esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 7 Access and Use of Polar Remote Sensing Data
For the uninitiated, metadata are data about data; in theory, all of the information a user would need to be able to fully utilize the data is provided. For remote sensing data, this can include geographic coverage, type of sensor, date of collection, description of processing level and perhaps what that entails and much, much more. Metadata creates an entire discussion into itself! Good metadata increase the life of data (as discussed with historical aerial photography), make data more searchable (especially in the case of diffuse data sets, also mentioned above) and explain the data, such that users apply it properly to their scientific or operational problems. Metadata quality varies hugely and can be all the difference in a researcher's shared output (e.g., a DEM of a particular glacier created from WorldView imagery) being used or not. Large data providers have challenges to face in terms of standardizing across a large portfolio, but metadata are usually significantly more complete from institutions, as compared to individuals. The rise of the data journal (e.g., _Earth Systems Science Data_ or Nature Publishing Group's _Scientific Data_) both encourages and rewards individual PIs to describe and distribute their datasets by giving them citable publications. Indeed, NSIDC is not the only place which can house polar data; the Polar Information Commons ([[http://www.polarcommons.org/](http://www.polarcommons.org/)]([http://www.polarcommons.org/](http://www.polarcommons.org/))) is a project to \"serve as an open, virtual repository for vital scientific data and information and would provide a shared, community-based cyber-infrastructure fostering innovation, improved scientific understanding, and encourage participation in research, education, planning, and management in the polar regions\". However, both remote sensing and polar research have their own challenges in data sharing, whether international open data policies, file format or comprehensive description. Through the most recent International Polar Year (2007-2009), the community has begun to identify both success and failures (e.g., [175]), which can be taken forward for polar Earth observation data management and cyberinfrastructure into the future.
# Recent Advances in the Growth and Characterizations of SILAR-Deposited Thin Films
## 2 Metal Sulfide Thin Films
### Tin Sulfide Films  
The n-type tin (IV) sulfide or tin disulfide (SnS\({}_{2}\)) films were synthesized onto various types of substrates. The XRD confirmed that the nanocrystalline grain growth and amorphous structure could be detected in silicon (Si) (111) substrate and glass substrate, respectively. The band gap was 2.6 eV while electrical resistivity was 10\({}^{3}\)\(\Omega\cdot\)cm [26]. The triethanolamine (TEA) was used to produce tin (II) sulfide (SnS) films onto glass substrates. It was very clear that the band gap value reduced when the particle size andmolar concentration of TEA increased during the experiment [27]. The SnS films were synthesized by using tin (II) chloride or stannous chloride (SnCl\({}_{2}\)) and ammonium sulfide ((NH\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)S) [28]. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies revealed that several peaks (602.48 cm\({}^{-1}\), 1094.78 cm\({}^{-1}\), 1380.64 cm\({}^{-1}\), 1630.76 cm\({}^{-1}\), and 2364.41 cm\({}^{-1}\)) could be observed because of the unique characteristics of the films. The nanostructured SnS films (thickness = 0.2 \(\upmu\)m) were produced onto indium tin oxide-coated glass (ITO) substrate by using Na\({}_{2}\)S (sodium sulfide) and SnO\({}_{4}\) (tin (II) sulfate or stannous sulfate) solutions [29]. The obtained films showed high absorption in the visible area (ultraviolet (UV)-visible transmission spectrum), were rich in tin elements (EDX studies), and indicated sharp peaks at 680 and 825 nm (photoluminescence spectrum). There was growth of thin films (Equation (1)) by using SnCl\({}_{2}\) and Na\({}_{2}\)S under 40 deposition cycles, as reported by [PERSON] and co-workers [30]. As highlighted in the XRD studies, the lattice parameters were a = 4.07 A, b = 4.13 A, and c = 11.45 A, respectively. Raman spectroscopy indicated the SnS phase without any secondary phase.  
\[\text{SnCl}_{2}+\text{Na}_{2}\text{S}\rightarrow\text{SnS}+2\text{NaCl} \tag{1}\]  
The complexing agent (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTAA)) was employed during the formation of SnS films at room temperature [31] by using a tin (II) nitrate (Sn(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)) solution and Na\({}_{2}\)S solution, as indicated in Figure 1. The band gap reduced (2.31 to 2.09 eV) when the molar concentration of EDTA increased from 0.05 to 0.2 M.
