esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An Improved Image Filtering Algorithm for Mixed Noise
## 3 Experiment
### Experimental Results and Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**PSNR** & \(\rho\)/\(\sigma\) & **KSVD** & **NCSR** & **OCTOBOS** & **TWSC** & **BM3D** & **WNNM** & **Ours** \\ \hline  & 0.03/0.01 & 23.03 & 23.41 & 20.05 & 22.13 & **24.56** & 21.70 & _24.50_ \\  & 0.06/0.02 & 20.64 & 21.28 & 17.84 & 20.38 & 23.36 & 19.78 & **23.84** \\ barbara & 0.09/0.03 & 19.35 & 19.87 & 16.72 & 19.17 & _22.18_ & 18.77 & **23.27** \\  & 0.12/0.04 & 18.27 & 18.73 & 16.02 & 18.28 & 21.20 & 18.01 & **22.58** \\  & 0.15/0.05 & 17.40 & 17.96 & 15.42 & 17.52 & _20.32_ & 17.57 & **21.88** \\ \hline  & 0.03/0.01 & 22.47 & 22.86 & 20.15 & 21.55 & _23.00_ & 21.12 & **24.94** \\ cameraman & 0.06/0.02 & 20.27 & 20.93 & 17.76 & 19.72 & 22.19 & 19.14 & **24.14** \\  & 0.09/0.03 & 18.87 & 19.44 & 16.65 & 18.62 & 21.25 & 18.31 & **23.34** \\  & 0.12/0.04 & 17.63 & 18.29 & 16.03 & 17.96 & _20.46_ & 17.47 & **22.52** \\  & 0.15/0.05 & 16.94 & 17.50 & 15.21 & 17.17 & 19.63 & 17.02 & **21.75** \\ \hline  & 0.03/0.01 & 22.89 & 23.43 & 20.01 & 21.41 & _24.32_ & 21.63 & **25.26** \\  & 0.06/0.02 & 20.75 & 21.05 & 17.89 & 20.26 & _23.02_ & 19.69 & **24.61** \\ hill & 0.09/0.03 & 19.09 & 19.76 & 17.05 & 19.02 & 22.03 & 18.85 & **23.89** \\  & 0.12/0.04 & 18.17 & 18.75 & 16.18 & 18.09 & _20.96_ & 17.98 & **23.18** \\  & 0.15/0.05 & 17.37 & 17.96 & 15.68 & 17.43 & _20.04_ & 17.58 & **22.42** \\ \hline  & 0.03/0.01 & 23.01 & 23.77 & 20.43 & 22.34 & _25.03_ & 22.04 & **26.20** \\  & 0.06/0.02 & 20.75 & 21.72 & 18.25 & 20.20 & _23.49_ & 20.14 & **25.07** \\ peppers & 0.09/0.03 & 19.56 & 20.07 & 17.22 & 19.03 & _22.14_ & 18.94 & **23.92** \\  & 0.12/0.04 & 18.46 & 19.00 & 16.39 & 18.43 & _21.14_ & 18.14 & **22.99** \\  & 0.15/0.05 & 17.54 & 17.98 & 15.73 & 17.50 & _20.10_ & 17.62 & **21.96** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: \(Cont.\)  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**RMSE** & \(\rho\)/\(\sigma\) & **KSVD** & **NCSR** & **OCTOBOS** & **TWSC** & **BM3D** & **WNNM** & **Ours** \\ \hline  & 0.03/0.01 & 0.0635 & 0.0627 & 0.0933 & 0.0752 & _0.0519_ & 0.0796 & **0.0326** \\  & 0.06/0.02 & 0.0835 & 0.0798 & 0.1174 & 0.0892 & _0.0578_ & 0.0973 & **0.0371** \\ lena & 0.09/0.03 & 0.0985 & 0.0930 & 0.1326 & 0.1009 &
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper studies the hybrid of photovoltaic power generation and CCHP microgrid systems. The proposed IABC algorithm can achieve the optimal configuration in the capacity allocation of the CCHP microgrid. Major contributions are summarized as follows:  
1. The capacity optimization modelcomprehensively considers the influence of economy, energy and environment. In addition, the AHP algorithmintegrated with the proposed modelcan find the appropriate weight values of a multi-objective function successfully.
