esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experiments  
### Dataset  
We evaluated the proposed online multi-object tracking algorithm on the MOT15 benchmark dataset and MOT17 benchmark dataset. The MOT15 benchmark dataset includes 11 training videos and 11 test videos. The MOT17 benchmark dataset is among the latest online challenges in tracking, which contains seven training videos and seven test videos, with three different detectors of objects, namely SDP (Session Description Protocol) [20], Faster-RCNN(Region convolution neural network) [21] and DPM( Direct Part Marking) [22] respectively. The resolution, length, and number of each video are different, and the videos include static and dynamic cameras, dense and sparse crowds, indoor and outdoor scenes of public places, and other scenarios. The annotations are basically correct. In summary, these are comprehensive datasets for evaluating multi-object tracking algorithm.  
In addition, we evaluated our deep appearance feature extracting network on a public pedestrian re-identification dataset, Market1501 [23]. The dataset contains more than 32,000 images of pedestrians, including 1501 different identities; each person is composed of two to six cameras.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Wave Characteristics and Experimental Program  
The wave motion was triggered by a hydraulic-driven piston-type wavemaker, whose movement was electrically controlled. The software AwaSys [55; 56], which was developed at the Department of Civil Engineering of the Aalborg University, was used to generate the wave signal sent to the wavemaker. The system allowed us to produce both regular (linear, second-order or approximated by the theory of stream function) and random waves, with an energy spectrum chosen among JONSWAP (JOint North Sea Wave Project), Pierson-Moskowitz, Bretschneider-Mitsuyasi and Texel Marsen Arsloe spectra. For the random wave generation, a standard JONSWAP-type spectrum [57] with a peak factor of 3.3 was considered for all the tests.  
The total duration of each test was selected in order to obtain a long time series of around 500-1000 waves. As shown in Table 2, the test-runs designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nose were characterized by a wide range of H\({}_{\text{m}0}\), h, the peak wave period (T\({}_{\text{p}}\)), the spectral incident energy wave period (T\({}_{\text{m}-1,0}\)), the deep water wave length (L\({}_{\text{m}-1,0}\)) and the wave steepness (s\({}_{\text{m}-1,0}\) = H\({}_{\text{m}0}\)/L\({}_{\text{m}-1,0}\)). These wave parameters were also selected in order to increase the overtopping probability. The change of the water depth due to SLR is expressed by the dimensionless ratio r = h'/h of the variables before and after the SLR.  
As defined in the previous subsection, the test-runs carried out with the baseline water level (h = 0.27 m) were repeated under the SLR scenario (h\({}^{\prime}\) = 0.30 m). It is worth noting that an overtopped volume was measured for the extra-large configuration only during 5 test-runs. During the remaining tests, the nose prevented the OBREC overtopping. Conversely, in the small and large configurations, only 2 and 1 test-runs, respectively, did not exhibit overtopping, and therefore they are not considered in the following. Hence, among all the tests generated during the test campaign, a total of 20 test-runs have been considered for comparison in the present analysis:  
1. Five tests for the small nose configuration, under the actual water level;
2. Five tests for the small nose configuration, with water level after SLR;
3. Five tests for the large nose configuration, with water level after SLR;
4. Five for the extra-large configuration, with water level after SLR.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Variation in Channel Bankfull Width  
The bankfull widths at sedimentation sections were determined in the Xiaobeiganliu reach in 1986-2001. The section-scale bankfull widths ranged between 600 and 3965 m in 2001, which indicated that the bankfull width varied significantly along the Xiaobeiganliu reach. Figure 5 shows the temporal variations in the bankfull width at the sections of CS61 and CS41 from 1986 to 2001. The figure shows that the bankfull width at the CS61 section fluctuated dramatically during this period, with the values varying between 1435 and 2719 m. The maximum bankfull width occurred in 1989 because the mean water discharge in this year was greater than the discharges in other years. The bankfull width did not change