# Machine Learning for Evaluating Hospital Mobility: An Italian Case Study
## 2 Background
### Overview of Hospital Infrastructure in Apulia and Emilia-Romagna
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Level**} & \\ \cline{4-9}
**Region** & **Network** & & **Base Level** & **First Level** & **Irccs** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Private** \\ **Nursing** \\ **Homes** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Second** \\ **Level** \\ \end{tabular} & **Total** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Apulia**} & **Private** & N. & 0 & 4 & 2 & 24 & 0 & 30 \\  & & \% & 0.0 & 6.8 & 3.4 & 40.7 & 0.0 & 50.8 \\  & & N. & 9 & 13 & 2 & 0 & 5 & 29 \\  & **Public** & \% & 15.3 & 22.0 & 3.4 & 0.0 & 8.5 & 49.2 \\  & **Total** & N. & 9 & 17 & 4 & 24 & 5 & 59 \\  & & \% & 15.3 & 28.8 & 6.8 & 40.7 & 8.5 & 100 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Emilia** \\ **Romagna** \\ \end{tabular} } & **Private** & N. & 27 & 0 & 1 & 15 & 3 & 46 \\  & & \% & 39.7 & 0.0 & 1.5 & 22.1 & 4.4 & 67.6 \\  & **Public** & N. & 1 & 6 & 3 & 0 & 12 & 22 \\  & & \% & 1.5 & 8.8 & 4.4 & 0.0 & 17.6 & 32.4 \\  & **Total** & N. & 28 & 6 & 4 & 15 & 15 & 68 \\  & & \% & 41.2 & 8.8 & 5.9 & 22.1 & 22.1 & 100 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{**Total**} & **Private** & N. & 27 & 4 & 3 & 39 & 3 & 76 \\  & & \% & 21.3 & 3.1 & 2.4 & 30.7 & 2.4 & 59.8 \\  & **Public** & N. & 10 & 19 & 5 & 0 & 17 & 51 \\  & & \% & 7.9 & 15.0 & 3.9 & 0.0 & 13.4 & 40.2 \\  & **Total** & N. & 37 & 23 & 8 & 39 & 20 & 127 \\  & & \% & 29.1 & 18.1 & 6.3 & 30.7 & 15.7 & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Contingency table: Relationship between hospital network nature and hospital level in the Apulia and Emilia-Romagna Region. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Region** & & **Value** & **df** & \(\mathbf{p}\) \\ \hline
**Apulia** & \(\chi^{2}\) & 42.8 & 4 & \(<\)0.001 \\  & **N** & 59 & & \\
**Emilia** & \(\chi^{2}\) & 49.2 & 4 & \(<\)0.001 \\
**Romagna** & \(\mathbf{N}\) & 68 & & \\
**Total** & \(\mathbf{x}^{2}\) & 64.5 & 4 & \(<\)0.001 \\  & **N** & 127 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: \(\chi^{2}\) test. In Apulia, the private hospital network, also accredited, is mainly composed of first-level structures (4 out of 30), with no presence of base-level hospitals. This distribution suggests a focus on specialized care in the private sector. However, in the public sector, the presence of 5 second-level structures underlines a parallel commitment to provide a broad spectrum of health services. Considering macroregion, the difference in the distribution of hospital levels becomes evident. While Emilia-Romagna focuses on basic and specialized services, Apulia shows a greater emphasis on second-level structures in the public sector, compensating for the absence of base-level hospitals in the private sector. This interregional balance could reflect strategic complementarity, with each region covering different aspects of the population's health needs. The configuration of the hospital network in Apulia, with a strong presence of second-level structures in the public sector, highlights a commitment to ensuring specialized care, even in the absence of base-level hospitals in the private sector. This may indicate a strategy of focusing resources on specialized and advanced care. However, it is essential to ensure that access to basic care is not compromised, and that there is an adequate geographical distribution of facilities to ensure accessibility for all residents.