# Influence of Gender Composition in Pedestrian Single-File Experiments
## 4 Conclusions  
The analysis of the single-file experiments conducted by [PERSON] et al. [20] in Palestine showed that in a density range around 1.0 m\({}^{-1}\) and above, the velocity of groups that are homogeneous with respect to gender is higher than that of heterogeneous groups. In order to test whether this result could be reproduced, further single-file experiments with homogeneous and heterogeneous group compositions were performed in Germany. First, we investigated the hypothesis that the speed-density relation depends on the gender composition of the group of test persons. The comparison of different group compositions with respect to gender in different density intervals in the experiment with test persons from Germany could be summarized as follows. At low densities, the comparison shows no systematic variation, neither with respect to the equality of the mean values of the speed between the group compositions nor with respect to the question of which group is faster. Only in a small density interval around 1.4 m\({}^{-1}\) do homogeneous groups differ from heterogeneous groups and show a higher velocity. Between densities of 1.5 and 2.15 m\({}^{-1}\), the differences lessen and the mean value of the speed of the homogeneous groups approaches the mean of the heterogeneous group, the gender alternating group. The gender random order group is the slowest group in this interval. Finally, at high densities, the mean values of the velocities of all groups are equal. In comparison to the results of the experiments performed in Palestine, there is a certain correspondence but not in every detail. No systematic variation between the homogeneous and heterogeneous groups can be observed for densities lower than 0.8 m\({}^{-1}\). The difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous groups around a density of 1.4 m\({}^{-1}\) could be reproduced, but this is less pronounced in the experiments performed in Germany. Moreover, the velocity in the density interval from 1 m\({}^{-1}\) to 1.5 m\({}^{-1}\) is higher in Palestine than in Germany. For higher densities, only data for the heterogeneous group in Palestine are available and the mean speed of this group approaches the mean of the German groups. Therefore, the first hypothesis is proven to be correct. However, a closer look shows its weak relevance to the experiment in Germany. The difference can only be seen in a narrow density interval and it is small. It cannot be ruled out, however, that the relevance of the effect is stronger in other cultures. With respect to the relevance of the effect, it should be noted that the verification of the hypothesis depends on the test method, as well as on the data preparation. Obviously,  
Figure 8: Effects on the individual velocity based on the ANOVA table in pie charts for a low density in (a), \(\rho_{gl}\leq 0.75\), a high density in (b), \(\rho_{gl}>0.75\), and for a combination of low and high density in (c). the size of the binning intervals has an effect on the data. Depending on the size of the individual density intervals selected for different test methods, the systematic variation described above could not be seen. This was already the case for intervals of 0.2. Methods besides the Tukey test, such as the t-test, give similar results. However, tests with high sensitivity, such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, lead to no correspondence of the velocity distributions in almost all density intervals and would lead to the rejection of the first hypothesis. For all density intervals, the differences in the mean speeds of the different group compositions are smaller than the standard deviation. For the second hypothesis--namely that, at high densities, the distance between individuals depends on the gender of the neighboring pedestrians--a simple linear regression analysis was performed. We used these results to derive the values for the minimal distance \((d_{V})_{i,min}\) and for the reaction time \(\hat{\beta}_{1_{i}}\).