esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
The proactive approach was introduced to reduce the communication overhead involved between switches and controllers. Another SDN performance issue is regarding the flow table update operation made upon the occurrence of events such as topology changes [5], network reconfiguration [6], and the creation of re-routing rules [7]. The routing update operation must be completed within 25 milliseconds (ms) to meet stringent QoS requirements of real-time applications [8]. Similarly, failure recovery has a strict recovery delay requirement to adhere to the carrier-grade quality [8]. Fast rules rerouting depends on switch rule updating time and controller response time to generate rules. A common challenge experienced by the SDN controller is to update the switches consistently and promptly. The longer time the update operation takes, the more probability for the network to have unstable behaviors such as extra packet processing delay, forwarding loop, and routing errors [7]. Thus, the centralized controller, flow table limitation of commercial switches, and flow table update operation should be dealt with efficiently to avoid critical performance bottleneck in the deployed production network environment of OpenFlow-SDN [5]. These three issues of SDN have gained great attention from researchers in recent years [7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. DevoFlow [9], DIFANE [12], and Kotani [13] proposed some schemes to reduce the processing load of the controller. SDN-Guard [14; 15; 16] have proposed some methods to mitigate security attacks arisen due to the centralized nature of the controller in SDN. Some solutions were proposed to reduce higher flowtable update operations [7; 17; 18]. Other solutions focus on improving the efficiency of a limited flowtable [19; 20; 21]. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on the efforts that have been done on optimizing the processing load of the controller, mitigating malicious attacks, flow table update operation, and improving the efficiency of flow table management to ensure stable performance of SDN. Potential future research directions are also identified and discussed, such as the use of machine learning and other artificial intelligence techniques. The paper road map is organized as follows: Section 2 presents an overview of OpenFlow as a promising standard to achieve the benefit of SDN. Section 3 explains SDN performance challenges. Section 4 presents and details the existing state-of-the-art proposed solutions to manage flow table memory. Section 5 discusses and highlights the research challenges and suggests future research direction. Section 6 rounds up the paper and presents concluding remarks.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper applied the WPT technology to the RMINS, solving the problems of wire tangling and frictional wear of slip-rings and providing a stable power supply to the IMU. According to the characteristics of the RMINS, a simple design method of the MCRWPT system based on SS compensation topology was given. Specifically, the magnetic shielding structure's magnetic leakage characteristics and SS compensation topology system characteristics were analyzed based on ANSYS software. The DC-DC converter was adopted to stabilize the output voltage of the secondary side with the varying load resistance. The influence of excitation frequency on system efficiency was analyzed, and the TTE was optimized by increasing excitation frequency. The experimental results showed that the designed MCRWPT system can achieve a TTE of 74.6% at an output power of 10 W and can successfully power inertial sensors and PCBs on the rotating unit of the uniaxial rotation module in the URMINS. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, which can simplify the design process of the WPT system and have guiding significance for engineering practice.  
Conceptualization, M.N. and X.S.; methodology, M.N. and K.S.; software, H.M.; validation, M.N. and Z.Z.; formal analysis, T.H.; investigation, Z.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, M.N.; writing--review and editing, X.S. and T.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Business Intelligence through Machine Learning from Satellite Remote Sensing Data
## 5 Experimentation and Evaluation
### One-Class SVM Experiments
In the area that covers the Old Town and Epta Platania, we noticed a big improvement in the classification of pubs and restaurants. All of the amenities in the Old Town and near the train station were True Negatives. Various points of interest were misclassified in bigger grids but showed considerable improvements as they decreased in size. Issues regarding vegetation were still present but at a smaller degree than previously. The identification of amenities across the coastal area was consistent in all different fishnet sizes. The park near Agios Konstantinos was classified as abandoned on its whole in bigger-sized grids, but as we increased the number of polygons, the included buildings were classified correctly as not-abandoned. While there were cases of False Positives in areas with increased vegetation, this is due to how they are topologically located within the grids. Thus, since we were able to increase the grid number without exceeding the computational limits of GEE, we tested the area in a \(30\times 30\) fishnet. The results concerning the amenities were similar, but there were also not-abandoned buildings with increased vegetation that were classified correctly. Finally, the central area was classified with a low degree of identified False Positives or Negatives. The model was able to identify all cafes and restaurants that are prevalent in the area (Figure 8). Hyperparameter tuning using more sophisticated methods seems mandatory to evaluate our method more efficiently.
