esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Source Anonymity against Global Adversary in WSNs Using Dummy Packet Injections: A Survey
## 1 Introduction
In some cases, corrupted packets are injected into the network by an adversary (Injected) or by modifying the existing real or fake packets (Modified) [30]. Figure 2 shows the different types of packets. Figure 1: Real event parameters. Figure 2: Packet types. Adversary capabilities are very critical and essential. Encountering a local adversary that has limited resources and a partial view of the network is completely different from a global adversary that has sophisticated resources and full view of the network. In a local adversary model, source anonymity is calculated by the safety period [31], which means how long the adversary takes to expose a source node; longer time indicates more privacy. The safety period measurement is fine if the adversary is local. However, it is not valid when the adversary is global as the adversary has the ability to perform complex techniques such as rate monitoring and time correlation attacks [28; 32; 33; 34; 35]. Adversaries can employ two types of attacks: active and passive [27; 36]. An active attack occurs when the adversary attempts to alter the network traffic by modifying the packets' header, the packets' content, or even by injecting new packets into the network to apply some attacks such as Denial-of-Service (_DoS_). In contrast, a passive attack occurs when an adversary analyzes the network traffic without alteration by observing which sensor nodes are transmitting and which sensor nodes are not. A passive attack is more difficult to detect than an active attack because no modifications are noticed by the system. This work attempts to defend against passive attacks. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the background. Section 3 describes the existing dummy packet techniques. Section 4 provides a classification for privacy techniques using dummy packets injection. Section 5 discusses the global adversary models. Section 6 provides a classification of the global adversary models. Section 7 presents the conclusion.
# Surface Motion for P-Wave Scattering by an Arbitrary-Shaped Canyon in Saturated Half-Space
## 5 Parameter Analysis
### Semicircular Canyon
#### 5.1.2 Incident Angle  
Figure 5 shows the influence of different incidence angles and dimensionless frequencies on surface displacement when the porosity \(n_{s}\) = 0.3. The incidence angle has a significant influence on the amplitude of surface displacement. When the P-wave is oblique incident at the angle of \(\gamma_{1}\) = 30\({}^{\circ}\), the amplitude of \(x\)-component displacement is the largest, followed by 60\({}^{\circ}\), 5\({}^{\circ}\), and 90\({}^{\circ}\). For \(y\)-component displacement, the amplitude of displacement is the largest when the P-wave is vertically incident at the incident angle \(\gamma_{1}\) = 90\({}^{\circ}\), followed by 60\({}^{\circ}\), 30\({}^{\circ}\), and 5\({}^{\circ}\). At the canyon boundary, the difference between the effects of the incident angle on the horizontal displacement amplitude is not obvious, and the effect of the incident angle on the \(y\)-component displacement amplitude is the same as that on both sides, but the displacement oscillation of the two components is more obvious than that on both sides, and the displacement peak value appears at near of \(x/a=\pm 1\). In addition, at oblique incidence, the displacement curve of the backside of the canyon is relatively stable and the oscillation is weak, which reflects the shielding effect of the canyon.  
Figure 4: Influence of porosity on the displacement response of a semicircular canyon (\(\eta\) = 2).
###### Abstract
In [24] an EBG induced dual MIMO antenna is presented. With the help of PIN diode-integrated branch-lines (BLs), the isolation is increased. In [25], a two element MIMO system is presented at mm-wave band with a central frequency of 28 GHz with a parasitic element. This parasitic element is used for self-field cancellation for the MIMO configuration. In [26], the isolation among closely packed MIMO elements is increased with help of DGS slots. This research presents a simple planar monopole MIMO antenna system arranged in linear manner. The proposed MIMO antenna exhibits dual wide-band characteristics covering two mmwave 5G alloted resonances of 28 and 38 GHz, respectively. The four element linear MIMO system satisfies the MIMO performance parameters and also gives high gain of 11 dBi. The paper is organized as follows. Section 1 covers the detailed literature review and introduction of mmwave MIMO systems. Section 2 covers the antenna design analysis and its configuration into MIMO form. Section 3 presents the results obtained from the fabricated prototype followed by the conclusion.
