esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Formal Analysis of Ratchet Protocols Based on Logic of Events
## 3 Formal Analysis of the Signal Protocol  
### Overview of the Signal Protocol  
The ratchet mechanism is widely used in the field of instant messaging encryption, and the Signal protocol--which incorporates the ratchet mechanism--is one of its most representative examples. The Signal protocol can be roughly divided into three main phases:  
1. X3 DH Protocol: This phase combines long-term, medium-term, and ephemeral Diffie-Hellman keys to generate a shared root key. 2. Asymmetric Ratchet Phase: In this phase, users alternately exchange new ephemeral Diffie-Hellman keys and combine them with the previously generated root key to produce a forward-secret chain key. 3. Symmetric Ratchet Phase: In this phase, no additional randomness is introduced. Instead, a key derivation function (KDF) is used to stretch the chain key forward to derive symmetric encryption keys.  
Throughout this process, each message is encrypted using a newly generated ephemeral key, which significantly enhances the protocol's forward secrecy and post-compromise security. The main steps of the Signal protocol can be summarized in four parts, as illustrated in Figure 1.  
Figure 1 illustrates the message exchange procedure of the Signal protocol between an initiator A and a respond B through a server S. The process can be broken down into the following four stages:  
**Registration.** Initiator A and Responder B respectively register their identity and prekey bundles with the server. Each prekey bundle contains the party's respective public keys.  
**Session setup.** [PERSON] requests [PERSON]'s prekey bundle from the server and establishes a secure communication channel with [PERSON]. Using these public keys, [PERSON] generates an initial symmetric encryption key, encrypts a message, and sends it to [PERSON]. This process is known as the Triple Diffie-Hellman (3 DH) handshake. Upon receiving the message, [PERSON] fetches [PERSON]'s prekey bundle from the server and derives the shared secret.  
**Symmetric Ratchet Phase.** If [PERSON] needs to send another message to [PERSON] before receiving a reply, [PERSON] derives a new symmetric encryption key via the ratchet mechanism, generates a temporary ratchet public key, attaches it to the message, and sends it to [PERSON] for use in the response.  
**Asymmetric Ratchet Phase.** When [PERSON] receives [PERSON]'s message and needs to reply, [PERSON] generates a new temporary ratchet public key, encrypts the message, and sends it to [PERSON]. When [PERSON] replies in turn, [PERSON] generates another temporary ratchet public key based on the received message, encrypts the response, and sends it back to [PERSON]--thus completing the asymmetric ratchet process.
## 2 Hsp60 Chaperonopathies  
Hsp60 is multifaceted and plays diverse physiological roles but when abnormal in structure and/or function it can become pathogenic and cause diseases, the Hsp60 chaperopathies [63; 64]. In genetic chaperopathies, there are pathogenic variants, e.g., missense mutations, in the Hsp60 gene, whereas in the acquired chaperonopathies the gene is normal but the Hsp60 protein is altered structurally and/or functionally. Genetic chaperopathies are infrequent and typically have an early clinical onset, while the acquired ones are more common, mostly occur in adults, and are often associated with other pathological conditions, especially age-related diseases [65; 66]. Another classification of practical value sorts the chaperonopathies according to quantitative parameters pertaining to concentration and functionality into by defect, by excess, and by mistake or collaborationism (Table 1) [65; 66]. Acquired chaperonopathies can be caused by aberrant post-translational modifications (PTMs) that have an impact on the structure/function of the chaperone molecule. The Hsp60 amino acid sequence contains various critical sites that can be affected by PTMs [67]. Possible PTMs are phosphorylation, O-GlcNAcAcylation, nitration, acetylation, S-nitrosylation, citrullination, methylation, oxidation, biotinylation, and ubiquitination [51]. Hsp60 PTMs can have beneficial or deleterious effects. For instance, Hsp60 hyperacetylation in the course of anti-osteosarcoma treatment lead to death of the malignant cells [68]. Hyperacetylation disrupted the Hsp60/p53 complex, restored replicative senescence, and diminished or stopped tumor growth [69]. Phosphorylated Hsp60 on the surface of breast cancer cells induced \(\alpha\)391 integrin activation, resulting in enhanced motility and adhesion of these cells [70]. