esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
In bridge reconstruction and extension projects, the following three splicing forms are generally adopted during the connection of the old existing bridge and the new widening bridge [1, 2]: superstructure connection and substructure separation (C-S), both superstructure and substructure separation (S-S) and superstructure connection and substructure connection (C-C), as shown in Figure 1. The first splicing form (C-S) is usually used in the actual project to avoid the differential settlement between the old and new part of the widening bridge [3, 4]. However, the traffic on the old existing bridge is always required to be uninterrupted during the process of superstructure splicing. Due to the traffic still operating on the old existing bridge, the phenomenon of vehicle-bridge coupling vibration will occur on the superstructure, while the new widening bridge is relatively static [5]. When pouring concrete in the splicing position, vibration disturbance will act on the concrete, and the material performance will be affected [6, 7, 8].  
In order to improve the performance of concrete at the splicing position, several studies have been carried out on the control of vehicle-bridge coupling vibration. Corresponding measures are put forward from three aspects of structural deformation control, construction method optimization and concrete performance improvement.  
In regard to the aspect of controlling the structural deformation, [PERSON] et al. recommended several possible methods to reduce damage on concrete stitches in the bridge-widening project, such as temporary shear connections, temporary propping, segmental concrete stitching and so on [9]. Although these methods play a great role in reducing bridge vibration, the concrete tends to crack after the removal of temporary measures.  
curing, aggregates of concrete will be disturbed by vibration as shown in Figure 2, and concrete performance degradation will occur.  
In such cases, the damage degree of concrete is related to the vibration characteristics of the bridge to a certain extent. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the bridge vibration response of the concrete in the splicing joint.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of the Antibacterial Activity of GV Extracts
Contrary to our findings, they found that a methanol:aqueous ratio of 75:25 and an extraction time of approximately 72 h yielded the most potent inhibitory activity against both bacteria. [PERSON] et al. [97] reported that the ethyl acetate fraction of _Anthemis praecox_ Link was observed to contain a high amount of phenolic compounds, especially naringin (68.7 \(\upmu\)g/mg), which exhibited antibacterial activity against _Staphylococcus aureus_ and _Enterococcus faecalis_. In our results, the GVE had the most abundant naringin content (666.88 \(\upmu\)g/g) and displayed the lowest MIC and MBC values. This suggests that the high naringin content and interaction of its phenolic compounds contribute significantly to the antibacterial properties of GVE. Both GVE and GVM demonstrated antibacterial activities against foodborne bacteria. However, to employ them as antimicrobial agents, the functional compounds within GV extracts must be isolated, identified, and evaluated for safety.
# Survey of Blockchain-Based Applications for IoT
## 12 Industry-Specific Applications of Blockchains in the IoT
### Healthcare  
Blockchains can effectively mitigate the risks of cyberattacks and data breaches in IoT systems within the healthcare sector by establishing a decentralized, tamper-resistant, and transparent data management framework. The integration of blockchain technology into healthcare IoT environments addresses critical security challenges by leveraging immutable ledgers to ensure data integrity and secure communication between interconnected devices [88]. Through the use of multichain blockchain architecture, healthcare systems can implement robust access control mechanisms using smart contracts, which define granular permissions for devices and stakeholders, thereby reducing unauthorized access and manipulation of sensitive patient data. Moreover, consensus mechanisms embedded within blockchain networks enhance data validation processes, maintaining the accuracy and authenticity of medical records while eliminating single points of failure that are common in traditional centralized systems [88].  
In another example, multi-blockchain architecture can be leveraged to overcome the limitations of traditional centralized electronic medical record (EMR) systems that are prone to data breaches and inefficiencies in multiparty data sharing [89]. This innovative approach combines a consortium main chain with multiple sidechains to securely store  
Figure 18: Blockchain and IoT in agriculture.  
public and private medical data while optimizing data retrieval through the use of the JSON format. An improved Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant (PBFT) consensus mechanism enhances the network's resilience against dishonest nodes, ensuring higher consensus efficiency and data integrity. Additionally, integrating role-based access control (RBAC) with smart contracts provides dynamic and delegable permissions, giving patients greater control over their medical information while facilitating secure data access for healthcare professionals and institutions. By adopting this architecture, healthcare systems can achieve a secure, efficient, and scalable solution for managing sensitive medical data [89].
