esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Selected Methods and Techniques in Landscape Assessment
### Orthophotomap  
The abundance of information provided by aerial pictures and orthophotomaps encourages users to use them frequently because the information value of orthophotomaps is always greater than that of cartographic maps. The use of digital orthophotomaps, generated on the basis of aerial photographs taken at various time intervals, gives new possibilities in the assessment of changes taking place in the landscape. Orthophotomaps make it possible to observe the image of various landscape forms, as well as ways of use, at the same reference scale without the use of symbolism.  
The main advantage of orthophotomaps is an objective representation of the land use condition at the moment of taking the photos. Binding the image to a specific moment of registration causes orthophotomaps taken in spring, summer, and autumn to be different, which allows us to monitor changes in the environment. The orthophotomap is an excellent material for separating different types of use. It is easy and effective to identify urbanized, agriculturally used, and natural areas. Permanent grasslands and areas with insufficient agricultural culture, e.g., shrubs, self-seedlings, sandbanks, and waste dumps, can be identified with very high probability. Some problems appear only with detailed functional qualifications, mainly of urbanized areas.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Raw Materials  
The following materials were considered as the investigated hydrocarbon plasticizers:  
(1) Industrial Oil Grade I-40A (IO I-40A) produced by LLC \"OilCoil\", Moscow, Russia, is a low-viscosity liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.  
(2) II Vacuum Distillate (II VD) produced by LLC \"Lukoil-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintze\", Sretensky blvd, Moscow, Russia. Gas oil is a petroleum processing product, a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons. It is produced by distilling crude oil or its derivatives (if it has not been separated during distillation). It was obtained by direct distillation of crude oil in an atmospheric-vacuum column at a pressure of 10-15 kPa (0.09-0.15 atm). Vacuum gas oil is a raw material for catalytic cracking and hydrocracking.  
(3) Selective Purification Extract, Distillate (SPE. Distillate) produced by LLC \"Lukoil-Volgogradneftepererabotka\", Volgograd, Russia. It is derived from bitumen that comes from the atmospheric section of an atmospheric-vacuum column to propane deasphalting,where it is separated into asphalt and deasphaltized material. The deasphaltized material then undergoes selective purification, where it is split into raffinates, used to produce diesel fuel and the distillate selective purification extract.  
(4) Selective Purification Extract, Residue (SPE. Residue) produced by LLC \"Lukoil-Permneftepererabotka\", Perm, Russia. It is obtained similarly to SPE.D but from bitumen processed from the vacuum section of the atmospheric-vacuum column, i.e., without oxygen access.  
The investigated carbon nanomaterials were multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) of the \"Taunit-M\" series, produced by LLC \"NanoTechCenter,\" Tambov, Russia. These are quasi-one-dimensional nanostructures made of polycrystalline graphite, primarily cylindrical in shape, with an internal channel. The outer diameter ranges from 10 to 30 nm, the length is \(\geq\)2 \(\upmu\)m, and the density is 1.4 g/cm\({}^{3}\). The total impurity content is \(\leq\)1%.  
For the preparation of the polymer modified binder (PMB), grade 100/130 petroleum bitumen, produced by LLC Lukoil \"Nizhny Novgorod Refinery\", Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, was used. The bitumen was tested for compliance with the requirements of Russian State Standard GOST 33133-2014 [49]. The results of the laboratory tests on the physical and mechanical properties of the bitumen are presented in Table 1.  
The polymer considered for the preparation of the polymer-modified binder was a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), divinyl styrene thermoplastic elastomer with a linear structure, SBS 30L-01, produced by OAO \"Voronezhsintezkauchuk\", Voronezh, Russia. The physical and mechanical properties of the polymer used are presented in Table 2.
