esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Dynamic Analysis and Security Characteristics of Carrier-Based Aircraft Arresting in Yaw Condition
## 3 Calculation Model of Kink-Wave Propagation
### Calculation Method of Kink-Wave  
In the calculation of the kink-wave, the trapezoid formula of the Euler method was used, and the convergence can be guaranteed when the simulation step length is small enough. Assuming that the acceleration, speed, and displacement of the aircraft at the previous time are \(a_{0}\), \(v_{0}\), and \(S_{0}\), and the acceleration, speed, and displacement of the aircraft at the current time are \(a_{1}\), \(v_{1}\), and \(S_{1}\), taking the time step as \(\Delta t=0.0001\,\mathrm{s}\), then:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}v_{1}=v_{0}+(a_{0}+a_{1})\Delta t/2\\ s_{1}=s_{0}+(v_{0}+v_{1})\Delta t/2\end{array}\right. \tag{6}\]  
From Figure 5 above:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}l_{1}=\sqrt{\left(x_{w}-x\right)^{2}+\left(y-y_{w} \right)^{2}}\\ l_{2}=\sqrt{\left(\mathrm{D}-x_{w}\right)^{2}+y_{w}^{2}}\\ x_{w}=l_{w}\cos\theta+\overline{x},y_{w}=\overline{y}-l_{w}\sin\theta\\ l_{w}=\int_{t_{0}}^{t}w\;\mathrm{d}t,\theta=arctan(\frac{\overline{y}}{\mathrm{ D}+\overline{x}})\end{array}\right. \tag{7}\]  
where \(t_{0}\) and \(\overline{y}\) are the starting time of the kink-wave and the displacement of the aircraft at that time, respectively, and \(\theta\) is the angle between the line connecting the hook cable engagement point and the pulley, and the transverse.  
According to [PERSON]'s law, the tension of the arresting cable can be obtained:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}T=\frac{Eq}{T}\delta\\ \delta=l_{1}+l_{2}-D-2 Nz\end{array}\right. \tag{8}\]  
Figure 6: Form of cable in yaw arrest.  
where \(E\) and \(q\) are the elastic modulus and cross-sectional area of the arresting cable, respectively, \(I\) is the length of the cable from the unilateral pulley to the engagement point of the hook cable, and \(z\) is the moving distance of the moving pulley block.  
Then, the drag of the arresting hook acting on the aircraft can be obtained, that is, the hook load:  
\[HT=T_{L}\cos(\arctan(\frac{x_{wL}-x}{y-y_{wL}})-\varphi)+T_{R}\cos(\arctan( \frac{x-x_{wR}}{y-y_{wR}})+\varphi) \tag{9}\]  
where \((x_{wL},y_{wL})\) and \((x_{wR},y_{wR})\) are the coordinates of the left and right bending points at the starting time of the kink-wave, respectively, and \(HT\) is the hook load.  
In different periods of kink-waves, the initial moment and initial bending angle on either side are different, which makes the calculation formula of some lengths different. Therefore, it is very difficult to establish a continuous model of kink-waves to describe the whole arresting process [19]. In this paper, the discrete method was used to build the model, and the accumulation sum was used to replace the integral, so that the initial state is known and the whole solution model is determined.
# Software Defined Networking for Improved Wireless Sensor Network Management: A Survey
## 4 WSN Applications and the Need for SDN-Based Management
### Medicine and Health Care  
WSN application in health care has been considered to have the potential of being beneficial to the quality of health especially for the chronically ill and elderly patients. WSNs can also be used for tracking of patients and doctors in hospitals which can prove useful in saving lives. A controversial application of WSNs in health care is the use of implantable sensor systems to monitor patient activities resulting in Wireless body Area Networks (WBANs). [PERSON] et al. [67] identify challenges to implementing WBANs among which are sensor maintenance once body-worn, energy management for sensor batteries considering that charging would be pose a challenge especially for the elderly as they have to remember to charge multiple sensors, insufficient bandwidth resource to allow for transmission of large amounts of medical diagnostic data, meeting the QoS requirements of health monitoring hindered by WSN resource constraints, reliability of critical medical data packets being delivered, security and privacy of medical data, scalability and sensor mobility challenges as patients move about in their daily life. SDN-based management would provide a solution to several of these highlighted challenges based on the ability to provide energy and maintenance management from a central location which could be a task of hospital administration for instance. Furthermore, SDN techniques are being developed to reduce traffic overhead data to mitigate bandwidth problems [68; 69] and also to ensure accuracy of data and fault monitoring more efficiently. Considering the possibility of implanting multiple body sensors in close proximity which may result in interference affecting the QoS and application performance, SDN provides a solution based on separation of destructive interfering nodes. Security and privacy is a key issue in health applications and SDN provides several encryption algorithms that can be delivered on demand, the encryption techniques available are discussed later in this paper.
