esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of a 50 Hz electric field on brain tissue and the positive effects of judging (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthquinone) antioxidant activity, using the immunohistochemical technique on male Wistar-Albino rats. The effects on blood tissue were also examined using biochemical, physiological and comet methods. Animals were randomly divided into three groups (eight in each group): group I: control, group II: electric field, group III: 50 Hz electric field + judging (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthquinone)/300 ppm. Juglone was applied per day by gavage over 30 days. At the end of the experimental procedure, animals were sacrificed and brain tissue was subjected to routine histologic and immunohistochemical processes. As a result of histopathological examination, the brain tissue of rats with 50 Hz electric field exposure showed severe histopathological changes. The differences between groups were statistically significant according to total comet score (\(p\) = 0.001). For the antioxidant parameters on the blood, SOD activity in the electric field group was significantly higher among the other groups, although we did not find significant differences in MDA, CAT activity level.  
Keywords:50 Hz; electric field; brain; blood; tissue +
Footnote †: journal:  
In addition to the differences in the responses of living things to electric fields, it has been stated in many studies that different cell types also respond differently to electric fields in processes such as proliferation and differentiation. Due to the wide spectrum covered by all these different parameters, the effects of EF and the mechanisms of these effects are not yet clearly understood [1; 2; 3]. Walnut-derived herbal preparations of juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) have been applied topically for the treatment of acne, inflammatory diseases and fungal, bacterial and viral infections. A decrease in cell viability was observed depending on the juglone (1-20 \(\upmu\)M) concentration. Juglone has a strong protective effect against various diseases and prevents inflammation and the growth of tumor cells [7; 8].  
It is thought that the increase in cancer cases in recent years is proportional to the excessive use of mobile phones, the widespread use of high voltage lines, and the increase in the use of electrical household appliances. Our aim in planning this study is to confirm the damaging effects of electric and electromagnetic fields on tissues observed in previous studies. In this study, the effects of a 50 Hz electric field applied to Wistar-Albino male rats on brain tissue, and the positive effect of antioxidant juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) applied to reduce these effects were studied on blood immunohistochemistry. The aim was to evaluate these effects on the tissue of the rats by using biochemical, physiological and comet methods.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, an XS imaging detector with high resolution and low gain requirement is designed and developed by combining the charge induction readout mode with an XS anode. Through theoretical analysis, it is determined that the resistance of the resistance layer is 50 M\(\Omega\) and the ceramic substrate thickness is 0.5 mm. The charge distribution and inter-electrode capacitance calculation model of an anode are established to study the effects of anode strip width and insulation thickness on anode charge distribution and inter-electrode capacitance. Based on this relationship, the parameters of the anode are designed. The widths of the top and bottom strips are 253 \(\upmu\)m and 475 \(\upmu\)m, respectively, the period width is 690 \(\upmu\)m, and the insulation thickness is 100 \(\upmu\)m. The small difference between the simulation and the measurement proves the reliability of the model. With  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Centroidings** & **Resolution** & **Distortion(D)** & **Speed** & **Complexity** \\ \hline G3S & 55.7 \(\upmu\)m & 34.3\% & fast & low \\ G5S & 49.6 \(\upmu\)m & 26.2\% & slow & high \\ MCoG & 44.2 \(\upmu\)m & 25.8\% & fast & low \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Performance comparison of different centroiding algorithms.  
Figure 11: Full field illumination image and photon number statistics obtained with (**a**) G3S, (**b**) G5S and (**c**) MCoG centroiding respectively.  
signal processing electronics and decoding software, a complete XS detector test system is established. The XS detector is characterized to have a spatial resolution of 44.2 \(\upmu\)m and a periodic distortion of 25.8%, decoding with MCoG, which is proved to have the best overall performance. In summary, the combination of charge induction readout and XS anode gives superior performance and higher integration, and the developed XS imaging detector has broad applications in electron, thermal neutron, X-ray, ultraviolet, and visible light detection and imaging.  