## 4 Specification of the Information System  
The resulting customer interaction during configuration is depicted in the use case diagram in Figure 3. Besides choosing slots and bricks, the customer should furthermore be able to change or reset a choice or the whole configuration as such at each point of the configuration process. In order to keep the configuration process flexible, it should not matter in which sequence the slots are selected by the user.  
The abstraction of the design problem to a configuration problem results in a first set of four domains _SLOT1_... _SLOT4_ representing the slots with their respective alternatives. A second set of four domains _BRICK1_... _BRICK4_ contains the representation of all brick variants.  
Figure 3: Use case diagram for customer interaction.  
Figure 2: Configurable toy sorting box with according brick variants.  
As constraints, _inequality_ of _SLOT1_, _SLOT2_, _SLOT3_ and _SLOT4_ to each other is expressed by bidirectional constraints. The bidirectionality leads to the fact that it later does not matter which value must be set first and which must be propagated afterwards. Additionally, _equalities_ between the slots and the corresponding bricks are introduced. A special feature of the configuration tool is the template definition of four predefined colors. Therefore, an auxiliary domain _TEMPLATE_ is created that contains the template configurations. This constraint is only to be propagated if three slot domains, independently which of them, have an assigned value, otherwise the constraint is relaxed. The resulting constraint network is depicted in Figure 4.  
In order to avoid hardcoding of domains, variables and constraints, domain and constraint lists should be stored externally and so be easily updateable and extendable. After starting the configuration tool, the first step is that domain and constraint lists are loaded from this repository and the constraint network is established automatically in the blackboard of the configuration tool (Figure 5).  
The system then waits for user inputs and adds all involved constraints linked to the changed domain to a queue. As long as the queue is not empty, the solver sequentially propagates and deletes the next constraint in the queue. Afterwards, in order to apply local consistency, the system checks whether neighboring domains have been affected. If so,  
Figure 4: Constraint network for the sorting box configuration problem.  
Figure 5: Activity diagram for constraint handling.  
again the involved constraints are added to the end of the queue. After the queue has been completely processed, the solution set is output.
## 1 Introduction
This work aims to apply a combined process of adsorption onto GAC and the Fenton reaction to achieve superior results compared to the individual techniques of adsorption and Fenton oxidation. The innovation of this study is found in the concurrent application of these techniques for caffeine removal, which not only enhances caffeine removal efficiency but also improves adsorbent regeneration and minimizes the production of oxidation byproducts. Initially, adsorption was employed to maximize the removal of caffeine in an aqueous solution. Subsequently, the Fenton reaction was applied within the adsorption system to degrade the remaining caffeine in the solution and regenerate the saturated adsorbent. Additionally, this process aids in removing the oxidation byproducts of the solution through their adsorption onto the GAC. The processes were studied separately using the response surface methodology to assess the significance of the interaction of the parameters and to optimize the conditions of the techniques to obtain the values most suitable for the combined process [41]. Once the optimal conditions had been determined, a simultaneous process of adsorption and Fenton oxidation was applied to the caffeine solution in order to, besides mitigating the pollutant, improve the process to achieve a reduction in the concentration of the degradation byproducts (which are sometimes more toxic than the initial organic molecule) and facilitate GAC regeneration. In a nutshell, this work is a comprehensive study that carries three main implications when combining the Fenton reaction with adsorption to treat caffeine-contaminated water: (I) enhanced removal efficiency, as the synergistic effect of adsorption onto GAC and the Fenton reaction proves to be more effective than individual techniques; (II) efficient regeneration of the adsorbent, achieved through the Fenton reaction's ability to degrade the organic molecules present on the adsorption sites; and (III) minimization of oxidation byproducts in the solution that may be toxic, facilitated by their absorption onto GAC.
## 3 Methodology
### Data Pre-Processing
#### 3.1.1 Calculation Distance between Transmitter and Receiver  
To calculate the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, the values of latitude and longitude captured were inserted into the Haversine equation (Equation(1)) as an input parameter for the loss model of propagation [24].  
\[d=2\,\mathrm{arcsin}\Big{(}\sqrt{\sin^{2\big{(}\frac{\mathcal{P}_{2}-\mathcal{ P}_{1}}{2}\big{)}+\cos(\varphi_{1})\cos(\varphi_{2})\sin^{2}\big{(}\frac{ \lambda_{2}-\lambda_{4}}{2}\big{)}}}\Big{)}. \tag{1}\]  
where \(d\) is the distance between two points in meters; \(r\) is the radius of the earth in meters (6,371,000 m); \(\varphi_{1}\) and \(\varphi_{2}\) represent the latitudes of point 1 and point 2, respectively; \(\lambda_{1}\) and \(\lambda_{2}\) represent the longitudes of point 1 and point 2, respectively.
