# Formation Mechanism and Response Strategies for Urban Waterlogging: A Comprehensive Review
## 5 Conclusions and Prospect  
Urban flooding not only threatens urban infrastructure and public safety but also has significant negative impacts on the ecological environment, economic activities, and the overall quality of life of residents. This paper provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the formation mechanisms, experimental research methods, and numerical simulation techniques of urban flooding, offering insights to address this global urban issue.  
Currently, the main research directions in urban flooding include theoretical analysis, experimental research, numerical simulation, and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Theoretical studies have revealed the complex mechanisms of urban flooding, such as the interactions between precipitation, land-use changes, and drainage system capacity. Experimental research, through physical models and hydrodynamic  
Figure 9: Visualization of artificial intelligence applications in waterlogging research and mitigation.  
experiments, simulates flood scenarios and helps deepen the understanding of flooding processes, providing experimental evidence for further studies. Numerical simulation techniques, by constructing and testing numerical models, predict and evaluate the flooding occurrences and their impacts, providing algorithmic support for flood management. Additionally, various AI technologies play a key role in flood prediction and emergency response systems.  
Despite the significant achievements in urban flooding research, many challenges remain. For example, traditional models are limited in processing high-resolution data and dynamic coupled scenarios, especially when confronted with complex urban terrain and climate change. Furthermore, efficiently integrating multidisciplinary technologies, such as hydrological modeling, AI, and remote sensing technologies, to address extreme rainfall and complex flooding scenarios remains a critical issue. Future research needs to explore more innovative governance strategies, optimize drainage system designs, develop green infrastructure, and integrate advanced prediction models with real-time data analysis to offer more accurate support for urban planning and emergency response. Based on this, the future research directions for urban flooding can be outlined as follows:  
* Prediction Models: There is a need to further improve the accuracy of existing models, particularly in how to efficiently combine high-resolution data with dynamic simulations.
* Flood Management Strategies: Optimizing urban drainage design, utilizing green infrastructure, and implementing innovative urban planning to enhance the city's resilience to disasters.
* Multidisciplinary Integration: Combining hydrological modeling, AI, remote sensing technologies, and other methods to improve the comprehensive effectiveness of flood prediction, assessment, and management.  
Conceptualization, project supervision, and article planning, P.L. and Y.Z.; methodology and framework development, P.L. and Y.N.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.N.; writing--review and editing, Y.N., J.C. and C.W.; data collection and investigation, C.W. and X.X.; literature review and synthesis, Y.Z. and Y.N.; figure preparation and visualization, X.X. and Y.N.; language editing and English proofreading, J.C.; paper organization and logical flow, P.L. and Y.N.; results analysis and key insights, P.L., Y.Z. and Y.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2023 YFC3009400) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52204232).  
Not applicable.  
The authors acknowledge the assistance of [PERSON].  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.