## 1 Introduction  
In the construction of deep tunnels around the world, the problems of high ground and hot water are often encountered due to the excessive depth of tunnels and the fact that tunnels pass through some tectonically developed areas. In Japan, hot water exceeding 75 \({}^{\circ}\)C was found in the Yasuho Tunnel during an initial investigation, forming a \"hot water zone\", which was later intercepted by utilizing grouting [1]. The tunnel was then grouted and plugged. High-temperature water surges occurred several times in the construction of the Simplon Railway Tunnel connecting Switzerland and Italy. There was 350 L/s of 46-56 \({}^{\circ}\)C hot water surging in the construction process, and the highest temperature of the hot water passing through the peripheral rock channel reached 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The temperature of the 3 km long section of the cave was maintained at about 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which brought serious harm to the tunnel construction. Since then, other countries have encountered different degrees of high-temperature heat damage in the construction of long deep tunnels, such as in the construction of the Mont-Blanc Tunnel, during which some of the rock reached more than 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, after which the method of spraying water to cool down the working face to 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C was adopted [2]. The 'Yellow River to Mining' project involves diverting water from the main stream of the Yellow River at Longyangxia Reservoir to the Huangshui River Basin in the Xining and Haidong regions. The water flows through tunnels crossing the Laji Mountains and is delivered to the southern bank of the Huangshui River. This project supplies water to the main stream and southern bank of the Huangshui River, urban and rural areas, and industrial parks for agricultural production and ecological environment construction and protection, thereby enhancing water security. At present, the project is still in the planning and demonstration stage. The project is situated in China, throughout the northeast edge of the Tibetan Plateau, a region with the most intensive geothermal activity, and the heat flow value of the earth's area is generally high, usually between 90 and 150 mW/m\({}^{2}\) up to 300 mW/m\({}^{2}\)[3]. There is obvious hydrothermal activity in the area, and a number of hot springs are distributed along a deep big break, with the highest temperature of the Qu Nai Hai hot springs reaching up to 97 \({}^{\circ}\)C [4]. The tunnel in the study area crosses several deep faults, and the maximum burial depth can be up to 936 m, which may present high land temperature and serious heat damage problems [5]. When the temperature inside the tunnel exceeds 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C, it can cause health hazards to construction workers and can adversely affect the materials, equipment operation, and project quality during construction. Located in the mountainous region of northeastern Qinghai, the study area presents many challenges for traditional drilling and physical exploration. Hence, accurately predicting the temperatures of the surrounding rocks along the tunnel based on existing drilling data and numerical simulation methods is of great importance. With the progress of computer technology, especially the development of modeling and numerical analysis technology, research in the geothermal field has greatly developed. Early on, international researchers began to use numerical simulation software to predict the surrounding rock in deep-buried long tunnels, and this method has been proven to accurately reflect the temperature distribution of a specific section. For example, [PERSON] [6] and [PERSON] [7] et al. used software to predict the temperature of the surrounding rock in the Lerch Mountain Tunnel and proposed a construction plan to reduce the temperature in the tunnel. [PERSON] et al. conducted a thermo-mechanical coupled analysis of tunnels and suggested that the stress redistribution caused by tunnel construction could affect the heat conduction pathways [8].