esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
Reduction in membrane transport properties in the process of continuous extraction of biobutanol from the fermentation broth due to membrane fouling by microorganisms is a factor limiting the industrial application of pervaporation [47]. Previous researchers [48] studied the effect of fouling of a PDMS-based membrane during ABE fermentation integrated with pervaporation separation. The method of scanning electron microscopy revealed that the membrane surface after contact with the fermentation broth, in addition to microbial cells, contains adsorbed extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), which is a sign of surface fouling. Researchers suggest membrane washing [49], as well as preliminary removal of active cells from fermentation mixtures by various filtration methods, as ways to solve this problem [50]. Another way to avoid membrane fouling is to preliminarily remove cells from fermentation mixtures using different filtration methods [51]. However, this approach complicates the separation process and increases capital costs. Introduction of fluorine-containing fragments into the material structure of polysiloxane membranes significantly reduces their fouling by components of the fermentation mixture and increases the stability of the membrane transport properties during butanol production using a pervaporation membrane bioreactor [52]. Moreover, at the introduction of fluorine derivatives, hydrophobicity and lipophobicity of a surface of selective layer of a membrane increases [53]. In [54], it was shown that when fluorine derivatives were introduced into PDMS during the pervaporation separation of butanol-water mixture, there was a decrease in total flux compared to a pure PDMS membrane. However, the partial flux of butanol remained unchanged. Thus, such a modification of the membrane material can prevent the growth without compromising the transport performance. Thus, the problem of membrane fouling during the pervaporation separation of fermentation mixtures has a significant impact on the efficiency of the separation process. The effect of fouling and biofouling of membranes based on highly selective polyalkylmethylsiloxanes has not been previously studied. Therefore, in the present work the effect of long-term contact of polyalkylmethylsiloxane-based membranes with real fermentation mixtures was studied for the first time.
# Pointing Accuracy of an Operational Polarimetric Weather Radar
## 7 Pointing Bias with Respect to Two Different Angle Encoders  
We use the option to compute the azimuth pointing bias using the motor encoder angles and compare the results to the bias estimate based on the operational angle acquisition using the absolute encoder. From this we can assess the consistency between the two angle sources which is of relevance for radar operations. The absolute encoder may fail for which case we switch to the angle data of the motor encoder. On 9 July 2018 we configured the system to use the motor encoder angles and performed a full diurnal cycle of solar boxscans. The results are then compared to data from 8 July with the standard angle source configuration. This is shown in Figure 11. First of all the computed bias data from the absolute encoder are very similar to the data shown in Figure 6 where we show data from 15 June 2018. The values are essentially identical. The azimuthal variation of the azimuth bias during the day using the two different angle sources is comparable. They are separated approximately by a constant offset. The difference between the biases is approximately constant (\(-0.05^{\circ}\)). Therefore, a constant offset may be applied in order to match the two angle sources. Since both angle sources show similar azimuthal variation, we attribute the variation of azimuth bias to the bull gear which deviates from a circular shape.  
In Figure 11 we also show the difference between the two angle sources which are based on a maintenance scan which is typically carried out during maintenance. In principle, the antenna is commanded to a certain azimuth position. The commanded azimuth angle is sent to the motor controller which steers the antenna to the desired angle. The motor encoder then provides the actual motor angle back to the radar software. This motor encoder angle reading is then compared to the corresponding azimuth angle of the independent absolute encoder (see Figure 2). This procedure is carried out for a number of azimuthal positions, with clockwise and counter-clockwise antenna movements. From the latter it is also possible to estimate the backlash of the gear-drive assembly. Based on the maintenance scan, the difference between motor encoder angles and absolute encoder angles appears to be consistent with the results from the boxscan (Figure 11), although the results are  
Figure 10: Azimuth and elevation pointing bias of the Hohenpeißenberg radar July 2017 until September 2018. The bias estimates are based on the solar hits extracted during operational scanning. The pointing bias is computed once a day.  
more noisy. Obviously, the advantage of the maintenance scan is that it can provide a characterization of the drive gear assembly for a full turn of 360\({}^{\circ}\). A disadvantage is the fact, that it does not represent an end-to-end characterization of the angle acquisition and the corresponding pointing accuracy because the antenna assembly including the radome is missing.