# Analytical Solutions for the Propagation of UltraShort and UltraSharp Pulses in Dispersive Media
## 8 Undistorted Airy Pulses
### Attenuation Compensating Airy Pulse  
It has been realized that the Airy beams can be implemented to compensate medium's attenuation. Energy can flow from minus infinity to compensate for the pulse's attenuation. Such a pulse can be constructed by imaginary period displacement [37; 38]:  
\[A(t,z)=A_{0}\text{Ai}[(t-i\eta)/\theta] \tag{93}\]  
In this case, the pulse at the end of the dispersive medium can be directly derived:  
\[A(t,z)=A_{0}\text{Ai}\bigg{[}(t-i\eta)/\theta-\Big{(}\beta_{2}z/2\theta^{2} \Big{)}^{2}\bigg{]}\exp\bigg{[}i(t-i\eta)\beta_{2}z/2\theta^{3}-i\Big{(}\beta_ {2}z/\theta^{2}\Big{)}^{3}/12\bigg{]} \tag{94}\]  
This expression is presented in Figure 28.  
The introduction of \(\eta\) is responsible to the additional exponential term \(\exp\big{[}\eta\beta_{2}z/2\theta^{3}\big{]}\), which can compensate for the medium's absorption.  
The problem with these pulses is, again, that they have infinite energy and cannot be normalized. Therefore, only approximations of these pulses can be implemented in real experiments (see, for example, Ref. [38]).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### RPLC-ESI-MS(/Ms)  
Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic runs were performed using a VelosPro (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) instrumentation, i.e., a double linear trap mass spectrometer coupled with Ultimate 3000 HPLC system (Dionex, Thermo Scientific) and HESI (heated electrospray ionization) interface. The chromatographic section was composed of a C18 column AerisTM 3.6 \(\upmu\)m wideporc XB-C18 250 \(\times\) 2.1 mm (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) working at 0.2 mL/min flow and 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The mobile phase composition was H2O (A) and ACN (B) both containing formic acid 0.1% in volume. The mobile phase elution was set as follows: min 0 5% B, min 2 isocratic 5% B, min 20 up to 60% B, min 22 up to 100% B, min 26 isocratic 100% B, min 30 up to 5% B, min 35 isocratic 5% B. Mass spectrometer parameters were sheath gas flow rate 35 arbitrary units (a.u.); spray voltage 3.5 kV; capillary temperature 320 \({}^{\circ}\)C; source heater temperature 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C; S-Lens RF Level 60 a.u. MS data were acquired in Data Dependent mode in the range 500-2000 _m_/z. Precursor ions tandem MS fragmentations were performed in CID (collision induced dissociation) fragmentation mode with 35% a.u. energy.
## 6 Conclusions  
From the application of a methodology proposed in a previous study [21] to three concrete mixes (A1, A2, A3), in order to compare the ecotoxicological potential of raw materials (fly ash--FA, recycled aggregates--RA) and cement-based construction materials, the following conclusions were drawn:  
* Taking into account only the chemical characterization (CC) of the eluates and the comparison of the results obtained with limit values established in the landfill waste EC Decision 2003/33/EC [24], the concrete mixes formulated with raw materials classified as hazardous (FA) may be classified as non-hazardous materials (A2 and A3).
