esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Perpendicular Electrical Conductivity in the Topside Ionosphere Derived from Swarm Measurements
###### Abstract  
The study of the physical properties of the topside ionosphere is fundamental to investigating the energy balance of the ionosphere and developing accurate models to predict relevant phenomena, which are often at the root of Space Weather effects in the near-Earth environment. One of the most important physical parameters characterising the ionospheric medium is electrical conductivity, which is crucial for the onset and amplification of ionospheric currents and for calculating the power density dissipated by such currents. We characterise, for the first time, electrical conductivity in the direction perpendicular to the geomagnetic field, namely Pedersen and Hall conductivities, in the topside ionosphere at an altitude of about 450 km. For this purpose, we use eight years of in situ simultaneous measurements of electron density, electron temperature and geomagnetic field strength acquired by the Swarm A satellite. We present global statistical maps of perpendicular electrical conductivity and study their variations depending on magnetic latitude and local time, seasons, and solar activity. Our findings indicate that the most prominent features of perpendicular electrical conductivity are located at low latitudes and are probably driven by the complex dynamics of the Equatorial Ionisation Anomaly. At higher latitudes, perpendicular conductivity is a few orders of magnitude lower than that at low latitudes. Nevertheless, conductivity features are modulated by solar activity and seasonal variations at all latitudes.  
conductivities; topside ionosphere; Swarm satellite +
Footnote †: journal: remote sensing  
Article
## 8 Conclusions and Future Works  
Aiming to mitigate the drawbacks of the artificial rabbit optimization, such as poor development capability, vulnerability to local optimum entrapment, and diminishing population diversity in the later stages, this study developed a reinforced artificial rabbit optimization method, named MIARO, designed to effectively address the QoS-CSC challenge. MIARO refines its global exploration proficiency and the likelihood of evading local optima by implementing the Levy flight strategy. It further improves the local search efficiency through the golden sine mechanism and maintains a high level of population diversity with the Archimedean spiral mutation. The MIARO performance is analyzed by comparing it with eight other algorithms on 23 benchmark functions. The experimental findings prove its superior performance consistency, solution precision, convergence rate, as well as excellent performance on engineering problems. In addition, the experimental results on QoS-CSC problems of different sizes show that MIARO also has significant advantages over the other comparison algorithms. In future research, other areas can be further explored, such as constructing multi-objective optimization models for QoS-CSC problems or applying deep reinforcement learning methods to find solutions.  
L.D., T.S. and J.X.; writing--original draft preparation, L.D.; writing--review and editing, T.S.; conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, L.D. and J.X.; supervision, resources, funding acquisition, T.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. LY22F020019, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants (No. 61101111 and 62132014).  
The dataset supporting this study is available upon request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interests regarding the publication of this article.
# Joint Communication-Motion Planning in Networked Robotic Systems
## 1 Introduction and Related Works  
In recent years, researchers have witnessed the development of robot technology and great industrial/academic efforts. With the interaction between the robot and physical and social environment, people have made considerable research contributions in robotic sensing, cognition, motion/path planning and control [1]. Compared with a single robot, the goal of the multi-robot system is to complete challenging tasks or significantly improve task performance, which requires consensus and cooperation among robots [2]. Therefore, it is very important to maintain the connection quality of information exchange between robots. Since mobile robots are unlikely to be connected by wire, wireless communication, network and infrastructure between robots will play a key role. The wireless connected robot network (WCRN) is likely to be included in the next generation communication network. There is an increasing interest in integrating autonomous robots into wireless communication networks [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13], which is the method in which the robot utilizes its own degrees of freedom (mostly transmission power and mobility) to improve the communication quality of the system. For example, refs. [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 11; 12] all improve the communication quality through the location of mobile communication equipment, while most of the remaining research is through the joint optimization of transmission power and location. In terms of optimization objectives, some research takes traditional communication performance indicators as optimization objectives, such as minimizing the total energy consumption [4; 5; 11; 13], bandwidth usage [9], communication rate [10], etc. There are also a few studies that use some novel indicators, such as maximizing the throughput guarantees to the video streaming [7]. As for contributions, most of the contributions above focus on designing communication-aware motion planning (CAMP) for different applications, as shown in Table 1. Based on the above contributions, _CAMP can be summarized as using the knowledge of connection quality to plan motion, so as to satisfy some communication constraints and improve specific task-oriented performance._ Therefore, CAMP focuses on using mobile resources to optimize the communication quality, and the communication scheme is fixed or has limited adaptive ability, so the communication quality must be guaranteed through motion planning [11]. Although some works have considered adaptive transmission schemes, such as adaptive transmission power [11], they can be summarized as making full use of the degrees of freedom (DoF) in time, frequency and power to optimize communication quality to support mission objectives. Let us give two examples of robot monitoring to illustrate the above assertion. The scenario is shown in Figure 1. In this scenario, the sensing robot explores the area and tracks any interested target, and then transmits the sensing data to the base station.
