## 5 Discussion
### Recommended Solution for Mitigating the Gaps
#### 5.2.3 Using Game Theory  
Traditional cyber security systems concentrate on a one-time assault, a significant shortcoming in combatting persistent, concealed, and complex APT strikes. Nevertheless, if the defender applies AI techniques such as game theory to evaluate the APT assault, establishing the likely attack path and providing an appropriate response architecture are possible [161]. In the context of such long-term and stealthy attacks, it has been recommended that new AI methodologies and relevant analytical tools that intelligently gather threats to enable the detection of APT-type attacks and to guard against them prior to exfiltration are created [116]. Overview of Game Theory  
Game theory is a theory that is utilized to analyze problems and make decisions before they occur. It has been used in various domains, including military, political, and social production, and is currently integrated with cyber security and communication. Game theory evaluates all possible assaults on a network from a benefits standpoint and subsequently determines the most efficient and effective defense plan. For instance, game-theoretic approaches have been extensively utilized to describe defender-attacker interactions in networks and process cyber-physical systems using game theory [201]. Conventional cyber security methods are focused on one-time assaults, which leaves a significant gap in dealing with persistent, concealed, and complicated APT attacks [202]. Nevertheless, if the defense used game theory for the APT assault evaluation, it would be able to identify probable attack paths and build a proper protection architecture [161]. APT research has been employing the game theory methodology owing to its potential for investigating the consequences of cyber security attacks and defensive measures in diverse information and communication settings across society. Notwithstanding, a thorough comprehension of the quantification of behavioral impacts and their ramifications for performance, organization, and security remains necessary in a general sense [203]. Game theory explores formal models of strategic interaction among rational and intelligent agents. The framework presented provides a refined approach to analyzing attributes of APTs, including, but not limited to, their elusive nature and unpredictable behavior. Given the constraints on attacker incentives, defense resource allocations, and attack impacts, it is necessary to consider various factors when analyzing security strategies. Game theory is a suitable approach for formal analysis of strategic interactions based on logical reasoning [204]. Consequently, game-theoretic approaches provide several key advantages, such as proven mathematics, reliable defense, timely action, and distributed solutions. Game theory can methodically and mathematically investigate security choices in proven mathematics. Researchers have the ability to create defense mechanisms for reliable cyber systems based on the results of the game's analysis. These defense mechanisms are designed to protect these systems from the self-centered behaviors of malicious users. Additionally, game-theoretic strategies assist defenders by allocating limited resources to balance perceived risks by utilizing underlying methods. Furthermore, the conventional security solution may be adopted more quickly due to the absence of incentives for the people involved. Lastly, most conventional forms of defense are centralized rather than decentralized decision-making structures. Nevertheless, the requirement for a coordinator in an independent system allows for a centralized model in a network security game. Resultantly, appropriate game models will be used to distribute security solutions [205,206]. Game Theory and Cyber Cognitive Situational Awareness (CCSA)  
The game theory approach has been presented as a potential strategy for addressing the uncertainty inherent in sophisticated, persistent threats.