esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Proposal for a Zero-Trust-Based Multi-Level Security Model and Its Security Controls
## 4 Proposed Security Controls for the Zero-Trust-Based MLS Model and Its Robustness
### Robustness of Proposed Model Based on Attack Scenarios
Regarding the threat of Sensitive data exfiltration, security controls to detect and block anomalous traffic are applied, along with data encryption, providing robust protection against data leakage (AC-2, AC-3, AC-5, CA-1, SC-2, SC-8). 2. Attack Scenario 2 A practical case for Attack Scenario 2 involves North Korea's Lazarus hacking group. Starting in November 2022, the group exploited vulnerabilities in network bridging systems to infiltrate internal networks and exfiltrate data from the Republic of Korea's defence companies and contractors. Figure 7 shows the attack from the North Korea's Lazarus hacking group and this scenario describes an attacker attempting to access a network-segregated environment to install malware on systems and exfiltrate Classified data, which is C-level data. - The attacker targets organisational systems connected to the external network, which interfaces with the network bridging system, and attempts to infiltrate and distribute malware. However, as the organisation's systems adhere to the Zero Trust model, they employ diverse and robust authentication mechanisms and security controls against malware, effectively defending against the attack (AC-1, AC-2, AC-3, SI-2). - If the attacker scans open ports used for testing purposes and attempts to infiltrate the internal network through the port, the organisation's security controls, such as those segregating the test environment and detecting anomalous traffic, enable defence against such attempts (CM-2, RA-2, SI-1, SC-6, SC-10, CA-1). - Even if the attacker exploits vulnerabilities in the network bridging system to gain access to the internal network, the security controls applied within the network-segregated environment and the Zero Trust principles prevent lateral movement. Continuous validation of the permissions of subjects and objects further defends against attempts to collect critical organisational data (AC-1, AC-2, AC-3, AC-12, CA-1, SC-2, SI-3). Figure 6: Attack Scenario 1. Regarding the threat of classified data exfiltration, controls to detect and block anomalous traffic, as well as data encryption, ensure the prevention of data leaks (AC-2, AC-3, AC-5, CA-1, SC-2, SC-8). Beyond the two attack scenarios described above, practical cases provide evidence of enhanced security controls. According to F5 Labs' \"2023 Identity Threat Report: The Un-patchables\" [47], an analysis of 159 companies and organisations identified credential stuffing, phishing, and multi-factor authentication (MFA) bypasses as major security attacks. Notably, the average attack rate of credential stuffing attacks was 19.4%, but it decreased significantly to 6% in organisations that implemented security controls such as MFA. This shows that MFA, or similar security controls, mitigate automated cyber-attacks. These cases imply that the appropriate security controls in practical environments can contribute to improving overall security.
# A New Approach to Defining Uncertainties for MODIS Land Surface Temperature
## 2 Framework
### Data Source  
MODIS is a multi-channel instrument, which is part of the payload of two sun-synchronous, near-polar orbiting satellites Terra (EOS AM-1) and Aqua (EOS PM-1). A pair of observations each day is acquired from each instrument. For Terra, \"daytime\" corresponds to approximately 10:30 am (local solar time) in its descending mode; and \"nighttime\" corresponds to approximately 10:30 pm (local solar time) in its ascending mode. For Aqua, \"daytime\" corresponds to approximately 1:30 pm (local solar time) in its ascending mode; and \"nighttime\" corresponds to approximately 1:30 am (local solar time) in its descending mode. The data record from MODIS goes back to late 1999 for Terra and mid-2002 for Aqua. These are near-daily records since the large swath width of these instruments (2330 km) enables the satellites to view most of the Earth's surface every day at a spatial resolution of 1 km in the thermal channels. Land surface temperature and land surface emissivity are core data products from these instruments.  
