esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### In Vitro Assays  
#### 2.6.1 Plate Grown Arabidopsis Thaliana Seedlings Inoculation  
Seeds of _Arabidopsis thaliana_ (ecotype Col-0)/ Redei-L211-497) (LEHLE seeds Round Rock, TX 78680-2366, Texas, USA) were surface disinfested (2 min in 70% ethanol, 20 min in 1% sodium hypochlorite, and four washes with sterilized distilled water) and placed onplates containing half-strength Murashige-Skoog medium (MS medium) supplemented with 1.5% sucrose and 0.8% agar [3]. MS agar sown seeds were stratified for 3 days at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C and subsequently incubated in a plant growth chamber (16 h light/8 h darkness photoperiod and 23 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C). After 6 days of growth, seedlings with similar size were transferred to one side of a plate (10 seedlings per plate) containing MS agar with 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl. For the bacterial treatment, 100 \(\upmu\)L of culture suspensions with approximately 10\({}^{8}\) to 10\({}^{9}\) CFU/mL (OD\({}_{600}\) = 1) was applied on the agar medium 4 cm below the seedlings. Eight treatments were applied (Control, BR15, OR15, RB13, BR5 + OR15, BR5 + RB13, OR15 + RB13, and BR5 + OR15 + RB13) under four NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM). The plates were incubated for 14 days (23 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 16 h/8 h light/darkness). Plant growth was assessed by measuring the total leaf surface area using digital photography and image processing via ImageJ 1.52v software. The fresh biomass and root length were determined. Chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, b and total (a + b)) was assessed following procedures detailed by [PERSON] et al. [1]. Fresh leaf samples (0.1 g) were homogenized in 1 mL of 80% acetone, kept at \(-\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C overnight, and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min. The absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 663 and 645 nm. The quantification was done following the procedure of [PERSON] et al. [3].  
\[\text{Chl}_{\text{a}}\;(\text{mg}/\text{g})=(12.7A_{633}-2.69A_{645})\times(\text {V}/1000\times\text{W})\]  
\[\text{Chl}_{\text{b}}\;(\text{mg}/\text{g})=(22.9A_{645}-4.68A_{633})\times(\text {V}/1000\times\text{W})\]  
\[\text{Chl}_{\text{a+b}}\;(\text{mg}/\text{g})=(20.21A_{645}+8.02A_{663})\times( \text{V}/1000\times\text{W})\]  
V = the final volume of the supernatant; W = fresh weight of the leaf
## 3 Evaluation Metrics
### Accuracy  
Accuracy is the ratio of correctly predicted instances (both collision and non-collision) to the total instances. It measures overall correctness but may be skewed in imbalanced datasets. While accuracy provides a general measure of performance, it can be misleading in imbalanced datasets (e.g., if collision events are rare). A model predicting mostly non-collisions may still achieve high accuracy without effectively detecting actual collisions.  
\[\text{Accuracy}=\frac{\text{TP}+\text{TN}}{\text{TP}+\text{TN}+\text{FP}+ \text{FN}} \tag{1}\]  
where:  
* True Positives (TP) represent cases where the model correctly identifies a collision event, such as accurately detecting an actual vehicle collision.
* True Negatives (TN) indicate instances where the model correctly identifies the absence of a collision, such as confirming no collision in a safe driving scenario.
* False Positives (FP) occur when the model incorrectly predicts a collision when none has occurred.
* False Negatives (FN) denote cases where the model fails to detect an actual collision, such as missing a critical crash event, which could compromise safety.
# Joint AP Association and Bandwidth Allocation Optimization Algorithm in High-Dense WLANs
## 4 Bandwidth Allocation and AP Association Algorithms
### AP Association Algorithm  
In this subsection, we propose a CAA-BD algorithm that first classifies APs by different types of clients associating with them. In addition, then we utilize the aggregated transmission time demanded by the clients as the associating metric of the AP, which can be obtained by FBA-BP algorithm. The CAA-BD algorithm can be described in Algorithm 2.  
