esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Simulations and Performance Evaluations
### Different Data Transmission Rates between C and MEC-NBS  
As shown in Figure 8, we measured the total time consumption by the system in completing all tasks under the 3 schemes with different data transmission rates between C and MEC-NBS. In simulations, we increase the \(s_{k}^{\text{C2 NBS}},\forall k\in\mathcal{K}\) from 50 to 90 MB/s, while other settings are listed in Table 1, except fixed values \(M=60\), \(R=6\), \(K=6\), \(\phi_{k}=2.4\times 10^{6}\) MBPS, \(s_{k}^{\text{NBS2C}}=30\) MB/s, \(s_{k}^{\text{B2 NBS}}=s_{k}^{\text{NBS2 BS}}=30\) MB/s, \(\forall k\in\mathcal{K}\).  
The data transmission rates between C and MEC-NBS impact the time consumptions of transmission processes in further offloading and data caching. As the transmission rates increase, the time consumptions decrease, so the time benefits gained by further offloading and data caching grows. As shown in Figure 8, the curves of our scheme and OMEC appear a downward trend as \(s_{k}^{\text{C2 NBS}}\), \(\forall k\in\mathcal{K}\) increase, whereas the curve of NMEC is unchanged since further offloading and data caching are disabled.
###### Abstract
The results demonstrate that the RZF precoder under correlated channels achieves a significant gain in the DL sum rate in comparison to the BF precoder. The results show that the proposed CGD algorithm achieves more or less the same rate performances as the state-of-the-art iterative algorithms for training designs, while reducing the computational complexity in both BF and RZF precoding. This computational complexity reduction is due to the use of matrix exponential search over the Riemannian manifold, which results in an optimized DL training sequence for fast CSI estimation in the FDD m-MIMO systems. These findings create a pathway for realizing FDD m-MIMO with massive communication systems. Finally, the results demonstrate that the analytical solution using the RMT method tightly agrees with the simulation, which underpins the contributions of this paper. The present paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, the system model is described. In Section 3, the training sequence design in an FDD m-MIMO system is investigated. In Section 4, the CGD iterative algorithm is developed. In Section 5, the expressions that accurately approximate the SINR and the DL achievable sum rate are introduced. In Section 6, the results are presented and discussed. Finally, in Section 7, the conclusions are drawn. _Notation_: In this paper, an upper boldface symbol denotes a matrix whereas a lower boldface symbol denotes a vector. The term \(\mathbb{E}[\cdot]\) refers to the expectation operator. The operators trace, transpose, Hermitian transpose, inverse and absolute value are denoted by \(\text{tr}(\cdot)\), \((\cdot)^{\text{T}}\), \((\cdot)^{\text{H}}\), \((\cdot)^{-1}\), and \(|\cdot|\), respectively.
# Evaluation of Fruit and Vegetable Containers Made from Mulberry Wood (_Morus Alba_ L.) Waste
## 1 Introduction
Attempts have been made to reduce the use of wood in particleboard by introducing mixtures of forest waste [27], whole trees [28], gardening tree pruning [26; 29] and fruit tree pruning [30]. Particleboards have been designed with mulberry pruning waste using different adhesives: phenol formaldehyde [31], urea formaldehyde [32] and starches [33]. In addition, mulberry laminated veneer lumbers with different impregnation products for construction materials have been investigated as fire retardants [34]. Fresh fruit and vegetable containers are a very important part of transport logistics from producer to consumer. Part of the product losses is due to bruising caused by poor handling and low-quality packaging. Adequate packaging can reduce squashing and bruising of products, improve sales, reduce moisture loss, reduce contamination and spoilage, reduce theft and maintain a clean environment during the sale of the products [35]. Fresh fruit containers measure \(300\times 200\times 112\) mm and are made from plywood, as stipulated in the Spanish standard [36]. Substituting timber products with pruning waste (due to wood scarcity) and avoiding burning waste has environmental benefits. Previous studies conducted on particleboards made with mulberry pruning waste have shown good results [32]. Other studies have been conducted on containers made with _Arundo donax_ L. [37], which performed similarly to conventional wood containers. The objective of this research was to make fruit and vegetable containers using mulberry pruning waste particleboards, analyze their mechanical properties and evaluate their industrial applications.
