## 2 Materials and Methods
### Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Genotypes**} & **TPC** & **FRAP** & **CUPRAC** & **TQ (mg/100 g** \\  & **(mg GAE/100 g** & **(mg TE/100 g** & **(mg TE/100 g** \\  & **DW of Solid** & **DW of Solid** & **DW of Solid** \\  & **Residue)** & **Residue)** \\ \hline AVTKS\#1 & 894.6 \(\pm\) 39.8 \({}^{\mathrm{cde}}\) & 878.9 \(\pm\) 57.2 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 4677.7 \(\pm\) 236.4 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 156.0 \(\pm\) 14.8 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) \\ AVTKS\#2 & 795.2 \(\pm\) 30.3 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 913.6 \(\pm\) 39.5 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 4579.6 \(\pm\) 378.0 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 168.1 \(\pm\) 14.0 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) \\ AVTKS\#3 & 879.8 \(\pm\) 68.1 \({}^{\mathrm{cde}}\) & 868.0 \(\pm\) 75.1 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 4601.3 \(\pm\) 230.8 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 160.7 \(\pm\) 14.3 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) \\ AVTKS\#4 & 885.0 \(\pm\) 40.3 \({}^{\mathrm{cde}}\) & 985.9 \(\pm\) 20.8 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 4786.1 \(\pm\) 333.1 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 200.8 \(\pm\) 17.6 \({}^{\mathrm{bc}}\) \\ AVTKS\#5 & 934.8 \(\pm\) 34.7 \({}^{\mathrm{e}}\) & 1010.5 \(\pm\) 40.2 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) & 4334.8 \(\pm\) 283.1 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 181.6 \(\pm\) 14.8 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) \\ AVTKS\#6 & 839.3 \(\pm\) 37.5 \({}^{\mathrm{bde}}\) & 954.0 \(\pm\) 59.2 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 4520.6 \(\pm\) 244.5 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 167.5 \(\pm\) 15.4 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) \\ AVTKS\#7 & 919.0 \(\pm\) 35.1 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 967.6 \(\pm\) 54.1 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 4801.5 \(\pm\) 312.4 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 207.2 \(\pm\) 19.9 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\ AVTKS\#8 & 887.2 \(\pm\) 40.9 \({}^{\mathrm{cde}}\) & 917.0 \(\pm\) 75.7 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 4537.9 \(\pm\) 207.6 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 260.1 \(\pm\) 20.8 \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) \\ AVTKS\#9 & 886.0 \(\pm\) 36.6 \({}^{\mathrm{cde}}\) & 877.8 \(\pm\) 76.7 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 4282.6 \(\pm\) 259.2 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 251.4 \(\pm\) 22.6 \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) \\ AVTKS\#10 & 824.8 \(\pm\) 49.8 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 885.2 \(\pm\) 53.4 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 4751.8 \(\pm\) 210.2 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 188.3 \(\pm\) 15.5 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) \\ AVTKS\#11 & 720.5 \(\pm\) 41.8 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 853.1 \(\pm\) 71.0 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 3863.1 \(\pm\) 299.6 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 166.3 \(\pm\) 14.1 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) \\ AVTKS\#12 & 762.0 \(\pm\) 39.1 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 866.4 \(\pm\) 59.8 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 4280.8 \(\pm\) 397.4 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 182.4 \(\pm\) 16.9 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) \\ Average & 852.4 \(\pm\) 41.2 & 914.8 \(\pm\) 56.9 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 4501.5 \(\pm\) 282.7 & 190.9 \(\pm\) 16.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} The variable values are presented as means \(\pm\) SD based on six replicate analyses (\(n\) = three biological replicates \(\times\) two technical replicates). Identical superscript letters within a column indicate no statistically significant differences.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Representation of TPC, antioxidant capacity, and TQ in the solid residue of different _Nigella_ genotypes. TPC value (480 mg GAE/100 g) while studying an Egyptian cold-pressed solid residue extracted using an 80/20 ethanol-aqueous solvent system. Higher values of TPC than the values obtained in this study have also been recorded in previous reports by some authors [27; 28]. For example, [PERSON] et al. [27] reported a TPC of 1458.1 mg GAE/100 g in _Nigella_ solid residue obtained via cold-pressing and subsequent methanolic extraction in Turkey, which is approximately 2-fold higher than the lowest value of TPC observed in this study. [PERSON] et al. [28] recorded an even higher TPC of 2780 mg GAE/100 g DW (approximately 3.9-fold higher than the lowest value of TPC observed in the present study). In their study, _Nigella_ seeds were procured from Malaysia and ground and processed using Soxhlet extraction with hexane. The resulting solid residue was then extracted using 80% methanol for TPC analysis.