# Human-Robot Interaction for Improving Fuselage Assembly Tasks: A Case Study
## 2 Human-Robot Interaction and Regulatory Frameworks
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Pros** & **Cons** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**Human**} & & Working times \\  & & Ergonomic issues \\  & Perception of operations & Task repeatability not ensured \\  & Decision making & Quality of operations \\  & Working-process control & Fatigue \\  & & Working load \\  & & Risk of injuries \\  & & High full cost \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**Robot**} & Reduction of working times & \\  & Quality of operations & \\  & Task repeatability & No perception of operations \\  & Not ergonomic issues & Low control of working process \\  & Continuous working & \\  & Scale economy & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**Human–Robot Interaction**} & Reduction of working times & \\  & Quality of operations & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Task repeatability & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Reduction of ergonomic issues & Continuous safety control \\ \cline{1-1}  & Continuous working & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Decision making & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Perception of operations & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Working-process control & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Pros and cons of human–robot interaction (HRI). The factory of the future will be characterized by human-machine coexistence, cooperation and coordination where the latter adapts to human's times and ways and through which advantages such as production flexibility, high performance and competitiveness on the global market are generated. The autonomy of \"evolved\" robots derives from the ability to process information collected by sensors and to plan the sequence of actions to be taken. Thanks to numerous studies on safety in HRI that are being conducted [27], it is plausible to argue that robots interacting with humans will not require perimeter security fences. The will replace human in performing repetitive or dangerous working tasks, increasing the efficiency of industrial plants and ensuring the workers' safety. Among these types of robots, currently Collaborative Robots are undoubtedly the most widespread in innovative industrial contexts, representing the avant-garde of robotics in the industry. However, as anticipated, there is concern about its impact on occupational health and safety management [28]. In the complexity of a HRI, the physical viewpoint is mainly focused on the risks of collisions occurring between the robot and its user [29]. Human-robot collaboration needs to deep-in safety aspects, comfort of use, safety perception and ergonomic guidelines. Technical specifications and standards, such as ISO TS/15066 [30], are taken into account, which provides guidance for the use of robots in collaborative operations based on safety requirements. ISO TS/15066 integrates the provisions and guidelines on the operation of collaborative industrial robots indicated in ISO 10218-1 [31] and ISO 10218-2 [32]. The current safety standards related to the discipline of robotics are actively updated in order to respond to any problems encountered in working environments. ISO 12218 is divided into two parts: ISO 10218-1:2011 Robots and robot equipment--safety requirements for industrial robots; Part 1: Robots; ISO 10218-2: 2011 Robots and robot equipment--Safety requirements for industrial robots; Part 2: Robot systems and robot integration. In the first part, a guidance for safety in design, protective measures and instructions about the use of industrial robots are introduced, describing the basic hazards and providing characteristics needed to eliminate or, at least, reduce the risks associated with them. The second part specifies the hazards arising from the integration of industrial robots into production lines and identifies the minimum safety requirements from undertaken by manufacturer, supplier and user to ensure a safe working environment. Going into detail about the type of robots, the standard that concerns specific collaborative robots is ISO/TS 15066:2016, specifying the safety requirements for industrial collaborative robotic systems and the working environment.