esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Research Design, Methodology, and Data Collection
### Respondents' Demographic Data  
The participants amounted to 101 from various backgrounds and experience in UAE. Table 2 shows a summary of participants' demographic attributes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **Category** & **Frequency** & **Percent** \\ \hline Gender & Male & 41 & 40.6\% \\  & Female & 60 & 59.4\% \\ \hline  & Civil Engineering & 9 & 8.9\% \\  & Mechanical Engineering & 10 & 9.9\% \\  & Electrical Engineering & 15 & 14.9\% \\  & Information Technology (IT) & 14 & 13.9\% \\  & Computer Science & 8 & 7.9\% \\ Field of Expertise & Biomedical Engineering & 6 & 5.9\% \\  & Chemical Engineering & 3 & 3\% \\  & Environmental Engineering & 7 & 6.9\% \\  & Aerospace Engineering & 19 & 18.8\% \\  & Software Engineering & 2 & 2\% \\  & Data Science & 3 & 3\% \\  & Other (Please specify) & 5 & 5\% \\ \hline  & Manager & 12 & 11.9\% \\  & Chief Executive Officer (CEO) & 3 & 3\% \\  & Operations Manager & 9 & 8.9\% \\  & Engineer & 34 & 33.7\% \\  & Project Manager & 20 & 19.8\% \\ Occupation & Research Scientist & 6 & 5.9\% \\  & Consultant & 6 & 5.9\% \\  & Technical & 2 & 2\% \\  & Analyst & 3 & 3\% \\  & Developer & 2 & 2\% \\  & Architect & 2 & 2\% \\  & Other (Please specify) & 2 & 2\% \\ \hline  & 1–5 years & 38 & 37.6\% \\ Years of Professional & 5–10 years & 36 & 35.6\% \\ Experience & 10–15 years & 17 & 16.8\% \\  & 15+ years & 10 & 9.9\% \\ \hline Experience with AI Applications/Techniques/Methods & Yes & 80 & 79.2\% \\  & No & 21 & 20.8\% \\ \hline Involvement in Aviation & Directly involved in aviation construction projects. & 34 & 33.7\% \\  & Involved in aviation-related projects but not & 28 & 27.7\% \\ Field/Aviation Construction & construction.Involved in project management but not & 25 & 24.8\% \\ Explanation of Improvements & aviation-related.Not involved in aviation or construction. & 14 & 13.9\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Descriptive summary of participants’ demographic attributes.  
As illustrated in Table 2, the gender distribution of the respondents is 59.4% female and 40.6% male. Regarding areas of expertise, the respondents come from diverse backgrounds, with the majority in Aerospace Engineering (18.8%), followed by Electrical Engineering (14.9%), Information Technology (13.9%), Mechanical Engineering (9.9%), and Chemical Engineering (8.9%). In terms of occupation, most respondents are Engineers (33.7%) and Project Managers (19.8%), followed by Managers (11.9%) and Operations Managers (8.9%). Additionally, the majority of respondents have 1-5 years of professional experience (37.6%), with the remaining 35.6% having 5-10 years of experience.
