# Transbulbar B-Mode Sonography for Clinical Phenotyping Multiple Sclerosis
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **RR Patients** & **SP Patients** & **\(p\)** \\ \hline T1 lesion load \({}^{\$}\) & 1577.23 \(\pm\) 2261.02 \({}^{\dagger}\) & 6772.00 \(\pm\) 6358.60 & 0.023 \\ T2 lesion load & 4158.20 \(\pm\) 5299.07 & 13,916.02 \(\pm\) 8143.61 & 0.003 \\ BPF & 0.9737 \(\pm\) 0.1325 & 0.9623 \(\pm\) 0.1328 & 0.045 \\ GMv & 763,1456.65 \(\pm\) 591,952.64 & 698,261.42 \(\pm\) 470,61.52 & 0.004 \\ WMv & 759,098.84 \(\pm\) 38,432.62 & 723,746.73 \(\pm\) 44,805.69 & 0.032 \\ CSFv & 39,606.07 \(\pm\) 18,441.77 & 53,428.45 \(\pm\) 18,475.49 & 0.050 \\ PGMv & 599,272.76 \(\pm\) 47,461.55 & 548,315.90 \(\pm\) 35,203.95 & 0.003 \\ TBv & 1,522,244.48 \(\pm\) 63,794.56 & 1,421,963.15 \(\pm\) 29,322.82 & 0.000 \\ P100 amplitude & 5.84 \(\pm\) 2.64 (4.82–6.90) & 3.49 \(\pm\) 1.66 (2.61–4.67) & 0.003 \\ P100 latency & 135.39 \(\pm\) 12.61 & 156.98 \(\pm\) 21.05 & 0.007 \\  & (130.80–140.38) & (144.28–169.69) & 0.007 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\dagger}\) The Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test was applied to the difference between means. \({}^{\dagger}\) Values are given as the mean or mean \(\pm\) standard deviation, with the 95% confidence interval in parentheses. \({}^{\$}\)T1 lesion load, T2 lesion load, GMv, WMv, CSFv, PGMv and TBv are shown in mm\({}^{\rm 2}\); P100 amplitude is shown in uv; P100 latency is shown in ms. RR Relapsing Remitting; SP Secondary progressive; BPF Brain parenchymal fraction; GMv Grey Matter volume; WMv White matter volume; CSFv CSF ventricular volume; PGMv Peripheral grey matter volume; TBv Total brain volume.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Paraclinical measurements of the study population \({}^{\dagger}\). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cluster**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**High MI**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Low MI**} \\  & **(Relapsing Remitting)** & **(Transitional)** & \(p\) **Value** \\ \hline MI & 0.90 & 0.84 & 0.050 \\ T1 lesion load (mm\({}^{\rm 3}\)) & 688.68 & 5316.72 & 0.004 \\ T2 lesion load (mm\({}^{\rm 3}\)) & 2087.35 & 11,128.67 & 0.001 \\ PGMv (mm\({}^{\rm 3}\)) & 630,238.75 & 552,318.25 & 0.000 \\ TBv (mm\({}^{\rm 3}\)) & 1,558,847.53 & 1,447,772.14 & 0.000 \\ P100 amplitude (uv) & 6.36 & 4.06 & 0.006 \\ P100 latency (ms) & 136.09 & 146.25 & 0.050 \\ Age (y) & 38.29 & 45.47 & 0.010 \\ Disease duration (y) & 8.36 & 14.11 & 0.035 \\ EDSS & 2.0 & 3.7 & 0.001 \\ ONSD3 (cm) & 0.53 & 0.48 & 0.050 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\dagger}\) Note that similarity statistical analysis blindly identified two clusters among the global population (RR + SP), one characterized by low MI (MI\({}^{\rm L}\) = 0.84) and another by high MI (MI\({}^{\rm H}\) = 0.90). ANOVA found the distance between the variables’ centres in the two groups to be statistically significant (\(p\) = 0.050). The ANOVA-associated K-means cluster analysis was used to determine the distribution and putative associations of MI and other variables among the MS patients. The \(\chi^{2}\) test confirmed a significant difference between the frequencies of the MI\({}^{\rm H}\) and MI\({}^{\rm L}\) patient groups. MI Myelination Index; PGMv Peripheral grey matter volume; TBv Total brain volume; EDSS Expanded disability status scale. ONSD3 Optic nerve sheath diameter at 3 mm from the eyeball.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Similarity statistical analysis with relapsing remitting and transitional groups characterization \({}^{\dagger}\). TBv (\(p\) = 0.000), P100L (\(p\) = 0.021), age (\(p\) = 0.050), and DD (\(p\) = 0.014), but not for MI (\(p\) = 0.059), as shown in Figure 2.  
The MI correlated with ONSD3 (\(r\) = 0.499; \(p\) = 0.001), but not with the other clinical or parac  
Figure 2: ROC analysis (Receiver operating characteristic curve). The ROC analysis highlighted the accuracy (good sensitivity and specificity) of the method in classifying MI\({}^{\rm H}\) and MI\({}^{\rm L}\) patients in the general population.