esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Resolving the SHANM with SDP
### Signal Denoising of SHANM  
This subsection deals with noisy scenarios when \(\mathbf{C}\
eq 0\). The estimation of the covariance matrix obtained through averaging the snapshots in a practical sense is  
\[\mathbf{\hat{R}}=\frac{1}{\int\limits_{t=1}^{I}\mathbf{P}(t)\mathbf{P}^{H}(t)=\widetilde{ \mathbf{O}}\mathbf{D}(\overrightarrow{\psi})\mathbf{R}_{s}\mathbf{D}^{H}(\overrightarrow{ \psi})\widetilde{\mathbf{O}}^{H}+\mathbf{\varsigma}=\overline{\mathbf{R}}+\mathbf{\varsigma} \tag{29}\]  
where \(\mathbf{\varsigma}\) denotes the outlier from the added noise and the impact of finite snapshots. A normal method of dealing with the additional noise for the sparse problem is regularization.  
According to [58], for recognized sources, the least fitting error \(\varepsilon\) could come out to be the best option, where there is unnoticeable false alarm. Therefore, the signal denoising problem by SHANM is expressed as  
\[\begin{split}\min\limits_{Z\mathbf{M},R}\tfrac{1}{2\varepsilon^{2}} \text{Tr}\Big{(}\widetilde{O}S(\mathbf{Z})\widetilde{O}^{H}\Big{)}+\tfrac{1}{2} \text{Tr}(\mathbf{M})\;s.t.\begin{bmatrix}\widetilde{O}S(\mathbf{Z})\widetilde{O}^{H}& \mathbf{R}\\ \mathbf{R}^{H}&\mathbf{M}\end{bmatrix}\geq 0\\ \|\mathbf{\hat{R}}-\mathbf{R}\|_{2}^{2}\leq\varepsilon^{2}\end{split} \tag{30}\]  
where \(\varepsilon=\left\|\xi\right\|_{2}\) is the optimal choice for covariance matrix \(\mathbf{R}\) recovery. However, it is shown here that \(\varepsilon=\left(N+1\right)^{2}\sigma^{2}\).
## 3 Demand-Side Resources in Active Distribution Systems
### Demand Response Systems Objectives and Deployment Barrier
Also, the transmission system operators and distributed system operators can retrieve consumer usage data and online pricing and optimize the electricity distribution based on the electricity consumption via a communication network. Thus, a fast, reliable, and secure communication infrastructure plays a fundamental role in the management of ADNs. With the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the management of ADNs, it is possible to enhance the efficiency of power generation, transmission, and distribution. ICT aids in the accumulation of information from every point of ADNs and can be used for demand forecasting, network planning, ADNs operation, control and protection of ADNs, and optimizing the performance of ADNs [51]. ICT also assists in managing the complexity of ADNs effectively and the implementation of control and automation functionalities [52]. The heart of modern ADNs lies in their ability to communicate, collect data, and make real-time decisions. This work reviews the critical role played by communication technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G networks, and Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs). It discusses their suitability for different use cases within ADNs, including monitoring, control, and demand response. The distance coverage, rates, ranges, and power consumption of several wireless communication technologies that can be employed in ADNs are depicted in Figure 3. A key requirement for the development of the IoT is achieving low power consumption. There are also additional requirements that need to be considered in addition to reducing power consumption in ADNs [53]. This section delves into the various enabling technologies, communications technologies, and protocols that play a pivotal role in achieving this transformation.
## 3 Fog Characterization  
Fog and clouds contain water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air. They are normally formed at a relative humidity \(RH\) near 100%. The fog often is characterized via parameters like visibility, _Vis_ (measured in (m)), droplet number concentration \(n_{d}\) (measured in (cm\({}^{-3}\))), and mass liquid water content \(W_{0}\) (measured in (g/m\({}^{3}\))). The parametrization of the suspended water droplets (SWD) is required for the theoretical and experimental study.  
The visibility in the current work is defined as the distance at which visible light is attenuated to 2% of the maximum light intensity attained in clear sky. According to the International Commission on Illumination, this definition presents the visual range where the contrast ratio for a black target of a \"reasonable\" size against the horizon viewed by a typical human eye falls down to 0.05 [(20)].  
