# The Micromobility Tendencies of People and Their Transport Behavior
## 2 Literature Review  
Micromobility, an innovative urban transport solution, aims at providing short-distance travel options, including first- and last-mile journeys. It provides a flexible, sustainable, cost-effective, and on-demand transport alternative [16; 17], and reduces the dependence on private vehicles for short-distance travel [18; 19]. Micromobility solutions include lightweight devices or mini-vehicles that operate at speeds typically not exceeding 45 km/h. This means that micromobility does not include car-sharing systems [20; 21]. Micromobility has the potential to help in solving many of the transport-related problems that cities around the world currently face, and can potentially support a significant transition away from private motor vehicles. However, what exactly is micromobility? In lit. [19], the definition proposed by the International Transport Forum (ITF) based on vehicle kinetic energy, is: \"...use of micro-vehicles: vehicles with a mass of no more than 350 kg (771 lb)  
Figure 1: Smart city concept. Source: processed by authors. and a design speed of no more than like 45 km/h. This definition limits the kinetic energy to 27 kJ, which is a hundred times less than the kinetic energy achieved by a compact car at top speed\". This definition includes both human-powered and electrically assisted vehicles such as bicycles, e-bikes, scooters, e-scooters, skateboards, one-wheel balance boards, and four-wheel electric micro-vehicles. Therefore, to facilitate the regulation of micro-vehicles with different characteristics, the ITF proposes four categories of micro-vehicle types based on their top speed and weight. More details on this definition, the types of micro-vehicles, and their classifications are in lit. [22]. Interesting facts about shared e-scooters are in [23]. The research review revealed that shared e-scooters predominantly displace short car trips, suggesting their potential to reduce single-occupancy vehicle usage and mitigate traffic congestion in urban areas. Surprisingly, the study found that shared e-scooters also complement public transportation, with users often choosing them for the first and last mile of their daily commutes, enhancing overall multimodal connectivity. Additionally, the analysis indicated a switch from ride-hailing services toward shared e-scooters for quick and cost-effective point-to-point travel, indicating a growing preference for micro-mobility solutions among urban commuters. The article [24] introduced the intriguing concept of evaluating the level of service for electric bikes in urban environments. It explored how traditional bicycle level-of-service metrics can be adapted and expanded to accommodate the unique characteristics and needs of e-bike users, providing valuable insights into optimizing cycling infrastructure for this emerging mode of transportation. Thus, the main potential of micromobility in the urban context lies in solving the problem of the first and last mile, by improving access to public transport and thus increasing access to services and opportunities, similarly contributing to changes in mobility models and behavior [25; 26; 27]. The swift implementation of micromobility in urban areas not only encourages active modes of travel, but also caters to users' needs, enabling individual and family transportation for short distances and facilitating parcel delivery in urban environments [28; 29; 30]. Large cities around the world have introduced various shared micromobility means as alternatives to private vehicles for short trips. The most widespread is bike sharing [31], which, however, also requires a significantly developed cycling infrastructure [32]. The last decade has brought many on-demand mobility options, including shared bikes [33]. These new modes, often grouped under the term micromobility, have the potential to address key aspects of sustainability, i.e., they can improve environmental sustainability by reducing the dependence on private cars.