# Energy-Efficient Subcarrier Pairing and Power Allocation for DF Relay Networks with an Eavesdropper
###### Abstract  
Algorithms for joint subcarrier pairing and power allocation are investigated in order to maximize the worst-case energy efficiency (EE) in dual-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relay networks in the presence of an active eavesdropper. Accordingly, we study the impact of number of subcarriers on the trade-off in performance between the EE and the spectrum efficiency (SE). The formulated EE optimization problem is the ratio of the secure SE over the entire power consumption in the network, subject to the constraints of total transmit power and subcarrier pairing. A near-optimal iterative algorithm is proposed to perform the subcarrier pairing and power allocation for achieving the maximum EE in the networks. Furthermore, a suboptimal algorithm is proposed with two-step resource allocation. By considering the subcarrier channel quality of the source-to-relay and relay-to-destination links, the subcarrier pairing is first performed, followed by an energy-efficient iterative power allocation scheme to maximize the EE. Numerical results validate the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed algorithms.  
power allocation; subcarrier pairing; decode-and-forward; energy efficiency; eavesdropper; relay networks +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Article_
## 3 Results
### Filters  
Figure 4 shows the results obtained after applying a pair of filtering options and a measurement without any filter applied in the measurement of the precision calibration lenses. When evaluating the effect of filter application on the calibration lens measurement, it was observed that regardless of the base power of the lens, the filter acted in the area of the central 1 mm approximately (radius 0.50 mm) for the 20/20 filter and 0.50 mm (radius 0.25 mm) for the 5/10 filter. The application of the 20/20 filter yielded much smoother values than the 5/10 filter; however, central irregularities were still observed with both filters, as well as with measurements without a filter.  
Figure 5 illustrates the average radial power obtained for the ReZoom lens. The application of filters during the measurements revealed that the 20/20 filter affected a central zone with a diameter of approximately 1.25 mm, while the 5/10 filter had an impact on a central area less than 1 mm in diameter, in comparison to the measurements obtained without any filter.  
Figure 3: Average power profile of the ReZoom +20.00 D lens. (**A**) shows the profile from the center to the periphery while (**B**) shows the central area. The solid blue line is the average of 10 measurements and the dashed lines are the intervals of confidence computed from the standard deviation. The black dashed vertical lines limit the area with good repeatability.  
Figure 4: Average radial power vs. lens semi-diameter for the three ophthalmic calibration lenses measured with a 20–20 filter (solid red line), 5–10 filter (dashed green line), and with no filter (dashed blue line) from the center to the periphery in **(A)** and in the central zone in **(B)**. The black vertical lines limit the area where the measurements are different depending on the filter used.  
Figure 5: **(Top)** Average radial power vs. IOL semi-diameter for the ReZoom lens measured with a 20–20 filter (solid red line), 5–10 filter (dashed green line), and with no filter (dashed blue line) from the center to the periphery. **(Bottom)** Average radial power vs. IOL semi-diameter in the center zone for the ReZoom lens measured with a 20–20 filter (dashed red line), 5–10 filter (dashed green line), and with no filter (dashed blue line). The vertical lines limit the area where the measurements are different depending on the filter used compared to no filter (red for the 20–20 filter and green for the 5–10 filter).
