esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An ECC-Based Anonymous and Fast Handover Authentication Protocol for Internet of Vehicles
## 7 Conclusions  
We propose a lightweight handover authentication protocol based on ECC, which aims to solve the security and efficiency problems of cross-domain vehicle authentication in the Internet of Vehicles. The protocol uses cryptography and time tree technology to achieve fast two-way authentication and key negotiation between vehicles and infrastructure, ensuring the security and real-time nature of communication. The core innovation of the protocol lies in the \"non-full key escrow\" mechanism; that is, the private key of the vehicle is jointly generated by the TA and the vehicle, and the TA only holds part of the private key, thereby effectively preventing malicious TA from fully controlling the vehicle private key and significantly improving security. In addition, the protocol reduces the communication and computing overhead by reducing the number of message exchanges between entities, and uses the time tree technology to share some private data, further improving the authentication efficiency. Vehicles do not need to register and authenticate repeatedly when moving across domains, reducing resource consumption in the authen  
Figure 4: Comparison of total communication cost [28; 29; 30]  
tication process. Experimental results show that compared with existing protocols, this protocol has significant advantages in computing and communication overhead, providing a reliable solution for efficient and secure authentication in the Internet of Vehicles.  
In future research, we will focus on the security and efficiency of fast switching authentication in vehicles in practice (including dynamic environmental factors, unforeseen attacks that may occur in actual deployment, etc.), and verify and improve our protocol.  
Conceptualization, J.T. and Y.K.; methodology, Y.K.; software, Y.K.; validation, Y.K.; formal analysis, Y.K.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.K.; writing--review and editing, J.T. and Y.K.; supervision, Y.K.; funding acquisition, J.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Natural Science Fund Committee of Hebei Province (F2021201058) and Funds of the Central Government for Local Science and Technology Development (236Z0701G).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available in B-HAS: Blockchain-assisted efficient handover authentication and secure communication protocol in VANETs [29].  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Regolith-Rich PEEK Composite Bricks: Steps Towards Space-Ready Lunar Construction Materials
## Appendix A  
### Appendix A.1  
This appendix presents the detailed results of the mechanical characterization campaigns conducted on the material. Table A1 summarizes the compression and bending strengths and moduli obtained during the L12 DoE characterization campaign, where all specimens were cured in air under varying process parameters. Table A2 reports the corresponding data for samples cured in vacuum and subsequently conditioned at different temperatures. These results provide a comprehensive overview of the material behavior under varying curing and testing conditions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Compression**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Bending**} \\
**DoE** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Strength**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Modulus**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Strength**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Modulus**} \\ \cline{2-9}
**Run** & \(\mu\) & \(\sigma\) & \(\mu\) & \(\sigma\) & \(\mu\) & \(\sigma\) & \(\mu\) & \(\sigma\) \\ \hline R01 & 1.90 & 0.31 & 35.46 & 10.30 & 0.62 & 0.07 & 66.02 & 11.07 \\ R02 & 3.66 & 0.12 & 82.70 & 10.27 & 1.00 & 0.11 & 109.58 & 37.94 \\ R03 & 5.13 & 0.20 & 135.42 & 11.91 & 1.32 & 0.17 & 210.03 & 18.51 \\ R04 & 6.05 & 0.48 & 164.24 & 26.24 & 1.72 & 0.09 & 245.42 & 15.39 \\ R05 & 6.85 & 0.34 & 136.50 & 22.20 & 3.52 & 0.28 & 498.38 & 33.56 \\ R06 & 10.72 & 0.35 & 389.89 & 29.80 & 4.61 & 0.28 & 709.82 & 47.29 \\ R07 & 13.82 & 0.26 & 445.04 & 19.02 & 6.40 & 0.48 & 823.67 & 86.22 \\ R08 & 16.33 & 0.31 & 481.93 & 37.73 & 7.41 & 0.43 & 946.60 & 75.44 \\ R09 & 15.21 & 0.32 & 391.87 & 45.70 & 10.61 & 0.29 & 1323.45 & 65.71 \\ R10 & 20.06 & 0.10 & 468.49 & 40.61 & 11.48 & 0.33 & 1485.39 & 75.24 \\ R11 & 21.92 & 0.29 & 537.92 & 69.27 & 13.53 & 0.38 & 1699.09 & 71.91 \\ R12 & 24.98 & 0.73 & 558.02 & 49.91 & 14.89 & 0.48 & 1877.45 & 96.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table A1: Summary of the compression and bending strengths and moduli, obtained during the L12 DoE characterization campaign. The process parameters for each Run follow the scheme outlined in Table 3. All specimens were cured in air. The values are reported in MPa; \(\mu\) represents the mean value, and \(\sigma\) denotes the standard deviation, calculated after excluding potential outliers.
