esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Metasurface Antennas in Small Cavities for Telemetry Applications
### Cavity Diameter of 0.12 \(\lambda_{0}\)  
#### 3.2.1 Validation Design with \(h_{c}=14\) mm  
Six layers of RO3010 are used at the aperture of the cavity, and the total cavity thickness is \(h_{c}=14\) mm. The metasurface is composed of only two strips which are much smaller than the wavelength, as described in Figure 14. The dimensions are given in Table 3. The external diameter of the cavity is 20 mm. Measured results (given in Figure 15) show that the manufactured antenna resonance is shifted to 2.37 GHz. This shift (3%) could be attributed to the characteristics of the glue, which are not well known in this frequency range, and to its strong influence on the resonance conditions with such small dimensions. The BW is similar to the simulated value, but the gain is reduced (\(-5.5\) dBi versus \(-3.0\) dBi), indicating extra losses in experiments. Again, the main cause of the loss increase is believed to be the glue. The cross-polarization level is very low (\(-32.5\) dB) and the beam is wide due to the small diameter, especially in the E-plane (see Figure 16). The measured antenna efficiency is 13.5%--this value is physically limited by the small volume of this antenna [16; 17].
# Internet of Drones: Routing Algorithms, Techniques and Challenges
## 5 Future Research Directions
### Performance Evaluation  
After the detection of failure, the performance of the network can be determined. In UAV networks, it is difficult to exchange data efficiently. The simulation results of UAVs at high-speed motion have shown added delay, which is a prominent drawback. Threshold of delay is considered to be a challenging issue in UAWSNs.  
The onus is on the ability to make the routing protocols effective when the UAV is mobile and to reduce the overhead the UAV mobility creates. Moreover, it is important to estimate the link prediction, link establishment, and cluster formation in a routing protocol. To date, most of the routing protocols are inclined towards delays and issues reducing overhead. Generally, there are many possible metrics to consider in UAV-WSN routing. An efficient routing protocol design and other additional metrics, such as route mobility, QoS metrics, stability, link quality, and security measures, can be considered for further research. These performance evaluation metrics must be carried out on an on-time basis so that any faults will not occur.
# Quantum Synchronization and Entanglement of Dissipative Qubits Coupled to a Resonator
## 7 Synchronization of Several Qubits
As discussed in the previous section, it is also possible to synchronize entangled qubits for antisymmetric qubit-cavity detunings in the vicinity of resonance between microwave driving and cavity frequency. Figure 11: RWA calculation of total spin projection \(\langle S_{x}\rangle\) of an increasing number of qubits coupled to one cavity (full curves) as a function of cavity-excitation detuning and a comparison to the semiclassical theory (dashed curves). The qubit cavity detunings are set to \(\Delta_{1}=\lambda\), \(\Delta_{2}=1.5\lambda\), \(\Delta_{3}=2\lambda\), \(\Delta_{4}=2.5\lambda\) (only the first qubits are kept when the number of qubits is smaller than four). Dissipative rates are \(\gamma=\gamma_{s}=0.2\lambda\) and excitation is \(F=0.77\lambda\). Even if relaxation rates are all small, the semiclassical theory still captures many properties of \(\langle S_{x}\rangle\), reproducing the increase of \(\langle S_{x}\rangle\) with the number of qubits, which corresponds to the synchronization of qubit rotation by the external drive. In both RWA and semiclassical data, synchronization occurs at resonance \(\omega=\omega_{0}\) but perhaps less expected at a higher frequency detuned from both cavities and qubits \(((\omega-\omega_{0})/\lambda\), increasing from 2 to 3 with the number of qubits). Interestingly, the accuracy of the semiclassical approximation seems to improve with the number of qubits, which may be due to its mean-field character.
# Fuzzy-Based Control System for Solar-Powered Bulk Service Queueing Model with Vacation
## 4 Results and Discussion
### The Mamdani-Type Fuzzy Inference Process
#### 4.4.4 Applying Aggregation Method  
Once each If-Then rule produces a modified fuzzy set as an output, the aggregation process is employed to merge these individual fuzzy sets into a single comprehensive fuzzy set, simplifying decision-making. This final aggregated fuzzy set serves as the definitive output representation within the Fuzzy Inference System, ensuring that each output variable corresponds to a singular fuzzy set. While various functions, such as max, sum, and probabilistic OR, can be used for aggregation, this thesis adopts the max function due to its simplicity and broad acceptance in fuzzy logic applications.  
