esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
We have investigated the GRIN optics components on the BSW devices using a 2D FDTD numerical method. For the demonstration, we consider a Luneburg lens, which generates a strong focal spot on the shadow-side curvature. Our approach is to use a stepwise index profile instead of a continuous gradient index profile, which is difficult to achieve in fabrication. We propose two stepping schemes, the equilateral step and equi-index step. First, we determine the smallest number of index profile steps \(N_{opt}\) for optimal performances. We have found that \(N_{opt}=5\) for the ELS and 4 for the EIS schemes perform as good as the continuous index profile. We apply \(N_{opt}\) to the BSW platform, whose \(\Delta n_{\max}=0.3\). Lower \(\Delta n\) loosens the confinement of the focal spot and pushes it away from the lens. We mitigate this by elongating the lens shape from a circle to a prolate ellipse to compensate the shortened optical path length. The stepwise Luneburg lenses with an elliptical geometry show comparable performance to a standard Luneburg lens. The EIS scheme Luneburg lens seems slightly better than the ELS in terms of the smaller number of steps and the smaller aspect ratio of the ellipse.  
Figure 8: Intensity distributions of the elliptical shape Luneburg lens of the ELS profile with \(N=5\): (**a**) the aspect ratio \(A=1.1\), (**b**) 1.2, (**c**) 1.3, (**d**) 1.4, and (**e**) 1.5, respectively. The intensities are normalized.  
Figure 9: Intensity distributions of the elliptical shape Luneburg lens of the EIS profile with \(N=4\): (**a**) the aspect ratio \(A=1.1\), (**b**) 1.2, (**c**) 1.3, (**d**) 1.4 and (**e**) 1.5, respectively. The intensities are normalized.  
Concentric ellipses depict the step boundary of the index profile.  
Considering the fabrication, the EIS is also better because it leads to equal step height of the patterning, which is more practical. Our study can shed a new light on flexible beam shaping and manipulation of the Bloch surface waves with GRIN optics concept.  
This research is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF FN200020-135455).  
[PERSON] conceived and designed the study; [PERSON] performed the FDTD simulations; [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# A Study of Precision Current Efficiency Curve Measurement with a Casing-Type Anode
## 1 Introduction
In both the constant current and constant voltage methods, the current distribution is assumed to be uniform when calculating the current efficiency. However, in the measurement experiment, the current gets concentrated at the edge of the workpiece, corroding the edge into rounded corners. In light of the edge effect, the current density in the middle of the workpiece is different than that of the edge. The uneven distribution of the electric field can lead to significant measurement errors. To improve the accuracy of the measurement, this paper proposes a current efficiency curve measurement with a casing-type anode in ECM. In this method, the material being measured is divided into two parts: the mandril and the casing. During the measurement, the mandril and the casing are dissolved into the electrolyte at the same time so that the end faces of the mandril and the casing can always be coplanar. The edge effect mainly concentrates on the casing rather than the mandril. Only the current of the mandril is taken into consideration in the calculation of current efficiency. The gap between the mandril and the casing should be kept small enough that the side and edge effect can be reduced because of the electromagnetic shielding of the casing. This measurement mode can improve both the constant voltage method and the constant current method. In reality, the constant voltage machining mode is often used in production, so this paper mainly discusses the application of this mode in the constant voltage method. Several numerical simulations and experiments have been performed to investigate the measurement accuracy and stability of the current efficiency curve obtained by the proposed measurement method.
# Impact of Device Topology on the Performance of High-Speed 1550 nm Wafer-Fused VCSELs
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Large-Signal Modulation  
The modulation signal was generated by an SHF 12105A bit-pattern generator (BPG), amplified by an 11 dB amplifier (SHF 827 B) followed by a tunable 3 dB attenuator. A pseudorandom binary sequence with a word length of \(2^{7}-1\) was chosen. The emission of the VCSEL was coupled to the cleaved end of a 3 m SMF. An isolator was used to suppress the optical back reflections. A 33 GHz Tektronix DPO/OE1 optical probe (used for a VCSEL with \(L\)-type device topology) and a 42 GHz Thorlabs RXM42 AF optical probe (used for a VCSEL with \(S\)-type device topology) were used to convert the optical signal to an electrical signal. The electrical signal was measured by a Tektronix 59 GHz real-time oscilloscope (DPO75902 SX).  