## 5 Evaluation and Research Findings
To capture these variations in performance, we suggest classifying the top players into two distinct groups based on the difference between their \(aGg\) and \(xGg\) as shown in the differences column of Table 11. According to our model, we categorize players with a difference greater than 30% as efficient scorers, while those with a difference under 30% are identified as consistent performers. * Efficient scorers:
* Player ID 2099: Displays a difference of 0.34. This substantial difference indicates outstanding efficiency in converting chances into goals. * Player ID 227: Exhibits a difference of 0.32. This player demonstrates exceptional efficiency and finishing ability, significantly outperforming their \(xGg\). * Consistent performers:
* Player ID 2371: Has a difference of 0.24. This player is close to the threshold between the two groups, suggesting a reasonable level of consistency in generating and converting scoring opportunities. * Player ID 2097: Shows a difference of 0.14. This player demonstrates steady and reliable performance in line with their \(xGg\). * Player ID 2098: Displays a difference of 0.05. This minimal difference indicates a close alignment between \(aGg\) and \(xGg\), suggesting consistent performance. Overall, the analysis shows varying levels of efficiency in generating and converting scoring chances among the top players. Players categorized as efficient scorers such as Player ID 227 and Player ID 2099 exhibit remarkable finishing ability and significantly outperform their \(xGg\). Meanwhile, the consistent performers such as Player ID 2371, Player ID 2097, and Player ID 2098 maintain a closer alignment between \(aGg\) and \(xGg\), providing steady performance across the board.
# ZONE-Based Multi-Access Edge Computing Scheme for User Device Mobility Management
## 3 Proposed Zone-Based MEC Architecture for User Device Mobility Management
### A Scheme to Support User Mobility Management within the Zone
As a result, the proposed scheme manages access MECS as a Zone concept, generates inner group tracking area information and transmits it to access MECS to mobile users' movements, so that efficient migration and continuous service can be provided even if mobile users frequently move.
# Evaluation of Multi-Source High-Resolution Remote Sensing Image Fusion in Aquaculture Areas
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
Figure 1 gives the geographical position information of Xiangshan Bay. Figure 2 shows scenes of different types of aquaculture areas in Xiangshan Bay. The enclosure seine aquaculture (Figure 2a) adopts local culture, combining timber from a closed aquaculture area. In this region, fishing nets are positioned underwater and 10 cm of fine sand is placed in the bottom of the enclosure seine. The fence around the nursery area encompasses 50-200 square meters. Discrete circles and polygons visible in the remote sensing images represent bodies of water. These shapes are the result of morphological structures used in the seine culture. The floating rafts in the breeding area (Figure 2b) included a polyethylene rope of length 60 m, serving as the primary stalk. This structure was bound to plastic  
foam at both ends of the floating piling rope, which was fixed to the seabed. The distance between adjacent rafts was 4-6 m. Hundreds of these structures were arranged side-by-side to form floating strips hundreds of meters in length. The distance between each group of floating rafts varied from 20 to 40 m.
