## 3 Results and Discussion
millefolium_ cultivated in Norway from wild seeds identifying 11 monoterpenes (primarily sabinene, \(\beta\)-pinene and 1,8-cineole) and eight sesquiterpenes (mainly \(\beta\)-caryophyllene). The SPME sampling technique was also used to characterize and compare the untreated matrices and essential oils from both the fresh and dried flowers of _A. millefolium_ collected in Poland [32]. The results revealed that _Achillea_ flowers liberate high amounts of monoterpenes with respect to sesquiterpenes and that their content changed quantitatively according to the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **COMPONENT 1** & **LRI 2** & **LRI 3** & **White** & **Pink** & **Deep Pink** \\ \hline
1 & 1-hexanol & 860 & 858 & - & - & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
2 & \(\alpha\)-thujene & 921 & 923 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
3 & \(\alpha\)-pinene & 940 & 945 & 3.4 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 1.4 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 7.1 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\
4 & camphene & 950 & 948 & 2.3 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 20.9 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 1.7 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
5 & sabinene & 964 & 966 & 4.7 \(\pm\) 0.04 & - & - \\
7 & \(\beta\)-pinene & 982 & 986 & 30.4 \(\pm\) 0.22 & 13.3 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 18.7 \(\pm\) 0.12 \\
8 & \(p\)-cymene & 1020 & 1016 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
9 & \(\beta\)-cimene & 1022 & 1024 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 1.1 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\
10 & 1,8-cineole & 1026 & 1025 & 13.3 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 23.8 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 18.5 \(\pm\) 0.09 \\
11 & \(\alpha\)-cimene & 1038 & 1042 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.02 & - & 1.1 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\
12 & \(\gamma\)-terpinene & 1051 & 1054 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 3.5 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 2.6 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\
13 & terpiolene & 1090 & 1092 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 1.1 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
14 & trans-sabinene hydrate & 1105 & * & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 6.3 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 3.2 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\
15 & camphor & 1128 & 1125 & 5.5 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 4.5 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
16 & pinocarvone & 1150 & 1145 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.01 & - & - \\
17 & lavandulol & 1151 & 1148 & - & - & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
18 & isopinocamphene & 1153 & 1152 & - & - & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
19 & bornel & 1156 & 1154 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.02 & - & - \\
20 & \(\alpha\)-terpineol & 1186 & 1183 & 1.5 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 2.0 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\
21 & lavandulyl acetate & 1274 & 1271 & - & - & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
22 & bornyl acetate & 1282 & 1278 & - & - & 1.1 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\
23 & \(\alpha\)-cubebene & 1355 & 1350 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
24 & \(\alpha\)-longipinene & 1362 & 1358 & 9.0 \(\pm\) 0.07 & - & - \\
25 & ylangene & 1373 & 1376 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.02 & - & - \\
26 & \(\beta\)-caryophyllene & 1426 & 1424 & 4.8 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 4.1 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 16.4 \(\pm\) 0.111 \\
27 & cis-muurola-3,5-diene & 1444 & 1447 & - & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.102 \\
28 & eudesma-1,4(15), 11-triene & 1470 & * & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.04 & - & - \\
29 & humulene & 1475 & 1473 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 2.2 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\
30 & \(\alpha\)-farnesene & 1482 & 1484 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 2.1 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\
31 & \(\gamma\)-muurolene & 1490.5 & 1486 & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.03 & - & - \\
32 & germacrene D & 1490 & 1489 & - & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
33 & \(\gamma\)-cadinene & 1515 & 1514 & 13.1 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 12.9 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 16.1 \(\pm\) 0.08 \\
34 & \(\alpha\)-muurolene & 1518 & * & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.02 & - & - \\
35 & \(\alpha\)-gurjune & 1520 & * & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.04 & - & - \\
36 & \(\delta\)-cadinene & 1530 & * & 1.8 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 1.8 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 2.3 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\
37 & longiverbenone & 1638 & 1641 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.02 & - & - \\  & SUM & & & 100.0 & 99.9 & 100.0 \\  & Monoterpenoids & & & 65.2 & 79.2 & 59.6 \\  & Sesquietrepenoids & & 34.8 & 20.7 & 39.9 \\  & Others & & - & - & 0.5 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Not detected.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Chemical volatile composition (percentage mean value \(\pm\) standard deviation) of the three morphotypes (white, pink, deep pink) of _A. millefolium_ collected in point D.  
different starting conditions of the plant material.