# Dynamic Low-Emission Zones for Urban Mobility: A Systematic Review  
[PERSON]  
1 Departamento de Automatica, Escuela Politkcnica Superior, Universidad de Alcala,  
28805 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.-G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.A.L.-C.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Departamento de Automatica, Escuela Politkcnica Superior, Universidad de Alcala,  
28805 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.-G.); [PERSON]M.A.L.-C.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Departamento de Automatica, Escuela Politkcnica Superior, Universidad de Alcala,  
28805 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.-G.); [PERSON]M.A.L.-C.)  
Correspondence: pablo.manglano@edu.uah.es1 Departamento de Automatica, Escuela Politkcnica Superior, Universidad de Alcala,  
28805 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.-G.); [PERSON]M.A.L.-C.)  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] Departamento de Automatica, Escuela Politkcnica Superior, Universidad de Alcala,  
28805 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.-G.); [PERSON]M.A.L.-C.)  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] Departamento de Automatica, Escuela Politkcnica Superior, Universidad de Alcala,  
28805 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.-G.); [PERSON]M.A.L.-C.)  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] Departamento de Automatica, Escuela Politkcnica Superior, Universidad de Alcala,  
28805 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.-G.); [PERSON]M.A.L.-C.)  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] Departamento de Automatica, Escuela Politkcnica Superior, Universidad de Alcala,  
28805 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.-G.); [PERSON]M.A.L.-C.)  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] Departamento de Automatica, Escuela Politkcnica Superior, Universidad de Alcala,  
28805 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.-G.); [PERSON]M.A.L.-C.)  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] Departamento de Automatica, Escuela Politkcnica Superior, Universidad de Alcala,  
28805 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.-G.); [PERSON]M.A.L.-C.)  
Correspondence: pablo.manglano@edu.uah.es1 Departamento de Automatica, Escuela Politkcnica Superior, Universidad de Alcala,  
28805 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, [EMAIL_ADDRESS] Departamento de Automatica, Escuela Politkcnica Superior, Universidad de Alcala,  
28805 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain, alavaro.paricio@uah. Urban traffic congestion and emissions are influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including vehicular density, infrastructural limitations, traffic flow inefficiencies, and urban planning constraints. A high population density and increasing motorization rates contribute to elevated traffic volumes, exacerbating congestion, particularly in poorly designed road networks with inadequate public transportation alternatives. Traffic signal mismanagement, bottlenecks at intersections, and frequent stop-and-go conditions lead to suboptimal vehicle operation, increasing fuel consumption and emissions. Furthermore, the presence of high-emission vehicles, inefficient freight logistics, and outdated engine technologies significantly deteriorate air quality. Meteorological conditions, such as temperature inversions, can further exacerbate pollutant accumulation in urban canyons. Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach, integrating intelligent traffic management systems, investments in sustainable transportation infrastructure, and stringent emission regulations to mitigate the environmental and health impacts of urban congestion. Low-Emission Zones (LEZs) affect different vehicle categories in distinct ways, depending on their emission levels, fuel type, and compliance with regulatory standards. LEZ policies aim to reduce urban air pollution by progressively restricting high-emission vehicles while promoting the adoption of cleaner alternatives, significantly impacting fleet composition and urban mobility strategies.