2. From the performance analysis of four scheduling strategies using FEL, FHL, IFEL and IFHL, FEL and FHL were found to be more economical but hadless energy-saving and environmental benefits. Contrastively, IFEL and IFHL are less economical but have more energy-savingand environmental benefits instead. Among them, the distributed power supply under the FHL strategy achieves a more stable operation.
3. Among the IABC, ABC, WOAand PSO algorithms, under four scheduling strategies, the IABC algorithm presents the best performance in both convergence speed and accuracy.  
**Author Contributions:** Methodology, H.Z.; writing, Z.X., review and editing, H.-C.L.; supervision, S.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This study was supported by the key project of Tianjin Natural Science Foundation [Project No. 19]CZDJC32100] and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China [Project No. E2018202282].  
**Acknowledgments:** Authors are grateful to the funding support from Tianjin Natural Science Foundation and Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Strategy** & **IABC** & **WOA** & **ABC** & **PSO** & **Average Running Time/s** \\ \hline FEL & 63,728 & 65,519 & 70,434 & 67,562 & 26.76 \\ FTL & 60,313 & 65,280 & 60,486 & 66,548 & 27.47 \\ IFEL & 75,579 & 76,765 & 88,901 & 76,135 & 29.18 \\ IFTL & 71,758 & 79,086 & 73,428 & 78,634 & 30.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Comparison of objective function values using different strategies.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Numerical Simulation
The software manuals recommend using either an ASTS (Automatic Surface-to-Surface) or an FOSS (Forming One-way Surface-to-Surface) contact to simulate plastic deformation operations. When using the ASTS contact, the user must take into account all the thicknesses of the elements that are to be or are in contact at the time the analysis starts. In this type of model, a hypothetical thickness is assigned to all parts that will make contact. Not only is the blank 3 mm thick, but the punch, die, and blankholder are also of the same thickness. Basically, the geometric model is not built on the outer surface of the parts (either the forming tools or the blank) but on their \"middle\" surfaces, located in the middle of a hypothetical thickness. In the case of the FOSS contact, the reasoning used for the ASTS contact is no longer valid. It is only the blank that is built on the middle fibre, while the forming tools are built on their outer surface. Thus, the distance between the punch and the blank will be g/2 this time, as is the case in reality. The same applies to the other contacts. Since Ls-Dyna R13.1.0 recommends using the second type of contact, and because of the simplicity of model construction, with no need to perform calculations to develop the geometry of the forming tools, the second type of contact was chosen to simulate the incremental forming process. In order to be able to simulate any process in the Ls-Dyna R13.1.0 program, it is necessary to determine, on the one hand, the final time of the analysis and, on the other hand, the time increment. To get as close as possible to the real phenomenon, the final time was considered to be 188.5 s, identical to that obtained in the experiments. With regard to  
Figure 3: Spiral, spatial trajectory used in the simulation. the time increment, it is desirable for it to be as large as possible in order to shorten the analysis time. However, this time cannot be lowered below a certain limit value, which in Ls-Dyna is generically set as the time the sound travels through the finite element. For all four analyses, a time increment of \(\Delta\)t = \(3\times 10^{-6}\) s was used.
# Fabrication of Stretchable Transparent Electrode by Utilizing Self-Induced Vacuum Force
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Feasibility of the Proposed Fabrication Method  
The stretchable electrode was fabricated using the methods described in the previous section. The Ketjen Black and PDMS were used to prepare the electrically conductive particle, and the elastomer, respectively. Here, 50-, 100-, and 150-m wide electrodes were fabricated. As Figure 5a depicts, the stretchable electrode was well fabricated using a highly viscous elastomer (e.g., PDMS) on an intaglio-patterned substrate. The elastomer was able to fully penetrate the line pattern, thereby, covering the electrically conductive particles. Note that Figure 5b, obtained using the optical three-dimensional (3D) profiler, indicates that carbon black (Ketjen Black) exists only at the intaglio-patterned area (red line). Furthermore, it was observed that the full penetration of the elastomer into the line pattern resulted in a high transfer ratio of the electrode pattern from the pattern substrate to the elastomer. Additionally, note that Figure 5c, obtained using confocal laser scanning, indicates that the line profile is straight at the top of the electrode.  
