esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Method Descriptions
### Data Preprocessing
#### 3.4.2 MFCC Processing  
This project converts the subject's periodic breathing audio data into a characteristic spectrum sequence using mel-frequency cepstrum [28]. This method is based on a linear transformation of the logarithmic energy spectrum of the mel frequency scale, which approximates the human auditory system.  
The raw input signals were windowed such that each segmented window had a length of 2048. The input signals were subjected to pre-emphasis filtering the unwanted high frequency components through a Butterworth low-pass filter [29]. When the pre-emphasis filtering of the signals was complete, they were converted from the time domain to the frequency domain via an FFT, and the frequencies were further converted to units of m  
[30,31]. The mel scale is a non-linear scale unit based on the pitches perceived by the human ear. The formula equation for converting between the mel scale and frequency is as follows:  
\[y(k)=\log_{10}\Biggl{(}\sum_{k=0}^{10000}\left|x(k)\right|^{2}B_{m}(k)\Biggr{)} \tag{2}\]  
where \(k\) is the frequency grid point, \(x(k)\) is the frequency spectrum of auditory signal in time domain, and \(y(k)\) is the mel spectrum after applying the function of \(B_{m}(k)\) as the mask function of the mel-frequency cepstrum, which corresponds to mel frequency scale \(f_{m}(k)\) as  
\[f_{m}(k)=2595\log_{10}\biggl{(}1+\frac{k}{700}\biggr{)} \tag{3}\]  
Then, the principle of mel triangular filtering is based on the use of a certain number _(m)_ of triangular filters, and the interval between each \(f(m)\) changes with the value of m; the interval decreases when m decreases, and vice versa. The frequency response of a triangular filter [32] is defined in the following equation:  
\[B_{m}(k)=\left\{\begin{array}{c}0,\ k<f_{m}(k-1)\ \text{and}\ k>f_{m}(k)\\ \frac{k-f_{m}(k-1)}{f_{m}(k)-f(k-1)},\ f_{m}(k-1)\ \leq k\leq f_{m}(k)\\ \frac{-k+f_{m}(k+1)}{-f_{m}(k)+f_{m}(k+1)},\ f_{m}(k)\ \leq k\leq f_{m}(k+1) \end{array}\right. \tag{4}\]  
Figure 3: Data preprocessing procedure.  
Using the inverse discrete cosine transform to obtain the MFCC parameter value by,  
\[y_{m\mathit{fcc}}(n)=\frac{1}{k_{N}}\sum_{k=1}^{k_{N}}\left|\mathrm{y}(k)\right|^ {2}\cos\left(\frac{\pi n(k-0.5)}{k_{N}}\right) \tag{5}\]  
A mel triangular filter smooths the frequencies and reduces the harmonic effects while highlighting the raw signal features as \(y_{m\mathit{fcc}}(n)\), where n is set to 32 in this case. Additionally, the derived spectrogram \(y_{m\mathit{fcc}}(n)\) improves the learning speed of a CNN by reducing the amount of data to be processed.
## 4 Avenues and Approaches for Improving the Biotransformation of Limonene and Alpha Pinene
### Improvements in Physical Pretreatment of Wood and Citrus Residues
#### 4.4.5 Extrusion  
The lignocellulosic biomass consists mainly of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, which form a strong and complex three-dimension structure [63]. To use lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for microbial biotransformation, it needs to be pretreated. The aim of this pretreatment is to break or weaken the lignocellulosic structure to extract/recover the compounds of interest. Usually, the target is to recover cellulose, hemicellulose and terpen. But lignin blocks the access to those compounds [64]. Extrusion is a thermo-mechanical process that applies high shearing forces to a material (a solid or a semi-solid) for different purposes such as blending, compounding, mixing, disruption, compaction, pelletisation, etc. Therefore, extrusion is used in a wide range of domains: plastics, polymers, food, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, metal, biorefinery, paper industry, etc. They need to be moistened by a liquid. Adding water in non-optimal condition and ratios (solid/liquid) can cause biomass clogging problems inside the barrel due to evaporation and low viscosity. Compared to other physical pretreatments, extrusion is regarded as a low-energy consumption technology. Furthermore, extrusion does not need significant downstream operations because it does not produce inhibitors and does not use high water amounts as hydrothermal pretreatments do. The short pretreatment time is one of the main benefits of extrusion: while biological, chemical and some physico-chemical pretreatments maylast from 30 min to several days, one extrusion pretreatment lasts a few minutes (usually around 2 or 3 min) [38].
