# Adaptive Jamming Mitigation for Clustered Energy-Efficient LoRa-BLE Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Scenario 3: Adaptive Communication Switching Between LoRa and BLE with Cluster-Based Mitigation  
This scenario tests the adaptive switching mechanism between LoRa and BLE when a jamming attack occurs. Initially, CC1352P and LPSTK-CC1352R sensors communicate using their preferred mode--LoRa for long-range data transmission and BLE for short-range communication. When a jammer disrupts BLE communication, affected nodes automatically switch to LoRa. Conversely, if the LoRa channel is jammed, nodes switch to BLE. The system dynamically selects the most energy-efficient and least-interfered communication path while maintaining clustering. Key metrics evaluated:  
Retransmission Rate: The number of failed transmissions before switching to an alternative protocol. Energy Consumption: The additional energy overhead due to protocol switching. Routing Resilience: The time required for the system to detect jamming and transition to the alternative communication mode. The results presented in Figures 8-10 offer a detailed assessment of the energy efficiency, retransmission rates, and resilience of the hybrid BLE-LoRa network under jamming conditions, considering the implementation of the proposed cluster-based mitigation algorithm. Figure 8 illustrates the energy consumption trends when the network operates under dynamic switching between BLE and LoRa. In the absence of the mitigation strategy, energy consumption remains inconsistent and significantly higher due to frequent protocol switching, which occurs inefficiently in response to interference. This behavior suggests  
Figure 6: Impact of the proposed mitigation algorithm on LoRa retransmissions under jamming conditions. Figure 7: Impact of the proposed mitigation algorithm on LoRa resilience under jamming conditions. that without an intelligent decision-making mechanism, the network expends unnecessary energy while attempting to maintain connectivity. However, when the proposed mitigation algorithm is integrated, energy consumption is optimized as the system adaptively selects the most efficient communication protocol based on real-time network conditions. The algorithm ensures that BLE is prioritized in low-interference environments to capitalize on its low power consumption, while LoRa is utilized strategically for longer-range communication when BLE is severely affected by jamming. This intelligent switching mechanism reduces unnecessary protocol transitions, resulting in overall energy savings. Figure 9 provides insights into retransmission rates, which, in the unmitigated scenario, remain high due to the instability introduced by uncontrolled switching between BLE and LoRa. The lack of a structured transition mechanism causes frequent packet losses, forcing repeated transmission attempts that lead to excessive network congestion. With the implementation of the mitigation algorithm, retransmission rates drop significantly as the system effectively balances communication load across BLE and LoRa, ensuring that packets are routed through the most reliable and least congested paths. The mitigation strategy employs real-time channel assessment and adaptive transmission power adjustments, reducing the need for redundant transmissions and improving network efficiency. Figure 10 evaluates the resilience of the hybrid network, measuring the recovery time required to restore stable communication after a jamming attack. Without mitigation, the recovery time is prolonged due to the network's reactive rather than proactive approach in dealing with interference, leading to delays in selecting the optimal communication mode. In contrast, the implementation of the mitigation algorithm allows the network to swiftly adjust to changing interference conditions by dynamically reconfiguring its topology and making predictive decisions on protocol switching. This proactive adaptation significantly reduces recovery time, ensuring minimal disruption and improved continuity of communication.