## 3 Results  
### SWC and Environmental Factors in Coal and Non-Coal Mining Areas  
As shown in Table 1, the mean SWC was higher in the top layer of the coal mining area (25.21%) compared to the non-coal mining area, and it also exhibited greater temporal variation. In contrast, the SWC in the second layer was lower in the coal mining area than in the non-coal mining area, with a temporal variation of 13.43%. However, the temporal variation at the deeper layer was more pronounced in the coal mining area. Overall, both the top and deep layers in the coal mining area showed greater temporal variations in SWC compared to the non-coal mining area. The spatial variations in SWC in the coal mining area were 23.31%, 39.88%, and 41.19% at depths of 10 cm, 30 cm, and 50 cm, respectively, showing a gradual increase from the top to the deeper layers. Similarly, in the non-coal mining area, the spatial variations were 17.51%, 33.90%, and 35.98% for the same depths, also indicating an increasing trend with depth. Additionally, at each corresponding layer, the spatial variation in SWC was greater in the coal mining area compared to the non-coal mining area. The spatiotemporal variations in SWC in the coal mining area were 50.23%, 65.92%, and 78.79% for the three layers, respectively, while, in the non-coal mining area, they were 60.64%, 79.27%, and 77.60%. The variations in the coal mining area were lower than those in the non-coal mining area at the 10 cm and 30 cm depths. This indicated that the temporal variation in SWC was greater in the non-coal mining area compared to the coal mining area at these layers. However, at the 50 cm depth, the spatiotemporal variations were similar in both the coal mining and non-coal mining areas. Both areas have comparable slope values, with a mean slope of 0.17 in the coal mining area and 0.16 in the non-coal mining area, indicating that the terrain in both areas is \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Areas** & **Spatial** & **Temporal** & **10 cm** & **30 cm** & **50 cm** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Coal mining area} & \multirow{2}{*}{Mean} & Mean & 25.21 & 22.78 & 22.69 \\  & & SD\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 3.50 & 3.06 & 3.18 \\  & & CV\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 13.89 & 13.43 & 14.01 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{2}{*}{SD\({}_{\text{s}}\)} & Mean & 5.72 & 9.25 & 9.45 \\  & & SD\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 2.73 & 6.45 & 8.37 \\  & & CV\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 47.82 & 69.76 & 88.58 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{2}{*}{CV\({}_{\text{s}}\)} & Mean & 23.31 & 39.88 & 41.19 \\  & & SD\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 11.71 & 26.29 & 32.45 \\  & & CV\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 50.23 & 65.92 & 78.79 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Non-coal mining area} & \multirow{2}{*}{Mean} & Mean & 25.09 & 22.96 & 22.60 \\  & & SD\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 3.47 & 3.39 & 2.97 \\  & & CV\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 13.82 & 14.75 & 13.16 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{2}{*}{SD\({}_{\text{s}}\)} & Mean\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 4.32 & 7.86 & 8.30 \\  & & SD\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 2.60 & 6.53 & 7.31 \\  & & CV\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 60.13 & 83.07 & 88.03 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{2}{*}{CV\({}_{\text{s}}\)} & Mean & 17.51 & 33.90 & 35.98 \\  & & SD\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 10.62 & 26.87 & 27.92 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & CV\({}_{\text{t}}\) & 60.64 & 79.27 & 77.60 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} The spatial variables of Mean, SD\({}_{\text{s}}\), and CV\({}_{\text{s}}\) refer to the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation in the spatial SWC; the temporal variables of Mean, SD\({}_{\text{t}}\) and CV\({}_{\text{t}}\) refer to the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation in the temporal SWC.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of SWC (m\({}^{3}\) m\({}^{-3}\)) under different depths in coal mining and non-coal mining areas. generally flat to gently sloping (Table 2). The topographic wetness index (TWI) is also quite similar between the two regions, with mean values of 7.97 in coal mining and 7.15 in non-coal mining areas, suggesting that the potential for soil moisture accumulation is nearly the same.