esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
Isothermal oxidation tests at 1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C were carried out to identify the effect of the oxygen flow rate on oxidation behavior. A breakaway time delay phenomenon was discovered in this study. The breakaway time delay phenomenon seems to depend on the abrupt temperature escalation of the cladding surface in the early stages of the oxidation reaction. It was confirmed that the delay phenomenon starts above peak temperatures exceeding 1050 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This result is consistent with a previous study showing that dense columnar oxides were favorably formed at over 1050 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Macro- and micrograph observations were also performed to support this result. According to macrographic analysis, there is no oxide color change in cases of high flow rate. This means that there is a breakaway time delay because changes in oxide colors from dark to light coincided with the kinetic transition, which was reported in previous studies. The investigation of the macrographs is in good agreement with the TG mass-gain analyses. Additionally, the porous oxides were only detected in light-colored oxides, and the dense oxides were observed in dark-colored oxides, according to micrographic analysis. Dark-colored oxides are generated by the sudden growth of a thick oxide layer, which acts as a strong diffusion barrier. Therefore, the breakaway time delay phenomenon was detected in the high-oxygen-flow region. Consequently, the breakaway time delay phenomenon seems to be related to an abrupt increase in cladding temperature in the early oxidation stage. It is worth emphasizing that the initial temperature escalation should be considered with respect to oxidation behaviors and oxide characteristics, specifically the growth of dense columnar oxide, for a better understanding and prediction of oxide kinetics.  
Conceptualization, J.L.; methodology, J.L.; validation, S.S., J.L.; formal analysis, G.K.; investigation, G.K.; resources, G.K.; data curation, G.K.; writing--original draft preparation, G.K.; writing--review and editing, S.S.; supervision, J.L.; project administration, J.L.; funding acquisition, J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., LTD (No. 2019-TECH-06). Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Data available in a publicly accessible repository. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Mediated Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
## 2 Budesonide Loaded Nanoparticles
The physical and chemical characteristics of budesonide-loaded NLCs prepared via high-pressure homogenization demonstrated their suitability for drug delivery to inflamed colonic mucosal areas, ranging in size from  
Figure 1: Schematic illustration of the redox nanoparticle, nitroxide radical-containing nanoparticles (RNPO) and the experimental design. (**A**) RNPO was prepared using a self-assembling amphiphilic block copolymer (MeO-PEG-b-PMOT) composed of a hydrophilic PEG segment and a hydrophobic poly(4-methylstyrene) segment possessing 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) moieties via ether linkage. (**B**) Murine colitis was induced by supplementation of 3% (wt/vol) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in the drinking water for 7 days and RNPO (166.7 mg/kg) was orally administered daily during the 7 days of DSS treatment. The animals were divided into four groups, n = 5 mice per group. Reprinted with permission from [8]. 50 to 200 nm and being relatively monodispersed (PdI < 0.30). With close to 95% drug encapsulation efficiency, budesonide was successfully entrapped in the nanocarriers. To the best of the authors' knowledge, nanostructured lipid carriers were employed for the first time as a drug-delivery system for local administration in mucosal inflammation using murine colitis models. Reduced TNF-\(\alpha\) production was observed in vitro for both NLCs and BDS-NLCs (~100%). NLCs demonstrated prolonged presence in the colon in vivo (>12 h), significantly reducing levels of inflammation in DSS-colitis after being administered for 3 days, showing lower MPO levels and decreased IL-1 and TNF-\(\alpha\) levels in the colon, alongside a better histological scoring index [9].
