esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### IEEE 68 Bus Power System (System 2)  
The IEEE 68 bus power system model simulation and D-LSE implementation were based on the system shown in Figure 12. The IEEE 68 bus system demonstrates the scalability of the D-LSE. The IEEE 68 bus power system model comprises five areas with 16 conventional synchronous generators [34]. Area 1 consists of generators G1 to G9. Area 2 consists of generators G10 to G13. Areas 3, 4, and 5 contain a single generator per area, namely G14, G15, and G16. The D-LSE's area level and network level were implemented on the IEEE 68 bus power system due to the limitations of implementing the substation arrangements of the simulation platform. This test system had no bus overlaps between areas, thus conveniently designating the area level with the buses in designated areas. Furthermore, the whole test system was considered a single entity at the network level.  
The area level and network level were implemented into the IEEE 68 bus power system by considering all buses as SBAs, thus neglecting generator buses (Bus ID 1-16), since the generator buses were integrated into the generator module in the simulation model.
# Role of 4-Hexylresorcinol in the Field of Tissue Engineering
## 3 4-HR Application in the Tissue Engineering
### Application of 4-HR in Bone Regeneration
#### 3.1.3 4-HR with Dental Implant and Tooth Movement  
4-HR is coated on the surface of dental implants using hydroxyapatite (HA), and it affects the osteointegration of the implant. Dental implants coated with HA and 4-HR have more rapid cellular attachment and spread than HA-coated implants [9]. Moreover, HA and 4-HR implants show increased osteocalcin expression and alkaline phosphatase activity in vitro. Further, implants coated with HA and 4-HR have more favorable osteointegration compared with HA-coated implants in vivo [9].  
The administration of 4-HR accelerates the orthodontic tooth movement in ovariectomized rats (Table 2). In vitro, 4-HR increases the expression of the osteogenic marker in SAos-2 cell. In vivo, the subcutaneous administration of 4-HR in ovariectomized rats increases the bone turnover markers in plasma level. The 4-HR administration accelerates the orthodontic tooth movement by increasing bone formation and resorption. In histological analysis, the expression of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) is higher in the alveolar bone than is required for bone deposition. Additionally, the expression of RANKL, which is marker for osteoclasts, is higher on the bone resorption side [43].
# A Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperative Perception Network Based on Multi-Scale Dynamic Feature Fusion
## 4 Experiment
### Ablation Study  
To validate the effectiveness of each component in the proposed vehicle-infrastructure cooperative perception network, we conducted comprehensive ablation studies on both the DZGSet and DAIR-V2X datasets. The results are summarized in Table 3, where we systematically integrated key modules into the baseline model and evaluate their contributions.  
The results indicate that each component significantly enhances detection accuracy, with the multi-scale fusion strategy demonstrating the most substantial impact, improving [EMAIL_ADDRESS] by 0.040 and [EMAIL_ADDRESS] by 0.035 on the DZGSet dataset, and [EMAIL_ADDRESS] by 0.020 and [EMAIL_ADDRESS] by 0.037 on the DAIR-V2X dataset. This enhancement is attributed to the multi-scale fusion's ability to capture complementary information from vehicle-infrastructure  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ablation Setting**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Cooperation**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Cooperation Type**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**DZGSet**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**DAIR-V2X**} \\ \cline{3-7}  & & & **[EMAIL_ADDRESS]** & **[EMAIL_ADDRESS]** & **[EMAIL_ADDRESS]** & **[EMAIL_ADDRESS]** \\ \hline Baseline (PointPillars) & Independent & None & 0.364 & - & 0.481 & - \\ Baseline + Single-Scale & Cooperative & Intermediate & 0.595 & 0.426 & 0.729 & 0.547 \\ Baseline + Multi-Scale & Cooperative & Intermediate & 0.635 & 0.461 & 0.749 & 0.584 \\ Baseline + Multi-Scale + SMSDI & Cooperative & Intermediate & 0.641 & 0.468 & 0.758 & 0.595 \\ Baseline + Multi-Scale + MSDI & Cooperative & Intermediate & 0.644 & 0.472 & 0.762 & 0.603 \\ Baseline + Multi-Scale + MSDI + PPSA & Cooperative & Intermediate & 0.652 & 0.493 & 0.780 & 0.632 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Ablation studies on the DZGSet dataset and the DAIR-V2X dataset.  