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Hsp60 helps malignant cells to escape immune surveillance by NK and CD8 T cells [71]. Chaperonopathies by mistake include all those pathological conditions in which a chaperone is normal as far it can be determined by current methodologies but contributes to the initiation and/or progression of disease, as it has been observed in various types of cancer, and autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurologic disorders [66]. Other examples of chaperonopathies by mistake are those autoimmune conditions in which human Hsp60 acts as auto-antigen. This situation has been described for various autoimmune conditions such as [PERSON]'s disease [72; 73], diabetes mellitus [74], systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis-associated systemic autoimmune disorders [75; 76; 77; 78], atherosclerosis [79; 80; 81; 82], and rheumatoid arthritis [83]. The pathogenic autoimmune mechanism for some of these disorders is triggered by the presence of Hsp60 on the plasma-cell membrane where it becomes a target accessible to autoantibodies and, thereby, leads to apoptosis [75; 76]. However, in other situations Hsp60 has shown cytoprotective activ
## 6 Conclusions  
In this work, it has been investigated the joint impact of skin-induced attenuation along with NZB pointing errors, on the outage performance of TOW communication system with or without receivers diversity--i.e., SISO or SIMO TOW links--using IM/DD with either OOK or \(L\)-PPM formats and OC method at the receiver(s) side. Under these circumstances novel closed-form expressions for the ABER of the TOW system have been derived. Using extracted expressions, we presented proper numerical results, validated by simulations, which reveal that the combined use of receivers' diversity along with \(L\)-PPM modulation formats can significantly improve the ABER performance of typical TOW links. In this context, greater ABER performance enhancements can be obtained by increasing both the number of apertures at the receiver along with the complexity of \(L\)-PPM modulation formats. Thus, the proposed analysis is a useful tool to outbalance the major factors that have a negative impact on TOW development and design more effective TOW systems of higher availability and ABER performance.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.K.V., H.E.N., and K.A.; Methodology, G.K.V., H.E.N., and K.A.; Software, G.K.V.; Validation, G.K.V., H.E.N., K.A., F.J., and K.K.M.R.; Investigation, G.K.V., H.E.N., K.A., F.J., and K.K.M.R.; Resources, G.K.V., H.E.N., K.A., F.J., and K.K.M.R.; Writing--original draft preparation, G.K.V., Writing--review and editing, G.K.V. and H.E.N.; Supervision, G.K.V., H.E.N., and K.A.; Funding acquisition, H.E.N.  
**Funding:** H.E.N. acknowledges the funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 777596. G.K.V., K.A., F.J., and K.K.M.R. acknowledge that this project has partially received funding from the Ajman University under grant agreement IDG-2018-A-EN-01.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Material and Methods
### Objective Evaluation  
The initial evaluation of the models is conducted using mathematical functions to obtain an objective assessment. We measure the pixel-wise accuracy by comparing the generated images with the expected images. An ideal generated image would have all its pixels exactly matching the corresponding pixels in the expected image. For this evaluation, we utilized images of three temples that were not included in the training phase. Each temple has three levels of destruction, resulting in a total of 1080 images (3 levels \(\times\) 360  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Hyperparameter** & **Values** \\ \hline Learning rate & \(2\times 10^{-4}\), \(2\times 10^{-3}\) \\ Batch & 6, 14 \\ Normalization types & Instances, Batch \\ Optimizer & [PERSON], [PERSON] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Hyperparameters and values for the grid search.  
images per level). From this dataset, we randomly selected 45 images from each perspective of the temple for evaluation and calculated the pixel match accuracy. This process was repeated for each model trained with different activation functions. Additionally, we calculated the structural similarity (SSIM) index, which assesses the structural similarity between images while separating the effects of luminance and contrast. The formula for this metric is provided in the following equation.  
\[\text{SSIM(x,y)}=[\text{l(x,y)}]^{\alpha}\cdot[\text{c(x,y)}]^{\beta}\cdot[ \text{s(x,y)}]^{\gamma} \tag{8}\]  
In this equation, x and y are the images, l is the luminance, c is the contrast, and s is the structure. Then, the influence of these characteristics is provided by alfa and \(\beta\), whose values are greater than zero.  