## 1 Introduction  
The genus _Salvia_ (Lamiaceae) comprises approximately 900 species, many of which are utilized in folk and official medicine, as well as for culinary purposes [1]. Numerous _Salvia_ species are recognized for their therapeutic properties and are employed in the treatment of common colds, bronchitis (both acute and chronic), various gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiovascular conditions [1; 2; 3]. Among these, _Salvia austriaca_ stands out due to its medicinal significance. Essential oils [4], diterpenoids [5; 6], triterpenoids [7], and phenolic acids [8] have been identified as active secondary metabolites in this species.  
Phenolic acids, a prominent group of secondary metabolites in _Salvia_ species, contribute significantly to their pharmacological activity. These compounds exhibit a range of beneficial properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiallergic, antiviral, antithrombotic, and hepatoprotective effects [9]. The search for new, efficient plant sources of these valuable metabolites remains an area of active research.  
In _Salvia austriaca_, phenolic acids such as rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid K, along with other organic compounds like malic acid, trihydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, and tri-counaroylspermidine, have been identified in soil conditions [9].  
In plant biotechnology, conventional in vitro culture systems often utilize glass or polypropylene vessels, such as test tubes or Erlenmeyer flasks. The use of these vessels and solid or semi-solid media can be labor-intensive and costly. Scaling up cultivation through the use of bioreactors has been proposed as a means to enhance efficiency and reduce costs [10]. Various types of bioreactors, including mechanically or pneumatically agitated, gas-phase, and modified systems, are used depending on the in vitro plant culture and its specific needs [10]. This study investigates the scaling-up of _Salvia austriaca_ hairy root culture using shake Erlenmeyer flasks and two types of bioreactors: the Plantform temporary immersion system and a mist-trickling bioreactor. Additionally, it explores the qualitative and quantitative aspects of phenolic acid biosynthesis in these transformed root cultures, an area not previously studied.
# Design of SBS-Modified Bitumen Stabilizer Powder Based on the Vulcanization Mechanism
## 4 Analysis of Test Results of the Basic Component of the Stabilizer
### Basic Component Analysis of the Stabilizer
#### 4.1.2 The TMTD Content of Basic Components  
The SBS samples with different contents of TMTD were prepared based on the aforementioned procedure and used in the 48-h segregation softening point test. Component Nos. 7, 8, 9 and 10 did not show the gelation phenomenon; Component Number 11 showed the gelation phenomenon; and component number 12 showed an obvious gelation phenomenon. The test results are shown in Figure 5.  
As can be seen from Figure 5, the 48-h segregation softening points' difference of the modified bitumen constantly decreased with the increasing content of TMTD. Due to the certain cross-linking effect that TMTD itself has, the gelation phenomenon appeared during the modification while the TMTD content continued increased: the higher the content was, the earlier the gelation phenomenon occurred and the more serious the degree of gelation was. The reason was that TMTD can be used as a vulcanizing agent, which can provide 13% self-quality as S, and the higher the TMTD content is, the deeper the vulcanization reaction degree is. In the content range of no cross-linking occurring, TMTD had a bit of improvement on the segregation softening point difference when the content was more than 15%. Considering the test phenomenon, test results and economic factors, it was determined that b = 16.
# GNSS Applications to Assess Performance in Olympic Sailors: Laser Class
## 4 Discussion
Firstly, regarding the number of participants analyzed, the study sample consisted of only 92 males and 67 female elite sailors in Laser class World Championship events. However, this represents 80% of the total male and 100% of total female sailors who have participated in this regatta. Secondly, the variables have not been analyzed as a function of different wind speeds (light, medium, and strong). Moreover, future studies could be focused on the analysis of the technical and tactical variables in different wind conditions and specifically analyze each of the races that make up the regatta. It would have been interesting to perform a physical performance test in the hiking bench to verify that those who obtained better results also obtained a higher VMG. In our study, anthropometric variables such as height and weight were not taken into account, and with these data it would be possible to analyze their influence on the VMG of the boat.
