esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Numerical Simulation Method
### Geometric Modeling and Mesh Scheme  
The geometric model used in the simulation was shown in Figure 10. The diameters of upstream and downstream header were both 200 mm, and the lengths were 2000 mm. There was a 90\({}^{\circ}\) elbow at the entrance of the upstream header. The diameter of the experimental pipe was 100 mm, while the length was 3500 mm.  
Figure 10: Schematic diagram of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model.  
Figure 9: The difference between the parameters with different installation conditions.  
The structure of FC was shown in Figure 11. It was installed at 100 mm downstream the header.  
ANSYS-ICEM was employed to perform all geometry generation and meshing. Unstructured tetrahedron meshes were used to ensure the quality of the grid. The maximum size of the global grid was set as 15 mm, and the maximum size of all the surface grid was set as 8 mm. An exponential growth row on the surface to guarantee the sufficient near-wall mesh resolution was implemented to improve the prediction accuracy: the initial height was 0.05 mm, the height ratio was 1.3, and the number of layers was 10, as shown in Figure 12a. The grid density at the FC had been greatly increased, and the maximum grid size was 1, which was much smaller than the size of holes of the FC, as shown in Figure 12b. Moreover, the grid at the connection region near the FC was transitioned through gradual refinement (Figure 12c). A suitable grid density was reached by repeating computations until a satisfactory independent grid was found. The total number of grids for the entire model was about 5.7 million.
# Smart Gateway for Healthcare Networks Based on Beam Steering Technology
## 2 Smart Gateway Antenna
### Beam Steering Function
However, unnecessary high sidelobes, such as  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(\phi\) = \(0^{\circ}\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(\phi\) = \(22.5^{\circ}\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(\phi\) = \(45^{\circ}\)} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \(w_{i}\) & \(\tau_{i}\) [\({}^{\circ}\)] & \(w_{i}\) & \(\tau_{i}\) [\({}^{\circ}\)] & \(w_{i}\) & \(\tau_{i}\) [\({}^{\circ}\)] \\ \hline \#1 & 0.17 & \(-195\) & 0.37 & \(-175\) & 1.00 & 0 \\ \#2 & 0.42 & \(-275\) & 0.37 & \(-300 those seen in Figure 11c, are observed, and these are expected to have a negative impact on the reception of interfering waves. Sidelobe reduction is one of the key requirements of beamforming. Many reports on this subject have focused on beamforming toward the direction orthogonal to the array, and there have been few studies in the direction parallel to the array. Although studies investigating multiple elements on a circle or unequally spaced arrangements have been reported [33; 34], countermeasures for a circular phased array antenna with few elements that are equally arranged, such as the proposed antenna, have not been reported so far. Sidelobe reduction will be a subject for our future studies. Based on the above analysis, the proposed antenna can simultaneously achieve a high estimation accuracy for the incoming wave and beam steering with a high radiation gain in the full-azimuth angle.
# Enhancement of English-Bengali Machine Translation Leveraging Back-Translation
## 2 Related Work
### Augmentation of Neural Machine Translation
#### 2.2.2 Pre-Training on Monolingual Data  
If there is no abundant parallel data, we can pre-train the model with monolingual data, forcing it to build a hidden representation space for source and target languages. Then the translation quality can be improved because the model gains a better understanding of the languages and better capability in generating the languages, even before translation training. The basic idea of monolingual pre-training is to request that the model reconstruct corrupted text.  
In masked language modeling (MLM) [75], some words in the input sentence are replaced with mask tokens, and the model is tasked with predicting the masked words. Later, [PERSON] et al. [76] incorporated MLM with translation language modeling (TLM). In this work, instead of a single sentence in one language, a parallel sentence pair is concatenated and used as input. [PERSON] et al. [79] employ pre-trained BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) [75] to provide hidden representations of input sentences to the encoder and decoder designed in this work. These works pre-train the encoder and decoder, respectively. However, for the encoder-decoder attention mechanism, joint pre-training becomes important. In addition, to build a more robust model, some researchers seek more sophisticated methods to add noise during joint pre-training.  