## 6 Simulations and Results  
In this section, we present several sets of simulation results to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed energy-efficient transmissions under a multiple-user, multiple-HAP and single-satellite integrated network. We consider a realistic disaster scenario with a medium-sized city with a 60-km diameter. A natural disaster, such as an earthquake, destroys the terrestrial communication network and the electrical network distribution infrastructure. An IHS network is deployed for public safety personnel and first responders in order to coordinate rescue and first-aid services for the survivors. These simulations were carried out using the NS2 simulator. All of the simulations were run 100 times and the average given.
## 5 Discussion
### Cost  
The main cost of the proposed EFCLC lies in fault current-limiting inductance \(L_{FCL}\), energy dissipation resistance \(R_{FCL}\), semiconductor switches, and surge arrester. Similar to the main breaker in the hybrid DCCB, the number of IGBT depends on the voltage across the EFCLC. The amount and parameter selection of a surge arrester are also determined by protection requirement. The EFCLC can be regarded as an auxiliary circuit to share the energy absorption and electrical pressure by limiting the fault current under an acceptable level. Although IGBTs and surge arrester in EFCLC lead to extra cost, the HVDC system can ensure the fault interruption with a low risk on the DCCB failure. Moreover, according to the simulation result in Figure 19, the R-method adopted in References [14; 41] has a higher fault current level than the proposed method during the fault interruption period, thereby indicating extra cost on interruption capacity, surge arrester, and the cooling system. Therefore, it might be economic to have EFCLC in protection operation, given its strength in FCL ability. Furthermore, lower peak fault current indicates less investment in DCCB interruption capability. The main expenditure of the I-method depends on the SFCL inductance technology because its unique characteristics can limit the fault current without affecting the system's dynamic response speed. However, the immaturity of  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \(L_{FCL}\) = 219 mH, \(R_{FCL}\) = 20 \(\Omega\) & \(L_{FCL}\) = 225 mH, \(R_{FCL}\) = 20 \(\Omega\) \\ \hline Phase-A upper arm current & 1712.7 A & Phase-A upper arm current & 1668.3 A \\ Phase-A lower arm current & 2023.4 A & Phase-A lower arm current & 1999.2 A \\ Phase-B upper arm current & 2023.5 A & Phase-B upper arm current & 1999.1 A \\ Phase-B lower arm current & 1704.4 A & Phase-B lower arm current & 1680.2 A \\ Phase-C upper arm current & 1876.5 A & Phase-C upper arm current & 1834.3 A \\ Phase-C lower arm current & 1858.7 A & Phase-C lower arm current & 1852.3 A \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Arm currents under the calculated and simulated \(L_{FCL\_min}\).  
the SFCL device leads to an increased cost to satisfy the protection requirement in terms of the system recovery and restart. Furthermore, compared with the proposed approach, the I-method requires additional cost in the energy dissipation component to accelerate the fault current extinguishment. In summary, taking comprehensive consideration of economic efficiency and FCL performance, EFCLC deserves consideration to be applied in real project.
# Fast-RRT: A RRT-Based Optimal Path Finding Method
## 3 Method
### Fast-Optimal
#### 3.3.2 Path Fine-Tuning  
In order to speed up the path optimization, we also propose a path fine-tuning strategy that obtains a better path by simply adjusting the path obtained by the path-fusion algorithm. The process of the path fine-tuning is shown in Figure 8. The path composed of green points is obtained by the path-fusion algorithm, in which \(q_{near1}\), \(q_{near2}\) and \(q_{near3}\) are the coincident points of \(P_{new}\) and \(P_{optimal}\), respectively.  
Figure 7: Schematic illustration of the path fusion process. The green path \(path_{obest}\) is the currently obtained optimal path, the blue path \(path_{new}\) is the newly obtained feasible path, and \(q_{near}\) is the intersection of the two paths.  