Conceptualization, Q.N. and Z.J.; methodology, Q.N. and Z.J.; software, Z.J.; validation, Q.N. and Z.J.; formal analysis, Q.N. and Z.J.; investigation, Q.N. and Z.J.; resources, Q.N.; data curation, Q.N. and Z.J.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.J.; writing--review and editing, Z.J.; visualization, Z.J.; supervision, Q.N. and Z.J.; project administration, Q.N.; funding acquisition, Q.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 62135015 and No. 61675201.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Improved Automatic License Plate Recognition in Jordan Based on Ceiling Analysis
## 5 The ALPR System
### Segmentation  
The identified license-plate candidate is segmented to extract the desired candidate region; it is then converted to grey and binary format. The resultant image is then de-rotated to offset any tilted angle if it exists. This newly added feature has significantly improved histogram analysis, especially in the American-standard plates due to the requirement of multiple-line segmentation of the license-plate image. This is achieved using the following three stages:
## 3 Enhancing Movement Quality by Implementing a Compensation Function
Figure 10:0 Summary of angular velocity errors for linear input signal \(\ \varphi_{2}\): \(\dot{e}_{2}(t)\)-angular velocity error, \(e_{2k}(t)\)-angular velocity error with compensation function. In this case, it was also impossible to eliminate the occurrence of position errors at the start of the movement. The value of the error \(e_{2}\), for \(t=0.05\) s, was equal to \(0.34^{\rm o}\). The integral criterion of the absolute value of the error signal was also used to assess the improvement of the system's operation. For a sinusoidal set signal, it was \(I_{e_{2}}\ =\ \int_{0}^{T_{1}}\left|e_{2}(t)\right|\ dt\ =\ 7.93\), while after adding the compensating function, it decreased by nearly \(52\%\) to \(I_{e_{2k}}\ =\ \int_{0}^{T_{1}}\left|e_{2k}(t)\right|\ dt\ =\ 3.84\) (Figure 17). In this case, the angular velocity error was represented by \(I_{e_{2}}\ =\ \int_{0}^{T_{1}}\left|\dot{e}_{2}(t)\right|\ dt\ =\ 5.45\). This time, adding the compensating function resulted in a decrease to \(I_{e_{2k}}\ =\ \int_{0}^{T_{1}}\left|e_{2k}^{\prime}(t)\right|\ dt\ =\ 4.43\) (Figure 18). However, when investigating \(I_{e_{2}}\ =\ \int_{0}^{T_{1}}\dot{e}_{2}(t)\ dt\ =\ 0.12\) and \(I_{e_{2}}\ =\ \int_{0}^{T_{1}}\dot{e}_{2k}(t)\ dt\ =\ -0.24\), one can notice different situations than in the linear input; however, these values were low and indicated oscillations among the given angular velocities. Adding the compensation function resulted again in a reduced maximal angular velocity error at the beginning of the movement. Figure 10:1 Characteristics for sinusoidal input with compensation: \(\varphi_{sz2}(t)\)-given input signal, \(\varphi_{2}(t)\)-measurement result, \(\omega_{2}(t)\)-angular velocity. Figure 10:2 Summary of position errors for sinusoidal input signal \(\varphi_{2}\): \(e_{2}(t)\)-position error, \(e_{2k}(t)\)-position error with compensation function. The evaluation of the control quality in the case of the MWR device was complex. The integral criterion of the absolute value of the error signal showed a significant improvement in angular position. However, when investigating the angular velocity error in the case of the linear input, the integral was raised. This resulted in strong oscillations among given angular velocity signals and did not affect the overall quality of the movement improvement shown in the integral position error.
# Generative Adversarial Networks in Histological Image Segmentation: A Systematic Literature Review
## 3 Fundamentals and Basic Definitions
### Types of GANs
#### 3.3.4 PGGAN  
Progressive Growing of GANs (PGGAN), proposed by [PERSON] et al. [45], introduced a novel training strategy for generative adversarial networks that significantly enhances the quality, stability, and variation of high-resolution image synthesis. Unlike traditional GANs, which are trained with fixed-size networks on full-resolution images, PGGAN starts with low-resolution images (e.g., \(4\times 4\)) and progressively increases the resolution by adding layers to both the generator and the discriminator during training. This incremental growth allows the network to first learn global structures before focusing on fine-grained details.  