## 4 Experiment Results and Analysis  
Real-time control experiments using both the pure ASP algorithm in Figure 1 and the additive ASP algorithm with the feedforward enhancement in Figure 3 were carried out while the engine of the test car was accelerated from about 1000 r/min to about 5500 r/min at the neutral mode.  
In the experiment, a total of six engine orders including three (C2, C4, and C8) for canceling noise and three (C3, C6, and C9) for enhancing sound were controlled against their pre-designed target profiles. The all-target levels of the C2, C4, and C8 orders were set to 0 dBA in the entire engine speed range because they were intended to be attenuated as much as possible. On the other hand, in the case of the other C3, C6 and C9 orders, specific target levels were given to them for enriching their sound.  
The measured experiment results for each order using the pure ASP algorithm were analyzed in terms of noise reduction performance for noise canceling or tracking performance for sound enhancing. Then, the tracking performance of the proposed additive ASP algorithm was compared with that of the pure ASP algorithm. The design of \(A(z)\) for the feedforward enhancement was conducted before the additive ASP control experiment.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs)
The outcome of this process is evident in the dendrograms depicted in Figure 6. These dendrograms serve as a guiding framework to ascertain the optimal number of groups to form from the detected spikes for the macaque monkey (Figure 6a) and human pancreatic data (Figure 6b). Notably, through careful analysis, a decision was reached to shape six distinct groups for the former and five for the latest. This choice stems from the discernment of six groups effectively capturing differentiable disparities among the detected potentials as observed through the utilization of previous grouping methodologies. Moreover, aligning this determination with the distribution of the dendrogram attests to the judicious selection of the resulting groups. With the optimal number of groups identified, the subsequent step involves establishing the grouping within the Self-Organizing Map. Illustrated in Figure 15, this graphical representation highlights the distinct clusters that emerge as a result of uniting nodes with the closest Euclidean distance. These clusters manifest as an embodiment of cohesive neural patterns, effectively grouping nodes that exhibit similar characteristics. Notably, Figure 7 offers a 3D visualization portraying the spatial distribution of these clusters, affording an insightful view into the intricate relationship among grouped neural activities. Through this approach, we successfully delineate the three primary categories of potentials depicted in Figure 6 for the macaque monkey data. Furthermore, our results closely parallel those attained via the K-means method augmented with PCA in the accurate identification of distant potentials. The distinctive profiles characterizing the groups are laid out in Tables 9 and 10, providing an overview of the shape attributes intrinsic to each group for both signals, complemented by the corresponding number of constituent elements. Figure 14: (**a**) Density and (**b**) distance graphs. Figure 15: Groups formed on the Self-Organizing Map for (**a**) macaque monkey data and (**b**) human pancreatic data. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Spike Shape** & **Number of Spikes** \\ \hline
1 & & 27 \\ \hline
2 & & 24 \\ \hline
3 & & 76 \\ \hline
4 & & 93 \\ \hline
5 & & 49 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Groups formed with Self-Organizing Maps (macaque monkey data).
