## 3 Results and Discussion
### Biological Activity of Fruit Extracts and lyophilistes
Comparing the effect of extracts and lyophilisates against pathogenic bacteria, it can be stated that the highest activity was shown by black chokeberry extracts; however, red currant and sea buckthorn extracts also demonstrated a high activity towards the tested bacteria. The lyophilisates obtained from all fruits generally showed a lower activity than the extracts and the determination of the MIC value was impossible. The tested microorganisms differed in their sensitivity to the extracts and lyophilisates used. The most susceptible bacteria were _S. epidermidis_ and _M. catarthalis_, for which the MIC and MBC values for chokeberry extract were set at 0.625 and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. These microorganisms also demonstrated a high susceptibility to red currant, blueberry, hawthorn, and sea buckthorn extracts (MIC values ranged from 1.25 to 2.5 mg/mL). A high sensitivity to extracts and lyophilisates was also observed in the case of _M. luteus_ with an MIC value in the range from 2.5 to 5 mg/mL except for quintec, which showed no inhibitory effect at the tested concentrations. Literature data indicate quite similar values of MIC/MBC of fruit extracts as presented in Table 2; however, it should be noted that it strongly depends on the type of fruit, type of processing, and extraction method. In the presented work, MIC and MBC for most microorganisms were above 5 mg/mL, both in the case of lyophilisates and extracts. Only in the case of a few bacteria, MIC and MBC were established at levels from 0.625 to 5 mg/mL. In the research of [PERSON] et al. [58], MIC and MBC values for extracts of hawthorn obtained with different solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone) ranged from 1.25 to 40 mg/mL and from 1.25 to 80 mg/mL, respectively. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [59] reported MIC and MBC values ranging from 2.5 to 40 mg/mL depending on the indicator microorganism and the kind of extract (from pulp or seed). [PERSON] et al. [60] obtained methanol extracts from Sea buckthorn and noticed MIC values at levels ranging from 125 to 1000 ug/mL towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the research of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [61], blueberry leaf extracts demonstrated antimicrobial activity with MIC values ranging from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL. It is worth underlining that the authors usually observed a stronger inhibition of Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria, which is usually explained by a difference in the structure of the cell wall. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Microorganism** & **MIC/MBC** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Black** \\ **Chokeberry** \\ **E** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Red Currant** \\ **L** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Blueberry** \\ **E** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Hawthorn** \\ **E** \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} **Quince** \\ **L** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Sea** \\ **Buckthorn** \\ **E** \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline _E. faecalis_ & MIC & 2.5 & 5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & 5 & \(>\)5 \\  & MBC & 5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & 5 & \(>\)5 \\ \hline _B. subtilis_ & MIC & 5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 \\  & MBC & 5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 \\ \hline _[PERSON]_ & MIC & 0.625 & 5 & 2.5 & 5 & 2.5 & \(>\)5 & 1.25 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & 2.5 & 5 \\  & MBC & 2.5 & \(>\)5 & 5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & 2.5 & 5 \\ \hline _[PERSON]. [PERSON]_ & MIC & 2.5 & \(>\)5 & 5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & 5 & \(>\)5 \\  & MBC & 5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & 5 & \(>\)5 \\ \hline _M. luteus_ & MIC & 2.5 & 5 & 2.5 & 5 & 5 & 5 & 5 & 5 & 5 & \(>\)5 & 2.5 & 5 \\  & MBC & 5 & \(>\)5 & 5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & \(>\)5 & 5 & 5 & 5 \\ \hline _P.