Clear open eye diagrams (Figure 7, left panel) were obtained for the 1550 nm WF VCSELs with \(L\)-type and \(S\)-type device topologies. The bit error ratio (BER) characteristics for crosstalk (bathtub curves) are shown on the right-hand side of Figure 7 and can be used to extract the jitter. By applying a 14 mA bias current and 300 mV modulation voltage, an NRZ data rate of 25 Gbps for an \(L\)-type VCSEL under BTB condition at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C was achieved (left-hand side in Figure 7a). There is 0.3 UI (12 ps) of eye opening and 70% total jitter (28 ps) at BER = \(10^{-12}\) (right-hand side in Figure 7a). By applying a 16 mA bias current and 300 mV modulation voltage, an NRZ data rate of 37 Gbps for the \(S\)-type VCSEL under BTB condition at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C was observed (left-hand side in Figure 7b), which is the largest data rate for 1550 nm WF VCSELs until now, to the best of our knowledge [34; 35]. We observed a 0.25 UI (6.75 ps) of eye opening and 75% total jitter (20.3 ps) at BER = \(10^{-12}\) (Figure 7b, right panel). The maximum bit rates shown here are expected to increase, once some changes to the measurement equipment have been made.  
Figure 6: The 1550 nm InGaAs QW-based WF VCSEL with 6 \(\upmu\)m BTJ diameter and \(S\)-type device topology: (**a**) measured (points) and fitted (solid lines) \(S_{21}\) versus frequency dependencies for different drive currents; (**b**) parasitic cutoff frequency as function of drive currents extracted from microwave reflection \(S_{11}\); (**c**)\(f_{R}\) and modulation bandwidth as a function of the square root of the drive current above threshold; (**d**) damping versus\(f_{R}\)\({}^{2}\) value. The temperature was fixed at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Figure 6a,c are reprinted, with permission, from Ref. [39]. 2023, IEEE.
## 4 Discussion
### Treatment  
The management of erythroderma in our patients varied depending on the underlying cause and was in accordance with the literature [1; 3; 7]. Topical steroids and systemic antihistamines were used first in most patients on admission. During the hospitalization, treatment was determined by the primary cause and included topical and systemic steroids, systemic antihistamines, methotrexate, acitretin, and cyclosporine A. Patients with elevated CRP and neutrophil levels were significantly more likely to receive antibiotics. The most common systemic treatments were corticosteroids and systemic antihistamines. The only treatment we used that seems to be controversial is the recommendation of systemic steroids for patients with erythrodermic psoriasis. Some consider systemic steroids as a factor that may lead to exacerbation of psoriasis and even trigger an erythrodermic reaction [3; 11]. On the other hand, in current scientific publications, one can also find papers that report the use of oral steroids in erythrodermic patients diagnosed with plaque psoriasis for a short time [8]. Of our 49 patients with erythroderma due to psoriasis, 17 also received short-term systemic steroids as part of their treatment, and what is more important--with a satisfactory therapeutic effect. However, we want to emphasize that systemic steroids were used in a significant minority of patients with erythrodermic psoriasis and less frequently compared to patients with other erythroderma causes. [PERSON] and [PERSON] report that the use of systemic steroids in the exacerbation of psoriasis vulgaris may improve the disease and that this treatment is more common worldwide than it seems [12]. It makes the topic still very controversial. Therefore, further studies in this direction with more people tested are needed.  
An interesting group was the group of patients with idiopathic erythroderma, in which, in addition to systemic antihistamines, systemic steroids, antibiotics, as well as immunosuppressive drugs were most often used. This treatment was also consistent with the literature [1; 50].  
