esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Q-LBR: Q-Learning Based Load Balancing Routing for UAV-Assisted VANET
## 3 System Model and Assumptions  
In this section, we describe the system model and some key network assumptions. Q-LBR assumes that the UAV relay node has a low and constant altitude during flight to be able to relay with vehicles on the ground, and that all network nodes have the same RF performance. However, URN has a relatively low signal attenuation owing to high altitude compared to the ground node. Therefore, a URN can provide superior performance in terms of radio coverage and link quality.  
Consider a circular geographical area of radius \(r\) as depicted in Figure 1 in which a UAV is deployed to provide wireless coverage for ground users located within the area. For air-to-ground channel modeling, a common approach is to consider the LoS and NLOS links between the UAV and the ground users separately [18]. The coverage probability (\(P_{cov}\)[19]) for the ground node, located at a distance \(r\leq r_{u}=htan\Big{(}\frac{\theta_{R}}{2}\Big{)}\) from the projection given \(ULAV_{j}\) in the area, is provided by Equation (2):  
\[P_{cov}=P_{LoS,j}\bigg{(}\frac{P_{min}+L_{dB}-P_{t}-G_{3 dB}+\mu_{LoS}}{\sigma_{ LoS}}\bigg{)}+\ P_{NLoS,j}(\frac{P_{min}+L_{dB}-P_{t}-G_{3 dB}+\mu_{NLoS}}{ \sigma_{NLoS}}, \tag{2}\]where \(P_{min}=10\log(\beta N)\) is the minimum received power requirement for a successful detection, N is the noise power, and \(\beta\) is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold. In addition, \(L_{dB}\) is the path loss, and \(G_{3 dB}\) is the antenna gain (\(G_{3 dB}\approx 29000/\theta_{B}^{2}\)).  
Because 802.11p is expected to be widely used in industrial areas, and is the most suitable for VANET [20; 21; 22; 23], we adopted the IEEE 802.11p MAC protocol for both inter-GVN communication and UAV-to-GVN communication.  
We classified the following three types according to the characteristics of the data services based on the packet priority for an efficient operation of a URN in a congested network environment.  
(1) Urgent service message (USM): Highest priority services that need to be urgently sent.  
(2) Real time service (RTS): Medium-priority services with delay constraints but little packet loss.  
(3) Connection oriented protocol (COP): Lowest priority services with less sensitivity to delay and loss.  
In terms of network services, it is extremely important to select a routing path by considering traffic characteristics. From the user's perspective, the effects experienced by a packet loss or delay are extremely different depending on the traffic characteristics. For example, there is a considerable difference between a streaming service that requires real-time and delay-insensitive TCP services.
# Life Cycle Assessment of Land Use Trade-Offs in Indoor Vertical Farming +
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Life Cycle Assessment
#### 2.3.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment  
As previously introduced, this study used two Life Cycle Impact Assessment methods: EF v.3.1 and LANCA v.2023.1. This dual approach enabled a more in-depth evaluation of land use impacts specific to the IVF system, while also considering the system's environmental effects on other impact categories. The EF impact assessment method includes a Land Use category indicator based on the LANCA model, but it provides only a single aggregated impact value, lacking specificity in addressing the various soil functions directly impacted by the processes [38; 39]. Given this specific focus on differentiated land use impacts, the full LANCA model was deemed appropriate, allowing for a detailed assessment of environmental impacts across various soil ecosystem services. Indeed, the LANCA model adopts a multi-indicator approach to assess land use impacts by evaluating six key soil ecosystem services: erosion resistance, mechanical filtration, physicochemical filtration, groundwater regeneration, biotic production and soil organic carbon [30]. It also establishes a primary distinction between land use indicators, differentiating between \"Occupation\"and \"Reversible transformation\". Occupation refers to the condition of using a specific land area, which is considered static for a certain duration. Under this condition, the level of ecosystem quality is expressed relative to a defined reference quality. Conversely, transformation identifies the variation in ecosystem quality between the pre-use phase and the post-use phase, when the soil has the potential for regeneration [30]. While occupation categories deal with long-term or continuous impacts during land use, Reversible transformation evaluates short-term, recoverable changes to land characteristics.  