The data utilized here for the new MODIS LST uncertainty model, and indeed a new implementation of the standard MODIS retrieval algorithm, are from Collection 6.0 acquired from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Distributed Active Archive Center (NASA DAAC) ([[https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/dataset_discovery/modis](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/dataset_discovery/modis)]([https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/dataset_discovery/modis](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/dataset_discovery/modis))). Specifically, we utilize Level-1b geolocation and viewing geometry (MOD03 and MYD03 for Terra and Aqua respectively), Level-1b radiances (MOD021 KM and MYD021 KM), and Level-2 cloud information (MOD35_L2 and MYD35_L2). Collection 6 includes improvements to the calibration algorithms, together with methods to handle known issues with the aging instruments [36]. The MODIS cloud mask includes refinements to account for surface elevation in the cloud-masking algorithm [4; 5]. We apply a user-defined selection of the individual cloud flags (cloudy, uncertain clear, and thin cirrus) in the MOD35_L2 and MYD35_L2 products. Experience indicates these maintain conservative masking where required but reduces over-masking. For the purpose of clarity, in this paper the demonstration of the new implementation is focused on a single MODIS instrument (the instrument on the Aqua platform) over a processing period 2003-2016 inclusive. However, the implementation has been applied to both instruments and the resultant datasets are publically available (see Section 5).
## 2 System Model and Dynamic Optimization Problem
### Signal Model  
For member \(n\) in the platoon, the interference from the MBS in channel \(k\) is:  
\[I_{nk}^{MV}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}P^{M}g_{k}^{MV}\left(d^{MV}\right)^{- \alpha},\text{ when the channel $k$ is occupied by MUs},\\ 0,\text{ otherwise},\end{array}\right. \tag{1}\]  
where \(g_{k}^{MV}\) and \(d^{MV}\) represent the small-scale fading and the distance between the MBS and member \(n\) in the platoon. Compared to the distance between the MBS and the victim VU, the distance among the VUs is comparatively small. Thus, it is noted that the platoon is regarded as one point for the macrocell base station. Similarly, the platoon is regarded as one point for other platoons. The probability of a channel being occupied by an MU is denoted as \(p^{M}\).  
For member \(n\) in the platoon, the aggregated interference from the other platoons in channel \(k\) is:  
\[I_{nk}^{VV}=\sum_{q\in\Phi}P^{V}g_{qk}^{VV}\left(d_{q}^{VV}\right)^{-\alpha}, \tag{2}\]  
Figure 1: Scenario: The cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) network including platoons consists of vehicle users (VUs) and the underlying macrocell user communications.  
where \(g_{qk}^{VV}\) and \(d_{q}^{VV}\) represent the small-scale fading and the distance between the interferer and member \(n\) in the platoon.  
For member \(n\) in the platoon, the total aggregated interference from the MBS and the other platoons in channel \(k\) is represented as:  
\[I_{nk}^{V} =I_{nk}^{MV}+I_{nk}^{VV}\] \[=I_{nk}^{MV}+\sum\limits_{q\in\Phi}P^{V}g_{qk}^{VV}\;\Big{(}d_{q}^ {VV}\Big{)}^{-\alpha}. \tag{3}\]  
Therefore, the SIR of member \(n\) in the platoon in channel \(k\), which is denoted as \(SIR_{nk}^{V}\), can be derived as:  
\[SIR_{nk}^{V} =\frac{S_{nk}^{V}}{I_{nk}^{V}}\] \[=\frac{P^{V}g_{nk}^{V}\left(d^{V}\right)^{-\alpha}}{I_{nk}^{MV}+ \sum\limits_{q\in\Phi}P^{V}g_{qk}^{VV}\left(d_{q}^{VV}\right)^{-\alpha}}, \tag{4}\]  
where \(g_{nk}^{V}\) and \(d^{V}\) represent the small-scale fading and the distance between the corresponding transmitter and member \(n\) in the platoon.
## 3G Deployment Stage
### Technological Sustainability  
In this stage, UPC and URJC developed new technological solutions that allowed the use of wireless networks such as those of the Napo River to install 3G stations that would provide service to communities of less than 400 inhabitants. Likewise, IP Access provided 3G femtocells, which are base stations designed to provide 3G services to few users (as is the case in small communities) at a lower cost than conventional stations (designed for more users). The solutions proposed by URJC and UPC should be integrated by IP Access in their systems to ensure medium and long-term sustainability of the deployed technologies.  