Biological therapy is a promising therapeutic option for some skin diseases, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. The literature provides information on the treatment of erythroderma with biological drugs. [PERSON] et al. conducted a meta-analysis on biologic therapy in erythrodermic psoriasis [51]. The authors concluded that despite limited data, this type of treatment appears to be effective, emphasizing treatment with IL-17 and IL-23 [51]. This is supported by [PERSON] et al., who conducted a multicenter, retrospective study to compare the treatment of pustular and erythrodermic psoriasis with IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors [52]. The authors assumed that both drugs were effective in treating these dermatoses [52]. There are fewer reports on the treatment of erythrodermic atopic dermatitis, but some studies have shown the efficacy of dupilumab in treating erythrodermic atopic dermatitis [53; 54].
# Survey on Ranging Sensors and Cooperative Techniques for Relative Positioning of Vehicles
## 6 Conclusions
Nevertheless, the limited availability and the low accuracy of GNSS-based solutions in challenging environments, such as urban canyons or tunnels, are still the main issues that need to be addressed in the future for cooperative approaches based on V2V communication. Highly precise maps will be the key to localize accurately future autonomous vehicles in absolute coordinates. By using their on-board perception sensors, autonomous vehicles will be able to recognize surrounding features and either localize themselves or share these features with other vehicles in order to position themselves in relation to others. The fusion of both cooperative and non-cooperative approaches yields the most promising relative position estimation performance. It is suggested to combine the high accuracy and good robustness against the lighting and climatological conditions of radar sensors, with the extended all-around range and identification capabilities of V2V communication. Vision-based systems and radar sensors could in the future incorporate the information on surrounding road users provided by a cooperative technology at the lowest-level to improve vehicle detection and the resolution of different targets. For a cooperative approach, it is envisioned that the exchange of GNSS-derived pseudorange and carrier-phase measurements for differential positioning along with kinematic and inertial sensor information will provide the highest accuracy, availability and robustness. This work has been founded by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in the frame of the internal project _Fahrzeugintelligenz und Fahrraverk - Sensorik, Sensoralterfusion und Situationserfussung_. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; nor in the decision to publish the results. The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
ACC Automatic Cruise Control  
CAM Cooperative Awareness Message  
ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute  
DGPS Differential GPS  
FCA Forward Collision Avoidance  
FMCW Frequency-Modulated Constant Wave  
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS Global Positioning System  
INS Inertial Navigation System  
ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems  
ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical  
LCA Lane Change Assistant  
LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging  
TOF Time-Of-Flight  
RSS Received Signal Strength  
RTD Round-Trip Delay  
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers  
UWB Ultra-Wideband  
V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle
## 1 Introduction
As the designed parameters of the VSG is a challenging task, the authors [16; 17; 18] presented the method for tuning the parameters (\(J\) and \(D\)) of the VSG to improve the dynamic response of the system and to attenuate the frequency fluctuation. However, in those paper, the value of \(J\) and \(D\) are adapted based on the predefined criteria. The optimized method that could determine the optimum value of \(J\) and \(D\) is not investigated. In [19; 20], the authors aim to improve the performance of the VSG that is simply implemented by the ideal DC voltage source connected to the inverter. All the control parts in the VSG such as inertia and speed governor, are realized by controlling the ideal DC voltage source which is obviously different from the VSG definition. In the real case, ESS is an inevitable part for the VSG to imitate the mechanical rotational energy of the synchronous generator. The VSG control strategy based on a HESS was presented in [21], but it does not take into account the continuously rapid changes in power demand or load transition. Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate the performance of the proposed VSG. Although numerous VSG researches have been conducted to solve the challenging issue in the microgrid recently, the majority focuses on the improvement of the system stability. Hence, what remains unclear is how the VSG benefit when it deploys to mitigate the intermittent nature of PV and wind turbine. To tackle the frequency deviation which mainly results from the strong variation of PV output power as well as to bridge the gap in the literature, in this paper, the VSG based on battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system is proposed. The supercapacitor is responsible for the high-frequency power variation while the battery corresponds to the low-frequency power variation. The novelty of this study introduces the new power allocation method for HESS and its combination with the adaptive VSG algorithm based on BSA to improve the frequency deviation suppression capability. The remaining part of the article organizes as follows. In Section 2, the method for power allocation of HESS is presented. The VSG control and the parameter tuning based on BSA are described in Section 3. The results and discussion are demonstrated in Section 4. The paper is concluded in Section 5.