## 6 Theoretical and Security Analysis
### Security Analysis
#### 6.2.5 Incentive Mechanism Security and External Protection  
While NexoNet's incentive mechanism primarily operates within the blockchain network, leveraging the network's decentralized nature to ensure transparency and immutability, there are additional security considerations regarding how users can safeguard their rewards outside of the network. On-chain incentives benefit from blockchain's inherent protection against tampering and manipulation, but users may also need to secure their incentives when not actively engaged with the system. To mitigate risks such as private key compromise or external attacks, NexoNet can support multi-signature wallets and cold storage solutions. These methods allow users to store their incentives in highly secure, offline environments. Multi-signature wallets, for example, require multiple private keys to authorize a transaction, reducing the risk of a single point of failure. Cold storage solutions, such as hardware wallets, provide an additional layer of protection by keeping private keys offline. By combining NexoNet's on-chain security mechanisms with these external tools, users can ensure their incentives are protected both within and outside the network.
## 4 Experiment
### Comparison with Other Methods
From the results of the experiment, our work has the potential to be applied to automatically segment bleeding regions from CT scans, aiding doctors in faster and more accurate diagnoses and ultimately enhancing workflow efficiency. However, our work does have certain limitations, including the large parameter count of the network and the imprecise prediction of bleeding region shapes and positions. Further efforts are needed to improve precision and undertake additional network optimizations in the future. In addition, during the experimental process, we employed transfer learning methods in the network; however, the real-world segmentation results were unsatisfactory. This aspect requires further refinement in subsequent work, with consideration given to incorporating fuzzy integration techniques to enhance segmentation accuracy [42]. Compared to current segmentation methods, our work places a greater emphasis on capturing features in small lesion areas and preserving location information in multi-lesion regions. This approach retains more valuable information and enhances segmentation accuracy. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Multi-Object Function** & **Dice** & **Jaccard** & **Sensitivity** & **Precision** \\ \hline
0.1, 0.9 & 0.715 & 0.595 & 0.768 & 0.679 \\
0.2, 0.8 & 0.717 & 0.596 & 0.779 & 0.712 \\
0.3, 0.7 & 0.708 & 0.586 & 0.773 & 0.684 \\
0.4, 0.6 & 0.688 & 0.565 & 0.713 & 0.634 \\
0.5, 0.5 & 0.695 & 0.573 & 0.764 & 0.672 \\
0.6, 0.4 & 0.668 & 0.546 & 0.766 & 0.613 \\
0.7, 0.3 & 0.672 & 0.547 & 0.714 & 0.612 \\
0.8, 0.2 & 0.686 & 0.568 & 0.726 & 0.692 \\
**0.9, 0.1** & **0.680** & **0.559** & **0.735** & **0.682** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The impact of the multi-object optimization function on model performance. Figure 11: The visual segmentation results comparison chart. From left to right: the original CT images of input, their corresponding ground truth masks, and the results obtained by our proposed MRSL-net, U-Net, Attention U-Net, and CMUnet. It can be seen that the method we proposed is closest to the ground truth in terms of position and shape and has a good segmentation effect. The blue boxes indicate the segmented focal areas. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Name** & **Dice** & **Jaccard** & **Sensitivity** & **Precision** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [32] & 0.315 & 0.218 & & \\ U-Net [25] & 0.610 & 0.491 & 0.644 & 0.632 \\ Attention U-Net [27] & 0.645 & 0.529 & 0.667 & 0.676 \\ CMUNet [40] & 0.666 & 0.547 & 0.656 & 0.707 \\
**Ours** & **0.717** & **0.596** & **0.779** & **0.712** \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Performance comparison of different segmentation methods.
