esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Findings
### Updating Website Information  
One of the greatest challenges in website maintenance is updating the online content. The literature distinguishes between static and dynamic information. The content on the website of a public organization contains administrative information intended for those who seek its services, as well as a scrollbar featuring the latest news. Interviewees in the study were asked if they update the website contents, and if so, which content is updated and at what frequency. Seven websites were represented in the responses to this question, providing information on whether updates are systematic or random, the difficulties encountered in this task, and the importance attributed to content updates (or expressed in a set organizational policy). Analysis of the responses indicates that in all but one large organization, which has a set policy for handling content updates, website information is updated randomly or not at all. Possible explanations for this pattern can be found in the following excerpts.  
1. Absence of a clearly defined updating policy: a specialist responsible for the content in a particular area of expertise gave this response when asked whether the organization had a policy for updating website content \"No, I wasn't informed of a policy...I'm not aware of any such policy, I don't know...\".
2. Reliance on a responsive approach: \"I consider updating the news scroll a kind of update.\"
3. We posed the question: \"what do you do to make sure that you get the necessary information for updating the website?\" The reply was: \"look, we... it usually is sent to the spokesperson's office, that is,... somehow to my department... and then somehow to me...\".  
* The importance attributed by the organization to website updates: \"I can't leave the date as December 31 st if today is January 1 st!...Anything related to information... co-workers pass it on to me, internal information, from the branches, from the spokesperson. I drop whatever I'm doing and immediately upload it to the site. That's how I trained the others, as well, they're used to it... if 30 min go by without my updating [website content], people check to see what's going on with me...\".
* To avoid spending resources on an old website, when a new one is being planned for the upcoming year: \"I haven't dedicated any time or effort to it, because anyway, I'm rewriting the content for the entire hospital... Yes there are inaccuracies, period! Outdated information, services that we may or may not offer--I can't bother with that now...\".
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Setup and Procedures
#### 2.3.2 10 km Tests  
Subjects began with a 5-min warm-up trial at a self-selected speed in their own shoes. Following the warm-up, subjects completed a 10 km run with the first pair of running shoes to be tested. Following the methods of previous studies, running speed was set individually at 70% of \(\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}_{2}\mathrm{max}\) for each subject [35; 36]. Two lightweight inertial measurement units (IMU) combining a tri-axial accelerometer (measurement range 1982 m/s\({}^{2}\)) and a tri-axial gyroscope (measurement range \(\pm\)2000\({}^{\circ}\)/s) were used to measure biomechanical data during the 10 km tests. One IMU was attached to the shaved skin at the medial aspect and midway between the malleolus and the plateau of the right tibia using double-sided adhesive tape. Furthermore, an elastic strap and a compression sleeve for calves were used to stabilize the accelerometer and prevent excessive movements due its own weight. The sensate axis of the IMU was aligned with the longitudinal axis of the tibia according to [PERSON] et al. [37]. The second sensor was attached to the heel cap of the right running shoe using a sturdy lightweight sensor mount printed with a 3D printer.
## 1 Introduction
### Single Modal Feature Construction Method  
#### 2.1.1 Vibration Signal Feature Extraction Based on GAF  
The vibration signal of rotating machinery, represented as a one-dimensional time series, contains valuable feature information and is extensively used in fault detection and health state analysis. The GAF is a technique that transforms one-dimensional time  
Figure 1: Main architecture.  
series into two-dimensional images [33]. This method first normalizes the time series in the Cartesian coordinate system to a range of \([-1,1]\), then converts the scaled sequence into polar coordinates, and finally constructs a GAF matrix using trigonometric functions [34]. In this process, the time and amplitude of each point correspond to the radius and angle in the polar coordinate system, which effectively preserves the temporal correlation of the original signal and its features. The detailed encoding process is illustrated in Figure 2.
* Data Normalization: since there is no significant disparity within the latent feature sequences, mean normalization is applied to map the data in the range of \([-1,1]\) without altering their inherent distribution characteristics.