The suspended water droplets size in typical fog and clouds is in the range of 5-50 \(\upmu\)m and the number concentration of droplets is in the range 10\({}^{2}\)-10\({}^{3}\) cm\({}^{-3}\)[(21; 22; 11; 23)]. In heavy fog the numbers may increase even further. The mass liquid water content is typically 0.05 g/m\({}^{3}\) for medium fog (visibility of the order of 300 m) and 0.5 g/m\({}^{3}\) for heavy fog (visibility of the order of 50 m). [PERSON] et al. [(22)] developed a generalized expression connecting between visibility, droplet number concentration \(n_{d}\) and liquid water content \(W_{0}\):  
\[Vis=1002\cdot(n_{d}\cdot W_{0})^{-0.6473} \tag{17}\]  
Figure 2: (**a**) Attenuation coefficient \(20\log(\mathrm{e})\cdot\alpha(f)\) in (dB/km) and (**b**) normalized group delay \(c\cdot\Delta\tau_{d}(f)/d-1\) for different relative humidity \(RH\) (%) and water droplet concentration \(W_{0}\) (g/m\({}^{3}\)) values.  
where the visibility is given in (km). The product \(\left(n_{d}\cdot W_{0}\right)^{-1}\) is the termed \"fog index\". This model can roughly estimates the visibility with more than 50% uncertainty depending on environmental conditions [23]. Graphs of the visibility as a function of liquid water content \(W_{0}\) are drawn in Figure 3 for different number concentrations \(n_{d}\).  
Table 1 summarizes some of the measurements carried out experimentally in previous studies. Millimeter wave attenuations measured in different monitored foggy conditions, are presented. In these works, quantitative measurements of the liquid water content \(W_{0}\) were also performed, enabling us to demonstrate a comparison with the fog characterization model.
## 2 Endophytes-Current State of the Art
### Endophytes as Inhabitants of Agricultural Plants  
Among endophytic bacteria, the so-called plant growth-promoting endophytes (PGPE) are of particular interest. These microorganisms, through a number of different mechanisms, can directly or indirectly influence the growth of their host [24; 56]. They facilitate the extraction of N, P and Fe from the environment and are responsible for the production of phytohormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokins, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid) and the synthesis of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACC) [57]. They also produce compounds that inhibit pathogen growth, produce antibiotics and biosurfactants, induce systemic immunity, and provide plants with essential vitamins [58]. Endophytic microorganisms also support plant growth as a result of mitigating many types of abiotic stresses such as drought, excessive salinity, too low or high temperature, or the presence of heavy metals in the soil [59]. All the above endophyte features improve the yield and condition of crops.
# Forestry Best Management Practices Relationships with Aquatic and Riparian Fauna: A Review
## 1 Introduction  
Forestry best management practices (BMPs) were developed and implemented to protect physical and chemical aspects of water quality relative to the Clean Water Act of 1972 [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. Prior to development and implementation of forestry BMPs, adverse impacts from forest operations to aquatic environments included increases in water temperature, deposition of fine sediment and increases in concentrations of nutrients and other chemicals, altered loading of coarse and fine organic matter in streams as well as disruption in stream channel form [7; 8]. BMP guidelines were developed in the 1970s and refined over time as new information and practices were developed [1; 5]. Today forestry BMPs are widely adopted,implemented, and studied [9]. Furthermore, reviews of forestry BMP research conclude that properly applied forestry BMPs protect water quality and critical habitat [1; 2; 10; 11]. Specifically, forestry BMPs address potential impacts of sedimentation, temperature change, and changes in chemical regimes by significantly reducing or eliminating sediment, nutrient, and other pollution inputs [1; 2; 3; 6; 8; 10; 11; 12]. Following widespread BMP implementation in the United States, water quality impacts from forestry operations have been reduced by over 90% from operations in the pre-BMP era [2].  
The water quality protections that forestry BMPs afford are believed to have positive effects on riparian and aquatic species, yet information about the specific effects that forestry BMPs have on wildlife, biodiversity, and other ecological functions have not been fully examined or synthesized. Over the past two decades, forest management research projects have incorporated surveys of species abundance, biological diversity, and measures of nutrient cycling/food chain interactions into monitoring protocols to more fully assess BMP effectiveness [13; 14; 15]. Overall, such projects have concluded that forestry BMPs conserve portions of affected forested ecosystems and provide protection for a variety of species. For example, [PERSON] et al. [13] examined forest harvesting in Southern bottomland hardwoods and concluded that there would be few lasting effects on ecosystem processes \"as long as best management practices are followed.\" The overall goal of our review is to document how forestry BMP implementation affects aquatic and riparian species.
