# Microbiomes of Primary Soils and Mining Heaps of Polymetallic Ore Quarries
## 3 Results
### Soil Microbiomes  
The sequencing yield was 832,583 raw reads in total. After filtering, mering, and grouping into ASVs, the total amount was 389,526. In the downstream analysis, 28 samples with a mean of 13,911 reads per sample were included. For an alpha-diversity calculation, the data were rarefied to the minimal depth of 9684 sequences per sample. The taxonomic composition of the studied samples was mainly represented by the sum of the following prokaryotic phyla: Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Patescibacteria, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, and Thaumarchaeota archaea (Figure 2). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Samp. No.**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Bulk Content, mg kg\({}^{-1}\)**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Available Form,**} \\  & **Pb** & **Cd** & **Hg** & **As** & **Zn** & **Cu** & **Ni** & **Zn** & **Cu** & **Ni** \\ \hline
1-2021 & 18 & 0.16 & \textless{}0.1 1  & 1.3 & 37 & 26 & 34 & 3.8 & 0.78 & 1.5 \\
2-2021 & 25 & 0.23 & \textless{}0.1 1  & 1.6 & 56 & 33 & 41 & 6.1 & 1.1 & 1.9 \\
3-2021 & 16 & 0.26 & \textless{}0.1 1  & 1.5 & 32 & 21 & 30 & 4.1 & 0.69 & 0.94 \\
4-2021 & 24 & 0.31 & \textless{}0.1 1  & 1.3 & 48 & 27 & 38 & 5.1 & 0.74 & 1.3 \\
5-2021 & 19 & 0.22 & \textless{}0.1 1  & 1.4 & 35 & 25 & 31 & 4.6 & 0.83 & 1.1 \\
6-2021 & 16 & 0.34 & \textless{}0.1 1  & 1.2 & 34 & 28 & 26 & 3.6 & 0.92 & 0.83 \\
7-2021 & 21 & 0.31 & \textless{}0.1 1  & 1.1 & 63 & 37 & 7.8 & 1.4 & 1.3 \\
8-2021 & 214 & **3.5** & \textless{}0.1 1  & 2.4 & 98 & **166** & 21 & **32** & 2.9 & 0.53 \\ MPC & 130 & 2 & 2.1 & 10 & 220 & 132 & 80 & 23 & 3 & 4 \\ APC & APC & APC & MPC & APC & APC & APC & MPC & MPC & MPC \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The content of trace elements and arsenic and soils. The taxonomic composition of all the samples was dominated by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria phyla, and Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes were present in smaller amounts. In the samples from the quarry dumps compared with those of the background soils, there was a decrease in the composition of the microbial communities of Actinobacteria and an increase in the proportion of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and a significant difference in the composition of Acidobacteria between the comparison samples was not revealed. In all the soil samples of the natural background and the samples from the quarries and the overburden dumps of the Tuba-Kain and Semenovsky mines, there was a significant number of representatives of phylum Verrucomicrobia and Thaumarchaeota. At the same time, the number of these phylum in the forming primary soils in the dumps of the Kulyurtau and Tubinsky quarries was extremely small and did not exceed 2%. The alpha diversity of the microbial communities was estimated by ASV and the Simpson index (Figure 3). Figure 3: Alpha diversity (ASV representation and Simpson index) of bacterial communities of soils of the studied sites. Figure 2: Taxonomic composition of soils of the studied sites. The alpha diversity showed an unusually high level of dispersion for the samples from the Kulyurtau and Tubinsky open-pit dumps (5- and 7-2021, respectively). This effect may be related to the partial overlapping of the waste rock areas with areas of forming soil or areas of pasture digression. The presence of such a scatter does not allow for a direct comparison of the levels of the diversity of dump soils and background soils; nevertheless, it can be concluded that the species richness is similar. The beta biodiversity (Figure 4) suggests the presence of a pronounced clustering of the dump soils, although the microbial community of the Semenovsky dump (3-2021) was similar to the group of background soils.