# Four-Channel Polarimetric-Spectral Intensity Modulation Imager
###### Abstract  
To solve the problems of channel crosstalk and edge jitter caused by the Fourier transform demodulation of polarimetric-spectral intensity modulation in polarization spectral data, this paper proposes a Four-Channel Polarimetric Spectrometer (FCPS) with two groups of polarimetric-spectral intensity modulation (PSIM). FCPS can demodulate the full Stokes spectra information by system matrix calibration in the spatial domain. The traditional channel filtering method and the FCPS data demodulation method are simulated, and their results are compared. The simulated results show that the FCPS does not have the problem of the edge jitter, and the demodulation accuracy is higher. It is confirmed that the angle error of phase retarders has little influence on the data reconstruction, and the maximum allowable angle error of the calibration light linear polarizer cannot exceed 0.4\({}^{\circ}\).  
polarization modulation; spectropolarimeter instrument; Stokes +
Footnote †: journal: applied sciences
## 4 Notification-Based Querying Method (NOP Query) Proposal
### NOP Query Overview  
As shown in Section 3, the NOP inference chain is the \"core of NOP\", responsible for managing the notification mechanism when any _Attribute_ value is changed. The proposed NOP Query inherits the advantages of this paradigm by using/adapting the features of the C++ 4.0 NOP Framework, naturally differing from existing video query methods. As the NOP Query is NOP-compatible, it is natively reactive. It avoids loop-based encoding and unnecessary logic evaluations, thus reducing wasted processing power and potentially allowing for fine-grained processing distribution. In fact, as a high-performance decoupling mechanism, NOP Query considers changes to _Attribute_ to initiate the notification inference chain and promptly calculates alerts when the query matches.  
Figure 4 provides an overview of the NOP Query method comprising three parts: Video/Data Ingestion, Event Matching and Meaning, and Query Manager. Video/Data ingestion is responsible for reading a video stream or a set of CSV data, extracting data, and defining features for all objects in the frame. Deep learning inference models can be used to detect objects and attributes. It calculates the frame number, object label, color, ID, and bounding box values (e.g., positions). In turn, the Query Manager handles queries from a user/manager and generates results when a query matches the event in the data/video stream. Finally, Event Matching and Meaning is the core of NOP Query and consists of three modules:  
1. The Window and Time Manager receives input from the data ingestion and filters it according to the time restrictions and data values of the Static NOP Query Chain;
2. The Static NOP Query Chain (SQC) is responsible for receiving queries from the Window and Time Manager and creating a static structure that represents the manager's query following the NOP Chain schema;
3. The Dynamic NOP Query Chain (DQC) is responsible for receiving data from the Window and Time Manager, checking the data flow against the SQC, computing notifications, and sending warnings when the data match the SQC.  
The next two sections present more detailed information about SQC and DQC, since they are the essence of the NOP Query.  
Figure 4: Notification-oriented querying method overview.
## 4 Discussion
### Improvement of the Calculation Method  
The methodological enhancement allows the correct allocation of emissions from electricity exchange between different regions and storage at the time of the actual use  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{AEF} & \multirow{2}{*}{BAU} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Specific Ef**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**2020**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**2025**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**2030**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**2035**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**2040**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**2045**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**2050**} \\ \cline{5-5} \cline{6-10}  & & fuel combustion (fc) & 420 & 402 & 358 & 311 & 194 & 203 & 182 \\ \cline{3-10}  & & standard deviation & 110 & 136 & 95 & 91 & 90 & 109 & 114 \\  & & upstream (lca) & 480 & 459 & 408 & 357 & 239 & 247 & 225 \\ \cline{3-10}  & & standard deviation & 112 & 127 & 98 & 100 & 91 & 75 & 26 \\  & & fuel combustion (fc) & 380 & 346 & 301 & 232 & 170 & 93 & 29 \\ \cline{3-10}  & & standard deviation & 112 & 127 & 98 & 100 & 91 & 75 & 26 \\  & & upstream (lca) & 439 & 395 & 344 & 271 & 211 & 127 & 59 \\ \cline{3-10}  & & standard deviation & 119 & 133 & 103 & 101 & 96 & 79 & 26 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MEF} & \multirow{2}{*}{BAU} & fuel combustion (fc) & 774 & 642 & 526 & 501 & 472 & 476 & 475 \\  & & upstream (lca) & 824 & 712 & 599 & 569 & 546 & 552 & 552 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & fuel combustion (fc) & 808 & 726 & 592 & 582 & 462 & 429 & 368 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & upstream (lca) & 858 & 792 & 649 & 635 & 529 & 498 & 428 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Annual average emission factors by characteristic, scenario, fuel-specific factors, and the associated standard deviation of the hourly values. Model results.  
