## 3 Fixed Wireless Access
In addition, FWA has been seen as the first 5G roll-out with the potential of simultaneously enhancing the impact of 5G use cases regarding fixed broadband and MBB. Besides, 5G FWA presents a number of notable advantages such as rapid service roll-out time, lower roll-out costs, and lower operational expenditure (Opex) compared with the traditional cable/fiber installations such as FTTH, as well as other wireline solutions. These advantages are not only beneficial to the service providers but also for the subscribers [27, 247, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260]. It is remarkable that, in the deployment of wireline solutions such as FTTH, the major cost and complexity are in the last portion that connects the end-user premises [8]. Without the need for highly expensive infrastructural investments, 5G FWA is expected to deliver peak cell rates, which can only be matched with few fixed technologies. Moreover, a 5G-based FWA is anticipated to offer robust, flexible, and highly sustainable services, capable of meeting the current and future home use needs [27]. Furthermore, the operators that have deployed FTTx networks can employ 5G FWA as an option in the areas where their FTTx networks are not yet covered. In addition, apart from being a good solution for operators that find FTTx deployment uneconomical, it can help in preparing the operators for the full-scale 5G deployments. Consequently, it offers a promising platform for a switter and smoother transition to the 5G network for fully mobile service delivery. This is because enabling and innovative technologies such as massive MIMO, mm-wave, software-defined networking/network functions virtualization (SDN/NFV), and network slicing, which will be integral parts of the 5G network, can be exploited by the 5G FWA. Therefore, the initial expertise with the technologies through the 5G FWA deployment will help the operators in supporting other 5G applications [5, 6, 249]. Besides, for low fiber penetration urban and dense urban areas, 5G-based FWA schemes are capable of delivering low-latency and fiber-like speeds which can support Internet access and help in the distribution of high-resolution TV services. Moreover, advanced MBB services could be delivered to indoor/outdoor users using the same 5G deployment [8]. This is mainly applicable to low-latency and high-speed service connectivity for outdoor/indoor hotspots [12]. Note that the 5G beams that are serving mobile outdoor users during the day could also be redirected to the FWA terminals in the evening when people might have returned home. This can help in making 5G a sustainable and affordable technology [27]. Furthermore, the market insights report has shown that the 5G FWA is capable of reducing the required connectivity cost by about 40% compared with the physical fiber-based broadband network solutions [249, 261]. In addition, regarding the residential broadband technology, 5G in lower frequency bands (i.e., 3.5 GHz) unwraps considerable capacities for the 3 GPP radio access. Furthermore, for dense urban deployments, 5G FWA may be employed in enhancing the existing fixed broadband access to accomplish better peak rates, as well as meeting the growing bandwidth and latency demands. This can be achieved with no significant need for broad physical infrastructure upgrades [27]. Furthermore, 5G FWA is a promising solution that can be employed for attending to the bandwidth saturation concern being posed by the ever-increasing bandwidth and latency demands of the usual residential services like IPTV. Besides, the associated low-latency of the 5G-based FWA is a possible enabler for future applications. Similarly, the 5G-based FWA solution is envisaged to be a principal media distribution scheme due to the supported techniques such as variable bitrate video, adaptive bitrate streaming, as well as high-efficiency data compression methods. For instance, variable bitrate video facilitates additional video streams transport with a reduced amount of bandwidth.