In the pseudo code above, initially, the categories of all APs are set as zero. In addition, then, each AP is classified according to the associated client with the minimum transmission rate, which also may make the transmission rate of all the associated clients close to each other and effectively avoid performance anomaly. Meanwhile, the aggregated transmission time demanded by all clients is used as the metric of AP load when associating, thus the proportional fairness can be achieved among the clients associating to the same AP.  
When a new client joins the network and attempts to make an association decision, it firstly acquires a list of candidate APs and potential bit rates according to the signal strength that can be measured by beacons from nearby APs. In addition, then the client selects some APs with the same category based on its bit rate. Finally, the AP with the least allocated transmission time will be chosen as the associating AP. Alternatively, if no such AP exists, the client also may associate with the AP whose category is zero and/or allocated transmission time is the least. Consequently, this strategy can make full use of network resource and effectively improves the utilization of AP and system throughput.
## Materials and Methods
### Algorithms
#### 2.4.6 CA Collision Resolution  
The collision resolution function shall elaborate a modification of RPAS vehicle trajectory that is aimed to avoid the predicted collision with respect to the only threat aircraft considered the highest priority by the prioritization logic. The function, therefore, elaborates a single-collision avoidance maneuver that is aimed to prevent the spherical collision volume infringement for the considered collision geometry. The maneuver does not implement any separation and prioritization of the channels (longitudinal, lateral, and speed), as it is inherently calculated as a 4D maneuver. Of course, based on the specific collision geometry, the elaborated maneuver may only affect one of the control channels (e.g., a purely collision avoidance maneuver can be elaborated), but this is not pre-determined or selected by specific design of the functionality and is purely determined by the collision geometry among the available 4D maneuvers. It is also worth noticing that, due to the emergency nature of the maneuver, it does not consider any requirement in terms of the rules of the air.  
Due to the single-threat consideration approach, it is clear that, even when the collision detection has detected more threat aircraft, only one threat at a time is considered by the collision resolution. This is managed by the collision prioritization function that identifies the most dangerous threat aircraft as a priority. Once this collision threat is solved, a new one can be sequentially solved--but not simultaneously.  
If the TCAS compatibility check identifies that the threat vehicle is equipped with TCAS and is triggering a resolution advisory (RA), a suitable logic is in charge of inhibiting the automatic execution of the ASACAS collision resolution maneuver in order to not interfere with the TCAS; this is a piece of industrially certified equipment that has priority over the ASACAS collision avoidance functionality. On the other hand, if the threat aircraft is detected as not equipped with TCAS or it is equipped but the TCAS is not expected to activate RAs, the ASACAS collision resolution maneuver is automatically  
Figure 4: ASACAS nominal collision avoidance volume (represented with respect to the separation assurance volume, which is not in scale).  
implemented by the ownship. In this case, the remote pilot is only able to abort the automatic collision avoidance maneuver through dedicated command inputs available through the HMI if he/she wants.  
The collision avoidance maneuver is considered as completed when the condition of clear of collision is satisfied, as described below:  
* No infringement of the assigned collision volume is detected for the considered threat. AND
* Ownship distance with respect to the considered threat is increasing.  
Once these conditions are met, the ownship can return to the original course by implementing the automatic capture of the next applicable waypoint on the flight plan.
# Brain and CSF Alzheimer's Biomarkers Are Associated with SERPINE1 Gene Expression
###### Abstract  
Background: SERPINE1, also known as plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), has been proposed as a potential blood biomarker for the early detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Expanding on previous studies, this research contrasted SERPINE1 levels in CSF and brain tissue of AD patients and those at risk for AD with established AD biomarkers. Methods: Utilizing OLINK and immunoassay methods, CSF SERPINE1 protein levels were quantified across two separate cohorts: PREVENT-AD and ADNI. Microarray and RNAseq were used to measure tissue _SERPINE1_ mRNA levels in two separate cohorts: the Douglas-Bell Canada Brain Bank and the Mayo Clinic Brain Bank. Results: At the preclinical stage, elevated CSF levels of pTau, tTau and synaptic markers, alongside reduced hippocampal volume, correlate with CSF SERPINE1 levels. Elevated cortical _SERPINE1_ mRNA levels in autopsy-confirmed AD show weak correlation with regional plaques and tangles densities, but strong correlation with Braak staging. Conclusions: CSF SERPINE1 levels can be used as an early biomarker for the detection of pathological changes associated with AD. Higher SERPINE1 levels correlate more strongly with tau pathology than with amyloid formation or deposition.  
