esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Bread is considered a staple food all over the world because of its nutritional value, its ability to be eaten with other foods, and its low price [1].  
In the composition of bakery products, oil is an auxiliary component, but with an important functional and rheological role in the dough [2]. Adding a small amount of fat to yeast dough helps the gluten to spread, resulting in bread with a higher volume. Fats are used in bread making to improve gas retention in the dough and thereby increase its volume and softness, to lubricate, aerate, and help heat transference in the dough, imparting desirable texture [3]. The flow and deformation behavior of the dough is recognized as essential to the successful production of baked goods [4]. Since the doughs are viscoelastic, oscillating dynamic testing has been widely used in recent years to characterize the rheological properties of dough [5, 6]. The amount of oil added is determined by the type of flour and the capacity of the proteins in the flour to bind these lipids during kneading [7]. The percentage of added oil should not exceed 5-10%.  
The rheological properties of wheat flour dough, supplemented with different amounts of hemp seed oil, have been studied previously and it has been shown that water absorption decreased as the amount of oil added increased. Other authors who have studied the effect of adding flaxseed oil to wheat flour dough have reported increased water absorption and dough stability [8, 9]. They reported that the use of ground flaxseed at a level of 10% significantly increased the volume of the bread, the specific volume of the bread, and delayed the aging of the bread.  
The sensory qualities of baked bread, such as flavor, softness, volume, palatability, and appearance are improved, while oxidation reactions, staling, and moisture migration are reduced by the addition of oil to bread recipes [10].  
The current trend in the industry is to introduce healthier fats into food products. As a result, a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) are expected alongside an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in consumer foods [11; 12; 13].  
Hemp seed oil contains high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (70-90%) and is a good dietary source of essential fatty acids and linoleic acids [14; 15]. Linoleic acid (50-70%) is the major fatty acid in seed oil. Hemp seed oil is considered healthy because of its desirable omega-6: omega-3 fatty acid ratio, 3:1. This value is considered optimal for human health, as it has a positive influence on health conditions through reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases [16; 17].  
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the effects hemp seed oil had upon the rheological properties of dough obtained from wheat flour, with specific attention paid to three types of flour (550, 650, and 1350), as well as its effects upon the quality of the bread.
# FlickPose: A Hand Tracking-Based Text Input System for Mobile Users Wearing Smart Glasses
## 1 Introduction
This study introduces FlickPose, a text input system that combines right-hand key selection with left-hand pose recognition to replicate flick-style input in mobile environments for HMDs. The system is optimized for mobile use, addressing limitations of physical keyboards and voice input by offering a portable and privacy-friendly solution for on-the-go users. 2. The implementation of a raycast-based touchless input mechanism to reduce input errors. To mitigate false inputs commonly caused by a lack of haptic feedback, FlickPose implements a raycast-based input method, allowing users to select keys by pointing a ray from the wrist and confirming input with a pinch gesture. This enables accurate input while maintaining visual focus on the text entry field, improving usability in immersive AR/VR contexts. 3. The development and evaluation of a high-accuracy hand pose recognition model using MLP. A machine learning model based on a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) was developed to classify five predefined left-hand poses used for character selection. The model uses preprocessed fingertip joint data from the HMD's hand tracking system. Experimental comparisons with Random Forest, LightGBM, and a rule-based method showed that the MLP model achieved higher accuracy, stability, and generalizability, suggesting its suitability for real-time interaction.
## Results  
### Leaf Scale: Relationship between VIs and Chlorophyll Content  
The relationship between the reflectance at each SGLI spectral band and chlorophyll content is illustrated in Figure 3. \(\rho_{\mathrm{blue}}\) was stable at all chlorophyll contents, and \(\rho_{\mathrm{NIR}}\) was not sensitive to the chlorophyll content. \(\rho_{\mathrm{red}}\) and \(\rho_{\mathrm{green}}\) exhibited negative relationship with chlorophyll content. However, when chlorophyll content was more than 25 \(\mu\)g:cmcm\({}^{-2}\), \(\rho_{\mathrm{red}}\) remained constant. On the other hand, \(\rho_{\mathrm{green}}\) exhibited a strong negative relationship with chlorophyll content across a wide range from 0.3 to 50 \(\mu\)g:cmcm\({}^{-2}\).  