* Materials with a high ecotoxicological potential, namely samples A2 and A3, can be formulated from raw materials with evidence of lower ecotoxicity (FA and RA). This result is corroborated by TCS, which showed that the ecotoxicity degree of construction materials formulated with ecotoxic raw materials was greater than that of their raw materials; an increase in toxicity occurs from the raw materials (Class III) to the construction materials (Class IV). Thus, the incorporation of 100% RA and 60% FA in concrete may result in an adverse effect on human health and on the environment.
* The incorporation of high quantities of FA with an extremely high sulphate concentration (4400 mg/kg) in concrete reduced the concentration to 30 mg/kg for the samples A1, A2, and A3. The concentration of chlorides was low in FA, but increased slightly when incorporated in concrete.  
In this study, the importance of assessing the possible environmental risks of the incorporation of non-conventional raw materials in cement-based construction materials was demonstrated. The chemical and ecotoxicological characterization of materials' eluate samples can complement environmental life cycle assessment studies and contribute to achieving construction sustainability.  
[PERSON] developed and applied the methodology to concrete mixes. [PERSON] and [PERSON] supervised the research work based on a master thesis and reviewed the paper. [PERSON] carried out ecotoxicity tests, helped in the interpretation of the results and reviewed the paper. [PERSON] wrote the paper. [PERSON] formulated and produced the concrete mixes. [PERSON] reviewed and edited the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by FCT--Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal, via the Project FCT PTDC/ECM/118372/2010--EXCELentSUstanableCONcrete.  
The authors wish to thank CERIS research centre and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences from IST, FCT--Foundation for Science and Technology (UID/BIO/04565/2013 for iBB), Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa 2010 (Lisboa-01-0145-FEDER-007317 for iBB) and to WGB Shield research project (FCT-PTDC/ECI-EGC/30681/2017).  
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
## 5 Asymptotic Secrecy Outage Performance Analysis  
Due to the complexity of the aforementioned secondary user's SOP expression, it is difficult to find the relationship between SOP and system parameters intuitively. Next, we analyze the asymptotic SOP performance of secondary users and discuss the relationship between SOP and system parameters.  
We assume \(P_{t}\gg Q\), hence the transmit power of the BS depends on the QoS constraints of the PD. With some simple algebraic manipulations and observation, we can easily obtain the exact asymptotic SOP expression of the secondary users.
## 5 Discussion
### Application of Transition Probabilities
The results between the transition probability of seven driving behaviors and statistical indexes are presented in Tables 6 and 7. Table 6 indicates that the transition probability of NFAD-NFAD had a strong correlation with other transition probabilities, with a maximum correlation coefficient of 0.6491. Table 7 shows that vehicle speed had a strong correlation with other statistical indexes, especially with relative distance and THW. In addition, the mean and standard deviation of relative distance had strong correlations with THW, with correlation coefficients of 0.9674 and 0.8225, which means that any one of THW or relative distance features can be removed. A comparative analysis of the correlation between the two kinds of features showed that the correlation and significance level of driving behavior transition probability features were lower than those of the traditional statistical features, indicating that information redundancy was lower. The proposed approach can express the driving style to a greater extent and improve the accuracy of driving style classification. The effectiveness of the maximum joint mutual information algorithm was also verified. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Input Features** & **Classifiers** & **Aggressive** & **Normal** & **Cautious** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Transition probability} & RF & 91.35\% & 87.26\% & 92.22\% \\  & SVM & 83.53\% & 81.64\% & 84.91\% \\  & KNN & 88.92\% & 84.43\% & 87.43\% \\  & RF & 88.49\% & 83.26\% & 86.32\% \\ \multirow{3}{*}{Statistical features} & SVM & 84.46\% & 79.27\% & 82.08\% \\  & KNN & 88.13\% & 82.64\% & 82.40\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Classification accuracy of the three classification algorithms under different feature inputs.
