## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds

Table 4: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Roasted** & **Grilled** & **Fried** & **Microwaved** & **SEM** & **T** & **FxT** \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Undecane, 3-methyl-**} & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 8.05 b & 10.40 b & 10.80 b & 1.238 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 2.99 b & 3.68 b & 3.87 b & 0.00 a & 0.506 & ** & *** \\ SEM & 0.610 & 1.275 & 1.294 & 2.142 & & & \\ F & *** & ns & *** & *** & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Undecane, 4,6-dimethyl-**} & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 2.55 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.327 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & *** \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.586 & 0.000 & 0.000 & & & \\ F & ns & * & ns & ns & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons**} & & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**.alpha-Pinene**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 4.03 b & 0.457 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.778 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & ns & *** & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**1R-alpha-Pinene**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & ns & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 5.24 c & 2.39 b & 0.561 & *** & *** \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.999 & 0.453 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & *** & *** & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Cyclopentane, nonyl-**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 4.69 c & 2.35 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.527 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & *** \\ SEM & 0.916 & 0.505 & 0.000 & 0.000 & & & \\ F & *** & ** & ns & ns & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Diethyl Phthalate**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.31 b & 0.32 b & 0.049 & ** & ns \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.41 c & 0.24 b & 0.047 & *** & ns \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.053 & 0.043 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & ns & ns & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Oxime-, methoxy-phenyl-**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 7.59 b & 8.52 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 1.064 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 3.47 a & 3.77 a,b & 5.12 b,c & 5.55 c & 0.314 & * & *** \\ SEM & 0.884 & 0.933 & 1.036 & 1.056 & & & \\ F & ** & *** & *** & *** & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Pyrazine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 5.68 b & 0.00 a & 0.648 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & *** \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.000 & 1.105 & 0.000 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & *** & ns & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Alcohols**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline
**1-Decanol, 2-ethyl-** & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 1.54 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.182 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & *** \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.315 & 0.000 & 0.000 & & & \\ F & ns & ** & ns & ns & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**.alpha-Pinene**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 4.03 b & 0.457 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & *** \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.778 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & ns & *** & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**1R-alpha-Pinene**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 a & 5.24 c & 2.39 b & 0.561 & *** & *** \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.999 & 0.453 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & *** & *** & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Cyclopentane, nonyl-**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 4.69 c & 2.35 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.527 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & *** \\ SEM & 0.916 & 0.505 & 0.000 & 0.000 & & & \\ F & *** & ** & ns & ns & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Diethyl Phthalate**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.31 b & 0.32 b & 0.049 & ** & ns \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.41 c & 0.24 b & 0.047 & *** & ns \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.053 & 0.043 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & ns & ns & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Oxime-, methoxy-phenyl-**} & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 7.59 b & 8.52 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 1.064 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 3.47 a & 3.77 a,b & 5.12 b,c & 5.55 c & 0.314 & * & *** \\ SEM & 0.884 & 0.933 & 1.036 & 1.056 & & & \\ F & ** & *** & *** & *** & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Pyrazine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 5.68 b & 0.00 a & 0.648 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & *** \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.000 & 1.105 & 0.000 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & *** & ns & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**Alcohols**} & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{**1-Decanol, 2-ethyl-**} & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 1.54 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.182 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & *** \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.315 & 0.000 & 0.000 & & & & \\ F & ns & ** & ns & ns  