SERPINE1; Alzheimer's disease; biomarkers
## 3 Routing in Satellite Networks
### Routing Protocols in LEOs
#### 3.3.2 A Finite State Automaton (FSA) Routing Algorithm  
In this algorithm, the system period of the LEO satellite network is classified according to certain time periods. These classification ranges represent a state. Each situation of the FSA also matches these intervals. For this reason, the FSA algorithm is a connection-oriented routing algorithm. Each state is considered to have a fixed topology. Thanks to this structure, the best way is determined. The advantage of FSA is that it stimulates the satellite constellation as a static network within a stationary interval of time. Thanks to this, the problem of assigning connections in LEO satellite networks can be simplified [84; 85; 86; 87; 58; 59; 88].
# Detection of Yunnan Pine Shoot Beetle Stress Using UAV-Based Thermal Imagery and LiDAR
## 3 Results
### The Impact of LAI on the Relationship between Shoot Damage Ratio and CST in Individual Trees  
Figure 6a shows the significant negative relationship between LAI and CST (r = \(-\)0.9121). Under a forest canopy, the CST was easily affected by background soil, as was canopy  
Figure 5: (**a**) Thermal infrared data of the plot and temperature profiles of the canopies. (**b**) LiDAR data of the same plot and the extracted canopy boundaries.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Filed Measured** & **TP** & **FP** & **FN** & **P** & **r** & **F** \\ \hline Plot1 & 243 & 234 & 2 & 7 & 0.99 & 0.97 & 0.98 \\ Plot2 & 166 & 161 & 1 & 4 & 0.99 & 0.97 & 0.98 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Accuracy assessment of tree crown segmentation using LiDAR data in two plots.  
spectrum. As LAI decreased, the soil covered by the crown was exposed to the thermal sensor. The thermal radiation from the canopy received by the sensor was the mixed result of soil, background, and canopy radiation. As the radiation from the canopy was lower than from the soil, in the TIR images, the mixed result caused the CST to increase with a rising LAI.  
An insignificant correlation was revealed for the same trees (the red line in Figure 6b) because of the impact of the abnormal data with a low LAI (0.81, 0.61, and 0.62), which is shown in Figure 6b (the red points). After the elimination of the abnormal CST with a low LAI, the correlation between other CSTs and SDRs was significantly improved, and the determination coefficient (R\({}^{2}\)) increased from 0.0907 to 0.6936. This confirmed that when the canopy had a low LAI, the impact of the LAI weakened the relationship between the CST and SDR by enhancing the ground radiation from the soil, resulting in an inaccurate CST. Therefore, to analyze the correlation between CST and SDR, field measurement data on Yunnan pine with high LAIs were used to ensure that the influence of LAI was weakened.