As a pilot, PUCP installed 3G femtocells in three Napo River communities and used the telecommunications network previously installed to connect these stations with Telefonica's central network in Lima, and thus provide service to Napo users. It should be noted that without the presence of EHAS and PUCP in this consortium it would have been very difficult to carry out a pilot deployment of these characteristics in such an inaccessible area.  
Although the incorporation of IP Access to the consortium was promising, eventually this manufacturer was not willing to adapt the equipment to a context as demanding as the Amazon rainforest, nor to other requirements derived from the deployment in rural communities. This restriction did not pose a serious problem for the TUCAN3G project, but it does reduce the potential for scaling and the long-term sustainability of the project. The reason is that, in subsequent projects, it has been necessary to use commercial equipment that is already adapted to the climatic conditions of the rainforest, but that involves a higher cost because it is not designed for small communities.  
Satellite communications where still used as an external service for a shared connection between the Napo's terrestrial rural backbone and Telefonica's core network. Although the new MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) satellite constellation operated by O3B was considered, a GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellite was finally used because of the high costs of terrestrial stations for MEO constellations.
###### Abstract  
Based on various carbon nano materials, the ternary composite functionalized carbon nanotubes (FMWCNTs) @ carbon quantum dots (CQDs) @ polyaniline (PANI) was prepared by in-situ polymerization and hydrothermal method. The carbon-based material was made into an electrode sheet. The morphology and microscopic nanostructures were characterized by FTIR, field emission scanning electron microscopy and field emission transmission electron microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and the galvanostatic charge discharge method was adapted to study the electrochemical properties of these active materials. Our results showed that the specific capacitance of FMWCNTs @ CQDs @ PANI was as high as 534 F/g, while it was 362 F/g, 319 F/g and 279 F/g for PANI @ FMWCNTs, PANI @ CQDs and polyaniline. This means that the specific capacitance of FMWCNTs @ CQDs @ PANI is increased by 47.5%, 67.4% and 91.4% comparing with the capacitance of PANI @ FMWCNTs, PANI @ CQDs and polyaniline, respectively. Moreover, the specific capacitance retention rate of the ternary active electrode after 1000 times of constant current charge and discharge cycle reached 86%, while it was 60% for PANI @ FMWCNTs, 72% for PANI @ CQDs and 65% for polyaniline.  
carbon quantum dots; functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes; polyaniline; composite electrode material; specific capacitance +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Coded CDMA
### Optimal Detectors in Coded CDMA  
In reference [17] an optimal maximum likelihood detector for convolutionally coded CDMA was demonstrated, and was shown to have a computational complexity of the order \(O(2^{Kv})\). Such a processing requirement is prohibitive for large CDMA systems. Another approach, considered in reference [26], was to view the multiuser spreading stage of the coded CDMA transmitter to be the inner code of a serially concatenated encoder. In reference [5], an iterative decoder was realised based on this premise, which exchanged information between an optimal multiuser SISO and a bank of SU APP decoders. This separation of functionality reduced the complexity to \(O(2^{K}+K2^{v})\); still exponential in \(K\) and hence still too complex for large systems.
###### Abstract  
The construction of the underwater Internet of Things (UIoT) is crucial to marine resource development, environmental observation, and tactical surveillance. The underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system with its large bandwidth and wide coverage facilitates the high-capacity information interconnection within the UIoT networks over short and medium ranges. To enhance the coverage characteristics of the UOWC system, an optimized lemniscate-compensated layout of light-emitting diode (LED) array is proposed in this paper, which can ameliorate the received optical power and reliability at the receiving terminal. Compared with traditional circular and rectangular layouts, the received optical power and bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed system are analyzed based on the Monte Carlo simulation method. The analysis results show that the proposed LED array achieves a smaller peak power deviation and mean square error of the received optical power under three typical seawater environments. Furthermore, the proposed LED-array scheme supports a better BER performance of the UOWC system. For example, in turbid seawater with a transmission depth of 9.5 m, the BER of the proposed LED array layout is \(1\times 10^{-7}\), which is better than the BER of 3.5 \(\times\)\(10^{-6}\) and \(1\times 10^{-4}\) under the other two traditional light source layouts.  
underwater optical wireless communication; underwater Internet of Things; Monte Carlo model; LED array +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics Electronics  
**Citation:** [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Coverage Enhancement of Light-Emitting Diode Array in Underwater Internet of Things over Optical Channels.  