Figure 7: Detection visualization comparison with advanced cooperative perception methods on the DZGSet dataset. Green boxes are ground-truth, while red ones are detection. The objects marked by the yellow circle indicates inaccurate detection.  
features: small-scale features improve spatial localization by preserving geometric details, while large-scale features aggregate semantic context to mitigate ambiguities arising from sensor misalignment. Furthermore, within the MSDI module, the SMSDI shows a more significant contribution to performance gains compared to the CMSDI. This suggests that the interaction between vehicle and infrastructure features in the spatial dimension is particularly advantageous for the comprehensive fusion of these features. By synergizing these components, our network achieves state-of-the-art performance on both the DZGSet and DAIR-V2X datasets.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Composite Suitability Map by Classification Method
The reclassification results using GI showed that the SS accounted for 2826.45 ha or 6.0% of the total area, making it the smallest area. The combined area of the SS and PSS was 25.8% of the total area, which was lower than that of the PUS (37.3%) and US (36.9%) (Table 3). Although the GI classification method is useful for finding natural groupings in data while keeping the range of grades approximately equal [49], it appears that this characteristic is not well reflected in the reclassification into four grades for GE cultivation suitability.
# mGEODAR--A Mobile Radar System for Detection and Monitoring of Gravitational Mass-Movements
###### Abstract  
Radar measurements of gravitational mass-movements like snow avalanches have become increasingly important for scientific flow observations, real-time detection and monitoring. Independence of visibility is a main advantage for rapid and reliable detection of those events, and achievable high-resolution imaging proves invaluable for scientific measurements of the complete flow evolution. Existing radar systems are made for either detection with low-resolution or they are large devices and permanently installed at test-sites. We present mGEODAR, a mobile FMCW (frequency modulated continuous wave) radar system for high-resolution measurements and low-resolution gravitational mass-movement detection and monitoring purposes due to a versatile frequency generation scheme. We optimize the performance of different frequency settings with loop cable measurements and show the freespace range sensitivity with data of a car as moving point source. About 15 dB signal-to-noise ratio is achieved for the cable test and about 5 dB or 10 dB for the car in detection and research mode, respectively. By combining continuous recording in the low resolution detection mode with real-time triggering of the high resolution research mode, we expect that mGEODAR enables autonomous measurement campaigns for infrastructure safety and mass-movement research purposes in rapid response to changing weather and snow conditions.  
FMCW Radar; natural hazards; geophysical mass-movements; flow dynamics; movement detection +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
# A Novel Battery-Supplied AFE EEG Circuit Capable of Muscle Movement Artifact Suppression
## 3 Materials and Methods: A Novel Proposed EEG Analog Front-End Circuit System
### The Overall Novel EEG-B3V3S7C1 Circuit Design  
The overall EEG circuit design has a bandwidth of approximately 0.5 Hz to 10 kHz, an overall gain of 300 V/V in the passband and a theoretical CMR  
Figure 15: EEG sub-circuit modeling the second high-pass filter.  
of our design before the first amplification will be estimated as the total Vpp noise in the equivalent noise bandwidth range of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz with a value of \(\mathrm{e_{nt}}\approx\) 779.32 nV. This is given by the following equation:  
\[\mathrm{e_{nt}}=\mathrm{e_{n}}*\sqrt{\mathrm{ENBW}} \tag{8}\]  
\[\mathrm{e_{n}}=\sqrt{4*\mathrm{k_{B}}*\mathrm{T}*\mathrm{R}}\approx 0.13*\sqrt{ \mathrm{R}} \tag{9}\]  
where  
* \(\mathrm{k_{B}}\) is the Boltzmann's constant,
* \(\mathrm{T}\) is absolute temperature in Kelvin in our case at room temperature (usually 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C), and
* \(\mathrm{R}\) is the real part of the band-pass filter's impedance.  