# Mode Profile Shaping in Wire Media: Towards An Experimental Verification
## 1 Introduction
Figure 2: In our proposed experimental system, the wire medium will not be in free space but will be confined by metallic walls. Here we represent this in two ways, each containing a finite array of wires with varying radii. First, we confine the array in a rectangular _waveguide_ with metal side-walls (in blue-gray), and use periodic boundary conditions to treat wires of infinite length. Second, we add metallic end-walls (grey) perpendicular to the wires to change the waveguide into a closed box or _cavity_. In either case we can do our numerical computations for only one period of variation in the wire radii. It is very important to note that this variation only corresponds to _half_ a period of the electric field.
# How Close Is Existing C/C++ Code to a Safe Subset?
## 5 Methodology
### Static Analysis Patterns
#### 5.1.3 Casts  
Unchecked casts can break type safety in C/C++ code. Existing C/C++ standards highlight the need to avoid C-style casts and other unchecked casts.  
**C++ Core ES.48:** Avoid casts.  
**C++ Core ES.49:** If you must use a cast, use a named cast.  
**C++ Core C.146:** Use dynamic_cast where class hierarchy navigation is unavoidable.  
**HIC 5.4.1:** Only use the casting forms static_cast (excl. void*), dynamic_cast, or explicit constructor call.  
**AUTOSAR A5-2-2:** Traditional C-style casts shall not be used.  
**AUTOSAR A5-2-4:** The reinterpret_cast shall not be used.  
**MISRA 5-2-4:** C-style casts (other than void casts) and functional notation casts (other than explicit constructor calls) shall not be used.  
As noted in the prior section, implicit casts to constructors may complicate the transition to a safe subset because smart pointers add an extra user-defined conversion. The C++ Core Guidelines also recommend avoiding implicit casts to constructors.  
**C++ Core C.46:** By default, declare single-argument constructors as explicit.  
Like unsafe casts, unions break type safety in C/C++ code by allowing an implicit conversion between types. C/C++ standards recommend avoiding unions and replacing them with tagged unions.  
**C++ Core C.181:** Avoid \"naked\" unions.  
Unsafe Casts are identified as C-style casts and reinterpret_cast. Construct from Implicit Casts are identified by finding implicit cast expressions with constructor ancestors in the abstract syntax tree. In this case, we use the ancestor matcher instead of the parent matcher because there may be multiple casts applied to a single constructor. Unions are identified by type.
# A Microscopic Traffic Flow Data Generation Method Based on an Improved DCGAN
## 1 Introduction  
### Motivation  
The concept of autopilot technology was first proposed one hundred years ago, but recent improvements in sensors and computing power have opened more opportunities for autopilot cars. Due to their sensing capabilities and overall controllability, autopilot cars can adapt and respond to a variety of transportation situations and events [1]. Studies show that the application of autopilot technology can greatly reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents [2] and traffic congestion [3] caused by human errors, and reduce environmental pollution [4]. Moreover, its application in transportation also greatly improves the productivity of the logistics system, which is an important direction of vehicle research and development at present.  
With the development of automatic driving, the technology of automatic driving is becoming increasingly complex, and the testing and verification of auto-drive system functions has become one of the most important challenges in the process of research on automatic driving vehicles [5, 6]. For virtual simulations of automatic driving cars, the lack of publicly available data sources makes it difficult to collect such traffic flow data, especially extremely dangerous driving data [7]. On the other hand, the acquired data may be polluted with incompleteness at specific locations or time periods, making certain data-driven decision cases or model learning tasks impossible to complete [8]. Therefore, the importance of having complete and available microscopic traffic flow data for the virtual testing of automatic driving cannot be overstated.
