esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Experimental Results
This phenomenon takes place because, in this case, both \(P_{2T}Y\)- and \(P_{T}Y\)-based FSMs turn into \(PY\) FSMs. However, if we look at the most complex FSMs having the complexity C4, we will see that the proposed method allows for obtaining the fastest circuits. Thus, the performance of \(P_{2T}Y\) FSMs becomes better and better as the synthesized FSMs become more complex. As follows from Table 9, an average, the circuits of \(P_{2T}Y\) FSMs are slower compared to circuits of P-based FSMs. Our approach loses 1.6% to Auto-based FSMs. It loses 1.43% to One-Hot-based FSMs. The JEDI-based FSMs have the greatest gain (6.54%). Only \(P_{T}Y\)-based FSMs are a bit slower than \(P_{2T}Y\)-based FSMs. Obviously, the reasons for the loss in frequency are the same as the reasons for the loss in cycle time. Additionally, analysis of Table 9 shows that, starting with complexity level C2, our method allows us to produce faster circuits compared to other methods under study. It is known [48] that one of the most important characteristics of FSM circuits is their power consumption. In particular, it is important in the case of mobile and autonomous cyber-physical systems [49]. Very often, a designer should make the choice among the area-temporal characteristics and the power consumption of a particular device. The values of power consumption can be taken from the Vivado reports. The power consumption is measured for the maximum possible value of the operating frequency. We show the experimental results for power consumption in Table 10.  
The proposed method reduces the numbers of LUTs in FSM circuits compared with this characteristic of equivalent \(P_{T}Y\)-based FSMs. Very often, such improvement results in an increase in power consumption [19]. This phenomenon takes place for our method. However, as follows from comparison of \(P_{T}Y\)- and \(P_{2T}Y\)- based FSMs (Table 10), \(P_{T}Y\) FSMs have a very small gain in power consumption. Compared to \(P_{T}Y\)-based FSMs, the loss in power consumption averages 1.55%. Additionally, JEDI-based FSMs require less power than equivalent \(P_{2T}Y\) FSMs. The proposed approach allows for obtaining FSM circuits with less power consumption than for both Auto-based FSMs (11.95% of gain) and One-Hot-based FSMs (19.29% of gain). If FSMs have complexity C0, then both \(P_{T}Y\) and \(P_{2T}Y\) FSMs have equal values of power consumption. If the FSM complexity exceeds C0, then \(P_{T}Y\) FSMs always require less power than equivalent \(P_{2T}Y\) FSMs. We see the following reason for this situation. In \(P_{T}Y\) FSMs, the state variables enter only block _LUTerASV_. In contrast to this, in \(P_{2T}Y\) FSMs, the outputs of _LUTerFA_ are connected with two blocks (_LUTerASV_ and _CoreFC_). It is known [31] that interconnections consume up to 70% of power. Therefore, the more interconnections, the more power is consumed.
## 5 Discussion
### Geologically Complex Terrain  
#### 5.2.1 Geological Characteristic of Groundwater Potential  
For inspection of the possibility of groundwater potential in each geological section and rock type, Table 6 shows the percentage of GWPS at investigated sites. The geological section of the Central Range (e.g., HR, BR, and TY) is mostly composed of metamorphic rock (e.g., slate, schist, phyllite, and quartz) with a higher groundwater potential than that of WF (e.g., alternations of sandstone and shale). For the rock types of mud, shale, and argillite, the ingredients of very fine sand and mud caused the frequency of groundwater potential to be lower, whether they belonged to metamorphic rock or not. In addition, the percentages of medium, high, and very high levels of groundwater potentials in each geological section were higher in the Central Range (Figure 11). These findings correspond to the high possibility of GWPS in the metamorphic rock of the ACC (Figure 6). Thus, appropriate rankings and selected parameters of HGU and LD are sufficient to support the information on fracture networks affecting the groundwater potential in the active ACC area of Taiwan.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Number of Sites**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Number of GWPS**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Percentage (\%)**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{(1) Geological section} & The Central Range (HR, BR, TY) & 37 & 23 & 62.2 \\ \cline{2-5}  & WF & 33 & 10 & 30.3 \\ \cline{2-5}  & CR & 2 & 2 & * \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{(2) Rock type} & Slate (HRSA, HRSL) & 5 & 4 & 80.0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Schist (TYSC) & 9 & 7 & 77.8 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Quartz (HRQS) & 7 & 5 & 71.4 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Phyllite (BRSP) & 12 & 6 & 50.0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Gravel (WFGR) & 5 & 2 & 40.0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Sandstone and shale (WFSS, CRSS) & 23 & 8 & 34.8 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Mud, shale, argillite (WFSM, WFSH, HRAR) & 9 & 1 & 11.1 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Marble, volcanic breccias (TYMB, CRBR) & 2 & 2 & * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* No statistics due to insufficient data.  
