esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Computational Methodology
### Selection of Best Alternative Based on Decision-Making Algorithm  
A numerical tool for decision making was implemented to identify the trade-off that ensures the best overall performance of the environmental, energy, and economic aspects. For this purpose, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution algorithm, known as TOPSIS, was used. It works by choosing the best alternative based on the shortest and furthest Euclidean distances from the positive (\(v_{j}^{+}\)) and negative (\(v_{j}^{-}\)) ideal solutions, respectively. The ideal solution is represented by the maximum value of the proximity coefficient (CC) [44].  
\[\max[CC_{j}]=\frac{\sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^{k}\left(v_{ij}-v_{j}^{+}\right)^{2}}}{ \sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^{k}\left(v_{ij}-v_{j}^{+}\right)^{2}}-\sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^{k} \left(v_{ij}-v_{j}^{-}\right)^{2}}} \tag{6}\]  
For this purpose, the TOPSIS algorithm requires identifying whether the variables will be improved by increasing (+) or reducing (-); also, the degree of priority of the variable needs to be indicated, where the sum of these must equal 100%. In this work, the KPI, CEI, and NS indicators were considered as the variables to be analyzed, forming a 15 \(\times\) 3 decision matrix. It was instructed that the best results aim to reduce the KPI and CEI and increase the NS. The evaluation was carried out by varying the priority percentage of each variable from 80 to 50% in steps of 10%. The calculations were implemented in the Python programming environment through the PyTOPS tool [45].
## 2 Interfering Mechanism and Major RFI Sources  
### Frequency Allocation and Regulation  
The radio spectrum is used by many types of services, ranging from radio and television broadcasting, to wireless phone communication, remote sensing radars, radio astronomy, etc. In order to regulate the use of electromagnetic spectrum in a feasible sharing way, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) made a lot efforts to propose recommendations, reports, and regulations at the international level [13; 14]. According to the frequency allocation rules imposed by the Recommendation ITU-R RS.577-7 [15], the allowable frequency band and bandwidth of a space-borne SAR sensor is listed in Table 1.  
In order to avoid conflict to the maximum extent, the radio transmission in each frequency band is categorized into primary and secondary services [16]. Take the P-band and L-band as examples, Figure 5 illustrates the allocated radio services in the vicinity of 432-438 MHz and 1215-1300 MHz. In L-band, the radar remote sensing under the Earth Exploration Satellite Service (EESS) is allocated as a primary basis, which grant it the equal rights with other services sharing the same frequency band including aeronautical radio navigation service (ARNS), radiolocation service (RLS), and radio navigation-satellite service (RNSS). However, SAR system operating in the P-band are allocated as a secondary service with maximum bandwidth of only 6 MHz, and thus are subject to severe geographical and spectral restrictions. This is also the reason that the planned European Space Agency (ESA) Biomass mission has been denied permission to radiate over much of North America and Europe because of perceived interference with the wind profilers and space object tracking radars [17]. The frequency allocation could provide a reliable source for identifying the major RFI  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Band Designation** & **Allowable Frequency Interval** & **Permit Bandwidth** \\ \hline P band & 432–438 MHz & 6 MHz \\ \hline L band & 1215–1300 MHz & 20–85 MHz \\ \hline S band & 3100–3300 MHz & 20–200 MHz \\ \hline C band & 5250–5570 MHz & 20–320 MHz \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{X band} & 8550–8650 MHz & 20–100 MHz \\ \cline{2-3}  & 9300–9900 MHz & 20–300 MHz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Spectrum and bandwidth regulatory rules for space-borne active sensor.  
sources encountered by a particular SAR sensor operating in a certain frequency band, which will be introduced in the following parts.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Bending Test  
For bending tests, the machine \"Autograph AGS-X series\" produced by the company Shimadzu Italy s.r.l was used. The maximum load cell capacity is 5 kN, which guarantees a maximum error of 1%. For the interface, the proprietary software \"Trapezium X\" was used and installed on a desktop \"Dell OPTIPLEX 3050\" PC equipped with an i3-6100 processor and 4 GB of ram. The software allows you to set both test and data acquisition parameters, which can then be exported into different formats. In the tests described in this paper,.csv files were obtained with a sampling time of 10 ms. In order to perform a bending test, the machine is equipped with a system capable of supporting such analysis, as shown in [46]. This system consists of a top punch with a radius of 5 mm, which will press vertically on the specimen placed on a support consisting of two lower connected elements, whose distance from the center of the specimen determines, together with the displacement of the upper punch, the extent of deformation. For the bending tests, the ISO 178:2019 standard was considered, specifically developed for the study of three-point bending for plastic specimens. This regulation specifies the distance to which the supports must be placed and provides a range of values for the center punch's lowering speed, from which to choose. The distance L between the supports is directly proportional, once again, to the thickness h chosen for the specimens by means of Equation (1).  
\[L=(16\pm 1)*h \tag{1}\]  
where \(L\) and \(h\) are the length span between supports and height of the sample, respectively. In this study, this distance between the support is 128 mm. The speed chosen for the bending tests is 2 mm/min; instead, the displacement has been set to 16 mm, twice the height of the structure. Figure 3 shows a frame of the bending test carried out at 2 mm/min with 16 mm displacement.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline PROCESS PARAMETES \\ \hline THICKNESS OF THE LAYER & 0.2 mm \\ PRINTING TEMPERATURE & 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ PRINTING SPEED & 60 mm/s \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Process parameters.  