From (8) and (9), we calculate the following:  
\[\mathrm{ENBW}=10-0.1=9.9\ \mathrm{Hz}\] \[\mathrm{e_{n1}}\approx 0.13*\sqrt{3,300,000}\approx 236.156\ \mathrm{nV}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}\] \[\mathrm{e_{n2}}\approx 0.13*\sqrt{330,000}\approx 74.679\ \mathrm{nV}/\sqrt{ \mathrm{Hz}}\] \[\mathrm{e_{nt1}}=\mathrm{e_{n1}}*\sqrt{\mathrm{ENBW}}\approx 236.156 *\sqrt{9.9}\approx 743.049\ \mathrm{nV}\] \[\mathrm{e_{nt2}}=\mathrm{e_{n2}}*\sqrt{\mathrm{ENBW}}\approx 74.679 *\sqrt{9.9}\approx 234.972\ \mathrm{nV}\] \[\mathrm{e_{nt}}=\sqrt{\mathrm{e_{nt1}^{2}}+\mathrm{e_{nt2}^{2}}} \approx 779.316\ \mathrm{nV}\approx 779.32\ \mathrm{nV}.\]  
The design of this EEG circuit did not include an anti-aliasing filter due to its focus on the analog front-end (AFE) and neglect of the digitization process. An anti-aliasing filter reduces frequencies above the half of the sampling frequency to zero. The design of an anti-aliasing filter must consider the sampling frequency of the ADC, and the low-pass filter of the proposed circuit can be used as an anti-aliasing filter, but only in the special case where the ADC's sampling frequency is double or greater than the cut-off frequency.  
Figure 16 presents a high-level visualization of the topology of the overall EEG circuit design named EEG-B3V3S/C1 (inspired by the characteristic batteries of 3.3 V, 7 sub-circuits and 1 channel).  
Figure 16: The overall novel EEG-B3V3S/C1 circuit design.
## 2 Experimental Section
### Measurement Setup for Dielectric Parameters  
For each distinct concrete type used in the columns, specimens in the form of cubes with side length of 150 mm were cast and exposed to two different conditions: (1) cubes were molded and placed in a room with controlled atmosphere (temperature of 20 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C and relative humidity of 60 \(\pm\) 5%), demolded after 24 h, and then stored again in the same room during the whole monitoring period of three months; (2) cubes were molded and placed under curing conditions for 28 days (also being demolded after 24 h) and then transported to a carbonation chamber (temperature of 20 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, relative humidity of 60 \(\pm\) 5% and CO\({}_{2}\) concentration of 1%) where they remained during the whole monitoring period. Cubes were used to facilitate the measurements and to be able to assess the connectivity given the permittivity of the used concrete. This was to make sure that we achieved the desired range given the design and the used RF technology. The measurement protocol entailed selecting two smooth surfaces on each cube to ensure consistent and stable readings. Three distinct locations were chosen on each surface to account for the inherent heterogeneity of concrete composition. These designated locations were consistently measured at each time point to ensure accurate tracking of permittivity evolution. This procedure was iterated for every concrete type and aging condition under investigation.  
Open-ended coaxial measurements were performed using the Dielectric Assessment Kit (DAK) of SPEAG (Zurich, Switzerland) in conjunction with the Rohde & Schwarz ZNB20 vector network analyzer (VNA), see Figure 3. To calibrate the DAK, the open-short-load method was employed, employing 1-propanol as the reference substance. The permittivity measurements were conducted within the frequency range of 200 MHz to 3 GHz, employing a resolution of 2 MHz.