# An Experimental Study on the Influence of Soundscapes on People's Behaviour in an Open Public Space
## 3 Results
### Effect of Music on Duration of Stay
#### 3.2.2 Combined Effect of Posture and Music on Duration of Stay  
A two-way ANOVA was conducted to examine the effects of Posture and Stimulus on Duration of stay. Homogeneity of variances was assessed by [PERSON]'s test, and it was violated (\(p\) < 0.001); however, there is an overall consensus in the literature to carry on regardless when the ratio of the largest to the smallest group variance is less than three (a condition that is met in this study), since the test is reasonably robust to heterogeneity of variance in these cases [33].  
The interaction effect between Posture and Stimulus was not statistically significant for Duration of stay scores, \(F(3,\) 574) = 1.197, \(p\) = 0.310, partial \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.006. Therefore, an analysis of the main effect for Stimulus was performed, which indicated that the main effect was statistically significant, \(F(3,\) 574) = 3.781, \(p\) = 0.010, partial \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.019. All pairwise comparisons were run, where reported 95% confidence intervals and \(p\)-values were Bonferroni-adjusted. The unweighted marginal means of Duration of stay scores for Classical, Ambient, Jazz, and Control (No music) were 5.29 \(\pm\) 0.072,5.25 \(\pm\) 0.079, 5.17 \(\pm\) 0.087, and 4.83 \(\pm\) 0.120, respectively. These point scores of the log-transformed duration variable correspond to mean Duration of Stay of 198 seconds (Classical), 190 s (Ambient), 176 s (Jazz), and 125 s (Control). Figure 5 shows the estimated marginal means of the ANOVA model for the log-transformed version of Duration of stay. The Control condition was associated with a mean Duration of stay score 0.45 points lower than Classical (\(p\) = 0.007), 0.42 points lower than Ambient (\(p\) = 0.021), and 0.34 points lower than Jazz, but the latter difference was not statistically significant (\(p\) = 0.124). For the sake of clarity, Figure 6 reports the mean Duration of stay scores (as observed during the on-site campaign).  
Figure 5: Mean Duration of stay (log-transformed) as a function of the Stimulus variable, when controlling for the Posture variable.  
Figure 6: Mean Duration of stay (as observed) as a function of the Stimulus variable, for both the Standing and Sitting conditions.  
Thus, for the investigated case, the above findings seem to suggest that music--without any kind of interaction with other additional qualitative variables--had the capacity to positively affect people's duration of stay in the observation area.
# On the Use of Transformer-Based Models for Intent Detection Using Clustering Algorithms
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Transformer Models for Word Embeddings
To achieve this goal, ALBERT eliminates the Next Sentence Prediction (NSP) pre-training and introduces a new one named Sentence Order Prediction (SOP), which comprises a binary classification task for which the algorithm is given a pair of sentences (one with swapped order and one consecutive) and asked to determine which has the right order [30]. XLNet is a natural language processing model that uses a distinct pre-training approach known as permutation language modeling. Unlike BERT's MLM, XLNet generates all possible permutations of the input sequence. The model was trained autoregressively, predicting each token based on both its left and right context without the need for the artificial tokens used in BERT. This approach allows XLNet to capture more global context and dependencies between tokens, improving performance on various language tasks [31]. It uses the concept of two-stream self-attention, and the 12-transformer encoder layer version was used in this work. ELECTRA has a similar architecture to BERT but with a different pre-training task [32]. In this case, the model was trained to predict whether each token in a sentence is original or generated (i.e., replaced by a model-generated token). A discriminator network performs this task. Additionally, the ELECTRA model includes a smaller generator network that corrupts the input sentence by replacing some of its tokens with generated ones. The discriminator is trained on this corrupted input to distinguish between original and generated tokens. This training strategy allows for more efficient pre-training than BERT, where the entire input sequence is masked and predicted. The models analyzed in previous studies have demonstrated superior performance compared to BERT on certain tasks in a supervised learning setting [28; 30; 31; 32]. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether these models also have superior sentence representation capabilities.