much at the CS41 section, with the magnitude increasing from 411 m in 1986 to 601 m in 2001. There are two main reasons for the spatial difference: one is that the bank soil at the CS61 section was easier to erode than that at the CS41 section; the other is that there was lack of enough river training works to limit river bank retreat at the CS61 section during this period. The reach-scale bankfull width of the Xiaobeiganliu reach was calculated using the Equation (1), as shown in Figure 5. The reach-scale bankfull width showed a decrease trend from 1866 m in 1986 to 1266 m in 2001, although bank retreat often occurred in the Xiaobeiganliu reach in the non-flood seasons. This result is mainly because hyperconcentrated floods with sediment concentrations greater than 300 kg/m\({}^{3}\) often occur in the flood season in this reach [38; 39]. During a hyperconcentrated flood, water with very large amounts of sediment overtops the original bankfull level, and severe sediment deposition occurs on the floodplain marginal, with a new lip being formed, which causes the bankfull geometry to become narrower and deeper [40; 41]. The decrease of bankfull width shrank the main channel in the Xiaobeiganliu reach, which may cause extreme high-water levels during flood seasons and bring potential hazards to the safety of people and levees.  
Figure 5: Temporal variations in the bankfull width at the typical sections of CS41 and CS61 and the reach-scale bankfull width in the Xiaobeiganliu reach.
# Artificial Intelligence Implementations on the Blockchain. Use Cases and Future Applications
## 3 Use Cases and Future Applications
### Proof of Work Via dSHA256 as a Source of Randomness and Monte Carlo Method Via ASICs  
The concept of proof of work (PoW) as introduced in Bitcoin is a reward mechanism to the solvers of a random puzzle. A hash puzzle is a set of mathematical problems, which are solved by creating a hash that conforms to a specific requirement, being firstly a hash over a new proposed block. Secondly, in the block's header, an extra value called a 'nonce' or 'number-once-used' is cycled repetitively to produce a trial hash value with a large number of leading zeros.  
Figure 6: WeatherSV demonstrates the ability to index and retrieve climate data immutably stored on a distributed ledger [41].  
Solving the puzzle is competitive and thus computationally difficult. Unless the cryptographic hash function used for calculating the block hashes is broken, the only fruitful strategy is to try different nonces until a solution is found [45]. Bitcoin uses the SHA-256 hash function [46], which is a leading standard for hashes.  
The fastest participant to find and propagate a winning solution is rewarded. Bitcoin also includes two feedback loops that vary over time. Firstly, the difficulty, or the minimum threshold of number of zeros, is varied every two weeks to keep the expected time to solve around 10 min. Secondly, the reward paid for solving the puzzle halves every four years.  
At the time of writing, the reward stands at 12.5 Bitcoins [47] and the Bitcoin Hashrate is estimated on average at 53.85 Eh/s (SHA-256) [48]. That gives us \(53.85\times 10^{18}\) random numbers per second, in effect, making the miners pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs). The result of this is the generation of an impressively large number of random numbers, for every block. A well-known computational method that is capable of providing solutions in Non-deterministic Polynomial-time - Hard (NP-hard) and Non-deterministic Polynomial-time - Complete (NP-complete) problems via utilizing the random numbers that a SHA256 miner can produce is the Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo is a category of computational algorithms, which is based on continuous and repetitive random sampling in order to solve complex problems. The underlying concept is to use random solutions to solve problems that can be deterministic in nature. The method is often used in physical and mathematical cases and is very useful when it is difficult or impossible to use other approaches. The Monte Carlo method is used in three categories of problems: Optimization, numerical integration and guessing results from a probability distribution [49].  
As a side-effect of PoW, blockchains can extend their activity to solving massive Monte Carlo problems. Blockchains are in effect the biggest PRNG in the world right now and probably the fastest PRNG swarm that could solve literally any computationally hard problem via utilizing the Monte Carlo method.
