# Effect of Physical Exercise on the Release of Micorparticles with Angiogenic Potential
## 8 MPs and Physical Exercise
### The Effect of Physical Exercise on MPs with Angiogenic Potential in Healthy Subjects  
The physical exercise performed in a regular manner elicits beneficial effects that include improved cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, decreased risk of noncommunicable diseases and of all-cause mortality [76; 120; 121; 122; 123; 124].  
Data on the effects of aerobic exercise on E-MPs and Plt-MPs are controversial. After 1 h of treadmill run at 70% of VO\({}_{\text{2 max}}\), a decrease in TF\({}^{+}\) Plt-MPs and neutrophil-derived MPs in healthy men [110] has been observed; moreover, a single session of 30 min of moderate intensity aerobic exercise (60-64% of their VO\({}_{\text{2 peak}}\)) reduces the number of CD62E\({}^{+}\) activated E-MPs and CD31\({}^{+}\)/CD42b\({}^{-}\) apoptotic E-MPs [115]. On the other hand, in prehypertensive male and female, aerobic exercise performed at 65% of predicted maximal heart rate for a duration of 6 months, with a frequency of three times per week, decreases the blood concentration of CD62E\({}^{+}\) E-MPs and CD31\({}^{+}\)/CD42a\({}^{-}\) E-MPs [111]. Some authors also evidenced a possible sex/gender effect on the MPs release: indeed, an acute bout of aerobic exercise at 60-70% of the VO\({}_{\text{2 peak}}\) produced a significant increase in CD62E\({}^{+}\) E-MPs in men, and an increase in CD34\({}^{+}\) MPs in women [51]. However, results of study involving both male and female are inconclusive. Indeed, another study showed CD62E\({}^{+}\) E-MPs decrease both during and after moderate intensity continuous exercise (65% of VO\({}_{\text{2 max}}\)) in women but not in men [116].  
One of the factors that must be taken into account analyzing the effects of physical exercise on the MPs is the timing of the analysis. In response to low to moderate intensity (33% of VO\({}_{\text{2 max}}\)) concentric or eccentric cycling, men show higher concentration of CD41\({}^{+}\) Plt-MPs 5 min following exercise, but these levels returned to baseline levels after 40 min of recovery, while CD62E\({}^{+}\) E-MPs do not show modifications [56]. Another experimental study performed in young males showed that CD41\({}^{+}\) Plt-MPs and CD62E\({}^{+}\) E-MPs were unaffected by 1 h of cycling at \(\approx\)46% of VO\({}_{\text{2 max}}\), while when the intensity were set \(\approx\)67% of VO\({}_{\text{2 max}}\) an increase of CD41\({}^{+}\) Plt-MPs was observed [17]. Interestingly, the MPs released in response to such type of exercise enhanced endothelial proliferation, migration, and tubule-like formation in vitro, compared with MPs present in resting conditions [17].  
Another modality of training that is of increasing interest in research is high intensity interval training (HIIT). HIIT is a useful exercise modality to enhance cardiorespiratory endurance, and suchtype of training can be performed also at strenuous intensities [125; 126]. Supramaximal sprint cycling protocol consisting of 10 bouts of 15 s at 120% of peak power output separated by 45 s of active recovery lead to a significant increase of circulating CD105\({}^{+}\) and CD106\({}^{+}\) E-MPs 90 min after the exercise session, whereas at 180 min post-exercise MPs returned towards resting values [112]. On the other hand, no changes in endothelial MPs concentration was observed after a high intensity interval exercise (95% of VO2 max) [116].  
Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors have detrimental effects on vasculature state, contributing to the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases [127; 128; 129]. After 5 days of reduced physical activity (<5000 steps/day), significant increase of CD31\({}^{+}\)/CD42b\({}^{-}\) apoptotic E-MPs was registered, whereas CD62E\({}^{+}\) activated E-MPs remained unchanged, suggesting that inactivity fosters vascular dysfunction increasing endothelial apoptosis in recreationally active men [53].