The cross-sectional, scanning-electron-microscopy (SEM) images of the 50-, 100-, and 150-m wide electrode lines were investigated. Here, the images and EDS data obtained from S-4800; Hitach Instrument. As Figure 6a-c depict, clear section profiles were obtained irrespective of the electrode-line width. It is noteworthy that a high electrode-transfer ratio could be achieved even for a high aspect ratio (line depth to width), which is an unsuitable condition for the penetration of the elastomer into the electrode pattern. The SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) test shows the elastomer penetration. High carbon contents were observed at levels 2, 3, and 4, where the carbon-black particles were expected to exist, while the EDX analysis indicates lower carbon contents at levels 1 and 5, where the elastomer enclosed the particles (see Figure 6d). Obviously, a higher content of carbon particles was observed in the core of electric conductor (Levels. 2-4), while a lower value at the edge of the electric conductor (Levels. 1 and 5) was observed, due to the dispersion of the carbon materials. The difference of carbon content is in 10% roughly.  
Figure 5: (**a**) Electric conductor pattern on an elastomer (top-view) (**b**) Section image of the conductive pattern on the stretchable elastomer substrate. (**c**) 3D optical profiler image of the pattern. The thickness and the aspect ratio (line depth to width) of the pattern is measured using a three-dimensional (3D) optical profiler.  
Finally, the mechanical test for the stretchable electrode was performed by stretching and twisting the electrode, while conducting electricity through it (recall Figure 1). From the test, it is concluded that the proposed method enables the fabrication of stretchable electrodes with a highly viscous electrode.
# Heat Stress Affects H3K9 me3 Level at Human Alpha Satellite DNA Repeats
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Human Cell Lines  
The following human cell lines were used in the experiments: MJ90 hTERT (immortalized skin fibroblasts), 697 (human Pre-B leukemia), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), HT29 (colon cancer adenocarcinoma), Cal 27 (oral cancer adenosquamous), HeLa (human cervix carcinoma), Hep2 (human cervix carcinoma HeLa derivative), SW620 (colon adenocarcinoma), SW48 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), DLD1 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), HCT116 (colon carcinoma), ZR75 (breast carcinoma), HepG2 (liver hepatocellular carcinoma), A431 (squamous carcinoma), 293T (human embryonic kidney), and OV-90(ovarian adenocarcinoma). Cells were cultured in appropriate medium (DMEM or RPMI1640) supplemented with 10% FBS and 5% CO\({}_{2}\) at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. For heat shock experiments cells were incubated for 1 or 2 h at 42 \({}^{\circ}\)C in complete medium, followed by recovery at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Chaetocin from Abcam was used as a specific inhibitor of the human histone methyltransferase Suv39H1.
# A Neural Network Propagation Model for LoRaWAN and Critical Analysis with Real-World Measurements
## 3 Propagation Modeling  
All of the models were optimized by using the collected practical measurements. This was done in order to find the propagation characteristics of the environment and benchmark the performance of the LoRaWAN. The models used in this research were log-distance, the indoor COST231 (multi-wall) model, a proposed variation of the COST231, and the hybrid model, which is comprised of the alternated COST231 and an ANN. These models are briefly discussed in this section.  
Figure 1: Studied environment at Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU).  
Figure 2: Indoor structural layout of eighth floor, sampling locations, and their corresponding received signal strength indicators (RSSI).
