esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Implementation and Evaluation
### Traffic Information
When the PES is compared indirectly with the Sensys VDS from the traffic volume and speed accuracy viewpoints, PES shows better performance. If we consider measurement (volume count or speed) accuracy for each QN (15-Minute Quarter Number) with volume count (an index of traffic density) in the Ground Truth (GT) column in Table 7, it is difficult because the performances of both systems are highly dependent on traffic density. However, for a fairer comparison, Sensys VDS and PES need to be deployed in the same site in order to measure the traffic information of the same vehicles and evaluated by the same reference instrument. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c||}{**11-19 September 2006**} & \multicolumn{6}{c|}{**PES, 18 April 2010**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{**Sensys VDS[39]**} & \multicolumn{6}{c|}{**N1**} \\ \cline{2-10} \multirow{2}{*}{QN\({}^{(1)}\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Count} & Abs. & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Count} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Abs.} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Count} & Abs. \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Court} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Error} & \multirow{2}{*}{QN\({}^{(1)}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{PES} & Error & \multirow{2}{*}{QN\({}^{(1)}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{GT\({}^{(3)}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{PES} & Error & \multirow{2}{*}{QN\({}^{(1)}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{GT\({}^{(3)}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{PES} & Error \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{GT\({}^{(2)}\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{VDS} & (\%) & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & 218 & 209 & 4.1 & P1 & 187 & 187 & 0.0 & P1 & 149 & 148 & 0.7 \\  & 2 & 228 & 234 & 2.6 & P2 & 170 & 169 & 0.6 & P2 & 167 & 167 & 0.0 \\  & 2 & 213 & 217 & 1.9 & P3 & 175 & 173 & 1.1 & P3 & 184 & 181 & 1.6 \\  & 4 & 248 & 242 & 2.4 & P4 & 189 & 188 & 0.5 & P
###### Abstract  
The main objective of this paper is to explore if the JT/ST algebraic relationship could be helpful for the identification of ischemic changes in the human cardiovascular system. The suggested visualization technique highlights the specifics of complex dynamical processes in the self-organization of the heart system during the load and recovery processes. It is demonstrated that the nonlinear algebraic relationship between the duration of the JT interval and the ST amplitude can be beneficial for a deeper interpretation of dynamical processes in the human cardiovascular system. The JT/ST relationship is used for the identification of the ischemic changes and for the characterization of individual performance of the person during the load and recovery processes.  
electrocardiography; cycle ergometry; ischemic heart disease +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
the JT interval varies between 160 ms and 360 ms. It is well known that the prolonged QT interval predicts cardiac mortality [4; 5]. However, the JT interval is proposed as a more appropriate measure of the duration of the ventricular repolarization than the QT interval because the value of the QT interval is limited when increased QRS duration contributes to QT prolongation [6]. The duration of the JT interval is defined as the time interval from the ECG junction point J to the end of the T wave (Figure 1).  
There is a well-known parabolic relationship between the HR (heart rate) and JT interval--when HR rises, JT interval shortens [3; 7; 8; 9]. Shortening of JT interval reflects heart metabolism acceleration and vice versa. T wave and ST segment (Figure 1) show the repolarization of the heart ventricle. Cardiac activity is more essential than the activity of other organs, even in rest conditions, and myocardial need for oxygen must be met given any level of metabolism [10]. If coronary blood vessels supply an inadequate amount of blood, it changes the metabolic balance and action potentials in the myocytes, while in the electrocardiogram, the changes in ST-segment amplitude are registered. ST-segment amplitude deviation from the norm, both at rest and during physical activity, shall be considered as an indication of typical heart failure and possible functional ischemia. Therefore, the changes of ST interval amplitude could be, and is, taken as an indicator of hemodynamic effectiveness in the heart in clinical cardiology [11].  
