# Acceptance Model for Mobile Building Information Modeling (BIM)
## 1 Introduction  
### Research Background  
Since the 2000s, building information management (BIM) has been used in construction projects for various purposes, and the devices used for BIM have become more diverse. Initially, BIM was implemented on an office environment; however, BIM in the office environment is difficult to share, so real-time communication with the construction site was challenging. As a result, various technologies that enable real-time information use were applied, such as web-based cloud applications [1; 2], virtual reality, and augmented reality [3; 4]. Further, handheld devices, such as mobile phones, have enabled real-time information use [5]. The use of mobile devices in the construction field for information utilization is changing. Further, the way the project stakeholders operate is also changing. Mobile phones allow portability, thus enabling real-time communication between the system and the project stakeholders [6]. Mobile-based BIM can enhance the collaborative performance of BIM, thus enabling the linked exchange of information [7]. Mobile programs in construction are used for viewing and managing drawings and documents, safetymanagement, and communication. According to a survey by the Architectural Urban Research and Information Center (AURIC), approximately 40% of the respondents said they used mobile programs, and they used functions for managing drawings and documents, checking construction codes, checking drawings on the site, checking modifications in the construction situation, and so on [8]. With the development of various mobile programs for utilizing BIM, it is possible to quickly check and modify 3D information in real time. Since 2011, many companies have launched BIM programs that can be supported in mobile environments [8]. Most existing BIM tools were based on an office environment such as Revit and ArchiCAD; however, the use of mobile programs in the BIM field is increasing due to the development of tools based on mobile environments such as A360, BIMx, and Format. Over time, it was observed that certain mobile BIM users reaped benefits in their projects, such as cost reduction and reduction of the rework rate [9]; therefore, there are efforts to improve mobile BIM usage even though the current utilization is low. The reasons for this lack of mobile BIM usage in Korea were investigated, and it was noted that factors such as the age of the expected users [8] and inconsistencies between the actual working processes and BIM processes [10] were primarily responsible. However, another study reported that experience and age did not significantly affect the use of mobile BIM use [11]. Therefore, there is no overarching reason that can explain why mobile BIM as a technology has not been accepted by real users. The technology acceptance model (TAM) defines external factors that affect the behaviors of users who accept a technology. Acceptance is defined as a psychological and technological state in which an individual or organization is prepared to use the technology smoothly. The TAM enables a definition of a significant factor that affects user accommodation of technology. TAMs are currently used in various fields, such as travel [12], sports [13], and shopping [14], among others, and are also used in the BIM field to analyze general BIM acceptance [15] and BIM acceptance in organizations [16; 17]. If mobile BIM systems can also utilize the TAM, it is expected that an effective user-based technology acceptance analysis will be possible. Therefore, this study aims to present significant findings on the activation of mobile BIM usage through a mobile BIM acceptance model through analyzing surveys of construction practitioners. First, we analyzed existing literature on mobile applications of the TAM and BIM TAM to find the external and internal variables that affect mobile BIM acceptance. Second, the hypothesis for the relationships between the variables was established based on the TAM2 and Information System (IS) models.