## 5 Conclusions  
This study investigated the antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial effect of SM extract and the potential wound-healing effect of SM in NHDF cells. The antioxidant capacity of SM extract highlighted by the FRAP assay and the electrochemical method is mainly due to the content of phenols and flavonoids. Additionally, the SM extract showed a more pronounced antimicrobial effect on Gram-positive bacteria (_S. aureus_) compared with Gram-negative (_E. coli_) ones at a level of 15 \(\upmu\)g/mL. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time in the literature, the wound-healing potential of SM extract on NHDF using the in vitro scratch method. The combination of microscopic evaluation with image analysis, univariate statistical analysis, and LP norm multivariate score revealed that the SM extract of 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL determines the highest cell migration and proliferation, reaching a density higher than the initial one by 10% in 24 h. The treatment with SM extract at 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL resulted in wound-healing in vitro in a shorter time (24 h) compared with the positive control (50 \(\upmu\)g/mL Allantoin). Further studies are needed to identify the SM compounds responsible for the proliferation and migration of fibroblast and elucidate the mechanisms underlying wound-healing mechanisms. **Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app112311526/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app112311526/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app112311526/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app112311526/s1)), Table S1. Effect of SM extract (12.5-200 ug/mL) on the migratory and proliferative activity of fibroblasts, expressed as width of the wound in the scratch assay after 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h (T00, T12, T24, T36, and T48, respectively). CTRL means positive control--50\(\upmu\)g/mL Allantoin, CTRL0 means control, (untreated wound), C200 means treatment with 200 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract, C100 means treatment with 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract, C25 means treatment with 25 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract, C12.5 means treatment with 12.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract. Data are expressed as relative ratio of cell numbers in the wounded width compared to the control for the analyzed samples (mean \(\pm\) standard deviation, N = 3). Results are presented for the Sample factor * Time from bivariate analysis (ANOVA), Table S2. Effect of SM extract (12.5-200 ug/mL) on the migratory and proliferative activity of fibroblasts, expressed as area of the wound in the scratch assay after 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h (T00, T12, T24, T36, and T48, respectively). CTRL means positive control--Allantoin 50\(\upmu\)g/mL, and CTRL0 means control (untreated wound), C200 means treatment with 200 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract, C100 means treatment with 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract, C50 means treatment with 50 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract, C25 means treatment with 25 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract. Data are expressed as the area of the wound compared to the control for the analyzed samples (mean \(\pm\) standard deviation, N = 3). Results are presented for the Sample factor * Time from bivariate analysis (ANOVA), Table S3. Effect of SM extract (12.5-200 ug/mL) on the migratory and proliferative activity of fibroblasts, expressed as normalized density of cells of the wound in the scratch assay after 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h (T00, T12, T24, T36, and T48, respectively). CTRL means positive control--Allantoin 50\(\upmu\)g/mL, and CTRL0 means control (untreated wound), C200 means treatment with 200 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract, C100 means treatment with 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract, C50 means treatment with 50 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract, C25 means treatment with 25 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract, C12.5 means treatment with 12.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract. Data are expressed as normalized density of cells in the wound compared to the control for the analyzed samples (mean \(\pm\) standard deviation, N = 3). Results are presented for the Sample factor * Time from bivariate analysis (ANOVA).