Figure 3: Frame of bending test: (**a**) lozenge, (**b**) double hoop, (**c**) hoop, (**d**) clepsydra, (**e**) roller, (**f**) honeycomb.
# A Micro-Processor-Based Feedback Stabilization Scheme for High-Q, Non-Linear Silicon Resonators
## 3 Results and Discussion
### \(\pi\)-Phase Shifted Grating Response
Figure 7: (**a**) Measured and simulated transmission spectra of the \(\pi\)-phase shifted grating as a function of on-chip injection power. Simulated curves are dashed lines, solid lines correspond to measured spectra; (**b**) Measured transmission spectra of the device at 0.6 mW injection power as a function of the power dissipated on the thermal heating element (The \(y\)-axis is given in dBm in order to illustrate the asymmetric transmission spectra across the wide wavelength range). 1556.980 nm. A square wave at 10 kHz was used as a source, with the optical device temporal response shown in Figure 8b. The extinction of the switching depends on the working point of the device with respect to the cavity resonance. The maximum extinction in this case is 7.5 dB. The extinction ratio can then be taken as a measure of the operating point of the system. Figure 9 shows the measured bistable switching extinction ratio as a function of laser signal detuning from the optimal working point. (i) As the wavelength is tuned from the blue towards the cold cavity peak of the resonance the extinction increases. (ii) As the injection wavelength approaches the peak of the resonance, the device starts to exhibit incomplete bistable switching with an increasing portion of the duty cycle switched to the low state. (iii) Full switching is achieved with increasing extinction as the optimal working point is approached. (iv) Finally, the wavelength moves too far to the red side of the resonance peak to induce bistable switching and the device is in the low state. It is worth noting that the detuning range of the optimal bistable region (iii) is less than 7 pm in terms of injection laser wavelength detuning, illustrating the necessity for device stabilization.
## 2 Related Work
### Analysis of the State-of-the-Art  
After reviewing the different aspects of the state-of-the-art, it is possible to highlight several important shortcomings that motivated the creation of ZiWi. First of all, the lack of a common standard in home automation and the wide range of existing technologies and protocols imply two main problems: the difficulty of integrating all technologies in the same system and the existence of restrictions when including proprietary technologies. In fact, the use of proprietary protocols can be a relevant limitation, since they usually force the consumer to acquire only devices of certain brands.  
Second, the cost associated with the deployment and maintenance of a commercial HAS is really high, and the larger the number of technologies and devices that make up the system, the more expensive and the more prone to failure it becomes. There are many factors that influence the price (i.e., house size, product versions, support) but, in any case, a basic package for a deployment in a small house does not cost less than \(\copyright\)1000.  
Third, when deploying an HAS, it is essential to distinguish between new and already-built houses. In the former, both wired and wireless devices usually can be used. In the latter, it is desirable to use wireless technologies, since wired technologies generally involve cumbersome tasks for adding infrastructure that, in some cases, might even be impossible to install. In this regard, ZigBee and WiFi are the most popular wireless standards and, although a few developments have proposed the creation of a ZigBee-WiFi HAS, none has been found that includes all the features of ZiWi and, at the same time, proposes a fog-computing architecture whose performance and cross-interference are evaluated in real-world scenarios.  
Finally, the fourth shortcoming is related to the fact that, although different alternatives have been proposed for adding new home automation devices while preserving compatibility among them, most of them require complex and flexible hardware, which cannot be usually embedded into home automation sensor nodes. Messaging systems provide a good alternative for simplifying the communications between the home controller and the sensor/actuator nodes, but only a few are simple enough to be implemented in the resource-constrained devices found in many home automation systems. Among the different messaging systems, MQTT is arguably the best choice, since it has been explicitly designed for sensor nodes with limited computing power and memory. Moreover, MQTT allows for adding devices that do not implement a TCP/IP stack.  
Therefore, ZiWi has been devised taking the previous shortcomings into consideration, while, at the same time, it offers the basic functionality required by a regular HAS.