# Discrete Environment-Driven GPU-Based Ray Launching: Validation and Applications
## 2 The DED-RL Algorithm
### Visibility Preprocessing  
Even more relevant is the following advantage. After the first bounce, RL must iterate the procedure, i.e., must propagate each bounced ray from each tile and look for further \"visible\" tiles to determine other bounces: here the source is no longer the Tx but virtual sources corresponding to each bouncing-tile. If the algorithm is discrete, virtual sources can be assumed corresponding to tile centers for the sake of visibility verification: by doing so, the determination of further bounces (or bouncing tiles) can be pre-calculated for a given environment, as visibility between tile centers does not depend on the current position of the Tx. The preliminary computation of visibility between all possible couples of tiles for a given environment can be called \"visibility preprocessing\": although time consuming, it is performed only once for a given building database and visibility relations between tiles are stored in a \"visibility matrix\" for use in every future run for the same environment. Of course, for reflection or diffraction, where the actual visibility cone after the interaction actually depends on the virtual Tx, and therefore indirectly on the original Tx, visibility relations in the visibility matrix must be filtered according to the actual visibility cone, but the computation time advantage over traditional a-posteriori techniques is still present because the set of rays to be considered and filtered is already much smaller than the unrestricted set of potential rays [21].
## 2 Fabrication and Setup
### Experimental Characterization Setup  
The analysis of FBG spectra, as well as of the MgO-NP fiber, has been performed using a commercial OBR analyzer (Luna OBR4600, Luna Inc., Roanoke, VA, USA). The setup used in measurements is shown in Figure 2, including both a schematic diagram and the photograph of the whole system. The MgO-NP fiber has been spliced to a lead-in SMF span by means of a standard splicer (SMF-SMF splicing recipe, cladding alignment, Fujikura 12-S, Tokyo, Japan). The OBR has been used with the following parameters: wavelength range 1525.0-1610.5 nm, resolution bandwidth 1.29 GHz (10.3 pm),  
Figure 1: (**a**) Schematic diagram of the laser inscription setup used to inscribe refractive gratings; I—iris, At—power attenuator, M—mirror, C—Convex cylindrical lens, PM—Phase mask. (**b**) Spectrum of the FBG inscribed on the MgO-NP having Bragg wavelength around 1552.2 nm.  
8192 wavelength points, no gain for each detector; the OBR spatial resolution is 9.8 \(\upmu\)m. The OBR detects both polarizations, here labelled S (perpendicular) and P (parallel), where the orientation is referred to the swept laser of the OBR source [21].  
Thermal variations have been obtained by placing the fiber in contact with a heating plate (C-MAG HS4, IKA, Staufen, Germany). The reference temperature has been measured by another FBG (ormoceramic draw-tower grating DTG-1550 nm, FBGS International, Geel, Belgium) connected to a commercial FBG interrogator (si255, 1 kHz, Micron Optics, Atlanta, GA, USA) and detecting the peak wavelength with \(\sim\)0.1 pm accuracy; the thermal sensitivity of the reference FBG is 10.4 pm/\({}^{\circ}\)C. The hot plate temperature has been varied from 60\({}^{\circ}\)C to 145\({}^{\circ}\)C, approximately 40-125\({}^{\circ}\)C over the room temperature of 20\({}^{\circ}\)C. In order to maintain a heat uniformity, we the hot plate has been covered with a beaker.
# Speckle Noise Reduction in Digital Holography Using a DMD and Multi-Hologram Resampling
###### Abstract  
Speckle noise is a well-documented problem on coherent imaging techniques like Digital Holography. A method to reduce the speckle noise level is presented, based on introducing a Digital Micromirror Device to phase modulate the illumination over the object. Multiple holograms with varying illuminations are recorded and the reconstructed intensities are averaged to obtain a final improved image. A simple numerical resampling scheme is proposed to further improve noise reduction. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the hybrid approach.  
digital holography; digital micromirror device; speckle; noise reduction +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# A Method for the Rapid Propagation of Emergency Event Notifications in a Long Vehicle Convoy
## 2 Problem Statement  
While other works in the area of VANETs work around random movements and reasonably reliable communication channels, our work focuses on the opposite. Our goal was to create a message dissemination system that is fast and reliable in the face of an unreliable communication channel by leveraging the assumptions provided with a convoy of vehicles. Specifically, our goals were as follows:  
1. Eventual Consistency. There should be no dropped messages.
2. Speed of Dissemination. Ideally, it should propagate a message through the convoy in less than 100 ms (the minimum delay between BSM transmissions).
3. Channel Efficiency. The number of additional transmissions and the amount of extra data attached to existing transmissions are minimized.
