esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Passive Wake-Up Radio
### Discussion of the Passive Wake-Up Radio Parameters
#### 2.4.1 Hardware Options  
The RFID-based is preferred compared to the other technologies in the application of passive wake-up radios because of its easy implementation. RFID-based designs usually consist of over-the-counter devices. The CMOS is also utilized in the design because of its low power consumption. Although the wake-up ranges are not given in almost all the CMOS designs, we can infer that they have higher wake-up ranges than the RFID based schemes from their higher sensitivity values. This is because the communication range is always directly proportional to the receiver sensitivity. The design in [82] has the highest communication range, achieving 11 m in the fully passive design and up to 22 m when it uses battery assistance to boost sensitivity. The RFID based circuit presented in [80] can be said to be an outstanding design having the least input circuitry power-up voltage with relatively high wake-up range of 11 m and a strong output DC voltage of 2.074 V. Conversely, the power dissipation values are not given in all the RFID designs due to the obscure nature of the commercial RFIDs, which does not allow easy measurement of the parameters. This is why the CMOS-based option is preferred for research-based designs.
# On the Energy Performance of Iridium Satellite IoT Technology
## 5 Evaluation
### Energy Cost per Delivered Bit  
Figure 10 illustrates the energy cost per delivered bit of user data, as a function of \(T\), \(L\), and \(p\), based on (8). This performance parameter increases with \(T\) due to the energy consumed during sleep intervals. On the other hand, increasing the user data payload size amortizes the energy required to deliver a user data bit. The latter may be reduced by up to between two and three orders of magnitude.  
Figure 8: Average current consumption as a function of T: model (\(p\) = 0) vs. measured results.  
Figure 9: Lifetime of a 2400 mAh-battery-enabled device as a function of \(T\).  
Message delivery errors increase the energy cost per delivered bit due to the additional cost of retransmissions as well as the greater energy consumption of a failed message transmission attempt.
# Safety Analysis of Secondary Lining of Yulinzi Tunnel Based on Field Monitoring
## 3 Data Monitoring
### Monitoring Equipment
#### 3.2.1 Smart String-Type Steel Stress Meter
The measurement obtained by this sensor was the stress value. The steel type used in the construction site was HRB235, with an elastic modulus of 200 GPa. To obtain the strain data of the steel, the measured stress value was divided by the elastic modulus.
# Options for Performing DNN-Based Causal Speech Denoising Using the U-Net Architecture +
## 3 Speech Denoising
### Loss Functions  
Loss functions are critical for training DNNs because they guide the optimization process and determine how well a DNN performs by gauging the difference between the ideal values and its predictions. It can be shown that, regardless of the chosen domain for speech denoising, the utility of mean squared error (MSE) in computing the gradient for parameter updating has the same effect. We justify this argument through [PERSON]'s theorem. Let \(\xi[n]\) denote the difference between denoised \(\hat{y}_{w}[n]\) and clean speech \(x_{w}[n]\)  
Figure 8: U-Net’s input adopted in the STOCT domain.  
Figure 9: U-Net’s input adopted in the STFT domain: **(a)** Illustration of inserting the real NF value into the imaginary position of the DC term; **(b)** Final arrangement.  
in a single frame. Furthermore, \(\Xi_{DFT}[k]=DFT\{\xi[n]\}\) and \(\Xi_{DCT}[k]=DCT\{\xi[n]\}\) are the results of applying DFT and DCT to \(\xi[n]\). Here, we have omitted the frame index in superscript while discussing the data within the same frame. The formulas for MSE loss in the temporal, STFT, and STDCT domains are listed below:  
\[\mathbf{\mathcal{L}}_{MSE}(\hat{y}_{w}[n],x_{w}[n])=\frac{1}{L_{f}}\left(\sum_{n=0} ^{L_{f}-1}\xi^{2}[n]\right)=\frac{1}{L_{f}}\sum_{n=0}^{L_{f}-1}(\hat{y}_{w}[n]- x_{w}[n])^{2} \tag{9}\]  
\[\mathbf{\mathcal{L}}_{MSE}\big{(}\hat{Y}_{DFT}[k],X_{DFT}[k]\big{)}= \frac{1}{L_{f}}\sum_{k=0}^{L_{f}-1}\left|\Xi_{DFT}[k]\right|^{2}=\frac{1}{L_ {f}}\sum_{n=0}^{L_{f}-1}\left|\hat{Y}_{DFT}[k]-X_{DFT}[k]\right|^{2} \tag{10}\] \[\mathbf{\mathcal{L}}_{MSE}\big{(}\hat{Y}_{DCT}[k],X_{DCT}[k]\big{)}= \frac{1}{L_{f}}\sum_{k=0}^{L_{f}-1}\left|\Xi_{DCT}[k]\right|^{2}=\frac{1}{L_ {f}}\sum_{n=0}^{L_{f}-1}\left(\hat{Y}_{DCT}[k]-X_{DCT}[k]\right)^{2} \tag{11}\]  
According to [PERSON]'s theorem [31], the MSE of \(\xi[n]\), \(\Xi_{DFT}[k]\), and \(\Xi_{DCT}[k]\) are essentially congruent.  
