## 5 Related Works
EU bodies are becoming aware that transformative 5G solutions in agriculture and forestry should not be limited to the IoT and should be leveraged by AR, automation in real time, and teleoperation [102]. Multiple projects dealing with the needs of AFBW have been launched within the EU Horizon program. The IoF2020 project [103] demonstrated five trials (concerning arable, dairy, fruits, meat, and vegetables) in an operational farm environment throughout Europe that showed the applications of IoT technologies in 19 agriculture use cases. However, LoRa and 3G/4G mobile networks were used instead of 5G. The 5G-HEART project [104] delivered trials of healthcare, transport, and aquaculture use cases, such as in-vehicle and see-through situational awareness for platooning (vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) bidirectional connectivity: 80 Mbps, 99.99999% reliability, 5 ms latency); teleoperated driving (connectivity: 20 Mbps/20 ms); and remote monitoring of the quality of water and fish, and automation and actuation in aquaculture using eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC service slices. The 5 GENESIS project demonstrated the support of a drone or agricultural robot with a 5G-connected camera providing crop images to the image recognition system for the detection of weeds, as well as the application of relevant herbicides [105]. The 5G:Drones project [70] integrated the domains of aviation (drone control and traffic management) and telecommunications in some scenario trials, including remote inspection, drone-enhanced IoT data collection, and connectivity extension by an onboard 5G base station. The EU-Korea collaboration, the PriMO-5G project [106], studied the use of 5G communications and UAVs for supporting firefighting operations with immersive videos both for both forest and urban fires. The recently started 5G-TIMBER project plans to conduct advanced, large-scale field trials on 5G deployments in the timber industry. The ETHER project [107] develops the 3D architecture, mechanisms, and technologies of integrated terrestrial/non-terrestrial network to support, i.a., global coverage, seamless vertical handovers, and unified terminals, also handheld, even in such safety-critical applications like airborne operations. In the United Kingdom, the 5G Connected Forest project has been initiated as part of the 5G Testbed and Trials program [108]. It is aimed at the assessment of the 5G application potential for the historical site of Nottinghamshire's Sherwood Forest area. The project is focused on three research areas: visitor economy (5G-enabled applications to support forest visitors, including AR and multi-media content delivery), robotic environmental management (airborne and ground robotic forest rangers, forest management systems, forest health-sensing systems), and skills and innovation (adoption of 5G technologies to stimulate the economic growth of Nottinghamshire). Mobile network alliances have used various approaches. The Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA) targets AFBW in multiple documents. In SmA case studies, the IoT in agriculture is presented for the promotion of 4G NB-IoT Radio Access Technology (RAT), featuring low data rates and high latency [109], and the application of 5G services for autonomous agriculture robots performing the selective application of herbicides is described, where the image data captured by the onboard cameras are sent to a cloud-based edge computing server for AI-based weed recognition (entire decision cycle lasts \(\sim\)250 ms, including 20-25 ms for data transmission; peak UL data rate 120 Mbps) [110]. In the report dedicated to natural resources management, three opportunities for MNOs are identified: open AI toolkit support, ecosystem services payment support, and IoT demands up-scaling support [111]. According to the GSMA, the water management issue can also be addressed by IoT technologies [112]. However, there are programs, such as \"AgriTech\" and \"ClimateTech\", that have been initiated by the GSMA.