# Green Extraction of Valuable Compounds from Rubber Seed Trees: A Path to Sustainability
## 7 Green Extraction of Rubber Seed Oil
### Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
#### 7.1.2 Current Studies on Rubber Seed Trees by SC-CO\({}_{2}\)  
The utilization of SC-CO\({}_{2}\) for the extraction of bioactive compounds from rubber seed trees has been the subject of recent research. These investigations have provided significant insights into the potential and effectiveness of this extraction method. The aforementioned investigations examine a range of facets pertaining to the extraction process, including the optimization parameters, characterization of extracted substances, and the prospective uses thereof. The impact of many essential factors, including pressure, temperature, and extraction time, on the yield and selectivity of SC-CO\({}_{2}\) extraction from rubber seed trees has been the subject of investigation by researchers. Numerous studies have been conducted with the objective of determining the ideal circumstances that may effectively enhance the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Effect on Yield and Recovery** & **Explanation** & **Ref** \\ \hline Pressure & The application of elevated pressure results in a corresponding augmentation in the quantity of yield product obtained. & The solubility of compounds is observed to be enhanced at elevated pressure conditions. & [72] \\ Temperature & The adjustment of temperature conditions facilitates the accomplishment of maximal yield recovery. & Increased temperatures possess the capacity to initiate the degradation of chemical substances. & [83] \\ CO\({}_{2}\) Flow Rate & The possibility for enhancing the total yield exists with an increase in flow rates. & Increased flow velocity may lead to enhanced mass transfer. & [84] \\ Co-Solvent & Increasing the concentration of co-solvent has the potential to enhance the total yield in some cases. & The inclusion of a co-solvent has the capacity to augment solubility. & [71] \\ Particle Size & The use of smaller particles has the potential to enhance overall yield. & The augmentation of surface area promotes the process of extraction. & [79] \\ Extraction Time & Extended extraction durations have the potential to result in increased yield. & A longer duration of extraction facilitates enhanced diffusion of compounds. & [85] \\ Matrix Pre-Treatment & The use of matrix pre-treatment has the potential to enhance yield. & The enhancement of bioactive compound release is facilitated by the disruption of cell walls. & [86] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The impact of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO\({}_{2}\)) on the recovery of yield and bioactive compounds: an analysis of parameters. extraction of certain bioactive chemicals, while simultaneously ensuring the maintenance of their overall quality. These studies provide significant insights and recommendations for attaining increased yields and preserving target molecules via comprehensive testing and analysis. In addition, current scholarly investigations have been dedicated to the characterization of bioactive compounds obtained by the utilization of the SC-CO\({}_{2}\) extraction method from rubber seed trees (as shown in Table 2). Sophisticated analytical techniques, including chromatography and spectroscopy, have been used to discern and measure the precise chemical constituents found inside the extracts. The characterization of the extracted compounds is of utmost importance in comprehending their composition and possible bioactivity, as this knowledge might have significant ramifications for their use in industrial and medicinal sectors. In addition to the optimization and characterization of chemicals, scholarly investigations have been conducted to study the possible uses of bioactive compounds derived from rubber seed trees using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. These uses include a wide range of sectors, such as medicines, nutraceuticalals, functional foods, cosmetics, and agriculture. The compounds under investigation are now being assessed by researchers for their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and other health-enhancing qualities.