# Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping--A Literature Review
## 3 Results  
### Literature Overview  
The analysed literature shows that numerous documents raise the issue of costs and the effects of implementing autonomous shipping in the economic aspect. It is considered relevant for the domain by many authors. However, only 6 out 19 analysed publications tackle this issue in a structured and detailed manner. The in-depth description of costs in autonomous shipping is presented in Table 3. The remaining 13 articles, which are not listed in Table 3, contain only a brief and superficial information about the cost of autonomous shipping without indicating cost components.  
However, only two papers deal directly with the costs' estimation for autonomous ship operations, as presented below. One document presents literature analysis on selected aspects of autonomous shipping in terms of design, safety, navigation control, and short description of economic issues [39]. The rest of the papers focus on the Liner Shipping Network Design concept [23; 40] and vessel platooning concept [41].  
In the work by [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] 2017, the operating, voyage, and capital costs were estimated for conventional bulker and her autonomous counterpart of the same capacity. The authors assume that maintenance of the ship will be conducted by crews in ports. Reduction of costs regarding crew wages and other related costs is compensated by the cost of running the Shore Control Centre, which is estimated to monitor 90 vessels at once. In their study, authors considered three scenarios: (1) reduced crew, (2) reduced crew and increased fuel efficiency, and (3) reduced crew, increased fuel efficiency, and the use of high-grade fuel. The cost of emergency arrival of the crew on board is not taken into account.  
The case of an autonomous container ship for short sea trades with the capacity of 600 TEU was also considered. The total distance per round voyage was 1937 nautical miles [42]. The authors introduce communication costs that are estimated to increase ten-fold in comparison to a conventional container ship (see Table 4).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author(s)** & **Year** & **Type of Article** & **Objective** & **Method** \\ \hline [PERSON], & & & & \\ [PERSON], and [PERSON] & 2017 & JA & Presenting operating, voyage, and capital costs for conventional and autonomous bulk carrier & Comparison between conventional and autonomous ship \\ \hline [PERSON] and & 2018 & CA & Assessment of costs for autonomous short sea container ship & Case study \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. & 2019 & Discussion Paper & Short literature analysis on selected aspects of autonomous shipping in economic terms & Literature review \\ \hline [PERSON] and & 2019 & CA & Cost modelling of vessel train concept with the use of an autonomous Lead Vessel (LV) & Case study \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. & 2020 & JA & Short sea liner shipping network—the concept of vessel train—estimation of routes and vessel sizes (both autonomous and conventional) with the aspect of an autonomous container vessel in international traffic & Case study \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. & 2020 & CA & Introduction of autonomous ships to a liner shipping network design problem. Economic considerations on a single mother route and daughter routes serving small ports. & Case study \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Type and number of papers included in the final data sample published from 2014 to 2020.  
The analysed literature focuses on presenting costs of construction and operation of autonomous ships as a selected case study of a container ship or bulk carrier. These are presented in Section 3.2. Estimating costs at the level of general assumptions is not performed in the analysed documents.