# BIM and GIS Applications in Bridge Projects: A Critical Review
## 3 Analysis
### Operation and Maintenance  
Table 5 shows the operation and maintenance applications of BIM/GIS technology in bridge projects from 41 studies. Among them, only one study [15] focused on the bridge management system (BMS) and investigated the application of BIM and GIS technologies to realize several maintenance functions, including information management, bridge detection, condition evaluation, repair and reinforcement, multi-scale visualization, and collaborative management. At present, GIS technology is mainly used for tracking bridge traffic networks [13; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76]. This traffic network can be leveraged by disaster response systems to determine the location of the affected bridge [14; 77; 78] and coordinate the timely arrival of first responders, such as firefighters [70], to minimize disaster-related losses [13; 74]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Examples** & **Application Type** & & **Key Outcome** & **Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[33; 34; 35]} & \multirow{6}{*}{Estimate dimension} & \(\bullet\) & When compared with the dimensions & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{Scan data acquisition still requires manual maneuvering of the laser scanner to different locations.} \\  & & & obtained from manual measurement, 92.2\% & & \\  & & of the dimensions estimated by the & & & \\  & & proposed technique (automatic creation of & & \\  & & as-built BIM of precast concrete panels by & & & \\  & & using laser scan data) had discrepancies of & & & \\  & & less than 3 mm. & & & \\  & & \(\bullet\) & The personnel cost for quality inspection & & \\  & & was reduced by 86.7\% by using the & & & \\  & & proposed technique. & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[53; 54]} & \multirow{2}{*}{Earth filling} & \(\bullet\) & A 3.95\% accuracy difference found in cut & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Complexity of calculation required \\  & & and fill calculations between the proposed & & some assumptions to eliminate \\  & & 3D IFC approach and the real project. & & ambiguity of analysis. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[69]} & \multirow{2}{*}{Bridge construction site} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Fuzzy logic was used in AHP to \(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Lack of dynamic analysis of the \\  & & & incorporate the imprecision of the expert & & impact of bridge construction site \\ \cline{1-1}  & & judgments. & & selection on the surrounding \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Examples** & **Application Type** & **Key Outcome** & **Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[12]} & \multirow{6}{*}{Operation and maintenance cost} & \(\bullet\) & Accurately predicted the operation and maintenance cost of target projects. & \\  & & Through the actual data, the effect of operation and maintenance management was verified and operation & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Actual project defects \\  & & and maintenance cost was reduced. & not considered. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[16]} & \multirow{6}{*}{Automatic rule checking} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Realizing automation in \\  & & & all maintenance phases \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & module be challenging. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & checking and eliminate unnecessary subjective errors. & Converting information \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & ontologies without data \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & loss may be less likely. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: BIM/GIS uses in operation and maintenance. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Examples** & **Application Type** & **Key Outcome** & **Limitations** \\ \hline
[17; 36] & Operation and maintenance cost & \(\bullet\) & A bridge data management system could significantly help engineers to save time and money on inspection and repairs. & The process method is theoretical without practical proof of concept.