# Investigation of High-Sensitivity pH Sensor Based on Au-Gated AlGaN/GaN Heterostructure
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Real-Time Measurement  
Figure 11 shows the real-time dynamic pH responses of the Au-gated AlGaN/GaN pH sensor with W/L = 160/40 \(\upmu\)m were recorded at V\({}_{\text{DS}}\) = 0.5 V and V\({}_{\text{Ref}}\) = \(-\)0.5 V. In the experiments, four aliquots of 2 \(\upmu\)L each from standard buffered solutions, with pH values precisely at 9.18, 6.86, 4.0, and 1.68, were sequentially dropped into 30 \(\upmu\)L of deionized (DI) water. The I\({}_{\text{DS}}\) response of the sensor fluctuates as pH values range from 9.18 to 1.68 with a times interval of 0.5 s. The I\({}_{\text{DS}}\) significantly increases with the decrease in pH values. The experimental results of dynamic titration show the pH sensor's ability to quickly respond to immediate pH variations of the microliter solution.  
As shown in the inset of Figure 11, the response time of the sensor is about 2 s, defined as the time required to reach 90% of the final value, which underscores the prompt adaptability of the sensor to immediate pH fluctuations. In the experiments, to minimize the disturbance caused by instantaneous fluctuations during titration, the electrolyte solutions were dropped at a considerable distance from the sensing membrane. Therefore, this response time mainly depends on the diffusion distance of the electrolyte solutions from the sensing membrane, and the actual response time will be faster.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Instrumental Texture Parameters  
The texture of meat products, such as liver pates, refers to their physical properties that affect their sensory characteristics, including hardness (the force required to compress the pate and the resistance it offers to deformation), adhesiveness (the degree to which the pate sticks to the surface it comes into contact with), cohesiveness (the degree to which the pate holds together after being deformed or compressed), springiness (the ability of the pate to regain its original shape after deformation), and gumminess (the energy required to masticate the pate until it is ready to swallow). The above parameters are important factors influencing the overall quality and consumer acceptance of meat products, and can be influenced by various factors, including meat product composition, processing and storage conditions, and the additives used. For example, egg white is used in low-cost emulsified meat products as a binder, positively contributing to their texture [50; 65]. Texture parameters of the analyzed pates are presented in Table 6. The literature shows that the hardness of pates increases over time due to the separation of water and fat from the protein matrix and the drying of the products [22; 52]. However, in our studies, mean hardness values did not differ between treatments (\(p>0.05\)) during 7 days of storage at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which proves the stability of all produced emulsions in the analyzed periods. The obtained values of adhesiveness in all groups also did not increase (\(p\geq 0.05\)), which proves that the functionality of the used egg whites was maintained until 7 days. Finally, the cohesiveness, springiness, and gumminess of liver were unaffected by treatment and storage time (\(p\geq 0.05\)). The obtained results may indicate that stable emulsions were obtained in all groups, even after adding plasma-treated egg white, and the storage time was probably too short to significantly reduce the moisture content of the analyzed pates and affect their texture parameters. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [8] showed that there were no significant differences in the values of hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness of smoked sausages prepared with the use of 10-90% nitrite and a phosphate solution treated with cold plasma. Regarding the effect of direct plasma treatment on the texture of the meat products, [PERSON] [6] and [PERSON] [46] obtained similar results.
## 3 The Generalized AP-HSIC Algorithm for QAM Modulations
* (30) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Interference modeling and performance evaluation for BS MMSE-IRC receiver in LTE-A release 13. In Proceedings of the 2016 19 th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WMC), Shenzhen, China, 14-16 November 2016; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2016; pp. 239-243. * (31) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Efficient LLR calculation for non-binary modulations over fading channels. _IEEE Trans. Commun._**2011**, _59_, 1236-1241. [CrossRef]
* (32) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] A novel Monte-Carlo-sampling-based receiver for large-scale uplink multiuser MIMO systems. _IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol._**2013**, _62_, 3019-3038. [CrossRef]
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* (35) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Zero-forcing methods for downlink spatial multiplexing in multiuser MIMO channels. _IEEE Trans. Signal Process._**2004**, _52_, 461-471. [CrossRef]
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* (39) [PERSON] _Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice_; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2024. * (40) [PERSON] _Wireless Communications_; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2005. * (41) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Space-time block codes: A capacity perspective. _IEEE Commun. Lett._**2000**, \(4\), 384-386. [CrossRef]
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# Connected Vehicles: Technology Review, State of the Art, Challenges and Opportunities
## 3 Applications
### Non-Safety Applications  
With the amount of data shared among vehicles, many non-safety applications and services can be developed in connected environments. Applications such as traffic management are aimed at decreasing traffic congestion and enhancing traffic flow. This is done by sharing traffic monitoring information that helps drivers reroute their destination, and traffic engineers optimize the traffic-light scheduling, thereby decreasing traffic congestion. Infotainment applications are another example that mostly provide location-based services and entertainment such as parking availability, hotels and restaurants locations, music streaming, and file sharing [65]. In the following subsections, we discuss some of the interesting non-safety applications that could be offered by CVs technologies.