## 5 Conclusions  
The limitation of current feasible UWB localization systems encouraged us to develop a new low-cost open source hardware platform. The completely new hardware platform, based on Decawaves DW1000 transceiver, for UWB localization has several unique features (flexible antenna interfacing, support for long-range sub-GHz, and 2.4 GHz communication, easy MAC implementation), allowing fast deployment in different use cases. The combination of the accurate UWB ranging information with the reliable sub-GHz backbone network increased the scalability of localization systems and reduces power consumption at the anchor nodes compared to systems that only use UWB for both ranging and communication. The flexible antenna interface allows design of the antenna for different specific use cases. For example, anchor nodes mounted at the walls can hugely benefit from using directional antennas. Mobile nodes typically have an omnidirectional antenna. The low power consumption of the hardware platform permits to range multiple days on a mobile battery pack, allowing (temporary) deployments without an accessible power supply or backbone network.  
The board was thoroughly evaluated on different ranging characteristics and, combined with the added features the system, really outperformed the existing open source system; in challenging indoor environments, the accuracy was below 10 cm for small distances. For outdoor measurements at 50 and 75 m accuracies of 1 and 5 cm were achieved. A theoretical model was composed to simulate path loss effects and the effect of the most important ground reflection. The energy consumption was heavily influenced by the update frequency of the ranging, but with an update rate of 55 Hz, the nodes could last a few day on standard mobile battery packs. The efficient timing of the software stack makes the proposed hardware a very competitive UWB localization system for fast and easy deployment.  
Multiple improvements are still in development. With the efficient MAC protocol design, the update frequency for ranging is increased, as well as extra reductions in power consumption by putting the chips on the Zolertia RE-Mote or the DW1000 into sleep mode and self-calibration of the anchor nodes.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, B.V.H., J.R., Q.V.d.B. and E.D.P.; software, B.J. and N.M.; validation, B.V.H. and N.M.; formal analysis, B.V.H.; writing--original draft preparation, B.V.H.; writing--review and editing, B.V.H., M.R. and Q.V.d.B.; visualization, M.R.; supervision, S.L. and E.D.P.; project administration, S.L. and E.D.P.  
**Funding:** This work has partially been funded by the following projects: H2020 interreg Nano4 Sport, VLAIO prefuinproject SmartConnectivity.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
_Appl. Sci._**2012**, \(2\), 654-668; doi:10.3390/app2030654  
_Applied sciences_  
**ISSN 2076-3417**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci  
_Article_  
_Ab Initio_ Study of Lattice Site Occupancies in Binary Sigma  
Phases Using a Single-Site Mean Field Model  
**[PERSON] \({}^{1,\ast}\), [PERSON] \({}^{2}\), [PERSON] \({}^{1}\), [PERSON] \({}^{3}\) and [PERSON] \({}^{1}\)**  
\({}^{1}\) Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/165-TC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria  
\({}^{2}\) Applied Material Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvagen 23, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden  
\({}^{3}\) I. Institut of Theoretical Physics, Hamburg University, Jungiusstrasse 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +43-1-58801-15671; Fax: +43-1-58801-15698.  
_Received: 3 July 2012; in revised form: 7 August 2012 / Accepted: 13 August 2012 / Published: 3 September 2012_  
**Abstract:** The site occupation of binary Fe-Cr, Co-Cr, Re-W and Fe-V sigma phases is studied in the present work with a first-principles-based single-site mean field theory. We show that the alloy components in these systems exhibit similar site preferences except for the Re-W system, where the occupation of two sites is reversed in agreement with previously published works. In case of the FeV sigma phase, for which the size mismatch between the alloy components is large, we also include into our consideration the effect of local lattice relaxations. The obtained results are found in good agreement with the experimental data and previous theoretical studies.  
