# Recent Advances in Applications of Ionic Liquids in Miniaturized Microextraction Techniques
## 2 Ionic Liquids in Miniaturized Microextraction Techniques
### Stir-Cake Sportive Extraction (SCSE)  
Stir-cake sorptive extraction technique is an improved version of SBSE introduced in 2011 [40]. The SCSE device consists of a holder made of iron where the stationary phase is placed. The most common used extractive mediums in SCSE are monolithic cakes designed and prepared properly according to the extracted analytes. In the literature the most often used extraction phases are poly(4-vinylbenzoic acid-divinylbenzene) (VBADB) sorbents based on polymeric ionic liquids.  
[PERSON] et al. proposed a new SCSE approach using as sorbent a polymeric ionic liquid monolith obtained by the in situ copolymerization of an ionic liquid, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazoliumbis[(trifluor methyl)sulfonyl]imide (AMII) and divinylbenzene (DB) in the presence of \(N\),\(N\)-dimethylformamide [41]. By coupling SCSE-AMIIDB with high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection (SCSE-AMIIDB-HPLC/DAD) a simple and effective method for the determination of trace benzimidazoles (Bas) residues in water, milk and honey samples was established with low LODs and high levels of recovery. The SCSE-AMIIDB extractive medium can effectively extract polar BAs through multi-interaction such as hydrophobic, \(\pi\)-\(\pi\), hydrogen-bonding and dipole-dipole interactions because of the multiple functional groups in the sorbent.  
Another preparation of a polymeric ionic liquid-based sorbent for SCSE was developed by [PERSON] et al. for the extraction of metal ions for the first time [42]. The SCSE sorbent was prepared in situ polymerization of 3-(1-ethyl imidazolium-3-yl) propyl-methacrylamide bromide and ethylene dimethacrylate and was used for the extraction of trace antimony in environmental water samples and combined with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) for the determination of trace antimony. The developed method has some advantages such as convenience, sensitivity, good reproducibility and cost-effectiveness, satisfactory linearity, and high recoveries.  
In another study, [PERSON] and [PERSON] prepared a polymeric ionic liquid-based adsorbent as the extraction medium of stir cake sorptive extraction (SCSE) of three organic acid preservatives, namely, \(p\)-hydroxybenzoic acid, sorbic acid and cinnamic acid [43]. The synthesis of the adsorbent was carried out by the copolymerization of 1-ally-3-vinylimidazolium chloride (AV) and divinylbenzene (DVB) in the presence of a porogen solvent containing 1-propanol and 1,4-butanediol. After a long study to obtain the optimized conditions, the SCSE/AVDVB could extract the preservatives effectively through multiply interactions. In this framework, a simple and sensitive method by combining SCSE/AVDVB and HPLC/DAD was developed for the simultaneous analysis of the target preservatives in orange juices and tea drinks. The proposed method showed high sensitivity, good reproducibility, high cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness.  
Apart from the application of SPME for the determination of estrogens, SCSE has been used an alternative for the determination of estrogens in water samples was developed by [PERSON] and coworkers [44]. In the framework of their study, a new PIL-based, a poly (1-ally-3-vinylimidazolium chloride-co-ethylene dimethacrylate)-AVED, monolith cake was prepared and used as sorbent of SCSE to extract trace estrogens with multi-interactions such as hydrophobic, \(\pi\)-\(\pi\), hydrogen-bonding and dipole-dipole interactions effectively before their injection in HPLC-DAD system. The developed AVED/SCSE-LD-HPLC/DAD method showed a wide linear range, low LODs, satisfactory reproducibility and good recoveries for real water samples.