## 7 Pharmacological Effects
### Antitumour  
Flavonoids derived from _T. chinensis_ exhibit notable inhibitory effects on active cancer cells. Specifically, the total flavonoids from _T. chinensis_ demonstrate the capacity to impede the proliferation of tumor cells by activating the mitochondrial pathway [92]. _T. chinensis_ extracts exerted strong inhibitory effects on Leukemia K562 cells (K562), and HeLT. _cinensis_ extracts manifest robust inhibitory influences on various cancer cell lines, including Leukemia K562 cells (K562), HeLa cells (He La), esophageal cancer cellsEc-109 (Ec-109), lung cancer cells NCI-H446 (NCI-H446), human non-lung cancer cells NCI-H446 (NCI-H446), human non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 (A549), and human carcinoma cells HT-29 (HT-29), MCF-7, and HepG2, among others [92]. Moreover, the total flavonoid extract of _T. chinensis_ significantly retards the growth and proliferation of MCF-7 cells. This involvement is characterized by the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, leading to induced cell apoptosis within a concentration range of 0.0991 to 1.5856 mg/mL [93]. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) stands as a clinical pathologic syndrome [94; 95], with its incidence in China reaching a significant 29.2%, demonstrating an annual increase [96]. The complex interplay of metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and persistent abnormalities in liver function tests, is closely associated with NAFLD [97]. Elevated lipid levels induce expression changes in HepG2 cells (hepatoma cells) [98]. In an investigation into the impact of total flavonoids from _T. chinensis_ on HepG2 cell function induced by high sugar levels, it was observed that oxidative stress levels in hepatocytes and the metabolic balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HepG2 cells were intricately linked to intracellular fat accumulation. The study conclusively demonstrated that total flavonoids from _T. chinensis_ exhibit a specific therapeutic effect on HepG2 cells by influencing disease-associated processes. Tissue cultures were employed to compare the effects of high glucose concentrations and varying doses of total flavonoids from _T. chinensis_ on HepG2 cells. The proliferative tendencies of lipid substances are directly correlated with ROS levels; higher lipid accumulation corresponds to elevated ROS levels. Elevated glucose concentrations intensified ROS levels, while total flavonoids from _T. chinensis_ effectively attenuated ROS levels, thereby influencing HepG2 cells. In vitro, total flavonoids from _T. chinensis_ demonstrated a capacity to reduce lipid substance accumulation, presenting a promising avenue for the improved treatment of NAFLD [96]. The ethanol extract derived from the total flavonoids of _T. chinensis_ has been observed to induce apoptosis in HT-2 cells through the endogenous mitochondrial pathway. In addition, specific constituents of _T. chinensis_, namely Orientin and Vitexin, have demonstrated inhibitory effects on human esophageal cancer EC-109 cells. The apoptotic induction of EC-109 cells by both Orientin and Vitexin was found to correlate with increased drug action time and elevated drug concentrations. Significantly, Orientin surpassed Vitexin in effectively inhibiting the growth and apoptosis of EC-109 cells [99]. At the administration dose of 80 uM, Orientin demonstrated a more potent apoptotic effect on EC-109 cells compared with Vitexin at the same concentration, registering apoptotic rates of 28.03% and 12.38%, respectively, within the concentration range of 0.91 to 1.5856 mg/mL. Elucidating the pharmacological mechanism underlying Orientin's action, specifically in the context of esophageal cancer cells (EC-109), involves the up-regulation of P53 expression and concomitant down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression. This dual modulation positions Orientin as a prospective therapeutic agent for esophageal cancer. Utilizing the total flavonoids of _T.