## 8 Discussions  
In this paper, we made use of social media platforms such as Twitter to study the emotions of people residing in a holy city versus those residing in a typical metropolitan center in the same country. Twitter was used as a choice of social media in this study, as this work was focused on the extraction of sentiments (emotions) from text. The Twitter network appeared to be one of the main sources of text through which users express their feeling in just 280 characters. Other social networking platforms such as Facebook hold other user content (audios, videos, images in almost equal ratios) as well. Although the inclusion of all the different types of media content was beyond the scope of this study, it could be used in our future work. To study differences in user emotions between the two cities, we performed various experiments and conducted a comparative study based on users in these cities. To perform this comparative study, we considered tweets posted by users in Mecca (pilgrimage region) and Riyadh (typical metropolitan city). Our findings indicate that people residing in Mecca and Riyadh have significant differences in their emotional states. The entire study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, we concluded that tweets posted by users have the potential to reveal their expressed emotions and thus their mental states. People from holy areas expressed much more positivity than citizens from a typical city. The hectic and stressful life of the city affects people negatively, leading to comparatively more psychological disorders and negative feelings such as anger, disgust, and sadness expressed in words such as \" \" (shameful), \" (pain), or \" \" \" (petty). Conversely, people residing in religious places such as Mecca, one of the holiest cities in the world for Muslims, are much more at ease and at peace with their life. They tend to turn to [PERSON] ([PERSON]) when in need and as a result shut out their negative emotions. Hence, they are much happier and have a positive outlook on life. They tend to use spiritual words such as \" \" ([PERSON]), \" \" (alhamdulillah meaning thanks to [PERSON]), and \" \" (ya Rabb meaning [PERSON]) revealing their emotional connection with god. In the second phase, we performed a fine-grained analysis of user emotions and studied the differences in emotions shared by people residing in the two cities. We observed that words in the positive categories such as Joy and Anticipation were used by a higher proportion of people in Mecca (~90%) compared to those in Riyadh (~70%). In order to perform a more fine-grained analysis, we created a word-cloud of the words extracted from the tweets of people residing in Mecca and Riyadh cities, as shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. For a better understanding of user emotions, the top five words in each of the emotion categories expressed by users in the two cities are presented in Table 7. It can be seen that some of the words used are common in both cities, such as \" \" (meaning fear) and \" \" (salvation/finish) and rank at the topmost position in their corresponding categories, i.e., fear and anger, respectively. _Appl. Sci._**2021**, _11_, 6846