esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Helicopter Takeoff and Landing Point Location in Cities for Emergency Services
## 2 Operation Scenario Setting  
### Description  
This paper studies the selection of fixed takeoff and landing sites for helicopters in a low-altitude rescue environment. The city of Nanjing was chosen to be the sample. To ensure the authenticity of the experimental results and to cover all the complex and variable practical factors, this paper describes the problem as follows according to the currently applicable rules.  
1. Aircraft: According to the requirements of the CAAC for general aviation rescue, helicopter Mi-8 was selected for analysis.
2. Flight regulations and rescue missions: In a low-altitude environment, pilots use visual flight rules to perform rescue missions. In this paper, the search and rescue points and hospitals in the rescue area were set, and the rescue tasks were mainly to transport materials and transfer the people.
3. Grid division: For terrain data processing, 30 m-precision elevation data was used to divide the grid, the WGS-84 coordinate system (World Geodetic System-1984 Coordinate System) was used to depict all the latitude and longitude coordinates. The WGS-84 system is a well-accepted coordinate system and suitable for GIS. It has a wide range of applications in navigation, search and rescue. It is a fit system for the study. Raster data are obtained from files containing raster graphics, such as TIFF,which are available on the Geospatial Data Cloud website. We projected the raster data in the corresponding coordinate system; all raster data were georeferenced and mask extracted and could be directly used for analysis.
4. Environmental factors: For the terrain slope, for the sake of simplicity, the requirement was limited to no more than 5 degrees, which is the only criteria stipulated by the regulation. As for hillside, longitudinal profile, and relief complexity, they will be studied in a further study. Additionally, slope, elevation(H) and undulation(F) were also considered. Road network and other restricted areas were also included in the study. These factors are discussed in detail in the following section.
# DNN-Based FES Control for Gait Rehabilitation of Hemiplegic Patients
## 5 Discussion  
Performance of the DNN-based FES control algorithm was assessed experimentally and compared with a conventional FES control method with a trapezoidal envelope.  
The results from the treadmill tests showed that the proposed method could generate larger ranges of motion in the push-off phase, as could be deduced from the maximum plantar flexion angles. Therefore, a larger thrust force could be produced with the proposed control system [42; 43]. The treadmill tests were performed with five subjects at five different walking speeds (a total of 25 cases). There were three exceptional cases in which the maximum plantar flexion angles were larger with the TE, without statistical significance.  
The results of isometric contraction tests indicated that FES-induced muscle fatigue in the soleus could be relieved by using the DNN-based FES control system, as a decrease of MDF in the EMG signals proved. However, an insignificant difference was observed in the muscle fatigue of the TA. A possible explanation would be that the TA was not required to produce much work during gait, compared with the soleus, which required a relatively large amount of work to generate push-off force.  
The consideration of electric energy consumption was critical for the operation of battery-operated FES devices. Efficient FES control can decrease battery energy consumption to enable longer operation times. The time integral of the FES signal applied to the muscle can be used to indicate the electric energy consumption by the FES device. Figure 14 compares the time integrals of the FES signals generated by the TE and DBE over one gait cycle. The ratio of time integral with the DBE to that of the TE was computed for the  
Figure 13: Assessment results of the FES-induced fatigue. (**A**) MDF results of the soleus obtained before and after a 5 min stimulation of trapezoidal methods (**left**) and EMG-based methods (**right**), and (**B**) MDF results of the TA obtained before and after a 5 min stimulation of trapezoidal methods (**left**) and EMG-based methods (**right**).  
FES from the soleus and TA at five different gait speeds. Therefore, the electric energy distribution by the DBE amounts to between 70 and 90% of that of the TE in the soleus. In the TA case, the ratio was nearly 100%, showing no advantage of the DBE over TE. Consequently, the electric energy consumption and FES-induced fatigue could be reduced by using the DBE, which is advantageous in the battery management of FES devices.
## 2 Preliminaries
### Polyphase Decomposition  
A massive number of multiplications are necessary to execute a filter, which has many coefficients. It can be reduced by using prototype filters that are decomposed by polyphase decomposition.  
