# Enhanced IoT-Based End-To-End Emergency and Disaster Relief System
## 6 Conclusions  
In this article, we presented the CROW\({}^{2}\) system, an IoT end-to-end emergency and disaster relief system. CROW\({}^{2}\) is implemented based on the ORACE-Net routing protocol, especially designed for the disaster context. To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, we deployed the routing protocol and the payload applications on two different platforms (Raspberry Pi and Android smart phone). We equipped a rescuer with on-body sensors connected to a smart phone via Bluetooth. The entire system uses an IoT platform as a back-end to push, record, publish and analyze sensed data. The performance of the system is investigated according to the following relevant metrics: average throughput and jitter, average end-to-end delay and average link quality estimation. We emphasized also motion detection and links' unavailability prevention based on the collected data. Finally, we sampled the indoor interference score and noise to estimate its impact on the system behavior. It can be concluded that the CROW\({}^{2}\) system outperformed the given requirements for wireless body-to-body communications in terms of throughput and jitter. However, being effected by the indoor environment, the behaviors of \(E2E_{LQE}\) and \(E2E_{delay}\) are moderately fair. This article validates a few research works, especially simulation-based ones, with a real implementation and experiment. Further, it highlights also the limitation of other theoretical proposals, specifically those adopting low power consumption wireless standards for body-to-body communications. This work could be considered as a reference to researchers for real wireless body-to-body implementation using a dedicated routing protocol for the disaster relief context. It is also a reference for routing and technology standards' adoption for similar use cases. As future works, an outdoor experiment could be conducted to provide a complete overview of the system behavior in different situations. Furthermore, a study supported by implementation could be provided to advise on the optimal number of tactical devices for both indoor and outdoor scenarios. An autonomous disaster mode in wireless devices may be proposed based on the ORACE-Net routing approach.  
This publication was made possible thanks to NPRPGrant #[6-1508-2-616] from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of the Qatar Foundation). Funding of this paper was through the first author.  
This paper was prepared through the collective efforts of all authors. In particular, [PERSON] prepared the manuscript based on the suggestions and guidance of [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [PERSON] made substantial contributions towards the overall writing, organization and presentation of the paper. He also conducted the experiment, based on which the results were discussed. In particular, he contributed to the Introduction, Related Works and the CROW\({}^{2}\) system implementation. He detailed also the experiment scenario and discussed the achieved results. [PERSON] introduced the scope of the paper within the Abstract, then helped to present the CROW\({}^{2}\) system and the WBAN technologies. [PERSON] advised on the conducted experiment and coded the C sources on the tactical devices. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] did a critical revision of the paper and provided detailed feedback to improve the manuscript content.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 11: (a) Interference score (in dBm) recorded over 25 s on the channel at 2.412 GHz (AirMagnet WiFi Analyzer Limited Edition). (b) Screen-shot of signal and noise (as a percentage) recorded over 50 s (AirMagnet WiFi Analyzer Limited Edition).