## 4 Results
### Use Case
This minimizes the power drawn from grid in the period of time when the energy is more expensive, reaching the stage where the installation works without drawing power from the grid, which happens when the PV exceeds the 2 kW zone. Then, the BESS is charged from the grid to the desired level \(SOC_{max}\), 95%, in the OT period when the energy is cheaper, from 22:00 to 04:45, to be ready for the next day. Finally, in Figure 15e, the graph representing the states of the EMS is detailed. In the initial part of the experiment the system is operating in State 2 since the BESS is fully charged. The EMS remains in this state until 12:00 when the tariff changes from OT to PT. Furthermore, the graph shows how the BESS is discharged from 12:00 to 18:10, thereby reducing the power drawn from the grid. In this case, the EMS goes through several states, which are described in detail in Figure 15. From that moment, the system returns to the No Battery State or State 2, as it was discharged to the predefined level. At 22:00 with the change from PT to OT, the BESS is charged taking advantage of the lower prices, State 1 from 22:00 to 04:45. As mentioned above, in order to describe more precisely the central part of the day in which most states are involved, in Figure 16 a zoomed-in section of Figure 15 with the results between 11:30 and 15:30 h is showed..  
At 12:00 h, there is a tariff change from OT to PT, and since the PV power generated is greater than 1900 W, the system is working in island mode using the energy stored in the BESS (states 4 and 5). It can also be seen in the graph that between 12:00 and 13:45, the system, taking advantage of the Cloud State or State 5, is capable of maintaining itself in island mode, while protecting the BESS thanks to the disconnection of the non-critical loads when the occasional crossing of a cloud is detected. This is done by working out the 15-min average PV power in the State 5, which avoids occasional PV fluctuations, which cause high frequency changes from island mode to grid mode, while ensuring that the system does not stay for an excessive amount of time in State 5 in which the BESS may have to assume 2 kW of load and non-critical loads are disconnected. On the other hand, when the PV power is not sufficient to guarantee island mode all the time, the system relies occasionally on the grid so as not to force the BESS to maintain powers greater than 1 kW for long periods of time caused by longer cloud sky. This parameter results in a trade-off and is modified according to the amount of signal that is integrated to compute the PV average, in this case 15 min. This situation is presented from 13:45 to 14.10, when there is support from the grid. Finally, from 14:10, the PV power generated is not enough for island mode and the system is maintained in State 3 until the BESS reaches the SoC value of 35%. During this state, the BESS powers the 1 kW non-critical load independently, while the PV system and the grid power the critical loads, 2 kW.
# UAV Cluster-Assisted Task Offloading for Emergent Disaster Scenarios
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we propose a UAV cluster-assisted task-offloading model for disaster scenarios, by adopting UAV clusters as aerial mobile edge servers to provide task-offloading services to ground users. Moreover, we model the optimization problem of system energy efficiency as a Markov decision process, and convert the optimization objective from maximizing energy efficiency to maximizing reward value. Finally, we propose a deep reinforcement learning-based UAV cluster-assisted task-offloading algorithm (DRL-UCTO) to jointly optimize UAV flight trajectories and task-offloading policies. The simulation experimental results show that the DRL-UCTO algorithm improves the energy efficiency of the UAV-assisted task-offloading system by 79.6% and 301.1% compared to the DQN and Greedy algorithms, respectively.  
In future work, we consider reducing the number of task passes by optimizing the routing between multiple UAVs to further improve the transmission efficiency of UAVs. Meanwhile, we will explore the extended applications of UAVs in more scenarios.  
Conceptualization, M.S. and H.C.; methodology, X.Z.; software, J.C.; validation, M.S. and X.Z.; formal analysis, H.C.; investigation, J.C.; resources, H.C.; data curation, M.S. and X.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, M.S.; writing--review and editing, H.C.; visualization, J.C.; supervision, X.Z.; project administration, H.C.; funding acquisition, H.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data used to support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors would like to thank all the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and constructive suggestions.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Achievable Rate of NOMA-Based Cooperative Spectrum-Sharing CRN over Nakagami-\(m\) Channels
## 5 Results and Discussion
For \(\alpha_{1}\) to \(\alpha_{K}\), we take \(K\) equally spaced points between 1 to 0.5 and normalize them such that their sum is equal to 0.5. It can be seen that as we increase the number of SRs in the network, the ergodic achievable sum rate of SRs increases initially but then saturates to a fixed value. Moreover, there is a small gap between the analytical and simulation results in SR's achievable sum rate. This slight difference is a result of the use of approximate outage probability values derived in [7] for SRs.