In the solar power system example, the three truncated fuzzy sets derived from the three rules are merged using the max function, forming a single combined fuzzy set that represents the output variable--\"solar power performance\"--which is then prepared for the final defuzzification step. Figure 8 demonstrates a fuzzy logic inference system incorporating three rules to evaluate energy generation based on solar irradiance and battery charge level, following the stages of fuzzification, fuzzy operations (AND = min), and implication to determine the outcome.  
Figure 8: Applying the aggregation method.  
Figure 7: Applying the implication method.
# Enhancing SERS Intensity by Coupling PSPR and LSPR in a Crater Structure with Ag Nanowires
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fabrication of Ag Crater Structures and Characterization of SERS  
The crater structure for condensing light was fabricated by wet chemical etching on a GaAs (100) wafer [32], a schematic of which is shown in Figure 2a.  
We deposited 2 nm-thick Ag film inside the crater using the e-beam evaporation method. The crater was analyzed using a high-resolution optical 3D surface analyzer, and the measured 3D image is shown in Figure 2b. As can be seen from the depth profile, the crater was etched to a depth of 125 \(\upmu\)m. To confirm that the electric field intensity inside the crater becomes stronger, the Raman spectrum was measured inside the crater and outside the crater (flat), and the results are shown in Figure 2c. All measurements were carried out under the same conditions as those shown in Figure 1b. The Raman peaks of pyridine in the crater and flat structures were observed at the same position of 1003 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1034 cm\({}^{-1}\). At the pyridine Raman peak position (1003 cm\({}^{-1}\)), the SERS intensity inside the crater was approximately 7.78 times higher than that of the flat structure. It was concluded that the SERS intensity was enhanced because of the strong PSPR caused by the micro-sized crater structure and Ag film. For comparison with the experimental data, the electric field distribution inside the crater and on the flat 2 nm-thick deposited Ag was analyzed through the FDTD simulation, and the results are shown in Figure 2d,e. The crater structure was fabricated using the 3D AutoCAD program. Comparing Figure 2d,e shows that the electric field inside the crater tends to be stronger than that of the flat surface. This enhancement can be attributed to the effect of the crater structure.  
Figure 1: (**a**) Schematic of the Raman measurements with a working distance of 6.8 mm and 0.1 M pyridine solution. (**b**) Comparison of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) intensities of Ag nanowires deposited on different metal and dielectric substrates. Finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulation data showing the cross-sectional electric field distributions (1 E12) for Ag nanowires (AgNWs) deposited on (**c**) GaAs, (**d**) Au, and (**e**) Ag substrates.
# Research on the Optimization Method of Bus Travel Safety Considering Drivers' Risk Characteristics
## 2 Driver Scheduling Model
### Optimization of Bus Operation Safety  
Let \(D=\{d_{1},d_{2},\cdots,d_{n}\}\) be the set of available drivers. Define a repeated sequence of driver numbers, composed of drivers for consecutive departures, as a \"duty sequence\" denoted as \(L=[l_{1},l_{2},\cdots,l_{m}]\). Here, \(l=l(d)\) represents the driver number, and each number corresponds to a unique driver. Conversely, a single driver can have multiple numbers.  
Define a \"shift\" composed of \(k\) duty sequences as \(L_{1}^{k}=[l_{1}^{(1)},\cdots,l_{m}^{(1)},l_{1}^{(2)},\cdots,l_{m}^{(2)}, \cdots,\\ l_{1}^{(k)},\cdots,l_{m}^{(k)}]\), and the minimum shift is termed the \"standard shift\", denoted as \(L_{i}^{|i+k_{\min}}\), \(i\in Z^{+}\), \(k_{\min}=2e,e\in Z^{+}\), which ensures that the bus driver starts and finishes work at the same station, and it sets the minimum number of working shifts for each driver. The duty sequences of the same driver in a standard shift are collectively referred to as a \"shift chain\", denoted as \(s=l_{i}^{|i+k_{\min}}\). Based on the above definitions, the bus driver scheduling table can be represented by the following matrix:  
\[S=\left[s_{ij}\right]_{u\times p}=\begin{bmatrix}s_{1,1}&s_{1,2}&\ldots&s_{1, p}\\ s_{2,1}&s_{2,2}&\ldots&s_{2,p}\\ \ldots&\ldots&\ldots&\ldots\\ s_{u,1}&s_{u,2}&\ldots&s_{u,p}\end{bmatrix} \tag{5}\]  
where \(S\) is the scheduling table matrix; \(s_{ij}\) is the \(i\) shift chain on the \(j\) day; \(u=\mathrm{H}/k_{\min}\) is the total number of shift chains on a single day; \(\mathrm{H}\) is the total number of daily departures from a single station; and \(\mathrm{v}\) is the number of scheduling days. The \(S\) matrix can be viewed as a collection of multiple equal-length sequences. The column vectors of the matrix represent the train sequence within a day, and modifications to this sequence primarily impact the driving periods of the drivers. The row vectors of the matrix, on the other hand, represent the train sequence for the same period each day, and changes to this sequence only affect the working weather of the drivers, without influencing their driving periods.  
