## 4 Discussion
### Evolution of Digital Health in Poland
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Domain** & **Description** & **Key Actors** \\ \hline
1. Clinical Care and Telemedicine &
\begin{tabular}{c} Indudes telecommunations, remote monitoring, \\ telechabilitation, teleradiology, and telecordinology. \\ \end{tabular} & Hospitals, specialist clinics, NFE, family physicians, \\ \hline
2. Public Health and Policy & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Covers legal frameworks and regulatory structures (e.g., \\ e-prescriptions, e-sick leave, digital medical records). \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Polish Ministry of Health, Parliament, CSIOZ, WHO \\ Europe, EU Commission. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
3. Technological Infrastructure &
\begin{tabular}{c} Encompasses national eHealth platforms, mobile health \\ apps, wearable devices, and AI tools. \\ \end{tabular} & Health IT companies, startups, software developers, \\ \hline
4. Patient and Community Engagement &
\begin{tabular}{c} Involves digital literacy campaigns, telecare for vulnerable \\ groups, and user engagement strategies. \\ \end{tabular} & Patients, caregivers, NGOs, universities, advocacy \\ \hline
5. Research and Innovation & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Represents over 250 studies and trials on telemonitoring, \\ Al diagnostics, virtual education, etc. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Academic institutions, research consortia, journals, \\ EU Horizon, Polish R\&Dagencies. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Domains and key players in the eHealth ecosystem in Poland (2014–2024). Figure 4: eHealth Ecosystem Overview (Poland, 2014–2024). requirements for comprehensive strategic investment plans utilizing funds from the National eHealth/Telemedicine Program [19; 20; 22]. Telemedicine and eHealth have emerged as transformative forces in global healthcare delivery for countries in Central and Eastern Europe, such as Poland [16; 22; 31]. The past decade has been marked by digital acceleration driven by evolving ICT technologies and urgent demands posed by the COVID-19 pandemic [22; 35; 203]. Before this period, digital health in Poland was in its infancy, characterized by sporadic implementation and limited legal support [28]. However, since 2015, strategic investments and regulatory reforms have spurred growth [22; 35], positioning Poland as a regional innovator. The scope and trajectory of telemedicine and eHealth development in Poland from 2014 to 2024 demonstrate the integration of national health platforms, telemonitoring systems, artificial intelligence-based tools, and mobile applications while assessing barriers and enabling factors in policy, practice, and public perception. The analyzed material contributes to understanding how a medium-sized European healthcare system can transition towards nationwide adoption and digital maturity. Poland's eHealth ecosystem encompasses formal and informal legal, strategic, and institutional mechanisms that facilitate cooperation and data exchange among key stakeholders, including government administration, healthcare providers, technology developers, patients, and research institutions. Based on the analyzed studies (2014-2024), several aspects of links with digital health strategies can be identified, including the national eHealth strategy and the P1 project, which involves a central platform enabling the provision of services such as e-prescriptions, e-referrals, and online patient accounts (IKP). Legislation on telemedicine enacted in 2015 provides a legal basis for remote consultation, digital documentation, and reimbursement. Regulations from the MH and NFZ define the scope of reimbursable telehealth services, including coding and eligibility criteria for service providers.