* Encoding Mapping in Polar Coordinates: after normalization, the latent feature sequence is re-encoded from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates using coordinate transformation formulas.
* Gram Matrix Computation and Feature Map Construction: once converted to the polar coordinate system, the normalized latent feature sequence is used to compute a Gram matrix, where the correlations over different time intervals are represented using trigonometric sum or difference relationships between points.
# Unobtrusive Respiratory Flow Monitoring Using a Thermopile Array: A Feasibility Study
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Setup  
Thermal images were collected using a Grid-EYE thermopile array AM8854 from Panasonic. The sensor has 64 thermopile elements arranged in an \(8\times 8\) grid, and it is sensitive in the Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) range. The field of view covered by the Grid-EYE is \(60^{\circ}\), and it has a frame rate of \(10\,\mathrm{Hz}\). The sensor was connected to an Arduino UNO through the I\({}^{2}C\) bus, and the acquisition was performed through MATLAB.  
The data collection was performed in a room with an ambient temperature of around \(20\,\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCelsius}\). It should be specified that respiratory activity causes also motion of the head and shoulders. This kind of motion is visible also in thermal images. Therefore, measurements to prove feasibility in flow detection have been taken with a subject lying down and shoulders out of the field of view. Moreover, measurements in seated positions have also been collected to prove the detection of respiration based on motion. Figure 3 shows the experimental setups. An impedance pneumography signal was used as the ground truth for respiration monitoring. Since the measurements were acquired in a stationary condition, the impedance pneumography signal can be considered reliable. The signal has been acquired using three ECG electrodes, as is common in clinical practice, and a patient monitor (Philips MP50) with a sampling frequency of \(62.5\,\mathrm{Hz}\).
## 2 Materials and Method
### Methodology  
#### 2.3.1 Quality Control  
All four SBP products are gridded datasets, and the gauge observed datasets are at the point scale, i.e., fixed at a single location on the ground surface. Therefore, a point-to-pixel comparison was performed to compare the point-based gauge observed data with the gridded precipitation datasets [65; 66; 67; 68]. We extracted SBP estimates for the station locations instead of interpolating the gauge observations to avoid accumulating additional errors by gridding the observed data [69; 70; 71]. These SBP rates were first aggregated to obtain daily timescale records using DHM daily precipitation measurement time windows (03 UTC). Some of the station data feature missing values, and quality control was conducted for data consistency; if the gauge-observed daily data contained missing values, then the corresponding daily SBP data were simultaneously considered to be a missing value. The monthly data were computed when the station had more than 25 days of precipitation data available in a month; otherwise, the precipitation in that month was considered as a missing value. Similarly, the monthly SBP data were also considered a missing value for consistency if the corresponding monthly data were missing from the gauge observed datasets.  
Mean, and summer (JJAS) mean monsoonal precipitation of SBP and gauge observed datasets during the study period were calculated for each station. Mean monthly regional datasets were computed for three regions, with stations located at longitudes of 80-82\({}^{\circ}\)E, 83-85\({}^{\circ}\)E and 86-88\({}^{\circ}\)E being grouped together as the western, central, and eastern regions, respectively (Figure 1). The stations were divided into three different physiographic regions (elevation intervals) to quantify the spatial patterns of SBP products. All stations below 1500 m, between 1500 and 2500, and above 2500 m, were aggregated into the low-elevation, mid-elevation, and high-elevation regions, respectively.  
We also classified the gauge observed summer monsoon precipitation based on precipitation rate; all stations with mean monsoonal precipitation rates of less than 10 mm/day, between 10 and 20 mm/day, and higher than 20 mm/day was assigned to be lower, moderate, and higher precipitation zones, respectively. This allows analysis of SBP performances for different precipitation rates. The high-intensity related extreme rainfall events in four SBP datasets exceeding the 95 th percentile (R95p) of observed precipitation was also examined. To do this, only those stations were selected when daily observed data was available more than 90% per year. The overall processes followed in the study is shown in Figure 2.