## 3 Results
### Number of Days in Hospital and MPV Relationship  
Regarding the relationship between MPV and the number of days of hospitalization in HF patients, in our study, the results showed that a higher MPV was associated with a higher number of days of hospitalization. This phenomenon was demonstrated by applying the linear regression model, the estimated coefficients for which can be found in the table below (Table 4).  
From the data in the table above, we observe the following: (1) an R-square of 0.038 means that 3.8% of the variation in hospitalization days is explained by variation in the MPV value; (2) the coefficient for MPV is 0.8118, which means that when MPV increases by one unit, the number of days of hospitalization increases, on average, by 0.81 days; (3) the fact that the \(p\)-value associated with the coefficient for MPV is 0.002 means that we are not wrong when we say that an increased value of MPV is associated with a higher number of days of hospitalization. This phenomenon is also exemplified in the figure below in which the linear relationship between MPV and the number of days of hospitalization is represented, where a dot represents a patient described by the MPV value and the number of days of hospitalization. From the graphic representation (Figure 9), we can observe that there was a slight tendency for the number of days of hospitalization to increase as the MPV value increased.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dep.** & **No\_Days\_** & **R-Squared:** & **0.038** & \\
**Variable:** & **Hospitalization** & **R-Squared:** & **0.035** & \\ \hline Model: & OLS & Adj. R-squared: & 0.035 & & \\ Method: & Least Squares & F-statistic: & 10.28 & & \\  & & Prob (F-statistic): & 0.00151 & & \\ No. Observations: & 260 & AIC: & 1319 & & \\ \hline  & coef & std err & T & \(p>1\) t i & [0.025 & 0.975] \\ \hline Intercept & \(-0.0349\) & 2.27 & \(-0.015\) & 0.988 & \(-4.505\) & 4.436 \\ MPV & 0.8118 & 0.253 & 3.206 & 0.002 & 0.313 & 1.31 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The relationship between MPV and the number of days of hospitalization explained by the linear regression model in patients with HF.  
Figure 9: Relationship between MPV and number of days of hospitalization in HF patients.
## 3 Test Results and Analysis
### Surface Resistivity  
Figures 4 and 5 present the test relationship of the desulfurization slag content (DS) and curing time (\(t\)) on the surface resistivity of the CLSM. The most influential factor affecting the surface resistivity is the compactness of the internal structure of the test piece. When the internal structure has fewer pores, the denser the test piece, the higher the relative resistivity and the better the durability. As shown in Figure 4, the surface resistivity increases with the increase in age. The surface resistivity increases from 9.3% to 20.6% when the curing age is from seven days to 28 days in each DS replacement ratio. It grew by 17.6-41.2% from 28 days to 56 days and grew by 17.6-39.2% from 56 days to 91 days. Compared with the surface resistivity development of the 28-day value, it is most significant at the age of 28 to 56 days. The possible reason is that the hydration of the CLSM is completed at a late age, which increases the percentage of the resistivity value growth.  
As shown in Figure 5, the surface resistivity of the 10% DS-replaced fine aggregate was slightly lower than the control group by 0.2 k\(\Omega\)-cm at 28 days of curing age, and the resistivity development at other ages can be higher than the control group by 5.3-21.7%. The surface resistivity of the DS replacement ratio of 20% is similar to the control group at the early curing ages of one, three, and seven days, and the difference is within 0.3 k\(\Omega\)-cm. After 28 days of age, the resistivity is lower than 0.5-1.5 k\(\Omega\)-cm compared with the control group; after the replacement ratio is greater than 30%, the surface resistivity decreases with the increase of the replacement ratio, and it is lower 28.3-41.3% than the control group at the curing age of seven days, where the surface resistivity decreases by 30.4-39.3% at the curing age of 28 days, and the difference is 33-42% at the curing age of 91 days.  
Figure 4: The relationship between the curing age and surface resistivity of the CLSM.  
