# A Review on Solar Energy Utilization and Projects: Development in and around the UAE
## 4 Electricity Production and Consumption from Seven Emirates of the UAE
In general, the formula below is used to calculate electricity consumption based on the authorities provided below,  
\[E=P\times(t/100) \tag{1}\]  
where \(E\) refers to the kilowatt per hour (kWh) or measured joules, \(P\) refers to power used per unit in watts, and \(t\) refers to the time over which the power is consumed. Table 1 represents the DoE electricity tariff by slab rate sector in 2016. It shows that electricity tariffs vary based on sector, nationality, unit type, slab rate, and category. Table 2 lists the electricity tariffs of the DEWA, SEWGA, and EWE authorities' slab rate sectors in 2016. It shows that electricity tariffs vary concerning authority, sector, nationality, and slab rate. Figure 16: Export and import quantity (GWh) to Oman and Saudi Arabia [81]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authority** & **Sector** & **Nationality** & **Slab Rate** & **Tariff (fils/kWh)** \\ \hline DEWA & Residential & National & 2000 to 2001 & 7.5 \\ \hline Residential & National & 4000 to 2001 & 9.0 \\ \hline Residential & National & 6000 to 4001 & 10.5 \\ \hline Residential & National & 6001+ & 12.5 \\ \hline Residential & Expat & 2000 to 2001 & 23.0 \\ \hline Residential & Expat & 4000 to 2001 & 28.0 \\ \hline Residential & Expat & 6000 to 4001 & 32.0 \\ \hline Residential & Expat & 6001+ & 38.0 \\ \hline Commercial & & 10,001+ & 38.0 \\ \hline Agricultural & Agriculture & & \\ \hline Governmental & & 10,000 to 10,001 & 23.0 \\ \hline Governmental & & 100,001+ & 38.0 \\ \hline Industrial & & 10,001+ & 38.0 \\ \hline Agriculture & & & \\ \hline Governmental & & 10,000 to 10,001 & 23.0 \\ \hline Governmental & & 100,001+ & 38.0 \\ \hline SEWGA & Residential & National & 2000 to 2001 & 7.5 \\ \hline Residential & National & 4000 to 2001 & 7.5 \\ \hline Residential & National & 6000 to 4001 & 7.5 \\ \hline Residential & National & 6001+ & 7.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Electricity tariffs of DEWA, SEWGA, and EWE authorities’ slab rate sector in 2016 [85]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sector** & **Nationality** & **Unit Type** & **Slab Rate** & **Category** & **Tariff (fils/kWh)** \\ \hline Residential & National & Flat & Less than or equal 30 & 5 \\ \hline Residential & National & Flat & More than 30 & 5.50 \\ \hline Residential & National & Villa & Less than or equal 400 & 5.00 \\ \hline Residential & National & Villa & More than 400 & 5.50 \\ \hline Residential & Expat & Flat & Less than or equal 20 & 21.00 \\ \hline Residential & Expat & Flat & More than 20 & 31.80 \\ \hline Residential & Expat & Villa & Less than or equal 200 & 21.00 \\ \hline Residential & Expat & Villa & More than 200 & 31.80 \\ \hline Commercial & & Fixed & 16.00 \\ \hline Industrial & & Load \textless{} 1 MW & 16.00 \\ \hline Industrial & & Load \textgreater{} 1 MW & Out of Peak & 16.00 \\ \hline Industrial & & Load \textgreater{} 1 MW & During Peak & 30.00 \\ \hline Agriculture & & Fixed & 3.00 \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Livestock and \\ Fisheries \\ \end{tabular} & Fixed & 16.00 \\ \hline Governmental & Fixed & 29.70 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: DoE electricity tariff by slab rate sector in 2016 [85]. Power pricing in Dubai and the northern emirates is based on a slab system (i.e., higher rates for higher consumption levels). The minimum consumption category (<2000 kWh/month) for residential and business customers in Dubai is 23 fils/kWh, while the maximum (>6000 kWh/month) is 38 fils per kWh. In some cases, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tax (5%) is also applied. The UAE is an LNG importer. LNG imports in the GCC states began in 2009 as a stopgap measure to help meet seasonal demand peaks, but have since become a more consistent feature of yearly demand. Using the identical usage categories, residential and business prices in the northern emirates begin at 20 fils per kWh and peak at 33 fils per kWh.