Figure 3: Relationship between the reflectance at each SGLI spectral band and the leaf chlorophyll content.  
The seven VIs calculated from Equations (2) through (8) are shown in Figure 4. mNDVI and NDVI saturated when chlorophyll content was higher than 10 \(\upmu\)g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\), and EVI and GNDVI saturated when chlorophyll content was higher than 20 \(\upmu\)g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\) and 35 \(\upmu\)g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\), respectively. EVI, NDVI, GNDVI, and SR were strongly positively correlated with chlorophyll content, with coefficients of determination (R\({}^{2}\)) of 0.66, 0.68, 0.83, and 0.74, respectively (P \(<\) 0.001). GRVI and mNDVI were more weakly correlated with chlorophyll content, with R\({}^{2}\) values of 0.32 (P \(<\) 0.05) and 0.58 (P \(<\) 0.001), respectively. In contrast, CI\({}_{\rm green}\) had the strongest linear correlation with chlorophyll content (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.87; P \(<\) 0.001). Therefore, CI\({}_{\rm green}\), EVI, NDVI, GNDVI, and SR were selected as candidate VIs for the canopy- and satellite-scale analyses.  
Figure 4: The best-fit regression of the linear relationships between (**a**) green chlorophyll index (CI\({}_{\rm green}\)), (**b**) green and red ratio VI (GRVI), (**c**) enhanced VI (EVI), (**d**) modified NDVI (mNDVI), (**e**) NDVI, (**f**) green NDVI (GNDVI), and (**g**) simple ratio (SR) index and chlorophyll content (\(\upmu\)g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\)) at the leaf scale.
# Two-Dimensional Histogram Shifting-Based Reversible Data Hiding for H.264/AVC Video
## 4 Experimental Results
### Video Quality
To sum up, our scheme achieves better video quality in terms of PSNR or SSIM in most cases, as demonstrated by the average results shown in Table 4 and the results in Table 5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**QP = 16**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**QP = 28**} \\ \cline{2-13}
**Video** & **Psyload** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**PSNR**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**SSIM**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Psyload**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**PSNR**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**SSIM**} \\ \cline{3-13}  & **(bits)** & **Ours\({}^{+}\)** & [33]  
The experimental results of the schemes without using the \((0,0)\) coefficient pairs are shown in Table 6, and the corresponding percentages for each ranking are shown in Table 7. When QP is 16, it can be observed from Tables 6 and 7 that 73.3% of the PSNR values and 96.7% of the SSIM values of our scheme are the highest. When QP is 28, due to the significant reduction in payload, the SSIM values of our scheme and the related schemes are almost the same in about 60% of the cases. However, for PSNR, 83.3% of the results of our schemes are the best, which is apparently superior to the related schemes. Moreover, the average results given in Table 6 also show that our scheme achieves the best video quality in most cases. Compared with the schemes using the \((0,0)\) coefficient pairs, the improvement of our scheme without using the \((0,0)\) coefficient pairs is more obvious. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Video**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**QP = 16**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**QP = 28**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PSNR**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SSIM**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Payload**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PSNR**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SSIM**} \\ \cline{3-13}  & **(bits)** & **Ours\({}^{-}\)** & [37] & [29] & **Ours\({}^{-}\)** & [37] & [29] & **(bits)** & **Ours\({}^{-}\)** & [37] & [29] &  
Furthermore, the changes in Shannon entropy of marked videos compared with the original videos are calculated to evaluate the modifications to the video. The average results of each cover video and the marked videos generated by different schemes are shown in Table 8. It can be seen from Table 8 that for the schemes using the \((0,0)\) coefficient pairs, whether the QP is 16 or 28, the results of our method are basically closer to the entropy of cover videos than the related schemes. The same observations can be made for the schemes without using the \((0,0)\) coefficient pairs. The closer the entropy of the marked video is to the original video, generally means the smaller modification to the video. Thus, the quality of the marked videos generated by our scheme will be better, which was already demonstrated in Tables 4 and 6.
# A New Coding Paradigm for the Primitive Relay Channel +
## 2 Existing Upper and Lower Bounds
### Partial Decode-Compress-and-Forward Lower Bound  
In partial decode-compress-and-forward, the relay decodes and sends to the destination part of the source message, and it also sends to the destination a compressed description of the remaining signal by Wyner-Ziv coding.  
