esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## Material and Methods
### Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)  
To determine the percentage of dead conidia after an 8 h treatment, conidial suspensions of _A. fumigatus_ and _A. flavus_ were prepared as previously described in the literature [35, 36]. Five milliliters of culture were mixed with 10\({}^{6}\) conidia/mL in RPMI-1640 medium, followed by the addition of PEI-AuNP@Van at the respective MIC values. Positive controls and negative controls were prepared in separate tubes, and all tubes were incubated for 8 h at 35\(\,{}^{\circ}\)C. After incubation, aliquots were centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 6 min. The pellet was washed using PBS and resuspended using PBS. The treated conidia were stained with 10 \(\upmu\)L PI (1 mg/mL stock solution) (excitation/emission, 535 nm/617 nm), incubated for 30 min at room temperature in the dark, and washed with PBS to eliminate any excess stain. Data acquisition was performed using a BD FACSAria Fusion flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA) based on the light scatter and fluorescence signals from 20 mW laser illumination (\(\uplambda\) = 488 nm). All of the measurements were conducted logarithmically. The assay was undertaken at a low sample rate (14-\(\upmu\)L min\({}^{-1}\)). In total, 10\({}^{4}\) events were considered for each sample.
## 1 Introduction
However, experimental databases suffer from either low spatial resolution, which is common in measurements from hot-wire or laser Doppler anemometry ([PERSON] et al. [21]), or low temporal resolution, as obtained from measurements using particle-image velocimetry ([PERSON] et al. [23]). Special treatment must then be applied to resolve the issues pertaining to its low resolution. Consequently, such approaches are generally suitable only for very specific cases; synthetic turbulence generation is another option and is of particular interest when only limited turbulence statistics data are available. [PERSON] et al. [24] generated one-dimensional (1D) time series of inflow data based on an exponential correlation function to simulate flows over an array of cubes using LES. The time series were tailored to provide the required time scale and turbulence intensities, and the subsequent LES was able to reproduce the main characteristics of the measurements. The merit of that method is its very high efficiency; however, its accuracy is seriously limited because no spatial correlation was imposed at the inlet. Because of the features of the atmospheric boundary layer flows as an inflow condition, one of the representative studies would be the work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [26]. They used the urban boundary layer flows, which should have a high Reynolds number, and fully developed turbulence driven by large-scale motions. They used a digital filter-based method, which allows spatially varying turbulence scales on non-uniform grids to be imposed at the inlet. It was developed independent of the works of [PERSON] et al. [27], [PERSON] et al. [28], whose methods were similar in some respects and have already been used elsewhere ([PERSON] et al. [29]). There are some more literatures ([PERSON] et al. [30], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [32], [PERSON] et al. [33], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [34])  
Therefore, this study investigated the flow characteristics in a channel with a smooth wall by imposing synthetic inflow data having a varying length scale. Various inflow length scales were imposed to examine their effect on the whole flow domain with the aim of observing the relationship between the length scale and the development of the turbulent boundary layer. This paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, the governing equation and synthetic inflow generation using the digital filtering method for the LES inlet condition are introduced and summarized. This is confirmed by making a comparison with the turbulent statistics from an existing DNS database. In Section 3, the synthetic inflow generation technique was validated by the simulation of a smooth wall-bounded channel flow. Furthermore, the characteristics of the turbulent boundary layers simulated by LES using inlet data imposed by the synthetic inflow generation were analyzed. In addition, the effects of the inlet length scales on the development of a flow structure inside the flow domain were also investigated. Finally, Section 4 concludes this study.
## 1 Introduction
proposed an evolutionary algorithm to optimize the optical intensity of LED transmitters for reducing the signal power fluctuation [16]. An improved genetic simulated annealing algorithm was proposed to reduce the power fluctuation and improve the coverage uniformity of the indoor visible light communication (VLC) system [17]. Random geometries were considered to improve the power allocation for uniform illumination in the VLC system [18]. In [19], an improved artificial fish swarm algorithm was proposed for adjusting the horizontal layout of the LED array. To improve the coverage characteristics, the half-power angle and horizontal layout were optimized by an improved BAT algorithm in [20], which can effectively reduce the illumination fluctuation with different LED arrays. The above algorithms are mostly used in indoor VLC systems without considering the complexity of underwater channels and the underwater spatial coverage characteristics of the LED array sources, which is of great significance for realizing a wide optical signal coverage. The optimization of the LED array scheme is crucial to ameliorating the received optical power and reliability in the UOWC system. In our previous work [21], an optimized LED array was proposed to achieve a uniform coverage characteristics. However, the system had many optimization parameters, which is not conducive to implementation in a limited underwater space. Moreover, the simulation only included the analysis of the received optical power uniformity and lacked analysis on the reliability of the UOWC system. In this paper, considering the complexity of underwater system implementation, a lemniscate-compensated layout is proposed to enhance the coverage efficiency of the underwater LED array and communication performance of UOWC system in complex environments, which is essential to achieve high-speed and dynamic reliable communication over short and medium ranges in the UIoT network. Based on the MC simulation method, taking a 16-LED array as an example, the received optical power distribution and the BER performance of the proposed LED array-based UOWC system are analyzed in detail by comparing with the traditional ellipse-compensated layout and ring-compensated layout under different seawater types at different transmission depths. The simulation results verify that the proposed system has better performance in terms of signal coverage characteristics and communication performance. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the system model, including absorption and scattering effects, the MC simulation method, and the BER analysis. The schemes of the LED array layouts and simulation setup are first given in Section 3. Then, the results, including the fluctuation and uniformity of the received optical power, and BER performance are presented and discussed. Finally, the conclusions and future work directions are given in Section 4.