# Jumping Locomotion Strategies: From Animals to Bioinspired Robots
## 4 Aerial Righting
### Aerial Righting in Jumping Animals
#### 4.1.2 Aerial Righting by Way of Inertia  
A lot of animals can realize aerial righting through inertia by using the movement of their torsos, tails or abdomens, and dragline silk.  
**Torso-induced righting:** Why do cats have nine lives? This is mainly correlated to cats' righting reflex, consisting of a cats' innate ability to orient itself as it falls in order to land on its soft feet pads. This is the reason why they have an unusually flexible backbone and no functional collarbone [246]. A lot of researchers conducted experiments, developed mathematical models, and even realize some prototypes to demonstrate this mechanism [247; 248; 249; 250]. Similar strategies are found also in mice [251; 252] and rabbits [253]. [PERSON] also uses exchanges of angular momentum between three rotating body parts in order to achieve targeted jumping and stable landing [254].  
**Tail/abdomen-induced aerial righting:** The tail is widely used in animals to balance and maneuver during locomotion. It is reported that geckos are able to right themselves by swinging their tails after falling down, in order to maneuver the yaw movement of their bodies with circular tail motions [255]. The importance of tail in lizards' locomotion is also well demonstrated both during jumping and arboreal maneuver [256; 257; 258; 259]. Even the jumping performances, including jump distance and take-off velocity, are not affected by the surgical tail removal, while the aerial righting ability is strongly compromised after tail removal [258]. Most existing mammals are entitled with a long tail, while their function varies [260; 261]. Bipedal hopping is one kind of terrestrial locomotion adopted by a few mammals (kangaroos, wallabies, and kangaroo rats et al.). All these mammals have remarkably similar limb morphology; in addition, they have very long tails, used to maintain stability [163; 165; 262; 263]. The importance of tail is also mentioned in high speed locomotion of cheetahs, that includes rapid acceleration, rapid break, rapid turning, and balancing [264; 265; 266; 267; 268; 269]. In addition to the use of body twisting for balancing [247; 248; 249; 250], cats also use the tail to balance themselves and maintain stability under perturbations [270].  
In invertebrate animals without tail, aerial righting is achieved via the swing of their abdomens. In moths, the articulation of the thoracic-abdominal joint is used to redirect an average lift force provided by the wings [271]. This articulation is sufficient to maintain stable hovering within a slim margin. Both abdomen swing and forewing rotation have positive effects on locusts' body pitch angle control [111].
