esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Comparative Experimental Results
By comparison, our rotating detection box greatly optimizes the problem of excessive redundant background pixels in the frame brought by the horizontal box of traditional target detectors, and it achieves the fine localization of slender targets. For group 2, regarding the small vehicles present in the upper-left corner, our detector EYMR-Net detects 11 vehicles, while the rest of the detectors still have a large number of leakage detection problems, and our detector improves the recognition ability of ports. Due to the complexity of the remote sensing marine scene, there are multiple ships sticking together in the port and ground, causing confusion; these problems make it relatively difficult for detectors, such as RetinaNet, to detect the port. Although the recognition ability of the ship is still good, it does not detect the port near the ship. For group 3 of remote sensing images after comparison, our EYMR-Net model has the lowest false detection rate for small targets, and the rest of the models have serious leakage detection problems. For group 4 of remote sensing pictures of airport scenes, SSD undergoes leakage detection for helicopters, while our detector, EYMR-Net, has no false detection, and relative to the other four detectors, our EYMR-Net generates the smallest IOU between the detected boxes and has the highest localization accuracy. Sample 5 in the group of remote sensing images also demonstrates the superiority of our detector in recognizing ports. A large number of examples of pictures from multiple categories in remote sensing scenarios show that our proposed EYMR-Net detector has superior detection performance. The detection effects of each model for different object types are shown in Figure 8. We select six target types in violin plots, including small vehicles (SVs), large vehicles (LVs), ships (SHs), harbors (HAs), basketball courts (BCs), and airplanes (PLs). As shown in Figure 8, we plotted the errors for the last 50 rounds of the training fit for six different image detectors. It can be concluded that taken together, our EYMR-Net exhibits the best performance with a relatively low error in all categories. For small-scale targets, such as  
Figure 6: Performance comparison of different models. vehicles and ships, the violin plots of the EYMR-Net model show a more concentrated distribution and a smaller error range. This indicates that our model can detect and localize targets more accurately in these categories with higher robustness and stability. It also shows less than five rubbing sweats on medium- and large-scale targets, including harbors (HAs) and basketball courts (BCs). This proves that our detector has a lower error rate and better performance on targets of different scales.
## 3 Enhanced Heavy-Oil Recovery by Gas Injection
### Review of CO\({}_{2}\) Huff-and-Puff Study in Heavy-Oil Reservoirs
In 2005, several CO\({}_{2}\) huff and puff pilot tests were conducted in the Lengjiapu heavy-oil reservoir and Liaohe Oilfield and economic evaluations of the field pilot tests were also implemented. The test results indicate that a higher oil viscosity would result in a higher CO\({}_{2}\) utilization rate, and therefore CO\({}_{2}\) application is more feasible. For extra-heavy oils, 1-3 cycles of steam huff and puff followed by CO\({}_{2}\)-EOR, if necessary, could yield good benefits [36]. In 2010, CO\({}_{2}\) injection field pilot tests using a horizontal well were carried out in the Jidong Oilfield, China. Some production wells achieved an obvious increasing production effect, and the test results show that the effective length of gas injection and oil saturation near a horizontal well bottom hole has a great impact on the CO\({}_{2}\) injection performance, and the CO\({}_{2}\) huff and puff process is better limited to three cycles due to economic evaluation [30]. In 2018, CO\({}_{2}\) injection field pilot tests were implemented in 12 production wells at the Banqiao and Liuguanzhang areas of the Dagang Oilfield. These areas have a high water cut in the late development stage, and the CO\({}_{2}\) injection has an obvious inhibition on water channeling, which would greatly reduce viscosity and increase oil production [32]. Many scholars also carried out numerical simulation research on the CO\({}_{2}\) huff-andpuff process for heavy-oil reservoirs, analyzed production characteristics, and optimized process parameters [37; 38; 39]. The numerical study and analysis suggest that CO\({}_{2}\) huff and puff could successfully improve the production of heavy-oil reservoirs. The diffusion area has a significant impact on productivity since the CO\({}_{2}\) huff-and-puff process can only affect the reservoir properties and fluid properties in the near-well area. When the affected area increases to a certain size, the oil increase will remain stable. The soaking time, injection rate, and CO\({}_{2}\) phase state would affect the productivity because they affect the affected area of huff and puff. Crude oil viscosity is the main factor during the CO\({}_{2}\) huff--and-puff process. For crude oil with viscosity of 10,000 to 50,000 mPa-s, one to two cycles would achieve the highest performance, while, for crude oil with viscosity of 100 to 10,000 mPa-s, the process can be extended to three cycles.
