# Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Jara Honey Produced in Western Georgia
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Proline  
The amino acid composition of honey is completely dependent on the botanical origin of the honey [43], and therefore its qualitative and quantitative content is successfully used as an indicator of the naturalness and quality of honey. The mass share of amino acids in honey is about 1%. Its composition includes glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, threonine, histidine, glutamine, proline, and others. But among them, there is more proline, which is mainly formed when the nectar is processed. Its content depends on the time of nectar processing by the bees and, accordingly, on the origin of the honey. It is about 50-85% of the total mass of the amino acids, and its concentration is different in different honeys [43]. The regulation defines the content of proline in honey, and it should not be less than 180 mg/kg [34]. The proline content of the Jara honey samples is presented in Table 7.  
The proline content of the Jara honey samples ranged from 761.28 to 1372.29 mg/kg (Table 7). According to the average values of the obtained results, the proline content was similar across all samples: in the Keda samples, it was 1019.40 mg/kg, in the Shuakhevi honey, it was 1086.43 mg/kg, and in the Khulo samples, it was 1123.37 mg/kg. The lowest proline concentration was measured in JH-2 (761.28 mg/kg) and JH-3 (790.62 mg/kg) in  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Samples** & **Proline mg/kg** & **Diastase Activity (Shade)** & **Protein \%** \\ \hline JH-1 & 913.98 \(\pm\) 27.41 & 14.01 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 0.31 \(\pm\) 0.0047 \\ \hline JH-2 & 761.28 \(\pm\) 22.83 & 9.23 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 0.86 \(\pm\) 0.0129 \\ \hline JH-3 & 790.62 \(\pm\) 23.71 & 20.0 \(\pm\) 0.30 & 0.91 \(\pm\) 0.0137 \\ \hline JH-4 & 1109.17 \(\pm\) 33.27 & 16.5 \(\pm\) 0.25 & 0.91 \(\pm\) 0.0137 \\ \hline JH-5 & 1248.39 \(\pm\) 37.45 & 18.75 \(\pm\) 0.28 & 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.0065 \\ \hline JH-6 & 1054.08 \(\pm\) 31.62 & 17 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 0.46 \(\pm\) 0.0069 \\ \hline JH-7 & 1311.06 \(\pm\) 39.33 & 13.33 \(\pm\) 0.20 & 0.46 \(\pm\) 0.0069 \\ \hline JH-8 & 1090.02 \(\pm\) 32.70 & 11.56 \(\pm\) 0.17 & 0.46 \(\pm\) 0.0069 \\ \hline JH-9 & 896.04 \(\pm\) 26.88 & 9.68 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 0.40 \(\pm\) 0.0060 \\ \hline JH-10 & 985.25 \(\pm\) 29.55 & 21 \(\pm\) 0.32 & 0.89 \(\pm\) 0.0134 \\ \hline JH-10 & 927.39 \(\pm\) 27.82 & 13.63 \(\pm\) 0.20 & 0.41 \(\pm\) 0.0062 \\ \hline JH-12 & 1234.90 \(\pm\) 37.04 & 21.11 \(\pm\) 0.32 & 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.0065 \\ \hline JH-13 & 1198.16 \(\pm\) 35.94 & 27 \(\pm\) 0.41 & 0.42 \(\pm\) 0.0063 \\ \hline JH-14 & 920.53 \(\pm\) 27.61 & 21.6 \(\pm\) 0.32 & 0.91 \(\pm\) 0.0137 \\ \hline JH-15 & 1097.91 \(\pm\) 32.93 & 16.2 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 0.42 \(\pm\) 0.0063 \\ \hline JH-16 & 1148.98 \(\pm\) 34.46 & 12.9 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.0065 \\ \hline JH-17 & 1077.14 \(\pm\) 32.31 & 14.2 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 0.47 \(\pm\) 0.0071 \\ \hline JH-18 & 1372.29 \(\pm\) 41.16 & 18.3 \(\pm\) 0.27 & 0.41 \(\pm\) 0.0062 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Proline content, diastase activity, and protein content of Jara honey.  
the honey samples from Keda. In the other honey, the proline content was higher than 800 mg/kg. The highest proline concentration was in JH-18 (1372.9 mg/kg). The highest amount was observed in five samples: JH-5 (12,498.39 mg/kg), JH-7 (1311.06 mg/kg), JH-12 (1234.9 mg/kg), JH-13 (1208.16 mg/kg), and JH-18 (1372.29 mg/kg). Table 7 shows that all the proline values for honey were well above the 180 mg of proline per kilo of honey standard.