of electricity. By using an endogenously determined emission factor for export volumes and discharging processes, taking into account grid losses, auxiliary consumption, and imported emissions from the EU, the actual emission factor of power consumption, and not that of power production, can be determined. This will allow a more accurate calculation of the emissions from electrification measures and life cycle assessments of electric applications, which usually use the electricity from the public power grid at the very end of the transmission chain. Furthermore, the prospective scenarios can also take into account the change in the system of power generation and thus calculate lifetime emissions for the use of electricity-based applications.
# Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Brain Electrical Activity in Mice
## 2 Methods and Experiments
### Subjects and Experiments  
Experiments were carried out on ten C57 BL/6 male mice (20-25 g) in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (8 th ed., The National Academies Press, Washington, 2011). The protocols were approved by the Local Bioethics Commission of the Saratov State University. The mice were kept in a light/dark environment with the lights on from 8:00 to 20:00 and fed ad libitum with standard rodent food and water. The ambient temperature and humidity were maintained at 24.5 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 40-60%, respectively.  
A two-channel cortical EEG (Pinnacle Technology, Taiwan) was recorded (Figure 2) using two silver electrodes (tip diameter 2-3 \(\upmu\)m) located at a depth of 150 \(\upmu\)m in coordinates (L: 2.5 mm and D: 2 mm) from Bregma on either sides of the midline under inhalation anesthesia with 2% isoflurane at 1 L/min \(N_{2}O/O_{2}\)--70:30. The head plate was mounted and small burr holes were drilled. Thereafter, wire EEG leads were inserted into burr holes on one side of the midline between the skull and the underlying dura mater. EEG leads were fixed with dental acrylic. Ibuprofen (15 mg/kg) for relief of postoperative pain was provided in water supply for two to three days before surgery and for three or more  
Figure 1: Dependences described by Equations (5) and (6) in the lg–lg plot for \(1/f\)-noise. The \(\beta\)-exponent is estimated with the standard errors 0.0038 and 0.0023, respectively.  
days after surgery. Before starting the experiment, the mice were given 10 days to recover from surgery.  
As standard sleep staging rules for mice are not currently available, we referred to the visual assessment criteria from the studies [1,38]. Sleep deprivation was carried out according to the method described in [39], with adaptation to the vivarium regime. The mice were deprived of sleep from 8:00 pm to 8:00 am and were immediately used for the experiment. Sleep deprivation was maintained by bringing new objects and sounds into the experiment room [40]. The mice were constantly monitored to make sure they were actually studying objects.  
Signals were measured in awake and sleeping mice (day 1, 10-h recording), and after SD (day 2, 4-h recording). This study compares two states: (1) awake mice, background EEG activity, and (2) awake mice after SD. All recordings were done with a sampling rate of 2 kHz. At the stage of preprocessing, twelve 5-min segments with a quite homogeneous structure and less distorted by artifacts were selected for each EEG channel. Every 5-min segment was analyzed with EDFA to evaluate \(\sigma(F_{loc}(n))\) and the \(\beta\) exponent. The results for each mouse state were averaged over all selected segments and both channels.