# Hybrid Renewable Systems for Small Energy Communities: What Is the Best Solution?
## 1 Introduction
Additionally, the transition supports several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), climate action (SDG 13), and sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11). This situation underscores the need to develop intelligent methodologies powered by extensive databases and artificial intelligence algorithms. These methodologies can optimize the management of diverse energy systems [45], with the primary goal of maximizing energy efficiency and the system's overall effectiveness over time. This includes accounting for variations in water demand, wind, and solar radiation, among other factors, ultimately achieving net-zero energy consumption [46]. Introducing smart hybrid systems improves the performance indicators in the water distribution systems [47]. Hence, the primary goal of this research is to synchronize energy consumption with production, based on the available renewable resources. A smart optimization model is developed and applied to a small energy community, Marruge, with the vision of creating a future sustainable eco-village. This requires an in-depth analysis of the integration of diverse energy sources. The structure of this research is organized as follows:  
Section 1 provides a comprehensive and up-to-date literature review on the optimization of smart hybrid renewable solutions within the water-energy nexus. Section 2 outlines the methods and advancements in the development of simulation and optimization models for hybrid renewable energy solutions, capable of utilizing nonlinear gradient, such as the GRG Nonlinear, evolutionary techniques and multi-objective methods, such as the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). This section includes fundamental mathematical formulations for the model's simulation process, model optimization implementation and deployment, and microgrid characterization. Section 3 presents the results and analysis of the model simulations, exploring four potential solutions based on both stand-alone and grid-connected configurations. Different renewable energy sources are considered for the technical, economic, and environmental evaluations. Section 4 summarizes the key conclusions and limitations of the study.
## 5 Proposed System
### Routing Protocol  
All the required QoS metrics are exchanged among the nodes using hello messages. Each node should maintain a table that consists of node identification, service provider name, services available, and the QoS metrics for each service. Table 1 shows the structure of the fields required to acquire the service description. The traditional protocol AODV is used to find the shortest path between the service provider and the dynamic broker; the broker will find the best service by acquiring hello messages from different nodes and computing the QoS metrics based on Table 1. Table 1 contains the list of service providers available for a particular service, with their specifications. Service provider SP1 will provide  
Figure 4: Cluster-based dynamic broker-selection process.  
services (S1, S4, and S6). They will calculate the QoS metrics for their services and exchange the table with other mobile nodes using the routing protocol AODV.
# Fractional Frequency Reuse Optimal SINR Threshold Selection Using NIR and ISODATA
## 2 Literature Review
### Throughput  
Downlink throughput is directly affected by SINR of a channel of every MS as illustrated by Shannon- Hartley theorem [12].  
\[C=\log_{2}\Bigl{(}W_{p,l}^{Z}(t)+1\Bigr{)}P_{T} \tag{7}\]  
where \(C\) connotates the capacity of the channel in bits/s.
# Photon Enhanced Interaction and Entanglement in Semiconductor Position-Based Qubits
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, we investigated semiconductor position-based qubits (a.k.a. charge qubits) in the context of photon communication. Electrostatic simulations under the assumption of freezout operation show that with appropriate voltages applied to the gates of CMOS devices (based on FDSOI technology) it would be possible to achieve the desired potential energy profile meeting the requirements of a specific quantum operation. This can allow one to control the energy levels of the bound states of the system and the tunneling probabilities of particles between the barriers separating quantum wells. We discussed that the system can be approximated as quantum dots (QD), and each double QD (DQD) implements a position-based qubit.  
We defined position-based qubits and their coupling with a cavity. We showed that in the presence of an external perturbative driving field, in the rotating wave approximation, the Rabi flopping frequency predicts analytically the evolution of the quantum states. The various states of the system of the simple qubit are found to be anti-correlated, both in energy-basis and position-basis representation.  
We further expanded the model to include the description of the photon emission and entanglement of coupled position-based qubits based on the Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard formalism.  
Figure 8: Von Neumann entanglement entropy \(S_{\mathrm{N}}\) defined between system-A and system-B. The maximum value of \(S_{\mathrm{N}}\) for this system is \(2\ln 2\). When this is the case, the quantum states are maximally entangled (inseparable). Thus, the wave-function cannot be represented as a product of the wave-functions of each particle. One can observe from the plot that \(S_{\mathrm{N}}\) is a time-dependent quantity. For this system it reaches a maximum value \(2\ln 2\). The states of the two coupled qubits via the waveguide are entangled.  
We demonstrated that for a given geometry and potential energy profile it is possible to construct entangled states and trace their time evolution. We quantified the magnitude of entanglement due to the photon communication by calculating the entanglement entropy. The modelling provided in this work can offer the tools towards the optimization of relevant semiconductor photon-assisted applications and can easily be expanded in a straightforward manner to describe multi-particle systems.  
