## 6 Typical Application Cases and Empirical Research
### Summary of Experiences and Lessons  
Experiences and lessons from practical applications provide valuable references for optimizing and improving non-conventional lanes. From the perspective of driver adaptability, the driving simulation experiments by [PERSON] et al. [19] revealed important behavioral characteristics. More importantly, even drivers unfamiliar with EFL operations could still choose to use traditional left-turn lanes, and this inclusive design ensured that the basic functions of the traffic system remained unaffected. In terms of safety assurance, experiences summarized from multiple studies [10; 36] indicate that safety issues of non-conventional lanes mainly focus on two aspects: controlling violation behaviors and managing speed differences. For violation behaviors, practice has proven that comprehensive application of engineering, education, and enforcement measures can achieve good results. In terms of engineering measures, optimizing sign and marking setups, increasing guidance information, and improving sight distance conditions can help drivers better understand traffic rules. In terms of education, raising public awareness and acceptance of non-conventional lanes through media campaigns, on-site guidance, and training courses can be effective. At the enforcement level, installing monitoring equipment and increasing penalties for violations creates an effective deterrent. For speed difference issues, measures such as properly setting speed limit signs, optimizing transition section designs, and implementing speed guidance can effectively reduce speed differences between different traffic flows and reduce traffic conflicts. Optimization of traffic design parameters and signal timing is a key technical element in ensuring the successful operation of non-conventional lanes. Practical experience indicates that these parameters need to be fine-tuned according to actual traffic conditions and cannot simply apply standard values. For example, the length setup for contraflow left-turn lanes needs to comprehensively consider factors such as left-turn traffic volume, opposing traffic flow, and signal cycle; coordination between pre-signals and main signals needs to be optimized based on platoon arrival characteristics and queue dissipation patterns; switching timing for variable lanes needs to be dynamically determined based on real-time traffic data, and control strategies continuously adjusted and improved through ongoing data collection and analysis. International Research and Implementation Perspectives: The current literature base reflects different regional research emphases and implementation contexts. North American contributions include [PERSON]'s [24] comprehensive documentation of reversible lane operations in Washington DC, which identified safety and operational challenges, and [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s [37] comparative analysis of seven non-conventional intersection designs across varying traffic scenarios. European theoretical contributions provide foundational frameworks for intersection optimization, as demonstrated by earlier works of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [54] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [55]. Asian research, particularly from Chinese institutions, dominates the systematic evaluation literature due to extensive implementation programs and research investment responding to rapid urbanization challenges. This geographic distribution reflects both the active deployment of non-conventional lanes in high-density Asian urban environments and the relative scarcity of comprehensive evaluation studies from other regions. While fundamental operational principles appear universal across traffic contexts, implementation details clearly require adaptation to local traffic cultures, regulatory frameworks, and enforcement capabilities. The concentration of research in specific geographic regions highlights a critical knowledge gap: systematic international comparative studies are needed to distinguish between universal design principles and region-specific implementation requirements.