\[\mathbf{\mathcal{L}}_{MSE}(\hat{y}_{w}[n],x_{w}[n])=\frac{1}{L_{f}}\ \mathbf{\mathcal{L}}_{MSE}\big{(}\hat{Y}_{DFT}[k],X_{DFT}[k]\big{)}=\mathbf{ \mathcal{L}}_{MSE}\big{(}\hat{Y}_{DCT}[k],X_{DCT}[k]\big{)} \tag{12}\]  
Based on the above derivation, we can employ MSE as a universal loss function when comparing and analyzing U-Net's performance in heterogeneous domains.
## 4 Numerical Calculation
### The Solution Process Verification  
To verify the solution method based on the modified Vlasov foundation model and the separation of variables approach, this study simplified the layered foundation into different numbers of layers (1 layer, 2 layers, 3 layers, and 4 layers) for calculation and compared the results with those in Reference [47]. Figure 4 presents the comparison between the results obtained using the proposed method and those from Reference [47]. The results indicate that, under the same parameter conditions, the distribution trends of the pile displacement and bending moment in each layer are highly consistent, with the maximum displacement and bending moment errors controlled within 2%. This demonstrates the high accuracy and stability of the proposed method for solving the lateral load-bearing behavior of piles in complex layered foundations. The solution process was quantitatively described, with the convergence error of the iterative calculation set to \(\epsilon=10^{-3}\). A stable solution was achieved after approximately 10 to 15 iterations. The numerical results show that the dimensionless parameter \(\gamma\) gradually approaches its theoretical value during each iteration, with a final convergence error of 0.05%. These validations confirm the applicability and feasibility of the proposed method under complex layered foundation conditions.  
Furthermore, taking the case where the pile end constraint is free-fixed in the three-layer foundation as an example, the influence of the slenderness ratio \(\lambda\) of the pile body and the separation of the pile-soil partial contact surface on the mechanical properties of the laterally loaded long pile in the layered foundation is analyzed. To intuitively illustrate the effects of these parameters, the subsequent numerical results are converted back to their dimensional form.
# Antigate Melt-Electrowritten Biodegradable Mesh Implants for Enhanced Pelvic Organ Prolapse Repair
## 3 Results
### PCL/HT Meshes: Fabrication and Testing
#### 3.3.3 Cytotoxicity Evaluation  
Given that the meshes are designed for the application of POP repair, it is essential to evaluate not only how they would behave under load but also their cytotoxicity. The results of cellular assays (Figure 8) confirm that none of the tested meshes exhibit cytotoxicity, as all maintain cell viability higher than 90%, which is above the 70% threshold defined by ISO 10993-5:2009.  
Statistical analysis between different HT concentration groups and the control group (cells in the culture medium) showed no significant differences in cell metabolic activity (\(p>0.05\)), indicating that the tested concentrations are non-cytotoxic. Moreover, the influence of the sterilization method on the cytotoxicity of the meshes was also analyzed. Statistically significant differences were not observed between sterilization methods, indicating they are suitable for this application.  
The analysis of Figure 8 confirms that none of the tested samples exhibit cytotoxicity, as all maintain cell viability above 90%, well above the 70% threshold defined by ISO 10993-5:2009. Statistical comparisons between different HT concentration groups and the control group showed no significant differences in cell metabolic activity (\(p>0.05\)), indicating that the tested concentrations are non-cytotoxic. This result was consistent across both sterilization methods (ET + UV and UV), indicating the reliability of the findings.  