The objective of this research is to propose a visualization technique of the relationship between the duration of the JT interval and the ST amplitude, which could reveal the evolution of complex dynamical processes in the self-organization of the heart system during the load. Two algebraic relationships (RR/JT, RR/QRS) have already been investigated in [12; 13]. As mentioned previously, the main objective of this paper is to explore if the JT/ST algebraic relationship could be helpful for the identification of ischemic changes in the human cardiovascular system.
# Research on the Performance of an Aircraft Landing
## 4 Unlocking Performance Analysis
### Parameter Sensitivity Analysis  
On the basis of the foregoing analysis of single parameter influence on the unlocking force \(F_{Unlock}\), this section carries out the sensitivity analysis concerning the multi-parameter influence on \(F_{Unlock}\). This not only allows visualization of the importance of various parameters, but also provides an analytical basis for the subsequent optimization computation of the unlocking force. Figure 12 displays the sensitivity analysis results. As is clear, the spring stiffness \(k\), the original spring length \(lu\) and the cross term \(k\)-\(lu\) have higher contributions to the unlocking force, while the spring mounting position parameters \(c_{2}\) and \(\gamma_{2}\) contribute less to \(F_{Unlock}\).
###### Abstract  
Accurate battery modeling is essential for the state-of-charge (SOC) estimation of electric vehicles, especially when vehicles are operated in dynamic processes. Temperature is a significant factor for battery characteristics, especially for the hysteresis phenomenon. Lack of existing literatures on the consideration of temperature influence in hysteresis voltage can result in errors in SOC estimation. Therefore, this study gives an insight to the equivalent circuit modeling, considering the hysteresis and temperature effects. A modified one-state hysteresis equivalent circuit model was proposed for battery modeling. The characterization of hysteresis voltage versus SOC at various temperatures was acquired by experimental tests to form a static look-up table. In addition, a strong tracking filter (STF) was applied for SOC estimation. Numerical simulations and experimental tests were performed in commercial 18650 type Li(Ni\({}_{1/3}\)Co\({}_{1/3}\)Mn\({}_{1/3}\))O\({}_{2}\) battery. The results were systematically compared with extended Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The results of comparison showed the following: (1) the modified model has more voltage tracking capability than the original model; and (2) the modified model with STF algorithm has better accuracy, robustness against initial SOC error, voltage measurement drift, and convergence behavior than EKF and UKF.  
state of charge; strong track filter; modified one-state hysteresis model; Li(Ni\({}_{1/3}\)Co\({}_{1/3}\)Mn\({}_{1/3}\))O\({}_{2}\) battery
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Production of Datasets  
This study constructed a sample dataset covering multiple scenarios and various typical corn diseases, based on an open-source dataset (released by Plant Village [27]) and a self-built dataset (from local corn planting bases in Yangling, Shaanxi), to comprehensively evaluate the performance of YOLOv11s-RCDWD in detecting corn leaf diseases.  
_LabelImg_ 1.8.1 annotation software was used to annotate the collected sample images accurately [28]. Specifically, the disease-affected areas in the images were completely enclosed using the maximum horizontal rectangular bounding boxes, and the annotations were stored in VOC-format XML files. Each annotated image underwent data augmentation; first, the image resolution in the training set was uniformly adjusted to 640 \(\times\) 640 pixels to generate clear and standardized image samples. Then, randomly flipping the images vertically and horizontally increased the samples' diversity. Finally, the images were normalized based on their mean and standard deviation to eliminate differences in lighting and contrast. The VOC-format XML annotation files were then converted into YOLO-format TXT files, serving as input data for model training. These operations effectively simulated the growth posture, lighting conditions, and shooting angle variations of corn in real-world scenarios, enhancing the diversity of the training samples. A total of 7928 labeled corn disease images were successfully constructed, including 1510 images of rust, 1275 images of gray leaf spot, 1305 images of northern leaf blight, 1163 images of southern leaf blight images, 1260 images of round spot disease, and 1415 images of healthy corn leaves (Figure 1). These images exhibited significant differences in morphology, texture, and color, providing rich feature information for disease identification. The augmented images were randomly divided into training, testing, and validation sets based on a 7:2:1 ratio (5549, 1586, and 793, respectively) for subsequent model training and testing.