###### Abstract  
This study was aimed to gain new insights into the molecular mechanisms used by _Lactobacillus plantarum_ WCFS1 to respond to hydroxytyrosol (HXT), one of the main and health-relevant plant phenolics present in olive oil. To this goal, whole genome transcriptomic profiling was used to better understand the contribution of differential gene expression in the adaptation to HXT by this microorganism. The transcriptomic profile reveals an HXT-triggered antioxidant response involving genes from the ROS (reactive oxygen species) resistance of _L. plantarum_, genes coding for H\({}_{2}\)S-producing enzymes and genes involved in the response to thiol-specific oxidative stress. The expression of a set of genes involved in cell wall biogenesis was also upregulated, indicating that this subcellular compartment was a target of HXT. The expression of several MFS (major facilitator superfamily) efflux systems and ABC-transporters was differentially affected by HXT, probably to control its transport across the membrane. _L. plantarum_ transcriptionally reprogrammed nitrogen metabolism and involved the stringent response (SR) to adapt to HXT, as indicated by the reduced expression of genes involved in cell proliferation or related to the metabolism of (p)ppGpp, the molecule that triggers the SR. Our data have identified, at genome scale, the antimicrobial mechanisms of HXT action as well as molecular mechanisms that potentially enable _L. plantarum_ to cope with the effects of this phenolic compound.  
Keywords:hydroxytrosol; _Lactobacillus plantarum_; transcriptomics; antioxidant response +
Footnote †: journal: _Antioxidants_
## 5 Illustrative Example
### Results
#### 5.3.1 Bulk Carrier  
In ice regime 1, the bulk carrier received an overall consequence category C3 (normal) based on its moderate spill consequence value of 2. Combined with a moderate life-safety category S2, the bulk carrier was assigned an operational exposure level of L3 corresponding to an RIV adjustment factor of 0. The modified RIO was equivalent to the standard RIO. A similar result was observed for the bulk carrier in ice regime 2. The bulk carrier required no operational restrictions in ice regimes 1 or 2.  
Due to the bulk carrier's moderate spill consequence value, the vessel received a modified RIO of \(-\)15 ('operation subject to special consideration') in the region of high ecological sensitivity. The bulk carrier should avoid operating in this region. In the region of moderate socio-economic sensitivity, the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Region** & **Vessel Type** & **PESCI** & **C** & **L** & **RIVL** & **RIO (std)** & **RIO (mod)** \\ \hline  & bulk carrier & 1 & C3 & L3 & 0 & 25 & **25** \\ Ice Regime 1 & oil tanker & 2 & C2 & L2 & \(-\)1 & 25 & **15** \\ E = 1, P = 1 & cruise ship & 0 & C3 & L1 & \(-\)2 & 25 & **5** \\ fishing vessel & 0 & C3 & L3 & 0 & 25 & **25** \\ autonomous & 0 & C3 & L4 & 1 & 25 & **35** \\ \hline  & bulk carrier & 1 & C3 & L3 & 0 & 5 & **5** \\ Ice Regime 2 & oil tanker & 2 & C2 & L2 & \(-\)1 & 5 & **-5** \\ E = 1, P = 1 & cruise ship & 0 & C3 & L1 & \(-\)2 & 5 & **-15** \\ fishing vessel & 0 & C3 & L3 & 0 & 5 & **5** \\ autonomous & 0 & C3 & L4 & 1 & 5 & **15** \\ \hline  & bulk carrier & 3 & C1 & L1 & \(-\)2 & 5 & **-15** \\ High Ecological & oil tanker & 4 & C1 & L1 & \(-\)2 & 5 & **-15** \\ Sensitivity & cruise ship & 2 & C2 & L1 & \(-\)2 & 5 & **-15** \\ E = 3, P = 1 & fishing vessel & 2 & C2 & L3 & 0 & 5 & **5** \\ autonomous & 2 & C2 & L4 & 1 & 5 & **15** \\ \hline Moderate & bulk carrier & 2 & C2 & L2 & \(-\)1 & 5 & **-5** \\ Socio-economic & oil tanker & 3 & C1 & L1 & \(-\)2 & 5 & **-15** \\ Sensitivity & cruise ship & 1 & C3 & L1 & \(-\)2 & 5 & **-15** \\ E = 1, P = 2 & fishing vessel & 1 & C3 & L3 & 0 & 5 & **5** \\ Autonomous & 1 & C3 & L4 & 1 & 5 & **15** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 12: Risk assessment results for the illustrative example.  
bulk carrier received a modified RIO of \(-5\) ('elevated operational risk'). The bulk carrier may operate in this region with reduced speed, additional watching, or icebreaker escort.  