During the process of path fine-tuning, we try to connect each intersection with a straight line. The connection between \(q_{near1}\) and \(q_{near2}\) collides with the obstacle; thus, the original path is saved. In contrast, the connection between \(q_{near2}\) and \(q_{near3}\) does not collide with obstacles, so we can use straight to connect these two points because the direct connection is shorter than the original polyline connection. Therefore, the path fine-tuning algorithm can obtain a better path with few turns, which is more convenient for the robots to execute. The details of fast fine-tuning are shown in Algorithm 8.  
```
Input:\(P\), intersections, Map Output:\(P_{tuning}\)  Let \(P_{tuning}=[]\) For\(k=1:size(intersections)-1\)do \(idx1\gets near\_list[k]\) \(point1\gets P[idx1]\) \(idx2\gets near\_list[k+1]\) \(point2\gets P[idx2]\) if\(ObstacleFree(point1,point2)\)then \(Subpath\gets Generate(point1,point2)\) \(P_{tuning}\) append\(Subpath\) else \(Subpath\gets P(idx1:idx2)\) \(P_{tuning}\) append\(Subpath\)
```  
**Algorithm 8** Path fine-tuning
## 4 Discussion
### Discussion of the Results of the ATV-Quad Rollover Tests without ROPS  
The development of the ATV-Quad rollover tests has resulted in the following data:  
1. Test 1a. Rollover angle measurement of an empty ATV-Quad without any dummy. The ATV-Quad chosen for these tests was a YAMAHA YFM 700R model as produced from the manufacturing facility. Figure 20 represents the moment when vehicle overturn would be produced in a right side rollover test.  
Figure 19: Small rubber blocks did not prevent slippage of the vehicle.  
Figure 18: Rubber blocks, 10 cm high, able to prevent slippage of the vehicle.  
The results, which appear in Table 3, show a clear difference in the rollover angle between the left side and the right side rollover.  
Test 1b. Rollover angle measurement of a full ATV-Quad without any dummy.  
In this test, the same ATV-Quad, a YAMAHA YFM 700R model, whose tank had been filled with petrol was used.  
As it can be seen from Table 4, a full ATV-Quad is slightly more unstable than an empty one.  
Test 1c. Rollover angle measurement of a full ATV-Quad equipped with a dummy.  
In this test, an ATV-Quad YAMAHA YFM 700R, whose tank had been filled with petrol, included a dummy of 78 kg with some accessories.  
The tests produced the data represented in Table 5, showing that the presence of a driver produces a significant variation of the rollover angle at any direction.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Test** & **Angle** \\ \hline Left side & 41.4\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Right side & 36.0\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Frontal & 55.6\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Rear & 55.8\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Results of test 1b.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Test** & **Angle** \\ \hline Left side & 36.5\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Right side & 33.3\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Frontal & 45.6\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Rear & 43.5\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Results of test 1c.  
Figure 20: Rollover angle. Right side rollover test without dummy or automatically deployed ROPS (AD-ROPS).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Test** & **Angle** \\ \hline Left side & 36.5\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Right side & 33.3\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Frontal & 45.6\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Rear & 43.5\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Results of test 1c.  
Test 1d. Rollover angle measurement of a full ATV-Quad equipped with a bigger dummy.  
The dummy used in previous tests was replaced in these tests by a bigger dummy with a mass of 100 kg. The tank was full of petrol.  
The values of this test, shown in Table 6, allow one to deduce that a higher mass of the driver significantly reduces the rollover angle. One consequence is that the amount of clothes and accessories used by the driver could have an influence in the rollover angle.