## 3 Results
### ET Evaluation with Water Balance Method  
The WBET was used as the reference benchmark to evaluate the monthly ET calcualted from each satellite-based LE products at the basin scale. The time span of this study was 14 years (2002-2015). Figure 6 presents the comparsion of the calcualted ET derived from six LE products with WBET over the Haihe River basin. According to our statistical analysis, R\({}^{2}\) and RMSE of the estimated monthly ET from six satellite-based LE products versus WBET varied from 0.76 to 0.85 with 99% confidence and 16.1 to 20.8 mm, respectively. Among six LE products, the ET estimates from GLASS LE product showed comparable performance (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.79, RMSE = 18.8 mm) with ET estimates from other LE products, though BESS had the highest R\({}^{2}\) of 0.85 (\(p<0.01\)) and the smallest RMSE of 16.1 mm, and FLUXCOM provided the lowest R\({}^{2}\) of 0.76 and the largest RMSE of 20.1 mm against WBET. Therefore, GLASS and other five LE products were validated to capture the variability of ET at basin scale.  
Figure 5: Seasonal cycle of the estimated LE derived from six products at six sites.  
The Taylor diagrams for annual WBET and ET estimates from the individual products for the all EC flux sites indicated that GLASS and other five LE products had the ability to simulate the annual ET variances at basin scale (Figure 7). Among them, BESS had the highest R value of 0.92 and the lowest RMSD of 31.7 mm, followed by GLASS product with a R of 0.89 and a RMSD of 34.2 mm. The R for the other four products varied from 0.87 to 0.92, and the RMSD varied from 34.2 to 41.2 mm. Overall, although the six satellite-derived LE products showed little discrepancies against WBET, BESS and GLASS LE products provided the most accurate ET estimates across the Haihe River Basin.  
Figure 6: Comparison of the estimated monthly ET from six products and the corresponding WBET.  
Figure 7: Taylor diagrams for the estimated annual ET from six satellite-based products and the corresponding WBET.
# Design and Mechanical Behavior Research of Highway Guardrail Patrol Robot
## 5 Experiment
### Robot Experimental Verification  
Based on the simulation tests of the guardrail inspection robot described earlier, this experiment was conducted. Due to experimental limitations, a small-curvature curved guardrail section was not included. However, the simulation analysis in the previous section confirmed that the robot's performance on small-curvature curved guardrail sections is similar to its performance on straight guardrail sections. Therefore, a straight guardrail section was used to represent the entire barrier-free guardrail section. The experimental results demonstrate that, in the barrier-free section, both the rubber-coated wheel and the auxiliary wheel meet the expected conditions, and the robot operates smoothly without detaching from the guardrail, as shown in Figure 8b.  
The testing procedure for the robot's obstacle-crossing performance in the barrier section is similar to that of the barrier-free section. The obstacle height and angle at the joint are adjusted by securing cardboard at the joint, transforming the barrier-free section into an obstacle section and simulating various obstacle-crossing scenarios. Through practical testing, it was found that the maximum obstacle height between the undamaged guardrails is 10 mm, and it cannot be adjusted to 12.5 mm. This confirms the guardrail inspection robot's ability to navigate the normal guardrail conditions effectively.  
On the obstacle guardrail section, the guardrail inspection robot encounters four obstacle-crossing scenarios: front auxiliary wheel obstacle crossing, rear auxiliary wheel obstacle crossing, non-driven rubber-coated wheel obstacle crossing, and driven rubber-coated wheel obstacle crossing, as illustrated in Figure 8d.  
The guardrail section was installed at an approximate inclination of 3\({}^{\circ}\), with the obstacle height at the junction of the two guardrail panels set to 10 mm, as shown in Figure 8c. The experiments revealed that the guardrail inspection robot exhibits excellent climbing capability, operating smoothly on the inclined guardrail section and successfully overcoming the obstacles even when the guardrail panels are tilted, meeting the design requirements.  
