## 2 Research Methods and Data Sources
### Research Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Primary** \\ **Type** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Secondary Type**} & **Cultivated** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Woodland**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Grassland**} & **Water** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Wetland**} & **Construction** & **Unused** \\  & & **Land** & & & **Body** & & **Land** & **Land** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Provisioning \\ services \\ \end{tabular} } & Food production & 3826.80 & 1233.08 & 1360.64 & 2806.32 & 2168.52 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\  & Raw material production & 2083.48 & 2678.76 & 1913.40 & 1573.24 & 2126.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\  & Water resources supply & \(-\)1063.00 & 1403.16 & 1063.00 & 23,130.90 & 9822.13 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Regulating \\ services \\ \end{tabular} } & Gas regulation & 3018.92 & 8801.65 & 6633.13 & 5697.69 & 8078.81 & 0.00 & 85.04 \\  & Climate regulation & 1615.76 & 2663.43 & 17,858.42 & 12,543.41 & 15,307.22 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\  & Environmental purification & 467.72 & 7653.61 & 5782.73 & 19,474.18 & 15,307.22 & 0.00 & 425.20 \\  & Hydrological regulation & 2211.04 & 16,412.74 & 12,841.05 & 268,896.77 & 103,026.07 & 0.00 & 127.56 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Supporting \\ services \\ \end{tabular} } & Soil conservation & 3954.36 & 10,715.05 & 8078.81 & 6888.25 & 9822.13 & 0.00 & 85.04 \\  & Nutrient cycling maintenance & 552.76 & 807.88 & 637.80 & 552.76 & 765.36 & 0.00 & 42.52 \\  & Biodiversity maintenance & 595.28 & 9779.61 & 7355.97 & 22,152.94 & 33,463.28 & 0.00 & 85.04 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Cultural \\ services \\ \end{tabular} } & Gas regulation & 3018.92 & 8801.65 & 6633.13 & 5697.69 & 8078.81 & 0.00 & 85.04 \\  & Climate regulation & 1615.76 & 26,362.43 & 17,858.42 & 12,543.41 & 15,307.22 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\  & Environmental purification & 467.72 & 7653.61 & 5782.73 & 19,474.18 & 15,307.22 & 0.00 & 425.20 \\  & Hydrological regulation & 2211.04 & 16,412.74 & 12,841.05 & 268,896.77 & 103,026.07 & 0.00 & 127.56 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Supporting \\ services \\ \end{tabular} } & Soil conservation & 3954.36 & 10,715.05 & 8078.81 & 6888.25 & 9822.13 & 0.00 & 85.04 \\  & Nutrient cycling maintenance & 552.76 & 807.88 & 637.80 & 552.76 & 765.36 & 0.00 & 42.52 \\  & Biodiversity maintenance & 595.28 & 9779.61 & 7355.97 & 22,152.94 & 33,463.28 & 0.00 & 85.04 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Cultural \\ services \\ \end{tabular} } & Aesthetic landscape provision & 255.12 & 4294.52 & 3231.52 & 14,074.14 & 20,111.98 & 0.00 & 42.52 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: ESV per unit area (unit: yuan/hm2). \[ESV_{f}=\sum_{m=1}^{n}V_{m,f}\times A_{m} \tag{3}\]  
where \(ESV_{total}\) is the total value of ecological services along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, yuan; \(V_{m}\) is the ESV per unit area of land for the type of land use along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, yuan/hm\({}^{2}\); \(A_{m}\) is the area of the land use type, hm\({}^{2}\); n is the number of land use types; \(ESV_{f}\) is the value of the ecosystem service in the individual ESV, yuan; and \(V_{m,f}\) is the contribution value of the Land use type m per unit area to the ecological service type f, yuan/hm\({}^{2}\).