**Keywords:** sigma phase; site occupancies; binary systems; first principles
# Electro-Optical Imaging Technology Based on Microlens Array and Fiber Interferometer
###### Abstract  
To reduce the volume and weight of traditional optical telescopes effectively, this article proposes an electro-optical imaging technology based on a microlens array and fiber interferometer. Pairs of microlenses in the microlens array collect light and couple it into a fiber interferometer to form interference fringes. Then the amplitude and phase of a large number of interferometer baselines are analyzed to generate images. In this work, the principle of electro-optical imaging technology has been analyzed according to the partially coherent light theory. The microlens-array arrangement method and baseline pairing method have been optimized for arbitrary targets. From the simulation results, it was found that the imaging resolution depends on the maximum baseline length, and the imaging quality could be effectively improved by adjusting the Nyquist sampling density and baseline pairing method. This technology can provide an important reference for the miniaturization and complanation of imaging systems.  
interference imaging; microlens array; fiber interference; Van Cittert-Zernike theory; interference baseline +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 2 Material and Methods
### Gamma Spectrometry Measurements  
The method of gamma spectrometry is widely used to measure gamma radiation from radionuclides of natural origin, including \({}^{226}\)Ra, because it is a universal, non-destructive and easy-to-use method, especially at the stages of sample preparation and in the measurement process [23; 24]. To determine radionuclide \({}^{226}\)Ra in rocks, we used a semiconductor gamma-spectrometric complex with nitrogen cooling ORTEC with a GEM 10 P4-70 HPGe detector (Ametek Ortec, Oak Ridge, TN, USA) complete with lead shielding. The resolution of the gamma spectrometer along the 1.33 MeV (\({}^{60}\)Co) line is 1.75 keV, and the relative efficiency is 15%. The measurement geometry was a 1-L Marinelli vessel (counting sample).  
The activity of the \({}^{226}\)Ra radionuclide, taking into account the accumulation, was determined from the radionuclide \({}^{214}\)Pb (351.93 keV with a quantum yield of 35.60%) and \({}^{214}\)Bi (609.32 keV with a quantum yield of 45.49%, 1120.29 keV with a quantum yield of 14.92%, 1764.49 keV yield--15.3%).  
The values of the activity of \({}^{226}\)Ra, determined from its daughter decay products, and the activity of \({}^{226}\)Ra, experimentally determined from its own gamma radiation (186.21 keV), coincided within at least 90%. Both methods of the registration of the \({}^{226}\)Ra radionuclide (by its own gamma radiation and by the gamma radiation of its decay products) have their own advantages and disadvantages [25].  
In the experimental determination of the specific activity of the \({}^{226}\)Ra radionuclide from its gamma radiation, the presence of the uranium-235 radionuclide, with its gamma radiation energy of 185.72 keV, was taken into account, the activity of which can be determined from the lines 63.29 keV and 92.80 keV (\({}^{234}\)Th). This experimental method for the determination of \({}^{226}\)Ra is applicable only for natural environments that are almost always characterized by a constant ratio of \({}^{235}\)U/\({}^{238}\)U radionuclides and the presence of a radioactive equilibrium between \({}^{238}\)U and \({}^{234}\)Th radionuclides [26].
## 5 Measurement of Mass Characteristics of the Pico-Satellite  
The measurement characteristics of the measurement system can be obtained from the comparison between the standard workpiece simulation and the experimental data, and it can improve the accuracy of determining the mass characteristics of the pico-satellite. According to the layout of the pico-satellite, the theoretical mass characteristics can be obtained. To compare the pico-satellite experimental data and the theoretical values, the pico-satellite model was built using Solidworks and was given the real mass attributes to obtain the theoretical parameters of the mass characteristics. The pico-satellite parameters are listed in Table 11.  
The measurement system was used to measure the mass characteristics of the pico-satellite, and the pico-satellite was equipped in different measuring states, as shown in Figure 10. In the vertical state, the origin coordinates of the pico-satellite coincide with the origin coordinates of the measurement system, as shown in Figure 10a. The coordinate systems of the pico-satellite horizontal position-\(\alpha\) and horizontal position-\(\beta\) are shown in Figure 10b,c, respectively.