## 3 Results
### Allele Frequencies and PON1 Genotypes  
Allele frequencies were 0.61 for C allele (_C-108T_), 0.30 for M allele (_L55M_), and 0.46 for Q allele (_Q192R_). The study polymorphisms were in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
A strong linkage disequilibrium (D% = 56.36; \(p\) < 0.001) between _PON1 C-108T_ and _PON1 L55M_ and between _PON1 Q192R_ and _PON1 L55M_ (D% = 71.73; \(p\) < 0.001) was observed, and a marginal linkage disequilibrium (D%; \(p\) = 0.06) was observed between _PON1 C-108T_ and _PON1 Q192R_ (Table S1, Supplementary Material).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Vitamin** & **Initial Intake** & **Final Intake** & \(p\) \\ \hline Vitamin C (mg) & 132.6 (105.8–166.1) & 83.7 (65.8–106.3) & **<0.001** \\ \hline Vitamin B1 (mg) & 1.3 (1.1–1.6) & 1.2 (1.0–1.3) & **<0.01** \\ \hline Vitamin B2 (mg) & 1.3 (1.1–1.6) & 1.2 (1.0–1.3) & **<0.01** \\ \hline Niacin (mg) & 17.9 (15.1–21.3) & 16.9 (15.0–19.0) & **0.01** \\ \hline Vitamin B5 (mg) & 7.9 (6.2–9.9) & 7.0 (5.4–9.0) & \textgreater{}0.05 \\ \hline Vitamin B6 (mg) & 1.7 (1.5–2.1) & 1.6 (1.4–1.8) & **<0.01** \\ \hline Glycoslated vitamin B6 (mg) & 4.1 (2.5–6.6) & 4.3 (3.3–5.7) & \textgreater{}0.05 \\ \hline Folate (ug) & 481.7 (363.5–638.5) & 380.5 (277.9–521.1) & **0.01** \\ \hline Vitamin B12 (ug) & 7.1 (5.6–8.9) & 6.1 (5.1–7.3) & **0.001** \\ \hline Vitamin K (ug) & 74.3 (58.5–94.6) & 72.2 (59.2–87.9) & \textgreater{}0.05 \\ \hline Retinol (UI) & 1721.8 (1325.3–2236.9) & 1436.6 (1183.0–1744.5) & **0.01** \\ \hline Vitamin D (UI) & 156.5 (123.7–198.1) & 136.9 (114.0–164.4) & **0.02** \\ \hline Vitamin E (ug) & 11.7 (\(\pm\)6.6) & 8.7 (\(\pm\)4.0) & **<0.01 a** \\ \hline Vitamin E activity (IU) & 12.3 (9.8–15.3) & 9.8 (8.5–11.4) & **<0.01** \\ \hline \(\alpha\)-Tocopherol (mg) & 11.6 (9.4–14.2) & 9.4 (8.1–10.9) & **<0.01** \\ \hline \(\beta\)-Tocopherol (mg) & 0.6 (\(\pm\)0.43) & 0.5 (\(\pm\)0.2) & **0.04 a** \\ \hline \(\gamma\)-Tocopherol (mg) & 13.4 (10.5–17.1) & 14.8 (12.5–17.4) & \textgreater{}0.05 \\ \hline \(\delta\)-Tocopherol (mg) & 2.3 (1.7–3.0) & 2.8 (2.3–3.4) & \textgreater{}0.05 \\ \hline \(\alpha\)-Tocopherol (eq/mg) & 13.3 (10.8–16.3) & 11.1 (9.6–12.8) & **<0.01** \\ \hline
**Mineral** & **Initial Intake** & **Final Intake** & \(p\) \\ \hline Calcium (mg) & 538.8 (441.9–656.9) & 486.3 (423.6–558.4) & **<0.01** \\ \hline Iron (mg) & 12.6 (10.5–15.0) & 11.9 (10.6–13.5) & **0.02** \\ \hline Magnesium (mg) & 280.9 (233.3–338.2) & 272.7 (243.3–305.6) & **0.04** \\ \hline Phosphorus (mg) & 1077.4 (896.2–1295.2) & 1058.5 (946.1–1184.3) & **0.02** \\ \hline Potassium (mg) & 2840.6 (2401.6–3359.9) & 2453.5 (2154.6–2793.9) & **<0.001** \\ \hline Sodium (mg) & 1593.4 (1342.2–1891.5) & 1410.9 (1225.1–1624.9) & **<0.01** \\ \hline Zinc (mg) & 13.9 (11.1–17.4) & 12.6 (10.3–15.5) & **0.03** \\ \hline Copper (mg) & 1.8 (1.4–2.3) & 1.6 (1.3–2.0) & **0.01** \\ \hline Manganese (mg) & 11.8 (8–17.4) & 11.9 (8.7–16.1) & \textgreater{}0.05 \\ \hline Selenium (ug) & 40.3 (32.3–50.6) & 38.9 (32.6–46.5) & \textgreater{}0.05 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
[PERSON] signed rank test presented as geometric means with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). a Student’s _t_-test presented as arithmetic means with standard deviations (\(\pm\)SD).  
\end{table}
Table 3: Initial and final intake of vitamins and minerals.