## 6 Steady State Performance Analysis
### Relationship between Performance and \(a_{\text{D}}\)  
Figure 1 shows the relationship between the design parameter \(a_{\text{D}}\) and the RMS index \(\epsilon_{\text{rms}}\) for \(R_{\text{xv}}=1\) and 10. From Figure 1a, the proposed filter realizes the best performance for relatively large \(a_{\text{D}}\). This result verifies that the proposed strategy determines gains corresponding to a better covariance matrix of process noise than the RA filter. The proposed filter also achieves better performance compared with the best \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\) filter, including small \(a_{\text{D}}\), and even for \(R_{\text{xv}}=1\), which means that the measurement accuracy of the position and velocity is the same. Furthermore, when the velocity measurement accuracy is high, the proposed filter achieves greater accuracy than the best \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\) filter (Figure 1b). In addition, although the difference between the RA and proposed filters is small for \(R_{\text{xv}}=10\), the proposed filter also achieves the best performance.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Tracking Filter** & **Input** & **Design Strategy** & **Preset Parameter** & \(k\rightarrow\infty\) \\ \hline \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\) filter & Position & Based on RA model [12] & \(q\) or tracking index [10] & Kalman filter \\  & & Proposed strategy & \(a_{\text{D}}\) of Equation [31] & \\ \hline \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)-\(\eta\)-\(\theta\) filter & Position & Based on RA model [27] & \(q\) or tracking index [10] & Position-velocity-measured \\  & and velocity & Proposed strategy & \(a_{\text{D}}\) of Equation [31] & (PVM) Kalman filter \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Summary of the conventional and proposed tracking filters and design strategies.
## 4 Design of Dynamic Torque-Coordinated Control That Considers Engine Starting Conditions
### Engine Segment Active Control  
#### 4.1.1 Intake Valve Close Timing Control before Ignition  
According to the engine thermodynamic Equation (1), since the temperature and gas constant in the cylinder are little changed before ignition, the engine's instantaneous cylinder pressure \(P_{cyt,i}(\varphi)\) is mainly related to the instantaneous cylinder volume \(V(\varphi)\) and air mass \(m(\varphi)\) in the cylinder. The intake valve close timing (IVCT) of the engine can change the initial volume \(V_{initial}(\varphi)\) and gas mass \(m(\varphi)\) of the closed cylinder in the process of engine intake and compression, and the initial crankshaft angle (ICA) can change the initial volume \(V_{initial}(\varphi)\) and gas mass \(m(\varphi)\) of the closed cylinder in the compression stage of the first working cycle of the engine startup. Therefore, the IVCT and ICA can directly  
Figure 8: Block diagram of the dynamic torque coordinated control strategy.  
change the cylinder pressure in the engine compression stage. Combining Equation (3), the relationship between engine ripple torque \(T_{ERT}\) and IVCT and ICA can be obtained.  
\[T_{ERT}(\theta_{ioct},\theta_{ica})=\sum_{i}\bigl{(}T_{P_{i}}(\theta_{ioct}, \theta_{ica})+T_{I_{i}}\bigr{)}+T_{F}(\theta_{ica}) \tag{15}\]  
where \(\theta_{ioct}\) is the angle between IVCT and bottom dead center; \(\theta_{ica}\) is the ICA between the piston stop position (PSP) and the bottom dead center in the engine compression stage, as shown in Figure 9.  
As shown in Figure 10, before engine ignition, when \(\theta_{ica}\) is 85\({}^{\circ}\) and the cooling water temperature is 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the engine-output torque decreases significantly with the increase in IVCT. This is because the actual air volume in the cylinder decreases with the increase in IVCT, resulting in a significant reduction of engine cylinder pressure ripple torque \(T_{P_{i}}(\theta_{ioct},\theta_{ica})\). Therefore, the engine output ripple torques can be significantly reduced by delaying IVCT. In Figure 11, it is observed that a different ICA has an obvious impact on engine output ripple torque when \(\theta_{ioct}\) is 150\({}^{\circ}\) and the cooling water temperature is 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. When the ICA is larger (closer to the top dead center), the engine's output shaft ripple torque decreases significantly. This is mainly because the closer the PSP is to top dead center, the smaller the initial transient cylinder pressure of the first working cycle in the compression stage will be.  
Figure 10: Effect of IVCT on engine output torque with \(\theta_{ica}\) = 85 deg.  
Figure 9: Intake valve close timing optimization before engine ignition.  