[PERSON] et al. [80] propose MAsked sequence-to-sequence pre-training (MASS). In this work, at the pre-training stage, some neighboring words in the sentence input to the encoder are masked, while the input to the decoder is further masked to force the decoder to employ the information extracted by the encoder. Likewise, we observe that at the pre-training stage of the text-to-text transfer transformer (\(T5\)) model [62], some neighboring words are masked by a single token, and the model should reconstruct the masked content of arbitrary length. [PERSON] et al. [81] propose bidirectional and auto-regressive transformers (BART), which allow more types of document noise in joint pre-training, including masking(e.g., \(x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}\to x_{1}\langle M\rangle x_{3}\)), deleting words (e.g., \(x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}\to x_{1}x_{3}\) without a mask token), sentence permutation (e.g., \(x_{1}x_{2},x_{3}x_{4}\to x_{3}x_{4},x_{1}x_{2}\)), and so on.
## 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
### Implications for Port Sustainability and Energy Sovereignty  
The transition towards sustainable port operations aligns with global climate objectives and regulatory mandates, such as those set forth by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the European Union's Fit for 55 initiatives. By adopting marine renewable energy solutions, ports can play a pivotal role in reducing maritime sector emissions and advancing the broader energy transition.  
Applying wave and tidal energy converters, as well as floating photovoltaic and floating wind power generation systems, among other renewable energy technologies, in port service areas represents a tangible opportunity for ports to achieve energy sovereignty. As energy demand in ports continues to increase due to electrification initiatives and the growing adoption of shore-side electricity (SSE) power systems, marine renewables can serve as a complementary and decentralised energy source. This not only reduces dependence on external power grids, but it also improves the resilience of port energy infrastructures to market fluctuations and supply chain disruptions.
# Functionalization Strategies and Fabrication of Solvent-Cast PLLA for Bioresorbable Stents
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Surface Functionalization of PLLA Films  
Three different techniques of surface functionalization were applied to the fabricated TT films:  
* **Oxygen plasma:** Low-pressure oxygen plasma was generated in a 13.56 MHz radiofrequency reactor Diener Femto (Diener, Germany). TT films were treated in the center of the reactor. The oxygen plasma was generated at 0.4 mbar pressure and 100 W discharge power during 2 min. Details on the experimental setting can be found in a previous study [36]. The obtained samples were coded as OP.
* **Sodium hydroxide etching:** TT films were chemically activated by submerging the samples in a 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution under sonication during 1 h at RT. Subsequently, the treated samples were cleaned twice in distilled water for 30 min to remove NaOH residues and the samples were coded as SH.
* **Enzyme treatment:** Previously to the cutinase enzymes activation, TT films were prewashed as described in a previous study [31]. Briefly, samples were submerged successively in L-1 Triton X100, Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) solution, and double-distilled water (ddH\({}_{2}\)O) for 30 min at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 130 rpm. Afterwards, cutinase enzymes were diluted in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer with a pH value of 7 to obtain a 10 \(\upmu\)M enzyme solution. The films were immersed in 1 mL of the enzyme solution at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C on an orbital shaker at 100 rpm during 24 h. Finally, the films were cleaned with the previous protocol and the obtained samples were coded as ET.
## 4 Experiment  
We verified the performance result of Mobibench against IOzone and AndroBench. We used MOST to analyze the I/O characteristics of real world Android applications. All experiments were conducted on the Galaxy S4 [28] (Samsung 1.6 GHz Octa-core, 2 GB RAM, 32 GB eMMC, Android 4.2.2 with Linux kernel 3.4.5).
## 3 Data sets and Processing Strategies  
### Data Sets  
In this paper, the GPS constellation on L1 single-frequency was used. The observation data sampling rate was 30 s. The satellite precise orbit and clock products were provided by IGS. The phase center offset (PCO) and variation (PCVs) values of the satellite and receiver antennas were taken from jigs14.atx ([[ftp://ics.gnsslab.cn/](ftp://ics.gnsslab.cn/)]([ftp://ics.gnsslab.cn/](ftp://ics.gnsslab.cn/))). The satellite differential code bias (DCB) correction was collected from the DCB product released by the center for orbit determination in Europe (CODE). The selected time span covered a 30 days period of DOY (days of year) 244-273 in 2017, and the GPS daily 24 hours files were divided in eight parts of three hours each, obtaining in this way 90,000 data sets. Considering the different levels of ionospheric activities at different latitudes, the area from the latitude of 90\({}^{\circ}\) S to the latitude of 90\({}^{\circ}\) N was divided into three bands, including a high-latitude band (60-90\({}^{\circ}\) S and 60-90\({}^{\circ}\) N), middle-latitude band (30-60\({}^{\circ}\) S and 30-60\({}^{\circ}\) N), and low-latitude band (0-30\({}^{\circ}\) S and 0-30\({}^{\circ}\) N) [28]. A total of 375 IGS stations were selected, including 46 stations at the high-latitude band, 219 at the middle-latitude band, and 110 at the low-latitude band. The distribution of these stations in the world is shown in Figure 1. The coordinates from the IGS weekly solutions were used as the reference to check the performance of the positioning results, which was the coordinate value in the SNX files.
