# Screening of the Honey Aroma as a Potential Essence for the Aromachology
## 4 Discussion  
In total, 94 VOCs were detected in sunflower, acacia, honeydew, and linden honey samples. Some of these compounds have been previously reported by [PERSON] et al. [26] in Polish linden, honeydew, and acacia honey. Sunflower and acacia honey samples from different countries were characterized by [PERSON] et al. [31]. The linalool oxide, as marker for acacia honey, is consistent with our results. The sunflower honey markers were \(\alpha\)-pinene and 3-methyl-2-butanol according to [PERSON] et al. [31].  
In this study, sunflower honey was characterized by \(\beta\)-calarene, cyclohexene, and 2-bornene. Linden and honeydew had the most marker compounds. While tested linden honey was characterized by fruity ethyl esters [33], honeydew honey samples had more monoterenoid compounds originated from aromatic plants [38]. The identified compounds in the tested honey samples were previously reported also in different kinds of honey [14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37], except linaly acetate, which was previously tested for the fumigation of beehives to control the honey bee parasites [39]. Altogether, 16 volatiles have not been previously identified in honey samples.  
According to The International Fragrance Association [40], 53 volatiles are recommended as honey fragrances. On the other hand, we identified honey volatile markers, which are not recommended as honey fragrances in the Fragrance Ingredient Glossary [40], but they are used in, for example, perfumery. The linden and honeydew samples contained anisyl alcohol (2-(para-anisyl) alcohol) (0.73%, and 0.80%, respectively), characterized as mild-floral, very sweet odor, reminiscent of lilac and vanilla with a faint, delicate, balsamic background used in perfumery [40].  
The acetophenone is formed during the phenylpropane metabolism [37], and it was previously reported in chestnut honey [36; 37]. However, this volatile was not previously considered by the research teams as a specific marker for the floral honey. It is characterized as a \"floral\" aroma fragrance described as: almond, orange, cherry, honeysuckle,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**from\textbackslash{}to** & **Acacia** & **Honeydew** & **Linden** & **Sunflower** & **Total** & **\% Correct** \\ \hline Acacia & 10 & 1 & 0 & 4 & 15 & 66.67\% \\ Honeydew & 3 & 12 & 0 & 0 & 15 & 80.00\% \\ Linden & 0 & 0 & 12 & 0 & 12 & 100.00\% \\ Sunflower & 0 & 0 & 0 & 15 & 15 & 100.00\% \\ Total & 13 & 13 & 12 & 19 & 57 & 85.96\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Confusion matrix for the cross-validation results.  
Figure 2: LDA map of kind of honey based on VOCs content.  
jasmine, and strawberry [40]. In the present work, the acetophenone was found in linden honey (0.38%).  
Each tested sample had hotrienol which is known as probably being formed during the honey's ripening [41]. It was previously found in rapeseed honey from Czech beekeepers [16], leatherwood honey from Tasmania [41], and Greek citrus honey [42]. It could be the next honey fragrance, which is missing in the Fragrance Ingredient Glossary [40]. It can be used in many flavors, such as elderflower, grape, berry, and honey [43].