## 2 Signal Model and Pre-Processing  
### Signal Model  
The signal model received by the signal receiver could be expressed as [10]  
Figure 1: Four jamming recognition algorithms based on deep learning.  
\[r(t)=J(t)+n(t) \tag{1}\]  
where \(r(t)\) represents the signal that the signal receiver received, \(J(t)\) represents the jamming signal, \(n(t)\) represents the white Gaussian noise (WGN).  
The single jamming signals used in this article include Single Tone Jamming (STJ), Multi-Tone Jamming (MTJ), Partial Band Noise Jamming (PBNJ), Pulse Jamming (Pulse Jamming) Comb Spectrum Noise Jamming (CSNJ), Linear Frequency Modulation Jamming (LFMJ), Noise Frequency Modulation Jamming (NFMJ), and Sinusoidal Frequency Modulation Jamming (SFMJ). The compound jamming signal studied in this article is obtained by combining STJ, MTJ, PJ, and LFMJ. A total of four kinds of compound jamming signals, STJ-PJ, STJ-LFMJ, STJ-SFMJ, and MTJ-PJ, can be obtained through combination.
## 6 Experimental Verification
### Performance Test Method
#### 6.2.2 Inertial Stability Accuracy  
Since the OES is used to isolate the motion of the carrier so that the infrared detector can stably point to a fixed direction in the inertial space, the tracking error magnitude between the motion angle of the carrier and the motion angle of OES, denoted as \(e\), can reflect the inertia stability accuracy of the OES. When the carrier moves in a sinusoidal function of \(1^{\circ}\) and \(1\) Hz, the obtained error magnitude \(e\) is used as the criterion for evaluating the stability accuracy, as is shown in Figure 7[16]. Obviously, the smaller \(e\) is, the higher inertial stability accuracy of the OES will be.
## 2 Related Work
NOMA is a good contender for multiple access in VLC however the designs have been largely limited to showing the feasibility of interference cancellation under strong assumptions which limit the effective throughput performance of the VLC system. **Multiple Access using MIMO Techniques. ** Using the MIMO technique proposed in Ref. [15], several works have presented different multiple access schemes using different equalization [16] and modulation schemes such as OFDM [17; 18], optical spatial modulation (OSM) with OFDM [19]. Reference [20], introduces an Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) technique andReference [21] used intensity modulation to support multiple users in MIMO VLC system. A key challenge with photodiode arrays is that they allow more noise, from ambient light (sunlight and artificial lighting), into the receiver due to the wide field-of-view, thus affecting received signal quality and data rate. The work in Reference [22] proposes multi-color LEDs based MIMO VLC system to ensure higher data rates (upto 1 Gbps) but the system requires complex signal processing and equalization techniques. Reference [23] presents a precoding technique to mitigate inter-cell and intra-cell ambient light interferences in multi-cell VLC systems to improve the bandwidth efficiency, where specific spatial regions are considered as cells, similar to cellular communication. The complexity of the MIMO techniques for real-time implementation and performance, and the necessity of high efficiency and costly photoreceptors (avalanche photodiodes [4]) for improving data rates, remain challenges yet to be solved for MIMO VLC systems. **Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). ** In Reference [24], the authors introduce a bi-directional VLC in full duplex mode by parallel transmission of three (RGB) channels and use OFDM modulation demodulation to increase the aggregate data rate. In another work [25], a color-shift keying CDMA (CSK-CDMA) based VLC system has been developed to increase the VLC throughput and for allowing multiple access.To provide ultra high data rates (>35 Gb/s) in a wide range of coverage, a WDM system of four-colour multiplexed using MEMS based beam-steering has been presented by [PERSON] et al. [26]. While such systems could potentially avoid interference across specific wavelengths, the complexity, high bit-error-rates, and costly hardware elements limit the usage of these approaches.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Key Aroma Marker Quantitation by Standard Addition (SA) and IS-SPME-GC-MS