## 2 Vehicle Dynamics Model and Model Verification
### Fourteen-Degree-of-Freedom Vehicle Model
#### 2.1.1 Vehicle Dynamics Equations  
As shown in Figure 1, the vehicle dynamics equations of an automobile in a horizontal, longitudinal symmetry plane and a transverse symmetry plane passing through a mass center can be written as the following equations:  
\[m_{t}(\dot{u}+qw-rv) \tag{1}\] \[=m_{s}h^{\prime}(\dot{q}+pr)+(F_{x1l}+F_{x1l}+F_{x12}+F_{x2l})-F_{ i}-F_{w}-F_{f}\] (2) \[m_{t}(\dot{v}+ru-pw)=-m_{s}h^{\prime}(\dot{p}+qr)+(F_{y1l}+F_{ y1l}+F_{yq2}F_{y2})\] \[I_{zz}\dot{r}= (I_{xx}-I_{yy})pq+L_{1}(F_{y1l}+F_{y1l})-L_{2}(F_{y2l}+F_{y2l})+ \frac{B_{1}}{2}(F_{x1l}-F_{x1l})\] (3) \[+\frac{B_{2}}{2}(F_{x2l}-F_{x2l})\]  
where \(m_{t}\) and \(m_{s}\) are the vehicle total and sprung mass, respectively. \(u\), \(v\), and \(w\) are the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical speed of the vehicle, respectively. \(r\), \(p\), and \(q\) are the yaw angle rate, roll angle rate, and pitch angle rate of the vehicle body, respectively. \(I_{xx}\), \(I_{yy}\), and \(I_{zz}\) are the moment inertia of the vehicle around the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis, respectively. In addition, \(F_{xij}\) and \(F_{yij}\) are the longitudinal and lateral force of each wheel, respectively. \(L_{j}\) is the longitudinal distance from each axle to the mass center, while \(B_{j}\) is the wheel distance of each axle. \(h^{\prime}\) is the vertical distance from the mass center to the roll axis. \(F_{i}\), \(F_{w}\), and \(F_{f}\) are the slope, aerodynamics, and rolling resistance force, respectively. Subscript\(i\) (\(l\) or \(r\)) indicates the left and right sides of the wheel, while subscript \(j\) (\(I\) or \(2\)) indicates the front and rear axles.
## 4 Communication Technologies
### 868 MHz Radios without Using Groups  
An alternative communication architecture based on 868 MHz radio modules is presented in Figure 9. This option is similar to the previous one in terms of hardware. However, there are no monitoring groups in this architecture. That is, all nodes act completely autonomously. Each node is responsible for sending the information to the train without the need for a coordinator. The communication between the operator and each node also takes place directly. This mode is especially susceptible to interference because there is only one transmission channel and neighbor nodes will broadcast information to the train in the same time instant. However, in terms of flexibility this is the best option since all nodes are independent from each other and there is no association or group management protocol, which saves energy.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods  
#### 2.3.1 General Workflow  
We established a spatiotemporal change detection framework to capture the spatial and temporal patterns of the wilting process caused by PWD (Figure 3): (1) a spectral index was calculated for the two remote sensing images with similar dates in adjacent years; (2) a bi-temporal change analysis was used to obtain the differences between the calculated indices; and (3) the resulting image was enhanced through spatial convolution based on a proposed kernel that was fitted to the spatial pattern of the wilted pine trees. Finally, a set of criteria were used to extract the wilted pine trees caused by PWD. The spatiotemporal analysis focused on distinguishing between the wilted pine trees and other objects with similar spectral properties but diverse temporal behaviors and spatial patterns (e.g., discolored deciduous trees, brown herbaceous, and sparsely vegetated regions). The results were validated using the locations of the wilted pine trees recorded in the in situ investigations. Meanwhile, a supervised classification method based on single-date imagery was performed for comparison.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Site**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Area (ha)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Forest Type**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Number of Wilted Pine Trees**} \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & **in Different Canopy Width** \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & \(>\)3 m & \(\leq\)3 m & **Total** \\ \hline A & 5.1 & Mixed & 12 & 3 & 15 \\ B & 9.8 & Mixed & 6 & 1 & 7 \\ C & 14.3 & Mixed & 90 & 14 & 104 \\ D & 12.6 & Mixed & 28 & 2 & 30 \\ E & 8.5 & Pure & 67 & 5 & 72 \\ \hline Total & 50.3 & & 203 & 25 & 228 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The count of the PWD-induced wilted pine trees with different canopy width for the five field sites collected in the in situ investigations.