# Wind-Energy-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: Resource Availability Data Analysis
## 1 Introduction
Several attempts to extend the life-span of lithium-ion batteries have been made in previous studies, for example by using battery degradation prediction methods for the reliable estimation of a battery's state of health (SOH) [20; 21] and optimizing charging patterns to increase the efficiency and the life-span of lithium-ion batteries [22; 23; 24]. A recent study [25] suggested replacing the conventional battery storage with a permanent lifetime fuel cell system as a supporting power source. However, despite the high reliability and efficiency of fuel cells, this technology is expensive, lacks distribution infrastructure, and is still in the development stage, which presently makes it an unviable solution. An alternative approach is to reduce the dependency on battery storage and rely more on the direct charging of EV using wind energy. An accurate prediction of wind power and the implementation of adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are vital parts of the successful establishment of these solutions. In this paper, the feasibility of powering an EV charging station that incorporates fast-charging technology with wind energy generation is documented. Unlike previous studies that implemented energy system analysis using simulated hourly distributions, we use real wind speed measurements averaged on a minute basis obtained from two sites over two different years. We perform extensive data analysis and benchmark comparisons using different scenarios of possible constraints on the introduced EV charging methodology. A piecewise recursive approach is implemented to study the wind data on an interval-based manner to provide precise estimates of the wind power stability over short time intervals, as well as the EV charging station capacity. A case study using the fast-charging-supported Tesla Model 3 Standard Range Plus is discussed. The main contributions of this work are the following: (1) we rigorously evaluate the possibility of using stand-alone wind energy sources for direct fast EV charging; (2) we conduct wind speed and power analysis using real-world high sampled datasets from two years; (3) we evaluate different wind turbines using a large library (i.e., 68 turbines) of power curves; and (4) we examine different averaging time intervals for wind speed and their effects on the power output certainty of wind turbines. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the wind data used in this study and outlines the related data preprocessing steps. Section 3 describes the performance of different technologies for direct use of wind energy as a stand-alone source to power either large-scale or fast-charging EV stations. Section 4 reports the analysis and comparative evaluation between the introduced methods under different criteria, as well as the verification and discussion of such results. Finally, Section 5 concludes the study.
# Natural Stones with a Self-Cleaning Surface via Self-Assembled Monolayers
## 3 Results  
### Water Wettability of PDA  
In order to demonstrate the formation of PDA layers and to evaluate the water wettability of PDA surfaces. Static water CAs were measured on blank and dopamine Tris-HCl solution-treated glass and stone surfaces. The results were summarized in Table 1. All blank surfaces are hydrophilic, with static water CAs ranging from 45.3\({}^{\circ}\) to 57.8\({}^{\circ}\). When coated with PDA layers, the CAs dramatically decreased due to the catechol groups of dopamine. The CAs remained largely unchanged with the various dopamine concentrations.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Dopamine Concentration**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Static Water CA (\({}^{\circ}\))**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Glass** & **Marble** & **Hedishi** & **Qingshi** \\ \hline
0 & 57.8 \(\pm\) 2.3 & 52.8 \(\pm\) 1.9 & 45.3 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 48.1 \(\pm\) 1.5 \\
0.5 & 5.9 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 10.9 \(\pm\) 1.6 & 11.5 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 13.2 \(\pm\) 0.7 \\
1.0 & 4.1 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 10.0 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 12.0 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 13.2 \(\pm\) 1.3 \\
1.5 & 3.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 11.1 \(\pm\) 1.3 & 12.0 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 12.6 \(\pm\) 0.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Variation of static water CAs on blank and PDA-covered glass and stone surfaces as a function of dopamine concentration in Tris-HCl solution.  
Figure 1: Schematic illustration of the processes to render self-cleaning stone surface via formation of polymerized dopamine layer of the stone surface and coating of Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) particles derivatized with self-assembled monolayers of a fluorophosphate acid (denoted as Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)@FPA).
