# Comparative Study of Blockchain Hashing Algorithms with a Proposal for HashLEA
## 5 Security and Performance Analysis
### Software and Hardware Efficiency Analysis
This practical setup offers a realistic view of the algorithm's behavior when deployed on low-power, resource-constrained devices typically used in IoT environments. By running the experiments on the Raspberry Pi 4, which is widely adopted in IoT deployments due to its affordability and sufficient processing capabilities, we are able to simulate real-world conditions for blockchain applications. The performance results indicate that HashLEA exhibits remarkable computational efficiency even on this hardware, which is critical for IoT devices that often operate with limited resources. The comparison with other hash algorithms, including Scrypt, Quark, Keccak, Groestl, Skein, Blake, and others, further emphasizes HashLEA's advantage in terms of execution time and resource consumption (Figure 4). The processing of a 100 KB message is completed in 0.52 ms by HashLEA, while the closest competitor, Groestl, takes 2.1 ms. For larger inputs, such as 1 MB, HashLEA completes the hashing process in 5.39 ms, compared with 21.29 ms for Groestl. These factors are especially important for IoT devices, where processing speed directly impacts the scalability and performance of blockchain-based systems. In summary, by testing HashLEA on a Raspberry Pi 4, we can confidently assert that it is well suited for use in blockchain-based IoT applications, offering high performance and low computational overhead in environments with limited hardware resources. This demonstrates its potential for real-world implementation in decentralized IoT networks. The energy consumption of the HashLEA algorithm has been calculated in proportion to its execution times through experiments conducted on the Raspberry Pi 4. The energy consumption is calculated based on voltage and frequency information, with power and current values determined according to the algorithm's execution times. Voltage measurements are taken using the _vcgencmd measure_volts_ command, and frequency values are recorded during idle and active states. The frequency is measured at 600 MHz during idle  
Figure 3: Comparison of execution times on laptop computer. and 1.5 GHz during active execution using the _vcgencmd measure_clock arm_ command. The voltage value is consistently recorded as 0.8375 V in both states. For the energy consumption calculation, the average power consumption of the Raspberry Pi 4 is assumed to be approximately 2 Watt. While this power may vary depending on the processor frequency and workload, it is treated as a constant value for this calculation. Power consumption is calculated using the relationship between voltage and current. The relationship between power, voltage, and current is given by the equation \(P=V\times I\). From this, the current \(I\) can be calculated as \(I=\dfrac{P}{V}\). Using this formula, estimated current values are calculated for both idle and active states. During idle, the current is assumed to be 1 A, while during active execution, the current is estimated to be 2.4 A. Energy consumption is then calculated for each execution time using the formula \(E=P\times t\). Where \(E\) represents energy consumption, \(P\) is power consumption, and \(t\) is the execution time in seconds (converted from milliseconds). The energy consumption values for different execution times are given as 0.52 ms for 100 KB input data; \(1.05\times 10^{-3}\) J = 2.4 A \(\times\) 0.8375 V \(\times\) 0.52 ms, 5.39 ms for 1 MB input data; \(10.08\times 10^{-3}\) J = 2.4 A \(\times\) 0.8375 V \(\times\) 5.39 ms. HashLEA's closest competitor, Groestl, demonstrates higher energy consumption compared with HashLEA. While HashLEA's energy consumption varies from 1.05 mJ to 10.83 mJ across different file sizes, Groestl consumes between 4.22 mJ and 42.79 mJ. Despite these higher values, HashLEA maintains its position as a more energy-efficient alternative, making it especially suitable for applications that prioritize low power consumption without compromising on performance.