The commercial selection of Ceylon infusions are described by higher amounts of _(Z)-4-heptenal_ (0.98 ug/L) and _(E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal_ (0.56 ug/L). Other key volatiles such as _phenylacetaldehyde_, _\(\beta\)-damascenone_, and _\(\beta\)-ionone_ play a role in defining the peculiar profiles of Ceylon, Assam, Kenya, and Darjeeling TV. Teas from Kenya and Assam are characterized by higher amounts of Strecker aldehydes _3-methyl butanal_ (49.12 ug/L for Assam and 84.89 ug/L for Kenya) and _2-methyl butanal_ (63.12 ug/L for Assam and 89.97 ug/L). Moreover, within the cluster of Ceylon, Assam, and Kenya, other major differences occur for _\(\beta\)-ionone_, more abundant in Ceylon (2.16 ug/L) and Kenya (1.92 ug/L). In general, Azores, Yunnan, and Darjeeling Castleton showed a weaker profile of aroma-active analytes; in particular, many key odorants (unsaturated aldehydes and the nor-isoprenroids _\(\beta\)-danscence_ and _\(\beta\)-ionone_) were not detected and quantified in the related infusions. However, tea from the Azores showed a fairly high amount of Strecker aldehydes (_3-methyl butanal_, _2-methyl butanal_ 46.69 ug/L), which likely imparts mally notes. Nevertheless, the great variability in the quantitative distribution of key odorants does not necessarily lead to a meaningful characterization of the selected samples for their sensory quality. odorants, besides their intrinsic potency that is related to the binding with odor receptors (ORs), should be effectively released by the food matrix to reach the olfactory epithelium and trigger retronasal olfaction (i.e., aroma perception). The ratio between the analyte's concentration in the sample (i.e., tea infusion) and its odor threshold (OT, i.e., the lowest concentration of a compound that is just enough for the recognition of its odor [38]) in water provides a more realistic perspective of the overall aroma quality and odorant balancing. For this reason, the contribution of the analytes in the prediction of samples' sensory profiles is evaluated by applying the SEBES concept.
## 5 Epigenetic Regulation of ALS
### Studies Using Human Cell and Mouse Models
#### 5.1.3 Histone Modifications
Histone methylation occurs at lysine residues of histone H3 (H3K4, H3K9, H3K27, H3K36, and H3K79) and histone H4 (H4K20), and at arginine residues of histone H3 (H3R2, H3R8, H3R17, and H3R26) and H4 (H4R3) [85; 86]. Lysine residues of histones can be mono-, di-, or tri-methylated, whereas arginine residues can be mono- or di-methylated. Histone methylation of lysine residues is controlled by histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs) [87; 88]. Up- and downregulation of these enzymes play important roles in many pathological processes [87; 88]. Methylation of arginine residues of histones is catalyzed by the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family [89]. The important role of arginine methylation in various human diseases was recently reported [90]. Dipeptide repeat expansion in the _C9 orf72_ gene causes a significant proportion of ALS cases [8]. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays using antibodies against tri-methylated H3K9, H3K27, H3K79, and H4K20 revealed that the tri-methylated residues tightly bind to the expanded repeats of _C9 orf72_ in the brain of ALS patients [91]. _C9 orf72_ mRNA levels also decrease in the frontal cortices and cerebellum of ALS patients [91]. Moreover, treating fibroblasts derived from repeat carriers with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, a DNA and histone demethylating agent, not only reduced _C9 orf72_ binding to tri-methylated histone residues, but also restored _C9 orf72_ mRNA levels [91]. Lysine tri-methylation of histones H3 and H4 is thus involved in the reduction of _C9 orf72_ mRNA expression in ALS patients harboring repeat expansion in the _C9 orf72_ gene. Co-immunoprecipitation combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis identified PRMT1 as a factor associated with FUS carrying R521C mutation (FUS-R521C) found in ALS patients [92]. Based on this method, the cytosolic FUS-R521C-positive stress granule aggregates contained PRMT1 [92]. Overexpression of PRMT1 rescued neurite degeneration induced by FUS-R521C under oxidative stress [92]. In contrast, loss of PRMT1 increased the accumulation of the aggregates and neurite degeneration [92]. Of note, the mRNA of _Nd1-L_ encodingactin-stabilizing protein was also sequestered into the FUS-R521C/PRMT1 aggregates [92]. Overexpression of Nd1-L accordingly rescued neurite degeneration induced by FUS-R521C under oxidative stress, whereas the loss of Nd1-L promoted neurite degeneration [92]. Thus, histone methylation plays important roles in the pathogenesis of ALS (Table 2).
