# Safety and Security Considerations for Online Laboratory Management Systems
## 3 Literature Review
### Safety and Security Issues and Solutions Proposed
Another approach is proposed by [PERSON] et al. [34], who applied the VDI/VDE 2182 guidelines to assessing safety and security in federated laboratories. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [80] implemented the MQTT IoT protocol to ensure Smart Adaptive Remote Laboratory (SARL) security. Finally, [PERSON] et al. [81] proposed using blockchain technology for secure access control. Also, [PERSON] et al. [82] proposed SecTULab, a secure remote laboratory access solution integrated with Moodle. It prioritizes security and privacy and supports group-based lab access using Moodle's features implementing e2e secured access. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [83] present BridgeServer, a real-time web server that provides secure access to remote labs by utilizing locally stored credentials. It features secure file downloads, session time management, and automated access control through API validation, which is integrated with a booking system. Alternatively, [PERSON] et al. [84] introduce a multilayered security model for remote cyber training laboratories that ensures authentication, monitoring, integrity, encryption, and access control at multiple tiers. This multilayered model incorporates tried-and-true and new methods like multifactor authentication, VPNs, attribute-based access control, and anomaly detection. Moreover, [PERSON] [85] incorporated a blockchain-based cyber-physical lab on the Ethereum platform where an Interplanetary Files System (IPFS), and IoT devices programmed in LabVIEW are presented. It uses smart contracts to store and share lab data in a manner that is decentralized and secure. A private blockchain network guarantees confidentiality and protects against attacks. It also ensures students' privacy and the integrity of the learning process, protecting confidentiality, data integrity, availability, and authorization. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [68] presented a comprehensive security analysis of the hardware, communication interfaces, and platform of the IoT-based remote labs (RLabs). The approach focuses on the security aspects, such as a vulnerability assessment using industry-standard tools and executing four targeted attacks to exploit identified weaknesses, such as remote physical hardware manipulation, denial-of-service, man-in-the-middle attacks, and dictionary attacks. Moreover, mitigation strategies are proposed to improve confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA), aiming to provide secure platforms for practical learning experiences in science and engineering education. Ensuring laboratory safety and security prevents malfunctioning incidents and intentional damage. Educational institutions like universities and schools must be particularly cautious about safety and security concerns, as remote labs in these settings are highly susceptible to potential risks. Each educational institution must have safety and security rules for physical and virtual laboratories. Some universities require that the students take safety and security training before using a laboratory [34]. Table 18 include an overview of the research addressing safety and security and remote laboratories (see Appendix A).