## 4 Discussion
### Effects of the Flight Training  
Results show that the training, irrespective of the group treatment, significantly improved trainees' performance as indicated by smaller deviations from the required final approach parameters and a higher approach quality. Furthermore, the trainees improved their self-assessment of deviation, indicating progress towards the associative stage of skill development as described in [PERSON] and [PERSON] [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018). Training also significantly improved trainees' understanding of the situation, reduced the perceived challenge related to the task, the intensity of their negative emotions, and the motivational factor fear of failure. No significant changes in the demand and supply of attention resources, total situation awareness, or workload were found. This means that the trainees were not yet progressing towards the autonomous phase of skill development [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018), which was hardly expected, considering the small number of repetitions during the experiment. Although self-awareness of deviations could be demotivating for some trainees, this was not the case in the present study, as positive emotion, interest, and perceived success probability did not change significantly in the course of the training. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Landing Deviation**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Self-Assessment**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Approach Quality**} \\ \cline{2-10}
**Statistical Test** & \(r\) & \(p\) & \(N\) & \(r\) & \(p\) & \(N\) & \(r\) & \(p\) & \(N\) \\ \hline
**Situation awareness SART** & & & & & & & & & & \\ Understanding & 0.154 \({}^{*}\) & 0.02 & 57 & \(-\)0.078 & 0.28 & 57 & 0.154 & 0.13 & 55 \\ Demands & 0.249 \({}^{*}\) & 0.03 & 57 & \(-\)0.098 & 0.23 & 57 & \(-\)0.249 \({}^{*}\) & 0.03 & 55 \\ Supply & \(-\)0.153 & 0.13 & 57 & \(-\)0.181 & 0.09 & 57 & 0.136 & 0.16 & 55 \\ Total SA score & \(-\)0.338 \({}^{*}\) & 0.01 & 57 & \(-\)0.073 & 0.30 & 57 & 0.275 \({}^{*}\) & 0.02 & 55 \\ \hline
**Workload NASA-TLX** & & & & & & & & & \\ Workload & 0.227 \({}^{*}\) & 0.05 & 57 & 0.014 & 0.46 & 57 & \(-\)0.239 \({}^{*}\) & 0.04 & 55 \\ \hline
**PANAS** & & & & & & & & & \\ Positive Emotion & \(-\)0.186 & 0.08 & 57 & \(-\)0.088 & 0.26 & 57 & 0.196 & 0.08 & 55 \\ Negative Emotion & 0.206 & 0.06 & 57 & \(-\)0.059 & 0.33 & 57 & \(-\)0.466 \({}^{*}\) & 0.01 & 55 \\ \hline
**Motivation** & & & & & & & & & \\ Challenge & 0.060 & 0.33 & 57 & \(-\)0.106 & 0.22 & 57 & 0.076 & 0.29 & 55 \\ Interest & \(-\)0.033 & 0.41 & 57 & \(-\)0.158 & 0.12 & 57 & 0.079 & 0.28 & 55 \\ Success probability & \(-\)0.284 \({}^{*}\) & 0.02 & 57 & 0.083 & 0.27 & 57 & 0.306 \({}^{*}\) & 0.01 & 55 \\ Fear of failure & 0.241 \({}^{*}\) & 0.04 & 57 & \(-\)0.156 & 0.12 & 57 & \(-\)0.366 \({}^{*}\) & 0.01 & 55 \\ \hline
**AR immersion** & & & & & & & & & \\ Attraction & 0.076 & 0.35 & 28 & \(-\)0.255 & 0.10 & 28 & \(-\)0.200 & 0.17 & 26 \\ Time investment & 0.080 & 0.34 & 28 & \(-\)0.222 & 0.13 & 28 & \(-\)0.130 & 0.26 & 26 \\ Usability & \(-\)0.228 & 0.12 & 28 & 0.135 & 0.25 & 28 & 0.154 & 0.23 & 26 \\ Emotional attachment & \(-\)0.104 & 0.30 & 28 & \(-\)0.050 & 0.40 & 28 & \(-\)0.030 & 0.45 & 26 \\ Focus of attention & 0.061 & 0.38 & 28 & \(-\)0.483 & 0.01 & 28 & \(-\)0.100 & 0.32 & 26 \\ Presence & \(-\)0.367 \({}^{*}\) & 0.03 & 28 & 0.031 & 0.44 & 28 & 0.078 & 0.35 & 26 \\ Flow & 0.193 & 0.16 & 28 & \(-\)0.328 \({}^{*}\) & 0.04 & 28 & \(-\)0.040 & 0.43 & 26 \\ Engagement & \(-\)0.08 & 0.34 & 28 & \(-\)0.063 & 0.38 & 28 & \(-\)0.010 & 0.48 & 26 \\ Engrosment & \(-\)0.028 & 0.44 & 28 & \(-\)0.315 \({}^{*}\) & 0.05 & 28 & \(-\)0.070 & 0.36 & 26 \\ Total Immersion & \(-\)0.163 & 0.20 & 28 & \(-\)0.158 & 0.21 & 28 & 0.036 & 0.43 & 26 \\ \hline
**AR Features** & & & & & & & & & \\ Comfort & \(-\)0.441 \({}^{*}\) & 0.01 & 28 & 0.086 & 0.33 & 28 & 0.378 \({}^{*}\) & 0.03 & 26 \\ Trust & \(-\)0.125 & 0.26 & 28 & \(-\)0.032 & 0.44 & 28 & \(-\)0.160 & 0.22 & 26 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}