The standard adversarial objective remains the same (Equation (3)). However, PGGAN introduces two core innovations to stabilize training and improve output quality:  
Progressive architecture growth: new layers are gradually added to the generator and discriminator. During transitions, a linear interpolation (fade-in) smoothly blends the outputs from the lower and higher-resolution paths:  
\[x_{\text{output}}=(1-\alpha)\cdot x_{\text{low}}+\alpha\cdot x_{\text{high}} \tag{3}\]  
where \(\alpha\in[0,1]\) increases over time as the network adapts to the new resolution.  
Improved normalization: instead of traditional batch normalization, PGGAN employs pixelwise feature vector normalization in the generator and minibatch standard deviation in the discriminator to reduce mode collapse and stabilize training.  
Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [43, 45] evaluate the performance using the Frechet Inception Distance (FID), a perceptual quality metric that measures both the fidelity and diversity of generated images. PGGAN showed significant improvements over prior GAN variants, especially for complex datasets.  
In medical imaging, particularly in histopathology, the ability to synthesize realistic, high-resolution tissue structures is highly valuable. PGGAN has been adopted for synthetic data generation and augmentation in tasks such as tumor detection, gland segmentation, and classification of histological patterns, helping to improve the robustness of machine learning models where real annotated data is scarce [46, 47, 48].
# Development and Testing of a Two-UAV Communication Relay System
###### Abstract  
In the development of beyond-line-of-sight (BLOS) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems, communication between the UAVs and the ground control station (GCS) is of critical importance. The commonly used economical wireless modules are restricted by the short communication range and are easily blocked by obstacles. The use of a communication relay system provides a practical way to solve these problems, improving the performance of UAV communication in BLOS and cross-obstacle operations. In this study, a communication relay system, in which a quadrotor was used to relay radio communication for another quadrotor was developed and tested. First, the UAVs used as the airborne platform were constructed, and the hardware for the communication relay system was selected and built up. Second, a set of software programs and protocol for autonomous mission control, communication relay control, and ground control were developed. Finally, the system was fully integrated into the airborne platform and tested both indoor and in-flight. The Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) and noise value in two typical application scenarios were recorded. The test results demonstrated the ability of this system to extend the communication range and build communication over obstacles. This system also shows the feasibility to coordinate multiple UAVs' communication with the same relay structure.  
two-UAV system; communication relay; mission control software; Ground Control Station +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 4 Experimental Results
### Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)  
The PDR measures the proportion of packets transmitted and received by a network. An evaluation of the current and new choices using PDR is shown in Figure 4. The proposed system was superior to the alternative methods, as evidenced by this graph. The suggested approach accomplished a high PDR (99%) compared to the previous designs. The number of sensor nodes increased the PDR. The PDRs of the conventional methods such as LEACH, EECRP, FEEC-IIR, and CL-IoT were 86%, 89%, 93%, and 95%, respectively. A percentage comparison of PDR is given in Table 2.
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Desktop Application for Experiment  
We selected the molecular graphics system PyMOL (Figure 11) as a case study to evaluate HybridFilm performance with users.  
The reasons for choosing PyMOL are as follows:  
1. It supports both 2D and 3D content.
2. It offers an API that allows users to write scripts, making it highly extensible and compatible with our program architecture.
