## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of the Environmental Impact of Using Recycled Film for the Bulk Bottle Packaging Process  
To determine the environmental impact of the process of bulk packaging of bottles using recycled film, an LCA analysis was conducted using SimaPro 9.3 software. Data for the analysis of the two cases (A and B) studied are summarized in Table 3 and are from 2023. To produce 1000 seals, a team of packaging machines consumes 46.10 kWh of electricity from Poland's national energy mix. In this mix in 2023, about 72.1% of energy is obtained from conventional sources. Due to the lack of available data on energy and film consumption for the process using RF film, the same amount of energy and film consumed was assumed for the process with NRF film. In this article, the data are from Ecoinvent databases, referring to the geographical area of the European Union 28 (EU-28). Based on the collected packaging data, process diagrams were developed (Figure 8), which show the flow of materials and energy within the boundaries of the adopted technical system. The percentage contribution of a single process to the potential impact on the environment was evaluated based on the results obtained from SimaPro 9.3 software. In variant A, the consumption of NRF film in the process in question was responsible for 68.5% of the environmental impact. Changing the film to recycled film led to a reduction in this share of 11.5%. After the study, values were obtained for the impact of each option on the three categories of environmental impacts studied. In each of the categories, a decrease in the negative impact is noticeable when the film was changed to recycled film (Table 4). The largest decrease in damage values was determined for the'resources' category. A value of USD 10.56 was obtained for Variant A, and USD 8.39 less for Variant B (that is, a decrease of about 80% with respect to the baseline value). Figure 8: Diagram of raw materials and media for the two variants of the mass packaging process along with their percentage of the total impact on the environment. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Variant A** & **Variant B** \\ \hline Electrical energy, kWh & 46.10 & 46.10 \\ Energy consumption [kWh] & & \\ Supplying products & 5.07 & 5.07 \\ Product formatting & 4.52 & 4.52 \\ Wrapping a group of products with film & 1.48 & 1.48 \\ Shrinking the film & 34.58 & 34.58 \\ Cooling packs & 0.46 & 0.46 \\ Consumption of the material [kg] & & \\ NFR film & 31.52 & 0 \\ RF film & 0 & 31.52 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Input data set in the analyzed process. Using the ReCiPe 2016 method, characterization results were also obtained. Among all categories responsible for potential negative impacts on human health, the 'Climate change Human Health' category showed the highest values in both analyzed process variants (Table 5). In all impact categories of relevance to human health, changing the film to recycled film resulted in a decrease in impact values. Similar results were obtained for characterization within damage in the 'ecosystems' category. Here, too, the greatest negative impact was shown within climate change affecting ecosystems and 'agricultural land occupation' (Table 6). In all examined categories describing potential negative impacts on ecosystems, except for the 'terrestrial ecotoxicity' category, there was a noticeable decrease in the value of impacts in the case of replacing ordinary with recycled film. For the characterization results within the damages included in the'resources' category, a significant reduction in the damage of the process is noticeable when RF film was introduced into the bottle packaging (Figure 9). In the case of \"fossil fuel depletion\", the change resulted in a reduction in revenues from USD 10.5 to USD 2.1, and in the case of \"metal depletion\" from USD 0.00791 to USD 0.0527.