\end{table}
Table 6: Statistics of percentages of GWPS in the category of geological section and rock type.  
Figure 11: The percentages of WF, the Central Range, and CR in low to very high levels of groundwater potential.
# Efficient GPU Implementation of the McMurchie-Davidson Method for Shell-Based ERI Computations
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions
#### 1.2.2 Triple-Buffering of Shared Memory  
As a standard batch-based algorithm would require storing the computed elements of the recurrence \(R^{n}_{t,u,v}\) sequentially, the overall storage requirements become impractical for large \(K\). The value of \(K\) at which storage becomes impractical depends on the available GPU memory. For example, on the A100 Tensor Core GPU used in our experiments, storing the computed elements of \(R^{n}_{t,u,v}\) becomes infeasible when \(K\) exceeds 24. As such, aiming at reducing the overall memory usage required in the batch-based algorithm, this paper proposes the triple-buffering of _shared memory_, which takes advantage of the property of the batch algorithm where, during the computation of elements in batch \(k\in[0,K]\), only the elements from batches \(k-1\) and \(k-2\) are required. By cyclically switching between three shared memory buffers, the algorithm overwrites memory containing values that are no longer needed for subsequent computations. Our estimations show that the proposed approach successfully reduces shared memory usage by up to 65% compared to a standard  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{|l}{Related Works} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{Key Point} \\  & \(\bullet\) & Incremental computations of the Fock matrix. \\ [PERSON] and & \(\bullet\) & Double-screening of integrals using angular momentum and the Schwartz upper bound. \\ [PERSON] [18; 19] & \(\bullet\) & Computation of the Fock matrix components by blocks. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Computation up to s- and p-type Gaussian basis functions. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [20] & \(\bullet\) & Generation of GPU and CPU kernels for integral evaluation. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Kernels in symbolic form tailored to GPU hardware. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Support up to \(d\) angular momentum. \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] & \(\bullet\) & Calculation order for ERIs by a recursive search (branch and cut). \\  & \(\bullet\) & Multiple cooperating threads to reduce register usage. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Compilers unable to tackle search and scalability to high angular momentum. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [22] & \(\bullet\) & Integral pre-screening (integral list generation) on the CPU side. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Each GPU thread calculates a single integral batch at a time. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Complexity of high angular momentum inhibits practical use. \\ \hline This Work & \(\bullet\) & Batch-based ERI computation. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Triple-buffering of shared memory. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Multiple block and thread mapping strategies: BBM, BTM, SBM, STM. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison with relevant works in acceleration of the MD method.  
approach that would preserve all elements in the shared memory. Furthermore, as \(K\) increases, the memory reduction rate becomes comparatively significant.
# The State of the Art of the Control Strategies for Single-Phase Electric Springs
## 1 Introduction  
The existing way by which power system operates is that power generation depends on the needs of the users. With the increasing capacity of power generated from renewable energy sources (RESs), the total power generation is more and more difficult to predict due to the intermittent nature of RESs, which might result in a mismatch between the load demand and power generation [1; 2; 3]. The influence of the loads on the power system is becoming more and more noticeable, giving rise to phenomena, such as voltage/current distortion, voltage fluctuation, and frequency flicker [4; 5]. Large-scale power grids have a self-regulating ability for voltage fluctuation to a certain degree; instead, small isolated microgrids have weak regulating capabilities. Voltage fluctuation can adversely affect power consumption equipment, and in severe cases, it can damage the critical ones. For example, medical equipment used by hospitals to monitor vital signs of patients have very strict requirements on the operating voltage. Excessive voltage fluctuation may lead to unreliable operation, and sometimes causing a misjudgment by doctors, which may seriously endanger the life of the patients.  