# Wound Dressing Materials: Bridging Material Science and Clinical Practice
## 2 Dressing's Properties
### Classification  
Wound dressings play an essential role in wound management and are classified into four main types (passive, interactive, advanced, and bioactive), each serving different purposes in promoting healing. The first category, passive dressings, is primarily designed to protect the wound from external factors such as physical damage and bacterial contamination [17; 24]. These dressings act as a simple barrier and are often made from materials like gauze. However, they do not regulate the moisture levels around the wound. This lack of moisture control can lead to the dressing sticking to the wound, causing pain and potential injury when it is removed. While passive dressings are easy to use, their limitations in promoting optimal healing conditions often make them less suitable for more complex wounds. Interactive dressings are a step forward in wound care. These dressings are typically made from polymeric films or foams and are designed to be transparent, allowing healthcare professionals to monitor the wound without removing the dressing. They are permeable to water vapor and oxygen, ensuring that the wound environment remains breathable, which is crucial for healing. Interactive dressings provide a strong defense against bacteria and other microorganisms, preventing infection while supporting the body's natural healing processes. The balance between protecting the wound and allowing moisture vapor to escape makes them suitable for a wide range of wounds [17; 24]. Advanced dressings, such as hydrocolloids and alignates, focus on maintaining an optimal moist environment for the wound. These dressings are more advanced in that they actively support the healing process by preventing the wound from drying out, which can impede tissue regeneration. Hydrocolloids, for example, absorb exudate while forming a gel-like substance that keeps the wound moist. Alginates, made from seaweed, also absorb moisture and help create an ideal environment for healing. By keeping the wound hydrated, advanced dressings promote cell proliferation and collagen synthesis, speeding up the healing process and reducing the risk of scarring [17; 24]. The most advanced category of dressings is bioactive dressings. These include drug delivery systems, skin substitutes, and biological dressings that go beyond just providing a protective barrier or maintaining moisture. Bioactive dressings actively influence the wound-healing process by stimulating or guiding cellular responses. For instance, some bioactive dressings release growth factors or antimicrobial agents directly into the wound site to promote faster healing and prevent
# Improvement of Performance Level of Steel Moment-Resisting Frames Using Tuned Mass Damper System
## 1 Introduction
The optimization algorithm has also been utilized to design semi-rigid steel frames and reinforced concrete sections (see [44; 45]). In the present paper, a moment-resisting steel frame equipped with the TMD system is selected (see [39; 46]). The nonlinear behavior of the joints is modeled using zero-length spring elements and rotational springs at the end of the beam-column elements [47]. Additionally, OpenSees software is used to simulate the dynamic structural behavior. Herein, the parameters of the TMD system are optimized to minimize the maximum drift ratio of structures subjected to earthquakes. Then, the effect of an optimal TMD on the development of the nonlinear seismic efficiency of steel moment-resisting frames is investigated. The main aim of the paper is to investigate a system that, in addition to lower cost, can improve the performance of the structure in comparison with the other vibration control systems. The authors of previously published papers focused on the optimization of the parameters of the TMD system by calculating the optimal values of the TMD system numerically using the optimization algorithms [16; 17; 18; 19; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40]. The most important question is whether these optimal values can still control the dynamic responses of structures by changing the characteristics of the earthquake. Therefore, in this paper, the controlled structure is subjected to several incremental dynamics analyses using the optimal values for the TMD system to answer this question. The answer to the question that the controlled structure can withstand large earthquakes is vital in this regard. Additionally, the other question is whether the controlled structure can minimize the structural responses in other ranges of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) rather than the studied earthquakes? In fact, the structure is first designed to an earthquake with the PGA equal to 1 g (g is the acceleration of gravity) using a TMD system. Then the responses of the controlled structure are examined using the incremental dynamic analyses by changing the PGA from 0.1 g to 1 g. Additionally, in this paper, for the first time, the Life Safety constraint is introduced to keep the structure in a safe zone based on FEMA-356 [48].
# Seeking Optimal GNSS Radio Occultation Constellations Using Evolutionary Algorithms
## 2 Principles and Methods  
For cost consideration, we limited the total number of LEO satellites to less than or equal to 12 [24]. Considering that COSMIC is a six-satellite constellation, the minimum number of LEO satellites is set at 6. Hence, the optimal constellations are obtained by a varying number of LEO satellites between 6 and 12. The two LEO constellation patterns, the two evolutionary algorithms with their implemented fitness function, the simulation scenario, and the criteria to evaluate the point-to-point uniformity of the ROE distributions are presented in this section.
# A Metal-Insulator-Metal Deep Subwavelength Cavity Based on Cutoff Frequency Modulation
## 3 Results
### Refractive Index-Modulated Cavity  
The effective waveguide width increases for dielectric materials (between the silver strips) with higher indices, increasing the cutoff frequency of the first-order waveguide mode. Therefore, a first-order mode cavity can be formed by introducing index modulation, as shown in Figure 3a. The cavity consisted of a cavity region with a low-index dielectric layer (\(n\) = 1.5) and two mirror waveguides with an air gap (\(n\) = 1.0). The waveguide width of 240 nm was kept constant. Here, the height (\(h\)) of the silver strips, the distance (\(t\)) of the silver strips, and the mirror waveguide length (\(L_{m}\)) were set to 100 nm, 10 nm, and 1000 nm, respectively. Figure 3b shows the dispersion curves of the first-order waveguide modes for dielectric materials with different refractive indices of \(n\) = 1.5 (black) and \(n\) = 1.0 (red). The cutoff frequency increased from 1059 THz (1779 nm) to 1493 THz (1261 nm) when the dielectric index decreased from 1.5 to 1.0. A photonic well, such as the one shown in Figure 2c, can be generated by the difference in cutoff frequencies at the boundaries, where the refractive index of the dielectric layer changes.  