**Electroins 2023**, 12, 4736. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12234736](https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12234736)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12234736](https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12234736))
## 4 Overall Package and Mounting Design for Hydraulic Support FBG Inclinometers  
The main housing of the hydraulic support FBG inclinometer is constructed using an alloy shell with dimensions of 96 \(\times\) 90 \(\times\) 29 mm. A conversion component is affixed to the bottom of the main housing. Symmetrical arc-shaped grooves are present on the left and right sides of the conversion component. During the installation process, these grooves are utilized for fixation by inserting bolts through them.  
On the top of the main housing, there are screw holes with a diameter of 6 mm, which serve the purpose of suspending and securely fixing the cantilever beam inside the housing. Above the two sides of the main housing, on the left and right, there are screw holes with a diameter of 5 mm for the fiber-optic cable to exit. Below the two sides of the main housing,on the left and right, there are screw holes with a diameter of 8 mm for installing limiting bolts. These limiting bolts are employed to rectify the initial position of the cantilever beam. Both the base and the lid of the main housing are fastened to the main housing using bolts. The appearance and design dimension drawings of the housing are presented in Figures 6 and 7, respectively.  
The hydraulic support FBG inclinometer is equipped with a dedicated mounting and fixation design. When the test direction is parallel to the side wall, installation can be straightforwardly achieved by making use of the channels located on both sides of the hydraulic support FBG inclinometer. These channels are specifically designed to enable the adjustment of the hydraulic support FBG inclinometer's level, ensuring accurate and stable measurements in such installation scenarios.  
When the test direction is perpendicular to the wall, the installation necessitates the use of a base. The adapter is engineered in an 'L'-shape. In this design, the short side of the 'L'-shaped adapter is utilized for fixation to the wall, while the long side is employed to secure the sensor. The long side features 18 M6 screw holes, evenly spaced at 20\({}^{\circ}\) angular intervals. This arrangement enables the adjustment of the FBG inclinometer's level at any angle on the mounting surface of the hydraulic support. The dimensional drawing of the 'L'-shaped mounting base is presented in Figure 8, and the schematic diagram of the mounting base is shown in Figure 9.  
Figure 6: The appearance of the Fiber Bragg Grating tilt sensor.  
Figure 7: The size diagram of the FBG tilt sensor’s shell.  
To achieve the accurate installation of the inclinometer in a more straightforward and efficient manner, it is a requisite to pre-veld step holes at each monitoring location of the hydraulic support. These pre-welded step holes are designed to be used in conjunction with the 'L'-type converter, the inclinometer shell, and a spirit level to complete the installation process of the hydraulic support FBG inclinometer. The step holes welded on the hydraulic support for installation purposes are illustrated in Figure 10.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering  
The normalised features were fed to an agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm. A few parameters can be set for the algorithm. Since the data set is small, the depth of the hierarchy was set to four and the maximum number of clusters was set to three. The dendrogram generated with the algorithm using the data is shown in Figure 10. The results of the clustering are visualised in Figure 11. By checking the labels, all the data points with the same label were clustered together. From left to right, the clusters represent the no-squat, 1 mm deep squats and 4 mm deep squats cases. The corresponding confusion matrix achieved by comparing the predicted clusters with the actual class labels is shown in Table 6. The achieved accuracy is 100%.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Predicted Cluster**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **0 mm** & **1 mm** & **4 mm** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Actual label} & 0 mm & 6 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1 mm & 0 & 6 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & 4 mm & 0 & 0 & 6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Confusion matrix for agglomerative hierarchical algorithm.  