For the _general relay channel_, partial decode-compress-and-forward allows for achieving the following rate ([2] Theorem 7):  
\[R_{\rm pDCF}=\max\min\{I(X_{\rm S};\hat{Y}_{\rm S0},Y_{\rm S0}|U,X_{\rm R})+I( U;Y_{\rm ss}|V,X_{\rm R}),I(X_{\rm S},X_{\rm R};Y_{\rm S0})-I(Y_{\rm ss};\hat{Y}_{ \rm ss}|U,X_{\rm S},X_{\rm R},Y_{\rm S0})\}, \tag{28}\]  
where the maximization is taken over all the joint probability density functions of the form  
\[P_{U,V,X_{\rm S},X_{\rm R},Y_{\rm S0},\hat{Y}_{\rm S0},Y_{\rm S0}}=p_{V}p_{U|V} p_{X_{\rm S}|U}p_{X_{\rm R}|V}\cdot P_{Y_{\rm S0},Y_{\rm D}|X_{\rm S},X_{\rm R}}p_{ \hat{Y}_{\rm S0}|X_{\rm R},Y_{\rm S0},U} \tag{29}\]  
such that  
\[I(X_{\rm R};Y_{\rm D}|V)\geq I(\hat{Y}_{\rm S0};Y_{\rm S0}|U,X_{\rm R},Y_{\rm D }). \tag{30}\]  
Partial decode-compress-and-forward is a generalization of partial decode-and-forward and compress-and-forward. Futhermore, it can strictly improve on both, e.g., for the state-dependent orthogonal relay channel with state information available at the destination [35].  
Let us consider the case of the _primitive relay channel_ and pick \(V=\emptyset\). Then, the partial decode-compress-and-forward lower bound specializes to  
\[\begin{split} R_{\rm pDCF}&=\max\min\{I(X_{\rm S}; \hat{Y}_{\rm ss},Y_{\rm S0}|U)+I(U;Y_{\rm ss}),\\ I(X_{\rm S};Y_{\rm S0})+C_{\rm BD}-I(Y_{\rm ss};\hat{Y}_{\rm S0}|U,X_{\rm S})\},\end{split} \tag{31}\]  
such that  
\[C_{\rm BD}\geq I(\hat{Y}_{\rm S0};Y_{\rm S0}|Y_{\rm S0},U). \tag{32}\]
## 3 Methodology  
To review the deceleration of land subsidence in Beijing. We first refined the quality of Gaofen-3 interferograms, and then we carried out the time-series InSAR method for descending Gaofen-3 datasets. Sentinel-1 datasets are applied to validate the accuracy of Gaofen-3 datasets in land subsidence measurements. Finally, combing the TS-InSAR  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Sensor** & **Gaofen-3** & **Sentinel-1** \\ \hline Wavelength(cm) & 5.55 & 5.54 \\ Central frequency (GHz) & 5.400 & 5.405 \\ Incidence angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 27.8145 & 39.1040 \\ Resolution (Azimuth by range m) & 1.12 \(\times\) 2.61 & 2.32 \(\times\) 13.93 \\ Number of SAR images & 8 & 111 \\ Acquisition period & 9 June 2020-26 March 2021 & 13 June 2017–4 May 2021 \\ Band & C & C \\ Orbit direction & Descending & Ascending \\ Acquisition mode & FSI & SM \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Basic parameters of the SAR datasets over Beijing.  
Figure 1: Location of the study area, the black lines delineate the boundary of Beijing City. The coverage of descending Gaofen-3 and ascending Sentinel-1 SAR images are marked by yellow and blue rectangles. The brown rectangle also indicates the study area.  
results of Sentinel-1 and Gaofen-3 datasets reveals the deceleration of land subsidence over Beijing. The overall workflow is shown in Figure 2.
# The Availability of Space Service for Inter-Satellite Links in Navigation Constellations
## 4 Numerical Simulation
### Navigation Signal Combined with ISL (NSCI)  
The availability of ISLs is far from ideal if the navigation satellites cannot be scheduled and the HEO/GEO SSV of the navigation signal needs to be enhanced. We next evaluate the availability when the ISL signals and the navigation signals are combined.  
