## 3 Results and Discussions
### Typical Samples of the Raw Data Collected During the Measurement Campaign
#### 3.3.1 Evaluated Measured Path Loss in the Akure Environment  
Table 8 presents the evaluated mean measured path loss for the routes and seasons over 15 km from the base station. The mean values for both routes during the dry and wet season months were 121.142 and 125.171 dB, respectively, with an overall mean of 123.157 dB. The path loss for the wet season was again more significant than for the dry season months.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Error Metrics** & **HATA** & **COST-231** & **Ericsson Model** & **ECC-33 Model** \\ \hline RMSE & 10.81 & 14.95 & 60.17 & 175.20 \\ Maximum error & 19.51 & 20.75 & 70.01 & 194.02 \\ Minimum error & 1.65 & 3.30 & 17.10 & 150.25 \\ Mean error & 9.50 & 13.51 & 60.48 & 170.50 \\ Skewness & 101.50 & 144.50 & 550.80 & 1920.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Error analysis of the PPLMs in the Ikorodu environment.  
Figure 4: Variation in the RMSE for the predicted models in the Ikorodu environment.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Tx-Rx Distance** & **Mean MPL** & **Mean MPL** & **Overall** \\
**(km)** & **Dry Season (dB)** & **Wet Season (dB)** & **Mean MPL (dB)** \\ \hline
0.09 & 95.635 & 95.975 & 95.805 \\
1.01 & 97.650 & 98.685 & 98.167 \\
2.00 & 100.260 & 94.110 & 97.185 \\
3.05 & 113.635 & 115.120 & 114.377 \\
4.02 & 107.620 & 117.120 & 112.37 \\
5.03 & 108.410 & 120.700 & 114.555 \\
6.05 & 108.120 & 119.410 & 113.765 \\
7.02 & 115.565 & 124.605 & 120.085 \\
8.01 & 134.620 & 137.360 & 135.99 \\
9.01 & 131.120 & 130.975 & 131.0475 \\
10.02 & 138.620 & 137.910 & 138.265 \\
11.05 & 135.120 & 136.315 & 135.7175 \\
12.01 & 146.620 & 145.810 & 146.215 \\
13.08 & 131.120 & 147.960 & 139.54 \\
14.34 & 133.620 & 137.370 & 135.495 \\
15.50 & 140.550 & 143.315 & 141.9325 \\ \hline
**Mean** & **121.142** & **125.171** & **123.157** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Mean measured path loss (MPL) for routes A and B for both dry and wet season months in Akure.  
Figure 5 presents a comparison of the measured path loss for both the wet and dry season months, as well as their means in the study area. An increase in path loss with an increase in the Tx-Rx distance can be observed, showing a trend similar to that observed in Ikorodu. Again, the key takeaway here is that the signal's profile did not follow a smooth exponential rise as theoretically expected. Instead, it depicts the unique impact of the terrain along the propagation path.  
3.2 Comparison of Measured Path Loss (MPL) and Predicted Path Loss Models (PPLMs) in Akure Environment  
A comparative analysis is presented in Figure 6. The ECC-33 and Ericsson models again overestimated the path loss and would not be suitable for use in the study area. However, the Hata and COST-231 models exhibited similar performances, with little deviation from the measured data. The overall mean value for the measured data was 123.157 dB, while for the predicted data, they were 121.922, 130.179, 198.979, and 313.494 dB for the COST-231, Hata, Ericsson, and ECC-33 models, respectively, as presented in Table 9. It was observed in the Akure environment that the COST-231 model performed better than the Hata model based on the evaluated mean values, which is in contrast to the results for Ikorodu.  
Figure 5: Comparison of measured path loss (MPL) for both wet and dry season months over distance in Akure.  
Figure 6: Comparison of MPL with PPLMs over distance in Akure environment.