## 7 Conclusions  
The comprehensive review presented here highlights the significant potential of plant-derived flavonoids as AMPK activators in the management of T2 DM. AMPK, a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, plays a crucial role in enhancing insulin sensitivity, promoting glucose uptake, and reducing hepatic glucose production, central mechanisms in combating T2 DM. While current pharmacological interventions, such as metformin, target the AMPK pathway, the incorporation of flavonoids offers a promising complementary or alternative strategy. The flavonoids reviewed, baicalein, dihydromyricetin, bavachin, 7-O-MA, derrone, and alpinumisoflavone, exhibit diverse mechanisms of AMPK activation, either directly by binding to the AMPK complex or indirectly by influencing upstream pathways or cellular energy states. Notably, baicalein and dihydromyricetin demonstrated strong binding affinities in molecular docking studies, suggesting robust interactions with the \(\alpha\)1 subunit of AMPK, which may translate to potent AMPK activation in vivo. However, the exact mechanisms of action for many of these flavonoids remain to be fully elucidated, necessitating further research using advanced techniques like mutational analyses and in vivo studies. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Description** & **Value/Range (If** **Applicable)** & **Baicalein** & **Dihydromyricetin** \\ \hline Formula & & & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{10}\)O\({}_{5}\) & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{12}\)O\({}_{8}\) \\ \hline Molecular weight & Helps determine drug & Typically \textless{}500 g/mol & 270.24 g/mol & 320.25 g/mol \\  & absorption and bioavailability & (Lipinski rule) & 270.24 g/mol & 320.25 g/mol \\ \hline Num. H-bond & Important for solubility and & 0–10 ([PERSON] rule) & 5 & 8 \\  & molecules. & & & \\ \hline Num. H-bond donors & Important for solubility and & 0–5 ([PERSON] rule) & 3 & 6 \\  & interaction with biological & 0–5 ([PERSON] rule) & 3 & 6 \\  & molecules. & & & \\ \hline TPSA & Influences drug absorption, & \textless{}140 Å2 (Lipinski rule) & 90.90 Å2 & 147.68 Å2 \\  & biological membranes. & & & \\ \hline Consensus Log \(P_{\text{o/w}}\) & Reflects the balance between & \begin{tabular}{c} Optimal range: 0–5 \\ \end{tabular} & 2.24 & 0.17 \\  & for absorption and distribution. & ([PERSON] rule) & 2.24 & 0.17 \\ \hline GI absorption & Determines how well the & \begin{tabular}{c} High, Medium, or Low \\ (qualitative) \\ \end{tabular} & High & Low \\  & \begin{tabular}{c} Critical for evaluating whether \\ the compound can cross the \\ blood–brain barrier. \\ \end{tabular} & Yes/No (qualitative) & No & No \\ \hline CYP3A4 inhibitor & Key enzyme involved in drug & \begin{tabular}{c} Yes/No (qualitative) \\ drug–drug interactions. \\ \end{tabular} & Yes/No (qualitative) & Yes & No \\ \hline Lipinski & Widely used rule of thumb for & \begin{tabular}{c} Follows four of [PERSON]’s \\ rules: MW \textless{} 500, H-bond \\ \end{tabular} & Yes; 0 & Yes; 1 violation: \\  & predicting oral bioavailability. & \begin{tabular}{c} acceptors \textless{} 10, H-bond \\ donors \textless{} 5, Log Po/ \textless{} 5 \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} violation \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} NHorOH \textgreater{} 5 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Bioavailability Score & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Assesses the compound’s \\ potential to be absorbed and \\ used by the body. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 0.55–1 (high \\ bioavailability) \\ \end{tabular} & 0.55 & 0.55 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Physiochemical parameters of baicalein and dihydromyricetin. In addition to their potential as AMPK activators, these flavonoids offer broad therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may further enhance their utility in managing T2 DM and its complications.