Figure 10: Dendrogram showing the three clusters.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Predicted Cluster**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **0 mm** & **1 mm** & **4 mm** & **Noise** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Actual label} & 0 mm & 6 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1 mm & 0 & 6 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & 4 mm & 0 & 0 & 0 & 6 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & noise & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Confusion matrix for DBSCAN algorithm.
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
As the number and complexity of safety-critical real-time applications increase, special attention needs to be paid to developing suitable and reliable scheduling techniques, especially for safety-critical systems running in time-triggered environments. In this paper we proposed a scheduling method for jitterless execution of hard real-time tasks in mixed criticality systems. Our approach is based on the real-time FENP scheduling algorithm and specifically tailored to MCS requirements. Additionally, feasibility tests were proposed for both uniprocessor and homogenous multiprocessor systems, and the algorithm performance was compared against an event-driven scheduling algorithm in a non-preemptive context, P-EDF-VD.  
As future work, we intend to further investigate implementations of this scheduling methodology in RTOSs and to analyze the performance improvements of jitter-sensitive applications scheduled with P_FENP_MC in domains such as system control, robotic systems, and real-time communications.  
Conceptualization and Methodology, E.A.C., C.S.S., M.V.M. and D.-I.C.; Software, E.A.C., C.S.S. and M.V.M.; Validation E.A.C. and C.S.S.; Investigation, E.A.C., C.S.S., and D.-I.C.; Resources, M.V.M. and D.-I.C.; Writing--original draft preparation, E.A.C. and C.S.S.; Project administration, M.V.M. and D.-I.C.; Supervision, M.V.M. and D.-I.C.; Writing--review and editing, M.V.M. and D.-I.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received not external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# UHPLC-MS Method for the Analysis of the Molecular Adjuvant Sulfavant [PERSON]
## 4 Conclusions  
An UHPLC-MS analytical procedure of SULF A, a 1,2-O-distearoyl-3-\(O\)-\(\beta\)-d-sulfoquinovosylglycerol with promising therapeutic application as a molecular adjuvant, was developed using a new deuterated analog (d\({}_{70}\)-SULF A) as an internal standard. The method was realized on a high-resolution benchtop Q-Exactive spectrometer using a UHPLC Kinetex\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) 2.6 \(\upmu\)m PS C18 100 A, LC Column and a gradient elution with water buffered at pH 8 and methanol. The sulfolipids (analyte and internal standard) were quantified in negative ion mode and the calibration curve covers a concentration range of 2.5-2000 ng mL\({}^{-1}\) with an LLOQ of 6.5 ng mL\({}^{-1}\). The new method was validated measuring the precision and accuracy on the quality control samples in the intra-day and inter-day study and its robustness was proven by applying it on a sample matrix.  
The efficacy of this analytical method is of general interest to study sulfoglycolipids that are chemically correlated to SULF-A, and suggests that it could be extended for the study of both the physiological and biological role of this class of compounds. Furthermore, the short time of the UHPLC chromatographic analysis and sensitivity makes the procedure adapt to analysis of large number of biological samples.  
Pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism tests are mandatory for expediting the progress of compounds with promising properties from discovery to development phase. Mass spectrometry is one of the key technologies in bioanalysis during preclinical and clinical studies [24]. The presented LC-MS method has been designed to provide a mechanistic understanding of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity of SULF-A. The excellent results in accuracy, sensitivity and reproducibility indicate that the analytical protocol can be utilized in pharmacological and translational research on this negatively-charged lipid, providing accurate results with a high value for further decisions in the drug development.  
Conceptualization, G.N., E.M., G.d. and A.F.; methodology, G.N., A.M.C. and M.Z.; standard preparation, M.Z., L.F. and C.G.; data curation, writing-original draft preparation, G.N.; writing-review and editing, E.M. and A.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the project \"Antitumor Drugs and Vaccines from the Sea (ADViSE)\" project (CUP B43D18000240007-SURF 17061 BP000000011) funded by POR Campania FESR 2014-2020 \"Technology Platform for Therapeutic Strategies against Cancer\"-Action 1.1.2 and 1.2.2.  
G.N., E.M. and A.F. thank BioSEArch SRL for the supply of sulfavant.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.