## 8 Results and Discussion
The operation of a loop thermosiphon depends on the placement of the individual parts in a vertical or slightly inclined position [46]. The studies of cooling systems in an enclosed space with electrical elements mentioned in the introduction of this work are focused on passive heat dissipation using a heat pipe. This study is also focused on the passive cooling of the electrical cabinet with a new design of the heat exchangers of the cooling equipment, the operation of which is affected by the forced airflow from the fans. A similar problem of the loop thermosiphon was solved during the cooling of a telecommunication box. Various working substances and their physical properties on the effect of evaporation at 300 W, 400 W and 500 W have been investigated [25]. In our research, we mainly observed the operating parameters in the interior of the cabinet, and the maximum amount of heat transferred was 2000 W.  
Another study of a closed telecommunication cabinet also examined the flow inside the cabinet without other technologies. The results of experiments and numerical methods confirmed that cooling depends directly on the airflow inside the cabinet. The turbulent flow regime was investigated at speeds of 0.827 m/s, 0.704 m/s, and 0.757 m/s. The maximum heat load was 180.5 W [17]. Axial fans with a speed of 2 m/s ensured the airflow in the electrical cabinet. Our experimental research included additional heat dissipation technology (a loop thermosiphon) compared to the telecommunication box. Forced convection has an effective effect on cooling in confined spaces, but in combination with a heat pipe device, the efficiency is much higher. The experimental equipment of the cooling system is designed specifically for cooling a separately located closed electrical cabinet. This solution design ensures dust-free and trouble-free operation even with higher amounts of heat loss. In other research work with data centers [7], cooling has been designed for larger spaces. In this case, the cooling was solved by mixing the air with the surrounding environment, or the circulation of air with the exterior was ensured. This method of cooling works efficiently but causes high amounts of dustiness on electrical components.
## 2 Problem Formulation and Preliminary  
### Manipulator Dynamics Description  
The n-DOF manipulator dynamics are presented by:  
\[\mathbf{M}(\theta)\ddot{\theta}+\mathbf{C}(\theta,\dot{\theta})\dot{\theta}+ \mathbf{G}(\theta)+\mathbf{d}(\mathbf{t})=\mathbf{B}\boldsymbol{\tau} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\theta,\dot{\theta},\ddot{\theta}\in R^{n\times 1}\), respectively, presents angular position, angular velocity, and angular acceleration vectors of each joint, \(\mathbf{M}(\theta)\in R^{n\times n}\) is the symmetric and positive definite matrix, \(\mathbf{C}(\theta,\dot{\theta})\in R^{n\times n}\) is the Coriolis and centrifugal matrix, \(\mathbf{G}(\theta)\in R^{n\times 1}\) is the gravity vector, \(\tau\) derives the torque vector, \(\mathbf{B}\in R^{n\times n}\) presents the unknown control direction which is a diagonal matrix, \(\dot{\mathbf{M}}(\theta)-2\mathbf{C}\Big{(}\theta,\dot{\theta}\Big{)}\) is a skew-symmetric matrix, defined as \(\mathbf{X}^{T}\Big{[}\dot{\mathbf{M}}(\theta)-2\mathbf{C}\Big{(}\theta,\dot{ \theta}\Big{)}\Big{]}\mathbf{X}=0\), and \(\mathbf{d}(t)\) expresses the disturbance.  
When we define \(\mathbf{x}_{1}=\theta\in R^{n}\) and \(\mathbf{x}_{2}\in\dot{\theta}\in R^{n}\), (1) can be rewritten as follows:  
\[\begin{split}\dot{\mathbf{x}}_{1}&=\mathbf{x}_{2}\\ \dot{\mathbf{x}}_{2}&=\mathbf{M}^{-1}(\mathbf{x}_{1} )(\mathbf{B}\mathbf{u}-\mathbf{C}(\mathbf{x}_{1},\mathbf{x}_{2})\mathbf{x}_{2} -\mathbf{G}(\mathbf{x}_{1})-\mathbf{d}(t))\end{split} \tag{2}\]  
where \(\mathbf{u}=\boldsymbol{\tau}\) expresses the control input vector.  