## 2 Characterization and Types of Phenolic Compounds
### Phlorotannins  
Phlorotannins, a group of compounds that majorly include dioxinodehydroeckol (eckostolonol), dieckol, eckol, phlorofucofuroeckol A, 7-phloroeckol, and fucofuroeckol A and 8,8'-bieckol, exhibit antioxidant-inhibitory effects against melanin synthesis, skin whitening (tyrosine inhibition), and UV protection [98; 99; 100; 101; 102; 103]. [PERSON] et al. [104], [PERSON] et al. [105], [PERSON] et al. [106], [PERSON] et al. [107], and [PERSON] et al. [108] demonstrated the anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-adipogenic activities of _Ecklonia cava_ (Phaeophyceae)-derived dioxinodehydroeckol, dieckol, and phlorofucofuroeckol.  
Phlorotannins are the most deeply studied phenolic compounds from algae [109]. Their antioxidant power is 2 to 10 times higher when compared to ascorbic acid ortocopherol [110; 111], which demonstrates their role as an anti-inflammatory agent [112]. They can act as an anti-UCB protector; [PERSON] et al. [113] suggested UVB protection by dioxinodehydroeckol from _E. cava_ on the HaCat cells that reduce the provoked apoptosis. Moreover, phlorotannins such as dieckol, dioxinodehydroeckol, eckol, eckstolonol, phlorofucofuroeckol A, and 7-phloroeckol isolated from different marine algae are being researched in cosmetics as whiteners and antiwrinkle agents. They have been shown as promising tyrosinase inhibitors and hyaluronidase inhibitors [114; 115; 116; 117; 118; 119; 120]. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [121] proved the hair growth-promoting activity of 7- _E. cava_-derived phloroeckol. Several reports have evaluated the effective antibacterial effect of phlorotannins, including from _Ecklonia cava subsp. kurome_ (formerly _Ecklonia kurome_) (Phaeophyceae), against several food-borne pathogenic bacteria (e.g., methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MRSA) strains, _Campylobacter_ sp., and _Streptococcus pyogenes_) [122; 123; 124].
## 3 Experiments and Results
### Comparison to State-of-the-Art Methods
methods, FENet does not require complex design of prior anchors and avoids complex computation regarding anchor boxes. Additionally, FENet can achieve pixel-level detection and can be extended to semantic recognition in the future.
# A Survey on Node Clustering in Cognitive Radio Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Objectives and Advantages of Node Clustering in CR-WSNs
### Spectrum Reuse and Bandwidth Utilization  
Multihop clustering is appropriate for large-scale CR-WSNs. In large-scale CR-WSNs, resources can be allocated orthogonally to each cluster for collision mitigation. The resources can be reused, cluster by cluster. Because clustering limits the scope of inter-cluster interactions to CHs, and circumvents message exchange redundancy among CR-WS nodes, it can also conserve communications bandwidth.  
CHs with a CR capability deployed in small clusters may collect better information about local spectrum availability. This provides opportunities to cognitive users (also known as SUs) to utilize the bandwidth, which helps achieve the CR-WSN goal to efficiently utilize spectrum unused by PUs.