Therefore, according to the influence of the IVCT and ICA on engine output torque, the original IVCT and ICA are optimized by \(\theta_{irct}=150\) deg and \(\theta_{ica}=165\) deg to minimize the engine output ripple torque to reduce the impact of the ERT on the system shocks and vibrations before ignition.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Preliminary Study Results  
When varying the sintering temperatures (\(T_{sint}\)), no clear linear dependency with distortions was found, which contradicted what [PERSON] et al. [35] concluded using borosilicate glass and temperatures between 640 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 680 \({}^{\circ}\)C. However, when compared with research results using recycled soda-lime-silica glass from windshields, as presented in [PERSON] et al. [36], or with recycled saucte bottles in [PERSON] et al. [40], similarities could be found. Namely, the specimens sintered at 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C had the smallest shrinkage. [PERSON] et al. found that increasing the sintering temperature up to 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C would lower the density of the specimens since the crystallization would occur before the sintering was complete, causing a rapid increase in viscosity and successively less dense materials [36]. [PERSON] et al. [40] state that a further increase in the sintering temperature to values above 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C, together with secondary effects, would lower the viscosity of the glass and provoke the increase in density, which can result in greater shrinkage. However, these comparisons are limited in the sense that the materials used, processing techniques, and sintering conditions are different from the ones used in this study. Furthermore, in the iro3d SPD, the parts were sintered inside the crucible and involved sand, which affected the heating, cooling, and crystallization processes. Due to their very thin sections, the shrinkage of these specimens was relatively small, with the greatest mean values being for the specimens sintered at 850 \({}^{\circ}\)C. All specimens displayed a brittle fracture with a very short displacement at break. The average transverse rupture strength (\(\sigma_{TRS}\)) of these tests was below the reported values. An explanation could be the existence of additional stress concentrations from warping along the length axis, possibly due to uneven shrinkage. The smallest shrinkage was observed in the specimens sintered at 750 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Considering the distortions observed, the hypothesis of mixing sand with glass and using the mixture as build powder was tested to infer sand's influence on shrinkage.
# Bone Temperature Variation Using a 3D-Printed Surgical Guide with Internal Irrigation
###### Abstract  
Bone overheating is a possible cause of implants early failure. When a surgical guide is used, the risk of heat injury is greater due to the reduced efficacy of the irrigation. The aim of this ex vivo study was to evaluate the effect of an additional built-in irrigation on bone temperature variation during implant osteotomy. Twelve bovine ribs were used. Cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) was performed and a 3D-printed surgical guide with additional built-in irrigation tubes was produced for each rib. A total of 48 osteectomies were prepared, to compare the supplementary internal irrigation system (Group A) with external irrigation alone (Group B), no irrigation (Group C) and with free-hand surgery with external irrigation (Group D). Temperature was measured by three thermocouples placed at depths of 1.5, 7, and 12 mm. The largest temperature variation at each thermocouple showed median values of 3.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 1.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 2.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C in Group 1; 2.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 1.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 0.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C in Group 2; 3.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 1.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 2.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C in Group 3; 2.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 2.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 1.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C in Group 4, respectively. No differences were found among the four groups. In general, the highest temperature increase was observed with the use of the first drill (cortical perforator). Post-experimental CBCT revealed the presence of radiopaque material clogging the aperture of the internal irrigation channels. Additional internal irrigation was not found to significantly contribute to decrease bone temperature in this ex vivo setting.  
Keywords:dental implants; guided surgery; irrigation system; three-dimensional printing; osteotomy; overheating +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Imaging
## 4 Impact of the Constellation Mesh Area on Localization Accuracy  
This section analyzes the effects of the mesh area on the localization accuracy and error coverage of the proposed system within a real case indoor environment. On the basis of the previous Section results, we focus on a rectangular constellation with 4 identical anchors at its vertexes. We experimentally verify the accuracy of the positioning by three mesh size cases. For all the analyzed cases, the position estimation is carried out by the estimator in Equation (3). The analysis compares the experimental data with simulations.
# A Novel Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Task Offloading in MEC Systems
## 4 Tasking Offloading Algorithm Based on DRL  
Since calculating the task size and queuing information in MEC environment in advance is impossible, we raise a novel DRL-based approach to solve the mentioned MDP problem. In the section, we first consider the choice of decision model elements, then present the novel approach for task offloading.
## 5 Discussion and Conclusions  
In this work, we focus on the discrete-modulated CV-QKD protocol with different types of seawater channel. The optical propagation characteristics of the seawater channel and the performance of the four-state protocol and the eight-state protocol under the four different types of seawater are analyzed. Simulation results show that the performance of the system decreases with the increase of the complexity of seawater, and the performance of the eight-state protocol is better than that of the four-state protocol. Comparing the performance of the system in the asymptotic scenario and in the finite-size case, we can find that the performance of the former is better than that of the latter, and, with the increase of the amount of information used for key extraction in the latter, its performance is gradually closer to that of the former. Although the current theoretical maximum secure transmission distance of the CV-QKD protocol under seawater is only a few hundred meters away, it is enough to communicate securely with submarines and sensor network nodes in the hundreds of meters of water. Moreover, with the development of quantum communication technology, it is likely to play an important role in offshore underwater rescue, shallow sea exploration, diving communication and other aspects.  
