# Smart Mobility with Big Data: Approaches, Applications, and Challenges
## 4 Application of Smart Mobility with Big Data
### Autonomous Vehicles  
In this section, we review studies on how autonomous vehicles select routes, considering limitations such as safety and minimum time. An autonomous vehicle can operate on its own without driver or passenger manipulation. The emergence of self-driving cars is expected to reduce traffic accidents and retaliatory driving due to driver carelessness. However, there are concerns that this usage could reduce jobs for people in the transportation industry and increase cyber attacks. In October 2016, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) officially adopted the autonomous driving stage released by the SAE, which is currently divided into six stages, as listed in Table 2.  
For example, one study [85] predicted that self-driving cars would evolve into services, not products, through artificial intelligence and big data analysis. An online autonomous \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Stage** & **Feature** & **Contents** \\ \hline Level 0 & No automation & The driver controls all operations and encourages all dynamic driving. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Level 1} & \multirow{2}{*}{Driver assistance} & The vehicle is controlled by the steering assistance system or the \\  & & acceleration/deceleration assistance system, but the person performs all functions for \\  & & dynamic driving. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Level 2} & \multirow{2}{*}{Partial automation} & The vehicle is run by a steering support system or acceleration/deceleration support system, but the driving environment is monitored by the person, and the driver is \\  & & responsible for safe driving. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Level 3} & \multirow{2}{*}{Conditional automation} & The system controls all aspects of operation, but if the system requests driver \\  & & intervention, the driver must properly control the vehicle, and the driver is responsible \\  & & for safe control. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Level 4} & \multirow{2}{*}{High automation} & Key driving controls, driving environment monitoring, and emergency responses are all \\  & & conducted by the system but not always entirely controlled by the system. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Level 5} & \multirow{2}{*}{Full automation} & The system is responsible for driving in all road conditions and environments. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Six levels of autonomous driving technology as defined by the SAE. vehicle management system using network calculus (NC) was proposed to provide the best service to users. Another study [86] proposed an Apache Kafka and Spark-based autonomous vehicle development solution that can collect various data in real time. Therefore, it is expected that future cars will be able to select the optimal route quickly and autonomously. The authors of [87] proposed a model that solves internal algorithm performance and data storage and processing problems when collecting, analyzing, and storing data generated by autonomous vehicles. The model consists of Flume, Apache Kafka, and Zookeeper for collection and transmission of data to the storage system. The authors of [88] suggested an optimization method to improve the traffic efficiency of autonomous vehicles in conflict areas. In addition, the authors of [89] emphasized the importance of autonomous vehicles in determining mandatory lane changes (MLC) in urban road networks because incorrect MLC decisions on main roads threaten efficiency and stability. Therefore, the aim of the study was to solve two key strategic decision variables through simulation experiments. The authors of [90] proposed a sensor fusion mechanism that combines resources acquired from autonomous vehicles such as 3D camera sensor data and LiDAR sensor information to provide an optimized solution for route selection. Moreover, the authors of [91] discussed an automatic parking system exploiting sensors of autonomous vehicles such as radar, cameras, and ultrasonic sensors.