## 3 Results
### Repellency
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Active Ingredient** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Time after** \\ **Introduction (hour)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Number on** \\ **Control Flower** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Number on** \\ **Treated Flower** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Z Value 1** \\ **_p_ Value** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Two-Sided** \\ **_p_ Value** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Celangulin} & 0.5 & \(1.4\pm 0.3\) & \(2.1\pm 0.9\) & \(-1.1339\) & \(0.2568\) \\  & 3 & \(1.5\pm 0.5\) & \(2.3\pm 0.5\) & \(-1.0954\) & \(0.2733\) \\  & 6 & \(1.4\pm 0.4\) & \(1.8\pm 0.4\) & \(-0.6000\) & \(0.5485\) \\  & 24 & \(4.0\pm 0.8\) & \(3.0\pm 0.8\) & \(1.0690\) & \(0.2850\) \\  & 48 & \(2.7\pm 0.8\) & \(2.8\pm 0.9\) & \(-0.1741\) & \(0.8618\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Cnidium lactone} & 0.5 & \(1.8\pm 0.6\) & \(1.3\pm 0.6\) & \(0.8165\) & \(0.4142\) \\  & 3 & \(2.0\pm 0.5\) & \(2.6\pm 0.5\) & \(-0.8220\) & \(0.4111\) \\  & 6 & \(2.0\pm 0.5\) & \(1.0\pm 0.4\) & \(1.6330\) & \(0.1025\) \\  & 24 & \(2.4\pm 0.6\) & \(1.6\pm 0.4\) & \(1.0607\) & \(0.2888\) \\  & 48 & \(3.3\pm 0.9\) & \(2.0\pm 0.7\) & \(1.4142\) & \(0.1573\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Martine} & 0.5 & \(1.8\pm 0.4\) & \(1.1\pm 0.5\) & \(1.0426\) & \(0.2971\) \\  & 3 & \(2.0\pm 0.5\) & \(2.6\pm 0.5\) & \(-0.8220\) & \(0.4111\) \\  & 6 & \(2.6\pm 0.7\) & \(3.5\pm 0.5\) & \(-1.0000\) & \(0.3173\) \\  & 24 & \(2.9\pm 0.7\) & \(4.4\pm 0.8\) & \(-1.5757\) & \(0.1151\) \\  & 48 & \(3.0\pm 0.7\) & \(3.3\pm 0.8\) & \(-0.3244\) & \(0.7456\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Nicotine} & 0.5 & \(1.6\pm 0.4\) & \(0.9\pm 0.6\) & \(1.4606\) & \(0.1441\) \\  & 3 & \(1.8\pm 0.7\) & \(0.8\pm 0.3\) & \(2.3349\) & \(0.0196\) \\  & 6 & \(2.6\pm 0.6\) & \(1.6\pm 0.5\) & \(1.6971\) & \(0.0897\) \\  & 24 & \(3.5\pm 0.6\) & \(2.5\pm 0.6\) & \(1.4142\) & \(0.1573\) \\  & 48 & \(3.4\pm 0.8\) & \(1.7\pm 0.3\) & \(2.3805\) & \(0.0173\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Pyrethrins} & 0.5 & \(1.8\pm 0.8\) & \(0\) & \(3.7417\) & \(<0.0001\) \\  & 3 & \(1.8\pm 0.5\) & \(0.4\pm 0.3\) & \(2.6679\) & \(0.0076\) \\  & 6 & \(2.1\pm 0.5\) & \(0.5\pm 0.2\) & \(2.8368\) & \(0.0046\) \\  & 24 & \(3.9\pm 0.9\) & \(0.4\pm 0.2\) & \(4.8020\) & \(<0.0001\) \\  & 48 & \(4.3\pm 1.3\) & \(1.7\pm 0.4\) & \(2.6667\) & \(0.0077\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Rotenone} & 0.5 & \(1.8\pm 0.5\) & \(0.4\pm 0.3\) & \(2.6679\) & \(0.0076\) \\  & 3 & \(2.6\pm 0.8\) & \(0.9\pm 0.5\) & \(2.6458\) & \(0.0082\) \\  & 6 & \(2.5\pm 0.6\) & \(0.5\pm 0.3\) & \(3.2660\) & \(0.0011\) \\  & 24 & \(3.3\pm 0.7\) & \(0.5\pm 0.2\) & \(4.0166\) & \(<0.0001\) \\  & 48 & \(2.8\pm 0.6\) & \(0.8\pm 0.5\) & \(2.5584\) & \(0.0150\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Stemonine} & 0.5 & \(2.1\pm 0.6\) & \(1.2\pm 0.3\) & \(1.7614\) & \(0.0782\) \\  & 3 & \(3.3\pm 0.9\) & \(1.3\pm 0.4\) & \(3.2660\) & \(0.0011\) \\  & 6 & \(3.8\pm 0.7\) & \(1.6\pm 0.4\) & \(3.2500\) & \(0.0012\) \\  & 24 & \(2.7\pm 0.5\) & \(2.0\pm 0.5\) & \(1.0690\) & \(0.2850\) \\  & 48 & \(1.9\pm 0.6\) & \(1.6\pm 0.4\) & \(0.5071\) & \(0.6121\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Veratridine} & 0.5 & \(1.6\pm 0.4\) & \(1.8\pm 0.3\) & \(-0.4685\) & \(0.6394\) \\  & 3 & \(2.3\pm 0.6\) & \(2.3\pm 0.7\) & \(0\) & \(1.0000\) \\  & 6 & \(3.3\pm 0.8\) & \(2.8\pm 0.6\) & \(0.8193\) & \(0.4126\) \\  & 24 & \(3.4\pm 0.7\) & \(3.8\pm 0.7\) & \(-0.1048\) & \(0.9165\) \\  & 48 & \(4.0\pm 0.7\) & \(3.3\pm 0.5\) & \(0.8193\) & \(0.4126\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* The hypothesis of equal numbers of thrips between the control and treated flowers was tested with binomial exact tests at \(\alpha=0.05\). Degree-of-freedom was not generated for binomial exact tests.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Mean numbers (\(\pm\)SEM) adult western flower thrips observed on periwinkle flowers diped in solution of Tween-20 (control) and one plant extract in two-choice repellency (plant extracts) bio-assays. greater than that of nicotine at most times.