## 1 Introduction  
Heatwaves, acknowledged as silent killers, are defined as prolonged periods of excessively hot weather, which may also be accompanied by high humidity and are considered among the deadliest climatic hazards [1]. Over the initial two decades of the 21 st century, a multitude of severe heatwaves had a profound impact on human health, agriculture, water resources, energy demand, regional economies, and forest ecosystems [2]. Extreme events of this phenomenon have far-reaching and detrimental consequences at global, national, and local levels. They impose significant impacts on societies, including increased morbidity and mortality rates, overwhelming healthcare systems, diminished agricultural and ecosystem productivity, and substantial economic losses [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. Furthermore, heat-waves exacerbate the vulnerability of built environments, leading to increased energy demand for cooling and a heightened risk of infrastructure failure. Climate change, recognized as a major influencer of global damage, is exacerbating heatwaves, making them hotter, longer-lasting, and more frequent, thereby amplifying their impacts on people, property, communities, and the environment [13]. In particular, urban environments are significantly more susceptible to elevated temperatures due to the 'urban heat island (UHI)' effect [14; 15]. This susceptibility is further exacerbated by multiple factors, such as limited green spaces, high population density, compromised air quality, restricted availability of cooling resources, and a high concentration of buildings [16]. However, vulnerability to heatwave effects extends beyond the city center, indicating that suburban residents are also at risk. These areas, characterized by their heightened sensitivity and limited adaptive capacities, experience particularly high risks of heat-wave-related mortality [17]. Therefore, the observed pattern of extreme heat phenomena not only underscores a critical gap in our current understanding but also highlights the urgent necessity for in-depth studies with a precise focus on diverse environments to ensure a comprehensive assessment of effects across varied areas. Heatwaves are a serious threat in many countries throughout the world. Between 1998 and 2013, extreme heat events were responsible for over 100,000 deaths across 164 locations in 36 countries, a number that rose to 166,000 by 2017 [18]. The unprecedented heatwave of 2019 caused roughly 5000 deaths in Europe, Asia, and Australia amid record-breaking temperatures. The summer of 2022 saw another series of record highs, impacting South Asia, North America, Europe, and China, and resulting in an estimated 15,000 heat-related fatalities in Europe alone [19; 20]. Moreover, projections from the Eurostat mortality database indicate a troubling rise in heatwave-related deaths globally, with estimates predicting increases to 68,000 by 2030, 94,000 by 2040, and 120,000 by 2050 [21]. Predictive models forecast a surge in the frequency of these extreme temperature events, expected to be up to seven times more frequent in the next three decades [22; 23]. Alarmingly, heatwaves have intensified rapidly in some Asian regions, particularly in South and Southeast Asia, where the number of heatwave days has increased by 4.2 days per decade, compared to the global average of 2.26 days per decade [24; 25; 26; 27]. Thus, the increasing occurrence of high-magnitude and impact heatwaves has raised concerns worldwide and has attracted increasing interest in this issue among researchers over the past decade [28]. For that reason, these observations expose a critical gap in the need for thorough research on heatwave phenomena, especially in the context of ongoing climate change. Southeast Asia, highly susceptible to the detrimental impacts of extreme heat, faces significant challenges [29].