## 2 Objective of the Analysis and Study Area Location  
A stability assessment of selected rock slope sections was conducted as part of the revitalisation project for Wojciech Bednarski Park in Krakow (Figure 1). The primary objective of this analysis was to identify areas requiring stabilisation measures and to propose appropriate recommendations for each designated section to ensure the safe public use of the park. Given that the analysed rock walls were characterised by numerous joint sets and fault zones, often accompanied by tectonic breccias, it was decided to incorporate the observed discontinuity sets into the stability assessment. To achieve this, a comprehensive inventory of the rock slopes and outcrops within Bednarski Park was carried out, including an evaluation of the weathering degree of the rock mass, joint mapping on exposed surfaces, the documentation of detached blocks (defining their potential impact range), and the delineation of slope segments with similar geological and geomechanical characteristics.  
Eight sectors were defined (Figure 2) based on several factors, including slope height, the presence of an inclined weathered cover above the rock wall, the distribution of joint sets, the occurrence of loosely attached rock fragments (of up to several centimetres in size), and unstable rock blocks exceeding 0.2 m within the wall. These sectors were also classified according to the degree of weathering of the rock mass. In the subsequent stage, detailed stability analyses were conducted for each of the selected sectors.  
Figure 1: Location of Wojciech Bednarski Park (source: Europe map [37], Kraków city map [38], and Wojciech Bednarski Park map [38]).
# Development of a Mouthwash Using Freeze-Drying Technique: An Optimization Study
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Development and Evaluation of the Cetraria islandica Extract Mouthwash  
Following a literature study on existing mouthwashes, active ingredients and natural extracts, some initial formulations were proposed. A complex composition was chosen for the mouthwash samples, which comprised both active ingredients and functional compounds that ensure product stability, acceptability and facilitate its use. _Cetraria islandica_ extract was chosen for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activity [15; 16; 17]. Poloxamer 407 was chosen as it is a mild, nonionic surfactant, suitable for use in oral care products, that does not irritate the mucosa and membranes [18]. Sorbitol and mannitol were also added as cryoprotectants and structure agents for the freeze-dried product [19] and methylcellulose as matrix-forming agent [20]. Allantoin was previously used in oral  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & _Escherichia coli_ & _Staphylococcus aureus_ & _Enterococcus faecalis_ \\ \cline{2-4}  & & **(mm)** & \\ \hline _Cetraria islandica_ & 0 & 7 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 8.5 \(\pm\) 0.70 \\ extract & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The diameter of inhibition zones (mm) for the tested plant extract.  
Figure 1: Effects of the _Cetraria islandica_ extract on normal human foreskin fibroblasts cells’ viability after 24 h exposure. The results are presented as relative mean values \(\pm\) standard deviations, where the negative control (Control) is 100%. Significant differences in comparison with the negative control (ANOVA + Dunn’s; \(p<\) 0.05) are marked with \({}^{*}\). RFU, relative florescence units.  
care products for its healing, anti-irritant and repairing properties [21], while hyaluronic acid, a key element in the soft periodontal tissues, gingiva, and periodontal ligament can have an anti-inflammatory and tissue healing effect [22]. The flavoring agent was chosen to give a pleasant sensation to the consumer, during and after using the mouthwash and increase product acceptability.  
The characterization follows the critical quality attributes of the products. The lyophilates had to be easily extracted from the blister pockets, without material loss and had to withstand manipulation when reconstituted in water. Moreover, the obtained mouthwash should display appropriate rheology for a palatable product. Therefore, the characterization had to address every step of product use. As it is well known that products obtained by freeze-drying process are porous, with low crushing strength and highly brittle, texture analysis was selected as an adequate method to characterize the mechanical profile of the structures. The weight loss percent of the product was evaluated when extracted from the blister pocket and further, the reconstitution time was measured. Finally, the end product was tested for viscosity.
# Evaluation Model of Rice Seeding Production Line Seeding Quality Based on Deep Learning
## 1 Introduction and Related Work  
### Introduction  
Rice is pivotal among global cereal crops, underpinning the sustenance of the majority of the world's populace, particularly in China, where it is the chief dietary staple. Ensuring a stable rice supply is vital for the food security of China. The established methodologies of rice production have historically demanded intensive labor, spanning the complete spectrum of activities from initial planting and meticulous field management to the final stages of harvesting and processing [1]. Recently, there has been a significant shift towards mechanization in rice production. This evolution has been crucial in increasing productivity and efficiency while simultaneously reducing both operational costs and labor reliance in rice cultivation practices [2].  
Rice seedling production lines are intricately designed systems for automating the germination and nurturing of rice seedlings. These lines incorporate an array of mechanical devices, dedicated to the bulk production of uniform and healthy rice seedlings ready for transplantation into fields. Typically, these processes start with the seeding phase, where a mechanized seeder distributes rice seeds into seedling trays [3]. However, dueto the random elements inherent in automated seeding, some areas within the trays may exhibit missed seeding. These gaps fail to yield normal seedlings, thus making the precise identification and enumeration of such areas a focal point in the production management of mechanized rice, as well as a crucial factor for targeted supplementary seeding.