# Augmented Reality in Precision Farming: Concepts and Applications
## 2 Augmented Reality in Agriculture
### AR in for Crop and Livestock Management
This results in less manpower to manage larger numbers of animals, making individual management and subject identification a difficult task. Implementation of technological tools, such as radio frequency identification devices (RFID) and livestock monitoring systems (LMS), offer solutions for this per animal identification and management concept [13, 16]. However, the provided implementation is limited without a visual or interactive outlet for the information. Yet, similarly to the crop management applications, AR opens up the possibilities for a real-time data-driven display of individual animals in the farmers view, both in dynamic scenarios (i.e., grazing cows) and more static scenarios (i.e., lactating cows) as demonstrated by the examples presented as follows. [PERSON] et al. [16] showcase the advantages of using AR through smart glasses to retrieve information (feeding, milking, breeding, health etc.) per subject in real-time. Farmers are able to scan QR codes attached to subjects in the field to access files containing information on that particular animal. A significant added value of using AR technologies within this setting is that it allows farmers to access information without interfering with the tasks they perform. The technology provides a window to the remote sensor data on a per animal approach level. Additionally, retrieval of information (that is otherwise time consuming) is conducted systematically and in real-time, providing the farmer support for efficient decision making. A further example is presented by [PERSON] et al., who developed a mobile application to locate (track) and manage large numbers of cattle in extensive areas [13]. The application combines GPS measurements and computer vision algorithms to deliver information of cow locations in the field. As a result, the application offers the possibility to track any registered animal via its unique identifier and guide the farmer to its position in the field through augmented features (arrows). The farmer is then able to select an animal (again, demonstrating the per-animal level requirements) in the real world within the smartphone's camera range and visualize data through superimposed text coupled with 3D models relevant to management.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Unsupervised Homography Estimation Model
#### 2.1.4 Loss Calculation Layer  
The spatial transformation layer warps the initial image patch, \(P_{A}\), based on the estimated \(3\times 3\) homography matrix obtained earlier, resulting in the predicted image patch \(P_{B}^{\prime}\). Finally, the photometric loss, \(L_{PW}\), is computed pixel-wise between \(I_{B}^{\prime}\) and \(I_{B}\) as the loss parameter. This loss is then backpropagated to HomographyNet, with the assumption that the network's output, the 4-point parameterized homography matrix estimate \(H_{4 points}\), should minimize the photometric loss. The formula for \(L_{PW}\) is as follows:  
\[L_{PW}=\frac{1}{x_{i}}\sum_{x_{i}}|I_{A}\left(\widetilde{H}(x_{i})\right)-I_{ B}(x_{i})| \tag{11}\]
# Multi-Wavelength Path Loss Model for Indoor VLC with Mobile Human Blockage
## 4 Blockage Probability Analysis and Modeling  
In this section, we present human blockage characterization with consideration of human mobility and human body shadowing and conduct the BP modeling in both the single-LED scenario and the multi-LED scenario. Firstly, the human moving trajectory is generated to derive the time allocation and position information of the human body. Secondly, the human body shadowing calculation method is used to determine the extent of the human shadowing area for a specific human position. Then, the human shadowing area is calculated for each human position in the moving trajectory. Finally, for each receiving position, the BP is obtained by calculating the percentage of time that it is in the shadowing area.
# Ct Value from RT-qPCR Can Predict SARS-CoV-2 Virus Assembly and Lineage Assignment Success
## 3 Results
### RT-QPCR and Lineage/Clade Assignment  
For samples with lower Ct values (E gene), the SARS-CoV-2 clade was mostly assigned (correlation coefficient with successful clade assignment = \(-\)0.78, while 8 Ct values were undetermined, left out of correlation statistics, and all unassigned). For samples where the assembly was not successful enough to assign a clade to the virus, the median Ct value was 33.54. The minimum value was 25.46. The Ct value was not determined for eight samples. The median of the determined samples was 24.24 with a maximum value of 30.57. Samples with a Ct value < 25 appear to be viable for both virus clade assignment and assembly.