Figure 1: The time-frequency allocations of the GFDM (generalized frequency division multiplexing) model and proposed hexagonal GFDM.  
Thus, the filter's price and computational complexity reduce by doing the method of destruction before filtering that decreases the multiplications per input sample. For instance, the polyphase approach replaces a \(L\) taps filter with \(K\) filter sets of \(L/K\) taps. If the hardware resources are limited, polyphase decomposition decreases the number of multiplications due to parallel computing [24,26].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Force Profile Correlation
The first indication of damage transpired at 10:58--8 h 53 min prior to 4P breakage--and was the initial sign of a crack in the internal structure of the 4P die. The initial fault indication was further validated by two other significant periods of sustained instability. The spate of worsening machine condition reflected the increasing fracture of the 4P die until final breakage. For the 9P force signal correlation results of 9 March shown in Figure 5b, the first two notable deviations attributable to a loosened screw responsible for the mould dimensions occurred at 08:38--1 h 31 min prior to maintenance. The correlation values fluctuated between 1.000-0.990 compared to the 24-25 February band of 1.000-0.995. The wider band of deviations signified greater quality deterioration and the product's dimensional tolerance being substandard to the company's specification. After the quality maintenance, a sustained period of instability occurring 4 h 23 min before die failures began. Thereafter, further degradation to the non-die components, including the fifth sleeve, and quality deterioration caused by the unwinding of the tolerance screw were reflected in a consistent decline that culminated at 19:51 with final sleeve damages, the fusion of the 5P die with the nut, and 4P breakage. The results of the force profile correlation showed that the deterioration in machine health condition indicated by decreases in correlation values was associated with fault occurrences such as quality deterioration, normal wear and other damage to die and non-die components. These deviations away from unity in correlation values served as  
Figure 4: 24–25 February force impact correlation of machine start-up to subsequent force signal profiles for (**a**) 4P and (**b**) 9P. indicators of impending faults and occurred within a reasonable period to allow timely maintenance. Additionally, depending on the location of the damage, the force sensor for either 4P or 9P displayed better damage characteristics.
# SatScope: A Data-Driven Simulator for Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Internet
## 3 SatScope Model Framework
### Space Segment Modeling  
To construct a real-time satellite model for Starlink, SatScope processes TLE data through three stages: shell segmentation, orbital plane division, and dynamic visualization.  
The TLE format is a standard used to describe the position and motion of Earth-orbiting satellites, widely applied in optimizing satellite communication systems. Key parameters within TLE data include inclination, altitude, right ascension of the ascending node (RAAN), and semi-major axis. Inclination determines the tilt of the satellite's orbit relative to the equator, influencing its geographic coverage. Altitude, specified by perigee and apogee, affects the orbital period and visibility duration from Earth. RAAN describes the orientation of the orbital plane relative to the Earth's equatorial plane. Semi-major axis defines the size of the elliptical orbit and dictates the satellite's orbital period. By leveraging these attributes, SatScope segments satellites into shells and divides them into orbital planes, achieving orbital-level granularity simulations of LEO satellite internet systems. This approach enhances control and management capabilities over the space segment configuration.
## 9 Role of PPCs in the Molecular Adaptation of _Lactobacillus_ to Host Environments
#### 9.1.4 Resveratrol  
_L. plantarum_ overexpressed the _lp_3368_ gene in the presence of RSV. This gene encodes a multidrug transporter potentially able to use deoxycholate as a substrate [96], a function consistent with its location in the vicinity of _bsh3_, a bile salt hydrolase-encoding gene [97]. Transport of secondary bile acids that are produced by BSH activity can govern bacterial fitness and host colonization [98], as well as alter host physiology [99].  
The capacity of PPCs to modulate the expression of genes related to GI tract survival may be of utility to improve fitness of lactobacillus in this niche, more in view that gut robustness of individual strains may depend on differential gene expression levels rather than on the presence or absence of conserved genes [100].  