# Direct Multistep Wind Speed Forecasting Using LSTM Neural Network Combining EEMD and Fuzzy Entropy
## 1 Introduction
The LSTMNN has been widely used in many fields such as traffic forecasting [25], solar energy forecasting [26], stock price volatility prediction [27] and water table depth prediction [28]. These predictions all get good results [29]. In order to improve the forecasting accuracy of the LSTMNN model, this paper proposes a novel wind speed statistical forecasting method based on the EEMD-FuzzyEn-LSTMNN model. The EEMD-FuzzyEn-LSTMNN model is developed through combining EEMD, Fuzzy Entropy (FuzzyEn) and LSTMNN. In the proposed model, the original wind speed series is firstly decomposed into a series of components by using EEMD. Then, the FuzzyEn is introduced to calculate the complexity of each component, and the components are classified according to the calculated FuzzyEn values. The components with similar FuzzyEn values are classified into one group, and the components of each group are superimposed to obtain a new subsequence. This process can avoid cumbersome calculations caused by forecasting each component separately. Finally, the LSTMNN model is used to forecast each subsequence after classification. The forecasting result of the original wind speed series is obtained by aggregating the forecasting result of each subsequence. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 briefly describes the fundamental methods including EEMD, FuzzyEn and LSTMNN. Section 3 introduces the proposed EEMD-FuzzyEn-LSTMNN model. Section 4 uses MIC to analyze the predictable time of statistical forecasting methods for direct multistep forecasting. Section 5 firstly describes the wind speed data of three cases and selects error evaluation indexes, and then provides the forecasting results of the BPNN model, the SVM model, the LSTMNN model and the proposed EEMD-FuzzyEn-LSTMNN model. Finally, Section 6 gives the conclusions and discusses the future work.
## 4 Industry Perception Study
### Analysis of the Results of the Survey
#### 4.2.3 Desirability of SDP  
Explaining the architecture and features of DePaaS, the survey asked the sample pool whether it would desire DePaaS as an integral part of their software development process.  
About 70% of respondents welcomed DePaaS as a key step in the software development process (\(\chi^{2}\) = 8.33, CV = 3.84, \(\alpha\) = 0.05, \(p\) = 0.0039). However, the usage had pre-condition that the software code and/or defect metadata remain secure on the DePaaS platform. Respondents who did not desire DePaaS cited security concerns (loss of code, leak of information about data quality) as the primary reason not to use DePaaS.  
This analysis finds that a cloud-based secure AI framework for SDP would be accepted by majority (70%) of software practitioners and though (66% of) software practitioners believe that defect prediction is possible due to advances in AI and machine learning techniques, not many (\(\leq\)3%) were aware that SDP can estimate defect count, defect severity and identify risky changes with the help of AI algorithms.
## 3 Experimental Procedure
### Synthesis of NR/WMS and NR/WMS-NH\({}_{2}\) Nanocomposites  
A series of NR/WMS-NH\({}_{2}\) with different amine contents were synthesized via the in-situ sol-gel method adapted from the procedure described by [PERSON] et al. [13]. Firstly, 0.50 g of a NR sheet was swollen in TEOS at room temperature for 16 h, and then dissolved in THF (13.34 g) under agitation overnight. Next, 3.75 g of DDA was added into the resulting homogeneous mixture, followed by the dropwise addition of a solution containing TEOS, APS and THF. After stirring for 0.5 h, deionized water (53.05 g) was dropped into the mixture under stirring. The total amount of TEOS used was 10.5 g, while the molar ratio of APS/(APS+TEOS) varied from 0.05 to 0.15. Subsequently, the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 24 h, and then aged in an oven at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 d. The white solid was precipitated in 50 mL of ethanol, filtered, thoroughly washed with ethanol, and dried in an oven at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h. Finally, the organic template was removed by the same procedure as described in Section 2.2. The resulting amine-functionalized nanocomposites were designated as NR/WMS\(-x\), where \(x\) represents the APS/(APS+TEOS) molar ratio used in the synthesis. A non-functionalized NR/WMS nanocomposite was also synthesized using a similar synthesis procedure and composition as the NR/WMS-NH\({}_{2}\) series, but without adding APS.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Entry** & **Adsorbent** & **q\({}_{m}\)**, (mg g\({}^{-1}\))** & **Reference** \\ \hline
1 & SBA-15 & 0.07 & [46] \\
2 & Amine-functionalized mesoporous silica & 0.26 & [3] \\
3 & Activated carbon from coconut shell & 2.48 & [47] \\
4 & Metal modified inorganic-organic pillared clays & 4.63 & [45] \\
5 & NR/WMS-NH\({}_{2}\) & 6.29 & This study \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Maximum capacities (q\({}_{m}\)) of CFA adsorption onto different adsorbents.