## 5 Results  
Abundant experimental results are obtained in our work. For the designs with MSL-FPN used on the basis of CWVIS alone, the segmentation accuracy is 36.6%, which is 4.4% higher than that of the baseline CWVIS. When GWM is added only at the mask branch, the average segmentation accuracy of the network reaches 36.2%, which is 4% higher than that of the baseline CWVIS. The combination of the above two modules in CWVIS achieves the best segmentation accuracy of 37.9%, which is 5.7% higher than that of the baseline CWVIS. The experimental results show that MLGW-VIS is on par with mainstream fully supervised CNN-based networks in terms of segmentation accuracy and speed. Experiments on the air cruiser also show that the research has positive effects on improving the perception and localization accuracy in air cruiser application. The results prove that our method can effectively use the space location and depth of the semantic information to improve the network of target segmentation accuracy.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Policy Recommendation  
With the ability to generate continuous winter road friction and binary collision likelihood readings at a city-wide scale, it is recommended that policy changes be made to leverage this valuable information to improve overall winter driving conditions:  
* The municipality can utilize these road condition maps to identify hot spots where collisions are more likely to occur and implement the necessary countermeasures, such as reducing the speed limit and deploying enforcement officers to ensure compliance. These countermeasures can be used to support the previously mentioned dynamic warning message system, which may result in further collision reductions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt}} \hline \hline
**Collision Severity** & **Cost (Plus Indirect)** & **Number of Collisions** & **Collision (100\% CRF)** & **Safety Reduction (100\% CRF)** & **Collision Benefits (18\% CRF)** & **Safety Benefits (18\% CRF)** \\ \hline PDO & CAD 14,065 & 243 & 243 & CAD 3,417,795 & 42 & CAD 590,730 \\ \hline Injury & CAD 137,749 & 14 & 14 & CAD 1,928,486 & 4 & CAD 550,996 \\ \hline Fataility & CAD 2,450,139 & 1 & 1 & CAD 2,450,139 & 0 & CAD 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Potential collision reduction over four days city-wide.  
* Winter maintenance personnel can improve driving conditions by incorporating a continuous friction map into their maintenance strategy. This change would enable targeted treatments on high-risk road sections through additional plowing, sanding, and salting. Instead of basing snow-clearing strategies on road type (e.g., highway, collector, arterial), friction level can be added as a factor to consider. This would allow for more dynamic treatment strategies, where the real-time friction map determines the treatment approach for each snow event. As a result, resources would be allocated more efficiently and winter maintenance activities would be optimized.
* To make the 511 traveler information websites more helpful for road users, the municipality should look into incorporating the collision likelihood map, which allows road users to clearly identify areas to avoid, resulting in improved road safety.
## 3 System Model Based on Time Switching and NOMA  
The proposed system model based on TS and NOMA is shown in Figure 3. In this TS relaying scheme, power constrained \(IoT_{R}\) node first harvests the energy from the source node's RF signal for \(\alpha T\) duration and uses the time \(\frac{(1-\alpha)T}{2}\) for information processing and \(\frac{(1-\alpha)T}{2}\) for information transmission to the source and IoT user using NOMA protocol. We have assumed that all nodes are considered to  
Figure 2: Considered system model scenario.  
be operating in half duplex mode. An independent Rayleigh block fading with channel coefficient \(h_{i}\sim CN(0,\lambda_{i}=d_{i}^{-v})\) with zero mean and variance \(\lambda_{i}\) is assumed between any two nodes where, \(d_{i}\) is the distance between the corresponding link and \(v\) is the path loss exponent.The detailed step of our proposed system model based on TS and NOMA is given below.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Sample Preparation  
According to the design of the components of PCPB in the process of the back-mining of phosphate mines by the backfill mining method, the mass concentration of PCPB is generally 61 wt%-65 wt%, and the cement-to-sand ratio is generally set at 1:6-1:10 to meet the requirements of long-distance transportation and the strength of PCPB. Through previous fluoride leaching tests on fresh PG, it was found that the fluoride leaching in phosphogypsum output from each region or even each phosphorus chemical plant varied greatly due to the influence of different phosphoric acid production processes and phosphogypsum treatment technologies [48]. Among them, the distribution of fluoride leaching concentration in PG ranges from 20 to 250 mg/L. Therefore, the mass concentration of PCPB set for this test was 63 wt%, with cement-to-sand ratios (OPC: PPG) ranging from 1:6 to 1:10 and the IFC ranging from 20 mg/L (0.0093 wt% of PPG content) to 280 mg/L (0.1296 wt% of PPG content), as illustrated in Table 1. Figure 2 presents an overview of the experimental process, including material preparation, experimental procedures, and macro- and microanalysis.  