This paper assumes that the driving safety of individual drivers in a specific environment is generally consistent. Based on historical warning data, a safety evaluation function related to drivers and their working environment is established. To facilitate the scoring of the safety of drivers' working environments, the highest score is set to 100.  
\[f_{ij}^{k}=(1-r_{ij}^{k})*100 \tag{6}\]  
In summary, the safety-oriented driver scheduling optimization problem can be described as utilizing the set of drivers \(d_{k}\) to completely cover the scheduling table \(S\) under certain constraints. Simultaneously, it aims to match each driver \(d_{k}\) with suitable weather conditions \(w_{ij}\) and corresponding traffic time periods \(p_{ij}\) to maximize \(\sum\limits_{i=1}^{u}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{v}f_{ij}\).
# From the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm to a Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz
## Appendix A Compendium of Mappings and Compilations
### XY Mixers  
In this section, we consider problems where the domain is strings of \(d\)-dits, \(d\geq 3\), with QAOA mappings that use XY mixers.  
**Problem:** Given a graph \(G\) and \(\kappa\) colors, maximize the size (number of edges) of a properly colored subgraph.  
**Approximability:** A random coloring properly colors a fraction \(1-1/\kappa\) of edges in expectation. Equivalent to MaxCut for \(\kappa=2\). For \(\kappa>2\), semidefinite programming gives a \((1-1/\kappa+(2+o(\kappa))\frac{\ln\kappa}{\kappa^{2}})\)-approximation [79], which is optimal up to the \(o(\kappa)\) factor under the unique games conjecture [55]. APX-complete for \(\kappa\geq 2\)[51] and no PTAS exists unless \(P=NP\)[65].  
**Configuration space and domain:** The set of all colorings with at most \(\kappa\) colors, \(\mathbf{x}\in[\kappa]^{n}\).  
**Objective:**\(\max\sum_{\{u,v\}\in E}\text{NEQ}(x_{u},x_{v})\).  
**Initial state:** All vertices colored with color \(1,|1\rangle^{n}\).  
**Partial Mixing Hamiltonian:**\(H_{\text{r-NV}}=\sum_{a=1}^{r}\left(\tilde{X}^{a}+\left(\tilde{X}^{t}\right)^{ a}\right)\).  
**Encoding:** One-hot.  
* **Phase Separator:**\(U_{\text{P}}(\gamma)=\prod_{\{u,v\}\in E}\prod_{j=1}^{\kappa}\exp\left(-i\gamma Z_{v _{j}}Z_{v_{j}j}\right)\)
* **Resource count:*
* Number of qubits:**\(n\kappa\).
* **Parity ring mixer:**\(n\kappa\) two-qubit (\(XY\)) gates, with depth at most 2 (\(\kappa\) even) or 3 (\(\kappa\) odd).
* **Phase separator:**\(n\kappa\) two-qubit (\(ZZ\)) gates. Depth at most \(D_{G}+1\).
* **Initial state:**\(n\) single-qubit \(X\) gates. Depth 1.  
**Alternative encoding (for \(\kappa=2\)):** Binary* **Phase separator:**\(U_{\mathrm{P}}(\gamma)=\prod_{\{u,v\}\in E}\Lambda_{\mathrm{EQ}_{u,v}}\left(e^{-i \gamma}\right)\)
* **Mixer:**\(U_{\mathrm{M}}(\beta)=\prod_{i=1}^{n}e^{-i\beta X_{i0}}\mathrm{ADD}_{i}(1)^{\mathsf{t}} e^{-i\beta X_{i0}}\mathrm{ADD}_{i}(1)\). where \(\mathrm{ADD}_{i}(z)\) adds \(z\) to the register \(i\) encoding an integer in binary.
