## 2 Related Works
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Focus Area(s) of the Paper**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Wireless Protocol/Device**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**IoT Application Layer**} \\ \hline
[26] & \begin{tabular}{c} **\blacksquare** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} LoRaFarM aimed at supporting the \\ management of an arbitrary farm through the \\ integration of heterogeneous IoT technologies. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **\blacksquare** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} IEEE 802.11 \\ LoRaWAN \\ MQTT \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **\blacksquare** \\ \end{tabular} & Application Web \\ \hline
[27] & \begin{tabular}{c} **\blacksquare** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} The measurements are collected at the ground \\ level by the local nodes. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **\blacksquare** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} ZigBee \\ GPRS/3G \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **\blacksquare** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Cloud \\ User interface \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{1-1}
[28] & \begin{tabular}{c} **\blacksquare** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} The UAV sends the data to a central unit for \\ back-end cloud computing processing \\  & \begin{tabular}{c} and decision. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[28] & \begin{tabular}{c} **\blacksquare** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} The system is capable of monitoring \\ temperature, humidity, soil moisture level \\ using NodeMCU. \\ A notification in the form of SMS will be sent \\ to the farmer’s phone about the environmental \\ condition of the field. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} ESP8266 \\ GSM/GPRS \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **\blacksquare** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} ThingSpeak \\ Smartphone \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[29] & \begin{tabular}{c} **\blacksquare** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} An intelligent antifrost irrigation management \\ system is presented. \\ The system is self-sustaining using \\ solar panels. \\ The ANN could be used to optimally predict \\ the inside temperature of greenhouses. \\ FES controls the activation of a water pump. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Internet (TCP/IP) \\ GSM/GPRS \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Embedded computer \\ Website \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Related work windup in smart farming based on the IoT and UAV. This paper is motivated to present a low-cost platform for comprehensive environmental parameter monitoring using flying IoT. This integration between IoT and drone is also coupled with cloud computing technology, which, in turn, helps in building sustainable smart agriculture and enhancing crop productivity and farm management in a cost-effective, and timely manner. Thus, the paper aims to implement a system that periodically collects data using both under- and aboveground sensors on farms and sends them to the gateway; then, using a drone with a LoRa module onboard, the obtained data are transmitted to the cloud for storage, analysis, and monitor the status of crops and farms. The proposed platform is based on experimental work to fulfill the requirements of automated and real-time monitoring of the environmental parameters for 12 months. Thus, a clear picture can be obtained to make wise decisions in managing the crop and enhancing its productivity. This integrated system of multiple technologies used in the proposed platform develops comprehensive under- and aboveground sensors, along with considering an optimized propagation path loss, which is a noteworthy shift from existing works. In this context and to achieve the paper's aim, the following research objectives need to be pursued:  
1. Identification of environmental parameters affecting crop productivity;
2. Selection of a propagation model that is suitable for smart farming;
3.