## 2 Application of Ribosome Engineering to Increase Antibiotic Production  
Many _Streptomyces_ strains isolated from nature have low yields of the produced natural products under laboratory fermentation conditions. Thus, these strains typically need significant optimization for pilot- or industrial-scale production. Traditional strain improvements may involve mutagenesis using chemical mutagens or physical methods such as UV or \(\gamma\)-irradiation [19]. Many of the current strain improvement methods include genome shuffling [20; 21], heterologous expression [22], and metabolic pathway engineering [23]. The emerging tools in synthetic biology would completely refactor the whole BGC of certain natural products, using the designed genetic parts and circuits [17; 18]. This could be done even on a genomic scale using de novo synthetic DNAs [24]. All these emerging technologies would contribute to our understanding of the whole metabolic cellular network of given cells, which would enable the creation of a cell factory for the precise control of gene expression and the biosynthesis of a given product. However, most of these methods would require the understanding and establishment of a genetic system in the targeted organism and sophisticated molecular biology techniques. The application of ribosome engineering is rather straightforward, involving the screening and isolation of the mutants resistant to certain antibiotics (Tables 1 and 2 and Figures 1-4). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Antibiotic** & **Strain** & **Method** & **Mutation *** & **(Pold)/(g/L)*** & **Year/Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Actinhomodoin (**23**)} & _S. calculator_ & Str. Tel & - & - & 1996 [15] \\  & _S. calculator_ & Str. K88E & 15 (2.8 OD00) & 1997 [25] \\  & _S. calculator_ & Par & P91S & -51 (2.1 OD600) & 2000 [26] \\  & _S. calculator_ & Str. Gen. Rif & K88E & 48 (6.8 OD633) & 2001 [27] \\  & _S. calculator_ & _relA_ and _relC_ mutants & & & \\  & Rif & Q424L & -93 (2.97 OD633) & 2002 [28] \\  & _S. calculator_ & Str. Rif, Par. Gen & - & 180 (1.63) & 2008 [29] \\  & _S. calculator_ & Str. Rif & R86P & 55-10 (10.338 \(\pm\) 0.007) & 2009 [30] \\  & _S. liribans_ & Ery & - & 6-8 (0.3) & 2012 [31] \\  & _S. calculator_ & Rif & S433L & 42–55.5 (287 \(\pm\) 1.3) & 2013 [32] \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Actinomycin D (**9**)} & _S. antibiotics_ & Str & - & 5.2 (0.063) & 1998 [33] \\  & _S. antibiotics_ & Gen & - & 4.1 (0.05) & 2003 [34] \\ \cline{1-1}  & _S. prevulas_ & Str & K88R & 2-10 (0.0328 \(\pm\) 0.0086) & 2009 [30] \\ \cline{1-1}  & _S. antibiotics_ & Str & K88R & 7-10 (0.0471 \(\pm\) 0.0044) & 2009 [30] \\ \cline{1-1}  & _S. prevulas_ & Rif & Q427V & 1-22 (0.010 \(\pm\) 0.001) & 2013 [32] \\ \cline{1-1}  & _S. antibiotics_ & Rif & H437R & 5–11 (0.086 \(\pm\) 0.016) & 2013 [32] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of _Streptomyces_ strains used for ribosome engineering. Figure 2: Representative structures of overproduced clinical medicines through ribosome engineering. _Antibiotic_**2019**, \(8\), 133
## 3 ATM Security Concerns and Trends
### Security Concerns  
At present, the main problems in information security of civil aviation ATM system are as follows.  