* **Resource count:*
* **Parity ring mixer:**\(2n\) ADDs, \(2n\) single-qubit rotations; completely parallelizable.
* **Phase separator:**\(m\) controlled-phase gates with \(2l\) controls; depth \(O(D_{\mathrm{G}})\).
* **Initial state:**\(n\) single-qubit \(X\) gates in depth \(1\).  
**Variants:** Also known as Max-\(\kappa\)-Cut [55; 79], sometimes with weighted edges. For the weighted case, the same approximability results apply.
# Towards a Catalogue of Self-Sovereign Identity Design Patterns
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Related Work  
Numerous researchers have proposed design patterns for various application domains, such as web development, game design, microservices, the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, etc. [PERSON] et al. [23] identified 12 existing catalogues of architectural and design patterns applicable to blockchain-based applications, obtained through a literature review, and presented their catalogue proposal. They categorised 97 patterns into five categories, namely, data, transactions, security, architecture, and business logic and management. [PERSON] et al. [17] identified 120 unique blockchain-related patterns collected from a systematic literature review of twenty research papers. They proposed a pattern taxonomy, classifying patterns into on/off-chain interaction patterns and on-chain patterns, including smart contracts, data management, and domain-based patterns. Five patterns addressing decentralised identity were identified among the latter. [PERSON] et al. [2; 14] proposed twelve design patterns for blockchain-based SSI systems, intending to help architects understand and apply the SSI concept to system design easily. They identified the main SSI objects and defined their lifecycle. Building on these foundations, they presented each pattern thoroughly [14], connecting it to a lifecycle state or transition and classifying it into one of three categories, i.e., key management (Master and Sub-Key Generation, Hot and Cold Wallet Storage, Key Sharding), DID management (Identifier Registry, Multiple Registration, Blockchain and Social Media Account Pair, Dual Resolution, Delegate List),and credential design (Selective Content Generation, Time-Constrained Access, One-Off Access, Blockchain Anchor), which also coincided with the identified objects. However, besides the aforementioned papers, we did not identify any other relevant research which focuses specifically on SSI patterns. Even though the results of the papers introduce the starting point for discussing a comprehensive catalogue, they still lack common SSI design patterns already in use today, and some of the patterns outlined are not presented well enough, and have to be corrected. Furthermore, the studies lack a methodological approach, as these do not provide a methodology for obtaining and defining the patterns, and focus solely on patterns for blockchain-based SSI solutions. Although blockchain initiated and accelerated the development of decentralised identity, it is not necessary for the implementation of SSI solutions. As previously mentioned, instead of blockchain, distributed ledgers, decentralised file systems, different database systems, peer-to-peer networks, and other forms of decentralised trusted data storage [24] can be utilised as a verifiable data registry. Moreover, some DID methods [16], such as DID:peer and DID:key, allow for establishing DID connections and exchanging data independently of any decentralised system [25], which should be taken into account and reflected in the collection of SSI patterns.
## 3 The PMT Readout and Trigger System
### Scientific Data  
The PMT&T board produces 240 bytes of data at each trigger and stores it in a 62 \(\times\) 40 bytes FIFO. Since a single packet occupies four locations, the maximum amount of trigger events that the FIFO can store is 10.  
The data content is described in Table 2.  
A Finite State Machine (FSM) packs the data in the FIFO as soon as the ADC finishes the conversions and if there is enough room in memory to store it. Another independent FSM unpacks data into 62 SpaceWire registers when the DPCU is ready to read it (see Figure 4).  
Figure 3: CITIROC internal structure.
## 1 Introduction
### Problems in the Application of DE-XRT  
For the application of single-source continuous spectrum DE-XRT in practical engineering, there are problems, such as overexposure, underexposure, measurement noise, fan-shaped effect, low identification accuracy and low sorting efficiency.
## 3 Principle and Processing Flow of Atmospheric Correction Algorithm
### PSAC Data Preprocessing  
The PSAC is equipped with nine polarization bands, each observed in four polarization directions: \(0^{\circ}\), \(45^{\circ}\), \(90^{\circ}\), and \(135^{\circ}\). The raw data collected in these orientations are transmitted to the ground as Level-0 strip data. A series of preprocessing operations, including data extraction and validation, polarization radiometric calibration, and geometric positioning, is performed to prepare the data for subsequent analysis.  