In response to the situations depicted above, the concept of electric spring (ES) was initiated by [PERSON] et al. [6]. The ESs can be considered as active suspension systems in the electrical field. Unlike traditional flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices that primarily handle reactive power compensation, some versions of ES are connected in series, with the non-critical loads (NCLs), to form a smart load (SL), which can automatically adapt to the active power drawn by the NCLs on the basis of the power generation. In the smart grid, this feature plays a constructive role in achieving the new control paradigm that load demand follows power generation. Three versionsof ES sequenced as ES-1 [6], ES-2 [7], and ES-3 [8] have been proposed so far. Different from the traditional output-voltage control of power converters, input-voltage control is adopted in the ESs.  
There is no energy storage device in the ES-1 [6]. It stabilizes the local mains voltage and adjusts the power of the NCL through a reactive power to balance the power supply and demand, which means it can only provide pure reactive power support and cannot provide active power. The ES-2 uses a battery as an energy storage that allows the ES to output/absorb active power, in addition to the reactive power [7]. In other words, the ES-2 can not only regulate voltage and frequency of the grid, but it also participates in power factor correction and other compensations [9]. The ES-3 is applied to bidirectional AC/DC converters with battery storage units that are not in series with NCLs [8].
## 2 State of the Art
### Technologies
#### 2.3.6 Category 6 (ICT)  
Blockchain, cryptography and security, data communications, visualization techniques and data formats, are meta-functions of a digital twin. However, they have a huge impacton the digital twin's performance. Bandwidth, speed and storage needs as well as the existence of delays [7] can contribute to a non-profitable digital twin or the bad performance of a closed-loop system.  
Simultaneously, Industry 4.0 and ICT are closely related due to the fact that two sub-attributes of ICT, Blockchain and IoT, are common to the nine pillars of Industry 4.0 [90]. The ICTs are the backbone of the future industry, which enable the wireless communication and the smartness through powerful IoT devices at each stage on the shop floor.
# Self-Adjustment Energy Efficient Redeployment Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks
###### Abstract  
The diversity of applications supported by Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) explains the success of this type of network and the increasing interest in exploiting and monitoring seas and oceans. One of the most important research fields is network deployment, since this deployment will affect all other research aspects in the UWSNs. Moreover, the initial random deployment resulting from scattering underwater sensor nodes on the network area's surface does not ensure this area's coverage and network connectivity. In this research, we propose a self-adjustment redeployment protocol that enhances network coverage and connectivity while reducing the energy consumed during network deployment. This protocol takes into account the peculiar dynamism of the underwater environment due to the water currents. First, we study the impact of these water currents on network deployment. Then, we exploit these water currents to adjust the nodes' positions to achieve total area coverage and reduce the energy consumed during the deployment by reducing the total distance traveled by the underwater sensor nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol achieves a very high coverage rate (97%) and reduces the distance traveled by nodes during the deployment by 41%.  
underwater sensor network; network deployment; coverage; energy efficiency; water currents +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors  
os
## 3 Preliminaries
### Data-Forwarding Phase  
#### 4.2.1 Decision Making  
The FR is added to the packet header once calculated. The sender node then broadcasts the data packet while piggybacking FR to inform the other nodes of the transmission. Once a packet is received, the receiver nodes verify the FR value attached to it. Suppose the FR of the receiver node is less than that of the sender node. In that case, it saves the packet, provides transmission progress (ACK), and waits before making a forwarding decision or broadcasting the packet. While the node waits, it silently listens to the channel in the case in which it overhears the retransmission of the same data packet from another forwarder in its neighborhood. In this scenario, the node discards the packet. In the absence of retransmission during the waiting time, the node assumes that the packet has not been successfully received by other forwarders and forwards the packet. Suppose the FR of the receiver node is larger than that of the sender node. In that case, the packet is ignored.