applied sciences Article Modeling and Analysis of FBV Movements for Automotive Driveshafts in the PPR Region [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2022)  
Department of Mechanics, University Politechnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucuresti, Romania; [PERSON]* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +40.749-222333  
**Featured Application: The asymptotic method approach (AMA) is used to compute the amplitudes of forced bending vibrating (FBV) movements versus the excitation frequency in the region of principal parametric resonance (PPR) for multibody mechanical systems. An FBV movements model was designed for an automotive driveshaft to realize a powerful design tool for FBV movement control of the automotive transmission.**  
This research's goal is to model and analyze the forced bending vibrating (FBV) movements for the elements of an automotive driveshaft using a perturbation technique, the asymptotic method approach (AMA), in the region of principal parametric resonance (PPR). The PPR region was chosen because the principal parametric resonance region is one of the essential resonance regions. The model of FBV movements for the automotive driveshaft (AD) considers the aspects of the following phenomena: geometric nonuniformity of the AD elements and shock excitation due to the road. To overcome the equations for the FBV movements of the AD elements, all inertia characteristics were reduced to the longitudinal ax of the midshafts using the variation of the geometric moments of inertia with the concurrent axis and [PERSON]'s theorem. The midshaft of the AD was considered a Timoshenko simply supported beam with a concentrated mass at both ends and springs and dampers for linear and rotational movements at both ends. To determine the equations describing the FBV movements of the AD elements, [PERSON]'s principle was used. After establishing the equations of motion for each AD element coupled with the specific boundary conditions, the amplitude and the phase angle were computed for stationary and nonstationary motion in the PPR region using the first order of the AMA, and the dynamic instability frontiers were determined based on the same equations. The dynamic behavior of the AD was investigated concerning the variation of the damping ratio and the variation of the parametric excitation coefficient. The AMA coupled with the model of FBV movements for the AD exhibits the future research directions for analyzing FBV movements for the AD in the regions of superharmonic resonances, subharmonic resonances, combination resonances, internal resonances, and simultaneous resonances. Additionally, the AMA can predict the endurance of the AD and design control of car damping systems.  
multibody dynamics; automotive driveshafts; forced bending vibrations; asymptotic method; principal parametric resonance; dynamic stability frontiers
# Grouting Process Simulation Based on 3D Fracture Network Considering Fluid-Structure Interaction
## 3 Case Study
### Grutting Simulation Considering Fluid-Structure Interaction  
In this study, the second stage (3-6 m) of the grouting borehole 3-LR1-33 is selected from the established 3D fracture network model as the simulation object, the selected model is a cylindrical area centered on the grouting borehole with the radius of 1.5 m, which contains 20 fractures, including 7 fractures in the first set, 4 fractures in the second set and 9 fractures in the third set (Figure 7). There are 9 independent fractures which are not connected to the existing hydraulic fracture network and removed from the model. Hence, as shown in Figure 8a, the fracture model for fluid computation contains 11 fractures, of which 5 fractures are the primary fractures intersecting with the grouting borehole and the parameters of each fractures are arranged in Table 2. Figure 8b shows the fracture grid model, and the number of cell meshes is 2,319,281. Figure 8c is the rock mass geometrical model and Figure 8d is its grid model with 34,346 elements. The conditions of the simulated calculation are as follows: the water-cement ratio of cement grout is 1:1, the grouting pressure is 1.0 MPa, and the permeability rate is 7.23 Lu. and the physical mechanical parameters of rock masses is shown in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Set**} & **Fracture** & **Regional** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Mean**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Minimum**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Maximum**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Distribution**} \\  & **Number** & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\(1\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{2587} & \multirow{6}{*}{28,800} & Coordinate X/m & 15 & 0 & 30 & \\  & & & Coordinate Y/m & 8 & 0 & 16 & Uniform \\  & & & Coordinate Z/m & 30 & 0 & 60 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & Diameter/m & 1.93 & 0.31 & 2.89 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & Dip direction/degree & 345.00 & 340.00 & 349.98 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & Dip angle/degree & 15 & 10.00 & 19.98 & Fisher \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Statistical results of fracture parameters.  
Figure 6: Final 3D fracture network model.
# Accurate Image Locating by Hologram Multiplexing in Off-Axis Digital Holography Display
## 5 Conclusions  
We have proposed a method of hologram multiplexing for the recording and reconstruction of the off-axis hologram. It is difficult to locate the object image exactly at the original place during the holography display without the TARW. This TARW is also especially important when this off-axis holography is used for the precise measurement. Storing this off-axis data is inconvenient in practice because this information is easy to lose or mismatch with the corresponding hologram. The major merit of this OADHM method is that the whole process of the hologram recording and display can be both done automatically without any human intervention so that it is suitable for continuous recording and display, even for hologram video recording and displaying. Compared to the previous work [16] using another CCD to record the TARW, only one hologram is needed to carry and extract the TARW and then realize the hologram display exactly by locating the image at the right place without using the other CCD or corresponding recording steps. The method needs only one single hologram to complete the recording and object image display without using other parameters, which improves the efficiency and accuracy of the off-axis holography. Especially, the location of the recovered image can be controlled by setting the phase of the reference \(R\) in Equation (9). This advantage may indicate the probable application in the prosperous technique of augmented reality since the image can be moved dynamically to the expected spatial positions. Series simulations and optical experiments have demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method. This method is also expected to be a possible approach for the coming of the prosperous dynamic true three-dimensional image recording and display.  
