# Seareed Exhibits Therapeutic Properties against Chronic Diseases: An Overview
## 6 Pharmacological Properties of Seaweed to Overcome Chronic Disease
### Cardiovascular Disease  
Seaweeds are increasingly in demand because they contain dietary fiber, peptides, and carotenoids that have the potential to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) [193]. Cardiovascular disease refers to a group of heart- and blood-vessel disorders, including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism [194]. The effects of seaweed-derived compounds on cardiovascular disease are shown in Table 6.  
The mechanism of cardiovascular disease is shown in Figure 4f. The inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE-I) is a well-established approach for the treatment of hypertension [194]. [PERSON] et al. [199] suggested that phenolic content and amino acid profiles, such as peptides and phlorotannins, possessed a higher inhibitory effect on ACE-I yield [199]. Furthermore, Sargachromenol D from _Sargasum siliquastrum_ could have \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Algal Source** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Compound of Interest** \\ **and Fraction** \\ \end{tabular} & **Study Type** & **Biological Effects** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Brown Seaweed (Phaeophyceae)} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Inhibited cholesterol synthesis and} \\ _Saccharina sculpturea_ & Fucoidan & In vitro & \begin{tabular}{c} \\ **Modulated fatty acid synthesis** \\ \end{tabular} & [195] \\ _Iyengaria stellata_ & Ethanol extract & In vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Accelerated mitochondrial \(\beta\)-oxidation \\ \end{tabular} & [196] \\ _Colopennia sinuous_ & Ethanol extract & In vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Great inhibition of the lipid profile in \\ diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats \\ \end{tabular} & [196] \\ _Solugosum asperum_ & Ethanol extract & In vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Reduced lipid profile \\ Combination with triton showed great \\ inhibition of the lipid profile in \\ triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats \\ \end{tabular} & [196] \\ _Assophyllum nodosum_ & Fucoidan A2 & In vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Reduced lipid profile, including plasma \\ total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fat pad \\ index \\ \end{tabular} & [29] \\ _Assophyllum nodosum_ & Fucoidan A3 & In vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Reduced lipid profile, including plasma \\ total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fat pad \\ index \\ \end{tabular} & [197] \\ _Cladosibphonakuranus_ & Fucoidan & In vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Reduced lipid profile via reverse transport \\ Reduced lipid profile via reverse transport \\ \end{tabular} & [155] \\ _Eclonia cava_ & Phlorotannin & In vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Reduced lipid profile via reverse transport \\ \end{tabular} & [198] \\ _Fucus spinalis_ & Peptide and & In vitro & \begin{tabular}{c} Highly inhibited ACE-I yield \\ \end{tabular} & [199] \\ _Sargassum siliquastrum_ & Sargachromenol D & In vitro and in vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Exerted antagonist of L-type Ca\({}^{2+}\) channel \\ and endothelin A/B2 receptors \\ Reduced lipid profile in the serum of \\ HFD-fed mice \\ Reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 \\ cells \\ \end{tabular} & [200] \\ _Eclonia cava_ & Polyphenol extract and & In vitro and in vivo & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Reduced lipid profile in \\ HFD-fed mice \\ Reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 \\ cells \\ \end{tabular} & [201] \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Red Seaweed (Rhodophyta)} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{_Solieria robusta_} & Ethanol extract & In vivo &
\begin{tabular}{c} Great inhibition of the lipid profile in \\ diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats \\ \end{tabular} & [196] \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Green Seaweed (Chlorophyta)} \\ \hline _Caulerpa racemosa_ & Ethanol extract & In vivo & Reduced lipid profile & [196] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: The effects of seaweed-derived compounds on cardiovascular disease. antihypertensive activity, as it can function as an antagonist of the L-type Ca\({}^{2+}\) channel and endothelin A/B2 receptors.