###### Abstract  
Background: 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA; GleolanTM, NX Development Corps., Lexington, USA) is approved for fluorescence-guided resections of suspected malignant gliomas. Experience has demonstrated that meningiomas also show fluorescence, which may be a useful surgical adjunct. We present an innovative design for a multi-center, prospective study to determine the clinical safety and potential benefit of fluorescence-guided resection of meningiomas with utmost bias reduction. Methods: All patients with suspected meningioma (all grades) receive GleolanTM 20 mg/kg 2-4 h prior to surgery supported by fluorescence excitation from a blue light source (Blue400, Zeiss Meditech, Oberkochen, Germany; FL400, Leica Microsystems, Heerbrugg, Switzerland). Surgeons are asked whether a residual tumor can be observed to fluoresce under blue light (BL) after the tumor is no longer recognizable using conventional illumination at the end of surgery. In addition, when faced with tissues of uncertain tissue type (so-called \"indeterminate\" tissue), this study records how often surgeons make a correct decision based on fluorescence and how this influences surgical strategy. The primary endpoint is the percentage of patients in whom one of these two benefits are observed. Other endpoints include the diagnostic accuracy of fluorescence compared to white light (WL) versus correlative histology. For bias reduction, pertinent data are derived from surgical videos reviewed by independent reviewers blinded to surgeons' assessments of tissue type and fluorescence status. Data will be included from approximately 100 study participants completing the study at approximately 15 centers in the United States, Germany, and Austria. Results: As of May 2022, 88 patients have completed the study. No adverse safety signal has been detected. Conclusions: Preliminary data confirm the feasibility of our study design. Accrual is targeted for completion in the third quarter of 2022.  
fluorescence imaging study; neurooncological surgery; 5-ALA; meningioma; fluorescence-guided resection; clinical trials +
Footnote †: journal: _Brain Sciences_
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Destruction Process and Mechanical Characteristics
#### 3.3.2 Comparison of Mechanical Parameters  
To comprehensively investigate and validate the mechanical properties of the Xiyu conglomerate, biaxial tests were conducted on samples subjected to varying confining pressures. Subsequently, the Mohr-Coulomb criterion was applied:  
\[\tau\geq\tau_{f}=c+\sigma tan\varphi \tag{18}\]  
where \(\tau\) is the shear stress on any section of the rock, \(\tau_{f}\) is the critical shear stress at the onset of failure, \(c\) is the rock cohesion, and \(\varphi\) is the rock internal friction angle. The major and minor principal stresses \(\sigma_{1}\) and \(\sigma_{3}\) were obtained by monitoring the stress on the loading plates. Because the applied confining pressure was less than 10 MPa, the rock envelope line  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Contact Parameters**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Composition**} & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Gravel** & **Matrix** & **Gravel–Matrix Interface** \\ \hline Effective modulus \(E^{*}\) (Pa) & \(5\times 10^{8}\) & \(2.25\times 10^{8}\) & \(4.5\times 10^{7}\) \\ K ratio \(K^{*}\) (0–1) & 1.25 & 1.25 & 1.25 \\ Parallel bond effective & \(5\times 10^{8}\) & \(2.25\times 10^{8}\) & \(4.5\times 10^{7}\) \\ Parallel bond k ratio \(\overline{K}^{*}\) & 1.25 & 1.25 & 1.25 \\ Parallel bond tensile strength & \(4.5\times 10^{5}\) & \(2.025\times 10^{5}\) & \(4.05\times 10^{4}\) \\ Friction angle \(\overline{\varphi}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 45.0 & 40.0 & 40.0 \\ Friction coefficient \(\mu\) (0–1) & 0.577 & 0.577 & 0.577 \\ Parallel bond cohesion \(\overline{\tau}\) (Pa) & \(5\times 10^{5}\) & \(2.25\times 10^{5}\) & \(4.5\times 10^{4}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Micro-mechanical DEM parameters of different parts of Xiyu conglomerate.  
in Table 3. The results show that the numerical experiment results are 14.29% higher than the laboratory results in cohesion and 11.29% lower in the internal friction angle \(\varphi\).