# A Cache Placement Strategy with Energy Consumption Optimization in Information-Centric Networking
## 4 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Energy Savings
An increase in the _area_ means that the distance of the nodes in the network is increased, and the energy consumption required to transmit the content is closely related to the distance between the nodes. Therefore, when the _area_ is increased, the three strategies are enhanced in the energy saving effect. However, when the node change power consumption \(P_{c}\) becomes large, it can be seen from Figure 5b that the energy saving effect of LCD and Random has undergone a significant change, in which LCD is always negative. When the content is placed at the cache node selected by the strategy, the energy consumption cannot be saved, but it consumes more energy than putting content on other nodes. The reason is known from the above, and it is related to the method of selecting cache nodes. It lacks flexibility and cannot select the best placement node. Compared with LCD, Random starts to save energy when the _area_ reaches 16. As the distance between nodes increases, the role of cache nodes becomes more apparent. Because it is chosen by equal probability in the method, it is more flexible than LCD, and the single choice is avoided, so when _area_ is large enough, the effect can be restored.
# On Finding Two Posets that Cover Given Linear Orders
## 1 Introduction  
A poset is a fundamental concept in mathematics that formalizes the notion of ordering in a collection of objects. Formally, a poset \(P=(V,\leq_{P})\) is a pair consisting of a finite set \(V\) and a binary relation \(\leq_{P}\subseteq V\times V\) that is reflexive, antisymmetric and transitive. In this paper, we only consider strict posets, written here as \(P=(V,<_{P})\), where the binary relation is antisymmetric and transitive but irreflexive. An example of a strict poset is shown in Figure 0(a). From here on, all posets being discussed refer to strict posets.  
Every poset \(P=(V,<_{P})\) also corresponds to a directed acyclic graph (DAG) \(G=(V,A)\) having the vertex set \(V\) and the edge set \(A=\{(u,v)|(u,v)\in<_{P}\}\). However, a poset is more commonly  
Figure 1: Poset \(P\), its Hasse diagram and linear extensions.  
illustrated using a Hasse diagram that corresponds to the transitive reduction of the DAG. Figure 1b shows the Hasse diagram \(H(P)\) of the poset \(P\) defined in Figure 1a.  
The binary relation in a poset is called a partial order since not all pairs need to be related. For the case wherein all pairs are related, the binary relation is called a total order, and the poset is said to be a totally ordered set or a linear order. Formally, a linear order \(L=(V,<_{L})\) is a poset where for all distinct elements \(u,v\in V\), either \(u<_{L}v\) or \(v<_{L}u\). Basically, we can treat a linear order as a permutation of the elements in \(V\). Moreover, a linear order \(L=(V,<_{L})\) is said to be a linear extension of poset \(P\) if and only if \(<_{P}\subseteq<_{L}\). The set of all linear extensions of \(P\) is denoted by \(\mathcal{L}(P)\). For example, Figure 1c shows the set of linear extensions of the poset \(P\) in Figure 1a.  
Generating the linear extension of a poset, which is also equivalent to getting all the topological sorting of a directed acyclic graph, is a well studied problem. Algorithms [1; 2] on this show that we can generate each successive linear extension or topological sorting in polynomial-time. The reverse problem where the given is a set of linear extensions, or more technically a set of linear orders, and the goal is to determine the set of posets that generate the given linear orders is the Poset Cover Problem. Formally, the Poset Cover Problem is defined as follows [3]:
## 5 Experimental Hardware Realization
### Experimental Rotor-Speed Results  
Figure 15(a) presents the experimental results for the rotor speed. The PMSM motor was attached to a generator but was not loaded. Initially, the motor was rotated at a ramp speed of 0.1 p.u-speed by using the Volt/Hz method. Later, at \(t\) = 15 s, the reference speed was increased to 0.15 p.u-speed, enabling the application of the sensorless control technique.  