Figure 3c,d show the electric field profiles of the fundamental and second-order cavity modes for resonance wavelengths of 1554 nm and 1550 nm for \(L_{c}\) = 300 nm and \(L_{c}\) = 850 nm, respectively. The mode shapes are similar to those of the width-modulated cavity (Figure 2d,e).  
Figure 3: \(Cont.\)
## 3 Manufacturing
### Final Finishing  
Once cured, the vacuum bag and other infusion materials were removed from the blade section. The root was then prepared by removing the fasteners and slicing off the sacrificial root fixture portion of the mold. The surface was then faced to be flush with the threaded root inserts. Figure 8 shows the draping of the triaxial fiberglass fabric around the cylindrical insert and the remaining root section of the mold in place.  
The end of the main foil section was also sliced to better observe the resin flow through the fixture surrounding the premade shear web (see Figure 9). The epoxy resin flowed well around the web, with no visible dry spots around the structural foam. This cross-section also shows that the resin flowed into portions of the reduced density cavities in the 3D-printed mold.  
The surface was ground and sanded smooth using an orbital sander and gradually increasing sandpaper grits, as is standard practice, until the surface was free of visible waves and discontinuities. Figure 10 shows the final, finished, reduced-scale tidal turbine blade section. Overall, the additively manufactured internal mold approach to manufacturing the blade section required significantly less time and effort than applying conventional mold manufacturing techniques to produce two half-blade section molds and then manufacturing a blade section from them. This is in comparison with the extensive experience gained through conventional manufacturing of tidal and wind turbine blades previously in the CoMET facility [13; 14], as well as with a variety of industry partners. The facing of the blade root was quick and simple, and there were absolutely no secondary bonding processes required. Surface grinding and finishing was more time-consuming than typical but was more than made up for by the reduction and elimination of other process steps.  
Figure 9: The final faced surface of the root end of the blade section (**top**) showing the draping of the fiberglass plies over and under the root inserts, and the main foil section (**bottom**) to show the profiles of the final spar caps and shear web. Epoxy resin in the sparsely filled internal cavities of the 3D print can also be observed.
## 3 Results
### Validation of \(n_{\rm p}\) Estimation Model  
To evaluate the performance of the developed \(n_{\rm p}\) model, we firstly used an independent validation dataset with 24 samples collected from the BS and YS in January 2017. As shown in Figure 9A, the modeled and in situ \(n_{\rm p}\) values generally showed good clustering along the 1:1 line, with relatively low predictive errors. Most of the data points (approximately 84% percentage) were distributed within the \(\pm 5\%\) range. On the other hand, this study carried out satellite synchronization verification. After matching GOCI satellite-derived \(R_{\rm rs}\) data with in situ measurements using a set of strict constraints, a limited seven synchronous samples (\(\pm 1\) h) were obtained for use in comparisons between the in situ measured and satellite-derived \(n_{\rm p}\). Figure 9B shows the generally good agreement between them, with very low predictive errors (such as MRE = 2.32%), despite the modeled values being on the high side to some extent. This implies that the developed \(n_{\rm p}\) model has the potential ability to produce accurate and acceptable results.  
Additionally, we compared the spatial distributions of particle bulk refraction produced by in situ measurements and satellite derivation. Note that the satellite data used were from the specific monthly coverage concurrent with the cruise in January 2017. Figure 9C,D show the spatial patterns derived by in situ observations and satellite retrievals, respectively. Although there was no absolute real-time synchronization between the in situ measured and satellite-derived monthly \(n_{\rm p}\), the cruise sampling covered a period of nearly one month and was able to roughly provide an accurate reference. The generally similar spatial distributions of the in situ observations and satellite retrievals imply the accuracy of our developed \(n_{\rm p}\) model.  