Remodeling of the Cell Envelope Induced by PPCs: Potential Impact on the Communication Capacities of Lactobacillus with the Host  
The _Lactobacillus_ cell envelope is a source of molecules that act as key probiotic ligands. These molecules are known to interact with host receptors inducing signaling pathways that result in probiotic effects [87; 91; 92; 101]. As mentioned above, the biosynthesis of cell-wall constituents (peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins) is subjected to regulation by PPCs. Hence, PPCs emerge as new potential modulators of the cell surface properties from _Lactobacillus_ spp.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c c c c c c|} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Locus Tags**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**PPC Effector (Ref.) a**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Effect**} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{**Phenotype Involved**} \\  & & & & **(Ref.) b** & \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{|c}{**In vitro orogastric-intestinal (OGI) survival**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{_lp\_1903_} & _clpB_: ATP-dependent Clp protease & \multirow{3}{*}{_p_-CA [24], RSV [27]} & \multirow{3}{*}{+} & \multirow{3}{*}{In vitro OGI survival [86]} \\  & ATP-binding subunit & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5} \cline{5-5} \
# Hierarchical Resource Management for Mega-LEO Satellite Constellation
## 4 Hierarchical Resource Management Architecture
Figure 3: Hierarchical resource management architecture of MLSCS. According to the three-level management architecture, the RRSC is responsible for planning satellite service areas and spectrum resources based on the global distribution of available spectrum, service demands, satellite loads, and other relevant data. Based on these planning data, SBSs implement the scheduling of beams, frequency, time slots, and power for users. Meanwhile, the user service scheduling module primarily deals with the priority adaptation of different service data to ensure orderly access. The hierarchical resource management architecture achieves functional hierarchy and optimal scheduling of radio resources by decoupling resource scheduling and processing through global control at the RRSC, area optimization at the SBSs, and service stream control at user terminals. This functional partitioning allows the RRSC to shield the influence of dynamic changes (such as varying service demands and satellite loads) on SBSs, thereby simplifying the resource scheduling demands of SBSs.
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Comparison Methods  
In order to verify the effectiveness of the FAPR scheme, we compare it with other methods in the simulation experiment. Since the FAPR scheme combines protection with recovery mechanisms, we compare it with a standard proactive method and a reactive failure recovery method. More specifically, the proactive scheme refers to the pro-PATH method introduced in [19], which installs a backup path in switches for each flow in advance, and shifts to the backup path autonomously when a link failure occurs. The reactive scheme calculates a bandwidth-optimal path for the failed link when a link failure occurs, and switches all affected flows to this backup path.
# Highly Integrated Wideband Transmit/Receive Module for X-Band SAR Applications
## 3 Radio Frequency Design
### RF Transition between the SCFE to the Antenna  
The coupler design described in Section 3.1 ends on a microstrip that needs to be connected to the coaxial connector (TXout/RXin in Figure 3) for reaching the antenna. However, the signal cannot be laid out on a microstrip since it needs to go beyond the Kovar rectangular frame, thus being outside the encapsulated TRM. This objective is accomplished by moving the trace toward an inner layer, thus becoming a stripline to  
Figure 3: Overview of the RF transitions of interest that have been accurately designed.  
bypass the TRM perimeter, for reaching the top layer again close to the antenna connector. The designed transition is shown in the exploded 3D view in Figure 6. A careful design was carried out by appropriately placing ground vias around the signal vias to ensure a microstrip to stripline transition with a characteristic impedance as close as possible to 50 \(\Omega\). The resulting insertion loss (S\({}_{21}\)) and return loss (S\({}_{11}\)) are shown in Figure 7a,b, respectively.  
Figure 4: Overview of the directional coupler.  
Figure 5: Optimized design of the coupler (final optimized responses highlighted in purple). (**a**) Coupling factor (S\({}_{13}\)). (**b**) Isolation (S\({}_{23}\)). (**c**) Directivity computed as D(dB) = S\({}_{13}\)(dB) - S\({}_{23}\)(dB).  