## 1 Introduction
However, these techniques suffer from complex modulation techniques that add a huge/moderate cost to the colorless ONU and require a large channel spacing [18; 19; 20]. Adding a Continuous Wave (CW) light source at a remote node (RN) is another approach [21]. It satisfies both avoiding the RB effect and the requirement for a low-cost ONU while not taking wavelength utilization into consideration [4]. Finally, the cross-seeding RB elimination technique, as introduced recently in [22; 23], provides remarkable RB mitigation, a high level of wavelength utilization, and a low-cost colorless ONU. One can conclude that the cross-seeding method achieves optimum RB mitigation and the best Bit Error Rate (BER) performance compared to other RB mitigation/reduction techniques. This is achieved at a higher system cost due to the use of extra devices and fibers [18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. RB mitigation via the DWDM-PON architecture is simulated, tested, and evaluated through this work. The future of channel spacing in the telecommunication standardization sector of the International Telecommunications Union G.694.1 (ITU-T G.694.1) for DWDM (i.e., 12.5 GHz) is successfully achieved with reasonable channel interference. Enhancing the downstream (DS) channel capacity, upstream (US) bit rate, minimizing the active components, and maintaining remarkable BER performance are the main targets of this work. A detailed review of the related literature and comparisons with this work will be carried out in Section 5 to ensure the validity and effectiveness of the proposed system. This comparison will include literature not only for DWDM-PON systems and WDM-PON, but also for a Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON and other related systems. The remaining part of this work can be classified as follows. The basic cross-seeding system design, architecture, and operating principles are demonstrated in Section 2. The detailed system architecture and parameters are presented in Section 3. In Section 4, tracing, testing, and an evaluation of the system are carried out. Section 5 includes a comparison between this work and the related literatures. The conclusion is introduced in Section 6.
###### Abstract  
In this paper, we demonstrate two subsystems based on Silicon Photonics, towards meeting the network requirements imposed by disaggregation of resources in Data Centers. The first one utilizes a 4 \(\times\) 4 Silicon photonics switching matrix, employing Mach Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs) with Electro-Optical phase shifters, directly controlled by a high speed Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) board for the successful implementation of a Bloom-Filter (BF)-label forwarding scheme. The FPGA is responsible for extracting the BF-label from the incoming optical packets, carrying out the BF-based forwarding function, determining the appropriate switching state and generating the corresponding control signals towards conveying incoming packets to the desired output port of the matrix. The BF-label based packet forwarding scheme allows rapid reconfiguration of the optical switch, while at the same time reduces the memory requirements of the node's lookup table. Successful operation for 10 Gb/s data packets is reported for a 1 \(\times\) 4 routing layout. The second subsystem utilizes three integrated spiral waveguides, with record-high 2.6 ns/mm\({}^{2}\), delay versus footprint efficiency, along with two Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (SOA-MZI) wavelength converters, to construct a variable optical buffer and a Time Slot Interchange module. Error-free on-chip variable delay buffering from 6.5 ns up to 17.2 ns and successful timeslot interchanging for 10 Gb/s optical packets are presented.  
optical switching; optical buffering; FPGA; photonic integrated circuits; bloom filter 2018 83; doi:10.3390/app8010083
First, it reduces the reliance on traditional cement, which is known for its high carbon footprint due to the energy-intensive production process. By partially replacing cement with rice husk ash, Vietnam can significantly lower the environmental impact of its construction activities. Second, rice husk ash improves the microstructure of concrete, leading to increased compressive strength and enhanced durability. This enhances the durability of the concrete, making it more resistant to environmental deterioration. As a result, the lifespan of structures is prolonged, and maintenance expenses are reduced. Moreover, this approach supports the principles of a circular economy by turning agricultural waste into valuable construction materials. It demonstrates how industries can collaborate to address environmental challenges while creating economic opportunities. Utilizing rice husk ash as a substance in concrete also highlights Vietnam's commitment to innovative solutions that promote sustainability in the construction sector. This study not only builds upon previous research recognizing the potential of RHA as a substitute for SF but also addresses a critical gap: a comprehensive analysis of how workability, entrapped air content, and the mechanical properties of UHPC interrelate. By conducting technically demanding direct tensile tests to assess tensile strength and stress-strain relationships, the research aims to optimize the RHA-SF ratios for UHPC. The study not only highlights the increased ductility and fracture energy in UHPC with 5% to 15% RHA but also emphasizes the practical application of locally sourced materials in Vietnam, contributing significantly to UHPC research and promoting sustainable construction practices. The assessment of various mechanical properties strengthens the case for RHA's integration into UHPC, particularly in regions where this material is abundant.
