## 3 Results and Discussion
### MSW Management in Southeast Asia
Additionally, the country lacks knowledge, experts, and skilled personnel, and it has had few projects and a limited awareness of people related to the concept of sustainable cities/green cities [42]. The capacity of the first waste-to-energy plant operated in Yangon in 2017 was 0.76 MW [46]. The country has set a target of a 15%-20% renewable energy share in its installed capacity by 2030, excluding hydropower [45]. Moreover, the country has planned to reduce its GHG emissions by 16% below the BAU level by 2020 and to stabilize its GHG emissions by around 2030 without reaching a peak limit [39]. Philippines  
Philippines has 100,998,376 residents in 2015, and its urban population was 44% [12]. Along with a waste generation of 0.5 kg per capita per day [1], the total annual waste generation in 2015 amounted to 14,400,000 tons per year, and the collection efficiency ranged from 40% to 90%, depending on the city [12; 42]. Though the country has set MSW policies and programs, the regulations related to different MSW components need to be integrated and improved [42]. The informal private sector is, in a major way, involved in collection, transportation, and disposal in areas other than the metropolitan areas [42]. Due to high investment cost for MSW management, the country has limited projects and awareness of people concerning the concept of sustainable cities/green cities [42]. The biomass and waste policy target in Philippines has been set to achieve 267 MW by 2030 [15] and 15 GW of installed capacity in 2030 [45]. The country has also planned to reduce 70% of its CO\({}_{2}\) emission by 2030 relative to its BAU scenario [41]. Singapore  
Singapore has 5,540,000 residents, with a 100% urban population in 2015 [12]. Along with a waste generation of 1.49 kg per capita per day [1], the total annual waste generation in 2015 amounted to 7,670,000 tons per year. The amount of the organic waste is 1,520,000 tons per year, and the collection efficiency is above 90% [12; 42]. The country has long-been a regional leader in waste-to-energy development that is currently aiming to reduce the average daily amount of waste sent to Semakau landfill by 30% [22]. Currently, the country's solid waste disposal infrastructure consists of four waste-to-energy plants: Tues (47.8 MW), Senoko (55 MW), Tues South (132 MW), and Keppel Seghers Tuas Plant (KSTP) (22 MW), in addition to the Semakau Landfill [47; 48; 49]. The country's biggest constraint is its amount of land, considering the growth of waste generation and technological options [42]. The largest waste-to-energy plant (moving grate system) has a capacity of 4300 tons of mixed MSW per day [16]. The country has set a target to achieve a 36% emission intensity reduction by 2030 from its 2005 level [41]. Additionally, the potential share of renewable energy in total primary energy supply has been projected to reach 3% in 2025 and 4% in 2030 [44]. Thailand has 67,959,259 residents, and its urban population was 50% in 2015 [12]. Along with the waste generation of 1.76 kg per capita per day, the total annual waste generation in 2015 amounted to 26,850,000 tons per year, and the collection efficiency was above 80% [12; 24]. Though the country has set policies, regulatory frameworks, programs, and plans, there is a need for cost-effective technology for biomass utilization and sustainable financial and technical resources for MSW management [42]. The 10-year alternative energy development plan (2012-2021) is aimed to boost alternative energy usage (waste-to-energy) up to 25% of overall usage by increasing from 44.324 MW of its current capacity to 160 MW of power and 100 kilotons of oil equivalent (ktoe) of thermal power (current capacity, landfill gas: 22.23 MW; incineration and gasification: 20.06 MW; biogas: 2.034 MW; thermal: 78.59 ktoe; biomass: 1.28 ktoe; and refuse derived fuel (RDF): 77.31 ktoe) [50].