## 3 Mechanisms and Process of Electrolytically Polymerized MCF Rubber
From Figures 11 and 13, it can be deduced that by electrolytic polymerization of the MCF rubber, some polymerization occurs. The changes in quantity of C=C and C-C bonds is related to the electro-chemical reaction, which in turn is based on the oxidation-reduction reaction. This can be evaluated by [OH\({}^{-}\)] and [H\({}^{+}\)] by measuring the values of redox potential (ORP) and pH. It is well known that NR-latex surface particles have a negative charge in their initial condition. When the water in NR-latex reacts as in Equation (1), hydrogen ions H\({}^{+}\) attract some anionic NR-latex particles, neutralized particles are aggregated, and a part of the NR-latex may be solidified, which does not mean vulcanization. This phenomenon is equivalent to solidification by drying in the air (i.e., the DM):  
\[\mathrm{H_{2}O}\rightarrow\mathrm{H^{+}}+\mathrm{OH^{-}} \tag{1}\]  
Therefore, the quantity of [OH\({}^{-}\)] is greater than that of [H\({}^{+}\)]. As a result, NR-latex is alkaline. This is before the application of the electric field. By electrolytic polymerization, the [OH\({}^{-}\)] and [H\({}^{+}\)], or the ratio of oxidation and reduction, is altered. Thus, by electric-chemical measurement of ORP and pH, we can determine the reaction of the electrolytic polymerization of the MCF rubber based on the physical model shown in Figure 8. We therefore investigated the ORP and pH of the MCF rubber under the application of electric and magnetic fields. The liquid in the MCF rubber consisted of 12 g-Ni powder, 3-g MF (W-40) and 24-g NR-latex; it was poured into a container, as shown in Figure 1. The mass concentration of the MCF rubber liquid was 33.8 wt % of Ni and Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) particles. ORP and pH meters were settled between the electrodes immersed in the MCF rubber liquid. Magnet 2 was applied from outside the container. The electric field was held constant at 6 V, and 2.7 A was supplied between the plates. The plates were held apart at a constant thickness using a spacer with a 19-mm electrodes gap, creating a 40 mm \(\times\) 40 mm square of stainless steel. Figure 14 shows the results. First, we consider the NR-latex liquid. As mentioned, in its initial condition, the pH of NR-latex liquid is alkaline as shown in Figure 14b. This state is the same as that of the MCF rubber liquid (see Figure 14d). At the anode, by the application of the electric field, OH\({}^{-}\) from Equation (1) changes by radial reaction with indicating by as follows:  
\[\mathrm{OH^{-}}\rightarrow\mathrm{OH^{+}}+\mathrm{OH^{-}} \tag{2}\]  
However, the Equation (2) reaction of does not occur at the initial condition, leaving the NR-latex liquid alkaline. Figure 14: _Cont._  
At the initial condition, the quantity of reductant [red] is larger than that of oxidizer [ox]. Therefore, the ORP of the NR-latex liquid is negative, as shown in the initial ORP in Figure 14a. Equation (2)  
Figure 14: Changes in ORP, pH, temperature, electric current and voltage over time during electrolytic polymerization by the NM: NR-latex liquid in (**a,b**); MCF rubber liquid in (**c,d**). occurs with the application of the electric field, and [OH\(-\)] decreases, becoming smaller than [OH\({}^{+}\)]. Therefore, ORP changes from negative to positive, as shown by A in Figure 14a (hereafter, Reaction A). The pH becomes acidic, as shown by A in Figure 14b. In other words, the oxidation process occurs at the anode by the application of the electric field. Next, anionic NR-latex particles are attracted to H\({}^{+}\), and [OH\({}^{-}\)] becomes higher than [H\({}^{+}\)]. Therefore, the pH of the NR-latex liquid changes to alkaline, as shown by B in Figure 14b (hereafter, Reaction B); the [red] becomes larger than [ox]. ORP then changes to negative, as shown by B in Figure 14a. Next, we consider the MCF rubber liquid. Because it involves NR-latex, the pH and ORP results described can be compared to those of MCF rubber liquid, as shown in Figure 14c,d. These are the reactions at the anode.