3. It includes the traditional desktop history tool, PyMOL Scenes, which facilitates comparability.  
As shown in Table 1, PyMOL Scenes (Figure 11) offers functions for history submission, switching, and previewing. In contrast, HybridFilm (Figure 5) provides additional immersive functionality. It supports natural interaction with history previews, allowing users to freely arrange different history previews for comparison. Furthermore, unlike PyMOL Scenes, which requires switching between history states before zooming, HybridFilm enables zooming directly within the history previews.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
The retrospective study was performed on a cohort of 612 patients operated on for benign thyroid diseases in the 3 rd Surgical Unit of the St. Spiridon Hospital of Iasi between January 2016 and December 2018. The inclusion criterion was the presence of PTMC in the final pathological report for patients with an initial diagnosis of benign thyroid disease, whereas patients in whom other types of thyroid carcinoma were concomitantly discovered were excluded.  
All patients included in the study signed informed consent for participation. The study was approved by the Ethics Commission of St. Spiridon Emergency Hospital of Iasi, Romania (approval no. 11 of 2016 in compliance with ethical and deontological rules for medical and research practices). The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and with several published principles.  
Regarding surgical procedures, total thyroidectomy was performed in 125 cases (86.8%), because of either the surgical indication or the expressed preference of the patient (in cases where only lobectomy was indicated). Thyroid lobectomy was performed in 14 cases (9.7%) and diagnosed with a single nodule with benign clinical, ultrasound, and FNAC features (fine-needle aspiration cytology). A later completion thyroidectomy was done in 5 cases (3.4%), due to unfavorable pathological reports (extra capsular invasion, vascular invasion, lymphatic emboli, or perineural invasion). Central compartment lymphadenectomies were also performed in these cases, concomitant with the completion of a thyroidectomy. In another 5 cases, lymphadenectomy was performed, following an interval of 11 to 23 months after thyroidectomy, for lymphatic recurrence (3 cases in the central compartment and 2 cases in both the central and homolateral compartments). Overall, a total of 8 cases (5.6%) were pathologically proven with lymph node metastases. No distant metastases were found in our group of patients.  
The main clinicopathological characteristics analyzed were age, sex, underlying thyroid disease, number and size of the PTMC (we noted the largest and total diameter for multicentric tumors), histopathological variance of the tumors, extracapsular invasion, vascular and perineural invasion of the tumors, presence of lymphatic emboli, and lymph node status.  
We used SPSS V.19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) to analyze the obtained data. The continuous variables were expressed as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation; total count and percent were reported for categorical variables. The assessment of predictable factors for a specific variable was analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Risk factors associated with positive lymph nodes were analyzed with univariate analysis.
# Modularity-Based Incremental Label Propagation Algorithm for Community Detection
## 2 Methods and Materials
### Evaluation Metrics  
#### 2.2.1 Normalized Mutual Information  
For a network with a known community structure, normalized mutual information (NMI) [22] can be used to evaluate the coincidence degree between the ground truth and the result detected by one algorithm, so as to measure the quality of this community detection algorithm. NMI is defined as  
\[NMI(A,B)=\frac{-2\sum_{i=1}^{C_{A}}\sum_{j=1}^{C_{B}}log\left(\frac{N_{ij}N}{N_{ ij}N_{j}}\right)}{\sum_{i=1}^{C_{A}}N_{i}log\left(\frac{N_{i}}{N}\right)+ \sum_{j=1}^{C_{B}}N_{j}log\left(\frac{N_{j}}{N}\right)} \tag{1}\]  
where \(C_{A}\) represents the ground truth, \(C_{B}\) denotes the result detected by one algorithm \(N\) is a mixing matrix where its row number is the number of real communities and its column number is the number of communities detected by the algorithm. \(N_{ij}\) represents the number of nodes in real community \(i\) in community \(j\) obtained by the algorithm, \(N_{i}\) and \(N_{j}\) denote the sum of \(i\) row and the sum of \(j\) column, respectively. Following can be known by analyzing Equation (1):  
1. \(NMI=1\) when the community partition generated by one algorithm is consistent with the real community structure.
2. \(NMI=0\) when the community partition generated by one algorithm is the opposite of the real community structure.
3. \(NMI\in[0,1]\) when the community partition generated by one algorithm is partly similar to the real community structure. The closer to 1 the NMI value, the closer to the real community structure the community detection result, and the better the performance of the algorithm.