# Influence of Random Modulated Power Converter on G3 Power Line Communication
## 1 Introduction
Furthermore, the modulation index specifies by how much the pulse position of the RPPM should vary, and it surely plays a significant role on the coexistence. The RNUR determines how fast the pulse position of RPPM should change, and it obviously also affects the operation of the RPPM. In line with these objectives, this work is aimed at investigating the effects of the RPPM on the G3-PLC system and at comparing the results with previous experimental findings obtained with other modulation strategies (such as the RFM) to understand which modulation scheme could better assure coexistence. To this end, an experimental test campaign aimed at examining the effects of the main parameters that affect the RPPM, such as the switching frequency, modulation index, and the RNUR, on the performance of G3-PLC is carried out. The performance of the G3-PLC is assessed by considering the FER, the Channel Capacity, and the Channel Capacity Loss. The remaining part of the manuscript is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the details of Random Modulation. The description of the G3-PLC and the experimental test setup is presented in Sections 3 and 4, respectively. The obtained results are then presented and discussed in Section 5. Finally, in Section 6, some conclusions are drawn.
# Laser Sintering of TiO\({}_{2}\) Films for Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion  
### UV Laser Sintering  
The TiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles used in this paper are rather transparent in the near-infrared (IR) region but are highly absorbent at UV wavelengths below 385 nm (Figure 1d), so a 355 nm UV laser is first chosen for the sintering with a scanning speed of 80 mm/s, a scanning interval of 5 \(\upmu\)m, and a defocusing amount of 3.6 mm. Figure 2 shows the SEM images of the surface morphologies taken after sintering with different laser fluence. The unmodified TiO\({}_{2}\) film consists of tightly packed nanoparticles with a size of 30-40 nm (Figure 2b), and no obvious morphological change is observed when the laser fluence is below 0.28 J/cm\({}^{2}\). As the laser fluence increases to 0.4 J/cm\({}^{2}\), the TiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles agglomerate into irregular-shaped large ones (Figure 2d), which is analogous to the result achieved in high temperature (800 \({}^{\circ}\)C) sintering [32]. This event provides evidence to support that the energy transfers from the laser to the TiO\({}_{2}\) film, which results in the enhanced bonding force between nanoparticles. However, the cross-sectional image shows that (Figure 2e), for the \(\sim\)13\(\upmu\)m thickness film, the thickness of the melted layer is only about 250 nm. That is because the UV absorption of TiO\({}_{2}\) film is high to 98.5%,  
Figure 1: (**a**) Schematic device configuration and (**b**) sintering process, (**c**) scanning trace of the laser sintering, and (**d**) spectral absorption of different films. ITO: indium tin oxide; PEN: polyethylene naphthalate.  
which leads to that the weak scattering and reflection of the UV laser. Meanwhile, the decreased interspace in the sintered thin layer further limits the action depth of the UV laser.