Results from the characterization phase of the EF were normalized to ensure a fair comparison across its different impact categories. This was achieved by dividing the category values by specific normalization factors defined for the EF v.3.1 impact assessment method. The dimensionless and standardized results enable comparisons among categories that originally have different units of measurement and facilitate the interpretation of environmental impacts. Normalized results were weighted as proposed by the EF method [36; 40]. The weights are used to calculate a single score for each impact category, which can be compared to the overall score of other product systems. Finally, a hotspot analysis was carried out following the PEF guidelines [36], considering only those categories that, when added together, contribute at least 80% to the overall impact of the system [40].
# Eigenstate Transition of Multi-Channel Time Series Data around Earthquakes
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Data Sets and Pre-Processing  
We adopt multi-channel time series data observed by the Dense Oceanfloor Network system for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) which are partly published on the website of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). DONETs were first installed offshore of Kii Peninsula (DONET1) and then installed offshore of Shikoku Island (DONET2) in Japan. They have multi-channel sensors such as seismometers, accelerometers, pressure gauges, thermometers, and inclinometers at some hundreds of meters under the ocean floor [17; 18]. Thus, less artificial noise is expected. Here, we use available open data from the station termed KMDB1 in DONET1 which has published time series data on and after 1 April 2015. The KMDB1 station is at a latitude of 33.18 degrees North and a longitude of 136.3 degrees East and is 1936 m below sea level. The sampling frequencies of sensors are at least 1 Hz and at most 125 Hz. We converted the time series data from the SEED format to the ASCII format using \"rdseed\" (version 5.3.1), which is available to the public from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology [19].  
A desirable time scale for preceding signals may be at least a few minutes and at the most a few weeks. Thus, sampling at 1 Hz is enough to extract preceding signals. Time-series physical quantities are reproduced from the SEED file and RESP file provided by DONETs. The conversion coefficient at 1 Hz for each sensor is explicitly written as the represented value in the RESP file. Hence, we simply multiply the conversion coefficientsby the observed value. For the channels that have a higher sampling frequency than 1 Hz, the sampling rate is reduced to 1 Hz by taking moving average.
# Software Engineering Techniques for Building Sustainable Cities with Electric Vehicles
## 4 Integrating Electric Vehicles into Smart Cities: Challenges and Opportunities
### Regular Software Updates Opportunities  
Regular software updates are crucial for addressing the challenges associated with integrating electric vehicles (EVs) into smart cities [81]. Software updates help mitigate risks in several ways:  
* Cybersecurity: Regular software updates patch security vulnerabilities and strengthen the communication systems connecting EVs to the smart grid. This reduces the risk of cyber attacks that could compromise these critical systems.
* Interoperability: Frequent updates ensure that software solutions are compatible with evolving standards and other connected systems. This interoperability enables seamless communication between EVs, charging stations, and transportation networks.
* Reliability and efficiency: Updating software in charging stations optimizes the infrastructure for different EVs and integrates it with the smart grid. This helps maximize the use of renewable energy and avoids overloading the grid.
* User experience: Regular updates allow developers to address feedback, fix bugs, and add features that improve accessibility and inclusiveness. This enhances the overall user experience for all city residents.  
Software updates are essential for developing robust, secure, and user-friendly solutions to integrate EVs into smart cities. By mitigating challenges related to cybersecurity, interoperability, reliability, and user experience, frequent updates help enable the seamless adoption of EVs across an intelligent transportation ecosystem. Overall, regular software updates provide a crucial mechanism for addressing key barriers in this domain.
## 2 Material and Methods
### CT Image Acquisition and Reconstruction Technique  
All patients were scanned on a 128-slice multi-detector CT SOMATOM Definition AS+ (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany). Our institution's routine multi-modal stroke CT protocol consisted of unenhanced CT followed by computed tomography perfusion (CTP) and CTA.  