# An Energy-Efficient Approach to Enhance Virtual Sensors Provisioning in Sensor Clouds Environments
## 4 The Proposed Approach
### ACOSIMv2--Ant Colony Optimization for Sensor Selection Based on Similarity
#### 4.2.4. Heuristic Information  
The heuristic information is based on the number of selected nodes from each cluster. To ensure that the solution passes through all clusters, the nodes from the less used clusters have higher probability to be selected. Thus, the heuristic information is expressed by:  
\[\eta_{c}=\frac{1}{\varphi_{c}+0.1} \tag{13}\]  
\[\varphi_{c}=\frac{nOfN_{c}}{\sum_{x=1}^{N_{C}}nOfN_{x}} \tag{14}\]  
where  
* \(N_{C}\) is the set of clusters created by ACASIMv2;
* \(nOfN_{x}\) is the number of selected nodes from Cluster \(x\in N_{C}\).  
Once the pheromone level and heuristic information are defined, the probability of assigning an unassigned sensor \(f\) to the solution \(S\) is calculated by \[P_{e,f}(t)=\left\{\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{[\tau_{e,f}(t)]^{a}\cdot[\eta_{e,f}]^{b} }{\sum_{f}[\tau_{e,f}(t)]^{a}\cdot[\eta_{e,f}]^{b}},&\text{if}&f\in\quad\{V-tabu_{ a}\}\\ 0,&\text{otherwise}\end{array}\right. \tag{15}\]  
where  
* \(V\) is the set of all vertices (nodes) in graph \(G\);
* \(tabu_{a}\) is a dynamically growing set of vertices (nodes) already visited by the \(a_{th}\) ant.
# Finite Element Analysis of Proposed Self-Locking Joint for Modular Steel Structures
## 2 Working Mechanism of Proposed Intermodular Connection  
The proposed connection consists of upper and lower adapters, a center plate, middle plate, flat spring and a spring pin. Figure 2 shows the details of the proposed intermodular connection (IMC), this connection can be used to connect two, four, and eight modules without any in situ welding and requirement of the extra workspace between modules as shown in Figure 2a. As can be seen in Figure 2b, adapters are welded on both sides of the center plate, the flat spring is fixed inside the adapter by the means of welding at one end and is free at the other end. To connect adjacent modules in internal and external joints, a middle plate is used as in Figure 2b. This plate is laid on center plates, and the upper adaptor is passed through the square space provided on the middle plate. At each corner of the middle plate, dowel pins are provided for the alignment position of the connected modules. The gap between the floor beam and ceiling beam is the same as the thickness of the middle plate and center plate. All structural member materials and components of connection are composed of structural steel, except for the spring, which is composed of spring material (music wire).  
Fixing this connection is easy and instant, with an adapter on each side of the center plate inserted into their respective columns (upper and lower columns). The upper column would tie with the adapter by means of an outer bolt at the outer face, while the lower column would be attached to the adapter by a self-locking mechanism of a spring; an inside push at the spring pin would be required to insert the adapter into the column; when the spring pin reaches its designated hole in the column, it becomes secured by spring action. The bolt would be tightened by a nut, whereas the spring would exert a constant force on the spring pin to remain in its position. This connection is designed to transfer horizontal and vertical loads and bending moments from one module to an adjacent module. Vertical forces can be transferred from the upper column to the lower column through the center plate between both columns. The floor and ceiling beams would be connected vertically by long bolts that hold both the beams together. Due to moments at the joints, an uplift force or normal force will be expected to be produced at the connection's outer face, as shown in Figure 2c, which may cause separation between the connection and the columns (in the absence of a link between columns and adaptor). The presence of a bolt and a spring will provide additional shear resistance to minimize the potential separation between columns.