Figure 6: Exploded view of the 3D model used for the transition design.
# Visual Language-Aided Construction Fire Safety Planning Approach in Building Information Modeling
## 3 Structure of Con-fire Safety Planning Approach
### Design for Construction Fire Safety (DCFS) Module  
The Design for Construction Fire Safety (DCFS) module is a significant module of this research work. This section is devised to convert mathematical logics into computer-readable data, which is obtained from the Rule Extraction and Logic Development (RELD) module. Figure 2 illustrates the system architecture for the Con-fire Safety Planning approach. A commercially available Visual programming language (VPL) tools, named as Grasshopper (BIM authoring platform and a plug-in for Rhinoceros) and Dynamo (BIM authoring platform and a plug-in for Autodesk Revit) were availed to achieve the task of rule conversion. Visual programming is employed in this research study due to several reasons. It is relatively convenient to use as compared with other programming languages [19] such as python, java, and many more. This language effectively represents the information flow through visual symbols (nodes and connections) [42] with precise inputs and outputs. Therefore, this paper proposed a visual language approach for the translation of fire safety rules, which is established from the subpart F (Fire Protection and Prevention) of the OSHA-1926. This module further contains three submodules of the proposed approach.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**1926-Safety and Health Regulations for Construction**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**1926 Subpart F–**Fire Protection and Prevention**} \\ \hline
**No.** & **Standards** & **Explanation** \\ \hline
1926.150(a) & General requirements & This standard explains the employer responsibility of fire protection plan, conspicuously location of firefighting equipment’s and its periodic check to assure protection of life \\
1926.150(b) & Water supply & This standard focuses on the requirements of the fixed or temporary water supply of enough volume and pressure or either completely installed underground water mains. \\
1926.150(c) & Portable firefighting equipment & This article explains the vital part that determines the location criteria for firefighting equipment based on its types. \\
1926.150(d) & Fixed firefighting equipment & It focuses on rules related to the installation of fixed sprinkler protection. \\
1926.150(e) & Fire alarm devices & This part considers the establishment of an alarm system and communication systems with the local fire department. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Fire Protection and Prevention related to OSHA regulations.
# Optical Flow-Based Extraction of Breathing Signal from Cone Beam CT Projections
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Respiratory Motion Analysis Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA)  
In the next stage, respiratory motion is extracted from the optical-flow data matrix by application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with linear kernel. PCA is an unsupervised learning technique which mathematically translates interrelated variables to principal components by projecting data into another coordinate system. PCA is considered in this work due to its efficiency, simplicity and ability to distill the large amount of motion vectors into a set of a few eigen vectors representing the breathing patterns in the dataset.  
In this work, PCA is performed with the help of a dimensionality reduction toolbox [30]. The process involves computation of a gram matrix, as given by Equation (5).  
\[K=D*D^{\prime} \tag{5}\]  
Next, eigenvalues (\(\lambda\)) and eigenvectors (\(V\)) of the normalized \(K\) matrix are computed, and are sorted in decreasing order. The output of PCA can be described by Equation (6):  
\[L=\left[\lambda_{1}\;\lambda_{2}\;\dots\;\lambda_{p}\right],\;T=\begin{bmatrix} vect_{1,1}&\dots&vect_{1,p}\\ \vdots&\vdots&\vdots\\ vec_{prj,1}&\dots&vect_{prj,p}\end{bmatrix} \tag{6}\]  
where \(p\) represents the number of the principal component, \(T\) represents the eigenvector matrix and \(L\) represents eigenvalues for every principal component along the diagonal. The signal from every principal component is computed as \(\left(V^{\prime}*\;diagonal\;of\;\sqrt{\lambda}\right)\). The principal eigenvectors represent the prominent or main variations in the flow vectors, and hence the motion of lungs during breathing can be extracted by linear combination of eigenvectors exhibiting maximum eigenvalues.