After the PPG, OPC, and deionized water were mixed according to defined proportions, the mixture was stirred for about 5-8 min until the CPB was formed. This CPB slurry was then poured into cylinder models that were 5 cm in diameter and 10 cm in height. The molds were sealed using a plastic film and cured at a temperature of 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 90% humidity. Follow-up tests are conducted on the samples after 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. The details of these tests are described in Section 2.3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Samples**} & **Cement-to-** & \multirow{2}{*}{**IFC (mg/L)**} & **IFC** & **CaSO\({}_{4}\cdot\)2H\({}_{2}\)O** & **NaF** & \multirow{2}{*}{**OPC (g)**} & **Deionized** \\  & **Sand Ratio** & & **(wt\%)** & **(g)** & **(mg)** & **Water (g)** \\ \hline C6F20 & 1:6 & 20 & 0.009 & 215.98 & 4.0 & 36.0 & 144 \\ C6F40 & 1:6 & 40 & 0.019 & 215.96 & 8.0 & 36.0 & 140 \\ C6F120 & 1:6 & 120 & 0.05 & 215.88 & 24.0 & 36.0 & 124 \\ C6F200 & 1:6 & 200 & 0.09 & 215.80 & 40.0 & 36.0 & 108 \\ C6F280 & 1:6 & 280 & 0.13 & 215.72 & 56.0 & 36.0 & 92 \\ C8F20 & 1:8 & 20 & 0.009 & 223.98 & 4.1 & 28.0 & 144 \\ C8F40 & 1:8 & 40 & 0.019 & 223.96 & 8.2 & 28.0 & 140 \\ C8F120 & 1:8 & 120 & 0.05 & 223.88 & 24.8 & 28.0 & 124 \\ C8F200 & 1:8 & 200 & 0.09 & 223.80 & 41.4 & 28.0 & 108 \\ C8F280 & 1:8 & 280 & 0.13 & 223.72 & 58.0 & 28.0 & 92 \\ C10F20 & 1:10 & 20 & 0.009 & 215.98 & 4.2 & 22.9 & 144 \\ C10F40 & 1:10 & 40 & 0.019 & 215.96 & 8.4 & 22.9 & 140 \\ C10F120 & 1:10 & 120 & 0.05 & 215.88 & 25.4 & 22.9 & 124 \\ C10F200 & 1:10 & 200 & 0.09 & 215.80 & 42.4 & 22.9 & 108 \\ C10F280 & 1:10 & 280 & 0.13 & 215.72 & 59.4 & 22.9 & 92 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: List of component content of each sample.
# Flexible Phased Antenna Arrays: A Review
## 2 Manufacturing Techniques
### Additive Manufacturing
Figure 2: Three-layered structure of patch antenna (one driven patch and two stacked patches with truncated corners) used to ahieve UWB. Technique of truncated corners is used to induce CP [45]. substrates [47]. Another implementation of AM-based UWB antenna for FPAs was presented in [48]. A stacked patch antenna configuration was used to achieve wide bandwidth while the top and bottom patches were printed with IP onto a PET substrate. UWB was also achieved in the development of an ultrathin and flexible array using a three-layer laminate design and Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) [49]. IP has been widely utilized in numerous works due to its low cost and scalability. In addition to IP, additive fabrication facilitates the creation of complex, multifunctional PAs. Additive fabrication of multilayer flexible PCBs using Pyralux(r) All Polymide (AP) laminates was utilized in the fabrication of a 256-element FPA system with the aim of mechanical flexibility [50]. The front and back view of the final prototype of FPA system with 256-elements is presented in Figure 3. A similar design was presented for a lightweight FPA system integrating advanced electromagnetic components with self-deployable and self-contained power system. The PA used Pyralux(r), AP8545R flexible polyimide substrate for mechanical flexibility [51]. In another work, an AM tile-based conformal array was designed by utilizing a computer vision based calibration of the array which was experimentally validated under symmetric and asymmetric bending configurations [52].
