## 1 Introduction  
Medication errors remain the most common type of error in emergency departments. Children are at increased risk of medication errors since doses are not standardized and must be calculated for each child based on their weight. Emergency department (ED) medication error rates range from 4% to 14%, reaching 39% in pediatric cases [1]. In addition, 7.5 million preventable medication errors are estimated to occur in pediatric patients in the United States each year [2]. Some common medication errors in pediatrics include prescription errors, incorrect weight calculations, incorrect dosage, incorrect medication administration, and human errors such as action-based errors or memory-based errors. In 2001, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended the adoption of reporting and learning systems to identify medication errors as a fundamental step to improve the quality and culture of safety in pediatric care. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) also noted that these medication errors are mainly due to unfamiliarity with the unique needs of pediatric patients. There is still a gap in research studies addressing medication errors in pediatric emergency care [1, 2]. A prior study analyzing prehospital pediatric medication dosing errors in Michigan, after the implementation of a statewide EMS pediatric drug-dosing reference, identifiedan alarmingly high error rate of 35.2% [3]. This finding led to the current research, which focuses on developing technological interventions to reduce the frequency of medication errors for children treated by EMS. A medication error is any preventable event that can cause or lead to the inappropriate use of a drug or harm to the patient while the medication is under the control of a healthcare professional, patient, or consumer [4]. Examples of such errors include inappropriate treatment selection, incorrect medication, incorrect dosage, incorrect weight, gaps in the knowledge of the healthcare provider, and unclear or incomplete instructions. A recent study on hospital medication errors demonstrated that these errors can occur in any of the five stages of the medication process: prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administering, and monitoring. Among these stages, the prescribing phase exhibits the highest frequency of medication errors [5]. The transcribing phase often involves errors stemming from communication challenges, such as handwriting issues, unclear orders, the substitution of similar-sounding medication names, and interruptions or distractions. During the dispensing stage, errors may occur when the wrong medication or dosage is provided, the medication is not properly labeled, or it is given to the wrong patient. Incorrect drug administration involves administering the wrong drug, providing medication to the wrong patient or through the wrong route, and neglecting to assess patient allergies or contraindications beforehand. Lastly, in the monitoring stage, errors often involve failures to properly track patient responses to medication or detect adverse reactions [5]. In addition, factors such as limited resources, dynamic environments, and the need for rapid decision making further compound the challenges to drug safety for pediatric patients. Post-COVID-19 has seen a significant increase in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the healthcare industry, enabling virtual access to programs and image scans for training purposes. For potential clinical and training purposes, the adoption of immersive technologies is expanding into medical domains by providing real-time support during medication administration and improving accuracy in drug dispensing and patient monitoring [6]. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) simulations offer interactive and engaging training modules for healthcare professionals, reducing the likelihood of human errors by providing realistic practice scenarios.