# Experimental Performance Analysis of Wi-SUN Channel Modelling Applied to Smart Grid Applications
## 1 Introduction  
The smart grid (SG) as well as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) are the heterogeneous networks of connected and remote-accessed smart devices which cooperate in the industrial energy sector [1]. SG has been improved from the traditional grids to solve the problem of scarce energy resources, which have been recently intensified worldwide over the past century. The problems have intensified since the outbreak of the COVID-19 worldwide pandemic at the beginning of the 2020. Many cities have been locked down resulting in people's behavior changing and the energy demand changing from the previous era, such as working from home, online learning, etc. In 2020, during the lockdown period, the residential electricity demand was increased by around 7.43%, whereas the commercial electricity demand in Thailand was decreased by around 10.5% [2], according to the impact of COVID-19 on electricity report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) [3], which has reported services, the industrial electricity demand drop, and the residential demand increase in European countries, India, and the United States. The electricity power mix is a combination of coal, gas and oil, nuclear, and renewable energies. The share of renewable energies in the electricity generation mix has been increased following the lockdown period due to the electricity demand and low operating costs. However, renewableenergy production is still unstable due to climate change and the limitation of geographical locations. Therefore, traditional electricity grids and load forecasting are not sufficient and flexible for the unpredictable situations that occur. Digital information and communication technologies are used to upgrade the grids to the SG, which has been increasingly focused on in order to manage, communicate and immediately respond to electricity demand and supply side in the grids. SG has also improved grids' reliability and efficiency by means of real-time information monitoring, bi-directional communication technologies, energy demand optimization and energy management systems. The grid information is generated by the advanced systems and the smart devices which are combined and integrated with the traditional grids to scale the capacity and advanced functions, such as an advanced distribution management system (ADMS), a demand side management system (DMS), a distribution automation, an outage management system (OMS), a distribution generation system, a battery energy storage system, renewable energies, and an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). AMI is a key element of the utility's meter management and controls for energy demand in the grids. AMI exchanges the bidirectional energy information between the power generator and consumers [4]. AMI is developed after the automatic meter reading (AMR) system by changing from one-way to bi-directional data communication with a real-time data communication, interconnection large numbers of sensors and the ability to control or interact with the load or customer's decisions or behaviors, such as dynamic pricing, load shedding and energy trading. Applying smart meters (SM), an AMI's smart device, installed on the utility's poles, especially for a residence house in Thailand that are monitored and report the real-time grid status to the utility, via communication networks, as shown in shown in Figure 1.  
In Figure 1, the power line communication (PLC) network, mobile operation and radio frequency (RF)-mesh wireless networks are presented. Wireless technologies are more popular in outdoor AMI communication networks. AMI wireless networks are discussed in Section 2. Wireless communication systems are more sensitive than wired communication systems. Material absorbing, obstructions, interferences and multipath fading are effects occurring on a communication channel between the transmitter (TX) and the receiver (RX) which are also affected by the installation positions of the DCU.