# Antiderivative Antialiasing for Stateful Systems +
## 2 Antiderivative-Based Aliasing Reduction for Memoryless Nonlinear Systems  
As the proposed method builds upon the approach from [10], we shall briefly summarize the latter. Conceptually, the digital signal is converted to a continuous-time signal using linear interpolationbetween consecutive samples, the nonlinearity is applied, and the result is lowpass-filtered by integrating over one sampling interval before sampling again to obtain the digital output signal. Thus, the nonlinear system  
\[y(n)=f\big{(}u(n)\big{)}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(f(u)\) denotes the nonlinear function, mapping input sample \(u(n)\) to output sample \(y(n)\), is transformed into  
\[y(n)=\int_{0}^{1}f\big{(}\bar{u}_{n}(\tau)\big{)}d\tau\qquad\text{with}\qquad \bar{u}_{n}(\tau)=(1-\tau)u(n-1)+\tau u(n). \tag{2}\]  
Only rarely, the integral will have a closed solution and numerical integration at run time is unattractive considering the computational load. However, by switching the integration variable, we obtain  
\[y(n)=\frac{1}{u(n)-u(n-1)}\int_{u(n-1)}^{u(n)}f\big{(}\bar{u}\big{)}d\bar{u}, \tag{3}\]  
where we may apply the fundamental theorem of calculus and by further special-casing \(u(n)\approx u(n-1)\) to avoid numerical issues, we finally arrive at  
\[y(n)=\bar{f}\big{(}u(n),u(n-1)\big{)}=\begin{cases}\frac{F(u(n))-F(u(n-1))}{u (n)-u(n-1)}&\text{if }u(n)\
ot\approx u(n-1)\\ f\big{(}\frac{1}{2}u(n)+\frac{1}{2}u(n-1)\big{)}&\text{if }u(n)\approx u(n-1) \end{cases} \tag{4}\]  
where \(F(u)=\int f(u)du\) is the antiderivative of \(f(u)\). Again, the antiderivative may not have a closed solution, but being a function in one variable, it may be pre-computed and stored in a lookup table.  
In addition to reducing aliasing artifacts, the approach introduces a half-sample delay and attenuates signal components not only above the Nyquist limit, but also at high frequencies below it, i.e., it acts as a low-pass filter in the audio band. This can be readily seen when using the identity function \(f(u)=u\) instead of a true nonlinearity. In that case, straightforward calculation yields  
\[y(n)=\tfrac{1}{2}u(n)+\tfrac{1}{2}u(n-1), \tag{5}\]  
which is a first-order finite impulse response low-pass filter with a group delay of half a sample. The low-pass effect can be countered by a modest amount of oversampling (e.g., by a factor of two) and the delay usually is of no concern.
## 7 Discussion
### Research Implications  
Based on the meticulous analysis of the data, it becomes evident that the driver's perception, and hence the impact of external advertising on the driver, is subject to a multitude of factors. Notably, the examination of eye movement patterns in both the inner and outer circuits reveals a substantial decrease in the number of fixations and saccadic movements within the inner circuit. Furthermore, the level of traffic in urban centres and arterial roads outside the city exerts a discernible influence on the driver's attentional capacity; in denser traffic conditions, the driver's vigilance is heightened, consequently diminishing the likelihood of noticing external advertising. Consequently, it is impractical to target advertising campaigns towards city centres when aiming to reach drivers effectively. Instead, the strategic focus should encompass sections with fewer points of conflict, such as extended linear segments characterized by low traffic intensity. In areas with high traffic density, the impact of external advertising is notably diminished.  