Figure 15 illustrates the combined availability of the ISL signals and the navigation signals, where the main lobe of the navigation signal is 44\({}^{\circ}\). The combined availability increases with the ISL beamwidth. When the beamwidth is 20\({}^{\circ}\), the strong single-fold probability (\(\geq\)95%) increases from 10,000 km to 21,000 km (an increase of 110%), the strong four-fold probability (\(\geq\)95%) is extended from 7400 km to 8200 km, and the increased altitude is 800 km.  
Figure 14: Availability as a function of beamwidth (single-fold).  
Figure 13: Availability as a function of link plan (\(\theta_{beam}=12^{\circ}\)): (a) number and (b) probability.
# Comparative In Vitro Analysis of Composite Resins Used in Clear Aligner Attachments
## 1 Introduction
To date, no comparative studies have explored the mechanical, thermal, and tribological behavior of AC in relation to Connect Flow (CF), a commonly used flowable resin for attachments. Understanding these differences is clinically relevant as superior mechanical strength and wear resistancecan enhance aligner retention and minimize attachment deformation, ultimately improving the predictability of tooth movements. Therefore, this study addresses this gap by evaluating and comparing the mechanical properties, thermal behavior, and wear performance of AC and CF. We hypothesize that the hybrid composite AC, due to its higher filler content and intermediate viscosity, will demonstrate superior stiffness, load-bearing capacity, and wear resistance compared to the flowable CF, ultimately leading to improved long-term stability and predictability of orthodontic attachments in CAT. The evaluation of mechanical characteristics and their correlation with material compositions provides significant insights that can guide the selection of optimal composite materials, improving the clinical performance of clear aligners. Hence, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical and tribological performance of two advanced nanohybrid dental composites--Aligner Connect (AC) and Connect Flow (CF)--specifically developed for use in orthodontic attachment applications. Despite the growing adoption of aligner-based treatments, the performance of attachment materials under the functional and mechanical conditions specific to this application remains largely underexplored. For this reason, the present work introduces a dedicated testing methodology, designed and validated by authors in previous studies, to evaluate the multi-scale mechanical integrity and wear resistance of composite materials under conditions simulating the functional demands of orthodontic attachments [1,2]. Key aspects of the novelty include the layer-by-layer fabrication of standardized specimens using custom 3D-printed photomasks, simulating clinically relevant curing depths and conditions; a combined approach integrating flat indentation, stress relaxation, and reciprocating wear tests to capture both quasi-static and time-dependent mechanical responses; and a quantitative wear assessment using 3D surface profilometry and advanced image reconstruction tools. By focusing on materials specifically engineered for direct bonding on enamel and functional retention within aligners, this study provides new insights into the structure-property-function relationships of modern orthodontic composites. The outcomes are expected to guide both clinical material selection and future composite design for improved durability, comfort, and treatment efficiency.
# Dynamic Responses Measured by Optical Fiber Sensor for Structural Health Monitoring
## 1 Introduction
Good agreement between the two sensors demonstrates the capability of FBG sensor in measuring the transient and vibration responses of the structures. The aim of the present work is to develop a fast response and easy-to-implement optical fiber sensing system for structural health monitoring based on real time dynamic strain measurements.
## 5 Experiment and Analysis
### Experimental Platform and Dataset  
The fault diagnosis experimental platform for the plunger pump is shown in Figure 6. The ZT axial plunger pump, which is a specialized electro-hydraulic pump, is selected as the test object. After being powered on, the motor drives the plunger pump to work, the cylinder body rotates, and the plunger moves back and forth. The high-pressure oil discharged is connected to the oil return pipeline through the overflow valve and flows back to the oil tank. The vibration signal of the pump casing is collected through an accelerometer, and the data acquisition system and supporting upper computer software are used to complete the data acquisition work.  
This experiment selected a sampling frequency of 5120 Hz, and the experimental platform collected data from seven working conditions: the normal operation of the axial piston pump, the condition where plunger ball head wear occurs, that where there is triangular hole-plugging, that where valve plate wear occurs, that where cylinder block wear occurs, that where bowl wear occurs, and that where plunger wall pitting occurs. The sensor measuring points are arranged on the pump casing. The specific fault mode is shown in Figure 7.  
