# Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Clay-Cement Slurry Containing Graphene Oxide
## 1 Introduction  
Gravel formations, widely distributed in China, are loose structured Quaternary sediments composed of sand, gravel, and pebbles in varying gradations. Natural gravel includes cobblestones, sand grains, silt, and clay, exhibiting uneven lithology, loose structure, strong permeability, and significant variation in particle size. These formations are characterized by high permeability, weak bonding, and easy instability. Inadequ treatment of such formations can lead to engineering issues like soil structure instability and water influx. In severe cases, it may result in structural collapse, posing threats to economic, property, and human safety [1, 2]. Enhancing the mechanical properties of gravel formations is crucial for ensuring the stability of underground structures. In modern civil and hydraulic engineering, grouting finds extensive applications in various areas such as strengthening building foundations, subgrade treatment, curtainseepage prevention for dam foundations, landfill sites, underground water sealing, and grouting, among others. By employing compaction, filling, and splitting actions, the grouting material can effectively diffuse within the predetermined reinforcement area. Upon solidification, the grout forms friction and interlocks with the gravel interface, thereby enhancing the strength of the gravel stratum [3; 4; 5]. In practical engineering, it is often challenging to alter the characteristics of the stratum. Therefore, the current focus lies in improving the mechanical properties of fractured rock masses post-grouting through the optimization of grouting materials. Grouting materials have undergone significant development since the introduction of pure clay slurry in the 19 th century. Presently, grouting materials primarily include cement, cement-water glass, clay-cement, chemical grouting materials, and resins [6; 7; 8]. Among these, clay-cement grouting materials possess favorable attributes, including low cost, good stability, and strong anti-seepage performance [9; 10]. However, the limitations of low strength and slow solidification speed have restricted the application range of clay-cement grouting materials. In recent years, the advancement of nanomaterial technology has significantly contributed to its continuous improvement. Nanomaterials possess high specific surface area, surface charge, and small pores, enabling them to fill voids and provide nucleation sites for hydration products. Even in small quantities, these materials have a substantial impact on the physical and chemical properties of soil [11; 12]. Several factors have an impact on the mechanical properties of grouting reinforcement, leading domestic and international scholars to conduct numerous experimental studies. These studies aim to analyze the influence of various factors on the performance of reinforced materials and provide improved construction guidance. [PERSON] [13] conducted simulated grouting tests on fully weathered granite and discovered that the strength and thickness of the grouted body were positively correlated with the grouting pressure, while the permeability coefficient exhibited a negative correlation with the grouting pressure. [PERSON] [14] investigated the impact of factors such as grouting volume and static water pressure on the permeability coefficient and compressive strength of the medium through laboratory experiments. Based on sand layer grouting model tests, [PERSON] [15] studied the influence of factors such as particle size distribution, clay content, water-cement ratio, and grouting pressure on the compressive strength, deformation modulus, and permeability coefficient of reinforced bodies. They determined that the water-cement ratio is the main control factor affecting the effectiveness of grouting reinforcement. [PERSON] [16] focused on the factors influencing the application of geopolymer materials in grouting fractured rock masses. Their research revealed that the modified water glass activator and slag replacement rate are key factors affecting the grouting effect.