# A Variable Neighbourhood Search-Based Algorithm for the Transit Route Network Design Problem
## 2 Materials and Methods
### VNS-Based Algorithm
#### 2.2.4 Route Set Evaluation  
Regardless of the objective function employed in each case, there are five criteria used to evaluate route sets, as have been established in the literature [38]. As such, each route set is evaluated on _ATT_, the percentage of passengers satisfied without transfers (\(d_{0}\)), the percentage of passengers satisfied with 1 transfer (\(d_{1}\)), the percentage of passengers satisfied with 2 transfers (\(d_{2}\)), and the percentage of passengers that need to make more than 2 transfers or cannot use the network at all (\(d_{un}\)). To compute _ATT_ per passenger, we need to make some assumptions regarding passenger behaviour. In particular, we assume that passengers have complete information regarding the network and decide beforehand the route(s) they will take. To obtain results that are directly comparable with other studies, we must increase the travel time of every passenger by 5 min for each transfer that the passenger must make. So, to estimate the route set evaluation criteria (_ATT_, \(d_{0}\), \(d_{1}\), \(d_{2}\), \(d_{un}\)), transit assignment is performed based on the shortest-path principle, also considering the time required to transfer between two lines. We utilise an all-or-nothing shortest-path assignment which also considers transfer times a priori, as typically employed in the literature on the TRNDP (e.g., [29; 32; 38; 56]). More specifically, the assignment process requires the determination of all feasible paths for an origin-destination (OD) pair and the computation of the corresponding number of transfers. A maximum of two transfers is considered in line with the literature. If three transfers are required, the corresponding demand is considered unsatisfied.
## 2 Literature Review
### Wireless Concrete Monitoring Systems and Formwork Removal  
Over the years, studies have tried to implement indirect methods of evaluating the strength performance of concrete, developing sensor-based systems to monitor environmental conditions and identifying the parameters affecting concrete's performance [26; 27; 28; 29; 30]. For example, temperature data can be collected while the concrete is forming by using temperature sensors and radio frequency identification (RFID) tags or resistance rigidity thermometers [31]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [32] proposed a wireless sensor for measuring temperatures in early-age concrete structures in order to determine the concrete's strength. That study found that this sensor-based method could be used to predict concrete's maturity. [PERSON] et al. also presented a new embedded sensor system for monitoring the status of concrete [33]. Such sensor-based maturity methods are very effective at estimating the properties of concrete, based on data collected via temperature monitoring [33; 34]. [PERSON] et al. [35] conducted a case study measuring the temperature of concrete on a highway construction project by using a sensor network system. The temperature data obtained allowed researchers to continuously estimate the concrete's strength and maturity throughout the project's lifecycle, showing that the sensor-based maturity method could also be used to estimate the appropriate time to detach the concrete mold, based on the temperature [35]. Such interdisciplinary research has shown new techniques based on wireless sensor systems that allow for the continuous measurement and real-time monitoring of both the temperature and humidity level of concrete [24; 36]. As a result, these sensor systems have underscored the potential to compute more accurate and consistent outputs based on concrete's various properties. However, it should be noted that sensor-based systems embedded in concrete are still not reliable in terms of the concrete's stability, lifespan, signal transmission requirements, and protection against various types of damage [37].  
Several standards are widely used to concrete formworks suggest removal at different structural ranges [6; 7; 8]. Vertical structural elements require a shorter amount of time to form than do horizontal components with large spans (greater than six meters) that require at least 14 to 28 days. The standards dictate that large structures (greater than six meters) must acquire about 85% of the recommended strength level before formwork removal [3]. Several studies have reported that for vertical elements the formwork can be detached earlier, before what is recommended in the standard [20; 38; 39]. However, the manual maturity method does not provide sufficient information about the ideal time to remove the formwork. In addition, it requires workers to follow the standard even if they could remove the formwork earlier without any damage. This can cause significant delays in a panel's removal because there is still the possibility of serious damage during the early formwork stages [20].