# An Accuracy-Aware Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing Algorithm for WSNs
## 2 Related Work  
### Multipath Routing in WSNs  
Multipath routing techniques have found widespread application in enhancing the delivery of multimedia content, providing fault-tolerance routing, and supporting QoS across diverse network environments, including multihop Local Area Networks (LANs), Wireless Area Networks (WANs), the Internet, as well as ad hoc networks and WSNs [17]. The advantages of various multipath routing protocols for WSNs and their associated benefits were presented in [18]. Both best-effort and real-time multipath routing protocols for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are investigated in [19] from a network application perspective. The performance of the Multipath Routing Protocol (MRP) is heavily reliant on both the quantity and quality of selected paths. Consequently, MRPs are designed with distinct principles, primarily based on whether the paths have intersection nodes or links, and can generally be categorized into three types: node-disjointed multipath, link-disjointed multipath, and intersection-based multipath. Disjointed multipaths are particularly popular because there is no node or link overlap among paths, which greatly mitigates the impact of node failure or link disconnection on the overall routing functionality. This characteristic offers substantial advantages in prolonging network lifetime and enhancing fault tolerance. Extensive research has been devoted to discovering multiple disjointed paths among multiple nodes over the past two or three decades. Although some algorithms only provide two disjointed paths [20; 21; 22; 23], others can offer more paths [24; 25]. Generally, routing protocols used for real-time applications typically impose stringent demands for various QoS metrics such as delay, throughput, and reliability. In [26], by finding two disjointed paths with the shortest transmission distance between source and destination nodes, the number of relay nodes is limited, which improves the reliability and fault tolerance of the network. Addressing the high maintenance costs associated with disjointed multipath routing, [PERSON]. [27] proposes an enhanced AODV protocol. Recognizing that delay-sensitive data, integrity-sensitive data, and ordinary data impose varying QoS requirements on routing, [PERSON]. [28] allocates reserved disjointed multipath to different data types according to the QoS capabilities of different paths, ensuring high delivery rates for integrity-sensitive data and low latency for delay-sensitive data. To mitigate energy consumption and prolong the lifetime, an adaptive multipath routing scheme based on balanced energy consumption is proposed in the literature [29]. This approach jointly considers the path energy, distance, hops, and the lowest energy node, dynamically adjusting the amount of data transmission among multiple paths according to the change in energy information entropy of each path. Meanwhile, in [30], the authors present a multipath routing algorithm to prolong the lifetime by effectively balancing the offered load among forwarding nodes. However, building completely disjointed multipaths in sensor networks can be challenging in practical scenarios. As demonstrated in [31], the effort to find a multipath routing solution with more than two disjointed paths can incur significant overhead, encompassing computational complexities, energy consumption, and storage demands, especially in sensor networks with only limited resources. Ref. [32] proves that it is NP-hard for a source node to identify more than three disjointed paths. To address this challenge, Ref. [27] optimizes disjointed multipath routing by setting aggregation nodes in networks. The aggregation nodes allow paths to intersect, therefore enhancing routing scalability. Furthermore, Ref. [8] augments the number of paths to improve transmission reliability by constructing braided paths around disjointed multipaths from source to destination.