## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Morphological and Structural Properties  
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images provided in Figure 2 illustrate the morphological changes in ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) with varying manganese (Mn) doping concentrations  
Figure 1: **(A)** XRD (Rigaku SmartLab Diffractometer used to obtain powder X-ray diffraction patterns); **(B)** SEM (a Shimadzu model ZU SSX-550 Super); **(C)** Rise model TL/OSL-DA-20 luminescence reader: **(a)** reader, **(b)** controller. ranging from 0% to 5%. The SEM images of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) at different Mn concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) reveal distinct morphological characteristics across the samples. The undoped sample exhibits a highly porous and irregular surface morphology with larger voids and agglomerated particles. In contrast, the surface of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) doped with 1% Mn displays enhanced smoothness, marked by fewer voids and reduced porosity compared to the undoped sample, as well as the presence of smaller grains and denser structures. This smoother surface morphology suggests an improvement in crystallinity, which may enhance light-emission efficiency in phosphors by minimizing surface defects. The morphology of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) doped with 2% Mn is characterized by a more compact and dense structure, with fewer cracks and smaller pores. This increased compactness indicates improved structural integrity, which may contribute to a more uniform dopant distribution and enhanced light-emission properties. The sample doped with 3% Mn shows evidence of particle coalescence, with the formation of some rough regions. This slight roughness can increase light scattering, enhancing specific luminescent properties contingent upon excitation conditions. Similarly, the morphology of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) doped with 4% Mn again is characterized by a smoother surface, with plate-like structures that indicate grain growth and densification. The larger grain size and reduced number of defects in this sample would likely minimize non-radiative losses, which is advantageous for achieving higher luminescent efficiency. However, the structure consists of aggregated and irregularly shaped plate-like particles, with micro-cracks becoming evident for ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) doped with 5% Mn. Excessive doping leads to structural stress, resulting in cracks and grain coarsening, which could decrease luminescent efficiency due to defect-induced quenching. From a morphological perspective, 2-3% Mn doping appears ideal for phosphor applications, balancing compactness, crystallinity, and reduced porosity. The SEM images reveal that Mn doping significantly influences the morphology of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) and that 2-3% Mn doping is optimal for achieving enhanced compactness and reduced defects, which are critical for phosphor performance. Higher doping concentrations (4-5% Mn) may degrade performance due to structural  
Figure 2: SEM images of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) at different levels of Mn doping. stress and defect-induced non-radiative losses, though they can still be useful in specific applications requiring defect-sensitive luminescence properties. In summary, the SEM data suggest that a low level of Mn doping (3%) results in a homogeneous, overlapping structure, while undoped ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) tends to develop a granular morphology at elevated temperatures. This comprehensive understanding sheds light on the intricate relationship between doping, heat treatment, and the resulting morphological characteristics of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) nanocomposites. The XRD patterns of ZnZrO3 nanocomposites at various Mn-doping concentrations are shown in Figure 3. The three major characteristic peaks observed at 20 = 30.13\({}^{\circ}\), 51.01\({}^{\circ}\), and 60.71\({}^{\circ}\) correspond to the (111), (220), and (311) planes, respectively. These values are consistent with the reference patterns from JCPDF files 00-036-1451 and 00-037-1413, aligning with the findings reported by [PERSON] et al. [8; 31].