esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Mathematical Model
### Numerical Simulation Details  
In the present study, the commercial CFD double-precision solver FLUENT was used to solve the liquid-solid two-phase governing equation. The Eulerian model was chosen as the multiphase model of the mixed flow and the pressure-based transient implicit solution method. To realize the coupling of pressure and velocity, an independent SIMPLEC algorithm was adopted. The convection terms were discretized in the second-order upwind scheme, and all the diffusion terms were in the central difference format. Additionally, the temporal term was discretized by the second order implicit algorithm.  
The sliding grid (SG) algorithm was applied to the simulation of the impeller rotation with the set time step and the time-step stop criterion of 0.005 s and \(10^{-4}\), respectively, and the Courant number was restricted less than 1. As far as the SG simulations were concerned, 50 s was enough to satisfy the stable flow field conditions. To model the near wall regions, the standard wall function was used. The logarithmic law for the mean velocity is known to be valid for \(30<y+<300\). The y+ values calculated in this study were within this range. All geometry walls were assumed to be the no slip boundary conditions, except that the top surface adopts free slip condition to simulate the free surface. Under the initial conditions, the solid particles were settled uniformly at the bottom of the tank, while the liquid was kept stationary in the remaining space of the tank. The mesh of the impeller and baffle was refined to capture better flow field details [14], and the independence of the mesh was verified. If the number of grid cells was too small, the precision of the numerical simulation results would be low, and there would be a large deviation from the experimental results. At the same time, if the number of grid cells was too large, not only would there be little improvement in the calculation accuracy, the calculation cost would also be increased. The specifications of the standard baffle agitated tank experimental device used in the present study were consistent with those in a previous study [18], and the grid independence verification results were referred to. When the number of grid cells was 800 k, the average velocity exhibited a similar trend as the experiment, but the agreement was lower. When the number of grid cells was between 1200 k and 1800 k, the calculation requirements and accuracy could be met (Figure 5). Since the research object of this paper was the baffle, it was necessary to refine the mesh at the baffle. The number of grid cells of the sinusoidal sawtooth baffle stirred tank was selected from 2200 k to 2800 k.
## 2 System Model  
A directed graph \(G(D,L)\) can model the D2D communications in a large-scale IoT 5G network, where \(D\) is the set of devices that are randomly placed in the network and \(L\) represents all feasible connection sets of the directed point-to-point wireless links. Here, \(l(x,y)\in L\) defines the available connection link between two devices \(x\in D\) and \(y\in D\). Table 1 illustrates the main notations and descriptions that have been adopted in the paper.  
Data packets transmission is scheduled when the two devices in the communication link with each other. In contrast, when the devices are not in communication range with each other, the source device selects the relay/intermediate devices in the route for transmitting data packets towards the destination devices. The selection of the relay devices in the optimal path is based on their estimated parameter value, such as energy consumption, mobility, link quality, and queue length size. Therefore, the proposed EMBLR routing scheme utilizes the relay device estimated parameters value for finding the optimal path in order to enhance the overall network performance. The energy consumption, mobility, link quality, and queue length size estimation parameter values of the device are discussed in the following section.
## 2 Topologies in Smart Inverters
### Topologies under Wired Communication
#### 2.1.5 Latency  
Depending on the response time of each device, latency is set. This allowance is less than ten milliseconds for inverter control signals.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Type**} & **Speed** & **Distance** & **Demerits** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{PLC} & NB & 100–500 kpbs & 150 km & High bit rate not \\  & BB & 10–200 Mbps & 1.5 km & Issues with EMI \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Fiber Optics} & PON & 100 Mbps–2.5 Gbps & 10–60 km & Large investment cost \\ \cline{2-5}  & AON & 100 Mbps & 10 km & Issues with update \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{DSL} & HDSL & 2 Mbps & 3.6 km & \\ \cline{2-5}  & ADSL & 1.3–8 Mbps & 5 km & Data Quality \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & VDSL & 16–85 Mbps & 1200 m & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison between different wired topologies.