The bulk carrier should avoid operating in the region of high ecological sensitivity due to the high operational exposure level. Route A was not an option. The bulk carrier can operate along Route B or C without any operational restrictions. Route B was the optimal choice as it is the shorter distance.
###### Abstract  
Background: Time-of-Flight (TOF) is a leading technological development of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanners. It reduces noise at the Maximum-Likelihood solution, depending on the coincidence-timing-resolution (CTR). However, in clinical applications, it is still not clear how to best exploit TOF information, as early stopped reconstructions are generally used. Methods: A contrast-recovery (CR) matching rule for systems with different CTRs and non-TOF systems is theoretically derived and validated using (1) digital simulations of objects with different contrasts and background diameters, (2) realistic phantoms of different sizes acquired on two scanners with different CTRs. Results: With TOF, the CR matching rule prescribes modifying the iterations number by the CTRs ratio. Without TOF, the number of iterations depends on the background dimension. CR matching was confirmed by simulated and experimental data. With TOF, image noise followed the square root of the CTR when the rule was applied on simulated data, while a significant reduction was obtained on phantom data. Without TOF, preserving the CR on larger objects significantly increased the noise. Conclusions: TOF makes PET reconstructions less dependent on background dimensions, thus, improving the quantification robustness. Better CTRs allows performing fewer updates, thus, maintaining accuracy while minimizing noise.  
tomographic reconstruction; time of flight; positron emission tomography
## 5 Safe and Accurate Aerial Manipulation  
### Hybrid Position/Force Control of Aerial Manipulators  
The force interaction of aerial manipulators can be accomplished, using a hybrid position/force controller; the motion part is helpful while approaching the force application point, and thereafter the force control is activated for the interaction task. Consider Cartesian-space dynamics of an aerial manipulator given by the following:  
\[H(\mathbf{X})\mathbf{\hat{X}}+B(\mathbf{X},\mathbf{\hat{X}})+F_{e}=F \tag{2}\]  
where \(\mathbf{X}\in\mathbb{R}^{6}\) is the Cartesian-space position coordinates vector, \(H(\mathbf{X})\in\mathbb{R}^{6\times 6}\) is the inertial forces matrix, \(b(\mathbf{X},\mathbf{\hat{X}})\in\mathbb{R}^{6}\) is a bias vector containing centripetal, Coriolis and gravity effects, \(F_{e}\in\mathbb{R}^{6}\) is the external forces vector due to interaction with the environment and \(F\in\mathbb{R}^{6}\) is the control wrench vector. The control target is to regulate the interaction force between the aerial manipulator and the environment. The following hybrid position/force controller is proposed [33]:  
\[F=B(\mathbf{X},\mathbf{\hat{X}})+F_{e}+K_{f}S(F^{d}-F_{e})+(I-S)K_{p}(\mathbf{ X}^{d}-\mathbf{X})+K_{d}(\mathbf{\hat{X}}^{d}-\mathbf{\hat{X}}) \tag{3}\]  
where \(\mathbf{X}^{d},\mathbf{\hat{X}}^{d}\in\mathbb{R}^{6}\), are the desired position and velocity vectors, \(F^{d}\in\mathbb{R}^{6}\) is the desired wrench, \(K_{f},\ K_{p}\) and \(K_{d}\) are diagonal \(6\times 6\) constant positive definite matrices, \(I\) is the \(6\times 6\) identity and \(S\in\mathbb{R}^{6\times 6}\) is a ones and zeros matrix that is useful to switch between position and force control depending on the task. The selected approach is the base of many other controllers found in the literature, which can also be enhanced, according to the requirements of the tasks performed by the aerial manipulators.  
Case Study: Hybrid Position/Force Control of a 2-Link Aerial Manipulator  
In this example, the control of a planar aerial manipulator is presented. The experiment consists of applying the wrench \(F^{d}\) = (20 N, 0 N, 0 N, 0 Nm, 0 Nm, 0 Nm) at the point \(\mathbf{X}^{d}\) = (0.2 m, 0 m, 1.7 m, 0\({}^{\circ}\), 0\({}^{\circ}\), 0\({}^{\circ}\)), with respect to the world reference frame, and considering the initial position of the end effector at \(\mathbf{X}(0)\) = (0 m, 0 m, 1.5 m, 0\({}^{\circ}\), 0\({}^{\circ}\), 0\({}^{\circ}\)). The controller used is (3), with a switching condition of \(||\mathbf{X}^{d}-\mathbf{X}||<0.02\) m. In Figure 7, the controlled position of the end effector at \((r^{d},z^{d})\subset\mathbf{X}^{d}\) is presented, where \(r^{d}=||(x^{d},y^{d})||\). Additionally, the forces applied by the end effector along the horizontal plane and vertical axis are also shown. Notice that the force errors and the \(z\) position error are 0; the \(r-\)plane error is not zero, due to the control switch, at the pointed time, when the corresponding condition was reached. The Figure 8 shows the trajectory of the aerial manipulator applying the force at the corresponding point.
