# Differences in Nurses' Upper-Body Posture in Manual Patient Handling--A Qualitative Case Study
## 3 Results
### Turning Acceleration
#### 3.3.1 Maximum Turning Acceleration  
Tables 5 and 6 show the results of the left- and right-sided turning maneuver with the maximum acceleration in X (transverse), Y (sagittal), and Z (longitudinal) directions (cf. Figure 2) for participants' shoulder and hip, separated for both sequences as well as for both nurses.  
Figure 4: SPM analysis of body postures. Blue line = nurse 1; red line = nurse 2; non-parametric t-test.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline X, Y, Z & **Seq** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Nures 1** \\ **(m/s\({}^{2}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Nures 2** \\ **(m/s\({}^{2}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **ME** \\ **(m/s\({}^{2}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **IA** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **BE (u)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **BE (Seq)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Hand on \\ shoulder X \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\(1\)} & \(1.17\pm 0.35\) & \(1.91\pm 1.79\) & \(0.68\pm 0.79\) & \(0.710\) & \(0.666\) & \(0.065\) & \(0.704\) \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-10}  & & \(4.80\pm 0.75\) & \(5.25\pm 1.31\) & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-10}  & & \((3.33\pm 0.75)\) & \((3.05\pm 0.86)\) & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Comparison of maximum turning acceleration in left-sided positioning between nurses and sequences; two-way ANOVA, main effects (ME), interaction of nurse x sequence (IA), and between-subject effect (BE) (N = 12) +.  
Participants' Shoulder Acceleration  
For left-sided positioning, we found higher shoulder accelerations for turning participants' shoulders in all three directions in nurse 2 compared to nurse 1. The statistical analysis showed a significant between-subject effect of nurses in participants' shoulder sagittal plane (\(p\) = 0.004, \(\eta p^{2}\) = 0.174) and in the shoulder longitudinal plane (\(p\) = 0.001, \(\eta p^{2}\) = 0.216). Both nurses showed higher overall shoulder accelerations for participants' shoulders in all three directions in sequence 2. The statistical analysis showed significant between-subject effects for sequences in participants' shoulder transverse plane (\(p\) < 0.001, \(\eta p^{2}\) = 0.704), sagittal plane (\(p\) < 0.001, \(\eta p^{2}\) = 0.616), and longitudinal plane (\(p\) < 0.001, \(\eta p^{2}\) = 0.615).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(\mathbf{X,Y,Z}\) & **Seq** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Nurse 1** \\ **(m/s\({}^{2}\))** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Nurse 2** \\ **(m/s\({}^{2}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ME**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**IA**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**BE (n)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**BE (Seq)**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Hand on**} & \multirow{4}{*}{1} & \(1\) & \(1.19\pm 0.50\) & \(1.83\pm 0.86\) & \multirow{4}{*}{**<0.001**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**0.651**} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.143} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.174} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.616} \\
**shoulder Y** & & & (0.06\(-\)2.50) & & & & & & \\
**1-1** &  
For right-sided positioning, we found higher shoulder accelerations for turning participants' shoulders in all three directions in nurse 2 compared to nurse 1. Both nurses showed higher overall shoulder accelerations for participants' shoulders in all three directions in sequence 2. The statistical analysis showed significant between-subject effects for sequences in participants' shoulders in the transverse plane (\(p<0.001\), \(\eta p^{2}=0.828\)), sagittal plane (\(p<0.001\), \(\eta p^{2}=0.703\)), and longitudinal plane (\(p<0.001\), \(\eta p^{2}=0.745\)).