# Can Blockchain Strengthen the Energy Internet?
## 3 Improved Trust, Security and Privacy
### Role of Blockchain  
Blockchain platform inherently establishes trust with minimal external interventions while offering a secure and transparent mechanism to create a reliable link between the nodes participating in energy trading. Transactions are recorded in an immutable and transparent format while each node holds a copy of the current ledger [21], preventing data modification and false data injection. Smart contracts could automate processes such as billing and finance settlement without the requirement of a trusted third-party intervention at a cost, while blockchains with the inherent use of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) would enable identity authentication with pseudo-anonymity, privacy preservation of the participating nodes and protection of data integrity [44]. The Lightning Network and Smart Contract (LNSC) model proposed in [45] offers a security model comprising of registration,scheduling, authentication and charging phases. This integrates security options for user authentication, facilitating secure mechanisms for charging and discharging EVs. Guard-time, a US-funded project, has utilized a keyless authentication scheme for scalable EI grids with hash-function cryptography and digital signature authentication [21].  
Cryptanalysis, in which breach of encryption algorithm is observed, can be addressed through the digital signatures incorporating private-public key pair, which is unique to each stakeholder. AI and ML models introduce a new set of adversaries, including data poisoning attacks, model evasion, extraction and inversion-related ML techniques utilized in EI grid realization [42]. Data poisoning can be mitigated through the incorporation of blockchain distributed data storage, while alternatives such as adversarial machine learning, moving target defence and defensive distillation would provide resilience against adversaries identified in ML models [42].  
Even though tampering of IoT devices and undesirable data traffic in communication channels cannot be fully addressed through blockchain initiatives, such platforms can be utilized to monitor the scenario and execute corrective measures to minimize the damage. Further, the existing security and privacy-preserving mechanisms incorporating cryptography and 51% attacks on the blockchain-based applications are vulnerable to advancements in quantum computing, thus demanding for quantum-resilient security alternatives [46; 47; 48].
## 2 Formulation of the P-FGM Model  
The FGM structures considered in the present work were made by mixing two distinct isotropic material phases, in this case, a ceramic and a metal. Using the volume fraction of the constituent materials, as proposed by the power law function in [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17], the through-thickness material properties of an FGM plate-shell structure can be obtained, as in [PERSON] et al. [6; 7]. The volume fraction of the ceramic and metal phases for each virtual layer \(k\) is defined according to the power law  
\[V_{c}^{k}=\left(0.5+\frac{\overline{z}}{h}\right)^{p};\ V_{m}^{k}=1.0-V_{c}^{k} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\overline{z}\) is the thickness coordinate of the mid-surface of each virtual layer \(k\).  
Knowing the volume fractions \(V_{c}^{k}\) and \(V_{m}^{k}\) and using the rule of mixtures, the material properties, such as Young's modulus E or mass density \(\varrho\), of each virtual layer of an FGM can be determined:  
\[E_{k}=V_{c}^{k}\ E_{c}+V_{m}^{k}\ E_{m} \tag{2}\]  
These equations show that when \(p=0\), the plate is fully ceramic and when \(p=\infty\), the plate is fully metal.
# Road Traffic Gesture Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Using Fuzzy Logic
## 3 Foundations for System Design  
### Fuzzy Logic Foundations  
In classical (Boolean) logic, either a statement is true, or its negation is false. That is to say, an autonomous vehicle is either at an intersection or it is not. However, in reality, the vehicle may be at the intersection, close to the intersection, or far away from it. Fuzzy logic accommodates partial inclusion beyond the binary extremities of yes and no or true and false. It incorporates such intermediate possibilities between yes and no surrounding a vehicle at an intersection as being at the intersection, close to the intersection, or far away from the intersection. These intermediate possibilities are referred to as the degree of belonging to a yes (1) or a no (0) in the closed interval [0,1]. The truth of a statement in fuzzy logic depends on this degree.  
Data from sensors form crisp input and are translated by a fuzzification interface also known as a fuzzifier into appropriate linguistic values using membership functions stored in a knowledge base. A fuzzy inference engine maps the linguistic values to corresponding fuzzy outputs stored in a knowledge base. The knowledge base, derived from an expert's experiences, is a collection of \"if--then\" rules and a database containing membership functions and conjunction/disjunction elements used in forming the fuzzy rules. A defuzzification interface then translates the results from the inference engine back into the form in which the input from sensors were obtained: crisp values.  
