## 1 Introduction  
Pesticides are extensively employed worldwide for pest control, primarily within the agricultural sector [1]. Annually, more than 4 million tons of active ingredients are used in commercially available pesticides [2]. Individuals face direct exposure to pesticides in occupational, agricultural, and domestic settings, as well as indirect exposure through environmental matrices such as air, water, soil, and food [3]. Contamination from pesticides is a widespread issue with far-reaching consequences for both public health and the environment. Human exposure to these chemicals primarily occurs through dermal contact, oral ingestion, and inhalation. Individuals who encounter pesticides in substantial amounts, either directly or indirectly, are at risk of experiencing acute poisoning symptoms such as nausea, headaches, muscle weakness, cramps, vomiting, and, in severe cases, loss of consciousness, cardiac arrest, and even death. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to lower-to-moderate pesticide doses can lead to the development of chronic diseases, significantly impacting individuals' overall quality of life and well-being [4; 5; 6]. In Latin America, as evidenced by several studies [7], a link has been observed between exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, as well as various classes of pesticides, and the presence of genotoxicity biomarkers and adverse neurobehavioral effects. This phenomenon is particularly notable among children and agricultural workers. Recent research examining the health risk index associated with pesticide exposure [2] revealed that certain low-toxicity pesticides produce hazardous burdens comparable to those of high-toxicity pesticides due to their extensive use. Approximately 24% of the global population resides in areas near locations with pesticide applications that exceed acceptable levels, and 32% of the population could surpass acceptable intake limits for these chemicals. An additional, an indirect consequence of intensive pesticide management is local environmental contamination, which can have significant repercussions on agricultural production [8]. While a majority of studies on this subject concentrate on its implications for human health or crop vitality, there exists a less explored yet equally consequential dimension to consider: the influence of high-intensity pesticide management on the composition and functionality of the insect community surrounding economically vital crops. These agricultural systems are critically dependent on ecosystem services encompassing pollination, nutrient cycling, soil enhancement, and pest control [9]. Intensive agriculture, characterized by its heightened reliance on agrochemical inputs, has been demonstrated to markedly erode these indispensable services [10]. One of the most frequently utilized and controversial organophosphorus agrochemicals is chloropyrifos [6]. Its extensive application in agriculture has led to cases of poisoning, potentially resulting in the death of non-target species upon exposure. Furthermore, it contaminates and exerts adverse effects on various aspects, including plant development, aquatic life, soil quality, livestock, wildlife, and human health [11; 12]. In response to this issue, several strategies have been explored to monitor its presence in the environment, regulate its use, and explore alternative options. It is important to note, however, that these initiatives are still in their early stages or may prove to be economically burdensome, particularly in countries with moderate-to-low incomes [13; 14]. In Chile, chloropyrifos ranks among the top-selling insecticides [15]. Its presence has been identified through comprehensive monitoring efforts, encompassing air monitoring [16; 17; 18], water quality assessments [19], honeybee investigations [20], and residue analyses in food products [21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27], and even in the urinary biomarkers of children [28; 29].