**Assumption 1**.: _The joint trajectories\(\mathbf{x}_{1d}\in R^{n\times n}\), \(\mathbf{x}_{2d}\in R^{n\times n}\), and \(\dot{\mathbf{x}}_{2d}\in R^{n\times n}\) are bounded by predefined thresholds as \(\left\|\mathbf{x}_{1d}\right\|_{\infty}<\delta_{1}\), \(\left\|\mathbf{x}_{2d}\right\|_{\infty}<\delta_{2}\), and \(\left\|\dot{\mathbf{x}}_{2d}\right\|_{\infty}<\delta_{3}\) where \(\delta_{i}(i=1,2,3)\) are positive constants._  
**Assumption 2**.: _We suppose that the external disturbance,\(\mathbf{d}(t)\), is bounded and the inequality \(\left\|\mathbf{d}(t)\right\|\leq\delta\) holds._  
Control objective: Provide an advanced control for a manipulator under the presence of unknown friction and unknown control direction to not only guarantee the tracking requirements but also reduce the chattering effect in the control signal.
# PBA-YOLOv7: An Object Detection Method Based on an Improved YOLOv7 Network
## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Experimental Comparison of Different Models  
In order to verify the superiority of this paper's algorithm (PFA-YOLOv7), the proposed algorithm is compared and experimented with other popular network algorithms to ensure the identical configuration environment and training parameters. The single-stage detection algorithms SSD, YOLOv5I, YOLOv7-tiny, YOLOX-I, YOLOv8n, and the two-stage detection algorithm Faster R-CNN are selected as the comparison algorithms. The experimental results are shown in Table 7.  
The Faster R-CNN algorithm uses a region proposal network (RPN) to select candidate regions from the features extracted by the backbone network. Then, it extracts the information of the candidate regions for detection in the second stage. However, the mAP and FPS are lower than the algorithm proposed in this paper (PFA-YOLOv7), and it is worth mentioning that the FPS of Faster R-CNN is only 17 frames.  
Compared with the Faster R-CNN algorithm, the SSD algorithm does not need to select candidate regions and can simultaneously localize and classify targets in one forward propagation by predicting targets at different scales on different feature scales. Although the FPS is fast enough, its mAP0.5 is relatively low.  
For the YOLOv5I algorithm, the method uses PANet as a path-binding network to realize the fusion of feature maps at different scales, and the use of a lightweight network structure makes the detection fast enough. Although the FPS is 40, it is reduced by 7.1% compared to the [EMAIL_ADDRESS] algorithm in this paper.  
YOLOv7-tiny uses a more lightweight network structure, and despite an FPS of 48, the mAP0.5 is significantly lower.  
YOLOX-I, like YOLOv5, uses the Focus network structure in the backbone part, which reduces the number of parameters to be computed and improves the model's speed. However, its mAP0.5 is then 3% lower relative to YOLOv7-tiny. It is significantly lower by 11.6% compared to the modeling algorithm in this paper.  
YOLOv8, currently the newest detection method in the YOLO family, is fast enough. However, its average accuracy could be more significant, with a mAP0.5 that is 5.2% lower relative to the model algorithm PBA-YOLOv7 in this paper.  
In conclusion, the algorithm in this paper has a more significant performance in target detection compared to other algorithms.
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Comparing with Recent Methods  
In recent works on integrating OBIA and deep learning, contextual patches are commonly used. The methods, for example, center object-based CNN (Center OCNN) and random object-based CNN (Random OCNN), contextual patches using object center, or random points within an object, are used to extract patches for CNN feature extraction, respectively. The two methods are used as benchmark methods to compare with the standard integration frameworks used in this paper. The performance of these two methods is presented in Tables 8 and 9. The classification maps are presented in Figures 9 and 10 for the training and test areas, respectively. The OA for the center OCNN and random
# Towards Tamper-Proof Trust Evaluation of Internet of Things Nodes Leveraging IOTA Ledger
## 4 Proposed Methodology
### Node Reliability
#### 4.1.1 Communication Consistency  
Communication consistency measures the consistency of a node in terms of communication patterns. Nodes with inconsistent communication patterns are considered less reliable. It is computed using the following equation:  
\[CC_{i}=1-\frac{\sigma(T_{i})}{\mu(T_{i})} \tag{1}\]  
where \(CC_{i}\) is the communication consistency of node \(i\), \(\sigma(T_{i})\) is the standard deviation, and \(\mu(T_{i})\) is the mean of the time intervals \(T_{i}\) between successive communications of node \(i\).