## 1 Introduction  
Nowadays, the field of nanotechnology has been recognized as an attractive science, since nanoparticles (NPs) have varied applications in numerous areas, e.g., electric, chemical, biomedical branches, and other industrial applications. Subsequently, the global production of engineered nanoparticles is continuously increasing [1], wherein there are over 1800 consumer products containing engineered nanoparticles [2]. Furthermore, NPs play a crucial role in drug delivery, cosmetics industries, catalytic regions, antimicrobial/antispecific uses, medical purposes, etc. [3,4]. The major NPs that are prevalent in consumer products involve silver (Ag mNPs), gold (Au mNPs), copper (Cu mNPs), palladium (Pd mNPs), titanium dioxide (TiO\({}_{2}\) mNPs), zinc oxide (ZnO mNPs), etc. [5]. However, there are growing concerns about the hazards of exposure to engineered nanoparticles, which cause environmental risks while penetrating numerous regions of the environment [6]. Moreover, engineered nanoparticles have adverse effects on human and ecological health [7]. With the exclusion of understanding the crucial criteria of chemical mechanisms of formation and the interaction of engineered nanoparticles, there are limited mitigation strategies available for avoiding concerns to human health. Another type of nanoparticle is incidental nanoparticles (INPs), such as Magneli phases from natural TiO\({}_{2}\) minerals containing coal [8], and additionally, carbon black soot, consisting of either fullerene or graphene, is generated from the emissions of combustion [9]. These INPs have emerged as noteworthy environmental pollutants present in the atmosphere, water bodies, and soil [10]. Further, natural nanoparticles could also be formed via photochemical, biological, or extraterrestrial processes [11]. Several studies have attained the fate of NPs among environmental regions, where oxygen levels, pH, organic matter, ionic strength, and light conditions all influence the fate of NPs [12]. Generally, nanoparticles are created with distinct characteristics that render them highly sought after in the fields of materials science and biology [13]. Among the diverse array of nanoparticles, Ag-NPs have emerged as one of the most extensively researched subjects in recent decades [14]. Silver nanoparticles consist of a range of 20 to 15,000 silver atoms, typically possessing diameters smaller than 100 nm, owing to their significant surface-to-volume ratio. These Ag-NPs demonstrate notable antimicrobial efficacy, even when present in low concentrations [15]. Additionally, Ag-NPs are low-cost and have shown low cytotoxicity and immunological response [16]; so, Ag-NPs are currently used in numerous applications. The discharge of Ag-NPs into aquatic ecosystems, the dissociation into ions, the binding to organic matter, reactions with other metal-based materials, and disruption of normal biological and ecological processes at the cellular level are all possible negative effects of Ag-NP usage. The creation of natural Ag-NPs is substantially affected by various chemical factors such as pH, levels of oxygen, and the existence of organic substances [1]. This process leads to the development of Ag-NPs that possess long-term stability. Moreover, Ag-NPs can engage with both metal and metal oxide particles/nanoparticles. However, there exists limited information regarding the chemical and toxicological connections between Ag-NPs and other types of nanoparticles. The interaction of Ag-NPs with gold nanoparticles and titanium dioxide nanoparticles has been investigated and discussed [1]. The synthesis of Ag-NPs could be construed during physical, chemical, and biological procedures [17], where their synthesis formed in different sizes, ranging from 1 to 100 nm. The chemical and physical procedures were used to create nanoparticles; however, the chemical procedures used substances during the reduction process of metallic ions.