# Label-Guided Data Augmentation for Chinese Named Entity Recognition
## 6 Results and Discussion  
### Overall Model Performance  
To address **RQ1**, experiments on the overall performance of the model were conducted on the datasets OntoNotes 4.0 (Chinese) and MSRA. Table 5 presents the complete experimental results of the LGDA model and baseline models on three evaluation metrics. To facilitate direct comparison, we underline and bold the best-performing baseline model and the best results for each column of metrics.  
From Table 5, it can be seen that LGDA outperforms the baseline models in most metrics on the OntoNotes 4.0 (Chinese) dataset, with improvements in the F1 metric ranging from 0.06% to 25.23% and the highest improvements in the P and R metrics being 12.20% and 38.43%, respectively. However, E-strPron has a higher P metric than the LGDA model due to the fusion of rich features. Similarly, XLNet-Transformer-R has a higher R metric than the LGDA model. The reason for this is the use of R-Drop to prevent overfitting, which can help improve recall by enhancing the model's generalization ability. On the MSRA dataset, the LGDA model performs better than the baseline models in all metrics, with improvements in the F1 metric ranging from 0.31% to 11.21% and improvements in the P and R metrics of 0.35% to 6.57% and 0.28% to 15.83%, respectively. In short, the F1 metric of the models proposed in this paper surpasses both of these methods, indicating that the LGDA model utilizes label semantic knowledge more effectively.  
* **Conclusion 1:** The proposed model, LGDA, performs better than the baseline models in the majority of metrics and achieves superior results in Chinese named entity recognition tasks.
# Improvement of Arsenic Phytoextraction Using Indigenous Bacteria and Mobilizing Agents
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Preparation of Mescosms  
Mescosms tests represent a scale up from microcosm tests; since the tests are carried out in larger pots, mesoccosm tests allow study of the growth of plants at a more realistic scale, over a longer time period, and evaluation of the efficiency of phytoextraction in a more realistic way. In addition, the pots are equipped with a leachate collector to evaluate possible leaching of contaminants. Mescosm tests were carried out to verify the possibility of percolation of As following the addition of the mobilizing agents. The same plant species (hemp and corn) investigated in the microcosm tests were used, together with a 0.2 M KHC\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) + 0.01 M C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{8}\)O\({}_{6}\) mixture added as a mobilizer. The experimental conditions were the following:Soil: 4 kg of mixed soil + 1 kg of inert gravel per test; gravel was placed at the base of the pot to facilitate drainage;
2. Plant species: _C. sativa_ (20 seeds) and _Z. mays_ (10 seeds); the seeds were germinated on cotton and then subsequently transplanted;
3. Two different treatments (about 10 days after the transplant) for each type of plant, i.e., a control (CT) and a treatment with 0.2 M KHC\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) + 0.01 M C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{8}\)O\({}_{6}\) (hereinafter referred to as Ox 0.2/AA 0.01);
4. Administration of mobilizing agents: 50 mL of solution for 5 days + irrigation according to the needs of the plants;
5. PGPR: added to all mesocosms (except CTs);
6. Fertilization: a few days after plant transplantation, 10 + 10 mL of a 0.036% urea solution was added to the mesocosms in 2 days.  
All tests were performed in triplicate, with a total of 12 mesocosms, for a duration of 60 days. The tests aimed at evaluating not only the growth of plants for longer times but also the possible effects of the percolation of arsenic resulting from the treatment with mobilizing agents. In fact, the formation of leachate was monitored following daily irrigation (administered according to the needs of the plants). At the end of the test, following the harvesting of the plants, the mesocosms were saturated with water to simulate extreme conditions that could derive from particularly intense atmospheric phenomena.  
At the end of the growing period, the plants were collected, and plant samples were prepared as previously described.