## 3 Results and Discussion
### Soil Texture
The relationship between the total cadmium and lead contents and bioaccessibility monitoring toxic elements in soil is critical for understanding the potential environmental impact of their contamination and implications for meadow plants. The total cadmium and lead contents in soil represent the overall concentrations of lead and cadmium present, including both bioaccessible and non-bioaccessible forms. Bioaccessible cadmium and lead refers to the portion of cadmium and lead that are readily accessible for uptake by plants and other organisms. The bioavailability of cadmium and lead in soil is influenced by a number of variables, such as pH, the amount of organic matter in the soil, and the presence of other minerals. Changes in these soil properties can impact the solubility and mobility of cadmium and lead, affecting their bioavailability to meadow plants. Additionally, the total cadmium and lead contents in the soil can be used to predict the likelihood that plants will absorb these elements and affect their health [72; 73; 74; 75]. The values of Cd/Pb in the soils of the monitored localities might have been impacted by a number of variables, including natural geological sources [13], human activities [8], and environmental conditions (Scheme 2). Understanding the relationship between total cadmium and lead contents and the bioavailability of cadmium and lead is necessary for assessing the possible dangers brought on by soil contamination. By investigating this relationship, we can gain insights into the factors influencing the availability of cadmium and lead to plants and the potential for cadmium and lead uptake. It provides valuable information for evaluating the environmental impact of Cd/Pb contamination on plant health and ecosystem dynamics. The limit values for these heavy metals in the soil and plants of meadows are regulated by environmental and agricultural authorities [32] to guarantee the preservation of the environment and public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established the following guidelines and limits for the amount of Cd/Pb in soil and plants:  
* Soil: The WHO has established guidelines for cadmium/lead in soil to safeguard both the environment and human health. These guidelines are designed to prevent soil contamination and to minimise the potential for damage to these metals through breathing or consuming contaminants, or uptake by plants. For example, in the European Union, the limit values for lead and cadmium in soil are regulated under the Soil Framework Directive 2004/107/EC [77]. * Plants: The WHO also provides guidelines for cadmium/lead in food products, including plants grown in agricultural areas. These guidelines were designed to guarantee the security of agricultural goods and minimise the risk of consuming contaminated food through exposure to cadmium/lead. The limit values for lead and cadmium in plants, including those found in meadows, are established to ensure food safety and prevent the accumulation of harmful levels of these metals in edible crops and forage. The limit values for lead and cadmium in plants are based on the maximum permissible levels in food products and were designed to protect human health [13]. The textural fractions (sand, silt, and clay) of soil are crucial in influencing various soil properties, such as water retention, nutrient availability, and the mobility of contaminants, e.g., heavy metals. When analysing data, we evaluated the interdependence of the textural fractions of soils and heavy metals (total and bioaccessibility forms) (Table 5). The relationship between these textural fractions is fundamental for understanding soil's physical and chemical characteristics and its potential impact on plant growth and environmental quality. The texture and structure of the soil were impacted by the quantity and size of the particles (loam, clay, and sand) [55]. Sand particles are the largest, followed by silt, and then clay, which has the smallest particle size.