The generative models have a problem when creating new images; in some cases, artifacts like flashes or sparkles can be included. This fact adds noise that can be reflected in the evaluation of the generated image, but it does not have to affect the main aim of the work, which is the reconstruction of the architectonical elements. Due to this issue, we proposed two strategies to evaluate the temple reconstruction: one using the whole generated image and another that applies a mask and only considers the non-matched pixels (that is, the part corresponding to the architectonical missing elements in the image and that the model seeks to reconstruct) between the image with the complete temple and the image with the temple in ruins. An example of the obtained mask is shown in Figure 5.
## 5 Discussion and Best Practice
### Structure from Motion (SfM)  
SfM can provide a simpler solution for on-board sensor integration. Several open source (e.g., MicMac, VisualSFM, PMVS/CMVS, OpenMVG) and commercial software packages (e.g., Pix4D, Agisoft Photoscan) exist to carry out the SfM process. Several authors have investigated the performance of these packages and compared them to each other for different applications (e.g., [94; 191; 192; 193; 194; 195]). However, the development of algorithms and software is advancing fast, and the performance of the different solutions might change. The high geometric fidelity of the bundle adjustment in most SfM solutions means that the camera pose can be used to determine the position and orientation of the spectral sensor (provided that the SfM sensor and spectral sensor are accurately synchronized). To achieve a high absolute accuracy, either GCPs or on-board GNSS data are still required. SfM is the favored approach for 2D imagers, as it allows for a small and lightweight solution on-board the UAV.  
The advantages of this approach are that a lightweight and small machine vision camera can replace a high-grade on-board GNSS/IMU. In addition, 3D point clouds and DSMs can be derived as part of the SfM process (spectral and structural data products from one flight). Finally, high relative accuracy of the 3D model and orthophoto can be derived through the SfM process. The disadvantages of the SfM approach include the requirement of substantial on-board storage capacity for high-rate machine vision data. In addition, the post-processing of SfM data is computationally demanding. SfM requires high overlap between flight strips, which influences flight planning (and limits the size of the area that can be covered in a single flight). Finally, the high absolute accuracy of an SfM solution still requires accurate GCPs or on-board GNSS data.
## Abbreviations  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
VM Voltage mode  
CM Current mode  
VCII Second-generation voltage conveyor  
LP Lowpass  
HP Highpass  
BP Bandpass  
AP Allpass  
ILP Inverse lowpass  
IHP Inverse highpass  
IBP Inverse bandpass  
IBS Inverse bandstop  
IAP Inverse allpass  
PI Proportional-integral  
PD Proportional-derivative  
PID Proportional-integral-derivative  
TAM Trans-admittance mode  
\(R\) Resistor  
\(C\) Capacitor  
Z Impedance  
N/A Not available  
OA Operational amplifier  
FTFN Four-terminal floating nullor  
CCII Second-generation current conveyor  
CDTA Current differencing transconductance amplifier  
CFOA Current feedback operational amplifier  
MCFOA Modified current feedback operational amplifier  
CDBA Current differencing buffered amplifier  
OTA Operational transconductance amplifier  
OTRA Operational transresistance amplifier  
VDTA Voltage differencing transconductance amplifier  
VCVS Voltage-controlled voltage source  
SW Analog switch  
IC Integrated circuit  
TSMC Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company  
\(N\)(s) Numerator polynomials  
\(G_{0}\) Gain  
\(\omega_{0}\) Cut-off frequency  
\(f_{0}\) Pole frequency  
\(Q\) Quality factor  
dB Decibel  
dBV Voltage decibel  
MC Monte Carlo