It is important to note that, in real-world applications, the guardrails may be bent, cut, and reconnected during installation to adapt to the terrain conditions. The robot studied in  
Figure 8: Prototype and experiment. (**a**) The complete prototype of the robot. (**b**) The robot moving on the straight obstacle section. (**c**) The robot moving on the slope obstacle section. (**d**) A top-down view of the robot overcoming an obstacle.  
this paper is currently not suitable for sections of guardrails with special connections or those deformed due to corrosion. Further research is needed to address these challenges.
## 6 Conclusions  
This study proposed the RS-OFDM scheme for the mobility environment using a deep learning network. We applied deep learning algorithms not only for LED detection and tracking but also for decoding data. The YOLOv5 algorithm was deployed to detect multi-LEDs. With the rolling-shutter effect, the LED is displayed in images as black and white strips, which complicates clearly detecting LEDs compared with RoI detection. The comparison between deep learning and the conventional algorithm is revealed in this study. In addition to that, the packet structure of RS-OFDM was proposed to highlight the RS-OFDM system. Furthermore, a deep learning neural network for data decoding is helpful for long communication distances, particularly concerning the mobile environment. The measurement of the bit error rate of the RS-OFDM scheme using deep learning with different distances was provided compared with conventional. Based on our proposed approach, we can see that the BER can be reduced in the mobility environment.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12168269/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12168269/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12168269/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12168269/s1)). The supplementary material video shows the implementation of our proposal scheme at the distance of 1 m.  
Figure 10: BER performance of RS-OFDM with deep learning and conventional schemes with velocity of 2 m/s.  
**Author Contributions:** All authors contributed to this paper: [PERSON] proposed the idea and implemented the methodology; [PERSON] reviewed the paper; [PERSON] edited the paper; [PERSON] supervised the work and provided funding support. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was supported by the MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2018-0-01396) supervised by the IITP (Institute for Information & Communications Technology Promotion) and a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2022R1A2C1007884).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Hybrid Shielding for Hypervelocity Impact of Orbital Debris on Unmanned Spacecraft
## 2 Numerical Modelling
### Model Configuration  
The proposed modified Whipple shield has a honeycomb layer--the shield core--between the bumper plate and the rear wall. The honeycomb is orientated with the axis of the cells perpendicular to the impact direction, as shown in Figure 4. The main design principle is that this allows for the sides of the honeycomb cells to maximise the dispersion of fragments at wider angles, also maximising the dissipation of energy further from the back plate and onto a larger area. This orientation also fully eliminates the possibility of channelling effects, which, as previous research suggests, has a highly detrimental effect on reducing the impact kinetic energy of the debris particle [10].  
The numerical models include a spherical projectile, and front and back plates with 1 and 2.5 mm thickness, respectively. The diameter of the projectile is 5 mm, which is  
Figure 4: Honeycomb Whipple shield configuration with cell numbering, sequentially from the front towards the back plate.  
Figure 3: Illustration of the channelling effect on honeycomb core Whipple shields: without honeycomb core (**left**) and with honeycomb core (**right**).  
consistent with the lower end of the equivalent sphere diameter (ESD) distribution, as reported by a number of different authors [15; 16; 17]. The model developed by the authors is validated and optimised based on the effects of a number of design parameters on the energy absorption capacity of the shield. These include the density of the honeycomb (i.e., number of honeycomb cells per unit length), the thickness of the honeycomb shell, the choice of honeycomb material, and the location of impact relative to the honeycomb.
# Labeled Multi-Bernoulli Filter Joint Detection and Tracking of Radar Targets
## 3 The S-LMB-GOM Filter
### A Method to Overcome the Cardinality Estimate Bias
#### 3.3.3 The Analysis and Performance of the Proposed Method  
The new birth probability is usually smaller than the surviving probability. We update the predicted track in order of existence probability, that is, let the surviving tracks update firstly. This is to prevent the new birth predicted tracks from interfering with the survived predicted tracks and ensure the continuity of the tracks.  
In essence, the one-to-one correspondence method reduces the probability of violating the separable likelihood assumption. The particle groups are in the state space and the sets \(T(\cdot)\) of the associated measurements are in the measurement space. As seen in the Figures 1 and 2, the particle group of each track has a large coverage to prevent particle depletions, while the coverage of the associated measurements \(T(\cdot)\) can be set small. Therefore, the probabilities of the mutual interference of different tracks get smaller after applying the one-to-one correspondence method. Further, the method can reduce the negative effect of separable likelihood assumption but cannot completely eliminate the negative effect.  