Figure 8: Effect of different concentrations of HT (PCL mesh, 0.03 wt%, 0.06 wt%, 0.1 wt%) on the cell viability of the dermal fibroblasts with results normalized to the cells cultured in the culture medium (Cells), sorted by the sterilization method (ET + UV: ethanol followed by UV light; UV: only UV light). Statistically significant differences were not observed in the metabolic activity between the different groups.  
Figure 7: (**A**) Comparison between PCL/HT and PCL square meshes published in our previous work [38], with similar diameters. (**B**) Comparison of the tensile strength and Young’s Modulus values between PCL/HT and PCL square meshes.  
Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in metabolic activity among the different HT concentrations within each sterilization method (\(p>0.05\)), indicating that all PCL/HT meshes were non-cytotoxic. In addition, no statistically significant differences were found between the UV and EtOH + UV sterilization methods for any given concentration, including the control group. These results confirm that both sterilization protocols are equally suitable for this application.
# Practical Performance Analyses of 5G Sharing Voice Solution
## 3 5G Access Network Sharing  
5G access network sharing can be divided into two schemes: multi-operator radio access network (MORAN) and MOCN. MORAN configures an independent carrier for each sharing operator, which broadcasts its respective network public land mobile network (PLMN) ID on the respective carrier. Each carrier is independently configured and managed. The gNodeB on the wireless side uses logically separate cells for users of operators. Users of each operator access their respective independent cells by identifying their respective PLMN. gNodeB connects users to their respective core networks based on their respective carriers, as shown in Figure 1B. In studies of recent years, [31] focuses on the architecture of 5G access network sharing; ref. [32] focuses on data automatic configuration in 5G sharing networks; and ref. [33] focuses on networking and multi-service bearer based on 5G sharing networks.  
The MOCN configures one or more carriers to achieve frequency-resource sharing. MOCN realizes cell-level sharing with the same cell-level parameters. Multiple PLMNs are broadcast simultaneously within one cell. The base station connects the users to their respective core networks according to the PLMN information, as shown in Figure 1C.  
In the NSA sharing scheme, EPC and the 5G core network (5 GC) are built separately. The two core networks are connected to the 5G NR stations and anchor 4G stations (eNNodeB). Both gNodeB and anchor eNodeB need to be shared, as shown in Figure 1A. Anchor points are configured independently using dual carriers. The user equipment (UE) should adopt the LTE-NR dual-connection and dual-registration strategy. Control plane anchoring and voice service bearing are dependent on 4G. The user plan bears on 4G or/and 5G. The enabled X2 interface between eNodeB and gNodeB is used for achieving user separation and interoperability.  
NSA access network sharing can evolve to SA sharing. The SA access network-sharing architecture is shown in Figure 1B.C. Only gNodeBs are required to connect to the 5 GC of the sharer. The core network does not need to be modified. gNodeBs are enabled for base station sharing, and eNodeBs of each party are configured as neighbors. 5G network construction is decoupled from 4G. There is no need for various complex anchor collaboration schemes; thus, 4 and 5G do not affect the experience of each other.
# Multi-Information Fusion Indoor Localization Using Smartphones
## 4 Fusion Localization Architecture
### Improved Heading Direction Estimation  
Popularized smartphones are equipped with general gyroscopes, accelerometers, and magnetometers. Therefore, to obtain reliable and accurate localization, we must develop a method to extract more accurate heading direction information from the sensors.  
In the traditional PDR method, the heading direction is calculated directly using the measured value from the IMU sensors. However, different smartphones produce different errors in the collected data. To address these issues, we propose a heading direction correction method:  
\[\beta_{m}=\beta_{meas}+\beta_{th}+\beta_{static} \tag{21}\]  
where we add the correction angle \(\beta_{dh}\) for different devices and compensation error \(\beta_{static}\) measured when the smartphone is stationary. Therefore, the method can solve equipment heterogeneity.  
To validate the performance of the proposed method, we conducted experiments with VivoY85a and Honor60 smartphones, as shown in Figure 5. These results demonstrate that the proposed method is more accurate than the PDR method because the proposedmethod can extract more accurate information and effectively mitigate the errors caused by different devices.
