## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Materials  
Since GFRP is not isotropic, it has different mechanical properties in all axes. The material mechanical properties change according to fiber density and orientation. Like in a flow analysis, the fibers are distributed in the structure and the strength differs regionally. In this study, owing to the pultrusion logic, the material will be distributed over the entire component with equal density and behave like an orthotropic material. In a related study, three different types of pultruded GFRP laminates were fabricated, and the material properties were tested to validate the numerical and theoretical models. The finite element analysis (FEA) results agreed well with the test results and could provide a reference for the design and construction of GFRP structures. As a result of an extensive search and literature review of the mechanical properties of GFRP, GF800 has been interpreted to have the closest mechanical properties to those of aluminum, and the fiber percentage is directly proportional to the strength; therefore, the GF800 material has been selected [39]. GF800 consists of 60.5% fibers and 39.5% matrix. The mechanical properties of GF800 are given in Table 1. The outputs of this study for the GF800 material were used as inputs and mechanical properties of our study as they were validated numerically and experimentally. E-glass fibers are preferred because of their substantial strength-to-weight percentage, ability to withstand corrosion, and flexibility. The specific characteristics of E-glass were investigated as a key reinforcing fiber, and its implications for structural analysis were interpreted [40]. E-Glass, a widely used synthetic fiber, has significant implications for environmental sustainability. Evaluating the production, use and disposal processes is highly important [41]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Lamina** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Epoxy Resin**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**E-Glass Fibers**} \\ \hline
**Definition** & **Value** & **Definition** & **Value** & **Definition** & **Value** \\ \hline E\({}_{1}\) & 45.95 GPa & Modulus & 3.35 GPa & Longitudinal modulus & 74.0 GPa \\ E\({}_{2}\) & 14.56 GPa & Shear modulus & 1.24 GPa & Transverse modulus & 74.0 GPa \\ E\({}_{3}\) & 14.56 GPa & Poisson’s ratio & 0.35 & Poisson’s ratio & 0.2 \\ C\({}_{12}\) & 4.5 GPa & Shear strength & 75 MPa & Shear modulus & 30.80 GPa \\ G\({}_{13}\) & 4.5 GPa & Tensile strength & 80 MPa & Tensile strength & 2150 MPa \\ G\({}_{23}\) & 5.51 GPa & Compressive strength & 120 MPa & Compressive strength & 1450 MPa \\ \(\
u_{12}\) & 0.25 & Density & 1160 kg/m\({}^{3}\) & Density & 2560 kg/m\({}^{3}\) \\ \(\
u_{13}\) & 0.25 & & & & \\ \(\
u_{23}\) & 0.3 & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Mechanical properties of GF800. Epoxy resin, a thermosetting polymer, is the cornerstone of composite material engineering. It is versatile and adaptable for meeting specific requirements [42]. With the ability to be reinforced with various fibers, composites with a wide range of mechanical properties can be created. Epoxy resin is very durable and resistant to environmental factors. Epoxy resins can be used in a variety of industries, including aerospace, automotive and construction. The versatility of epoxy resin makes it an ideal choice for manufacturing components that require high strength-weight ratios, corrosion resistance, and dimensional stability [43]. A suitable application for GFR with epoxy resin and E-glass fiber reinforcement offers a combination of high strength, stiffness, and lightweight properties, making them ideal for automotive applications. A virtual tensile test model was set up with a test coupon as shown in Figure 1, and 0\({}^{\circ}\), 90\({}^{\circ}\), and 45\({}^{\circ}\) orientations were considered. The initial length of the material used for the strain calculation is 21.113 mm, which is calculated between the defined nodes. The test coupon section width is 7 mm and thickness is 3 mm.