## Results
### Ionospheric Investigations  
Although the ionosphere is typically investigated inside [PERSON]'s area, we take into account that, in this particular case, such an area would be too small (see Figure 1) compared with the altitude of the Swarm satellites (about 470 km above sea level for Alpha and Charlie). So, we decided to consider an area with a diameter equal to the altitude of the two lower-orbit satellites, i.e., a radius equal to 235 km. The MASS algorithm was run for the data from 3 July 2022 to 1 January 2023. In order to avoid external disturbances, only quiet geomagnetic time was considered, using geomagnetic indexes shown in Figure 8. It is possible to note that there are several periods with geomagnetic activity, which is \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Date** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Atmospheric Parameter**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Surface Air Temperature**} & **Surface Specific Humidity** & **Aerosol** & **SO\({}_{2}\)** & **Surface Total Energy** \\ \hline  
ecember 2022 & & & & X \\ \hline
3 December 2022 & & X & & X \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: \(Cont.\)reasonable, as the time under investigation is during the solar activity increase of the 25 th solar cycle. After processing all the tracks of Swarm Alpha, Bravo and Charlie, about 20 tracks present some anomalies inside the research area in quiet geomagnetic conditions (1 Dst\(\,\)1\(\,\)\(\leq\) 20 nT and ap \(\leq\) 10 nT), using a window of 1\({}^{\circ}\) latitude (found optimal in the Central Italy Swarm investigation [42]), and a threshold of rms inside the window of more than 2.5 times the threshold of rms of the whole track. Table 3 reports the list of anomalous tracks, and their cumulate number versus time is shown in Figure S8 in the supplementary  
Figure 8: Geomagnetic indexes Dst (**a**), ap (**b**) and solar activity F10.7 index (**c**) in the six months before the ML = 3.3 Guidonia 1 January 2023 earthquake. Red lines show the thresholds used in the automatic codes to distinguish quiet or disturbed conditions (1 Dst\(\,\)1\(\,\)\(>\) 20 nT or ap \(>\) 10 nT). Figure 7: Comparison of SO\({}_{2}\) time series in the research area with SO\({}_{2}\) measured in the craters of three active close volcanos: Etna, Stromboli, and Vulcano. All the data were normalised in the range from 0 to 1.  
materials. No anomalies were identified in the absolute scalar intensity of the geomagnetic field with the selected parameters. We note that the track of Swarm Bravo on 9 July 2022 followed one day after the surface latent heat flux anomaly reported in Table 2 and Figure 4, suggesting a bottom-up transmission of the anomalous phenomenon. The three most interesting tracks in the Y-East component of the geomagnetic field are reported in Figures 9-11, and the other anomalous tracks are presented in Supplementary Materials from Figure S9 to Figure S22. In particular, Figure 9 shows an anomalous signal of about 3 nT/s peak-peak intensity, but the geomagnetic index Dst is at the upper boundary limit of 20 nT. In fact, looking at the trend of Dst (e.g., on [[https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dst_realtime/202208/index.html](https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dst_realtime/202208/index.html)]([https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dst_realtime/202208/index.html](https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dst_realtime/202208/index.html)), accessed on 2 January 2023), it continues to increase in the following hours, and reaches \(-\)58 nT on 8 August 2022, so this track was acquired at the sudden commencement of a moderate geomagnetic storm. Although the signal was perfectly centred on the incoming earthquake, the external source was the most reliable one to explain this signal. Figure 10 reports an interesting track acquired on 13 November 2022 by the Swarm Alpha satellite, with an anomaly superposed on the seismic activity recorded in the North Adriatic Sea close to the Marche Italian region, especially in November 2022 but still ongoing (in January 2023).