# Clinical Applications of In Vivo and Ex Vivo Confocal Microscopy
## 2 In Vivo Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
### Conclusions  
In vivo CLSM enables the visualization with a cellular resolution of the skin. This technique has proven to increase the diagnostic accuracy of skin cancers in different clinical settings, therefore reducing the amount of unnecessary excisions, with higher levels of sensitivity and specificity for expert RCM readers as compared to novel users. However, the identification of four main skin cancer features enabled the increase in sensitivity for recent users. Similarly to histopathology, when employed with clinical and dermoscopic data, RCM has shown an improved diagnostic accuracy. Nevertheless, the high resolution of this non-invasive diagnostic technique is limited to a depth of up to 200 um, therefore impairing the visualization of deeper layer of the dermis. However, data coming from further prospective interventional studies using in vivo CLSM might contribute to increasethe knowledge about its application, integrating clinical and dermoscopic information, reproducing real-life setting.  
Moreover, RCM can be applied to other fields of Dermatology as well as to other fields of Medicine.
## 3 Results
### Effect of NEM on Cartilage Composition-Related Gene Expression in Joint Tissue In Vivo  
We measured the mRNA expression levels of Col-2 and aggrecan, key components of the cartilage ECM, and SOX9, a transcription factor for cartilage differentiation, in the femoral and tibial AC and SM. The OA group showed decreased expression levels of Col 2, aggrecan, and SOX9 in the femoral and tibial AC compared with the sham group (Figure 6). However, their expression levels were significantly increased in the DS, NEM100, and NEM50 groups compared with in the OA group. Regarding the SM, the expression of aggrecan and Sox9 were decreased, whereas Col-2 expression was significantly increased in  
Figure 4: Bone mineral density (BMD) and compressive strength in vivo. (**A**) DEXA images of the knee joints. (**B**) BMD and compressive strength in the femoral and tibial AC. Values are expressed as means \(\pm\) SD in 10 rats. a \(p\) < 0.01 and b \(p\) < 0.05 as compared with sham by THSD; c \(p\) < 0.01 as compared with OA by THSD; d \(p\) < 0.01 and e \(p\) < 0.05 as compared with sham by DT3; and f \(p\) < 0.01 and g \(p\) < 0.05 as compared with OA by DT3.  
the OA group. However, their expression was significantly reversed by the administration of DS, NEM100, and NEM50.  
Effect of NEM on Histopathological Changes and Infiltrated Inflammatory Cells in Femoral and Tibial Articular Cartilage and Sinovial Membrane In Vivo  
The histopathological changes were examined in the AC and SM stained with H&E and SO. After H&E staining, the OA group clearly showed a thin cartilage layer, clonal formation, and severe cartilage damage on the femur and tibia articular surfaces, as well as an increase in the amount of SM-lining epithelium and number of infiltrated inflammatory cells (Figure 7A,B). However, these histopathological changes were improved in the DS and NEM treatment groups. In the surgically induced OA group, the decreased thickness of the femoral and tibial AC increased after DS, NEM100, or NEM50 administration (Figure 7A,B).  
Figure 5: Anti-inflammatory and anti-extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation activities in in vivo PGE\({}_{2}\) and 5-LPO, MMP-2, and MMP-9 activities in the femoral and tibial AC and the SM. Values are expressed as means \(\pm\) SD in 10 rats. (**A**) a \(p<0.01\) as compared with sham by THSD; b \(p<0.01\) as compared with OA by THSD. (**B**) a \(p<0.01\) and b \(p<0.05\) as compared with sham by DT3; c \(p<0.01\) and d \(p<0.05  
In particular, the NEM100 group showed a greater increase in the thickness of the AC and a more prominently reduced thickness of the SM-lining epithelium than the DS group.  
After SO staining, OA rats showed a significant increase in superficial cartilage damage, a decrease in chondrocyte and clonal formation, and a decrease in SO staining intensity in both the femoral and tibial AC, resulting in a significant increase in femoral and tibial AC Mankin scores (Figure 8 and Tables 2 and 3). However, the scores were significantly reduced in the DS and NEM compared with in the OA group and were further reduced in the NEM200 group compared with in the DS group.