# Game Theory-Based Smart Mobile-Data Offloading Scheme in 5G Cellular Networks
## 5 Simulation Results
### Performance from Various Mean Values of Harvested Non-RF Energy  
We first observe the effect of harvested non-RF energy on network performance for all considered schemes. We compare the performance of the proposed game scheme in terms of FI value, average throughput, and sum of payoff value that of the schemes for MFI and no-offload when mean values of the harvested non-RF energy is changed. The simulation environment is the same, but the required minimal transmission data is chosen at 1 Mbps. The simulation results in terms of FI value, average throughput, and sum of payoff value under the various mean values of harvested non-RF energy are illustrated in Figures 3-5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Description** & **Value** \\ \hline \hline  & Path-loss BS—UE (dB): \(128.1+37.6\text{log}_{10}d\) (km) & \\  & Path-loss UE—UE (dB): \(38.4412+20\text{log}_{10}d\) (m) & \\ \(N_{m}\) & Data transmission duration of UEs & \(100,150,32,80\) \\ \(BW\) & Bandwidth & \(1\) Mhz \\ \(M\) & The number of UEs & \(4\) \\ \(E_{bat}\) & Battery capacity & \(120\) packets \\ \(e_{mean}^{h}\) & Mean of harvested non-RF energy & \(9,10,11,12\) packets \\ \(P_{BS}\) & Transmission power of the BS & \(46\) dBm \\ \(P_{1}-P_{4}\) & Transmission power of UEs & \(15,10,19,25\) dBm \\ \(K\) & The normalized data & \(1\) packet \\ \(\alpha\) & A user-defined factor & \(4.7\) \\ \(\beta\) & A user-defined factor & \(0.01\) \\ \(C\) & The safety constant & \(0.1\) \\ \(R\) & Transmission range & \(400\) m \\ \(A\) & The transmission area of macro BS & \(129,600\) m\({}^{2}\) \\ \(N_{timestot}\) & The number of timeslots & \(1000\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Simulation parameters  
Figure 3: The influence of mean harvested non-RF energy on FI value of the network when mean value of harvested non-RF energy is changed from 9 to 12 packets.  
In Figure 3, we observe the FI value of the network with increasing values of harvested non-RF energy. The Figure 3 shows that the FI value of the no-offload scheme has a downward trend, i.e., all three schemes have lower FI values as the mean value of harvested non-RF energy \(e_{mean}^{hv}\) is increased from 9 packets to 12 packets. Moreover, the FI values of the proposed game scheme and the MFI scheme has a slight drop when \(e_{mean}^{hv}\) is increased. However, they almost remain at a high FI value. In a nutshell, the FI value for all the schemes almost always degrades as \(e_{mean}^{hv}\) increases. This is because the more energy the UEs harvest, the larger the difference among payoffs for existing D2D-link pairs for which resources will be unfairly allocated.  
In Figures 4 and 5, we compare the average throughput and sum of payoff values of three schemes (the proposed game, MFI, and no-offload) when the mean value of harvested energy is increased from 9 packets to 12 packets. Overall, the three schemes mostly have an upward trend in average throughput and sum of payoff values as \(e_{mean}^{hv}\) increases. This is because the transmissions by UEs are more effective when the total amount of harvested non-RF energy becomes larger. When \(e_{mean}^{hv}\) is small such as 9 packets, UEs only use a small amount of transmission energy, and thus, get a small value in average throughput and sum of payoff. When \(e_{mean}^{hv}\) is more than 11 packets, however, there is a significant increase in both average throughput values and sum of payoff values under the three schemes. In particular, when \(e_{mean}^{hv}\) is 11 packets, the average throughput of the proposed scheme provides improvements of 25.12% and 77.99% over MFI and no-offload schemes, respectively, and the sum of payoff values of the proposed scheme improve 32.2% and 82.03% over MFI and no-offload schemes, respectively. The proposed game scheme has the highest average throughput and sum of payoff among the three schemes, and the no-offload scheme has the lowest one.