Conceptualization, P.G., E.B. and D.L.; Formal analysis, P.G. and E.B.; Methodology, P.G. and E.B.; Project administration, R.B.S.; Resources, R.B.S and D.L.; Software, P.G.; Supervision, E.B. and R.B.S.; Validation, P.G., E.B. and R.B.S.; Visualization, P.G.; Writing - original draft, P.G.; Writing - review & editing, P.G., E.B. and R.B.S..  
This work was supported by Science Foundation Ireland under Grant 14/RP/I2921.  
We would like to thank [PERSON] for his contribution in the preparation of the schematics. We further acknowledge Microelectronics Circuits Centre Ireland (MCCI) Dublin for Associated Project support.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Spacecraft and Asteroid Thermal Image Generation for Proximity Navigation and Detection Scenarios
## 3 Results
### Spacecraft Case  
The TANGO satellite is used as test case because the future goal is to create a thermal image dataset equivalent to the ones already available in the optical spectrum [18] so that, given a mission with both visible and thermal cameras, the detection and navigation algorithm can be compared.
# Optomechanical Analysis and Design of Polygon Mirror-Based Laser Scanners
## 4 Linearization of the Scanning Function
### The Two-Mirrors Angular Device  
As the distance \(L\) (equal to the object focal distance \(f\) of the objective lens in Figures 1 and 2) is the main parameter that influences the non-linearity of the scanning function \(h(\theta)\), we proposed in [66] several devices, with three or two supplemental (fixed) mirrors that are capable of folding the laser beam reflected by a GS or a PM. Thus, an improvement of the scanning linearity can be made possible in a reasonably compact construct. The simplest (and thus, lowest-cost) device that can be utilized is the one with two plane mirrors placed at a certain angle with regard to one another--Figure 9 [66]. While there are several methods to approach this problem of geometrical optics, the Williamson construct is utilized in this study [2].  
Figure 9: (**a**) Multiple image formation for a small angle between two fixed mirrors—for the device placed between a laser scanning mirror (an oscillatory one of a GS is shown as example) and its objective lens; (**b**) ascertainment of the maximum possible number \(N\) of reflections between the two fixed mirrors.  
The path of a laser beam reflected by a GS (considered for simplicity, although a PM can be utilized as well) is presented in Figure 9a, with its multiple reflections \(I_{j},\ j=\overline{1,N}\) on the two fixed mirrors \(\mathrm{M}_{1}\) and \(\mathrm{M}_{2}\), placed with an angle \(2\psi\) between them. \(N\) is the total number of reflections on the two mirrors. The successive images \(\mathrm{M}_{1^{\prime}}\) and \(\mathrm{M}_{2^{\prime}}\) of each mirror into each other are considered.  
It can be easily demonstrated that the length of a beam that would pass un-deflected after the reflection on the GS mirror in its pivot O through the incidence point \(\mathrm{I}_{1}\) is equal to the one between the two mirrors \(\mathrm{M}_{1}\) and \(\mathrm{M}_{2}\). Using the construction in Figure 9a, this is briefly discussed in Appendix B. Starting from such well-known aspects, to utilize this device for a scanning system, there are several aspects that must be determined, as addressed in the following.
## 5 Summary and Future Research  
This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the academic literature on mass customization (MC), mapping its conceptual foundations, technological enablers, and implementation challenges. It confirms that MC has become a central pillar of modern manufacturing strategy, increasingly supported by digital and intelligent systems.  
However, several areas remain underexplored or insufficiently validated, paving the way for a future research agenda and open areas:  
* Empirical testing and industrial validation: while conceptual models and frameworks are abundant, empirical studies demonstrating real-world MC implementation across diverse sectors, especially SMEs, are still limited. Future research should prioritize case-based and longitudinal studies to validate MC effectiveness.
* Integration with digital twin and predictive analytics: the application of digital twins and AI-based predictive tools in MC environments offers promising avenues for real-time customization and operational optimization. Research should explore how these technologies can close the gap between customer intent and production reality.
* Sustainability-oriented MC models: the dual pursuit of customization and sustainability calls for novel frameworks that quantify trade-offs and synergies across the product lifecycle. Metrics assessing environmental, economic, and social impacts of MC should be further developed and standardized.
