## 1 Introduction  
Fishing activities can directly reduce fishery resources [1], which naturally have substantial effects on the population structure of targeted species [2] and also affect their interactions [3]. Therefore, monitoring fishing activities and behavior is a crucial step toward protecting overexploited or limited species thorough management and conversation strategies. The vessel monitoring system (VMS) is an integrated application system that utilizes a global positioning system, electronic map and chart, computer network communication, database technology, and recordings of vessel position data in large quantities [4]. Compared with traditional methods for characterizing fishing activities and behaviors to manage fishery resources, VMS data have advantages in fishing behavior analysis [5], fishing status identification [6], fishing effort calculation [7], and fishery analysis [8]. The BeiDou vessel monitoring system is based on the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. It integrates the automatic identification system, the port of entry and exit identification system, and the fishing vessel satellite communication support system to build a comprehensive information system for the dynamic management of fishing vessels [9]. It provides services, such as real-time monitoring of vessel positions, playback of historical trajectories of fishing vessels, and management of vessel data for fishery administration departments [10]. The VMS data from the BeiDou system has an extremely high spatiotemporal resolution. Currently, more than 60,000 marine fishing vessels in China have installed the BeiDou system [11], which provides a robust guarantee for monitoring fishing activities. The total allowable catch system (TACs) is a basic system for managing and protecting marine fishery resources in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries [12]. As an advanced management method for output control, TACs are used in combination with input control and technical measures, such as fishing effort control, gear restrictions, and area management, to form an overall system for sustainable fisheries management. It promotes global marine ecological environment governance through conservation and intensive utilization of marine resources. China is a substantial marine fishery country and has long attached great importance to conserving marine fishery resources and eco-civilization [13; 14]. In 2000, the revised Fisheries Law of China (hereinafter referred to as the Fisheries Law) stipulated the implementation of TACs for the fishing industry. However, TACs have not been implemented for more than a decade since the Fisheries Law was established because of the lack of basic conditions [15]. It was not until 2017 that the Ministry of Agriculture of China launched single-species TACs pilot projects. This was a turning point in the development of marine fisheries and a substantial step towards building a global ocean governance system. _Acetes chinensis_ is a small planktonic shrimp of the genus Acetes in the family Sergetidae, which widely inhabits the coastal waters of the Indo-West Pacific, China, Korea, and Japan [16; 17]. It is the most abundant species in marine shrimp fishing. The shrimp catch has been rising continuously since the 1950s, reaching a peak of 721,000 tons in 2006 [18], and then it began to decline sharply, falling to 367,000 tons in 2020 [19]. Therefore, it is urgent to implement a fisheries TACs project for _A. chinensis_. In 2020, a pilot project of _A. chinensis_ was launched in Haizhou Bay, Yellow Sea, which expanded to the Bohai Sea in 2021. Currently, this is the most successful pilot TACs project for a single species in China. The management of fishing activities has become the key to promoting the implementation of the TACs project for _A. chinensis_ and also serves as an important case study for the comprehensive implementation of TACs. Fishing behavior characteristics include information about the states of vessels, such as speed, heading, and spatiotemporal distribution.