# A Cyber-Physical Approach for Residential Energy Management: Current State and Future Directions
## 9 Conclusions  
The continuous increase in energy demand in recent years has led to the appearance of Smart Grids, which promise to change the way in which electricity is produced, managed, and consumed. At the user end, the smart grid aims to manage several entities such as smart meters, electric vehicles (EVs), and energy storage systems (ESS). Thus, an efficient residential energy management methodology is required in which Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) allow households to effectively centralize the service management and provide users with functionalities for the internal and external exchange of information. In that sense, HEMS must perform two main tasks: real-time energy monitoring of consumers using meters and smart devices, and scheduling the optimal energy consumption of household appliances. Recently, data-driven approaches, based on various Machine Learning (ML) methods and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies represent an attractive solution to achieve the goals in monitoring, protection, and control by incorporating sensors, actuators, and measuring devices. The development of such systems brings benefits in a wide variety of sectors from remote healthcare to business services. In this paper, a survey on state-of-the-art concepts and techniques regarding residential energy management are given. We proposed a cyber-physical approach consisting of three stages: Data Acquisition, Communication Network, and Data Analytics. In terms of Data Acquisition, a thorough review of the relevant literature yielded different available solutions and products which represent safe options for smart metering devices in the data collection phase. IEC TS 63297:2021 Standard has opened the door for standardization providing the main parameters for a device that should be considered as a meter, which represents a huge advantage to be adapted in future solutions. For the Communication stage, different technologies were reviewed in terms of HAN and WAN. The wireless data exchange using WiFi, Zigbee, and LoRa are well-known technologies offering reliable connection between appliances and metering devices. However, to meet the requirements of beyond 2030 communication technologies, such as 5G and 6G, these solutions will need to evolve to allow the implementation of new smart grid applications. Regarding Data Analytics, we analyzed relevant literature highlighting this stage as the cyber part of the HEMS. Based on the performed analysis, we proposed a three-layered architecture for HEMS. The proposed cyber-physical platform was capable of providing monitoring of the main appliances inside a household. To validate the system operation, we deployed the testbed in a house in Valparaiso, Chile. The results showed an accuracy above 99% for appliance recognition. Future work will focus on expanding this proof of concept, adding more capabilities such as energy consumption forecasting and real-time control of appliances. Conceptualization, P.F. and M.A.A. ; Methodology, P.F., J.M.M., Y.-C.K. and M.A.A. ; Software, P.F. ; Validation, P.F., J.M.M., Y.-C.K. and M.A.A. ; Formal Analysis, P.F., J.M.M., Y.-C.K. and M.A.A. ; Supervision, J.M.M. and M.A.A. ; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, P.F. and M.A.A. ; Writing--Review and Editing, P.F., J.M.M., Y.-C.K. and M.A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported in part by the Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID) through the Proyecto Fondecyt de Iniciacion en Investigacion 2020 under Project ID11200178, and in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NSF) Grant through the Korean Government under Grant (2021R11A305872911). **Informed Consent Statement**: Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable. **Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to acknowledge Proyecto Fondecyt de Iniciacion en Investigacion 2020 under Project ID11200178 and National Research Foundation of Korea (NSF) Grant through the Korean Government under Grant (2021R1I1A305872911).