## 5 Evaluation Results
### Results of Usability Analysis  
ISO 9241-11 [48; 49] is a standard with many uses for the usability testing of software systems. The framework comprises three components: system effectiveness, which assesses the users' ability to accomplish the assigned tasks; system efficiency, which relates to the time it takes for users to complete tasks; and system satisfaction, which records the users' opinions and feedback [49; 50; 51]. This standard defines the word usability as \"the extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use\" [51], while Oxford Languages refers to \"the degree to which something is able or fit to be used\". This study focuses on analyzing the usability of serverless services, specifically from the perspective of a beginner cloud user. The authors analyzed the effectiveness of deploying the application on each respective service. The ease or difficulty of learning and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Service Configuration** & **Google Cloud Run** & **AWS App Runner** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Microsoft Azure** \\ **Container Apps** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline No. of CPUs & 1 & & 1 \\ Memory & 0.5 GB/container & & 2.0 GB \\ Min Number of Instances & 0 & 1 & 0 \\  & 100 by default, but depends & & \\ Max Number of Instances & on CPU and & 25 & 300 \\  & memory configurations & & \\ Max Concurrency per & 1000 & 200 & Supports custom value \\ Instance & 1000 & 200 & \\ \hline Pricing & & & \\ \hline Compute Time Unit & 100 ms & 1 s & 1 s \\ Pricing Models & Request-based, instance-based & \begin{tabular}{c} Provisioned, and active \\ container instances \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Plans available based on \\ resource consumption and a \\ dedicated plan option \\ \end{tabular} \\  & \begin{tabular}{c} CPU: first 180,000 vCPU-s per \\ month, Memory: first 360,000 \\ GiB-s per month, Requests: \\ 2 million requests/month \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} No Free tier, CPU: \\ 50.064/vCPU-h Memory: \\ 50.007/GB-h \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} CPU: first 180,000 vCPU-s, \\ Memory: 360,000 GiB-s, \\ Requests: 2 million requests \\ each month are free \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Memory and CPU & & & \\ \hline Min Memory & 1 GB & 0.5 GB & 0.5 \\ Max Memory & 34 GB & 12 GB & 4 \\ Min vCPUs & \textless{}1 & 0.25 & 0.25 \\ Max vCPUs & 8 & 4 & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison results for system features. performing the deployment task on each service, as well as the time it took for the authors to complete it, were considered measures of efficiency. The satisfaction experienced throughout the task, from beginning to end, is the determining factor for recommending services. Two significant factors that affect the time that it takes for a user to complete tasks on a new system are documentation and the learning curve. The \"scale-to-zero\" feature eliminates the need for additional configurations on services to adjust their capacity based on the system's request load. These three factors can be attributed to the \"effectiveness\" and \"efficiency\", as discussed in ISO 9241-11. Cloud Run, App Runner, and Container Apps are serverless container platforms that allow one to deploy and run containerized applications without having to worry about managing servers. Analyzing the easy-to-use usability of three serverless services is associated with its documentation, learning curve for beginners, and scale-to-zero capability. This is to address RQ2: Which cloud provider among GCP, AWS, and Azure offers the most beginner-friendly documentation and learning resources for serverless computing services? The results of the usability analysis are summarized in Table 3.  
For this analysis, we have evaluated the quality of documentation available for various cloud services by primarily referring to their official documentation pages.