## 3 Fixed Wireless Access
 \tag{1}\]  
where \(N_{t}\) denotes the transmit antennas, \(N_{r}\) is the receive antennas, \(\mathbf{I}_{N_{r}}\) denotes an \(N_{r}\times N_{r}\) identity matrix, \(\lambda_{i},\forall i=1,\cdots,m\) represent the eigenvalues of matrix \(\mathbf{H}\mathbf{H}^{\dagger}\), \(m=\min(N_{r},N_{t})\), \(\mathbf{H}\in\mathbb{C}^{N_{r}\times N_{t}}\) denotes the channel matrix whose entries are assumed to be independent and identically distributed, \(\gamma\) is the instantaneous electrical SNR, and \((\cdot)^{\dagger}\) represents the Hermitian transpose. In addition, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) curves of \(N_{t}\times N_{r}\) MIMO schemes' capacity for different antenna configurations and channel widths are illustrated in Figure 10. For example, the performance analysis of 8 \(\times\) 4 MIMO schemes for channel bandwidths of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, and 80 MHz are shown in Figure 10. Note that an increase in the channel bandwidth increases the average cell throughput. For example, an increase from 40 MHz to 80 MHz channel bandwidth for the same antenna configurations doubles the average cell throughput. Furthermore, the cell edge performance improves by about 1.97\(\times\) of the achievable rate at 40 MHz. Moreover, for the same 80 MHz channel width, but with 8 \(\times\) 4 and 16 \(\times\) 8 MIMO schemes, about 2\(\times\) and 2.14\(\times\) increase in the average cell throughput and cell edge performance can be realized [252]. In addition, the faster speeds of a 5G-based system can as well be a result of the spectrum capacity that will be exploited by the 5G network. For instance, 5G will support considerably higher frequencies such as mm-wave bands that have a more exploitable spectrum compared with the existing LTE networks. The offered additional spectrum can be translated into more data traffic support and better download speeds. Moreover, one of the salient features of mm-wave is that it has a tighter radio  
Figure 10: Performance analysis of MIMO scheme for different channel widths and antenna configurations based on the cumulative distribution function of capacity. focused for effective employment by a few numbers of specified users in a close area. Thus, unlike the existing solutions where the user's high concentration hinders performance, the 5G-based solution will offer enhanced performance. Furthermore, a 5G has emerged to attend to the latency issue and envisaged to offer extremely low latency. To achieve this, different innovative technologies such as mobile edge computing will be employed in its implementation not only to reduce the end-to-end latency but also to enhance the broadband experience of the mobile users. Furthermore, another disruptive scheme to be supported is the RAN functional split option (FSOm) as discussed in Section 8 [249]. Based on this, 5G-based solutions will be able to compete favorably with other existing high-speed broadband solutions. Besides, 5G-based solutions are envisioned to offer unprecedented user experiences that we never had and are not being observed in the WiMAX or LTE variants [6]. Consequently, it has been observed that FWA implementation will be more advanced with the evolution towards the 5G system. As aforementioned, this is due to the associated 5G technology options and the prospect of using a higher amount of the radio spectrum bands. This will not only offer a more convenient and feasible approach for service provision, but will also help in rendering the envisaged performance improvements regarding better rate (multi-gigabit bandwidth) and latency to the end user. Therefore, the 5G technology potentials can facilitate high-speed MBB resulting in an eMBB and cost-efficient FWA massive scale solutions [8, 27]. Besides, it has been observed that, even with the progress in both mobile and fixed broadband, a considerable underserved household market still exists. Adoption of FWA based on mobile technologies like HSPA, LTE, LTE-A, and 5G New Radio (NR) can help considerably in meeting the market demands in cost-effective ways [253, 254].