## 5 Conclusions  
We have shown that is feasible to detect VOCs emitted in-vivo from single grape berries (39 compounds) and whole clusters (44 compounds). Over 110 VOCs were released to headspace from crushed berries. Spatial (vineyard location) and temporal variations in VOC profiles were observed for all four cultivars. However, these changes were not consistent by growing season, by location, within cultivars, by ripening stage when analyzed by multivariate analyses such principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA). Research into aroma compounds present in cold-hardy cultivars is essential to the continued growth of the wine industry in cold climates and diversification of agriculture in the upper Midwestern area of the U.S. The full list of biogenic volatiles emitted from four cold-hardy grape cultivars during ripening is available online at [36]. In addition, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is provided in 'ANOVA in vivo' spreadsheet. Berry chemistry data is provided in 'Berry Chemistry 2012 and 2013 data' spreadsheet. Conceptualization, J.A.K., S.R. and M.D. ; methodology, S.R. ; validation, S.R., J.A.K. ; formal analysis, S.R. ; investigation, S.R., D.L.M. ; resources, D.L.M., S.R., A.F., J.A.K., and M.D. ; data curation, S.R. and J.A.K. ; writing--original draft preparation, S.R. ; writing--review and editing, S.R., A.F., J.K., and M.D. ; visualization, S.R. ; supervision, J.A.K. and M.D. ; project administration, J.A.K. and M.D. ; funding acquisition, M.D. and J.A.K. This research was funded by the United States Department of Agriculture's Special Crops Research Initiative Program of the National Institute for Food and Agriculture, [grant number 2011-51181-30850], titled \"Northern grapes: integrating viticulture, winemaking, and marketing of new cold-hardy cultivars supporting new and growing rural wineries.\" In addition, this project was partially supported by the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. [Project no. IOW05556] (Future Challenges in Animal Production Systems: Seeking Solutions through Focused Facilitation) is sponsored by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch project [Project no. SD00H449-12] and SD Agriculture Experiment Station. The authors are thankful to [PERSON] for his support with sample collection and laboratory analyses. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. Appendix A6 = Acetophenone, 4 = Acetic acid, 7 = 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol; 2C: 1 = 3-Methyl indole, 2 = Benzyl alcohol, 3 = Acetic Acid; 2D: 1 = 3-methyl indole, 2 = Ethanol, 3 = 2-Phenylethanol, 4 = 2-ethyl-1-hexanol; 3:A: 1 = Isovaleraldehyde, 2 = Isoamyl acetate, 3 = Toluene, 4 = Cyclohexanol, 5 = 3-Methyl-1-butanol; 38: 1 = Benzophenone, 2 = Ethanol, 3 = Hexanal, 4 = Isamyl acetate, 5 = Syrene, 6 = Allyl alcohol; 3C: 1 = Benzene acetaldehyde, 2 = Isobutylaldehyde, 3 = Ethanol, 4 = Embryyl butyrate, 5 = 1-Hexanol, 6 = Formic acid, octly ester, 7 = beta-Damascomone, 8 = Isamyl acetate, 9 = Valeraldehyde, 10 = Ethyl decanoate, 11 = Methanocrolein, 12 = 1-Butanol, 13 = Aspirin methyl ester, 3D: 1 = Propanoic acid, 2 = Ethyl butyrate, 3 = Methyl-1-butanol, 4 = beta-Cyclodiat, 5 = \(p\)-Cymene, 6 = beta-Damascomone, 7 = 1-Hexanol, 8 = beta-Piene, 9 = Nevol acetate, 10 = Propyl-benzene, 11 = Acetic acid, 12 = (+)+Carone, 13 = Valeric acid, 14 = Methanocrolein. Figure 12: Results of a PCA on VOCs emitted from South Dakota cold-hardy grapes by sampling methods (1) whole cluster, (2) single berry, (3) crushed berries, and cultivars (**A**) Frontenac, (**B**) Marquette, (**C**) St. Croix, (**D**) La Crescent. These plots show the relationships of grape maturity during ripening (Date) to each other and the associations among the most representative variable from cluster analysis.