## 3 Experiments  
To validate the accuracy of the load recognition algorithm proposed in this study, simulation experiments were conducted to collect electric signal data in a controlled laboratory setting. The experiments took place in the Intelligent Kitchen Electrical Behavior Analysis Laboratory, a facility funded and established by the Innovation Research Institute of Zhejiang University of Technology, located in Shengzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China. This laboratory is dedicated to simulating the operational scenarios of electrical equipment as well as conducting data acquisition and analysis of electrical behavior. It serves as a comprehensive analysis hub, integrating simulation of electrical equipment usage scenarios, collection of electrical behavior data, and analysis of electrical behavior characteristics. A depiction of the laboratory layout is presented in the accompanying figure. The laboratory is outfitted with a variety of common household appliances for analytical purposes, alongside non-intrusive electrical behavior analysis equipment. It is sectioned into three functional areas: the experimental area, the data collection area, and the analysis area. Electrical signals during the operation of equipment are captured based on simulated daily operations. The power supply in the laboratory is facilitated using an ITECH High-Power Programmable AC Source IT7805 (product of ITECH Electronic Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China). A FLUKE 1738 Power Quality Logger (product of Fluke Corporation, Washington, United States), which monitors and records electrical signal data, is employed during the simulated operational processes. Prior to signal capture, the power supply is set to the standard, aligning with the power consumption norms in China. Current signals are collected using sensing clamps, while voltage data are acquired through parallel connections. During the experimental phase, the recorder is equipped with a 16 A current clamp capable of sampling rates up to 10 kHz. To prevent data overload and potential data collapse, the sampling frequency is set at 0.5 kHz, equating to data collection every 0.002 s. In the data processing phase, the computer utilized is equipped with a 12 th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7 CPU (product of Lenovo, Beijing, China), with a base clock speed of 2.10 GHz. The high sampling rate ensures prompt computational results following the initiation of the devices. The captured electrical signals are then transmitted to a computer for analysis using the methods described earlier. In this experiment, the microwave oven, one of the most commonly used household electrical appliances, was chosen as the focus for research and analysis. Two different brands of microwave ovens, Galanz (Galanz Corporation, Shunde, China) and Midea (Midea Corporation, Foshan, China), which are top sellers in China, were selected for testing and validation. Details of the two microwave oven models are provided in Table 1 below. The experimental setup, as shown in Figure 5, illustrates the interconnection of various relevant pieces of equipment. Initially, the AC power source was connected to a power strip, which served as the primary source of electricity for the experiment. The device under test, namely the microwave oven, was also plugged into this power strip. This strip acts as a busbar for all devices, from which they derive electrical energy. A current clamp was then attached to the live wire of the power strip, and a wire leading to a plug was inserted into the strip as well. Both were connected to the recorder, as depicted in Figure 6. This setup enables the collection of corresponding current and voltage signals. The AC power source was set to output 220 V and 50 Hz, fulfilling the microwave oven's rated input requirements. To ensure comprehensive data collection, the recording device was programmed to start logging data before the activation of the power supply, capturing the entire operational cycle of the microwave oven.