## 5 Feasibility Study Through System Simulations
### NN Structure for Each Pattern-Matching Method and Model Training Details
#### 5.8.1 NN Structure for Methods 1-SingFingIn-PosOut and 2-SingFingIn-AggPosOut  
Pattern-matching methods 1-SingFingIn-PosOut and 2-SingFingIn-AggPosOut implement the same NN structure. The mapping from the fingerprints to the position coordinates is solved as a regression problem. The NN structure consists of an FFNN with \(N_{F}\) inputs, with one for each fingerprint, and two outputs for the estimated position coordinates. The pattern-matching methods are explained in Sections 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 and summarized in Table 6 (Section 4.4).  
Pattern-matching methods 1-SingFingIn-PosOut and 2-SingFingIn-AggPosOut implement the FFNN shown in Table 11. The model is trained with the Root Mean Square propagation (RMSprop) optimizer, with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) cost (loss) function. The RMSprop optimizer performs the optimization in the training of the model with an adaptive learning rate.
# GazeGuide: An Eye-Gaze-Guided Active Immersive UAV Camera
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Qualitative Results  
After the completion of the experiments, the participants were asked to fill out a qualitative feedback questionnaire on the proposed GazeGuide. In the feedback, the participants responded to the questions in the questionnaire according to a five-point Likert scale. Besides these questions, the participants were required to express their preference with the two control methods on the basis of their experimental experience. Most of the participants preferred GazeGuide. The following are the questions used for the qualitative study:  
* Q1: It was easy to get familiar with the framework and how it worked.
* Q2: It was easy to identify targets.
* Q3: I did not have to pay much attention to the camera control method.
* Q4: I was able to focus on the experiment actively.
* Q5: I did not feel distracted while using the framework.
* Q6: I experienced eye strain, discomfort, headache, and fatigue while using the framework.  
Table 5 presents the results of the statistical analysis of the subjective responses from all the participants by using a paired \(t\)-test. With almost all of the ratings falling between neutral and strongly agree, it clearly shows that there were no negative impressions about the proposed framework. Most of the participants felt that they could learn GazeGuide (\(M=4.16\), \(SD=0.73\)) more quickly (Q1) than RC (\(M=2.74\), \(SD=1.01\)). Furthermore, for Questions 2, 3, and 4, the participants' ratings showed that they did not have to pay much attention to camera control in order to participate actively in the experiment and to find the targets using GazeGuide (Q2(\(M=3.75\), \(SD=0.88\)), Q3(\(M=4.80\), \(SD=0.27\)), and Q4(\(M=4.73\), \(SD=0.40\))) as compared to RC (Q2(\(M=2.63\), \(SD=1.07\)), Q3(\(M=2.80\), \(SD=0.52\)), and Q4(\(M=3.03\), \(SD=0.60\))). This showed that the participants had lesser cognition on camera control during the experiment. As the camera was maneuvered according to their current eye movements, the focus was on the Tol rather than the control. All of the participants experienced no distraction (Q5) during the experiment, because there was less physical movement in GazeGuide (\(M=4.06\), \(SD=0.49\)) than in RC (\(M=3.00\), \(SD=0.71\)). Q6 measured the motion sickness aspect of the proposed GazeGuide. Novice participants experienced a little motion sickness; however, the overall participants' result (\(M=3.23\), \(SD=0.41\)) showed that motion sickness was neutral. From Table 5, we can say that the proposed GazeGuide scales (average of the mean value = 4.3) higher than the RC (average of the mean value = 2.84) on five-point scale. Finally, these results proved that GazeGuide is very intuitive and effective and has considerable potential as an input modality in HRI.  
Figure 13: Change in viewpoint for variation 2 (pixels) (**a**) RC, (**b**) GazeGuide.
###### Abstract  
With the development of 5G communication systems, it is a hot topic to embed integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) based on the existing 5G base station by sharing the hardware and the same frequency spectrum. In this paper, we propose a dual pulse repeated frequency (dual-PRF) waveform design of time-division ISAC (TD-ISAC) based on a 5G new radio (NR) communication system using downlink communication slots. We choose time-division mode to design waveform to avoid the interference between sensing and communication. Embedding sensing functions in a 5G NR system, we design a dual-PRF sensing slot to satisfy the constraints of common channel and uplink communication. Considering two uplink modes, namely flexible and fixed, we design two dual-PRF waveforms and illustrate the sensing theory performance of the designed waveform by the ambiguity function. Then, we exploit the designed waveform to the vehicle parameter estimation. To verify that the designed waveform has good adaptability to different signal processing methods, we realize the parameter estimation by two types of methods: the discrete Fourier transformation-based method and the compressed sensing-based method. At last, we verify the effectiveness of the designed waveform system by simulation experiments and real traffic scenarios.  