## 2 Experimental Setup  
Figure 1 shows the experiment setup of wavelength-dependent Bragg grating sensors cascading an interferometer. In this scheme, two FBGs with the same initial wavelength are used for strain sensing, and the applied strain causes the FBG wavelengths to shift. Therefore, the center wavelengths of the two FBGs can overlap partially or completely. In addition, a tunable delay-line interferometer (TDI) is used to simulate the spectral changes of the fiber-optic interferometer during sensing. The TDI consists of two beam splitters placed at a positive and negative angle of 45 degrees, a reflector placed at a negative angle of 45 degrees, and a prism placed at a positive angle of 180 degrees [21]. The TDI splits a beam into two beams and creates a difference in the optical path, resulting in an interferometric spectrum. Furthermore, the TDI can cause a change in the optical path difference between the two beams by moving the position of the prism [21]. This shows that the optical principle of TDI is the same as that of the fiber-optic interferometer described in the previous section; only the medium of light transmission is different. Therefore, since the TDI has the same spectral properties as the fiber-optic interferometer and can adjust its overall spectral position arbitrarily, it is very easy to simulate the spectral shift caused by the fiber-optic interferometer during sensing.  
Data acquisition consists of a broadband light source (BLS) emitting a beam that passes through port 1 of the circulator to port 2 of the circulator and senses the strain via the FBG. The reflectance spectra of the strain sensed on the FBG pass through port 2 of the circulator to port 3 of the circulator, where they then pass through a TDI and are then read by an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). The collected spectra with specific wavelength reflections of FBG overlap interference patterns of the TDI are transmitted to a personal computer (PC) for machine learning model training and for machine learning models to verify the usefulness of the trained models. In addition, the strain application of the FBG is realized by the displacement variation of the linear stage (LS) to change the fixed position of the FBG. The brand models of the main equipment and components (BLS, Cir., FBG, LS, TDI, and OSA) are UNICE. Inc. NA0101 in Taoyuan, Taiwan (wavelength band: 1520 nm to 1570 nm), FOCI Inc. in Hsinchu, Taiwan (wavelength band: 1470 nm to 1610 nm), 3L Technologies Inc. in Miaoli County, Taiwan (standard FBG with 1 pm/\(\mu\epsilon\) sensitivity), Onset Inc. CT02A in Taipei, Taiwan (0.01 mm moving resolution), Kylia Inc. WT-MINT in Paris, France, and Anritsu Inc. MS9740A in Atsugi, Japan (0.03 nm lowest resolution), respectively.
# The Opto-Electronic Functional Devices Based on Three-Dimensional Lead Halide Perovskites
## 4 The Fabrication of the LHP Based Devices
### Massive Integration of LHP Devices
The spin-coating preparation of film is simple and inexpensive, so it can render LHP attractive for device integrated systems. Taking the above-mentioned reports into consideration, a complete, high-resolution, and scalable lithographic approach for patterning metal-halide LHP film is rare to some extent. In a report by [PERSON] et al., the nanostructures were prepared with thermal nanoimprint lithography (NIL) directly in MAPbI\({}_{3}\) film at temperature as low as 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C [120]. The MAPbI\({}_{3}\) layer used in this study was prepared by spin coating from a lead acetate (Pb(OAc)\({}_{2}\)) and MAI solution in dimethylformamide (DMF). The stamp used in direct-NIL process consisted of a 500 \(\upmu\)m thick Si backplane and a 20 \(\upmu\)m thick patterned top layer generated from Ormostamp (Microresist, Berlin, Germany). By adopting this direct-NIL approach, 2D photonic crystals with a periodicity of 450 nm and a diameter of the pillars of 230 nm were prepared. The photonic devices were demonstrated to afford lasing with a very low threshold of 3.8 \(\upmu\)m cm\({}^{-2}\) at room temperature, which indicated that the MAPbI\({}_{3}\) layer remained excellent quality after nanoimprint. Although the direct-NIL approach can easily generate submicrometer structures of metal-halide LHP, it is practically impossible to remove material completely in arbitrary geometries as described due to the nature of its operation. Fortunately, this insight from the direct-NIL process will provide an avenue to pattern these LHP for the applications of functional devices enabled by metal-halide. Based on the direct-NIL approach, [PERSON] et al. investigated a method to pattern MAPbI\({}_{3}\) film using nanoimprint lithography (NIL) followed by ion beam milling (IBM) [121], for which the general lithography procedure is shown in Figure 10. In this approach, NIL step was utilized to imprint patterns in the resist (mr-I 785-0.3) on top of MAPbI\({}_{3}\) film while the IBM process (Argon ion beam) completely removed the unprotected LHP layer. Finally, short sonication in toluene was applied to remove the residual imprint resist. Further, by combining this NIL-IBM process with above direct-NIL process, the authors realized LHP-based micro lasers. In this new and comprehensive approach, elements geometry and position were defined using NIL-IBM process and subsequently the distributed reflector was patterned into the structure using direct-NIL process. Being simple, fast, inexpensive, and scalable, the demonstrated approach points a highly attractive lithography scheme for LHP and offers an important tool towards integrated LHP devices. The achieved nanofeatures are shown in Figure 11.