Unenhanced CT scans were acquired in the helical mode with the following parameters: 0.6 mm slice collimation, spiral pitch factor of 0.55, tube voltage of 120 kV, and image matrix 512 \(\times\) 512. Images were reconstructed at 1 mm overlapping sections, iterative reconstruction factor of 5 and convolution kernel J30s. Axial, coronal, and sagittal multiplanar reconstructions were performed at 3 mm slice thickness.  
For CTP, 50 mL of nonionic contrast agent was injected intravenously at a rate of 6 mL/s followed by 40 mL saline flush administered at the same rate. The scanning parameters were 80 kVp and 200 mA. Scans were performed every 3 s during the first 10 s, every 1.5 s during the following 25 s, and again every 3 s during the remaining 25 s. They were started with a delay of 2 s after contrast material injection, providing a total of 28 volume datasets. The total coverage in the z-axis was 96 mm, with a slice width of 10 mm obtained in 5 mm increments using a shuttle mode (adaptive 4-D spiral).  
Perfusion parameters were calculated using the commercial perfusion software package _syngo_.via CT Neuro Perfusion (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) based on a deconvolution algorithm with the least mean square fitting.  
For the subsequent CTA, 80 mL of the same nonionic contrast agent was injected intravenously at a rate of 5 mL/s, followed by a 40 mL saline flush administered at the same rate. Contrast bolus triggering was performed in the aortic arch. Parameters for the helical acquisition were as follows: craniocaudal coverage from the aortic arch to vertex, 100 kV tube voltage with dose modulation, slice collimation width 0.6 mm, image matrix 512 \(\times\) 512, and spiral pitch factor 0.5. The following reconstruction parameters were used: iterative reconstruction factor of 5 and convolution kernel H10f. Axial images were reconstructed at 0.6 mm overlapping sections. Axial, coronal, and sagittal MIP images were reconstructed at 3 mm thickness.
## 2 The Overall Architecture Design of the System
### The Remote Monitoring Subsystem  
The remote monitoring subsystem is developed using Java Web technology and is a Web remote monitoring system based on MVC pattern. The monitoring terminal does not require a dedicated client application program and includes such functions as real-time display of environmental information, historical data query, equipment remote control and user management. Henhouse environmental data information can be checked through a browser.
# Stretching and Eccentric Exercises Normalize Gait Parameters in Gastrocnemius Tightness Subjects
###### Abstract  
Background: Isolated gastrocnemius tightness (IGT) is a prevalent condition linked to various foot pathologies. In a previous quantitative gait analysis study, we identified an increase in knee flexion during the midstance phase in IGT patients compared with controls. Although stretching and eccentric exercises (the Stanish protocol) are commonly used for IGT management, their impact on gait parameters remains poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the influence of a Stanish protocol on gait parameters in bilateral IGT subjects. Methods: We enrolled 10 asymptomatic bilateral IGT subjects and 10 controls. Quantitative gait analysis and dynamic baropodometry were carried out on each subject. A Stanish protocol was applied for 4 weeks (five sessions/week) by the IGT group, followed by a similar gait analysis. The ankle and knee range of motion and foot pressure distribution were assessed during the midstance phase of the gait. Results: An increase in knee flexion was initially present in the IGT group compared with controls (\(8.9\)\(+\)\(-\)\(4.6\) vs. \(3.4\)\(+\)\(-\)\(2.3\) degrees, \(p\)\(<\)\(0.001\)). There was no difference in the ankle range of motion and foot pressures between the groups at that time. Significant reductions in knee flexion during gait were observed in the IGT subjects after the Stanish protocol (\(8.9\)\(+\)\(-\)\(4.6\) to \(3.7\)\(+\)\(-\)\(2.3\) degrees, \(p\)\(<\)\(0.001\)) with a normalization of this parameter (\(3.4\)\(+\)\(-\)\(2.3\) in controls vs. \(3.7\)\(+\)\(-\)\(2.3\) degrees in IGT, \(p\)\(=\)\(0.72\)). There was no change in ankle range of motion and foot pressure after the Stanish protocol. Conclusions: Our findings support the effectiveness of the Stanish protocol in reducing knee flexion and normalizing gait in IGT subjects. This protocol not only offers a noninvasive approach for IGT-related issues management but could also enable prophylactic care in asymptomatic cases.  
gastriconemius tightness; Stanish protocol; gait analysis; stretching; eccentric exercise; foot pathologies +
Footnote †: Copyright** © 2023 by the authors. Liconse MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/))).
