## 2 Polymer Nanocomposites for Membranes Applications
According to IZA, the structures of zeolite are MFI (ZSM-5, silicalite), IFT, AFI (aluminophosphate ALPO 4-5), LTA (Linden type A), MOR (moderate) and FAU (faujasite) [94; 95]. Many questions connected with the influence of the structural and morphological features of the MMM on the mechanism of the gaseous or liquids transport through a mixed matrix, were stated during studying zeolite-containing membranes. In spite of that, positive results were achieved for quite different objects, including membranes with nano-fillers of other types. (V) In Reference [96] \"adsorbent-filled membranes\" have been tested in pervaporation for three applications: removal of organic compounds from an aqueous solution, dehydration of organic/water azeotropic mixtures, and separation of an organic/organic mixture. Authors have concluded that the potential industrial applications of these membranes depend on the properties of the adsorbents. Different types of adsorbents have been evaluated: zeolites, activated carbon, and carbon molecular sieves. Silicalite is currently considered the most promising adsorbent. It enhances, for example, the selectivity and flow through the PDMS membrane when removing organic compounds from water. The PDMS silicalite membranes can, for example, be effectively used to concentrate alcohols and aromatic compounds from dilute aqueous solutions. Adsorbent-filled membranes provide the opportunity to optimize the process of pervaporation in various applications. The conclusion was made that with the development of new microporous adsorbents, an optimization of adsorbent-filled membranes with better separation properties is expected [96]. Nano-fillers having prospects for polymer nanocomposite membrane fabrication are organic and inorganic additives, metals and metal clusters, nanoparticles, nanofibers, and mineral sheets (carbon NTs (CNTs), graphene oxide, TiO\({}_{2}\), SiO\({}_{2}\), Mg(OH)\({}_{2}\), Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), ZnO, clay etc.) of different structure and morphology as, for example, in Figure 4.  
Figure 4: _Cont._  
(VI) Nanoparticles themselves can form materials with interesting properties for practical use, for example, in the development of novel water-purification functional materials (e.g., nano-sorbents, redox and catalytically active nanoparticles, nanostructured membranes and bioactive nanoparticles) and processes (e.g., dendrimer enhanced ultrafiltration) [97, 98]. The possibility of using CNTs as membranes for gas separation was accepted some time ago. The first verifications of this idea for single- and double-layer NTs were carried out using molecular dynamics (MD) [59]. Similar experiments were made by [PERSON] and co-workers with membranes from MWCNTs [99, 100]. NTs were incorporated into a thin impermeable film: [PERSON] et al. used a silicon nitride matrix, whereas [PERSON] et al. used polymer. The pore diameters of NTs in membranes made by [PERSON] et al. vary from 1.3 to 2 nm, while those of NTs used by [PERSON] et al. lie in a much wider range. Experimental data on the permeability of single-component simple gases, in both cases demonstrate the rapid transport of penetrants. The penetration rate observed by [PERSON] et al. for a number of gases, is one or two orders of magnitude greater than could be predicted, according to the Knudsen model [59, 101]. Nanoparticles have been self-assembled, followed then by crosslinking reactions at liquid interfaces so that ultrathin membranes arose. The interstitial space between these nanoparticles should enable size-selective separations [97, 102]. Carbon black reinforcement of elastomers, modification of polymers by colloidal silicon dioxide and even reinforcement with natural fibers (for example, asbestos fibers of nano-sized diameters) are typical examples of the formation of polymeric nanocomposites of practical significance. Nano-clays, have been used as effective nano-fillers for the polymer nanocomposites [17, 103, 104].