The variable speed-step references for the increasing speed experiment were 0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, and 0.65 p.u-speed. The experimental results revealed that both the actual motor speed and speed estimated by the proposed ML-based observer could successfully track the reference speed. The observer also successfully tracked the speed reference when the speed was reduced from 0.65 to 0.55, 0.45, 0.35, 0.25, and 0.15 p.u-speed. Thus, the proposed observer method also worked successfully in transition speeds on this hardware realization.
## 2 Dataset Description and Processing
### Data Processing
#### 2.3.2 Feature Extraction Layer  
In this particular case, a set of well-known features are selected to be extracted from both the time domain and the frequency domain, in particular from vibration signals, which are well studied in this work. Based on prior research, these features have proven to be effective in diagnosis and prognosis studies, particularly for bearings. For instance, the work presented in [19; 20; 21] showcased the capability of these features to achieve higher prognosability. In other words, they allow for the distinguishing between data clusters of healthy and non-healthy patterns. Time-domain features include mean value, standard deviation (Std), skewness, kurtosis, peak to peak (peack2 peak), square root of the arithmetic mean (RMS), crest factor, form, impulse factor, margin factor, and energy. Additionally, frequency-domain features include mean value of spectral kurtosis (SKMean), standard deviation of spectral kurtosis (SKStd), spectral kurtosis of skewness (SKSKewness), and spectral kurtosis of kurtosis (SKKurtosis). A detailed mathematical representation of these characteristics can be seen in Appendix A in [19]. It should be mentioned that a time window with a length of 100 samples is slid over the six channels to extract these features with an overlap of 20 samples. This helps reduce computational complexity by reducing 6 \(\times\) 100 dimensional features to 1 \(\times\) 15 features for each window while avoiding loss of information by using overlap and the most important features.
# Querying on Federated Sensor Networks
## 4 Results
### The Comparison of the Layered and Flat FSN Models  
We compared L-FSN with querying protocols running on the flat federation model with respect to the querying efficiency. In the flat FSN model, both building nodes and gateways are running a common querying protocol. For flat FSN simulations, we applied querying protocols described in Section 3.3 on the entire FSN. For evaluating the flat FSN management, we ran Rumor Routing, DQT, GHT and Directed Diffusion protocols. Then, we ran L-FSN protocol on the same topology for evaluating the layered FSN management. For this experiment, L-FSN's intra-island querying protocol was selected to be similar to its inter-island protocol.  
We implemented each querying experiment by increasing the number of buildings between the query and data source. We evaluated our experiments using three performance metrics, which are described below:  
**Success rate**: Percentage of resolved queries over all query attempts for various distances between the query and data sources. Query and data sources are selected randomly for all query attempts. We ran 10 queries for each 10 distances between the query and data sources for all protocols.  
**Query resolving cost**: Total energy spent on the entire FSN for a querying experiment.  
**Query resolving latency**: The time difference between the query initiation time and data receiving time on a querying node.  
For Rumor Routing and DQT protocols, the query resolving cost and latency results are given as an average of results taken from success rate experiments performed up to the distance of three building hops since these two protocols could support querying up to a distance of three building hops. For the rest of the protocols, these results are given as an average of results taken from success rate experiments performed up to 10 building hops.
# A Traceable Spectral Radiation Model of Radiation Thermometry
## 3 The Inverse Model of Radiation Thermometry
### Derivation of the Inverse Model of Radiation Thermometry
#### 3.1.1 Theoretically Ideal Spectral Direct and Inverse Models  
Since the physical model is a spectral model, the inversion of this model results in a spectral inverse model. The correct combination of the direct and inverse models is  
Figure 8: Shown is the spectrally simulated behaviour of the direct model with (**a**) the raw spectral radiance of black body emissions; (**b**) the spectral emissivity of surface, the spectral transmissivity of the air, and the spectral sensitivity of the sensor; and (**c**) the partial and total spectral radiance, as absorbed in the sensor. The area under the sum of all contributions represents the signal output from the sensor.  
shown in Figure 9. Spectral radiance is extinct at the sensor; therefore, the ideal traceable measurements should be made in spectral radiance, not radiance. The ideal direct and inverse models should omit spectral integration; therefore, such a model is not practically feasible with radiance sensors.