach the other node with content.  
Content storage is a limited resource in NDN. Even if we can provide high memory due to the affordable price, using too large memory on the router node will cause high processing time and poor system performance. Therefore, it is essential to regulate the mechanism in the content store to obtain optimal performance.
# A Method for Generation of a Sizing System and Representative Models for a Facial Mask Design
## 1 Introduction
oxygen mask for Republic of Korea Air Force (KAF) pilots is required to be designed based on the facial data of KAF pilots. However, the MBU-20/P designed based on USAF pilots does not appropriately accommodate KAF pilots due to the anthropometric difference of the face between USAF and KAF populations [5]. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [5] identified that KAF male pilots showed significantly longer face length (\(\overline{d}=4.7\) mm), narrower lip width (\(\overline{d}=-2.4\) mm), and wider nasal root breadth (\(\overline{d}=5.2\) mm) on average than USAF male personnel. A survey by [PERSON] [18] on the usability of the MBU-20/P mask conducted with 490 KAF pilots identified that 68% of KAF pilots had experienced significant discomfort from excessive pressure and/or oxygen leakage around the nasal root due to a lack of fit to the KAF pilots' faces. 3D facial models representing each sizing category in a sizing system have been utilized for the design of facial masks. Representative models are commonly used in designing a product having multiple sizes [3; 4; 6; 7; 19; 20; 21]. For example, [PERSON] et al. [22] generated five representative 3D head models to design a respirator based on their sizing system shown in Figure 1a. [PERSON] et al. [23] designed an industrial respiratory mask of three sizes (small, medium, and large) for Korean industry workers using 3D representative head models identified based on facial measurement data of Korean faces. Lastly, [PERSON] [24] created ten representative headforms for use in designing head-related products for the Chinese population based on the Size China anthropometric survey conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25]. This study introduces ergonomic considerations (e.g., ease-of-use, ease-of-management, economic efficiency, accommodation ratio and representativeness) and practical strategies for designing a sizing system and representative face models (RFMs) based on facial anthropometric measurements with a case study on the MBU-20/P oxygen mask for KAF pilots. A new sizing system of the MBU-20/P for KAF pilots having six sizing categories was initially created based on the anthropometric facial measurements of KAF pilots. Then, the initial sizing system was modified by considering the usability and economic efficiency of the sizing system. The number of sizing categories and accommodation range of each sizing category were determined by a panel of discussion with ergonomists and stakeholders of KAF. RFMs showing better representativeness were derived by applying weighted sum of Euclidean distance (WSED) and normalized Euclidean distance (NED) suggested in this study.
## 3 Results and Discussion
As can be seen in Figure 4, we could measure the differentiable optical density signal of TSH as low as 0.001 ng/mL which would not be in the measurable range of conventional ELISA. In general, the detection of TSH in a low range needs a highly sensitive detection modality. Furthermore, the process of labeling in order to increase its sensitivity should be carefully considered. In this study, we could detect TSH antigen as low as 0.026 ng/mL using the normal ELISA. However, when we use our developed ELISA method using the plastic membrane, the observed detection limit was measured to be 0.001 ng/mL. This sensitivity is comparable to other relatively high technology and luminescence based detection methods [11]. Figure 2: Changes in calibration linearity against different concentrations of IgG. Under conditions of (**a**) APTES incubation times of 30–150 min, (**b**) the amount of Glutaraldehyde, (**c**) pH of 6.2 and 7.2, and (**d**) different storage days from one to 28 days.
# Hybrid Adaptive Controller Design with Hysteresis Compensator for a Piezo-Actuated Stage
###### Abstract  
Piezo-actuated stage (P-AS) has become the topic of considerable interest in the realm of micro/nanopositioning technology in the recent years owing to its advantages, such as high positioning accuracy, high response speed, and large output force. However, rate-dependent (RD) hysteresis, which is an inherent nonlinear property of piezoelectric materials, considerably restricts the application of P-AS. In this research paper, we develop a Hammerstein model to depict the RD hysteresis of P-AS. An improved differential evolution algorithm and a least-squares algorithm are used to identify the static hysteresis sub-model and the dynamic linear sub-model for the Hammerstein model, respectively. Then, a hysteresis compensator based on the inverse Bouc-Wen model is designed to compensate for the static hysteresis of the P-AS. However, the inevitable modeling error presents a hurdle to the hysteresis compensation. In addition, external factors, such as environmental noise and measurement errors, affect the control accuracy. To overcome these complications, a hybrid adaptive control approach based on the hysteresis compensator is adopted to increase the control accuracy. The closed-loop system stability is analyzed with the help of the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, experimental results indicate that the raised control approach is effective for the accurate positioning of P-AS.  
piezo-actuated stages; rate-dependent hysteresis; hysteresis compensator; hybrid adaptive control 2022