* Human-centered MC: as automation increases, the human factor remains critical--particularly in co-design, configuration interface usability, and decision-making sup port. Interdisciplinary studies that blend design thinking, cognitive ergonomics, and MC technology are needed to enhance user experience and system adoption.
* Supply chain reconfigurability: the dynamic nature of personalized production requires agile and reconfigurable supply chains. Research should delve into decentralized and platform-based supply networks that can adapt rapidly to fluctuating demand without compromising efficiency or cost-effectiveness.  
In summary, MC is at a pivotal point. To fully realize its potential, future studies must move beyond theoretical exploration to offer actionable insights and validated frameworks that align technological, organizational, and customer-centric dimensions.  
Conceptualization, L.D.N., F.G.G. and M.B.; methodology, L.D.N., F.G.G. and M.G.; formal analysis, L.D.N. and F.G.G.; investigation, L.D.N. and M.B.; data curation, L.D.N. and M.G.; writing--original draft preparation, L.D.N. and M.G.; writing--review and editing, F.G.G., M.B. and E.F.; supervision, F.G.G., M.B. and E.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
No new data were created or analyzed in this study.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 6 Conclusions  
This work shows that GS reconstruction is a viable alternative to CS, TV, and MaxEnt-based reconstruction of 4D NUS EP-COSI data. The Split Bregman based GS algorithm was derived and evaluated on phantom and _in vivo_ datasets under-sampled 2\(\times\), 4\(\times\), 6\(\times\), 8\(\times\), and 10\(\times\). Results from GS reconstruction using overlapping groups demonstrated the best metabolite peak reproduction, lowest mean metabolite peak RMSEs, and best denoising characteristics of the iterative reconstruction methods tested. Further work is required to determine the optimal grouping strategies under different experimental conditions and how they affect the reconstruction results.
# Routing Protocols for Delay Tolerant Networks:
## 3 Performance Evaluation
### Evaluation Using Synthetic Mobility Patterns
#### 3.2.1 Simple Protocols  
We use the term \"simple protocols\" to refer to DTN routing protocols that do not use knowledge information in managing the messages. They are among the first protocols proposed in the literature. Since they avoid collecting information on the current status of the network, they are less demanding protocols in terms of computational capabilities.  
Epidemic [35] explores all possible options, namely all nodes are possible carriers. This implies that when buffer constraints are negligible (see 100 KB in Figure 2), it is the best performer in terms of delivery ratio and delay. On the contrary, when the size of the buffer becomes critical (10 KB), as the density of the network increases, the delivery ratio quickly decreases due to message dropping. As a consequence, a number of messages need to be sent again, and the overhead increases. We stress that this result makes clear the importance of an effective queue management policy when the nodes' buffer size is small.  
First-Contact and Direct-Delivery [20] show the same performance irrespective of the buffer size, which is in any case sufficient to store all of the messages in the network at any given time. Essentially, the only difference in the approach of the two protocols is the forwarding policy, yet it does not have any impact on delivery ratio and delay. We only observe (by taking into account possible error, our performance evaluation is inherently prone to) that First-Contact involves a larger overhead of messages, as it forwards the message to the first encountered node until the destination is reached.  
In the following sections, we will evaluate the knowledge-based forwarding policies and discuss how they can help improve the performance also when limited replication is employed.
## 1 Introduction
The article aims to address the issue of temperature control instability in hydroponic nutrient solutions under high-temperature conditions while bridging the application gap of intelligent control algorithms in this domain. Firstly, the system integrates high-precision sensor networks and air-source heat pump units, forming the hardware foundation of the system. Simultaneously, a fuzzy PID controller optimized by the DBO algorithm was designed for this system, enabling real-time adjustment of quantization and scaling factors in the fuzzy controller. Then, to evaluate the system's temperature control accuracy and performance metrics, simulation comparison tests, temperature control tests, and cultivation tests were conducted. These investigations assessed the system's accuracy, stability, and practical applicability, providing a theoretical foundation and practical reference for precise and stable temperature control in hydroponic nutrient solutions.