Conceptualization, X.X.; methodology, X.X.; software, X.X. and X.W.; validation, H.W.; formal analysis, X.X.; investigation, X.X.; resources, X.X.; data curation, X.W.; writing--original draft preparation, X.X. and X.W.; writing--review and editing, X.X. and X.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (ZR2019 MD023) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (15 CX05033A).  
Figure 9: Optical experimental results. (**a**) Hologram recorded; (**b**) Spectra distribution without using \(R\); (**c**) Spectra distribution shifted by using \(R\); (**d**) Reconstructed image by OADHM.
# Temperature Estimation during Pulsed Laser Sintering of Silver Nanoparticles
## 3 Numerical Calculations
The density and heat capacity of the printed lines were determined to be 7762.6 kg/m\({}^{3}\) and 245 J/(kg\(\cdot\)K), respectively. The material properties of the glass substrate (Corning Eagle XG Slim glass, Samsung-Corning, Glendale, AZ, USA) were obtained from the product information sheet provided by the manufacturer. The thermal conductivity of Ag NPs is known as a function of the process temperature. Therefore, the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of the Ag NPs obtained from reference [34] was considered in this study. During the pulsed laser sintering process, each pulse is followed by a relaxation period depending upon the pulse repetition rate. The maximum temperature rise is attained at the end of each laser pulse consequently inducing the Ag NPs thermal conductivity of sintered morphology. During the pulse relaxation period, the temperature drops, and an algorithm that can store the maximum temperature and the corresponding thermal conductivity by the previous laser shot as the initial condition for the following laser shot. As a result, the elevated thermal conductivity \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Symbol** & **Values** & **Parameters** & **Symbol** & **Values** \\ (Silver NPnk) & & & **(Glass Substrate)** & & \\ \hline Density & \(\rho_{1}\) & 7762.6 kg/m\({}^{3}\) & Density & \(\rho_{2}\) & 2600 kg/m\({}^{3}\) \\ Emissivity & \(\epsilon_{1}\) & 0.02 & Emissivity & \(\epsilon_{2}\) & 0.92 \\ Heat Capacity & \(\epsilon_{p,1}\) & 245 J/kg\(\cdot\)K & Heat Capacity & \(\sigma_{p,2}\) & 840 J/kg\(\cdot\)K \\ Convective Heat Transfer & \(h\) & Equation (S1) & Stephan-Boltzmann & \(\sigma\) & \(5.67\times 10^{-8}\) W/m\({}^{2}\)K\({}^{4}\) \\ Coefficient & & & & Constant & \\  & & & & & \\ Thermal Conductivity & \(k_{1}\) & \(\{\max(T\),\(T_{\max})\leq 624.4\}\times 0.06\times\) & Thermal Conductivity & \(k_{2}\) & 1.05 W/m\(\cdot\)K \\  & & & \(\exp(0.014\times\max(T\),\(T_{\max}))\) & Width & \(w_{2}\) & 24 mm \\ Width & \(w_{1}\) & 135 mm & Width & \(w_{2}\) & 24 mm \\ Thickness & \(t_{1}\) & -280 nm & Thickness & \(t_{2}\) & 3 mm \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Parameters used in the numerical calculations. of the sintered zone was not decreased by the NPs cooled temperature during the pulse relaxation period. A fine mesh system was chosen for the calculation model. The overall average mesh quality was 0.903. The one is the best possible quality value in the software. During the simulation, shorter time steps played a significant role in producing precise results and avoiding any discontinuity within the calculation period. Therefore, keeping the computation time to a minimum, a time-step of 5 ms was chosen as the upper limit. The parametric values adopted in the numerical model are listed in Table 1.