# Statistical Modeling of Cultural Differences in Adopting Autonomous Vehicles
## 1 Introduction
Cross cultural differences are the main factors that influence the adoption or acceptance of new technologies and innovation [31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38]. Thus far, several frameworks have been developed to account for cross cultural differences [39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44]. Specifically, [PERSON]'s 6-D model [39; 40] has been widely adopted in research explaining cross cultural differences. In the 6-D model, the cultural characteristics of countries are described in six dimensions, including Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Long-Term Orientation, and Indulgence. A detailed description of each dimension appears in Table 1. [PERSON]'s 6-D model has been used in various fields to explain the influence of cultural differences on technological innovation [45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54]. In particular, [PERSON]'s 6-D model was also used for the application of transportation technologies, such as fuel-efficient vehicles, electric cars, and hybrid cars [45; 46; 49]. However, there have been only a few studies considering the cultural differences in the public opinion of automated vehicles. In addition, studies examining public opinion on autonomous vehicles in several countries did not quantitatively analyze the effects of cultural differences [17; 19; 25; 55]. Therefore, to facilitate adopting AVs, it is necessary to analyze the perception of AVs through the cultural dimension. This study will confirm the relationship between AVs and cultural differences through the 6-D model because of its generality. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Dimension** & **Description** \\ \hline Power Distance Index (PDI) & The degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally \\ Individualism/Collectivism (INDV) & A preference for a loosely knit social framework in society, in which individuals can be expected to care for only themselves and their immediate families \\ Masculinity/Femininity (MAS) & A preference in society for achievement, heroism, and material rewards for success \\ Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) & The degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity \\ Long-Term Orientation (LTO) & Societies who score low on this dimension prefer to maintain time honored traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion \\ Indulgence/Restraint (INDU) & Indulgence stands for a society that allows relatively free gratification of the basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Descriptions of the dimensions in [PERSON]’s 6-D model. In summary, this paper aims to determine how cultural differences affect the adoption of AVs. Autonomous driving technology is not yet fully developed, and, in addition to the technology, policy development and infrastructure are needed to adopt AVs. To do this, identifying public opinion is essential, but public preferences change over time [29]. Investigating public opinion whenever it changes is inefficient in terms of time and cost. Therefore, it is important to predict public opinion through related factors. In this paper, first, we collected literature that investigated public opinion across nations. In particular, public opinion was identified through concerns about AVs and willingness to pay for them (WTP). As people are more sensitive to loss than gain, the concerns about AVs were identified more preferentially [56], and WTP was also identified to determine if people actually intended to use AVs. Then, we confirmed the correlation between public opinion and each dimension of the 6-D model based on the collected literature, and developed a model to predict public opinion about AVs. Finally, the developed model was evaluated through whether the questionnaires conducted in South Korea could accurately predict public opinion on self-driving cars, and whether the model could accurately predict public opinion about AVs.