## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Sources
#### 2.2.2 Remotely Sensed Land Surface Temperature  
The MODIS sensors, aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua spacecraft, launched in 1999 and 2002 respectively, play a pivotal role in global studies of Earth's surface, atmosphere, cryosphere, and ocean processes [68]. These instruments capture data across 36 spectral channels from 3 to 15 \(\upmu\)m, ranging from visible to infrared wavelengths. Data are quantized to 12 bits and offer a spatial resolution of approximately 1 km at nadir, with overpass times at approximately 10:30 and 22:30 local solar time (Terra) and 13:30 and 01:30 (Aqua) of any location on Earth every 1-2 days [69]. Specifically, LST data are generated from thermal infrared bands 31 and 32 (at 11 and 12 \(\upmu\)m) using a generalized split-window (GSW) algorithm with an accuracy around 2.0 K [70]. This physics-based algorithm, developed to address challenges such as atmospheric transmission, path radiance, downward thermal irradiance, and solar diffuse irradiance, simultaneously retrieves surface band-averaged  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Station** & **ID** & **Station Name** & **Province** & **Altitude (m)** & **Type of Area** & **Time Period (Years)** \\ \hline
1 & UBKP & Bangkok Port (Khlong Toei) & Bangkok & 1 & Urban & 1994–2019 (26) \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Bangkok (Queen & & & \\  & & Sirikit National & Bangkok & 4 & Urban & 1981–2019 (39) \\  & & Convention Center) & & & & \\ \hline
3 & UTMD & Thai Meteorological & Bangkok & 3 & Urban & 1981–2019 (39) \\  & & Department (Bang Na) & & & & \\ \hline
4 & UBKD & Don Muang Airport & Bangkok & 5 & Urban & 1981–2019 (39) \\ \hline
5 & PSVN & Suvarnabhumi Airport & Samut Prakan & 2 & Peri-urban & 2008–2019 (12) \\ \hline
6 & PPTN & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Pathum Thani } & 9 & Peri-urban & 1998–2019 (21) \\  & & Agrometeorological Station & & & & \\ \hline
7 & RAYT & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Ayutthaya Meteorological } & & \\  & & Station & & & \\ \hline
8 & RLBR & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Lopburi Meteorological } & & \\  & & Station & & & \\ \hline
9 & RBCL & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Bua Chum Meteorological } & & \\  & & Station & & & \\ \hline
10 & RPCN & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Pak Chong Meteorological } & & \\  & & Station & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Meteorological station details and available data time period.  
emissivities and temperatures. It efficiently processes temperature measurements from day/night pairs of MODIS data [38; 56; 71].  
Two specific MODIS-LST products (version 6.1), which have been enhanced through various calibration changes, were incorporated into our analysis. Both products are sourced from tile h27v07: the Terra daily LST (MOD11A1), spanning from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2019, and the Aqua daily LST (MYD11A1), covering the period from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2019. We selected these time frames to provide a comprehensive view of temperature anomalies over nearly two decades. For data extraction and analysis, we utilized the A\(\rho\)PEARS application, which is accessible at [[https://appeears.earthdatacloud.nasa.gov/](https://appeears.earthdatacloud.nasa.gov/)]([https://appeears.earthdatacloud.nasa.gov/](https://appeears.earthdatacloud.nasa.gov/)). This tool facilitates efficient access to geospatial data, enabling the point extraction of MODIS-LST and supplementary data.