# Method to Remove Tilt-to-Length Coupling Caused by Interference of Flat-Top Beam and Gaussian Beam
## 4 Conclusions  
Based on a non-diffracted model, we first derived the analytical form of the \(LPS_{LPF}\) signal for interference between a flat-top beam and a Gaussian beam. We found that when the Gaussian beam waist position coincides with the rotation point of the flat-top beam, the TTL noise could be removed by using a large flat-top beam and an SEPD because of the offset between the geometric optical path and the pathlength caused by the wavefront mismatch. Similarly, for more general and practical diffraction models, the results show that the TTL noise can also be removed by the offset between the geometric optical path and the pathlength caused by a lateral offset with tilt. When the beam energy and the interference efficiency are considered, the above method may not be suitable for direct use in space optical systems for gravitational wave detection. However, the method can be adopted in ground interferometers or used in simulations to stabilize proposed systems or to study the effects of other factors on the optical path noise.  
Conceptualization, Y.Z.; Funding acquisition, Z.W.; Writing--original draft, Y.L.; Writing--review & editing, C.F., H.L. and H.G. This research was funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science (XDB23030000).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 5: The TTL couplings shown in (**a**,**b**) are slightly different because of different optical parameters, but they are below the picometer order.  
Figure 6: When compared with Figure 3a, the result shows that the deviation of waist position of Gaussian beam can break the balance of the coupling, therefore \(LPS_{LPF}\) is increased to nanometer scale.
# Reputation and Trust Approach for Security and Safety Assurance in Intersection Management System
## 4 Empirical Study
### Software Simulation
#### 4.1.2 Results  
The main purpose of the simulations conducted was to show the method proposed can detect saboteurs in the group of MAVs. This is vital in the context of providing a sufficient safety level in the intersection management system. The average _Precision_ and _Recall_ values were calculated for each of the experiment groups and are presented in Figure 2a. The distribution of average FP and FN is illustrated in Figure 2b. To assess the FP and FN error rates, two relations were calculated: percentage of FP from the total number of legitimate MAVs and percentage of FN from saboteur number. These relations are presented in Figure 3a,b as percentages, respectively. From these relations, one can see that the more the load on the intersection increases, the more strictly the system begins to respond to incorrect data sent by MAVs. The average total number of vehicles that participated in each experiment group is presented in Figure 4.  
Figure 2: (**a**) Precision and recall values distribution through the experiment groups; and (**b**) FP and FN errors rate distribution.  
The results obtained have shown the trust and reputation model is effective in saboteur detection regardless of the load on the roads. The MAVs transmitting incorrect data can be found during quite a short period. Prospectively, it is planned to continue the investigation to improve the proposed model, raise the effectiveness of detection parameters, reduce FP and FN errors rate, and determine traffic condition and the impact of the bogus data on it.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Site Markers Competitive Binding  
Earlier reports have demonstrated that BSA, in similarity to HSA, has two main ligand-binding sites (I and II) located in subdomains IIA and IIIA, respectively [54; 55; 56]. Therefore, in order to comprehensively elaborate the BSA binding sites for the compound **3** interaction, the BSA binding to warfarin (WAR) and ibuprofen (IBP) was examined, as those two ligands were reported earlier as markers for the subdomains IIA and IIIA, respectively [54; 55]. Fluorescence measurements were carried out for solutions of BSA and site markers (1:1 ratio) incrementally titrated with compound **3**. Subsequent plots of Stern-Volmer (Equation (3)) and the double-log (Equation (6)) relations were graphed as shown in Figure 11. Constant values of \(K_{\mathrm{sv}}\) and \(K\) were estimated from the plots and are listed in Table 4. The observed results unambiguously demonstrate that compound **3**-BSA binding in the presence of WAR led to a remarkable decrease in \(K_{\mathrm{sv}}\) and \(K\) values, in contrast to compound **3**-BSA only, whilst nearly maintaining equal values in the presence of IBP. Hence, a displacement interaction between compound **3** and WAR on the BSA binding site can be concluded, which shows that compound **3** binds to the BSA subdomain IIA.