# Logistics Space: A Literature Review from the Sustainability Perspective
## 2 Logistics Space
### The Activities of Logistics Space
#### 2.3.2 Logistics Cluster
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Lead Author** & **Location** & **Period** & **Increased Distance** & **References** \\ \hline Heitz & Gothenburg & 2002–2014 & Logistics facilities (+4.2 km) & [6] \\ \hline Giuliano & Los Angeles & 2003–2013 & Warehousing and distribution (+5.6 km) & [10] \\ \hline Dablanc & Atlanta & 1998–2008 & Warehouse (+4.2 km) & [8] \\ \hline Dablanc & Los Angeles & 1998–2009 & Warehouse (+6.1 km) & [51] \\ \hline Sakai & Tokyo & 2003–2013 & Logistics facilities (+6.6 km) & [5] \\ \hline Todesco & Zurich & 1995–2012 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Warehouse (+9.5 km) \\ Parcel service (+7.7 km) \\ \end{tabular} & [7] \\ \hline Woudsma & Toronto & 2002–2012 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Warehouse (GTA: +1.3 km, GGH: \\ +9.5 km, S.ON: +29.5 km) \\ \end{tabular} & [19] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The increased distance of logistics sprawl. The research of logistics space is based on location theory, new economic geography theory and economies of scale theory, and involves logistics, transportation, geography, economy, management and other fields. The driving force of logistics space evolution is the centripetal force and centrifugal force provided by land price, market demand, traffic accessibility, agglomeration advantages and government policies. Under the influence of centripetal force and centrifugal force, the logistics expansion and logistics accumulation cycle reciprocated (Figure 1).
###### Abstract  
Recent developments enable to access raw Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements of mobile phones. Initially, researchers using signals gathered by mobile phones for high accuracy surveying were not successful in ambiguity fixing. Nowadays, GNSS chips, which are built in the latest smartphones, deliver code and primarily carrier phase observations available for detailed analysis in post-processing applications. Therefore, we decided to check the performance of carrier phase ambiguity fixing and positioning accuracy results of the latest Huawei P30 pro smartphone equipped with a dual-frequency GNSS receiver. We collected 3 h of raw static data in separate sessions at a known point location. For two sessions, the mobile phone was mounted vertically and for the third one--horizontally. At the same time, a high-class geodetic receiver was used for L1 and L5 signal comparison purposes. The carrier phase measurements were processed using commercial post-processing software with reference to the closest base station observations located 4 km away. Additionally, 1 h sessions were divided into 10, 15, 20 and 30 min separate sub-sessions to check the accuracy of the surveying results in fast static mode. According to the post-processing results, we were able to fix all L1 ambiguities based on Global Positioning System (GPS)-only satellite constellation. In comparison to the fixed reference point position, all three 1 h static session results were at centimeters level of accuracy (1-4 cm). For fast static surveying mode, the best results were obtained for 20 and 30 min sessions, where average accuracy was also at centimeters level.  
s 2020 10, 5308; doi:10.3390/app10155308
###### Abstract  
As the electricity consumption and controllability of residential consumers are gradually increasing, demand response (DR) potentials of residential consumers are increasing among the demand side resources. Since the electricity consumption level of individual households is low, residents' flexible load resources can participate in demand side bidding through the integration of load aggregator (LA). However, there is uncertainty in residential consumers' participation in DR. The LA has to face the risk that residents may refuse to participate in DR. In addition, demand side competition mechanism requires the LA to formulate reasonable bidding strategies to obtain the maximum profit. Accordingly, this paper focuses on how the LA formulate the optimal bidding strategy considering the uncertainty of residents' participation in DR. Firstly, the physical models of flexible loads are established to evaluate the ideal DR potential. On this basis, to quantify the uncertainty of the residential consumers, this paper uses a fuzzy system to construct a model to evaluate the residents' willingness to participate in DR. Then, based on the queuing method, a bidding decision-making model considering the uncertainty is constructed to maximize the LA's income. Finally, based on a case simulation of a residential community, the results show that compared with the conventional bidding strategy, the optimal bidding model considering the residents' willingness can reduce the response cost of the LA and increase the LA's income.  