###### Abstract  
Oxidative stress, hyper-inflammatory responses, and protein glycation are the chief contributing factors in the pathogenesis of several diseases. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic role of myrrh in health management through in vitro and in silico studies. Antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory potential, antiglycation, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation inhibition activities were determined by various in vitro assays. Molecular docking was performed to predict the non-covalent binding of macromolecules (receptor) and a small molecule (ligand). Myrrh extract contained significant antioxidant activity as reflected by FRAP value (16.12 ug ascorbic acid/100 mg dry weight), the maximum percentage of DPPH scavenging (57.71%), and maximum hydrogen peroxide reducing activity (58.71%) at a concentration of 600 ug/mL. Further, the extract exhibited maximum protection from bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation inhibition (53.47%), anti-proteinase action (43.517%), and egg albumin denaturation inhibition (44.95%) at a dose of 600 ug/mL concentration. Myrrh is used in pharmacy as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-venon remedy. This study aimed to explore the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifarbification, antiglycation, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation inhibition ability of methanolic myrrh extract. It was found that myrrh has good antioxidant potential due to plenty of flavonoids and polyphenic compounds, as reflected by results of the 2,2\({}^{\prime}\)-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy radical (DPPH) assay, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) test, and hydrogen peroxide reducing test. Furthermore, myrrh methanolic extract was found to be significantly effective against heat-induced albumin denaturation, and percent inhibition of denaturation increases with increased extract concentration. The presence of myrrh extract at a dose of 600 ug/mL decreased browning intensity (59.38%), percent aggregation index (59.88%), and percentage amyloid structure (56.13%). We used molecular docking tools to study the role of myrrh in oxidative stress (Catalase), antioxidant property (Superoxide dismutase), and antiviral property (spike protein S). The molecular docking analysis confirmed four phytoconstituents, 2,3-Furandione, Curzerene, delta-Elemene, and Furanoeudesma-1,3-Dine interact with catalase and superoxide dismutase. Curzerene and Furanoeudesma-1,3-Dine showed remarkable interaction with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S. Our data suggest that myrrh resin extract can be used to develop a suitable alternative therapy for various diseases linked with oxidative stress, inflammation, glycation, and AGEs.  
myrrh; reactive oxygen species (ROS); oxidative stress; anti-inflammatory activity; anti-glycating property
## 1 Introduction
The MT technique is one of the geophysical methods used for detecting conductivity anomalies at greater depth, and thus, it is very helpful in searching for deep targets [12,13]. The MT approach has been employed in many studies to map contacts and faults that could be filled with geothermal fluids, locations of geothermal reservoirs, groundwater aquifers, and conductive clay caps overlying geothermal reservoirs, e.g., [14-22,21-22]. The electrical conductivities of both the fluid and, to a lesser extent, the rock matrix are influenced by temperature, and typically, the geothermal system displays higher conductivities compared to the surrounding host rocks [16]. Clay minerals forming so-called clay caps and sealing geothermal reservoirs can cause high-conductivity anomalies [18]. A geothermal system generally consists of a heat source and a permeable reservoir that enables water to travel via pore spaces and \"cracks\", and an impermeable cap rock keeps hot water under pressure and prevents it from rising to the surface [21]. In addition to many other parameters, the porosity and pore structure of the rock, water saturation, salinity of the water and pores, and temperature all affect the electrical resistivity of rocks. The presence of hydrothermal alteration and its relationship to temperature are the most important elements influencing the presence of a geothermal system [22]. Here, we use the MT technique to study the Kasane Hot Spring in northern Botswana. The major goals of this study are to map the resistivity distribution underneath the study area and identify subsurface geological features (faults) that may affect the movement of geothermal fluids in this region. These data will aid in assessing the feasibility of harnessing geothermal power from the Kasane Hot Spring. Initially, we outline the process of collecting magnetotelluric data, followed by discussions on data processing, inversion, and interpretation.