# Selection of a Photovoltaic Panel Cooling Technique Using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
###### Abstract  
Photovoltaic panel performance in terms of its efficiency and durability is severely affected by operating temperature when the temperature is much higher than the nominal operating cell temperature in hot climates. Different cooling methods have been reported over several decades, but photovoltaic panel manufacturers or users are yet to adopt a popular method of panel cooling. This is the main concern of the present work. Potential cooling solutions differ in terms of their criteria for performance evaluation, which are efficiency enhancement, costs, reliability, environmental aspects and ergonomics. Hence, there is a need to identify the optimum cooling method. Eight different cooling methods were identified, and the analysis was made with the multi-criteria analysis tool on the different possible attributes. Two different climate zones with different weight schemes are considered for the evaluation process, and the best to the worst cooling solutions have been identified. Five different scenarios depending on the importance given to each evaluation criterion are analyzed. The best cooling method to the worst cooling method has been arranged under each scenario. When the efficiency of operation was given maximum weight, aluminum fin cooling proved to be the best panel cooling method. When the emission reduction criterion was given maximum weight, thermosiphon cooling was the best cooling option. A comparison of the results indicates that thermosiphon works out to be the best option. The second-best method was found to be forced convection cooling when equal weights were applied and thermosiphon cooling when a 40% weight on efficiency enhancement criteria was applied, which is a more practical weight distribution. Phase change cooling and forced convection cooling had the poorest performance among the different cooling methods for all the weighing scenarios.  
photovoltaic panel cooling; photovoltaic efficiency enhancement; TOPSIS; multi-criteria decision analysis +
Footnote †: journal: 2023, 13, 1949. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031949](https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031949)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031949](https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031949))
## 2 Methods  
### Theory  
Assuming a transition probability of 0.5 and disregarding the detection laser noise, which is typically much less significant than other factors in an OLC [21], the clock stability \(\sigma_{\text{a}}\) at \(\tau=1\) can be represented by [23, 26]  
\[\sigma_{\text{a}}^{2}=\sigma_{\text{QPN}}^{2}+\sigma_{\text{Shot}}^{2}+\sigma_ {\text{Det}}^{2}. \tag{1}\]  
In Equation (1), \(\sigma_{\text{QPN}}^{2}=T_{0}/4S_{0}^{2}N_{0}\) corresponds to the variance contributed by the QPN, with \(T_{0}\) representing the clock cycle time, and \(S_{0}=0.6\pi\times T_{\text{P}}\) denoting the frequency-sensitive slope of the spectrum at half-height point, where \(T_{\text{P}}\) is the interrogation time for the clock transition in each clock cycle. \(\sigma_{\text{Shot}}^{2}=T_{0}/4S_{0}^{2}N_{0}\gamma_{0}\) refers to the variance originating from the photon shot noise, while \(\sigma_{\text{Det}}^{2}=T_{0}\delta_{\text{N}}^{2}/2S_{0}^{2}N_{0}^{2}\) represents the contribution of the technical noise. Here, \(\delta_{\text{N}}\) stands for the electronic detection noise, including the contribution of the amplifier, digitizer, dark current noise, and so on. As the three types of noise exhibit distinct dependencies on \(N_{0}\) and \(\gamma_{0}\); it becomes possible to differentiate them effectively by modulating \(N_{0}\) and \(\gamma_{0}\).  
By controlling the detection laser intensity or its duration (\(T_{\text{det}}\)), \(\gamma_{0}\) can be manipulated. Specifically, by adjusting \(T_{\text{det}}\) to \(T_{\text{det}}/\alpha\) while keeping other parameters constant as defined in Equation (1), the value of \(\gamma_{0}\) will change to \(\gamma_{0}/\alpha\). Consequently, the overall clock stability can be represented as  
\[\sigma_{\text{b}}^{2}=\sigma_{\text{QPN}}^{2}+\alpha\sigma_{\text{Shot}}^{2}+ \sigma_{\text{Det}}^{2}. \tag{2}\]  
In the same manner, by changing \(N_{0}\) to \(N_{0}/\beta\), we can separate the technical noise from other noises, and the overall clock stability is denoted by  
\[\sigma_{\text{c}}^{2}=\beta(\sigma_{\text{QPN}}^{2}+\sigma_{\text{Shot}}^{2}) +\beta^{2}\sigma_{\text{Det}}^{2}. \tag{3}\]  
Combining Equations (1)-(3), the contributions of different noise sources can be determined by solving  
\[\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1&1&1\\ 1&\alpha&1\\ \beta&\beta&\beta^{2}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}\sigma_{\text{ QPN}}^{2}\\ \sigma_{\text{Shot}}^{2}\\ \sigma_{\text{Det}}^{2}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}\sigma_{ \text{a}}^{2}\\ \sigma_{\text{b}}^{2}\\ \sigma_{\text{c}}^{2}\end{array}\right]. \tag{4}\]  
Once the value of \(\sigma_{\text{QPN}}\) is obtained using Equation (4), it becomes possible to determine the absolute atom number in an OLC.