# Adaptive and Blind Audio Watermarking Algorithm Based on Chaotic Encryption in Hybrid Domain
## 2 Watermarking Algorithm in Hybrid Domain  
Digital watermarking technology embeds an invisible watermark into digital media to achieve the purpose of protecting the copyright of this digital media according to the principle of data hiding. A general block diagram is shown in Figure 1. Watermarks are concealed into the audio medium which needs copyright protection to obtain the watermarked audio medium by the embedding algorithm. In the process of being used or transmitted, the watermarked audio media will suffer various attacks, such as Gaussian noise, format compression, and re-sampling. Watermarks can be extracted from the audio medium through the extraction algorithm. Embedding algorithm and extraction algorithms are the core of this audio watermarking algorithm. Encryption is usually carried out before the watermark is embedded in order to improve security.
## 4 Discussion
### The Influences of the Variations among the ET Products on Ecosystem Management  
The latest research found that the global carbon sink anomaly was driven by growth of semi-arid vegetation in the Southern Hemisphere, with almost 60 per cent of carbon uptake attributed to Australian ecosystems. This finding suggested that the higher turnover rates of carbon pools in semi-arid biomes were an increasingly important driver of inter-annual variability of global carbon cycle [43]. ET is the loss of water when mitigating vegetation stress responses and becomes the indicator of ecosystem function and health, such as productivity and carbon dioxide regulation [5]. In this study, it was found that there are less differences between the five ET products when applied to forest than when applied to grassland, thus there are also different relationships between GPP and different ET products for forest and grassland. However, all of their relationships are in significantly quadratic correlations. This means that we likely think that it is credible to predict the GPP using any of these relationships and the related ET products, which will probably result in different GPP estimations with different ET products. Water-use efficiency reflects the water stress of forest and grassland and therefore is a very important indicator of ecosystem health. It is found in this study that the mean water use efficiency of the forest using AWAP, CSIRO, GLDAS, and TerraClimate ET are about 1.9 kg C m\({}^{-3}\) H\({}_{2}\)O and are all greater than the grasslands, from the 1.2 kg C m\({}^{-3}\) H\({}_{2}\)O of GLDAS to 1.6 kg C m\({}^{-3}\) H\({}_{2}\)O of TerraClimate ET. However, the water-use efficiency estimated using MODIS ET is 2.3 kg C m\({}^{-3}\) H\({}_{2}\)O for forest, while grassland's is up to 2.4 kg C m\({}^{-3}\) H\({}_{2}\)O showing greater water use efficiency than forest. These values are reasonable according to the previous findings reporting C3 species range between 1.4 and 3.6 kg C m\({}^{-3}\) H\({}_{2}\)O [44], but the large range of GPP estimation functions and WUE among the five ET products could influence the precision in the assessment of the ecosystem function (e.g., carbon dioxide regulation) and how terrestrial ecosystems respond to environmental changes (e.g., a drier climate). Furthermore, the value variations of ET can seriously affect the allocation of environmental flows, especially in arid regions where the water resource is even scarcer. It also can affect the migration of water, salt and nutrient in the basin water quality modeling, then lead to the inaccurate prediction and evaluation of salinization, eutrophication, and ecological degradation.
## 5 Conclusions  
To cope with the issue of the performance bottleneck of RoI extraction during decoding, in this paper, we present an OCC system based on a fast grid virtual division scheme, which is purely built on COTS devices to improve OCC performance further. Essentially, the proposed innovation scheme establishes a virtual grid of size \(n\times m\) on the received image and then randomly samples several pixels within different grids without traversing each pixel to locate the regions with high grayscale values quickly. As a result, the lightweight grid virtual division scheme effectively diminishes the decoding delay and strengthens the communication capacity of OCC. Furthermore, we have implemented the prototype of the proposed OCC system to evaluate its performance further. The experimental results clearly show that our proposed scheme can reduce the decoding delay by 70% compared to the baseline at a transmission frequency of 5 kHz, which powerfully demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed innovation scheme. We believe that applying the simple yet delicate RoI extraction scheme to the OCC system can significantly reduce the decoding delay and largely broaden the application scenarios of OCC.  