Figure 8: (A) In situ \(R_{\rm rs}\)(\(\lambda\)) observed from the four cruises in the present study, overlaid by GOCI (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager) six channels (gray bars); (B) mean \(R_{\rm rs}\)(\(\lambda\)) spectrum and variation coefficient (CV) spectral curve.  
Figure 9: _Cont._
# Security Challenges of Location Privacy in VANETs and State-of-the-Art Solutions: A Survey
### VANETs Characteristics
#### 1.2.7 Radio Transmission Depletion  
The performance of Dedicated Short-range Communication (DSRC) radio communications has limitations associated with digital transmission in these frequency bands due to dispersion, diffraction, refraction, reflection and dispersing in city areas.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed a novel clustering algorithm based on histograms, which we denominated histogram based clustering. The algorithm successfully compensated the distortion caused by Kerr mediated SPM in coherent LR-PONs with a transmission distance of 100 km and a splitting ratio of 64. The numerical results obtained using VPI Transmission Maker-MATLAB co-simulation showed that HBC improved the Q-factor with respect to maximum likelihood and k-means clustering by 0.53 dB and 0.23 dB, respectively. We also showed that the proposed algorithm could operate on blocks of 2500 symbols, but that optimum performance was obtained for blocks of 12,000 symbols.  
Conceptualization, I.A., E.G., and M.L.F.A.; methodology, I.A. and E.G.; software, I.A. and G.d.O.; validation, I.A. and M.L.F.A; formal analysis, J.W., J.L.P., J.D.M., and E.A.M.F.; resources, I.A., E.G., L.B., and M.L.F.A.; writing-original draft preparation, I.A., J.L.P. and E.A.M.F.; writing-review and editing, I.A., E.G., G.d.O., J. W., J.L.P., J.D.M., E.A.M.F., L.B., and M.L.F.A; visualization, I.A., E.G., G.d.O., J. W., J.L.P., J.D.M., E.A.M.F., L.B., and M.L.F.A; supervision, I.A. and M.L.F.A.; project administration, I.A.; funding acquisition, I.A., E.G., L.B., and M.L.F.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPQ) of Brazil, the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through the Marie Sklodowska-Curie under Grant 713567, the Science Foundation of Ireland, and the European Regional Development Fund under Grant 13/RC/2077.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} PON & Passive optical network \\ LR & Long reach \\ DSP & Digital signal processor \\ SPM & Self-phase modulation \\ XPM & Cross-phase modulation \\ FWM & Four wave mixing \\ QAM & Quadrature amplitude modulation \\ DBP & Digital back-propagation \\ IVSTF & Inverse Volterra series transfer function \\ \end{tabular}  
Support vector machine DBSCAN Density based spatial clustering of applications with noise HBC Histogram based clustering LD Laser diode CW Continuous-wave DP-MZM Dual parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator EDFA Erbium doped fibre amplifier ASE Amplified spontaneous emission DAC Digital to analogue converter SSMF Standard single mode fibre DPT Dynamic polarization tracker ADC Analogue-to-digital converter BER Bit error rate SNR Signal-to-noise ratio
## 2 Analysis  
In multiuser real-life radio networks, the relationship between the spectral efficiency (\(SE\)) and the energy efficiency (\(EE\)) is determined by compromises among the network throughput \(\overline{T_{TOT}}\), the total system energy \(\overline{E_{TOT}}\), distribution of frequency resources, traffic flows, minimal probability of erroneous data units, and QoS.
### Advese Impacts of RFI to SAR System
#### 1.2.2 Image Formation Process  
An important feature of SAR is the capability to generate high resolution images. Airborne SAR platforms would introduce significant trajectory deviation and motion errors due to air turbulence. With the absence of enough precise inertial navigation system data, it is required to estimate several critical matched filter parameters directly from the raw data, such as the Doppler centroid and the Doppler modulation rate [7]. The presence of RFI would lead to biased estimates of these parameters. Figure 3a shows an example of estimated azimuth Doppler rate under the cases with and without RFI. In this case, the resulting image will defocus and the quality is severely degraded. Figure 3b illustrates the point target response after matched filtering using biased parameters under different interference to signal ratio (ISR). With the increase of ISR, the side lobe level is raised and the target response is significantly distorted.
