## 3 Simulation Scheme Description  
### Typhoon Description  
This study simulates Typhoon Surigae (2102) and Typhoon Nepartak (1601). The following are the basic details of these two typhoons:  
Typhoon Surigae developed east of the Philippines on 14 April 2021, and rapidly intensified, reaching super typhoon strength by 17 April. On the morning of 18 April, it reached its peak intensity, with the maximum wind speed near the center exceeding 68 m per second, corresponding to a force of 17 on the Beaufort scale, and the minimum central pressure dropping to approximately 905 hPa. This made it the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in April globally. Typhoon Nepartak originated south of Guam, USA, on 3 July 2016, and rapidly intensified, reaching the strength of a super typhoon within 24 h from a tropical storm. Guided by the subtropical high-pressure ridge, Nepartak moved northwest at a relatively fast pace, making landfall in Taitung County, Taiwan, at 5:50 AM on 8 July 2016, as a super typhoon. The typhoon brought severe winds and heavy rainfall to Taiwan, causing significant damage and casualties. Figure 2 shows the tracks and intensity information of the two typhoons, as recorded by the CMA dataset.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Dataset Name** & **Usage** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{FNL} & The dataset used to drive the WRF model & FNL data are on 1-degree by 1-degree grids prepared operationally every six hours, and can be downloaded from [[https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/d083002/](https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/d083002/)]([https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/d083002/](https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/d083002/)) (accessed on 1 October 2024) [39]. \\  & The dataset used to drive the WRF model & grids prepared operationally every hour and can be downloaded from [[https://cds.climate.copercnicus.eu/datasets](https://cds.climate.copercnicus.eu/datasets)]([https://cds.climate.copercnicus.eu/datasets](https://cds.climate.copercnicus.eu/datasets)) (accessed on 1 October 2024) [40]. \\  & & Each SMAP file consists of two 0.25\({}^{\circ}\) gridded daily maps of wind speeds, the wind speed data at a 10 m height above the sea surface is obtained through the L-band radiometer onboard the SMAP satellite and can be downloaded from [[https://remss.com/missions/SMAP/winds/](https://remss.com/missions/SMAP/winds/)]([https://remss.com/missions/SMAP/winds/](https://remss.com/missions/SMAP/winds/)) (accessed on 1 October 2024) [41]. \\  & Actual observational dataset & data at a 10 m height above the sea surface is obtained through the L-band radiometer onboard the SMAP satellite and can be downloaded from [[https://remss.com/missions/SMAP/winds/](https://remss.com/missions/SMAP/winds/)]([https://remss.com/missions/SMAP/winds/](https://remss.com/missions/SMAP/winds/)) (accessed on 1 October 2024) [41]. \\  & & CMA dataset provides the position and intensity of tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific (including the South China Sea, north of the equator, and west of 180\({}^{\circ}\)E) every 6 h since 1949, can be downloaded from [[https://tcdata.typhoon.org.cn/zjlsij.html](https://tcdata.typhoon.org.cn/zjlsij.html)]([https://tcdata.typhoon.org.cn/zjlsij.html](https://tcdata.typhoon.org.cn/zjlsij.html)) (accessed on 1 October 2024) [42; 43]. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The datasets used in the study.