The reason is that the increase in the amount of substitution causes the moisture content in the test specimen to increase, and the compactness of the test specimen is relatively lowered, which is relatively affected by the development of the durability. The resistivity of the control group and the 10% to 20% substitution group and the 30% to 50% substitution group can be increased to more than 5 k\(\Omega\)-cm at 28 days and 91 days as compared with the general concrete age of 56 days. The resistivity of the control group and the 10% to 20% replacement group and the 30% to 50% replacement group can be increased to more than 5 k\(\Omega\)-cm at the age of 28 days to 91 days. However, compared with the 56-day curing age of ordinary concrete, the required surface resistivity is 20 k\(\Omega\)-cm, and the surface resistivity of CLSMs is still much lower, due to the high water-binder ratio and the replacement of DS of the CLSMs that do not need to be compacted, and results in more pores in the hydration process. This affects the development of durability indirectly.
## 3 Mission and Reliability Driven Fleet Selective Maintenance Planning Two-Stage Method
### A Two-Stage Method Considering Multiple Optimization Objectives and Maintenance Time Constraints
The N subsystems of each equipment in the fleet need to complete maintenance operations, that is, each equipment needs to go through N maintenance processes in turn. The above two parts of the problem can be solved by heuristic algorithm, respectively, and a nondominated solution set aiming at maximizing mission satisfied capability and minimizing maintenance cost is obtained. The solution set is further evaluated by maintenance hours to obtain the best alternative maintenance strategy and the corresponding optimal maintenance schedule. Combined with other known information, maintenance support elements such as maintenance resources can also be given.
# Influence of Magnetic Field on Amplification without Inversion Induced by a Femtosecond Pulse Train
## 4 Conclusions  
In conclusion, the \({}^{87}\)Rb theory model was adopted, without loss generality, to investigate the AWI system induced by the fs pulse train with the presence of the magnetic field. By comparing the variation of AWI with and without the magnetic field, the theoretical analysis indicates that the gain of the system can be enhanced and modulated because of the contribution of the magnetic field. Furthermore, the effects of the pulse number, pulse repetition period, and pulse area on the AWI were also studied. The results show that the enhancement of AWI can be controlled by these parameters, while the enhancement due to the magnetic field remains significant. Therefore, in the atomic system, one can use not only the parameters of the fs pulse train to manipulate quantum states to perform modulation of the gain but also the assistance of the magnetic field. This result indicates an additional parameter to modulate such an AWI system.  
Conceptualization, Q.J. and B.L.; Data curation, Q.J. and R.M.; Formal analysis, Q.J., R.M. and B.L.; Funding acquisition, B.L.; Investigation: Q.J. and R.M.; Methodology, Q.J., R.M. and B.L.; Resources, T.J. and B.L.; Software: Q.J. and R.M.; Supervision: T.J. and B.L.; Validation: Q.J., T.J. and B.L.; Visualization, Q.J. and R.M.; Writing--original draft, Q.J.; Writing--review and editing, T.J. and B.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (61771067).  
Not applicable.  
Figure 7: Evolution of the maximum gain \(\text{Im}\rho_{21}\) and the corresponding population inversion with the number of pulses for levels \(|1\rangle\) and \(|2\rangle\) at different pulse areas (\(\theta=\pi/4,\ \pi/8,\ \pi/15\)) when (**a**,**b**) \(\text{B }=100\) G and (**c**,**d**) \(\text{B }=0\) G. In the above figures, \(T_{R}=2.8\) ns.
# An Overview on Denial-of-Service Attacks in Control Systems: Attack Models and Security Analyses
## 5 An Overview of Attack-Resilient Control and Communication Techniques
### Resilient Communication Techniques
#### 5.2.3 Design of Routing Protocols to Ensure Security Against DoS  
As discussed in [94; 95], denial-of-service can be a big problem in the delivery of packets in multi-hop networks. To increase the resilience of multi-hop networks against attacks, several works proposed routing protocols. In particular, for the case of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), where the network topology is time-varying, the authors of [12; 96; 97] developed routing protocols that can avoid certain attacks. In the protocol developed in [12], each node keeps a list of weights for its communication links, and these weights are utilized for detecting faulty/attacked links and discovering reliable communication paths. [PERSON] et al. [96] showed that authentication based techniques with cryptographic certificates can be utilized for detection of malicious and faulty nodes. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [97] proposed a routing mechanism that is based on identifying potentially cooperating malicious nodes that launch blackhole attacks in a multi-hop network. In the context of multi-hop networked control, the detection of malicious nodes and their isolation is explored in [45; 46].  
