## 3 Trepenoids iRIn Human Health
### Trepenoids on Cancer Prevention
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Terpenoid (Source)** & **Cancer Type Assay/Reported Activities** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Betulinic acid} & A375 melanoma cells/dose-dependent inhibitory effect in both mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis; induced mitochondrial dysfunction (10 \(\upmu\)M) & [54] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Borneol} & Glioma cells/promote apoptosis through the regulation of HIF-1a expression via theMTORC1/EIF4E pathway; & \\  & esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells/enhances paclitaxel-induced apoptosis via the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway & [55,56] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Borryl} & Melanoma cell/appoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic cis-4-hydroxycinnamate & reticulum stress & [57] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{(+)-Borryl \(p\)-comarate} & Melanoma cells/induced apoptosis and autophagy & [58] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Carvone} & MCF-7 breast ductal carcinoma/Protective effect against tumor (IC\({}_{50}\) 14.22 \(\upmu\)M) & [59] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Citral (nanostructured lipid carrier)} & MBA-231 breast cancer cells/in vitro cytotoxicity and anticancer activity & [60] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Chlorinated guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactones (_Centaurea_ plants)} & \multirow{2}{*}{U-937 leukemia HL-60 cells/cytotoxicity} & [61] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Curcumin and crocin} & Cervical cancer cells/protective and therapeutic effects against tumor cells & [62] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Cucurbitacin C (Cucumber)} & Cancer-cell-derived xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice/dose-dependent inhibited proliferation and clonogenic potential: cell cycle arrest at G1 or G2/M stage at low-dose; apoptosis at high-dose treatment & [63] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Cucurbitacin E} & NCI-N87 gastric cancer cells/enhanced doxorubicin cytotoxicity & [64] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Helenalin} & Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells/increase ROS levels, decrease mitochondrial membrane potential, trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress, and deactivate the NF-kB pathway & [65] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Hinokitiol (>90\%)} & A549 lung adenocarcinoma/reduced cell migration and chemoprevention & [66] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Limonene (chitosan nanoparticles dinomene and limonene-rich semeential oils)} & Melanoma and breast cancers/potential phytotherapy agents for cancer treatment & [67] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Myrcene} & A549 lung adenocarcinoma/increased apoptosis via caspase induction (IC\({}_{50}\) 0.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL), MTT assay & [68] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Myrrtrenal} & B16F0, B16F10, and SkMel-5 melanoma cells/decreased tumor cells migration and invasion & [69] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Oleanolic and ursolic acid derivatives} & NCI-60 cancer cells/antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects & [70] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Thymoquinone} & B16-F10 melanoma cells model/inhibition of melanogenesis & [71] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Triptolide} & Breast cancer cells/enhanced sensitization to doxorubicin (DNA damage response inhibition) & [72] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\alpha\)-Phellandrene} & Melanoma (B-16/F-10), and murine (S-180 cells/antinociceptive and tumor-reducing effect (CI50 436.0 and 217.9 \(\upmu\)g/mL); MTT assay & [73] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\alpha\)-Pinene} & HepG2 liver cancer/reduced cell growth (IR 39.3\%), MTT assay & [74] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\alpha\)-Terpineol} & Murine sarcoma 180 cell line/antitumor activity against different tumor cell lines (lung, breast, leukemias, and colorectal); blockage of NF-kB expression & [75] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\alpha\)-Thujone} & T98G and U-87 MG glioblastoma cells/induction of cell death, reduced proliferation and invasives; TB exclusion & [76] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\beta\)-elemene} & \(\beta\)-elemene-derived antitumor drug/antitumor mechanisms and structural modification & [77,78] \\ \multirow{2}{*}{(_Curcum wenyujin_)} & A375 melanoma cells/\(\beta\)-elemene enhances radio sensitization & [77,78] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}