# Longitudinal Study on Construction Organization's BIM Acceptance
## 2 Literature Review  
The barriers to BIM utilization have been recognized as follows [4; 13; 14; 15; 16]. There are (1) lack of confidence in BIM utilization because the effects of BIM utilization are not clearly verified, (2) the vague burden of users on the use of new information technology, (3) lack of manpower to utilize BIM, (4) lack of education and training for BIM utilization, as well as support for training programs, (5) lack of awareness of the necessity of collaboration by construction project participants regarding modeling or model utilization, or unclear definition of roles and responsibilities among construction project participants for modeling or data input, and (6) lack of BIM model-linked process in the lifecycle stage, and established legal system. As previously described, the barriers were mostly related to psychological or organization-related factors of users, as well as environmental factors for BIM utilization, rather than technological factors. In other words, these barriers are the factors that should be considered for smooth technology utilization. The following previous studies have been conducted on the psychological and environmental factors of users on technology utilization. [PERSON] at al. [17] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18; 19] have maintained that technology development is beneficial to users while technology also increases frustration and anxiety, and thus, acceptance of technologies differs, depending on knowledge of users, control over technology, and the disposition of users to accept new technologies. Furthermore, [PERSON] [20] emphasized the importance of user disposition in the acceptance of technology by revealing that the positive attitudes and convictions of users regarding technology are related to users' readiness for using new technologies, and developing the technology readiness index (TRI) to assess the disposition of people who intend to use technology. The utilization of BIM in the construction industry can have many advantages in terms of information management through the use of BIM, while the introduction of new technologies can induce both frustration and anxiety to users. In this regard, an organization needs to be prepared. In particular, the technology acceptance model (TAM) [21] has served as a basis for research to address the behavioral intentions and usage of IT. Previous research favored investigating the antecedent variables that could explain the core TAM variables and extending TAM to enhance the ability to better understand the acceptance and usage of existing and new IT. The factors contributing to the acceptance of IT are likely to vary with technology, target users, and context [22; 23; 24; 25; 26]. Previous studies on TAM-based BIM acceptance are as follows. [PERSON] et al. [11] proposed a BIM acceptance model by using SEM, and thereby verified that the acceptance on the organization level in addition to the acceptance of individuals as BIM users, should be considered for complete acceptance of BIM. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [5] derived factors affecting CMr's acceptance of BIM and presented a direction for establishing a strategy to utilize BIM from a CM perspective. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27] proposed a BIM adoption model for Australia's small and medium construction organizations (SMOs) in Australia and compared and analyzed differences in the levels of understanding regarding BIM, as well as attitudes between BIM and non-BIM users. [PERSON] et al. [28] proposed a predictive model that can be used by decision-makers considering an introduction of BIM as a model for evaluating BIM acceptance and readiness of architects in Taiwan. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] compared South Korea's BIM acceptance model and the BIM acceptance model in the U.S. where the BIM was introduced earlier than South Korea and actively utilized. The results have revealed that the U.S. had higher levels of acceptance, utilization, and satisfaction than those in South Korea.