The visibility of outdoor advertising exhibits a profound dependence on its placement. Within the inner circuit, advertisements are frequently concentrated in inconspicuous locations where drivers direct their attention predominantly towards the traffic rather than peripheral objects. However, advertisements positioned along extensive, unobstructed roads that afford long-distance visibility possess an enhanced potential to capture the driver's attention. Consequently, the degree of influence on the consumer is directly proportional to the positioning of the advertisement. Furthermore, the influence exerted by the advertisement can be significantly modulated by the consumer's pre-existing opinion of the advertised product or service. Favourable past experiences with the brand or product increase the likelihood of being swayed towards making a purchase, thus augmenting the impact of the advertisement. Conversely, unfavourable experiences may prompt the consumer to opt for a competitor, thereby still exerting an influence on the efficacy of the advertisement.  
In summary, the findings of this research can be succinctly encapsulated in the assertion that outdoor advertisements possess the potential to influence a driver's purchasing decisions. Although the driver's primary focus remains on operating the vehicle, instances arise wherein the route and prevailing traffic conditions allow for conscious notice of the advertisements. While this occurrence is not ubiquitous, if it does transpire, there exists the possibility of the advertisement exercising some sway in the eventual decision-making process.
###### Abstract
This sensor uses diamonds as the calorimeter element, and a platinum film resistance is sputtered on the back to measure the temperature. The surface heat flux is obtained based on the calorimetric principle. The sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity and not being prone to erosion. However, non-ideal conditions, such as heat dissipation from the calorimeter element to the surroundings, can lead to measurement deviation and result in challenges for sensor miniaturization. In this study, a novel transient calorimeter (NTC) with two different sizes was developed using air or epoxy as the back-filling material. Numerical simulations were conducted to explain the complex heat exchange between the calorimeter element and its surroundings, which showed that it deviated from the assumption of an ideal calorimeter sensor. Accordingly, a dynamic correction method was proposed to compensate for the energy loss from the backside of the calorimeter element. The numerical results showed that the dynamic correction method significantly improved the measurement deviation, and the relative error was within 2.3% if the test time was smaller than 12 ms in the simulated cases. Detonation shock tunnel experiments confirmed the results of the dynamic correction method and demonstrated a practical method to obtain the dynamic correction coefficient. The accuracy and feasibility of the dynamic correction method were verified in a single detonation shock tunnel and under shock tube conditions. The NTC calorimeter exhibited good repeatability in all experiments. **Keywords:** calorimeter; shock tunnel; heat transfer measurement; hypersonic
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Sugar Content
Similarly, sucrose was identified as the main sugar in the 'Albion' cultivar, accounting for 88.56%, 64.40%, and 67.39% of the total sugar content in the cortex, pith, and skin, respectively. 'Warrior' and 'Albion' had the highest total sugar content in their cortex, followed by the pith and skin. The 'Warrior' cultivar had 6.66% total sugar content in its cortex, while the 'Albion' cultivar contained 3.67%. Detailed information including the HPLC chromatograms is reported in Supplementary Figure S2. In the case of [PERSON] et al. 's [17] study, the fructose, glucose, and sucrose contents of parsnips were measured as 0.73 \(\pm\) 0.15, 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.02, and 2.95 \(\pm\) 1.04 g/100 g FW, respectively. Among the three analyzed sugars, sucrose had the highest quantity. This sugar composition is consistent with our findings, indicating a similar sugar profiling pattern between the two studies. The sugar content of fruits and vegetables can be influenced by the hydrolysis of carbohydrates, which depends on factors such as the storage period and method. At low temperatures, the \(\beta\)-amylase activity in parsnips can cause the hydrolysis of starch into sugars, leading to the production of fructose, glucose, and sucrose [27]. Therefore, our experimental results show that the sugar content of 'Warrior' cultivar harvested in winter was higher than that of 'Albion' cultivar harvested in summer. While sucrose is the dominant sugar in both cultivars, the presence of glucose and fructose adds complexity to the flavor and texture, influencing consumer preferences. However, as indicated in Table 5, the total sugar content is relatively low (1-6%), and the natural bitterness of parsnips reduces their perceived sweetness, despite being referred to as \"sugar carrots\". This balance between mild sweetness and bitterness plays a key role in determining their suitability for specific food products and market applications. Further research on the bioactive compounds in parsnip could significantly contribute to dietary strategies aimed at reducing the risk of age-related diseases and promoting overall health benefits.