1. Simple information security product stacking.  
The information security products of ATM are single. The existing ATM information security is still at the stage of simple information security product stacking, i.e., the deployment of firewall and intrusion detection products in the computer network used in ATM. Moreover, no technical measures have been taken for the core system equipment of ATM, and the deployment of network probe equipment has been very rare. Thus, networked ATM lacks systematic protection design and measures.  
1. The scope of information security protection and evaluation is limited.  
At present, ATM information security protection covers only the computer networks of ATM departments, airlines, and airports interconnected with ATM, while security protection for core ATM system equipment (e.g., ACARS, ADS-B, radar networks, satellite communications, and navigation networks) is almost blank. The security protection does not even involve the core of ATM automation system, and at most, some simple protection is carried out for the boundary and interface of the automation system (e.g., modem), which cannot form a systematic and effective protection. In addition, most of the assessment of civil aviation information security is limited to the computer networks of airlines and airports, and few information assessment activities are carried out for the core ATM networks and systems.  
1. Lack of systematic security assurance system structure.  
There is a lack of research on security assurance framework for large-scale complex networks such as networked ATM. Two key issues need to be explored and solved: first, to build a scalable and robust security assurance system; second, to improve the effectiveness, accuracy, and efficiency of security assurance method.
# Optimizing Foreign Language Learning in Virtual Reality:
## 4 VR-CCL Framework for Optimized Language Learning
### Personalization and Adaptivity (Based on Input Hypothesis Theory)
#### 4.3.2 Learner Modeling and Learning Path Recommendation  
Deciphering the enigma of a learner stands paramount in any pedagogical arena, and VR linguistic instruction echoes this sentiment. Learner modeling delves into crafting a nuanced silhouette of a learner, extrapolating from their engagements, prowess, proclivities, and critiques within the VR tableau. This crafted archetype is the cornerstone, facilitating a bespoke educational journey attuned to the individual's requisites, fortifying enthralment and assimilation.  
VR's forte lies in its prowess to amass a kaleidoscope of data fragments during a learner's symbiosis with the system. From the durations lavished on distinct undertakings, the momentary vacillations prior to responses, to the intricate tapestry of missteps woven, this amassed data are meticulously dissected to curate a holistic learner schematic. In its grandeur, this blueprint can prognosticate potential stumbling blocks, the learner's favored pedagogical modality, and their intrinsic fervor.  
The VR infrastructure can usher the learner down a tailored educational boulevard. An individual showcasing prowess in lexicon but grappling with syntactical weaving might find themselves amidst scenarios accentuating grammatical nuances. In juxtaposition, an auditory aficionado might encounter an augmented array of listening endeavors within the VR milieu.  
As the learner's odyssey unfolds, this model undergoes perpetual refinement, ensuring perpetually apt recommendations. This fluid recalibration stands vital, particularly within linguistic pedagogy, where the path of ascension often eschews linearity, leading learners to grapple with unforeseen quandaries.  
Learner modeling fused with bespoke educational pathway suggestions within VR proffers an individualized sojourn. This ensures that each learner's unique characteristics and preferences are skillfully addressed, enhancing the chances of achieving successful language proficiency.
## 3 Cooperative Perception Information-Sharing
### The Effect of Network Performance on Cooperative Perception  
The realization of cooperative perception relies on the interaction between V2X communication and the perception information of the surrounding environment, which will significantly increase the amount of information exchanged by vehicles. At the same time, problems such as unstable communication quality and channel congestion are prone to occur in the process of information exchange, resulting in a series of negative effects such as high transmission latency and packet loss, which reduce the effectiveness of cooperative perception. In fact, the loss and latency of data packets in the real driving environment are inevitable, and cooperative perception also often uses latency and PLR as evaluation indicators for the application of cooperative perception technology. We compare the impact of PLR, latency, and channel congestion on cooperative perception in this subsection, summarizing and analyzing relevant research in recent years.