integrated sensing and communication; 5G NR; dual-PRF; waveform design; range and velocity estimation +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Electrode Design on Surface Roughness (SR)  
The roughness of the inner walls of the machined holes has also been evaluated and the experimental results in a comparative format are presented in Figure 12. The roughness in its three characteristics (R\({}_{\text{a}}\), R\({}_{\text{t}}\), and R\({}_{\text{z}}\)) were recorded, however, the reported values were in terms of R\({}_{\text{a}}\) because of the widely used measure of roughness. Among the holes produced by all the ten electrode designs, the roughness corresponding to the design type D\({}_{\text{C}}\) was found to be the highest ones, i.e., 6.94 \(\upmu\)m. all the other holes machined by the modified tool designs had a surface roughness less than the  
Figure 11: Longitudinal tool wear during EDM with relief angled electrodes.  
Figure 10: The effect of different design types of the tool on the longitudinal tool wear.  
roughness of the hole machined by conventional design. The results in terms of surface roughness followed no systematic trend when the relief angles were changed. However, the hole produced with the tool having relief angle of 10\({}^{\circ}\) and land thickness of 1 mm (D\({}_{\rm RL10}\)) had the minimum surface roughness (R\({}_{\rm a}\) = 4.42 \(\upmu\)m). Although, there was close competition among the tool designs in terms of surface roughness but still the tool design D\({}_{\rm RL10}\) could be considered as the promising one as compared to the other designs especially in comparison with the conventional cylindrical tool (as can be witnessed from Figure 12).  
Experimental results in a summarized form has been shown in Table 5, wherein all the six EDM responses (machining time; MT, taper angle; \(\omega\), radial overcut at the hole entrance; ROC_en, radial undercut at the hole exit; RUC_ex, longitudinal tool wear; LTW, and surface roughness; SR) were tabulated with minimum values achieved after experimentation. Among the ten tools employed during the EDM of WC in this study, each of the five response characteristics was evaluated and the top-three tools were ranked. As it can be witnessed from Table 5, the tool design in which a relief angle of 10\({}^{\circ}\) was provided with a land thickness of 1 mm, i.e., D\({}_{\rm RL10}\) acquired the first rank against three response attributes, i.e., machining time, taper angle, and surface roughness. The basis of this rank is the minimum response value resulted by the said tool. On the other end, the two response characteristics (radial overcut and radial undercut) were found to be minimum with the tool design other than the D\({}_{\rm RL10}\). However, in the case of these two responses the design D\({}_{\rm RL10}\) was in the second position. Thus, it could inferred that if the machinist had to opt for a single tool design to perform EDM of WC, then the design D\({}_{\rm RL10}\) could be considered as the preferred design since it can compete with the other designs in most of the response characteristics.  
Figure 12: The effect of different design types of the tool on the surface roughness of inner walls of the holes after the EDM of WC.
# Classification of Alzheimer's Disease Patients Using Texture Analysis and Machine Learning
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Classification Model Accuracy**} \\ \cline{3-8}