## 5 Conclusions  
The experimental results showed a clearer and deeper understanding of the mechanical performance of geopolymer composites made from fly ash and generated with steel and polypropylene fibers. The mechanical properties including compressive performance, flexural performance, tensile strength, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, and energy absorption capacity were the important parameters which effect structural performance. Understanding the influence of fiber is useful for applying geopolymer composites in modern construction and design. The following conclusions can be obtained by obtaining experimental results and simulation analyses:  
1. There was significant improvement of strength of geopolymer concrete, especially flexural performance. The compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were also enhanced with polypropylene and hooked end steel fibers. The suitable volume fraction of fiber was 0.5% to polypropylene fiber and 1.0% to hooked end steel fiber.
2. Geopolymer concrete reinforced with fibers exhibited a compressive performance similarly to non-fiber geopolymer concrete. The compressive stress of geopolymer concrete reinforced with fibers was greater than those of specimens without fiber with the same strain, Poisson's ratio, and elastic modulus.  
Figure 23: Crack patterns of experimental beams and modeling. (**a**) Specim using polypropylene fiber; (**b**) specimen using hooked end steel fiber.  
3. The flexural performance of specimens fabricated with fibers exhibited a higher loading capacity, higher energy absorption capacity, and lower deflection, compared to geopolymer concrete without fiber.
4. Specimens embedded with hooked end steel fiber exhibited a better response than those of specimens using polypropylene fiber. There was a significant difference between compressive performance, splitting tensile strength, flexural performance between two series specimens.
5. The experimental result and analysis using Ansys software showed a good agreement in the behavior of geopolymer concrete with a slight and acceptable difference. By comparing crack appearance in flexural tests and simulation analyses, it can be seen the crack initiation and propagation occurred at the midspan of the beam and showed the same behavior.  
All authors contributed to this work. [PERSON] and [PERSON] designed the experiment, [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments, analysis, [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper, and [PERSON] and [PERSON] revised and finalized the paper.  
This research was funded by Ministry of the Interior and Safety as Earthquake Disaster Prevention Human Resource Development Project.  
This study was funded by Ministry of the Interior and Safety as Earthquake Disaster Prevention Human Resource Development Project. The authors would like to express sincere gratitude for their support.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A History of Channel Coding in Aeronautical Mobile Telemetry and Deep-Space Telemetry
## 4 Aeronautical Mobile Telemetry
### Channel Coding in the 21 st Century
#### 4.2.3 iNET  
Integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) was introduced in the 2017 version of IRIG 106 [209] and defined a wireless networking approach to aeronautical mobile telemetry. iNET was a response to decreasing spectrum and increasing demand for bandwidth. The fundamental idea is that not all test measurements need to be downlinked for every test point. A test point is often defined by a maneuver that stresses certain structural elements. Thus, only the measurements from the stressed structural elements (along with a set of other measurements critical to the safety of flight) need to be downlinked during a test point. Downlinking only the necessary measurements reduces the telemetry bit rate which in turn reduces the RF bandwidth.  