## 2 Applications
### Disaster Prevention  
The disaster prevention applications are one of the most crucial IoUT applications. This is because these applications may save our lives. Water-based natural disasters are potentially dangerous. For example, the Japanese nuclear accident, Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (on 11 March 2011), was initiated primarily by the tsunami following the Tohoku earthquake. To provide applications for prevention of such disasters, IoUT is widely expected to detect flood [19], earthquake [20], and tsunami [21] underwater, and to offer early warning services.  
* In [19], [PERSON] et al. introduce the design of a practical real-time measurement system for flood monitoring. They deployed a real-world monitoring network with several real-time measurement devices in Spain. The testing results show that the proposed monitoring system is energy efficient, and has the robust communication capability for long-term collection of water-level data in many locations.
* The authors in [20] emphasize that the development of the early warning generation system based on UWSNs would undoubtedly contribute to saving human beings. The warning generation system can help save human lives when a natural disaster, e.g., an earthquake, occurs. One of the main contributions of this paper is to point out the physical layer challenges in establishing a UWSN system for warning generation. The authors conclude that: (1) reliable communication; (2) low-power design; and (3) efficient resource management will remain the major challenges for the UWSN-based warning generation systems.
* In [21], the authors discuss a number of approaches for tsunami detection, and propose an efficient architecture for such applications. The proposed architecture uses seismic pressure sensors to predict tsunamis underwater, and to forward/relay the sensed information by using the directed diffusion routing protocol. The authors also discuss and describe the analysis and response mechanisms in this work.
# Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change on Power Systems: The Italian Case Study
## 1 Introduction
### Generation and Demand Models
#### 2.2.4 Hydropower  
Periods and patterns of precipitations, temperatures and evaporation are the main influencing factor of stream flow and reservoir levels. Climate change will affect these environmental variables, also in this way impacting hydropower generation. In particular, precipitation levels will change depending on the season and geographical area; evaporation will likely rise due to higher temperatures caused by global warming. Both precipitation and evaporation variations will likely change the discharge regimes of rivers [29].  
The authors in [29] tried to evaluate climate change impacts on hydropower generation in the European Union. Evaporative water loss from the reservoir surfaces was neglected. Indeed, quantifying evaporation is a difficult task due to measurement difficulties (evaporation depends on factors such as temperature increase, wind speeds, humidity and solar radiation, that have regional dependence), very few direct measurements of evaporation are present, and different equations are required to calculate evaporation, which give different estimates of absolute evaporation rates. For future climate change impacts on hydroelectric production, the authors have taken available information about changing hydropower potentials from the literature. To carry out simulations, the authorsused the prospective outlook for long term energy systems (POLES) model. This model is a market-oriented partial equilibrium model (balance of supply and demand obtained through the market equilibrium prices) with year-by-year (from the current year of the paper to 2100) dynamic simulation processes, for each type of energy. POLES can simulate international markets and energy systems in 57 countries and regions; for the purpose of [29], 27 member states of the EU were selected.  
In [13], gross hydropower potential in each country (i.e., the annual energy available if all natural runoff is gained) at each \"river grid cell\" was considered. Daily streamflow projections were obtained by means of the VIC hydrological model, [30; 31], considering a \(0.5^{\circ}\times 0.5^{\circ}\) spatial resolution for Europe. Climate output variables taken from CORDEX simulations were daily values of precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature, incoming fluxes of short and long-wave radiation (all bias-corrected), humidity and wind speed. These variables were used as input for the VIC model.