## 5 Literature Review Summary
### Robot-Aided Rehabilitation of Upper Limb Motor Function
#### 5.2.5 Interaction Channel and Feedback for the User  
Regarding the interaction channel, virtual reality (VR) is used for a vast portion (67%) of the systems included in this paper. Within systems that use VR, 55% of systems (ACT-3D, ARM-GUIDE, BRACCIO DI FERRO, InMotion ARM(tm), IPAM, MEMOS, AMADEO(r), HWARD, ReoGo(tm), ADLER, HEXORR) implement a two-dimensional environment, and 45% of systems (GENTLE/A, DIEGO(r), L-EXOS, ARMEO(r)SPRING, RUTGERS MASTERS, ARMEO(r)POWER, GENTLE/G, RUPERT) implement a three-dimensional environment. All these systems (except for DIEGO(r)) display their environments on a flat screen. It must be highlighted that the DIEGO(r) system uses a VR headset for running the game-like interface. This VR headset allows a fully-immersive experience for the user.  
Opposite, the remaining systems (23%) have not implemented a graphical interface. This is the case of the NEREBOT and REHAROB systems, for which it is the therapist who must interact with the patient in the traditional way, but having support in limb mobilization. Besides, other systems were identified (MIME, MYOPRO, WREX, Mentor Pro(tm), WOTAS) with a lack of graphical interface to interact, but they promoted training with real (physical) objects. This approach is focused on optimizing the assimilation of motor gains. In the exercise, the patient is in a scenario closer to a daily living one. Note that portability seems essential for such an approach considering the predominance of exoskeleton-type devices.  
It can be seen that VR technology serves as a means of encouraging the patient and promoting task development in a friendly environment. Besides, gaming technology is useful for modeling more attractive (environment other than a hospital room) or challenging scenarios (with digital games) to perform the tasks.  
Regarding the feedback given to the patient, it can be appreciated that the most used ways for stimulating the patient's senses are by visual and audio feedback. This contactless stimulation could be empowered with the use of virtual reality. However, tactile feedback is also vital in motor function recovery. Therefore, another common source of stimuli is haptic feedback. The reviewed systems provide direct haptic stimuli via control techniques (software) or in an indirect manner via strategies that imply the manipulation of physical objects.
# Reactance Regulation Using Coils with Perpendicular Magnetic Field in the Tubular Core design
## 5 Discussion  
This work proves that the controllable magnetic impedance can be achieved by creating coils with perpendicular magnetic fields in the specially designed tubular frame. The orthogonality of coils ensures their magnetic independence. The magnetic cores designed from separated thin ribbons strips seem more promising for the design of orthogonal magnetically independent coils. This framework provides one coil with a controllable and wide range of impedance, while another magnetically independent coil can control the first one.  
The magnification of impedance depends on the current and may achieve magnitude 10-15 times. It is enough for the applications. Here, we also want to point out that a small coupling (\(\sim\)0.015-0.017) always remains and depends on the core design. This small coupling allows the DC current in the control winding without special current sources and straightforward from an electronic controller. The magnetic non-isotropy of the ribbon exhibits higher permeability in the longitude axis than that of the latitude axis. This circumstance allows the controllability of AC coil impedance and, therefore, the flow of current through it by shifting the magnetic field of a working winding from the direction with the highest permeability to the lowest one. The proposed solution is important for the distribution lines and smart grids enriched by numerous individual power generation facilities (e.g., solar, wind, etc.). In case of any fault or emergencies, the consumer can be disconnected from the grid using substantial impedance. During this period, the consumer is supported by energy generation plants and remains in the weak galvanic connection to the grid. The consumer again connects to the grid as soon as the fault or voltage instabilities are rectified. The connection and disconnection processes take place smoothly without any problems caused by the non-synchronization of phase and frequency.
## 3 Geospatial Informatics of the Geotechnical Database  
Geotechnical spatial information containing errors and uncertainties should be verified and refined prior to determining geotechnical characteristics and design values. In particular, borehole log datasets, spatially projected as points in a two-dimensional domain can provide validation data regarding engineering strata and soil stiffness. To generate reliable site response parameters and an associated site classification, a preprocessing phase was proposed based on geoinformatics. The major tasks identified (Figure 2) included four sub-sequences: (1) optimization of the geotechnical DB, (2) hot spot analysis, (3) geospatial interpolation, and (4) generation of site response parameters. These can be implemented using a sophisticated computerized framework.  