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Roasted** & **Grilled** & **Fried** & **Microwaved** & **SEM** & **T** & **FxT** \\ \hline
**1-Hexanol** & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 7.36 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.837 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 5.39 b & 4.71 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.741 & *** & *** \\ SEM & 1.035 & 0.912 & 0.000 & 0.000 & & & \\ F & *** & ns & ns & ns & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**1-Octanol, 2-butyl-**} & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 6.09 b & 0.789 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & *** \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 1.417 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & ns & * & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**1-Pentanol**} & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 17.65 b & 26.23 c & 0.00 a & 16.68 b & 2.628 & *** & * \\ Commercial feed & 47.65 b & 45.77 b & 8.51 a & 22.20 a & 4.771 & *** & * \\ SEM & 6.777 & 4.724 & 1.840 & 1.482 & & & \\ F & ** & * & ** & ns & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1-heptanol**} & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 2.05 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.247 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & *** \\ SEM & 0.432 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & & & \\ F & ** & ns & ns & ns & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**Aldehydes**} & & & & & \\ \hline
**2-Hexenal, (E)-** & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 1.41 b & 1.48 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.195 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 1.36 c & 1.47 c & 0.00 a & 0.95 b & 0.154 & *** & *** \\ SEM & 0.088 & 0.088 & 0.000 & 0.191 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & ns & *** & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**Butanal, 3-methyl-**} & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 4.88 b & 0.00 a & 0.556 & *** & ns \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 4.88 b & 0.00 a & 0.575 & *** & ns \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.433 & 0.000 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & ns & ns & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**Heptanal**} & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 28.01 b & 42.20 c & 11.46 a & 24.73 b & 3.002 & *** & ns \\ Commercial feed & 32.89 c & 36.09 c & 10.20 a & 24.81 b & 2.734 & *** & ns \\ SEM & 1.886 & 1.981 & 0.516 & 1.548 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & ns & ns & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**Hexanal**} & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 1178.88 c & 1268.93 c & 29.50 a & 1031.90 b & 128.940 & *** & \\ Commercial feed & 1412.07 c & 1475.43 c & 159.00 a & 1203.04 b & 138.668 & *** & ns \\ SEM & 47.538 & 49.643 & 27.288 & 46.649 & & & \\ F & *** & * & ** & ns & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1-heptanol**} & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 2.05 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.247 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.000 & ns & *** \\ SEM & 0.432 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & & & \\ F & ** & ns & ns & ns & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**Aldehydes**} & & & & & \\ \hline
**2-Hexenal, (E)-** & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 1.41 b & 1.48 b & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 0.195 & *** & *** \\ Commercial feed & 1.36 c & 1.47 c & 0.00 a & 0.95 b & 0.154 & *** & *** \\ SEM & 0.088 & 0.088 & 0.000 & 0.191 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & ns & *** & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**Butanal, 3-methyl-**} & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 4.88 b & 0.00 a & 0.556 & *** & ns \\ Commercial feed & 0.00 a & 0.00 a & 4.88 b & 0.00 a & 0.575 & *** & ns \\ SEM & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.433 & 0.000 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & ns & ns & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**Heptanal**} & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 28.01 b & 42.20 c & 11.46 a & 24.73 b & 3.002 & *** & ns \\ Commercial feed & 32.89 c & 36.09 c & 10.20 a & 24.81 b & 2.734 & *** & ns \\ SEM & 1.886 & 1.981 & 0.516 & 1.548 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & ns & ns & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**Hexanal**} & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 1178.88 c & 1268.93 c & 29.50 a & 1031.90 b & 128.940 & *** & \\ Commercial feed & 1412.07 c & 1475.43 c & 159.00 a & 1203.04 b & 138.668 & *** & ns \\ SEM & 47.538 & 49.643 & 27.288 & 46.649 & & & \\ F & *** & * & ** & ns & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**Heptanal**} & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 1178.88 c & 1268.93 c & 29.50 a & 1031.90 b & 128.940 & *** & \\ Commercial feed & 1412.07 c & 1475.43 c & 159.00 a & 1203.04 b & 138.668 & *** & ns \\ SEM & 47.538 & 49.643 & 27.288 & 46.649 & & & \\ F & *** & * & ** & ns & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**Heptanal**} & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 28.01 b & 42.20 c & 11.46 a & 24.73 b & 3.002 & *** & ns \\ Commercial feed & 32.89 c & 36.09 c & 10.20 a & 24.81 b & 2.734 & *** & ns \\ SEM & 1.886 & 1.981 & 0.516 & 1.548 & & & \\ F & ns & ns & ns & ns & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**Hexanal**} & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chestnut & 1178.888 c & 1268.93 c & 29.50 a & 1031.90 b & 128.940 & *** & *** & ns \\ Commercial feed & 1412.07 c & 1475.43 c & 159.00 a & 1203.04 b & 138.668 & *** & ns \\ SEM & 47.538 & 49.643 & 27.288 & 46.649 & & & & \\ F & *** & * & ** & ns & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{l}{**Heptanal**} & & &