# Power Sources for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A State-of-the Art
## 3 Conclusions  
The primary focus of this research paper is to examine and evaluate the energy aspects of onboard propulsion systems in UAV platforms. By conducting a comprehensive review and analysis of different power supply architectures and energy management strategies, the objective is to establish a foundation for the development of high-performance UAV propulsion systems. This assessment aims to facilitate the assessment of trade-offs and considerations when selecting suitable power sources for UAVs. Relying solely on a single power source can be limiting for UAVs, as different power sources exhibit diverse performance characteristics under varying operating conditions. Therefore, the integration of hybrid power sources with complementary capabilities is increasingly recognized as a standard approach for designing UAV electric power systems. The selection and sizing of hybrid power sources depend on the specific mission requirements and associated weight/duration constraints of the UAV.
# Experimental Study of the Thermal and Dynamic Behaviors of Polypropylene Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
###### Abstract  
The wide use of high-performance concrete (HPC) makes it essential to study its dynamic and thermal behavior. In this study, polypropylene fiber-reinforced high-performance concrete was developed and a series of tests were carried out to obtain its mechanical and thermal properties. Since high-strength HPC has previously been studied intensively, only low-strength HPC--i.e., C30, C40, and C50--was studied in this research. The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was employed to carry out the dynamic tests of the HPC under various loading rates and the principles of the SHPB were introduced in detail. Then, the polypropylene fiber-reinforced HPCs were heated to various high temperatures and measures were taken to keep the temperatures relatively constant. It was found that at temperatures lower than 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the specimen could still be kept in its entirety, although many fractures were produced in the HPC specimen under dynamic loading conditions. However, it was found that at temperatures higher than 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, all the HPC samples were smashed into fragments. In addition, the HPC's compressive strength was found to be significantly influenced by the temperature. At temperatures lower than 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the HPC's compressive strength was found to increase with increases in temperature. At temperatures higher than 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the HPC's compressive strength was found to decrease with increases in temperature.  
polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete; dynamic behaviors; high temperature; split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A Data Sharing Scheme for GDPR-Compliance Based on Consortium Blockchain
## 4 Specific Implementation
### ZK-Proof Generation and Verification  
As shown in Figure 6, the circuit \(C\) takes the \(PK_{u}\), the users' private data \(D{=}{<}d_{1},d_{2},\ldots,d_{n}>\) and \(<ID_{u},\ T>\) as input, where the \(ID_{u}\) is node's identification, \(T\) is the timestamp, and \(r\) is the random number. A result \(R\) and a hash value \(h\) can be the output from the circuit to verify the data.  
The security parameter \(\lambda\) and the circuit \(C\) will be taken as input parameters in order to calculate the key pair \((EK_{c},VK_{c})\), where the proving key \(EK_{c}\) is used to generate a ZK-proof, and verification key \(VK_{c}\) is used to verify the ZK-proof.  
\[ZKPKeyGenerator(1^{\lambda},\ C)\rightarrow(EK_{c},VK_{c}) \tag{2}\]  
The smart contract will receive the ZK-proof \(\pi\) which is sent by a data subject. Taking the proving key \(EK_{c}\), the result \(R\), the hash value \(h\), and data \(D\) as input, we get the proof \(\pi\):  
Figure 5: Block structure and transaction form.  
Figure 6: Circuit structure of our zk-SNAKR algorithm.  
\[ZKPGenerator(EK_{c},\ D,\ R,\ h)\rightarrow\ \pi \tag{3}\]  
The smart contract will verify whether \(\pi\) is consistent with the data controller's requirements. If the verification is completed, it will output rejection (false) or acceptance (true) results:  
\[ZKPVerifier(VKc,\ PK_{u},\pi,\ R,\ h,)\rightarrow(true\ or\ false) \tag{4}\]  
If the verification of proof is successful, the data subject's data, which is stored in the off-chain database will allow access by the data controller, otherwise the transaction fails.
