# Integration of Building Services in Modular Construction: A PRISMA Approach
## 3 Results
### Systematic Analysis of Integration of Building Services in Modular Construction
#### 3.2.2 Building Services Integration within Modular Construction
Depending on the season, it might be a heat pump or HVAC system. The study covered the TCHU prototype's theoretical design, components, control system, testing procedures, and findings. It included benefits, drawbacks, and system upgrades. The study found the TCHU system to be a practical and unique building air conditioning solution. Still, it needs optimization to reduce power consumption, improve insulation, and better aesthetic integration. [PERSON] et al. [44], the final study in this category, examined the current practices, challenges, and opportunities of piping prefabrication in China using semi-structured interviews, case studies, site visits, and online questionnaires. The study found that piping prefabrication feasibility depends on the piping system, connection style, and project type. The study also identified piping prefabrication's primary problems and barriers, including low design standardization, absence of favorable policy, economies of scale, low-skilled workers, and fittings and valve availability. The study proposed that MEP contractors use modular and off-site construction (MOC) to prefabricate pipework in four phases to improve their construction. The study also examined how manufacturers, distributors, designers, and contractors collaborate in piping prefabrication. In modular construction, the primary skills needed are typically within the production plant, with only minimal labor required for the installation procedure [55]. However, the successful integration of building services in modular construction necessitates the presence of a skilled workforce. The issue of skills shortage in the construction industry necessitates implementing more effective manufacturing and automation techniques [56]. In this regard, universities and industry can collaborate to play a crucial role in delivering training and fostering the acquisition of essential skills [55]. * **Recent advances**  
According to [PERSON] et al. 's study [48], long-span modules can increase open space and flexibility in floor layout, decrease the number of joints and columns, and speed up and improve the efficiency of modular construction. Fast-installed joining procedures were created to minimize internal finishes and on-site work damage. Various facets of modular construction, including robustness, tolerance, automation, global modeling, fire safety, and robustness, were explored along with their design problems and solutions. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [50] advocated rebuilding industrial construction machines utilizing simulation, time studies, and cost-benefit analysis. The process optimized design parameters to increase machinery performance and cost. The study also redesigned wood framing machinery support tables, which secure and drag the frame during manufacture. Reducing track length and altering dragging logic were recommended to improve panel length adaptability and minimize space and expense. The wood framing machine prototype and operational data created a simulation model. The model simulates track length and dragging scenarios to calculate total duration, operational time, production pace, productivity growth, and system utilization. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al. [49] developed an automated method to predict MEP module geometric parameters using 3D laser scanning and BIM. The study pre-processed, registered, and extracted MEP module point cloud data from a terrestrial laser scanner. MEP element dimensions and placements were checked against the point cloud data and the as-designed BIM model. * **Current and future directions** According to [PERSON] et al. [43], Australian builders and suppliers face challenges and opportunities for off-site prefabrication of timber components and MEP services. The study compared and analyzed interview data from four builders and four suppliers. They shared their knowledge of off-site prefabrication coordination, integration, and management.