## 3 Results and Discussions
### Driving Speed
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Effect** & _df_ & **F** & \(p\) & \(\boldsymbol{\eta^{2}}\)**\(p\)** \\ \hline Curve direction & (1.00, 46.00) & 0.119 & 0.658 & 0.004 \\ Curve radius & (1.00, 46.00) & 130.234 & **¡0.001 \({}^{*}\)** & 0.739 \\ Condition & (2.90, 133.52) & 6.219 & **¡0.001** & 0.119 \\ Measuring points & (2.14, 98.59) & 51.668 & **¡0.001** & 0.529 \\ Curve direction \(\times\) Curve radius & (1.00, 46.00) & 0.035 & 0.852 & 0.001 \\ Curve direction \(\times\) Condition & (3.55, 163.33) & 0.654 & 0.607 & 0.014 \\ Curve radius \(\times\) Condition & (3.64, 167.59) & 1.132 & 0.342 & 0.024 \\ Curve direction \(\times\) Curve radius \(\times\) Condition & (3.46, 159.22) & 1.134 & 0.340 & 0.024 \\ Curve direction \(\times\) Measuring points & (2.28, 104.65) & 1.585 & 0.207 & 0.033 \\ Curve radius \(\times\) Measuring points & (2.06, 94.63) & 64.121 & **¡0.001** & 0.582 \\ Curve direction \(\times\) Curve radius \(\times\) Measuring points & (2.51, 115.60) & 0.665 & 0.549 & 0.014 \\ Condition \(\times\) Measuring points & (8.56, 393.65) & 4.825 & **¡0.001** & 0.095 \\ Curve direction \(\times\) Condition \(\times\) Measuring points & (8.32, 382.71) & 3.088 & **¡0.002** & 0.063 \\ Curve radius \(\times\) Condition \(\times\) Measuring points & (7.66, 352.14) & 2.845 & **¡0.005** & 0.058 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)Bolded values are statistically significant at the \(p\) ¡ 0.05 level.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Analysis of speed: within-subjects repeated measures ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction. 350 m. This difference in speed was consistent throughout the entire segment until exiting the transition curve (point 7). Figure 7 displays the driving speed for the control scenario and the four marking treatments at each of the seven measuring points before, during, and after the curve. The results indicate that the treatments generally led to lower mean speeds than the control condition at the beginning of the entry transition curve (point 3) and at the beginning of the circular curve (point 4). Specifically, at point 4, the speed for all conditions reached its lowest point. RDT experienced the lowest speed at 60.5 km/h, while RWE and RWM reached the minimum of 62 km/h, and RE demonstrated the least reduction in speed, reaching 62.5 km/h at its lowest. From point 4 onward, the speed for all conditions gradually increased until the end of the curve. Speed varies significantly at different points along the curve (\(p<0.001\)), showing that drivers adjust their speed as they approach, navigate, and exit the curve, which is supported by [PERSON] et al. (2014). The RDT condition exhibits the lowest speed and the highest deceleration due to the early noticeability and the visual perception created by the treatment 100 m before the curve. This treatment creates an illusion for drivers, making them perceive they are driving faster than they actually are by presenting the treatment at increasingly smaller intervals. Additionally, by increasing the height of the markings, the road also appears narrower. The speed-reducing effect of the RDT treatment diminishes as drivers progress further through the curve. In addition, road markings affect speed differently at various points, suggesting some markings may encourage early slowing while others maintain lower speeds within the curve ([PERSON] et al., 2016). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Condition** & **Control** & **RWE** & **RE** & **RWM** & **RDT** \\ \hline Mean speed (km/h) & 66.33 & 65.29 & 64.91 & 65.11 & 64.92 \\ \hline Pairwise comparison & & & & & \\ (\(p\)-values) & & & & & \\ \hline Control & 1 & **\textless{0.001}* & **\textless{0.001}** & **\textless{0.001}** & **\textless{0.001}** \\ RWE & & 1 & 0.082 & 1 & 0.283 \\ RE & & & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ RWM & & & & 1 & 1 \\ RDT & & & & & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Bolded values are statistically significant at the \(p<0.05\) level.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Descriptive statistics: mean and pairwise comparison of speed with Bonferroni correction.