# Charting Past, Present, and Future Research in the Semantic Web and Interoperability
## 6 Discussion, Limitations, and Future Research
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Themes** & & **Future Research Directions** & **Related Literature** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Conceptualization of \\ the semantic web \\ \end{tabular} } & \(\bullet\) & Examining the role of the semantic web to support complex issues associated with flexible, automated, and autonomous systems such as Industry 4.0 systems & [169; 170; 171] \\  & \(\bullet\) & Investigating the impact of semantic web technologies on software testing & [169; 170; 171] \\  & \(\bullet\) & Studying the potentials and challenges of the geospatial semantic web & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Semantic web services \\ \end{tabular} } & \(\bullet\) & Investigating the applicability of new technologies such as blockchain for the semantic web service composition process & [21; 172] \\  & \(\bullet\) & Proposing novel frameworks that integrate the use of AI techniques to compose semantic services and provide efficient solutions to user queries & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Ontology mapping \\ \end{tabular} } & \(\bullet\) & Looking into the role of machine learning techniques to aid in the ontology mapping process & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Investigating the challenges brought by the generation of ontology mappings and the solutions to address them & [71; 112; 713] \\  & \(\bullet\) & Identifying ways to overcome potential ambiguities in background knowledge and relations among concepts & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Building information \\ modeling \\ \end{tabular} } & \(\bullet\) & Examining the integration of BIM with real-time data generated from IoT devices to optimize construction and operational efficiencies & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Exploring the capabilities of rule-based reasoning in semantic BIMs & [114; 115; 116; 117; 118; 174] \\  & \(\bullet\) & Testing use cases with a high-level digital representation of a real building & [114; 115; 116; 118; 173; 174] \\  & \(\bullet\) & Evaluating the potential of new technologies to shape BIM and solve the limitations of its application & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Bioinformatics} & \(\bullet\) & Developing robust methods for embedding ontologies containing richer semantic information in bioinformatics & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Developing programs to acquire datasets of necessity, conduct analyses, and design their summarizations and visualizations according to the requirements of bioinformaticians & [106; 121; 160; 175; 176] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Education and \\ e-learning \\ \end{tabular} } & \(\bullet\) & Designing the architecture of semantic-web-enabled recommender systems in education and e-learning & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Proposing semantic-based frameworks that automate e-learning & \\  & \(\bullet\) & processes based on semantic descriptions & [127; 129; 177; 178; 179] \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & Investigating the challenges related to distance learning through the semantic web, such as accuracy, time limitation, cost, information overload, data security, personalization, and copyright issues & \\ \cline{1-1} Semantic web languages & \(\bullet\) & Investigating how semantic web languages can satisfy the knowledge representation requirements and the structural coverage of ontologies & [180] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: _Cont._works are published. Similarly, ref. [182] asserts that this type of relationship is critical for comprehending the intellectual foundation and evolution of knowledge over time in a scientific field. There is still much to do in obtaining a functional semantic web that will operate across all knowledge. The schematic of the ontology pyramid demonstrates the current state of the art. By examining all studies on the semantic web and interoperability that have been indexed in the Scopus database since 2000, this article conducted the domain's first comprehensive bibliometric analysis, as far as we are aware.