## 2 Materials and Methods: Architectural Configurations for the Case Study
### Regenerative Configuration  
The regenerative configuration differs from the standard configuration by introducing the regeneration function in the fast descent phase, i.e., when a higher flow rate is required. The DCV valve used allows a new path for the oil flow leaving the chamber on the actuator stem side, the BA path, and this internal path allows regeneration. Therefore, a valve with regeneration A--hybrid is chosen, which allows the introduction of regeneration--A (Figure 8) during the phase in which the spindle requires a high translation speed at the output, and to go to the standard configuration when the spindle must realize a considerable thrust. Table 7 shows the characteristics of the components used in this configuration. The regenerative function allows a significant reduction in the flow rate that must be delivered by the pump during the rapid descent phase: with regeneration, the value is 117 L/min, compared to the 230.8 L/min required without regeneration. Consequently, the motor and electric and pump sizes are significantly reduced, as can be seen from the comparison between data in Tables 6 and 7.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l} \hline
**Circuit Element** & **Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Electric motor} & Code & Parker Mod. MR4P05500 \\  & Type & 4 poles—round case \\  & Nominal power & 55 (kW) \\  & Nominal speed & 1480 (RPM) \\  & Nominal torque & 354.87 (Nm) \\  & Efficiency & 0.935 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Pump} & Code & Parker Mod. T7E 050 \\  & Type & Fixed-displacement vane pump \\  & Nominal displacement & 158.5 (mL/min) \\  & Speed range & 600–2200 (RPM) \\  & Max continuous pressure & 210 (bar) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Directional Valve} & Code & Parker Mod. D41 FE602 FC1 NB70 \\  & Type & Pilot-operated proportional DCV 1:1:1:1 \\  & Nominal flow rate & 200 (L/min) \\  & Nominal pressure drop & 5 (bar) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Pressure Relief Valve} & Code & Parker Mod. R4V03535P0 PM10 VA1 \\  & Type & Pilot-operated proportional pressure relief valve \\ \cline{1-1}  & Nominal flow rate & 250 (L/min) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Maximum pressure & 350 (bar) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Designations and technical data of the main elements of the standard architecture.  
Figure 7: Standard configuration. Active electrical power absorbed over the work cycle: instantaneous value and average value.  
Table 7 shows the most significant technical data of the chosen components, Figure A2 the main components, and Figure 9 the active electrical power absorbed in the cycle for the regenerative A--hybrid configuration.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l} \hline \hline
**Circuit Element** & **Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Electric motor} & Code & Parker Mod. MR4P03000 \\  & Type & 4 poles—round case \\  & Nominal power & 30 (kW) \\  & Nominal speed & 1460 (RPM) \\  & Nominal torque & 196.22 (Nm) \\  & Efficiency & 0.923 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Pump} & Code & Parker Mod. Mod. 17D B24 \\  & Type & Fixed-displacement vane pump \\ \cline{1-1}  & Nominal displacement & 81.1 (mL,/min) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Speed range & 600-3000 (RPM) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Max continuous pressure & 250 (bar) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Directional Valve} & Code & Parker Mod. D41 FEZ32 FC1 NB70 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Type & Pilot-operated proportional DCV with regeneration—A hybrid \\ \cline{1-1}  & Nominal flow rate & 200 (L/min) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Nominal pressure drop & 5 (bar) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Pressure Relief Valve} & Code & Parker Mod. R4V03535 POPM10 VA1 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Type & Pilot-operated proportional pressure relief valve \\ \cline{1-1}  & Nominal flow rate & 250 (L/min) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Maximum pressure & 350 (bar) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Designations and technical data of the main elements of the regenerative architecture.  
Figure 8: Active regeneration for high-speed movement.