## 2 Background and Related Works
### RFID Applications in Manufacturing  
Various research and development studies on the RFID application in supply chain management have been reported. [PERSON] [8] found that RFID applications can significantly improve the performance of distribution systems (by 33.8%) and stock availability (by 45.6%). [PERSON] et al. [9] demonstrated cost saving opportunities among supply chain partners in the construction supply chain by a simulation study. [PERSON] et al. [10] suggested an RFID-based effective warehouse management system for productivity enhancement and cost saving in warehouse operations by the real-time tracking of warehouse resources. [PERSON] et al. [11] developed an RFID-based resource allocation system for the garment industry, in which the companies need to satisfy rapidly-changing customer demands. They demonstrated that their fuzzy-logic-based resource allocation system driven by the RFID-generated real-time production monitoring information can effectively allocate the materials and facilities in production. [PERSON] et al. [12] utilized RFID systems to track the work efficiency of scaffold suppliers. They verified the benefits of RFID application for a supply chain through performance testing and the field productivity measure. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] introduced a case of the regional innovation system by applying RFID to a Korean tire company. [PERSON] et al. [14] suggested a roadmap for RFID design, configuration, and deployment, and demonstrated the RFID project using reusable epoxy RFID tags in the denim industry. Economic analysis in [14] has shown that total manpower and lost product costs can be reduced. [PERSON] et al. [15] designed an RFID-based social manufacturing system platform to monitor and dispatch production and transportation tasks in the inter-enterprise and personalized manufacturing environment. They also verified the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed platform by demonstrating examples of real-time data collection, processing, and job monitoring. In an automotive supply chain, due to the high tag price and the lack of infrastructure, RFID has been used in a 'closed-loop' manner. Accordingly, many reported RFID implementation cases have been in this form [16; 17]. [PERSON] et al. [1] suggested a system architecture for an automotive OEM and suppliers to monitor stillages in real-time bases by attaching active RFID tags on high valued stillages for the seamless part supply. [PERSON] et al. [18] pointed out the importance of Auto-ID technologies including RFID in order to solve data integrity problems caused by the manual entry of data in automotive supply-chain operations. In addition, they suggested a cost-benefit analysis model for RFID-system implementation to acquire real-time information of semi-manufactured goods and stock. As noted in previous research, an automotive supply chain consists of many participants. Because of that, for the purpose of operational cost saving, cycle time reduction, and efficiency enhancement, the close collaboration among the participants is a critical factor for success, and can be achieved by RFID-based real-time data exchange [17]. RFID is also important for the manufacturing control. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19] suggested RFID-based real-time scheduling rules which can be applied to shop floors. They proved that the suggested rules are better than traditional methods such as first in first out (FIFO) and earliest due date (EDD) through simulation tests based on real manufacturing process data. [PERSON] et al. [20] developed a real-time MES framework based on RFID and applied it to mass-customization production shop floors. In addition, they developed a scheduling algorithm using real-time job pools and rules, and proved that the proposed algorithm facilitates real-time work in process control. [PERSON] et al. [21] proposed an RFID-based multi-agent architecture to design a distributed control and monitoring system for a manufacturing shop.