Spatial Heterogeneity of Soil Nutrient in Principal Paddy and Cereal Production Landscapes of Fengtai County within the Huai River Basin, Eastern China  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huianian 232001, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] or [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.J. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.Z.) [PERSON]  
2 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] [EMAIL_ADDRESS] [EMAIL_ADDRESS] [EMAIL_ADDRESS] 202120055@aust. for food production. Beyond merely dispensing indispensable nutrients imperative for crop cultivation, soils have a salient role in underpinning broader human advancement [2]. Soil ecosystem service is the terminal of the soil ecosystem formed under the influence of human value orientation, and it is the direct contribution of the ecosystem to human income. Soil function is similar to the intermediate process of serving soil and exerting ecosystem service function [3]. Through an astute grasp of soil nutrient profiles, we can judiciously administer fertilizers, adopt congruent crop rotations, amplify fertilizer assimilation efficiencies, augment soil physicochemical attributes, and maintain a harmonized nutrient equilibrium within soils [4; 5]. The evaluation system of soil quality can be determined by using reverse thinking to find the characteristics of soil quality. Soil quality, as a measure of the degree to which soil plays its role in its ecosystem, affects the productivity and sustainability of agriculture [3]. The spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients is orchestrated by determinate variables encompassing topography, climatic parameters, and the lithological lineage of the soil [6]. In juxtaposition, stochastic human interventions--such as fertilization methodologies, tillage protocols, and irrigation paradigms--also leave their imprint [7; 8]. Delineating the spatial dispersal nuances of soil nutrients and grasping their extant state is of paramount significance for escalating crop outputs and fostering an agrarian paradigm rooted in sustainability; it can also map the ability of soil to provide ecosystem services from the side. Regional discernment of soil nutrient spatial dynamics forms the bedrock of their scientific oversight and judicious management [9]. Geostatistical methodologies, appreciating the spatial autocorrelation inherent in variables, bridge the void of conventional statistical models that often overlook spatial nuances [10]. Antecedent scholarly endeavors have delved into the spatial contours and intricate heterogeneity of soil nutrients across diverse landscapes, harnessing the synergies of geostatistical tools allied with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology [11]. [PERSON] et al. employed the multi-index Kriging method combined with GIS technology for automated assessment and dynamic monitoring of soils [12]. [PERSON] and colleagues utilized a stratified regression Kriging method based on a geodetector, wherein soil and land-use types were treated as categorical variables and the percentage of land use as a continuous variable. Their research yielded nutrient content maps with high spatial heterogeneity [13]. [PERSON] et al. analyzed the geospatial framework data set of more than 2700 soil profiles and environmental variables in the permafrost region of the northern hemisphere, generated a spatially explicit SOC storage estimation in the permafrost region, and quantified the spatial heterogeneity. It is identified that soil moisture and elevation are the main topographic control factors of SOC storage, while surface temperature (polar region) and precipitation (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) are significant climate control factors [14]. [PERSON] and his team obtained soil sample data from different years and, using the semivariogram method and Kriging interpolation, studied the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of soil nutrients [15]. [PERSON] et al.