Figure 6: The experimental platform. (**a**) The equipment and (**b**) the measurement point layout.  
Figure 7: The plunger pump failure mode. (**a**) Plunger ball head wear, (**b**) triangular hole plugging, (**c**) the valve plate wear, (**d**) cylinder block wear, (**e**) bowl wear, (**f**) plunger wall pitting.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, a full-scale model of a pre-stressed beam was constructed, and a pre-stressed pipe grouting quality detection system was used in conjunction with the simulation results of ABAQUS finite element software to conduct on-site validation tests. This approach provides a reliable means for detecting the quality of pre-stressed pipe grouting, and it can be widely applied in engineering practice. The main conclusions are as follows:  
1. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using the ultrasonic wave method to detect the grouting quality of pre-stressed pipelines. Through a combined approach of experiments and numerical simulations, we conducted in-depth research on the rapid qualitative assessment of defects using the ultrasonic wave method.
2. The experimental results indicate that as the defect severity of pre-stressed pipelines increases, the propagation velocity of the elastic waves within the pipelines also increases, with a frequency shift towards higher frequencies. The propagation velocity of elastic waves within pre-stressed pipelines serves as an indicator of grouting quality.
3. The consistency between the experimental and simulation results demonstrates that the ultrasonic wave method can, to some extent, evaluate the grouting quality of pre-stressed pipelines. This non-destructive and rapid detection method provided by the ultrasonic wave method offers a reliable means for assessing the grouting quality of pre-stressed pipelines.  
Conceptualization: [PERSON] proposed the concept of quality inspection of pre-stressed pipeline grouting based on the transmission method, suggesting the use of numerical simulation and experimental verification; Methodology: [PERSON]. ([PERSON]) presented detailed methods and experimental procedures using numerical simulation; Software: [PERSON]. ([PERSON]) contributed to the article by conducting numerical simulations of the experiments using relevant software; Validation: [PERSON] conducted experimental verification of the method according to the design steps; Formal analysis ang writing-original draft: [PERSON] analyzed and evaluated the entire experimental method, and completed the initial draft of the write-up; Writing-review& editing: [PERSON] organized and edited the initial draft of the article. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
Authors [PERSON] and [PERSON] are employed by the China Construction Seventh Engineering Division Co., Ltd. Authors [PERSON] is employed by the Yunnan Jiaohang Engineering Technology Co., Ltd. Author [PERSON] is employed by the China Construction Seventh Engineering Division (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Setup  
CFE and GFE samples (10 mm width, 4 mm thickness, and 200 mm length), manufactured with pultrusion, were used in a 3-point bending test on a reconfigurable Minitec loading machine. The loading cell has a capacity of 25 kN, the loading speed was set to 0.02 mm/s, and the loading supports were 80 mm apart. The fiber volume fraction of the composites corresponded to 65% of the overall volume. The average fiber diameters of CFE and GFE were measured to be 25 \(\upmu\)m and 5 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. A broadband piezoelectric AE sensor Steveco KRNBB-PCP12042 (University of California, [PERSON]) with a frequency bandwidth of 20 kHz to 1000 kHz and resonance piezoelectric AE sensor VS150-M (Vallen Systeme) were attached, the first with a magnetic holder and the second with a plastic clamp on each end of the sample, 120 mm apart. A standard coupling agent (silicon grease) was added to the mounting surfaces. For this research, only the signals from the broadband sensor were ultimately used. The experimental setup is presented in Figure 1.  
The detected AE signals were amplified in AEP5 preamplifiers with 34 dB gain and sampled at 5 MHz by storing 4096 points for every hit, using the AMSY-5 AE data acquisition system. The threshold for signal acquisition of 37 dB was determined using a series of preliminary Hsu-Nielsen standard tests. A total of 44,688 AE signals, measured by the broadband sensor, were acquired from bending tests of CFE and GFE and were used for feature extraction.
# Optimization of the 3D Point Cloud Registration Algorithm Based on FPFH Features
## 2 Rough Surface Matching Based on Octree and Edge Feature Point Algorithm  
Point cloud coarse registration includes feature point extraction, filtering processing, feature matching, and the elimination of mismatched pairs. The process of rough registration is shown in Figure 1.