## 3 Results
### Autonomic Physiological Responses to Emotional Pain  
Physiological responses during the painful state were evaluated using paired \(t\)-tests to compare the baseline and painful conditions (Table 4), with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons (\(p<\) 0.0042). The results show significant differences in most physiological features between the two conditions, except for HR, SDNN, and FT. Notably, RMSSD, pNN50, HFnu, SCL, and SCR increased, whereas LF/HF, RR, BVP, and PTT decreased during painful conditions. These findings indicate that the painful stimulus elicited notable shifts in sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, as reflected in the HRVs and electrodermal responses. In addition, changes in peripheral blood flow and RR indicate a strong psychophysiological stress response to the painful stimulus.  
Comparative Analysis of Physiological Features During Painful and Non-Painful States Based on Changes from Baseline  
To compare physiological responses between painful and non-painful conditions, changes from baseline were calculated and analyzed using paired _t_-tests (Table 5), and Bonferroni corrections were applied (_p_ < 0.0042). The results show that SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, SCR, and SCL were significantly higher under the painful condition, whereas BVP, PTT, and RR were significantly lower. SCR (t = \(-\)6.164, \(p\) < 0.001) and BVP (t = 8.182, \(p\) < 0.001) demonstrated the most significant changes, indicating marked autonomic activation and a decrease in peripheral blood flow in response to pain. FT decreased during the painful condition and increased during the non-painful condition (t = 3.471, \(p\) = 0.001), reflecting the impact of emotional and pain-related stimuli on peripheral vascular regulation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Feature**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**State**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Statistics**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Baseline** & **Painful** & **t** & \(p\) \\ \hline HR (beat/min) & 78.85 \(\pm\) 8.93 & 77.98 \(\pm\) 10.36 & 1.613 & 0.109 \\ \hline SDNN (ms) & 36.59 \(\pm\) 15.63 & 40.74 \(\pm\) 16.29 & \(-\)2.478 & 0.015 \\ \hline RMSSD (ms) & 30.16 \(\pm\) 13.16 & 35.18 \(\pm\) 17.83 & \(-\)4.120 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline pNN50 (\%) & 12.02 \(\pm\) 14.79 & 16.04 \(\pm\) 17.63 & \(-\)3.773 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline HFnu & 0.55 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 0.63 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 5.688 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline LF/HF & 0.99 \(\pm\) 0.76 & 0.66 \(\pm\) 0.40 & 5.156 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline RR (breath/min) & 3.80 \(\pm\) 1.10 & 3.13 \(\pm\) 0.48 & 7.597 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline BVP (V) & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 10.750 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline PTT (ms) & 276.44 \(\pm\) 24.58 & 270.53 \(\pm\) 26.11 & 5.644 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline SCL (\(\mu\)S) & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 0.33 \(\pm\) 0.19 & \(-\)6.055 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline SCR (\(\mu\)S) & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.31 & 0.84 \(\pm\) 0.96 & \(-\)8.423 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline FT (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 32.55 \(\pm\) 2.37 & 32.52 \(\pm\) 2.30 & 1.638 & 0.104 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Statistical comparison of physiological features between baseline and painful states with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons (_p_ < 0.0042).  
Figure 2: Positions of each pain intensity level on the dimension of emotion.