There are two main fuzzy inference methods: Mamdani and Sugeno. While the Mamdani approach to fuzzy inference results in a fuzzy set which requires a defuzzification step, the Sugeno inference outputs a mathematical expression of the result or a weighted average of the rule strengths, and hence, no defuzzification step is required. The Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system was chosen for this work.
## 7 Discussion
The most important challenge in these routing protocols is to accurately obtain location information of nodes because if the position of the nodes is not available and/or is not accurately calculated, the performance of these protocols will not be accurate. Note that QGrid uses two routing techniques, namely the greedy strategy (non-DTN routing scheme) and the Markov prediction method (DTN routing scheme) to discover routes in the road segments. On the other hand, RLRC, [PERSON] et al., and SeScR use clustering techniques in their routing process, so that CH node manages the cluster and inter-cluster communication. These routing methods can greatly reduce routing messages exchanged in the network and prevent network congestion. However, the challenges of this type of routing protocol are CH selection and cluster management, especially for dynamic networks such as VANET. Furthermore, Q-LBR, ECTS, PFQ-AODV, and RHR are known as topology-based routing protocols, so that Q-LBR, ECTS, and PFQ-AODV are reactive routing methods. These methods are successful in terms of memory consumption, bandwidth, and routing overhead. However, they are faced with challenges such as high delay in the route discovery process, flooding control messages, and congestion on the network. On the other hand, RHR integrates proactive and reactive schemes and utilizes their benefits such as controlling routing overhead and lowering delay in the routing operation. It is appropriate for large-scale networks. Note that some routing protocols integrate position-based routing and topology-based routing. For example, the RL-based routing processes in some geographic routing protocols like IV2 XQ, QGrid, GLS, and IRQ are executed in a proactive manner. Additionally, the routing process in QAGR, CEPF, RSAR, and QFHR integrate geographic and reactive routing methods. Finally, RLRC is a cluster-based reactive routing scheme. This means that the routing process between CH nodes is performed using a reactive manner.
## 5 Analytical Methods
### Spectroscopic Techniques  
The first attempt for the spectroscopic determination of 4(5)MEI was made by [PERSON] et al. [87] using fluorescence spectroscopy. The method was based on the oxidation of 1,1,3-tricyano-2-amino-1-propene, which is favored by 4(5)MEI, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and copper. The fluorescent reaction system presented \(\lambda\)ex = 345 and \(\lambda\)em = 415 nm and the detection levels of 4(5)MEI were at 10\({}^{-5}\) M.  
A UV-Vis spectroscopic determination of 4(5)MEI in soy sauce has been reported by [PERSON] et al. [88]. The extraction of 4(5)MEI from soy sauce was conducted using dichloromethane, followed by a diazotization reaction to form a red color compound, which absorbs at 440 nm. The recoveries obtained from this method were 97.25-99.44%.  
Another UV-Vis spectroscopic method, with a detection wavelength at 315 nm, has been developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [53]. The researchers reported the use of ionic liquids (C\({}_{6}\)mim PF\({}_{6}\) and Cyphos IL 101) for the application of vortex assisted-ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-IL-DLLM) of 4(5)MEI from a variety of food matrices. The 4(5)MEI is extracted from aqueous extracts to the ionic liquid phase after the formation of ion-pair anionic chelate complex Aglm(ImH)(H\({}_{2}\)N-C(CH\({}_{2}\)OH)\({}_{2}\)(CH\({}_{2}\)O)-, at pH 7.0. The validation study performed on honey and tea quality control samples provided low LOQs (4.24 and 4.73 ug L\({}^{-1}\)) and the recovery ranged from 91.5-96.3%.
