## 1 Introduction  
Men have developed various techniques to make life easier and find new ways to produce energy. This era is known as the modern era, and a lot of new technologies have been developed to check the performance of materials. There are a lot of materials that exhibit higher values against various properties, such as thermal [1], electrical [2], dielectric [3], electronic [4], sensing [5], storage [6], antimicrobial [7], etc. Carbon and carbon-based materials are promising materials for the above-mentioned properties. The presence of various states of hybridization (sp, sp\({}^{2}\), sp\({}^{3}\)) results in the formation of different carbon allotropes with diverse covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Diamond and graphite are the most natural allotropes of carbon, and they have hybridization states of sp\({}^{2}\) and sp\({}^{3}\), respectively. Carbon is present in almost every walk of life and provides the basis of life on Earth. Materials scientists are exploring new ways of synthesizing (theoretically and experimentally) carbon allotropes to discover new carbon phases with unique properties and bonding with higher stability [8]. In 1987, Baughman first published a report on accidentally forming a new form of carbon [9]. After the discovery of graphene (G) [10] in 2004, many researchers explored its various properties that are beneficial for the applications of electronics: EMI shielding, supercapacitor, electrical, dielectric,antibacterial, sensing, etc. [11]. After this, in 2010, Li et al. worked on Cu cross-coupling with GO and found GDR with high surface area [12]. New methodologies were searched out for the synthesis of GDR [13]. On ZnO nanorod arrays, various thicknesses of GDR were synthesized [14]. Using the eco-friendly synthesis method, GDR can be synthesized in the form of nanowalls, nanotubes, and nanowires [15; 16; 17; 18]. The GDR shows manifesting results in ion batteries, solar cells, catalysis, and water purification applications [19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26]. With a honeycomb lattice structure [27], G is known as the strongest material among all known elements with a tensile strength greater than 100 GPa, and a tensile modulus of 1 TPa [28]. Due to its higher conductivity and mechanical properties, in comparison with other materials that have 2D structures in hexagonal lattices [29; 30; 31], G showed some manifesting results of electrical, mechanical, storage, EMI shielding properties, etc. [32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48]. After the discovery of GDR, it caught the attention of scientists because of its thermal, mechanical, structural, and electronic properties [49; 50; 51]. As novel forms of allotropes of carbon, GO, graphyne (GR), graphdiyne (GDR), and G are considered the best materials for various applications of intriguing electronic and mechanical properties, optical energy storage, and promising nanoelectronics [52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57]. Due to this property, carbon can be synthesized in the form of nanorods, G, carbon nanotubes (CNT), nanobuds, fullerenes, nanorings, etc. [8; 10; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65]. Synthesis of fullerene [61], CNT [62], and G are one of these [10]. Baughman et al. [9] proposed a new family member of carbon-based materials, GR, which consists of sp\({}^{2}\) and sp carbon atoms with one atom thickness, by replacing the aromatic bond with an acetylenic group (-C\(\equiv\)C-) in G to produce GR [55]. After the concept of GR, several researchers tried to synthesize and find the electronic properties of the GR [66; 67; 68; 69; 55]. The search for advanced materials with exceptional properties has led to the continuous evolution of carbon-based structures, renowned for their diverse hybridization states (sp, sp\({}^{2}\), and sp\({}^{3}\)) and broad functional versatility. While natural allotropes like graphite and diamond are well-known, synthetic carbon materials--such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and more recently, graphyne--have opened new directions in materials science.