First, quality assurance criteria were used to screen borehole log data for incorrect properties. Outliers introduced by an investigation and data digitization were initially detected using a geostatistical approach. Borehole log data were excluded from the next step. Hot spot analysis is a spatial analysis and mapping technique that identifies clusters of spatial phenomena [31]. There are different methods for analyzing spatial patterns and detecting hot spots, including spatial autocorrelation and cluster analysis: (1) Kernel density estimation, (2) local Moran's I, and (3) Getis-Ord Gi* statistics [32]. These were used to sub-group the optimized geotechnical DB focusing on hot spot clusters with statistical and spatial correlated values for the site response parameters.  
To build zonal information with geotechnical characteristic values an appropriate spatial interpolation technique is essential. Among the various conventional methods, inverse distance weighting (IDW), simple kriging (SK), ordinary kriging (OK), and empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) were used. The optimum method with the highest prediction accuracy was selected by comparing the prediction residuals from its cost function. Sequentially, the geotechnical database was optimized and then spatially grouped, followed by the building a grid database. Based on preprocessing results, each seismic zonation that correlated with site response parameters was mapped. Finally, the zonation maps were unified using principal component analysis (PCA) of the site class.  
The uncertainty assessment of detected outliers in geotechnical characteristic value was verified with terrain and geological characteristics. The site condition of the sub-group in geotechnical DB was also reviewed according to surficial variation, and the geospatial interpolation and site zonation were assessed and visualized for incorporation of remote sensing data into geotechnical grid by building grid database with high spatial resolution.
## 5 The MRLG Routing Protocol
### Long-Term Operation  
Since MRLG relies heavily on local route repair mechanisms, broken and depleted sensors could remain undetected for long periods. To avoid this, the sink will periodically generate a special type of RREQ message that must be propagated to all the sensor nodes in the WSN, thereby excluding such sensors from the WSN topology. To maximize the performance, and to keep the routing overhead at very low values, these special RREQs must have an inter-message period much larger than the default RREQ messages.  
```
UponreceivingRREQdo{ RREQ.hop_count++ if(RREQ.seq_number==Node.seq_number){ if(RREQ.hop_count<Node.hop_count){#improvedroutestosink Node.next_hop=RREQ.next_hop Node.hop_count=RREQ.hop_count retransmitRREQafterarandomdelay#tonimimizecollisions } } elsif(RREQ.seq_number>Node.seq_number){ if(RREQ.hop_count<Node.hop_count){#improvedroutestosink Node.next_hop=RREQ.next_hop Node.hop_count=RREQ.hop_count retransmitRREQafterarandomdelay#tonimizecollisions } elsif(Node.IsUphill(RREQ.source)){#tosupportfieldvectorreversal Node.next_hop=RREQ.next_hop Node.hop_count=RREQ.hop_count retransmitRREQafterarandomdelay#tonimizecollisions } elsif(RREQ.next_hop!=Node.next_hop&&RREQ.hop_count==Node.next_hop=RREQ.next_hop

RREQ.ttl=1#createnon-propagatingRREQmessage retransmitRREQafterarandomdelay#tonimimizecollisions } els discardRREQ#notopologychanges,dropmessage } if(RREQ.seq_number==Node.seq_number){ Node.UpdateNeighborList(RREQ.source,RREQ.hop_count) }
```  
**Algorithm 2** MRLG route updating: conditional RREQ propagation.
## 3 Active Bearing Concept of the FSP
### The Concept and Method of the Active Bearing of Pre-Deformed FSP  
In view of the problem of the passive bearing of the FSP under the traditional technology, it is extremely necessary to adopt specific technical measures to make the FSP take the initiative to bend downward and form an upward support force before further settlement of the primary lining and actively exert its bearing capacity to resist settlement so that the primary lining structure enters a stable state. The further settlement will not cause a wider range of deformation and loosening and greater surrounding rock pressure.  
The specific process of the active load-bearing of the FSP is shown in Figure 10. The vertical support force provided by the active bearing is up to \(f_{0}+f_{2}-f_{1}\) more than that provided by the passive bearing. The methods to realize pre-deformation and active bearing of FSP are as follows [17]: After the FSP is driven, the vertical load is applied to the end of the FSP through a special loading device to make it downward displacement and bending. Then, the FSP and the primary lining structure are connected to form a whole, and the preloaded load is released. The supporting force caused by the bending deformation of the FSP is directly transferred to the primary lining structure, so that the primary lining, which will continue to have settlement deformation, enters the equilibrium state, and the deformation is controlled.