**Distance and Directions** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**With Textural Data Only**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**With Textural and Structural Data**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **Decision Trees** & **SVM** & **Ensemble** & **Decision Trees** & **SVM** & **Ensemble** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{\(d=1\)} & 011 & 81.6 & 82.5 & 82.1 & 86.8 & 85.9 & 84.6 \\  & 100 & 81.2 & 84.6 & 82.9 & 88 & 86.8 & 88.5 \\  & 101 & 82.9 & 82.9 & 83.8 & 86.3 & 85.5 & 86.8 \\  & 110 & 82.5 & 84.2 & 85 & 85.9 & 87.2 & 87.6 \\  & 111 & 79.5 & 83.3 & 82.1 & 86.3 & 87.2 & 86.8 \\  & 11–1 & 79.9 & 82.1 & 80.3 & 88 & 85.5 & 90.2 \\  & 001 & 82.5 & 83.3 & 82 & 88.5 & 86.6 & 86.3 \\  & 01–1 & 82.9 & 83.3 & 82.9 & 88 & 86.8 & 86.3 \\  & 010 & 80.8 & 84.2 & 83.8 & 85.9 & 85.9 & 88 \\  & 10–1 & 81.2 & 83.8 & 81.6 & 88.5 & 85.9 & 88.9 \\  & \(-11\)–1 & 82.1 & 84.2 & 82.9 & 86.3 & 86.3 & 86.8 \\  & \(-110\) & 82.9 & 84.2 & 82.5 & 88 & 86.3 & 87.6 \\  & \(-111\) & 81.6 & 84.6 & 80.8 & 88.9 & 85.9 & 86.8 \\  & 022 & 81.6 & 81.2 & 83.8 & 85.9 & 85.9 & 84.6 \\  & 200 & 80.3 & 85.9 & 81.6 & 85 & 85.5 & 86.3 \\  & 202 & 80.3 & 83.3 & 84.2 & 87.2 & 86.8 & 86.8 \\  & 220 & 81.6 & 84.2 & 81.2 & 88 & 86.8 & 88 \\  & 222 & 79.1 & 82.9 & 80.3 & 87.2 & 85.9 & 88.5 \\  & 22–2 & 79.9 & 82.1 & 82.9 & 88 & 86.8 & 86.3 \\ \(d=2\) & 002 & 80.8 & 83.3 & 81.6 & 88.5 & 85 & 87.2 \\  & 02–2 & 82.5 & 82.5 & 79.9 & 85.9 & 87.2 & 86.3 \\  & 020 & 82.5 & 83.8 & 83.8 & 88.9 & 86.3 & 87.6 \\  & 20–2 & 80.8 & 84.2 & 80.8 & 84.2 & 85.9 & 87.6 \\  & \(-22\)–2 & 83.3 & 84.2 & 84.2 & 85 & 85.5 & 88 \\  & \(-220\) & 80.3 & 84.2 & 82.9 & 86.3 & 86.3 & 88.5 \\  & \(-222\) & 82.1 & 80.8 & 82.1 & 87.2 & 85.5 & 85.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Classification accuracy with Textural and Structural data as input.
# Design and Implementation of a Multi-Function Hydrophone for Underwater Acoustic Application
## 2 System Overview
### Software Design
#### 2.2.3 Spread Spectrum Communication Technology  
The spread spectrum technology has the advantages of anti-noise, anti-interception, and anti-multipath. DSSS can effectively improve the communication range by making full use of the autocorrelation and cross-correlation performance of pseudorandom codes. And because the pseudorandom sequences in use are only known by the transmitter and the receiver, spectrum surveillance is difficult [23]. Thus, DSSS is used in secure communication systems and even in military systems. The DSSS receiver is implemented in the proposed multi-function hydrophone.  
Figure 8 shows the diagram of the DSSS receiver. In this mode, the double-buffered mechanism is also used. Please refer to our previous work for how to synchronize the signal frame. After synchronization, the received signal is fetched symbol by symbol, then the digital bandpass filter is adopted to improve SNR, and then carrier demodulation and lowpass filtering are performed symbol by symbol, as shown in (1),  
\[\mathbf{\hat{y}}=LPF(\mathbf{r}.*\mathbf{c})\, \tag{1}\]  
where \(LPF(\cdot)\) denotes the lowpass filtering, \(\mathbf{r}\) denotes the received DSSS symbol in the passband, \(\mathbf{c}\) denotes the local carrier, and \(.*\) denotes vector multiplication. The downsampling is performed to obtain the baseband signal which is denoted as \(\mathbf{y}\). The next step is the despreading process whose main algorithm is matched filtering. The received baseband signal correlates with multiple local Pseudo noise (PN) sequences, and then find the index of local PN that has the best correlation with the received signals,  
\[\lambda=\arg\max(\max(\mathbf{y}\otimes\gamma_{i})). \tag{2}\]  
The binary bits are obtained via symbol demapping from \(\lambda\). Finally, the transmitted bits are recovered after convolutional decoding. For more details about DSSS, please refer to [24].  
This thread is defined as \"mode 3\".  
Figure 7: The diagram of data uploading.
# Analysis of Azure Zero Trust Architecture Implementation for Mid-Size Organizations
## 7 Comparison of Azure ZTA and Other Well-Known Solutions
### The Cisco Zero Trust Architecture  
Cisco's Zero Trust Architecture primarily focuses on network security, using its extensive knowledge and experience. Cisco's solution centers around its Identity Services Engine (ISE) and Secure Network Analytics (Stealthwatch), which offer immediate monitoring, network transparency, and access control based on identity. Cisco ISE is crucial in verifying that devices adhere to security policies before accessing the network, thus upholding the principle of least privilege.  
