# The Latest Advances in Wireless Communication in Aviation, Wind Turbines and Bridges
## 2 Wireless Communication and Protocols' Characteristics
### Wireless Communication Protocols Overview  
The challenge for wireless networks is the Internet of Things/Everything (also known as IoT/IoE). Since IoT is a very diverse field, there is certainly no universal communication solution. The most common types of wireless are the following standards [4]:  
1. Low Power Broadband Networks (LPWAN) provide long-distance communication on small, cheap batteries that are long-life. This technology has been specifically designed to support large-scale IoT networks spanning extensive campuses, both the industrial and commercial ones. LPWANs can combine all types of IoT sensors--making it easy to combine many types of applications such as facility management, building control, remote monitoring, smart measuring, and employee safety, to name but a few. However, due to the fact that LPWANs can only send small blocks of data at low speed, this makes them better suited for applications which are not time-sensitive and do not require high throughput. 2. Mobile networks (3G, 4G, 5G) offering reliable broadband communications for various voice calls and video streaming applications. Unfortunately, their disadvantages are very high operating costs and power requirements. 3. Zigbee and other \"mesh\" protocols are short-range, with a low power wireless standard (IEEE 802.15.4). It is widely used in grating topology to extend the range through passing sensor data through a number of sensor nodes. In comparison to LPWAN, Zigbee allows a higher data transfer rate, but simultaneously a significantly lower energy efficiency because of the grating configuration. 4. Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1 v1-5) is a very popular short-range communication technology in today's consumer market. Bluetooth Classic was initially designed to exchange point-to-point or point-to-multipoint data (up to seven sub-nodes) between consumer devices. In order to optimize the power consumption, in small consumer IoT applications, Bluetooth Low-Energy was later introduced. 5. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax, WiMAX--IEEE 802.16) provides high data transfer rates not only in corporate but also home environments. However, when it comes to the IoT space, its coverage, scalability, and power consumption are limited, and this makes the technology much less common. Due to high energy requirements, Wi-Fi is not always a viable option for large battery IoT sensor networks, especially in industrial IoT and smart building scenarios. Instead, it is used to connect devices that are easy to connect to an electrical outlet, such as smart home gadgets and devices, digital signage, or security cameras. 6. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID, ISO/IEC24791) uses radio waves to transmit small amounts of data from an RFID tag to a reader at very short distances. So far, technology has significantly revolutionized retail and logistics sectors. The attach ment of an RFID tag to a variety of products and devices allows companies to track their inventory and resources in real time--this, in turn, enables better inventory, production planning, but also optimizing supply chain management. At present, in many critical applications, one of the most used technologies are standards: IEEE 802.1, IEEE 802.15.4, and IEEE 802.16 [4]. The IEEE 802.11 standard offered the first possibility of connecting computers via a wireless network. From it, the whole family of standards began to develop, which is commonly called Wi-Fi. In the first version, \"b\", the maximum throughput was not too high. It reached an average speed of 1-5 Mbps, operating at 2.4 GHz. The \"b\" standard was not very efficient, so an attempt was made to increase speed by changing to the 5 GHz band, increasing the throughput to 54 Mbps. Currently, the 802.11b standard is no longer used for a long time, while 802.11a is rarely used. Another version introduced was the \"g\" standard operating in the 2.4 GHz band and offering backward compatibility with 802.11b, with a maximum throughput of 54 Mbps. The next version was 802.11n, with a maximum speed of 600 Mbps using two bands--2.4 and 5 GHz.