demand response; residential consumers; uncertainty; load aggregator; bidding strategy +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Physical-Layer Security Analysis: Colluding Eavesdroppers
#### 2.1.1 Secrecy Outage Probability  
The secrecy outage probability \((OP_{sec})\) is defined as the probability that the secrecy capacity \(C_{s}\) is less than a predetermined threshold \(C_{th}\). The secrecy capacity can be expressed as [29]  
\[C_{s}=\begin{cases}C_{m}-C_{e},&\text{if }\gamma_{B}>\gamma_{E}\\ 0,&\text{if }\gamma_{B}\leq\gamma_{E}\end{cases}, \tag{11}\]  
where \(C_{m}\) and \(C_{e}\) are the capacities of the main and the wiretap channels, respectively. \(OP_{sec}\) is expressed as  
\[OP_{sec} =P_{r}(C_{s}<C_{th})\] \[=\int_{0}^{\infty}f_{\gamma_{E}}(\gamma_{e})F_{\gamma_{B}}\Big{(} 2^{C_{th}}(1+\gamma_{e})-1\Big{)}d\gamma_{  
To obtain the asymptotic expression for \(OP_{sec}^{L}\), the residue method is utilized [33]. Hence, as \(\tilde{\tau_{E}}\rightarrow\infty\), \(\mathrm{D}\rightarrow\infty\) with the asymptotic expression of \(OP_{sec}^{L}\) given by  
\[OP_{sec,E}^{L} \approx\sum_{v_{1}=0}^{\infty}\sum_{v_{2}=0}^{\infty}\cdots\sum_{v _{N}=0}^{\infty}\sum_{r_{1}=0}^{\infty}\sum_{r_{2}=0}^{\infty}\cdots\sum_{r_{ \kappa_{\kappa}}=0}^{\infty}\frac{c_{a}c_{b}}{2\pi i}\mathrm{Res}\{g(s),0\}\] \[\approx\sum_{v_{1}=0}^{\infty}\sum_{v_{2}=0}^{\infty}\cdots\sum_{v _{N}=0}^{\infty}\sum_{r_{1}=0}^{\infty}\sum_{r_{2}=0}^{\infty}\cdots\sum_{r_{ \kappa_{\kappa}}=0}^{\infty}c_{a}c_{b}\prod_{i=1}^{N}\Gamma[\mu_{i}+v_{i}]\prod _{j=1}^{n_{e}}\Gamma[\mu_{ej}K+r_{j}], \tag{17}\]  
where \(g(s)\) is given by  
\[g(s)=D^{s}\frac{\Gamma[s]\prod_{i=1}^{N}\Gamma[\mu_{i}+v_{i}-s]\prod_{j=1}^{n_ {e}}\Gamma[\mu_{ej}K+r_{j}+s]}{\Gamma[1+s]}.\]  
It is evident from (17) that the diversity order is zero since the expression is independent of \(\tilde{\tau}\). This implies that the secrecy is completely compromised when the wiretap channel's conditions are highly improved (\(\gamma_{E}\rightarrow\infty\)). In such circumstances, the confidential information can be overheard and decoded successfully by \(E\).
# Development of a Radio-Frequency Quadrupole Accelerator for the HL-2A/2M Tokamak Diagnostic System
## 4 Beam Commissioning  
The experimental setup for beam commissioning of the RFQ is shown in Figure 15. It consists of a 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source, a LEBT system, the RFQ, and a medium energy beam transport (MEBT) section. The LEBT has two solenoids (Solenoid 1 and Solenoid 2) to transport the beam and match it into the RFQ. A pair of steerers (horizontal and vertical) is installed in the middle of each respective solenoid. In order to characterize the beam extracted from the ion source, the diagnostics chamber equipped with a water-cooled diaphragm and faraday cup (FC) is installed between the two solenoids. The water-cooled diaphragm is used to control the intensity and emittance of the beam. The bias voltage of FC is set to \(-300\) V to suppress the secondary electrons (SE). Between the Solenoid 2 and the RFQ, there is a chopper used to control the time structure of the pulse beam, while playing the role of fast protection of the machine. Two beam position monitors (BPMs) are installed after the AC current transformer (ACCT) for beam energy measurement. The extraction voltage of the ion source is fixed at 40 kV to provide the design injection energy of 40 keV for the \({}^{2}\)H\({}^{+}\) beam. The low-level RF (LLRF) control is used to synchronize with the timing system of the whole accelerator.