Cisco Umbrella applies Zero Trust concepts to cloud environments, providing secure internet access and DNS-layer protection. Meanwhile, Cisco SecureX offers a platform for security orchestration and automation. Cisco's strategy emphasizes network segmentation and threat detection at the perimeter, making it well-suited for hybrid systems requiring strict control over network access and security.
## 7 Results and Analysis

Table 11: System throughput in simulation testing. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Subrie Access** & **Phase 1** & **Phase 2** & **Lookup Time** & **Throughput** \\ **(\# of Times)** & **(\# of Clks)** & **(\# of Clks)** & **(\# of Clks)** & **(Mbps)** \\ \hline
1 & 8 & 9 & 9 & 14,933 \\
2 & 10 & 9 & 10 & 13,440 \\
3 & 12 & 9 & 12 & 11,200 \\
4 & 14 & 9 & 14 & 9600 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Theoretical throughput under different subtrie accesses. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Meaning** & **Value** \\ \hline \(F\) & System clock frequency & 200 MHz \\ \(E_{\text{p}}\) & Preamble in an ethernet frame & 7 Bytes (IEEE 802.3) \\ \(E_{\text{s}}\) & Start of frame delimiter in an ethernet frame & 1 Bytes (IEEE 802.3) \\ \(E_{\text{fmin}}\) & Minimum ethernet data frame & 64 Bytes (IEEE 802.3) \\ \(E_{\text{i}}\) & Inter-frame gap in an ethernet frame & 12 Bytes (IEEE 802.3) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Meaning and value of notations. The results show that the average lookup time of our proposed satellite IP route lookup architecture remains steady in different configurations, and its single-port throughput can reach at least 13.44 Gbps, which can match the current mainstream inter-satellite links (ISLs) of 10 Gbps. To improve throughput, generally, we adopt the system of multiple lookup engines. Note that the resource utilization is still able to guarantee the standard requirement of TMR, even if we have three lookup engines on an XC7 VX690T chip. Thus, the expected performance can be improved by three times, equivalent to a throughput beyond 40 Gbps. Since the scale of routing prefix sets used in our simulation is much larger than current satellite routing tables, our proposed architecture can provide considerable throughput in practical satellite applications.
# Development of an Ergonomic User Interface Design of Calcium Imaging Processing System
###### Abstract  
An optical brain-machine interface (O-BMI) system using calcium imaging has various advantages such as high resolution, a comprehensive view of large neural populations, abilities such as long-term stable recording, and applicability to freely behaving animals in neuroscience research. The present study developed an ergonomic user interface (UI) design, based on a use scenario for an O-BMI system that can be used for the acquisition and processing of calcium imaging in freely behaving rodents. The UI design was developed in three steps: (1) identification of design and function requirements of users, (2) establishment of a use scenario, and (3) development of a UI prototype. The UI design requirements were identified by a literature review, a benchmark of existing systems, and a focus group interview with five neuroscience researchers. Then, the use scenario was developed for tasks of data acquisition, feature extraction, and neural decoding for offline and online processing by considering the sequences of operations and needs of users. Lastly, a digital prototype incorporating an information architecture, graphic user interfaces, and simulated functions was fabricated. A usability test was conducted with five neuroscientists (work experience = 3.4 \(\pm\) 1.1 years) and five ergonomic experts (work experience = 3.6 \(\pm\) 2.7 years) to compare the digital prototypes with four existing systems (Miniscope, nVista, Mosaic, and Suite2p). The usability testing results showed that the ergonomic UI design was significantly preferred to the UI designs of the existing systems by reducing the task completion time by 10.1% to 70.2% on average, the scan path length by 14.4% to 88.7%, and perceived workload by 12.2% to 37.9%, increasing satisfaction by 11.3% to 74.3% in data acquisition and signal-extraction tasks. The present study demonstrates the significance of the user-centered design approach in the development of a system for neuroscience research. Further research is needed to validate the usability test results of the UI prototype as a corresponding real system is implemented.  
Keywords:optical brain-machine interface; user interface design; calcium imaging processing; ergonomic design; usability test; cognitive load +
Footnote †: journal: _Applied Sciences_