The contributions of the authors in this paper are the following: conceptualization, Y.Y., X.H. and P.Z.; methodology, X.H., P.Z. and Y.Y.; software, X.H. and P.Z.; validation, X.H., P.Z. and X.D.; formal analysis, X.H., P.Z. and Y.S.; investigation, X.H., P.Z. and X.D.; resources, Y.Y. and L.C.; data curation, X.H. and P.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, X.H., P.Z. and Y.Y.; writing--review and editing, Y.Y., Y.S. and X.D.; supervision, L.C. and Y.Y.; project administration, Y.Y.; funding acquisition, Y.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number 61902267, 62272329, and 62072319.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} VLC & Visible Light Communication \\ OCC & Optical Camera Communication \\ LED & Light Emitting Diode \\ Rol & Region of Interest \\ GVD & Grid Virtual Division \\ RF & Radio Frequency \\
6G & Six Generation \\ COTS & Commercial Off-the-shelf \\ \end{tabular}  
Figure 12: BER with variable LED number.
# Study on Permeability Stress-Sensitivity in
## 4 Simulation Results and Discussion
### Evolution Results of Seepage-Geomechanical Field  
The change in reservoir pore pressure will cause a change in effective stress and the deformation of reservoir rock [37]. The stress condition around the well plays a key role in wellbore stability during development [38]. Figure 11 illustrates the relationship between the pore pressure near the wellbore and the three-dimensional effective stress. The initial pore pressure of the formation is about 120-125 MPa, which gradually decreases as the development time increases. The pore pressure near the wellbore decreases to 85-100 MPa by the end of the simulation, which is essentially the same as the bottom hole pressure. The change rule of effective stress is opposite to that of pore pressure. The three-dimensional effective stress increases, among which the effective stress in the X-direction (\(\sigma_{\rm{x}}\)) increases by 5-10 MPa, the effective stress in the Y-direction (\(\sigma_{\rm{y}}\)) increases by 4-9 MPa and the effective stress in the vertical direction (\(\sigma_{\rm{z}}\)) increases by 11-19 MPa. The difference in three-dimensional effective stress evolution is mainly caused by the difference in reservoir depth, rock mechanical parameters and pore-permeability parameters.  
Figure 10: Geomechanical model grid diagram of the target formation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Over Burden** & **Under Burden** & **Side Burden** & **Plate** & **Reservoirs** \\ \hline Young’s modulus (GPa) & 15 & 36 & 32 & 36 & 17–35 \\ Poisson’s ratio & 0.25 & 0.22 & 0.27 & 0.2 & 0.24–0.3 \\ Density (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 2.65 & 2.52 & 2.6 & 2.52 & 2.46–2.68 \\ Porosity (\%) & 4 & 2 & 4 & 1 & 1.5–6.0 \\ Compressive strength (MPa) & 105 & 120 & 110 & 125 & 80–110 \\ Tensile strength (MPa) & 35 & 45 & 42 & 15 & 41–45 \\ Friction Angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 7.5 & 9.5 & 9.5 & 12 & 6.5–10 \\ Cohesive force (MPa) & 20 & 24 & 24 & 24 & 18–24 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The parameters of geomechanical model for the target formation.  
The deformation of natural fractures and faults during the development was simulated. The initial conditions of natural fracture and fault deformation variables were both set to zero. After 2090 days of development, the elastic normal strain and elastic shear strain of the faults were about 3.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\)-1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) and 2.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\)-8.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\), respec  
Figure 11: Three-dimensional effective stress near the wellbores of seven wells.