## 5 Biological Activities
### C. macrocarpa  
5.8.1. Essential Oil  
The essential oil from the leaves collected in Egypt shows good DPPH\({}^{+}\) antioxidant effects with an inhibition percentage of 68%. This value is comparable to that of BHA (87%). In addition, the same essential oil exerts good antibacterial and antifungal effects on _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Escherichia coli_, _Aspergillus niger_, _Aspergillus parasitic_ and _Candida albicans_ with MIC values from 0.65 to 0.75 mL/100 mL. The ethanol and dichloromethane extracts of the same leaves show good DPPH\({}^{+}\) antioxidant effects with inhibition percentages of 70 and 65%, respectively. The same extracts also show good antibacterial and antifungal effects on the same strains with MIC values from 0.55 to 0.8 mL/100 mL [96]. The essential oil derived from the cones of this species collected in India exerts potent antimicrobial and antifungal properties against _Bacillus coagulans_, _Bacillus megaterium_, _Bacillus subtilis_, _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Escherichia coli_, _Kleibseilla pneumoniae_, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Salmonella typhii_. _Aspergillus flavus_, _Candida albicans_, _Trichoderma lignorium_ and _Cryptococcus neoformans_ with inhibition zone values between 11 and 17 mm [97]. The essential oil from the leaves of this species collected in Egypt exerts toxicity effect against the third instar larvae of _Synthesisquisa nudiseta_ exposed for 24 h with an LC\({}_{50}\) value of 1.11%. In addition, it is able to decrease the percentage of pupation by 91.57%. The treatment with this volatile oil decreases the survival of the larvae and leads to noticeable larval, pupal, and adult abnormalities, especially at the level of the integument, muscles, fat body cells, midgut and salivary gland [98]. The essential oil from the leaves of this species collected in Greece exerts medium larvicidal effects against third to fourth instar larvae of _Aedes albopictus_ with LC\({}_{50}\) value of 54.6 mg/L. The same essential oil exerts strong repellent activity at the concentration of 0.08 mg/cm\({}^{2}\)[27]. The essential oil from the leaves of this species shows very good antifungal activity against _Alternaria alternata_, _Botrytis cinerea_ and _Fusarium oxysporum_ with EC\({}_{50}\) values of 182, 181 and 109 mg/L respectively. The same essential oil shows moderate antibacterial activity against _Agrobacterium tumefaciens_ and _Ervini cartovoron_ var. _cartovoron_. with MIC values of 600 and 525 mg/L, respectively. This essential oil also shows good and moderate inhibitory effects on the spore germination of _Alternaria alternata_, _Fusarium oxysporum_ and _Fusarium solani_ with EC\({}_{50}\) values of 318, 199 and 485 mg/L, respectively [100]. The essential oil from the leaves collected in Egypt exerts mild fumigant toxicity effects against the fourth larval stage of _Spodoptera littoralis_ with a LC\({}_{50}\) value equal to 9.91 mL/L air. The same essential oil exerts modest fumigant toxicity effects against the adults of _Theha pisana_ with a LC\({}_{50}\) value equal to 11.67 \(\mu\)L/L air [103]. The essential oil from the leaves of this species collected in Mauritius shows good antibacterial exists against _Escherichia faecalis_, _Escherichia coli_ ATCC25922, _Staphylococcus aureus_ ATCC25923, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ ATCC27853, _Staphylococcus epidermidis_ ATCC12228 with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 16.1 for the first one to 24.0 for the second one. The same essential oil shows also fungicidal activity against _Candida albicans_ ATCC10231, _Candida tropicalis_ ATCC750, _Aspergillus niger_ ATCC16404 and _Trichoplyton metagrophytes_ ATCC9533. The same essential oil shows weak anti-tyrosine activity with an IC\({}_{50}\) value of 70.98 \(\mu\)g/mL [104].