## 3 Results
### Volatile Lipid Oxidation Products in Aoil Enriched with Different Antioxidants  
The main volatile lipid oxidation products of Aoil were identified by GC-MS analysis as alkyls, aldehydes, and ketones (Figure S3B). The volatile lipid oxidation products in the headspace gas from Aoil and Aoil blended with antioxidants were measured using SPME-GC-MS during oxidation at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Gas chromatograms of volatile lipid oxidation products from pure Aoil and Aoil blended with antioxidants after oxidation for 30 d are shown in Figure S3A. Pure Aoil contained more volatile lipid oxidation products than Aoil blended with antioxidants after oxidation for 30 d. As shown in Table 1, many varieties of volatile lipid oxidation products were detected in the oxidized Aoil (44 compounds). The main volatile lipid oxidation products in Aoil after 30 d of oxidation were identified as aldehydes (57.35%) (such as hexanal, 2-Octenal, (E)-, 24-Decalendi, (E,E)-, 2-Dodecanal 2-Decneal, (E)-, etc. ), alcohols (13.21%) (such as 2,5-Dimethylcyclohexanol, Cyclohexanol, 1-butyl-, 1-Octen-3-ol, 2-Ethylnon-1-en-3-ol, 1,7-Octaden-3-ol, 2,6-dimethyl-, etc. ), alkyls (13.01%) (such as Bicylcolo[2.2.2]octane, 1-methoxy-4-methyl-, Cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl-, Cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl-, etc. ), ketones (7.78%) (such as 2-Sec-Butylcyclohexanone, 5-Undecen-4-one, Cyclononanone, etc. ), anhydrides (3.88%) (such as Pentanoic acid, 2-methyl-, anhydride), acids (1.99%) (such as hexanoic acid, 3-Decanynoic acid, nonanoic acid, etc. ), furrans (1.28%) (such as Furan, 2-pentyl-, etc. ), esters (0.98%) (such as Hexanoic acid, methyl ester, 5-Oxotetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, n-Caproic acid vinyl ester, etc. ), and phenols (0.52%) (such as 4a(2H)-Naphthaleneol, octahydro-, trans-, etc.) (Figure S3C). Oil enriched with CA had fewer volatile lipid oxidation products than oils enriched with TBHQ, BHA, BHT, and \(\alpha\)-T after oxidation for 30 d (Table 1). Several volatile lipid oxidation products were also detected in the oil enriched with CA and TBHQ after oxidation for 30 d, although their peak intensities were low. The volatile lipid oxidation products from the oil enriched with CA and TBHQ were quite different from those of the oxidised oil. The main volatile lipid oxidation products of the CA-enriched Aoil after oxidation for 30 d were identified by GC-MS analysis as aldehydes, alkyl, ketones, alcohols, and furan  
Figure 4: The physical characteristic of the Aoil enriched with different antioxidants. (**A**), Microstructure of Aoil at the beginning and storage at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 d. (**B**), Weight and kinematic viscosity of Aoil at the beginning and storage at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 d. a–f means with different superscripts differ significantly (\(p<0.05\)). (Figure S3D). The main volatile lipid oxidation products in Aoil enriched with TBHQ after oxidation for 30 d were identified as quinones, alkyls, aldehydes, ketones, and alcohol compounds (Figure S3E). It is worth noting that oil enriched with TBHQ had more volatile lipid oxidation products than oil enriched with CA. The metabolite of TBHQ was the volatile substance 2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzo-quinone (TBQ) (Figure S3F). According to the SPME-GC-MS results, the CA had a stronger protective effect on Aoil than TBHQ, BHA, BHT, and \(\alpha\)-T (Figure S3G). Quantitative Evaluation of Aoil Enriched with Antioxidants by High Resolution Proton-NMR Spectroscopy (\({}^{1}\)H-NMR)  
Based on the MDA and FFA results, the protective effects of CA, TBHQ, BHA, BHT, and \(\alpha\)-T on Aoil were assessed by \({}^{1}\)H-NMR. The \({}^{1}\)H-NMR spectrum of Aoil showed eight main peaks (Figure 5A). The functional groups represented by each peak are listed in Table 2. After oxidation for 5 h, the H atom species in Aoil did not change significantly before and after oxidation; only the number changed slightly (Figure 5A).