# Energy Efficiency Perspectives of PMR Networks +
###### Abstract  
Recently, the concern about energy efficiency in wireless communications has been growing rapidly. Manufacturers and researchers have developed innovative solutions, highlighting the benefits in reducing operational expenditures (OPEX) and carbon footprint. Professional Mobile Radio (PMR) systems, like Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA), have been designed to provide voice and data services to professional users. The energy consumption is one of the critical aspects of PMR broadband solutions and a major constraint for PMR services. The future convergence of PMR to the LTE system introduces a new topic in the research discussion about the energy efficiency of wireless systems. This paper focuses on the feasibility of energy efficient solutions for current and potentially future PMR networks, by providing a mathematical formulation of power consumption in TETRA base stations and assessing possible business models and energy saving solutions for enhanced mission-critical operations. The energy efficiency evaluation has been performed by taking into account the traffic load of a deployed TETRA regional network: in the considered network scenario with 150 base stations, significant OPEX savings up to 70 thousand Euros per year of operation are achieved. Moreover, the proposed solutions allow for saving more than 1 ton of CO\({}_{2}\) per year.  
Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Professional Mobile Radio (PMR); energy efficiency; cost reduction; economic considerations +
Footnote †: This paper is an extended version of our paper published in Energy Efficient RRM Strategies for Current and Upcoming TeTRA Cellular Systems. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 10 th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Larnaca, Cyprus, 8-10 October 2014; pp. 40-44.
## 2 Design and Implementation of On-Line PD Monitoring System
### Partial Discharge Detectors
#### 2.2.3 High-Frequency Current Transformer
On the other hand, the construction based on the MnZn core showed higher sensitivity in the detection of surface discharges on the pressboard sample. The average growth in sensitivity compared to the prototype with NiZn core was 46%. The detection possibility of surface discharges is very important from the viewpoint of the performance and effectiveness of the monitoring system operation. It is  
Figure 18: Schematic diagram of the measurement setup for generating partial discharges in oil-paper insulation and assessing the sensitivity of high-frequency PD pulses detection by prototype and commercial HFCT sensors: U = high-voltage supply, Z = short-circuit current limiting resistor, OSC = four-channel oscilloscope, HFCT = high-frequency current transformers under test, TT = oil-filled transformer tank, PD = electrode system for partial discharge generation, C = coupling capacitor, CD = coupling device (measuring impedance), CC = connecting cable, M = conventional partial discharge detector, PC = computer. one of the most energetic and destructive types of partial discharges. Therefore, for the designed monitoring system, finally, the HFCT sensor with MnZn core was selected.
Actual ship tests can more realistically simulate the motion and control of ships in the marine environment without being limited by factors such as the size, material, and proportion of model ships. These factors affect the hydrodynamic similarity between model ships and actual ships, resulting in model ship test results that need to be corrected and converted for application to actual ships. Actual ship tests can also verify and optimize the results of model ship tests and improve the reliability and performance of ship dynamic positioning systems. The ship dynamic positioning system is a system that controls power to maintain the position and heading of the ship, and it plays an important role in ship control. Actual ship tests can also examine the adaptability and safety of ships in complex natural environments,as well as the structural strength and durability of ships. Ship performance can be fully tested at full scale under real working conditions, avoiding the differences and uncertainties between model ship test results and actual ship data, and improving the accuracy and credibility of predictions. Model ship testing is a commonly used method for evaluating ship performance, but it has some limitations, such as scale effects, Reynolds number effects, and viscosity effects, which result in some deviation between model ship test results and actual ship data. Therefore, research on actual ships can more realistically reflect the motion state and position changes of ships, external environmental interference, and the interaction and influence of various components of the dynamic positioning system, thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of the dynamic positioning system. Compared with other actual ships, the cargo ship of Dalian Maritime University is used for commercial purposes and cannot add various sensors and auxiliary equipment to verify and analyze the positioning system. This ship will not be affected by the voyage period and route and can choose a suitable sea area for research.