However, it should be noted here that the security analysis in this paper is based on the assumption that the seawater channel is linear. However, in reality, it is a nonlinear channel, and the factors that need to be considered are much more than just the absorption and scattering mentioned in this paper. Factors such as sea surface wind speed, temperature, and seawater sloshing will also affect the performance of the system. On the other hand, the new development on the security proof of the discrete-modulated CV-QKD proposed by [PERSON] et al. [42] waives the channel linearity assumptions. This provides a new idea for establishing the full security of continuous-variable protocols under seawater. All of these require researchers to do further investigation, and there is still a long way to go before establishing an underwater quantum communication network.  
Conceptualization, Y.G. and X.R.; writing--original draft, X.R. and H.Z.; writing--review and editing, W.Z. and X.W.; and validation, X.L.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61871407 and 61801522).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of the Igoo  
It can be seen from Figure 3 that the order of the average Igoo of heavy metals in road dust in Yangxin County was Cd (2.52) \(>\) Cu (1.42) \(>\) Zn (0.71) \(>\) Cr (0.53) \(>\) Pb (0.27) \(>\) Ni (\(-\)0.69) \(>\) Mn (\(-\)0.86) \(>\) Co (\(-\)0.86) \(>\) V (\(-\)0.91). According to Igoo classification, Cd presented moderately to heavily contaminated, Cu presented moderately, Cr, Pb, and Zn presented uncontaminated to moderately contaminated, and Co, Mn, Ni, and V presented not polluted. The average Igoo of nine types of heavy metals in the EDZ, OT, and CND areas were 1.11, 1.05, and 0.79 respectively, indicating that the heavy metal pollution in high-density human activity areas was significantly higher than that in low-density human activity areas. In addition, heavy metal pollution of road dust was related to human production and life [52; 53; 54]. The average Igoo of the heavy metals in the whole area was 0.98, and the overall pollution level was slightly polluted, indicating the low pollution level of road dust in the urban area of Yangxin County. However, there were also some pollution phenomena that need to be paid attention. Combined with the distribution characteristics of road dust emission, the distribution characteristics of heavy metal content in road dust, and the evaluation of heavy metal pollution degree, it can be concluded that most heavy metal elements showed obvious differences in high and low concentrations. In addition, this difference was consistent with the high-density and low-density ranges of human activity areas.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Radial Distribution Function (RDF) for Dense Beryllium  
Figure 4 shows the variation of the radial distribution function (RDF) with increasing temperature. At low temperatures, the RDF has pronounced peaks indicating near-order in the system, but they smooth out with heating due to thermal motion induced disorder and decreasing interparticle correlations. At high temperatures, the RDF approaches unity, indicating a transition towards a more chaotic state characteristic of the gas phase.  
Figure 5 shows the comparison between the RDF of dense beryllium calculated by the QMD method and the corresponding RDF from the Yukawa-MD simulations. To achieve a match, the parameters of the Yukawa potential (\(\Gamma\) and \(\kappa\)) were selected so as to reproduce the inter-ion correlations in beryllium. The almost identical RDF shapes from the QMD and Yukawa-MD confirm that the effective Yukawa potential is able to describe the structure of dense beryllium adequately. This indicates that the system with screened Coulomb interactions can serve as a good model to reproduce the structural properties of a metallic dense matter under similar thermodynamic conditions.
# A Polarization-Dependent Frequency-Selective Metamaterial Absorber with Multiple Absorption Peaks
## 2 Structure and Design  
The proposed MA structure and the unit cell structure of the copper pattern are presented in Figure 1. Unlike previously reported results, where multiple different-sized metal patterns were used to obtain multi-band absorption, here, the simple etching of a C-shaped slot into a circular patch, provides a triple-band absorption. The geometrical dimensions of the copper pattern shown in Figure 1b are \(a=820~{}\upmu\)m, \(d=60~{}\upmu\)m, \(r_{1}=112.5~{}\upmu\)m, \(r_{2}=161~{}\upmu\)m, and \(r_{3}=367.5~{}\upmu\)m. The copper pattern with a thickness of \(0.5~{}\upmu\)m and an electric conductivity of (\(5.8{\times}10^{7}\)) S/m was printed on the top layer of a thick dielectric substrate with a thickness of \(50~{}\upmu\)m that was made of polyimide film with a relative permittivity of 3.6 and a dielectric loss tangent of 0.02. Moreover, a thick copper plate that acts as a ground plane was printed on the bottom of the dielectric substrate.  
The absorptivity can be calculated by  
\[A=1-~{}|S_{11}|^{2}-~{}|S_{21}|^{2} \tag{1}\]  
where \(A\), \(S_{11}\), and \(S_{21}\) are the absorptivity, the reflection coefficient, and the transmission coefficient, respectively. In this case, the transmission coefficient \(S_{21}\) is zero because the thickness of the metal ground plane is much larger than its skin depth, so the absorptivity is determined by \(A=1-~{}|S_{11}|^{2}\).