## 3 Results
### Sample Characterization
#### 3.1.4 FTIR Analysis  
Functional groups significantly influence the surface adsorption capabilities of activated carbon. The FTIR diagram (Figure 10) shows the spectra of activated carbon (AC) and AC after adsorption of Pb and Cu ions. In the pure AC, the broad peak is observed around 3400 cm\({}^{-1}\), which is assigned to -OH stretching vibrations, which proves the presence of hydroxyl groups on the surface [57]. The peak around 1600 cm\({}^{-1}\) is the C=C stretching peak, which is characteristic of graphitic carbon [58], while the other smaller peak around 1000 cm\({}^{-1}\) is due to C-O stretching, which may include carboxyl or hydroxyl groups [59,60].  
Figure 8: XRD pattern of copper-adsorbed activated carbon.  
Figure 9: XRD pattern of lead-adsorbed activated carbon.  
In the case of Pb-adsorbed AC, the broad peak observed around 3400 cm\({}^{-1}\) wavenumber shifts, which may suggest that the hydroxyl groups on the carbon surface are engaged in a bond with Pb ions, which may lead to the formation of surface complexes. Additionally, new absorption bands in the 500-600 cm\({}^{-1}\) region are attributed to Pb-O stretching absorptions, suggesting the formation of lead oxides or other lead-containing species on the surface [59; 61]. Likewise, in the Cu-adsorbed AC spectrum, the shift of the 3400 cm\({}^{-1}\) peak implies the bonding between Cu ions and the surface hydroxyl groups. The new absorption bands appearing at 600-700 cm\({}^{-1}\) are attributed to Cu-O stretching, and this may be due to the formation of copper oxides or complexes on the surface [62; 63; 64].  
These shifts and new peaks in the spectra show that both Pb and Cu ions interact with functional groups on the activated carbon, mostly hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C=O). This leads to the formation of metal-oxygen bonds, hence suggesting the formation of metal complexes or oxides on the carbon surface after ion adsorption.  
The adsorbent's surface contains pores that serve as sites for the adsorption of metals. Due to the presence of substantial pores, there is a high likelihood that the heavy metal ions will become trapped and adsorbed within them. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [65] observed a similar phenomenon regarding the adsorptive characteristics of activated carbon generated from orange peel. Upon the adsorption of heavy metals, it is seen that the surfaces of activated carbon undergo a smoothing effect as a result of the filling of pores by ions.
# A Magnetotelluric Signal Acquisition and Monitoring System Based on a Cloud Platform
## 3 Development of the Magnetotelluric Monitoring Receiver
### Hardware Circuit Design
This study used an external IoT module, connected directly to the acquisition station via an Ethernet port, and accessed nearby telecom base stations wirelessly to communicate with the cloud platform. The module selected was the F-NR130 from Four-Faith Communication Technology Co., Ltd. (Xiamen, China), which uses public 3G/4G/5G networks to provide users with long-distance wireless data transmission. The product uses a high-performance industrial-grade 32-bit communication processor and industrial-grade wireless modules, supported by an embedded real-time operating system. It also provides one RS232, one RS485, one Ethernet LAN, and one Ethernet WAN (which can be reused as a LAN port), allowing the simultaneous connection of serial and Ethernet devices for transparent data transmission and routing functions. The IoT module's network configuration page is shown in Figure 8.
# Denoising Generalization Performance of Channel Estimation in Multipath Time-Varying OFDM Systems
## 3 System Model  
In this section, we first introduce the model of the OFDM communication system in Section 3.1. Then introduce the LS algorithm at full pilots in Section 3.2. Finally, we introduce how to reference the DnCNN model to channel estimation denoising in Section 3.3.