# Preliminary Insights into 3D Cheiloscopy for Forensic Applications: A Pilot Study
## 4 Discussion
### Forensic Applications of 3D Scanning and Lip Print Simulation  
Although the intraoral scanner in this study was used to acquire the direct morphology of the lips rather than lip prints, its potential forensic applications should not be overlooked. Unlike traditional analog methods that require powder or adhesive tape to visualize and transfer lip prints, the scanner directly captures the three-dimensional anatomy of the lips. This could represent an advantage in forensic scenarios, as it eliminates the need for intermediary materials and post-processing while ensuring a more accurate and reproducible acquisition of labial morphology.  
Future studies could explore the possibility of generating simulated lip prints from 3D models, either through digital simulations or by 3D printing physical models. These approaches would allow for the controlled study of how labial morphology interacts with different surfaces and materials, replicating forensic conditions more precisely. By using printed models, it would also be possible to directly simulate lip print deposition, facilitating comparative analyses between traditional and digital methodologies.
## 7 Rationale for ka-band selection
### Technical aspects
#### Ionospheric aspects  
In addition, in the Ka-band, ionospheric effects are most often negligible. Indeed, the ionospheric error is inversely proportional to the square of the frequency and the typical expected effect on the range is a delay of about 0.02 ns (corresponds to 3 mm). In any case, when required, DORIS may provide a dual frequency correction in extreme and non frequent ionospheric conditions.
## 4 On-Site Experiment and Analysis
### Results Analysis and Discussion
(2) The RMSE is 0.012 mm for the improved SOBI signal de-noising method, which is smaller than that of the EMD method and greater than that of the EEMD method. The reason is that the removal of noise caused by passing vehicles near the IBIS-S instrument may have caused a reduction in the RMSE using the improved SOBI signal de-noising method. Although a smaller RMSE can be obtained using the proposed signal de-noising method if the on-site experiment was done without passing vehicles near the IBIS-S instrument, it is difficult to find a suitable time range to acquire dynamic time-series displacement data of bridges. The results indicate that the improved SOBI signal de-noising method had a powerful de-noising ability, which not only reduced the noise caused by the surrounding environment, but also reduced the noise caused by vibrations of the monitoring instrument.
# An Equilibrium Strategy-Based Routing Optimization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Comparison with Other Algorithms  
Firstly, in order to validate the proposed protocol and perform a fair comparison, we take the change of buffer size as an example and carry out experimental simulation in this section. Furthermore, as the buffer size increases, the ability of the node to accommodate the data packet is improved, and the degree of congestion in the area can be alleviated to some extent, so the packet loss rate will be reduced accordingly. Here, Figure 6 shows the trend of packet loss rate with varying buffer size. It can be seen that the packet loss rate does decrease with the increase of the buffer size, and our algorithm, that is ESRA, shows obvious advantages.  
Then we analyze the time complexity of these three algorithms. In our proposed ESRA, an initial shortest path from each source node to the sink can be calculated according to the Dijkstra algorithm, and the required time complexity is \(O(N^{2})\). Then, all the paths that adjacent to their initial shortest path of the same source node are calculated, and the paths are sorted according to the weights by the merge sorting to obtain the shortest path set, so the time complexity is \(O(N\cdot logN)\). The next step is to layer all nodes, and the required time complexity is \(O(N)\). After that, we need sort the loads of all nodes and implement the edge-cutting strategy, the time complexity of this step is \(O(N\cdot logN)\). In general, the time complexity of our proposed algorithm in a worst-case scenario is \(O(N^{2})\). As for FLEOR and FAF-EBRM, after getting different values by considering some attributes of the forward  
Figure 5: PLR varying with parameter \(\beta\) at different network sizes.  
Figure 6: The PLR comparisons with varying buffer size.  
neighbor nodes, the neighbor node with the largest value is selected as the next hop by sorting, namely, the time complexity required of both algorithms is \(O(N\cdot logN)\).  
From the above analysis, it can be found that the computation of our proposed ESRA is slightly larger than FAF-EBRM and FLEOR, but it shows obvious advantages in terms of network performance according to the subsequent comparative analysis, which is detailed as following sections.