An Empirical Study on Greenhouse Gas Emission Calculations Under Different Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategies  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3 rd Ring Rd. E., Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.X. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.Z.) [PERSON]  
1 School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3 rd Ring Rd. E., Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.X. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.Z.) [PERSON]  
2222-222-2222-22222-2  
With the development of urbanization and the improvement of people's living standards, the amount of MSW in China has been increasing rapidly, leading to economic and environmental problems that need to be solved urgently [5; 6]. As shown in Figure 1, landfill has always been the main disposal method of MSW in China, accounting for more than 85% of total waste in 2003. In recent years, under the influence of national policies, the proportion of waste incineration in China has increased to about 40% of total waste and the proportion of landfill has decreased, but it still accounts for more than 57% of total waste [7]. A large amount of GHG will be emitted both during the transportation and disposal of MSW, which will have a large impact on the climate and environment. For a long time, the MSW has been mixed during collection, transportation, and disposal and the source separation of MSW has not been realized in China, which not only reduces the reusable economic value of waste, but also produces high environmental costs. The MSW can be divided into nine categories: kitchen waste, inorganic waste (sand and stone), paper waste, textile waste, wood and bamboo waste, plastic waste, rubber waste, glass waste, and metal waste. Among these, paper waste, textile waste, plastic waste, rubber waste, glass waste, and metal waste are recyclables [8]. In addition, four of the categories contain degradable contents: kitchen waste, paper waste, textile waste, and wood and bamboo waste [9], with a high proportion of kitchen waste about 50% or more in China [10], containing high organic matter content, but there is almost no composting disposal. Therefore, in China, the waste disposal methods do not match well with the waste components. Moreover, the kitchen waste currently used for composting has a high impurity content and poor composting effect because source separation is not carried out. A large number of organic substances are currently sent to landfill, which produces high amounts of landfill gas. Without recycling, this causes considerable GHG emissions. From the whole MSW management system, the environmental impact of GHG emissions from the transportation process is lower than that from the disposal process [11; 12; 13]. [PERSON] et al. studied whether the recycling of waste still has environmental benefits under the condition of long transportation distance, and found that the transportation process does not affect the environmental benefits of the recycling strategy [14]. There are fewer reports studying GHG emissions from the transportation of MSW alone, most of which are combined with route optimization research [15; 16; 17]. Figure 1: MSW quantity from 2004 to 2017 in China. The disposal processes of MSW including landfill, incineration and composting comprise important sources of GHG emissions. Many researchers have studied GHG emissions under different waste disposal strategies to help the government make the most favorable decisions for the environment. These studies are mostly based on scenario comparisons [11; 12; 13; 18; 19; 20]. Some researchers have shown that compared with disposal methods such as composting and incineration, landfill produces the highest GHG emissions. Thus, it is suggested that landfill disposal shall be reduced or combined with composting and incineration [12; 18; 20]. However, [PERSON] et al.