# Case Study of an Underpinning Pile Foundation for an Interval Tunnel Crossing an Existing Bridge
## 4 Three-Dimensional Numerical Model  
### Finite Element Calculation Model  
In this paper, the effects of underpinned pile foundation and tunnel construction on the existing elevated bridge were simulated using the 3D finite element analysis software Midas GTS. In order to simplify the model and weaken the influence of tunnel boundary effects on the simulation results, the dimensions of the model strata were calculated using 3 to 5 times the tunnel excavation diameter: longitudinal (80 m) \(\times\) transverse (80 m) \(\times\) vertical (50 m). The mesh used in this numerical model consists of 57,555 nodes and 94,142 elements. For the accuracy of calculation, the grid size of the tunnel excavation, pile foundation, and bearing platform area is divided by local encryption. Fixed constraints are added to limit the displacement of the model in the horizontal and bottom directions, while the upper part of the model has a free boundary without the addition of constraints. The lane loads were applied to the bridge deck, the same as they were to the uniform and concentrated loads, while RZ directional restraints were added to all pile foundations to limit their rigid body rotation displacement. The spatial dimensions of the computational model are shown in Figure 7a, and the internal schematic of the computational model is shown in Figure 7b.  
Figure 6: Underpinned pile foundation step diagram. (The serial number in the figure corresponds to the step sequence of pile foundation underpinning construction).
## 7 Simulation and Evaluation
### Simulation Parameters  
In the simulation, the altitude is set to 780 km, the inclination angle is 86.4\({}^{\circ}\), the orbital period is 6027.14 s, the uplink and downlink bandwidth is 1.5 Mb/s, and the inter-satellite link bandwidth is 25 Mb/s. There are 6 orbits in total, with 11 satellites in each orbit.  
In the simulation of the switching authentication stage, 60 ground terminals play the role of users, evenly distributed between 60\({}^{\circ}\) S and 60\({}^{\circ}\) N. The fields contained in BAPC are set using the actual algorithm, and the size of the related fields is shown in Table 2: 64 bytes for the user public key, 20 bytes for the address, 65 bytes for the signature, 128 bytes for the session key, and 4 bytes for the service type, service duration, timestamp, and quantity of cryptocurrency. Two authentication protocols are used for comparison: In reference [26], the Fast-access protocol is used for in-orbit switching authentication; and the Handover protocol is used for cross orbit handover authentication. In LEO satellite networks, there is still limited work considering blockchain-based authentication. We choose this protocol to compare because their work is closest to ours. They also apply the blockchain technology to the authentication process in LEO satellite networks to help satellites authenticate user identity more efficiently. However, the benchmark protocol uses the identity-based encryption key, while our protocol uses the cryptocurrency technology.
# A Single Motor-Driven Focusing Mechanism with Flexure Hinges for Small Satellite Optical Systems
## 3 Experimental Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Polynomial** & **Curve Fitting Function: A\({}_{0}\) + A\({}_{1}\)\(\cdot\)x + A\({}_{2}\)\(\cdot\)x\({}^{2}\) + A\({}_{3}\)\(\cdot\)x\({}^{3}\) + A\({}_{4}\)\(\cdot\)x\({}^{4}\) + A\({}_{5}\)\(\cdot\)x\({}^{5}\)** & \\ \hline
**Parameter** & **A\({}_
## 2 Details of the Proposed Approach  
Figure 1 describes the flowchart of the proposed sizing approach. It mainly includes preprocessing of raw thermal images, contour detection of defects, and size calculation of defects. The preprocessing  
step aims to enhance defect indications in thermal images using existing methods. Then, contour detection is implemented by employing the oriented gradient of histograms. Finally, physical sizes of defects are calculated based on the ratio between physical size and pixel number in the thermal image.