The preprocessing yields normalized Stokes parameters (\(I\), \(Q\), and \(U\)) along with associated metadata, such as viewing geometry, solar geometry, latitude, longitude, altitude, and other auxiliary information. These processed data are stored in HDF format with a swath width of 800 km, constituting the Level-1 (L1) product of the PSAC. These products provide the foundational input for aerosol and water vapor retrieval.  
The normalized Stokes parameters are derived using the following equation:  
\[\begin{bmatrix}I\\ Q\\ U\end{bmatrix}=\frac{\pi d^{2}}{F_{s}}\begin{bmatrix}I_{0}+I_{90}\\ I_{0}-I_{90}\\ I_{45}-I_{135}\end{bmatrix} \tag{2}\]  
where \(I_{0}\), \(I_{45}\), \(I_{90}\), and \(I_{135}\) represent the intensity values observed in the four polarization directions, while d is the astronomical distance between the Earth and the sun at the time of observation, which is used to correct the extraterrestrial irradiance.  
Figure 2: Atmospheric correction flowchart for wide-swath and wide-field multispectral images.
# Noise Analysis and Structural Optimization of Automobile Scroll Compressor Air Valve
## 6 Conclusions  
This article comprehensively investigates and explores the root cause of abnormal noise in the valve section of an automobile scroll compressor and then uses the principle of resistive muffler to innovatively design a new structure that can effectively mitigate noise. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the new structure is based on the sound pressure level and sound power level, which are two important indicators that measure the noise level of the structure. The evaluation results reveal several key findings:  
1. For the undivided muffler chamber, the sound power level of its rear muffler chamber is uneven, which means that the sound wave cannot fully reflect in extra space, resulting in low structural utilization.
2. The expansion ratio of the resistive muffler has a significant impact on the muffling volume of the structure, which means that the muffling volume will increase as the expansion ratio increases.
3. The surface sound power level of the divided chamber is more even, which means that the sound power level of the structure is more uniform, and the maximum value is reduced by 17 dBA compared to the undivided structure, indicating that the divided chamber structure can improve the muffling effect.  
Figure 19: Improved structure receiving point 1 transfer loss.  
* A comparison of the sound pressure levels before and after the end caps are divided reveals a decrease in sound pressure levels in all bands, with the maximum reduction being 37.31 dBA, which means that the new structure can effectively reduce the noise level of the structure.
* The inserted pipe structure can reduce the pressure loss generated by the chamber structure and improve the anechoic capacity, with a maximum value of 75.20 dBA, indicating that the inserted pipe structure can also improve the muffling effect.  
Overall, the proposed design method can effectively reduce the noise level generated by the valves of an automobile scroll compressor, and the evaluation results show that the proposed design has significant advantages over the conventional design.  
Conceptualization, B.Y.; Data curation, F.G.; Investigation, F.G. and B.Y.; Methodology, B.Y.; Software, F.G. and B.Y.; Supervision, X.L.; Visualization, J.W.; Writing--original draft, F.G.; Writing--review and editing, F.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12372079) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China, (Grant No. BK20201470, BK2020687) and Fund of Nanjing Institute of Technology (Grant No. CKJB20205).  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
###### Abstract  
Conventional energy management strategies (EMSs) of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) only utilize in-vehicle information, such as an acceleration pedal, velocity, acceleration, engine RPM, state of charge (SOC), and radar. This paper presents a new EMS using out-vehicle information obtained by vehicle to everything (V2X) communication. The new EMS integrates cooperative eco-driving (CED) guidance and an adaptive equivalent consumption minimum strategy (A-ECMS) based on V2X communication information and road information. CED provides a guide signal and a guide speed to the driver. It guides pedal behavior in terms of coasting driving, acceleration and deceleration, and target speed. A-ECMSs calculate the target SOC based on the simplified road information of the planned route and reflects it in the equivalent factor. An integrated driving hardware-in-the-loop (IDHIL) simulator is also built to prove the new EMS by integrating a V2X communication device, a VANET simulator, and a vehicle simulator. The IDHIL test results demonstrate the validity and performance of the proposed EMS in a V2X communication environment.  
energy management strategy (EMS); cooperative eco-driving (CED); vehicle to everything (V2X) communication; equivalent consumption minimum strategy (ECMS); connected plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV); integrated driving hardware-in-the-loop (IDHIL) simulator