For radar, when the target planar positions overlap completely, there is usually a difference in the Doppler cell and the targets can still be considered closely spaced. Even if the Doppler cell is also temporarily the same and the one-to-one correspondence method will cause a bias in the cardinality estimate temporarily. Then we can set a low intercept threshold so that the hypothesized  
Figure 2: A sketch diagram to show the measurements affected by two targets are associated with two tracks. Solid triangles denote the associated measurements of the target \(\mathbf{x}_{1}\) and the particle \(\mathbf{\hat{x}}_{1}\), Hollow triangles denote the associated measurements of the target \(\mathbf{x}_{2}\) and the particle \(\mathbf{\hat{x}}_{2}\).
## 4 Discussion
### Alpine Forest Response to Identified Meteorological Drought Conditions  
#### 4.2.1 Changes in Foliage Water Content 2004-2007 (4 nNDII7 PC)  
Diminished foliage water content between 2004 and 2007 was the most apparent in the mountain and subalpine forests composed of Norway Spruce, Silver Fir and Downy Oak with regional inclusions of Scots Pine and European Larch trees. Those stands were often located on poor mountain soils developed on silicate rocks [55]. The contrasting response depicting increased canopy water content and enclosed in the 4 nNDII7 class 1 indicated Norway Spruce stands with additional share of Downy Oak and Common Beech trees that frequently grew on silt and carbonate soils [55]. Higher share of broadleaved trees, as well as better soils could explain increase in foliage water content, and higher forest productivity observed within the 4 nNDII7 drought impact class 1. Detailed analyses supported by additional data are however essential to fully comprehend those results.  
The drought ingress in 2003 affected alike phenology and production within both inspected 4 nNDII7 impact classes. Short-lived GPP and CF increases observed in 2003 are in line with [27] and could be explained not only by the earlier SBD and longer SL, but also intensified vegetation growth at higher altitudes, which is normally constrained by the temperature gradient [73; 75]. Extended dryness led however to divergence in CF values within both impact classes, which can be related to site-specific differences and environmental conditions such as soil structure, and forest species distribution [28; 33; 74; 76]. Although areas showing depleted NDII7 (class 3) were mostly detected in the Vinschgau Valley, which is the driest region of South Tyrol, expected higher drought adjustment of trees shown by [77] was not observed. Conversely, 2003-2010 GPP downturn depicts a decline in status of the coniferous mountain forest. It is feasible that longer or more intense drought event(s) could exceed adaptation and mitigation abilities of some forest communities and lead to local diebacks [12; 78].  
Interestingly, longer SL after 2003 was coupled for class 3 with delayed SBD between 2004 and 2008. This could potentially be governed by a relation between Norway Spruce growth and summer temperature conditions during the previous vegetation season [33]. However, an exact link between drought conditions and phenology has still to be made [79]. Considerably longer vegetation season noted for class 1 potentially results from different climatic conditions between the western and central-eastern parts of South Tyrol, and further affects aforementioned productivity differences between two considered impact areas.
## 5 Obstacles and Challenges in Evolving V2X Communication
### Architecture Obstacles and Challenges  
#### 5.6.1 Cellular Communication (Uu Interface)--The Multiple MNO Problem  
In the scope of 5G development, a lot of efforts were made to enhance the performance of cellular communication. Among other efforts, the latency of the communication was drastically decreased. The reduction in latency might open up the way to use the technology for V2X communication. One of the key advantages of this approach is that the infrastructure side of the communication--practically, the RSUs--is already deployed. Thanks to the novel multi-access mobile edge computing, virtualized RSUs could be used instead of expensive physical deployments. However, in the case of device-to-device communication use cases, the routing among the devices has to be solved. In this case, if the devices are subscribed to different mobile network operators, some of the advantages, like low latency, cannot be guaranteed anymore.
# FANET Routing Protocol Analysis for Multi-UAV-Based Reconnaissance Mobility Models
## 2 Related Work
Group C analyzed routing protocols with various mobility models [18; 19; 20]. [PERSON] et al. sought to optimize OLSR in FANETs rather than analyzing several routing protocols [18]. [PERSON] et al. analyzed various routing protocols using the random waypoint, Manhattan Grid, Pursue, and SRCM mobility models [19]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a fuzzy logic-based routing approach called OLSR+ and compared OLSR+ with OLSR and G-OLSR [20] Those studies analyzed the performance of routing protocols. However, those studies did not consider specific scenarios, while the performance of FANET routing protocols is affected by various factors embedded in the usage scenarios. Group D analyzed routing protocols with specific scenarios [21; 22]. However, their scenarios differ from ours. For example, [PERSON] et al. evaluated a disaster scenario [22]. [PERSON] et al. evaluated protocols based on battlefield reconnaissance missions [21]. [PERSON] et al. focused on a very specific circumstance where all nodes are connected to the BeiDou satellite system. While their directions are in accordance with ours in the consideration of specific scenarios, their results did not address our research interests, what would be a desirable routing protocol and a mobility model for a reconnaissance scenario. Differently from theirs, we compare and analyze the performance of FANET routing protocols with various mobility models in multiple UAV-based reconnaissance scenarios.