# Edge Currents Induced by AC Electric Field in Two-Dimensional Dirac Structures
## 4 Conclusions  
To conclude, we have developed a kinetic theory of the edge photogalvanic effect for the intraband electron transport in two-dimensional materials. It is shown that the back-and-forth motion of charge carriers by AC electric field of incident radiation is distorted at the edges of the sample resulting in direct electric currents flowing along the edges. The edge current direction is controlled by the radiation polarization while its spectral dependence is determined by the carrier dispersion and the mechanism of carrier scattering. We have obtained an analytical expression for the edge current valid for arbitrary dispersion law and scattering mechanism and analyzed the result for single-layer and bilayer graphene for electron scattering by short-range defects and Coulomb impurities. Considering the important role of edge regions in small-size samples such as flakes of two-dimensional crystals, one can expect that the edge photogalvanic effect will find applications in fast detectors of terahertz radiation and radiation polarization.  
[PERSON] and S.A.T. have contributed equality to the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project 21-72-00047).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
2D Two-dimensional
## 1 Introduction
In [13], a multi-objective optimal load commutation mathematical model with the optimization objective of minimizing both three-phase current imbalance in distribution systems and automatic load commutation device switching times during the commutation process is established to improve the economic operation levels of a power system. In [14], the impacts of different loads and electricity usage patterns on single-phase power users are considered, and a method for addressing three-phase imbalances of distribution systems based on load dynamic programming is proposed. In [15], a manual phase sequence optimization method based on load forecasting and a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm is suggested, which alleviates delays and lags within algorithms when allocating phase sequences using collected historical data, ultimately achieving positive energy-saving effects. In [16], a multi-objective optimization model with objectives including minimizing three-phase imbalances, minimizing commutation times, and maximizing phase sequence continuity duration is established. This approach can help to prevent continuous commutations over multiple time periods while enhancing adaptability for commutation switch adjustments in response to user-load fluctuations. Based on the references mentioned above, it can be seen that significant progress has been made in the field of control strategies for load commutation devices and addressing three-phase load imbalance in distribution systems. However, current research on control strategies for load commutation devices primarily focuses on multi-objective optimization models with the objective of minimizing the degree of three-phase imbalance or minimizing the number of load commutations. Furthermore, the above references did not consider the redistribution of power flow after grid reconstruction when constructing phase optimization models. Thus, this paper intends to incorporate uncertainties in user load demand and renewable energy output and investigate the robust control of automatic load commutation devices with the optimization objective of minimizing the cost of three-phase distribution network line loss and load commutation. Therefore, an automatic load commutation device robust control model considering the uncertainties of both renewable energy output and the load demand in three-phase unbalanced distribution network is established in this paper. Firstly, the model of renewable energy and load demand uncertainty is established based on the prediction analysis of the historical data of photovoltaic power systems, wind power systems and user loads. Then, a robust control strategy for an automatic load commutation device considering the uncertainties of both source and load is proposed based on the robust optimization method. The model is linearized by second-order cone technology and the strong dual theorem, and an iterative solution is obtained using column-and-constraint generation algorithm (C&CG). Finally, the modified IEEE 33-bus system is taken as an example to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
# Development and Opportunities of Clean Energy in China
## 4 Clean Energy in China
### Development and Implementation of Clean Energy in China
#### 4.3.3 Wind Power  
Wind power generation refers to the power generation method that uses wind turbines to directly convert wind energy into electrical energy. China has listed the wind power industry as one of the national strategic emerging industries. Under the guidance of industrial policies and driven by market demand, China's wind power industry has achieved rapid development and has become one of the few industries in the country that can participate in international competition and gain a leading edge [32].  
In the past ten years, China's wind power generation has shown a gradual upward trend, and the growth rate has shown a fluctuating trend. In 2015, China's annual wind power generation totaled 186.3 billion kWh, an increase of 27.6% over the same period of the previous year, the highest growth rate in recent years [33]. In 2020, it reached 414.6 billion kWh (see Figure 6), a year-on-year increase of 15.9%. In 2021, wind power generation reached a record high of 652.63 billion kWh, a year-on-year increase of 57.4%.  
In the context of green, low-carbon, and digital transformation, China's wind power generation will usher in a new round of opportunities in the future. The China Business Industry Research Institute predicts that China's wind power generation will reach 9970.79 billion kWh in 2025.  
Figure 5: China’s photovoltaic power generation and growth rate from 2015 to 2021.