# Metamaterial Based Design of Compact UWB/MIMO Monopoles Antenna with Characteristic Mode Analysis
## 1 Introduction
Different modes can be sorted differently, in which each mode can be excited as a MIMO channel resulting in the very low mutual coupling between other ports. This accounted for our employment of characteristic mode theory for the MIMO antenna design. Some impressive design has been presented in recent literature on modal analysis for MIMO antennas [23; 24; 25]. Some of them used chassis mode, and it relies on quite an amount of cuts and tries before reaching an optimal design. Recently, the metamaterial transmission lines have been used for various applications, such as antenna designs, filters, absorbers, couplers, mutual coupling reduction for multiple MIMO antennas, etc., in the microwave, millimeter-waves, and terahertz bands due to their interesting electromagnetic properties [26; 27]. In this work, we use metamaterial in the form of a rectangular loop resonator and a slotted stub for mutual coupling reduction; we also look at MIMO antenna design from a modal perspective, that is, using the characteristic mode theory to get a physical insight regarding antenna operating principle without a particular feeding considered. The isolation level is improved below \(-20\) dB with a notch behavior from 4 to 6 GHz and 10 to 11 GHz. The antenna is created on an accessible and generally utilized substrate. The MIMO system is designed using both time-domain analysis and multilayer solver analysis in commercial software computer simulation technology (CST). A detailed topology and analysis of the design are presented. A model is created to validate the simulated results. The comparison between the measured and simulated results is given, and it is discovered that they are in acceptable agreement.
# Quantum Calibration of Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors Based on Multi-Pixel Photon Counters
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Setup  
To investigate the performance of MPPC in quantum detection, we did QDT as shown in Figure 2. The pulsed light source is from a mode-locked Ti: sapphire laser at 791 nm. The repetition frequency R is 2 MHz and the pulse width is 2 ps. The other light source at 523 nm with the same pulse width, 2 ps, is obtained by sum-frequency mixing of the Ti: sapphire laser at 791 nm and a pump laser at 1550 nm. The choice of light source is determined in accordance with the parameters of MPPC. The spectral response range of MPPC is from 320 to 900 nm. The pulse repetition frequency is within the range of MPPC's cut-off frequency, and the pulse width is far less than the detector's response time window. An attenuated pulsed laser with intensity at few-photon level was experimentally used to generate the coherent state. The average photon number per pulse could be controlled by a variable attenuator. The powermeter was used to monitor the output power of the laser when the flip mirror is on. The bandpass filter was inserted to remove the background noise photons. The few-photon level light was focused on the photosensitive area of MPPC by a focusing lens f = 50 mm.  
The spot radius with two different wavelength incidents on the photosensitive area is approximately 0.64 mm, covering about 500 pixels. After calibrating the flip mirror, the attenuator and the lens, the total transmittance \(\gamma\) can be calculated. The photon number reaching MPPC's photosensitive area conforms to \(|\alpha|^{2}=\frac{\gamma\mathrm{P}\lambda}{\mathrm{E}\lambda c}\), in which P is the power of the incident light. We treated the laser pulse as the trigger and recorded the peak amplitude of the output pulse. The probability \(P_{n,\alpha}\) can be calculated with the statistical count of different coherent states.
## 7 Limitations  
There is a list of limitations of the current study that needs to be addressed. First of all, the main limitation is the data used for training the model. The GoEmotions dataset consists of texts written in English, which means that the model is not able to predict texts written in any other language. This also applies to the style of writing. Although the authors added a text standardization layer, completely different types of writing will lead to questionable results. For example, applying the model to a big blog post instead of a small comment. It is also worth mentioning that the model operates only with text data. This study does not involve speech or facial emotions analysis.  
Secondly, the authors of the GoEmotions paper outline that the Reddit platform, which is a source of text comments, is biased towards young male users. This may cause the model to perform worse on texts written by completely different audiences.  
Thirdly, as mentioned before (Section 4.1), the dataset is imbalanced, which means that the model is less accurate in predicting classes with a low amount of data.  
One more limitation is the list of emotions and sentiments that the model can predict. Obviously, it is strictly defined by the dataset used for training the model. Predicting different sets of emotion categories requires training the model on a different dataset and additional analysis.  
Finally, the authors were limited in computational resources and data for training and evaluating the model. The trend nowadays is toward large language models. These models serve multi-purposely and are likely to provide better emotion classification results. The main reason for this is the vast amount of computation resources and training data used for fitting such models.