## 6 Limitations and Future Work  
Although the two CTS algorithms we proposed demonstrate significant superiority in various scenarios, they still have certain limitations. Our algorithm introduces classification confidence as a key variable in the computation process. However, some classifiers do not inherently provide a method for calculating confidence on data, which necessitates us to define the confidence calculation formula based on the principles of the classifiers. This poses certain challenges to the accuracy and rationality of our computations. Additionally, the calculation of confidence somewhat increases the time overhead. Moreover, the current CTS algorithm is only applicable to supervised learning classification tasks, and its universality still needs improvement compared to the HMTS algorithm proposed in [8]. Research on semi-supervised and unsupervised classification algorithms based on the CTS concept, as well as applying our method to more real-life decision-making scenarios, remains an important part of our future work.  
[PERSON] drafted the main manuscript text, prepared Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Tables 1-5, provided the detailed proof process, proposed and refined the CTS-SR algorithm, supplied most of the datasets used in the experiments, and designed, implemented, and adjusted the experiments. [PERSON] proposed the ensemble strategy that combines the \"surprisingly popular\" algorithm with classification confidence, designed the method details, conducted data analysis, designed and adjusted the experiments, and finalized revisions of the manuscript text. [PERSON] formatted the paper according to the requirements, provided part of the datasets used in the experiments, and wrote the first section of the text. [PERSON] researched the current state of ensemble learning, collected relevant references, and provided the baseline. [PERSON] provided the calculation process for confidence, implemented parts of the confidence calculation in the experiments. [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the second section of the text. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (4202002).  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Archimedean Spiral Antenna
### Design and Simulation
The Archimedean antenna is circularly polarized, as are the vast majority of spiral-shaped antennas. This is very useful in radiofrequency energy harvesting, since the polarization of the incoming signals is unknown and a circularly polarized antenna minimizes depolarization losses. The simulation results in [11] demonstrate that the Archimedean spiral antenna presents circular polarization in a wide range of elevation angles at all relevant frequency bands but under 500 MHz, where it remains elliptically polarized.
## 5 Conclusions  
The primary aim of this study is to explore the shear behavior of binary mixture samples using DEM simulations of triaxial tests. These samples are composed of cubic and spherical particles with different volume fractions and particle size ratios. The investigation analyzes the mechanical characteristics of the binary mixture samples from both macroscopic and microscopic viewpoints. The obtained results yield several significant conclusions, which can be summarized as follows:  
* The macroscopic shear behavior of binary particle samples is profoundly influenced by the volume fraction of cubic and spherical particles, as well as the particle size ratios. Variations in the volume fraction of these particles result in noticeable changes in deviatoric stress, volumetric deformation, as well as internal friction angles, dilatancy angles, stiffness modulus, and Poisson's ratio of the binary samples.
* From a microscopic standpoint, the analysis reveals the influence of particle characteristics on the coordination number of the individual particles. As the volume fraction of coarse particles increases, the overall coordination number of the system decreases. More specifically, the coordination number \(Z_{mc}\) of cubic particles decreases as the volume fraction of spheres decreases. Conversely, the coordination number \(Z_{ms}\) of spherical particles increases as the volume fraction of spheres decreases. These findings demonstrate the intricate relationship between particle characteristics and the coordination number at a microscopic level.
* The anisotropy of normal and tangential contact forces, as well as contact orientations, is influenced by the volume fraction of particles with different shapes. The variation in the volume fraction of particles with distinct shapes leads to changes in the directional distribution of contact forces and orientations.  
Methodology, investigation, original draft preparation, Y.H.; Software, Simulation, Data curation, W.S.; Validation, Supervision, Q.X.; Validation, H.Y.; Conception, Writing--review and editing, K.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 17: Anisotropy of contact orientations for mixture samples between cube-cube, cube-sphere, and sphere-sphere after shearing.  
**Funding:** We gratefully acknowledge the financial supports provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 51608112, the Fundamental Research'Funds for the Central Universities No.2242023K40018.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.