# Tor Hidden Services: A Systematic Literature Review
## 5 Results and Discussion
### What Are the Main Research Areas and the Main Findings Regarding HS?
#### 5.1.6 Human Factors  
In this category, we found three papers that cover issues related to human factors: illegal activities performed by means of HS and usability issues regarding them.  
Regarding illegal activities taking advantage of HS, [PERSON] et al. [83] showed that HS can be used to control botnets. For this, they tested the implementation of new proxy-based botnet architectures that benefit from the anonymity provided by the Tor network to disguise its command and control infrastructure. To do this, each bot creates a Tor HS, thereby acquiring an.onion address, to allow communication with the rest of the botnet. They mentioned that while this option can suffer from Tor's high latency and complex administration, it benefits greatly from stealth and anonymity, not to mention that each HS can migrate to another physical location while maintaining the same unique onion address.  
On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [10] presented a study of hidden services from a legal perspective, since HS is used by cybercriminals for the creation of services that clearly violate the laws of every country. Then, they developed a method to detect and classify the illegal activities performed on the Tor network and detect new types of illegal activities.  
Finally, regarding usability, [PERSON] et al. [84] explained how Tor users perceive, use, and administer onion services; presented what the main obstacles are for the average user; collected mental models; and obtained real usage patterns through interviews and questionnaires. Among their main findings, they mentioned that many of the people who use the services offered by Tor were not even aware that there is a significant difference from the surface web. Among other findings, they exposed the limited ways to discover the existence of onion services and usability problems, which Tor is actually improving with new versions.
## 1 Introduction
Process flexibility is determined by its components, including the flexibility of human resources, equipment and operations. By extension, increased process flexibility is an attempt to minimise the impact of uncertainties associated with process components. For example, the uncertainty of machine reliability can be mitigated with the flexibility afforded by multiple machines or the ability to reroute operations to a different machine. Manufacturing flexibility can be divided between internal and external flexibility [15]. External flexibility takes a broad perspective, focused on the supply chain (supplier flexibility) and time to market (customer flexibility). In contrast, internal flexibility refers to the ability of a firm to economically and effectively change operations, with a focus on the flexibility of alternative process configurations and technologies. In Figure 2 our view on manufacturing flexibility is presented, inspired by the frameworks of [14,15]. Internal flexibility is shown inside the manufacturer box, composed of input, process and output flexibility.
## 3 Simulation Results
For example, as shown in Figure 6, to achieve \(\geq\)29 dB maximum ODN loss by using 50G O/E, when the VNLE is applied alone, NL memory of 12 samples and 13 samples is required for TX and RX bandwidth of 40 GHz and 35 GHz, respectively, which corresponds to MPS of 1369 and 1668. For the SQRT + VNLE technique, NL memory of 9 samples and 11 samples is needed for TX and RX bandwidth of 40 GHz and 35 GHz, respectively, which corresponds to MPS of 706 and 1111, respectively.
## 2 Improved Wavelet Threshold Denoising Method
### Commonly Used Wavelet Basis for Denoising  
The disadvantage of a wavelet transform is that the wavelet basis is not unique. For the same signal, different wavelet bases will produce different results. When selecting the wavelet basis, the characteristics of the signal itself should be combined. The following characteristics of the wavelet basis should be considered:  
1. Orthogonality: It can make the analysis simple and facilitate the accurate reconstruction of the signal.
2. Symmetry: The symmetrical wavelet basis makes the signal undistorted, and the running speed of the algorithm can also be improved.
3. Regularity: It determines the smoothness of the reconstructed signal, which affects the resolution in the frequency domain.
4. Vanishing moment: The higher the vanishing moment of the wavelet basis, the faster the attenuation at high frequencies. Therefore, the more concentrated the energy of the transformed signal, and the better the frequency domain locality can be maintained.  
Thus, the wavelet bases considered in this method are: Daubechies wavelet families, Symlets wavelet families, Coiflets wavelet families, Biorthogonal wavelet families, and ReverseBior wavelet families. They can all apply in DWT and have high vanishing moments.