## 4 Discussion  
Our study's results partially supported our hypothesis that thermal sensation and CMJ height were reduced by cold exposure and that both next-to-skin garments significantly ameliorated CMJ performance decrements in the cold. However, the garments only augmented thermal sensation scores of the female participants compared to the control garment and there was no significant change in landing kinematics with cooling in any of the garments tested. In this investigation, all participants reported significantly lower thermal sensation scores during cooling. This result is unsurprising as the present study's cooling protocol was adopted from previous work [21], where significant heat loss from muscle surface temperature was recorded during ambient cooling of participants. In the present investigation, only female participants reported significantly different thermal sensations between the garments tested, with the thermal and compression garments significantly augmenting thermal sensation scores compared to the control garment. These results are similar to data presented by [PERSON] [23] in a meta-analysis of thermal comfort and sex which showed females report a greater sensitivity to deviations in temperature compared to males, especially in cooler conditions. Countermovement jump height was reduced following cooling in all garments tested and the largest reduction was recorded in the control garment. [PERSON] et al. [24] demonstrated a 5% reduction in single-leg vertical jump height following cold water immersion (CWI) at 13 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Further, [PERSON] and colleagues [25] identified a 4% reduction in single-leg vertical jump height following hamstring cooling with an ice pack. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al. [3] observed large reductions (16%) in CMJ height following cold whirlpool (10 \({}^{\circ}\)C) cooling of the lower extremities. These researchers also showed functional performance decrements in speed, power, agility and range of movement for up to 32 min post-cooling [3]. Both the thermal and the compression garments were observed to significantly offset the reduction in CMJ height associated with cold exposure. This offset in performance reduction is comparable to the improvements afforded by re-warming following cold exposure. [PERSON] and co-workers [26] showed an improvement in CMJ power to near pre-cooling levels when participants performed 15 min of dynamic rewarming exercises after 45 min of cold water immersion. Further, following the application of an ice bag, [PERSON] et al. [27] demonstrated improvements in single-leg vertical jump height with a 6.5 min re-warming of the lower limb musculature by light jogging and stretches. The beneficial effect of muscle rewarming with exercise after cold exposure is clear; however, these exercises may not be easily performed in certain environments such as in winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding. Thus, results from this study suggest participants from these sports may benefit from the use of appropriate next-to-skin garments.
## 3 Results  
We discuss the results of this simulation study by analyzing the clock error (true--estimated clocks) for MEO satellites as well as IGSO and GEO satellites in the constellation. While we used PHM satellite clocks for the simulations performed in [17], all scenarios in this work are completed for two different clock types--the PHM and ACES clocks--carried by all satellites in the constellation. We analyze the clock error for the estimated period and discuss the clock prediction possibilities for the different scenarios. For each scenario, we select the SRP modeling according to the overall best solution--Equations (1)-(3) in the case of MEO and IGSO satellites and Equation (4) in the case of GEO satellites. The weights between the different observation techniques are shown in Table 6 and are selected in terms of the best orbit accuracies that could be achieved with a certain weighting. A variance component estimation was analyzed in [37].  
In the following, we first analyze the constraining of the clock synchronization biases in the case of OTWL measurements (Section 3.1), as this gives the constraining we use for all further analyses of the clock errors in this study. Then, we analyze the clock errors (Section 3.2) by a separate detailed analysis of the mean error (Section 3.2.1) and the standard deviation of the estimated clocks (Section 3.2.2) for the different scenarios. An analysis of the Allan deviation is given in Section 3.3. All the listed analysis steps are completed for the estimated period. Last, we analyze the possibilities of the clocks' prediction for all the simulated scenarios (Section 3.4). The results for the clock errors are mostly given in centimeters to relate to the positioning error that is analyzed in this work.