We note that, in addition to the attack-resilient control and communication techniques discussed above, there are also a few works that focus on denial-of-service attack detection in control systems. In particular, the authors of [63; 98] discussed threshold-based attack detection mechanisms, and the analysis of transmission failure patterns to distinguish strategic attacks and non-malicious failures was explored by [PERSON] et al. [26]. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [99] recently considered methods from information technologies for detecting and mitigating distributed DoS attacks against networked control systems.
## 2 Related Work  
### Preliminaries  
In this paper, let \(U=\left\{u_{1},u_{2},\ldots,u_{\mu}\right\}\), \(T=\left\{t_{1},t_{2},\ldots,t_{\tau}\right\}\), and \(P=\left\{p_{1},p_{2},\ldots,p_{\rho}\right\}\) denote the set of users, timestamps, and candidate POIs, where \(\mu,\tau\), and \(\rho\) denote the number of users, timestamps, and number of POIs, respectively.  
Let \(R=\left\{r_{1},r_{2},\ldots,r_{\gamma}\right\}\) and \(C=\left\{c_{1},c_{2},\ldots,c_{\varsigma}\right\}\) denote the sets of region and category levels of the POIs, where \(\gamma\) and \(\varsigma\) denote the number of regions and number of category levels of the POIs, respectively.  
Let \(G=\left\{\left(r_{i},c_{j}\right),r_{i}\in R,c_{j}\in C\right\}\) denote the set of groups. Each POI (\(p_{k}\in P\)) is represented by a unique group \(\left(r_{i},c_{j}\right)\).  
Based on the above symbols, the following concepts are introduced:  
Category levels of the POIs: an integer representing the proportion of the check-in frequency by the target user for different categories relative to the frequency of the total check-ins by the target user;  
Region of POIs: a two-tuple vector, consisting of the latitude and longitude of the POI;  
Group of POIs: A bunch of POIs with the same region and category levels. Each POI is assigned to one and only one group;  
Check-in record: A check-in record is represented as \(ck=\left(u,p,t\right)\in U\times P\times T\), which represents a check-in record of the user (\(u\)) on the POI (\(p\)) at the timestamp (\(t\)). Since each POI is assigned to a group, the check-in can also be expressed with a tuple \(\left(u,r,c,t\right)\). All check-in activities created by the user (\(u\in U\)) form a check-in sequence (\(CK_{u}=\left\{ck_{u}^{1},ck_{u}^{2},ck_{u}^{3},\ldots\ldots\right\}\)), where \(ck_{u}^{l}\) represents the l-th check-in record of the user (\(u\)).
# Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Bioceramic Materials in Endodontics
## 4 Bioceramic Endodontic Sealers
### MTA Fillapex  
MTA Fillapex (Angelus Solucoes Odontologicas, Londrina, PR, Brazil) is a calcium silicate-based sealer with a high pH and calcium ion release ability [5]. The composition of MTA Fillapex after mixing includes mineral trioxide aggregate, salicate resin, natural resin, bismuth, silica, and lead. The ion release of lead from fresh samples of MTA Fillapex has been reported to induce cytotoxicity to mammalian cells [10]. However, the cytotoxicity can be significantly reduced after the material is set [10]. The most previous MTA Fillapex studies have used _E. faecalis_ to analyze its antimicrobial activity [72]. Due to the different methodologies, different microbial strains and experimental settings, the conclusions about the antimicrobial activity of MTA Fillapex have been heterogeneous. Some studies have shown that MTA Fillapex had lower antimicrobial efficacy than BioRoot RCS or AH-Plus against planktonic _E. faecalis_[47; 69; 73]. Other studies showed MTA Fillapex exhibited higher antimicrobial and antib Biofilm activities in comparison with other sealers [64; 74]. Similar to other endodontic sealers, MTA Fillapex may lose some of its antimicrobial activity over time. [PERSON] et al. [75] showed that freshly mixed MTA Fillapex did not maintain antimicrobial activity after setting against _E. faecalis_ using a direct contact test. Cytotoxicity has been reported from previous biocompatibility studies on MTA Fillapex [76]. The presence of salicate resin in MTA Fillapex could explain its cytotoxicity and the salicate resin may also play a role in killing _E. faecalis_, which can survive in alkaline environments [77; 78].