# SDN Based Collaborative Scheme for Mitigation of DDoS Attacks
## 4 Testbed and Evaluations
### Effect of Deployment Approaches on Attack Mitigation
#### 4.3.2 Mesh and Centralized Approach  
In the fully meshed and centralized approach, the controllers are directly connected with each other. This way the attack definitions or flows are pushed from the destination to Intermediate and source networks. We performed a similar experiment as discussed above, but with a mesh of controllers connected with each other or a centralized way of carrying out communication, the effect is very immediate as compared to the linear approach. Figure 9 shows the immediate drop in attack traffic since the controllers are connected directly and the flows are pushed right from the destination or central platform to the individual networks.
# Accurate Constant Phase Elements Dedicated for Audio Signal Processing
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper brings forth a wide range of high-precision CPEs dedicated to audio signal processing. The networks presented here are two-terminals; required alternation of poles and zeroes ofmittance function is obtained by the interconnection of linear resistors and capacitors. Readers can pick and use drafted CPEs directly without need for additional calculations. Each designed CPE has reasonable values of circuit components that can be found commonly in shops. Furthermore, two different passive network alternatives are provided for CPEs. Although several very recent manufacturing techniques lead to \"good\" CPEs [70], CPE approximation circuits still have a long future.  
Two-ports proposed in the individual examples can find interesting applications in fully analog acoustic and subsonic signal processing. In fact, any three-decades-wide frequency band can be reached via frequency rescaling. CPEs are extremely phase-accurate, but the final precision is also a matter of manual dexterity. This paper provides material for wide spectrum of enthusiasts, electronic engineers, and design specialist focused on the construction of FO circuits.  
It has been also mentioned that there are some research papers that provide questionable results coming from the utilization of imperfect CPEs. In such cases, existing structures of FO filters, harmonic oscillators, arbitrary waveform generators, phase correctors, PID controllers, regulators, models of dynamical systems, etc. can be simulated again, and associated results can be polished.  
**Funding:** Research described in this paper was financed by the National Sustainability Program under Grant LO1401. For the research, infrastructure of the SIX Center was used.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflict of interest.  
Figure 17: Graphical user interface created in a Matlab environment that allows for fast design of passive CPE approximants (half-capacitor example implemented by using 14 RC sections for very small phase error, namely less than 0.5\({}^{\circ}\)) and performing fundamental tolerance analysis of derived RC structures.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, the thermodynamic design of a 10 MW S-CO\({}_{2}\) three-stage axial turbine applied in solar power generation system is completed by using self-developed thermodynamic design software. The aerodynamic performance and off-design performance are analyzed in detail by using three-dimensional aerodynamic design and optimization method. The specific conclusions are as follows.  
1. Thermodynamic and structural parameters of key positions of nozzles and rotor blades in initial design of turbines are obtained through thermal design. The designed output power is 10 MW and the flow rate is 185 kg/s.
2. Based on the three-dimensional aerodynamic numerical analysis and optimization method, the optimal design and aerodynamic performance of turbines are obtained. The designed turbine has uniform flow field, reasonable pressure, temperature distribution, and a small transcritical region. The output power is 10.37 MW, and the flow rate is 184 kg/s. The turbine has good aerodynamic performance.
3. Nine off-design working conditions are analyzed. The output power decreases with the increase of outlet static pressure, and the total-total efficiency increases first and then decreases with the increase of mass flow rate. When the mass flow rate is 164 kg/s, the total-total efficiency is the highest, which is 92.12%. The designed S-CO\({}_{2}\) three-stage axial-flow turbine can operate steadily and efficiently in the range of mass flow rate from 115 kg/s to 1.3 kg/s, that is to say its output power ranges from 16.2% to 155.9%. It has excellent performance with a wide range of off-design operation and meets the design requirements.  
Conceptualization, D.S., Y.X. and D.Z.; investigation, D.S. and L.Z.; methodology, D.S. and D.Z.; resources, Y.X. and D.Z.; software, D.S., and Y.X.; supervision, Y.X. and D.Z.; validation L.Z. and D.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, D.S. and L.Z.; writing--review and editing, D.S., and L.Z.  
This research was funded by the Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Thermal Power Technology, grant number TPL2016 BA001.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 12: The variation curve of total-total efficiency with mass flow rate.
# A Review of Pedestrian Indoor Positioning Systems for Mass Market Applications
## 3 Inertial Based Systems
This fact is circumvented in indoor positioning systems by assuming knowledge about the initial orientation of the user or by computing the initial orientation using the earth magnetic field.