## 4 Discussion
Aside from that, geometry alteration, like making a groove in an abutment, is worth trying since the study by [PERSON] et al. shows that the surface roughness (R\({}_{\text{a}}\)) of a grooved abutment can reach up to 8.38 \(\upmu\)m [52]. As the SB686 T200 group shows the highest surface roughness and retention score, Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) with a particle size of 686 \(\upmu\)m was then used as a parameter for sandblasting for retention force based on the tightening torque experiment. The result of this group was also then compared to other variations in the tightening torque experiment since the parameters were already similar. In the case of the coping retention under different tightening torque experiments, the lowest retention was shown by the SB686 T69.75 group with 96.67 \(\pm\) 16.66 N, and the highest was shown by the SB686 T200 group, with force retention amounting to 317.87 \(\pm\) 21.08 N, which was significantly different (\(p<\) 0.01). This shows that the tightening torque is one of the crucial aspects to be considered in which the value groups subjected to lower tightening torque show significantly lower strength than those subjected to the higher torque. Considering the wide range of tightening capabilities shown in the hand tightening torque experiment (lowest value in 34.67 Nmm and highest value in 120.67 Nmm), the importance of a standardized tightening torque is imminent and could be achieved by developing tools. Various studies show that the current torque wenches readily available on the market have excellent accuracy [38; 53; 54]. One of the factors is the angle at which the examiner reads the torque value, with 90\({}^{\circ}\) being the best [55]. One of the approaches for lateral screw-retained implant assembly, as shown in a study by [PERSON] et al. [56], uses a lateral screwdriver with a contra-angle attachment, which is easily managed within the oral cavity, with the torque ranging from 500 to 1000 Nmm, which is a lot higher than the highest tightening torque used in this study. For this friction-based lateral screw-retained crown, the use of a similar lateral screwdriver with a contra-angle attachment can easily surpass the highest tightening torque value used in this study. It might give a more accurate value taking into account that different tightening torques resulted in a significantly different retention force. Cement-retained implants have become the benchmark/standard in this study because they have proven to be able to perform adequate retention during the daily usage of a dental implant. Various studies show that the biggest mechanical complications are the results of dynamic compression forces on the dental implants such as screw loosening, porcelain fractures, and abutment fractures [5; 6; 7]. The tensile test was conducted using five samples to obtain the coping retention force for each group; moreover, the result from the cement-retained group shows an average of 155.83 \(\pm\) 19.85 N. Various studies with a similar condition intended to calculate retention force show the difference between one type and another varied by types of cement, abutment used, and even thickness of the cement used. A study by [PERSON] shows an average retention force of 138.8 \(\pm\) 10.2 N for the assembly of cast coping with titanium abutment (dentist) using Temp-Bond Non-Eugenol (Kerr) as the cement [11]. Another study by [PERSON] et al. involving three brands of cement widely available on the market shows various average retention forces ranging from 138.41 N to 258.28 N [57]. The thickness of the cement has also been shown to influence the retention of dental implant coping. A study by [PERSON] and [PERSON] comparing different cement thicknesses shows that the optimum thickness recorded in this study is 20 \(\upmu\)m, which has the highest retention force compared to groups with 35 and 50 \(\upmu\)mcement thickness; it is also demonstrated that in cement-retained dental implant, abutment height also affects retention strength, which related to the different surface area [58].