# Direct Selective Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide: Laboratory, Pilot and Industrial Tests
## 6 Claus Process. Enhancement. Oxygen Enrichment  
It should be noted that the enriched oxygen in the air supplied in the thermal stage of the Claus process is obtained using COPE(r) Technology (Kingswinford, UK, The Claus Oxygen Based Enhancement, Figure 3), developed by GOAR, Allison & Associates, LLC [30; 31]. This technology is used in installations for sulfur production; its main advantage is the possibility of increasing in the power of the Claus process without incurring significant additional expenses.  
Based on experiments and calculations, it was shown that an increase in the concentration of O\({}_{2}\) in the air, i.e., to 30 vol.% (a low degree of enrichment), could increase the Claus installation capacity by 25%. It is proposed to transport liquid oxygen in cryogenic tanks without on-site cryogenic or membrane separation installations. This configuration is optimal, giving rise to sulfur production of up to 50 tons/day. The average degree of air enrichment with oxygen (C\({}_{\text{O2}}\) = 40-45 vol.%) will increase the installation capacity by 75%. In this case, the furnace must be equipped with additional nozzles to supply oxygen. The anticipated production of such a plant is 100 tons sulfur/day. With an increase in oxygen concentration up to 100%, the daily production of sulfur can be increased by 150%. However, this will require significant changes in the structure of the flame furnace or the combustion of hydrogen sulfide using the \"Sure\" Double Combustion Process technology developed by [PERSON] [32]. The process is conducted as follows: the burning of hydrogen sulfide with pure oxygen is carried out in a two-section furnace; the reaction products subsequently enter the sulfur condenser and the water condenser, and in recycling mode are then fed to the inlet of the torch.  
It should be emphasized that the cost of reconstruction (capital investment) of existing installations for the transition to the Cope(r) technology is only 5-25% of the construction cost of a new installation with increased capacity.
###### Abstract  
There is growing interest in measuring the temperature-dependent dielectric properties of bio-tissues using dual-mode techniques (scattering measurements and thermal treatment). Uncooled coaxial antennas are preferred for their direct contact with the measured medium and reduced complexity; however, they exhibit structural changes during ablation due to the thermal expansion of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). This paper presents an experimental study on PTFE expansion in an uncooled coaxial insulated monopole antenna in response to changes in the tissue's thermal environment. Furthermore, it presents a methodology to mitigate these effects through coaxial annealing. The investigation consists of two distinct experiments: characterising PTFE expansion and assessing the effects of annealing through microwave ablation. This was achieved by simulating the thermal effects experienced during ablation by immersing the test antenna in heated peanut oil. PTFE expansion was measured through camera monitoring and using a toolmaker's microscope, revealing two expansion modalities: linear PTFE expansion and non-linear plastic deformation from manufacturing processes. The return loss during ablation and consequential changes in the ablated lesion were also assessed. Antenna pre-annealing increased resilience against structural changes in the antenna, improving lesion ellipticity. Therefore, this study establishes a fabrication method for achieving an uncooled thermally stable antenna, leading to an optimised dual-mode ablation procedure, enabling quasi-real-time permittivity measurement of the surrounding tissue.  
anneling; insulated monopole; lesion; microwave thermal ablation; polytetrafluoroethylene; thermal expansion; uncooled 2025, 15, 6616
# On Ad Hoc Communication in Industrial Environments
## 4 Tracing Protocol  
NEPs describe encounters between nodes of a wireless network [28]. The patterns can be used two-fold. Firstly, they can be analyzed independently to determine specific network or channel characteristics, like bidirectionality, encounter duration, and more. Secondly, they can replace the mobility model, signal propagation model, and the lowest layers of the network model in a network simulation. A NEP has the advantage of being extracted from the examined environment; therefore, no complex validation of models is necessary.  
The goal of this section is to introduce a protocol that can be executed on mobile nodes (e.g., AGVs in a production facility) and generate a NEP. The protocol and the required processing are described, and a simple implementation based on the Click-Router [34] is published [35]. The tracing protocol has the advantage that the real NEP can be directly recorded, but the protocol must be implemented and running on all observed nodes.