The enabling technologies for iNET were advanced onboard recording equipment, a two-way RF radio link between the ground station and the test article, and a wireless networking protocol. The wireless networking protocol is defined by the Telemetry Network Standard (TmNS) in Chapter 27 of IRIG 106 [163]. TmNS uses time division multiple access (TDMA) based on RF bursts. The format of an RF burst is illustrated in Figure 26. The RF burst comprises a preamble, attached sync marker (ASM), up to 16 randomized LDPC code words, and two tail bits (zeros). The length-128 preamble is a 16-bit pattern repeated 8 times and the ASM is the 64-bit ASM described in Section 4.2.2. The (6144,4096) LDPC code discussed in Section 3.10 (see Table 2) is used to encode an RF MAC frame. The two tail bits are used to place the SOQPSK-TG modulator in the all-zeros state at the end of the burst. This is done to improve the performance of trellis-based detection [184].  
The input to the LDPC encoder is an RF MAC frame whose structure is also shown in Figure 26. The last 32 bits are the frame check sequence (FCS) field and are computed from the length-32 CRC code defined by the polynomial (15). The check bits are used to protect the MAC frame from LDPC decoder errors.  
The modulation is SOQPSK-TG. The coded (over the air) bit rate is 20 Mbits/s during a burst. Because the LDPC code is a rate-2/3 code, the information bit rate is 13 1/3 Mbits/s. As of this writing, iNET is being actively developed and tested for future use.  
Figure 25: A block diagram of the encoding procedure for the IRIG 106 LDPC codes.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Spectral Analysis
An analysis of the FTIR spectra of the PBS films and modified PBS films showed subtle differences in peak intensities. Characteristic PBS bands, such as intense vibrations of carbonyl groups (C=O) at 1708 cm\({}^{-1}\) and bands corresponding to C-H and C-O vibrations below 1500 cm\({}^{-1}\) are visible (C=O stretching of carbonyl group at 1151 cm\({}^{-1}\), C-O stretching of ester group at 1332 cm\({}^{-1}\)). Additionally, a very weak absorption band at 2946 cm\({}^{-1}\), assigned to the asymmetric stretching of the \(-\)CH\(-\) groups, was identified. Moreover, peaks at around 1100 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1250 cm\({}^{-1}\) corresponded to the \(-\)C-O-C- stretching of the ester bonds, which corresponded to the peaks at 1160 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1210 cm\({}^{-1}\), as noted by [PERSON] et al. [29]. Similar spectra were observed by [PERSON] et al. [11], who also obtained neat PBS film via a solvent-casting method. Figure 1: The UV-Vis spectra of the PBS films and PBS films with additives. The addition of the extracts (both Chl and scCO\({}_{2}\)) led to small changes in the intensity of these bands, especially around the 1000-1500 cm\({}^{-1}\) range, which may be related to the introduction of additive functional groups from the extracts. At a concentration of  
Figure 3: The FTIR spectra of PBS films and PBS films with additives. Figure 2: The FTIR spectra of Chl and CO\({}_{2}\) sea buckthorn extracts. 0.05 g per 1 g of polymer, the differences in peak intensities were more noticeable, suggesting stronger interactions between the extracts and the polymer matrix, especially for the scCO\({}_{2}\) extract. However, the lack of pronounced shifts in the peak positions indicates that the modifications are more superficial and do not significantly affect the chemical structure of the PBS. The lack of differences in the FTIR spectra of the studied films may be due to the use of lesser amounts of active additives and the fact that they were mixed in a volume of the polymer where the signal from their chemical bonds is imperceptible on the film's surface. [PERSON] et al. also observed slight changes between spectra observed for neat PBS and PBS with an active agent incorporated into the biopolymer matrix [11]. The authors determined that a sharp peak at 2969 cm\({}^{-1}\) was observed for neat PBS film. The intensities of this absorption peak were reduced for all active PBS films, indicating that the short-chain active agent compounds had assimilated with PBS polymers. Additionally, the appearance of new peaks at 1216 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 2128 cm\({}^{-1}\) showing some interfacial interactions had formed between the active agent phenolic groups and PBS ester groups confirmed that the active agents were effectively incorporated into the PBS matrix. The results of the study suggest that the extracts may be useful in imparting additional functional properties for the materials while maintaining their basic chemical and structural characteristics, in line with the results obtained by other researchers for PVA films modified with sea buckthorn leaf extracts [22].