## 1 Introduction
* The suggested technique utilizes Sage-Husa algorithm to adjust the covariance matrices of measurement noise dynamically and filter it when there is a deviation in measurement noise. * The proposed method mitigates the adverse influence of noise error on the filtering result. * The proposed method has a higher filtering precision than the conventional EnKF and a stronger robustness to noise. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, the second-order generator DSE model is presented. Section 3 describes the main algorithm in detail. IEEE 9-bus system and the real power grid system are used to test and illustrate the usefulness of the proposed method, and some necessary comparison results with ENKF and ENSRF are also performed in Section 4. Finally, the conclusions are provided in Section 5.
## 4 Discussion on Damping Parameter  
The dynamic motion of a disturbed cable continues without damping even after the removal of external loads. Therefore, a damping parameter is defined in the proposed method to mimic the nature of the dynamic behavior of a cable. In the well-known governing equation of the motion of solids, there is a damping contribution which is achieved by multiplication of the velocity with damping matrix. Rayleigh damping [51] is widely used to determine a damping matrix. In that method, the damping matrix is preferably defined with the mass and/or stiffness matrix [52; 53; 54]. In the proposed method, the mass of particles is used to define a damping for the motion. Accordingly, mass times velocity term is defined to model the damping effect, as seen in Equation (12).  
As seen in Figure 15, the disturbed cable oscillates after the end of harmonic motion applied by the shake table. The amplitude and period of these oscillations are different from the experimental results. After application of the damping term, closer results to the experimental data were achieved. As shown in Figure 15, the excitation-driven part of the motion is not significantly affected by the damping term. This damping term consists of a problem-dependent parameter, \(\omega\), as shown in Equation (5) as in the Rayleigh damping method. There have been studies that sought to define the constants of the Rayleigh method experimentally and analytically. [PERSON] et al. [55] determined Rayleigh constants for some fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) cables experimentally. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [56; 57] also carried out experiments for measuring and understanding the damping characteristics of a cable. In addition, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [58] studied the damping behavior of a cable, especially on \(6\times 37\) IWRC (independent wire rope core), experimentally and analytically. In all studies, damping parameters were either determined for special cable products experimentally or by an estimation made analytically as mentioned in [59]. Rayleigh constants can also be estimated numerically by modal analysis which is often made by the finite element method. However, there is no modal analysis made by the SPH method. Authors prefer to assume the damping parameter, \(\omega\), is between 0.03 and 0.05 which satisfies the consistent damping rate observed in the experiments and leave the broad damping concept for further research.  
Figure 14: Time history of magnitudes of reactions on supports in (**a**) x and (**b**) y direction.
# AC Microgrids Protection: A Digital Coordinated Adaptive Scheme
## 4 Case Studies and Simulation Results
### Islanded Mode  
The same fault types have been also considered to investigate proper cooperation of the proposed protection scheme in the islanded mode. It is worth noting again that the DFR devices are the primary PDs which detect the fault, and then the cooperated backup protections operate. To show the coordinated results, a number of simulations for islanded mode are carried out, and results are shown in Table 4. In the following, one of the LG fault (for example phase A to ground fault) occurred in the location of Fault #2 is explained.  
After the AG fault occurred in the fault location #2, the DFRs for line protection trip the fault signals in 4.003 s. As with the grid connected mode, to analyze the coordination of PDs, the trip command of the protection relays have been blocked during the fault and, thereby, the fault is continued. Feeder #1's NSC protection scheme trips at 4.073 s, then the OCR-THD and UVR employed in DGU #1 create trip signals at 4.150 s and 4.185 s. Subsequently, trip commands from Feeder #2, Bus #3, and DOCR of Feeder #1 send out their trip commands at t = 4.353 s, t = 4.503 s, and t = 6.352 s, respectively.  
It is worth highlighting that the proposed protection scheme works in the both grid-connected and islanded modes, without a mode switching procedure and recalculation. These validated features for both of the grid connected and islanded mode operation of MGs, as well as its comprehensiveness, specify the proposed protection scheme for practical applications as a comprehensive adaptive digital protection scheme.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c|c|c|c|c} \hline