# Effects of Wearing a Swimming Cap and Goggles on Phoria and Fusional Vergence
## 3 Results
### Changes in Phoria and Fusional Vergence
Criteria for changes in the coefficient of repeatability or 95% LOA in the present study were applied to analyze distinct changes using \"existence\" or \"non-existence\" as nominal variables rather than unclear changes. The results are shown in Table 4. Changes in phoria, NFV, and PFV at distance or at near according to whether a cap, goggles, or both a cap and goggles were worn were significant (subtotal, \(p\) < 0.001; chi-squared test). The frequency of changes in the overall average was 29.0% (range, 8.6-62.9). Approximately one third (34.9%, 122 of 350 cases) showed changes when wearing both a cap and goggles. Changes in phoria ranged from 17.1% when wearing a cap at distance to 45.7% when wearing both a cap and goggles at near. Changes in NFV at distance ranged from 25.7% at the recovery point when wearing goggles to 40.0% when wearing both a cap and goggles. Changes in NFV at near ranged from 8.6% at the break point when wearing a cap to 62.9% at the recovery point when wearing goggles. Changes in PFV at distance ranged from 14.3% at the recovery point when wearing a cap to 45.7% at the recovery point when wearing both a cap and goggles. Changes in PFV at near ranged from 14.3% at the break point when wearing a cap to 34.3% at the break or recovery point when wearing both a cap and goggles. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **a. Non-wearing (\(\pi\))** & **b. Cap (\(\pi\): +)** & \(\boldsymbol{\cdot}\)**, \(\boldsymbol{0}^{1}\)** & **c. Goggles (\(\pi\): +)** & \(\boldsymbol{\cdot}\)**, \(\boldsymbol{\cdot}\)**(\boldsymbol{0}\)** & **d. Cap + Goggles (\(\pi\): +)** & \(\boldsymbol{\cdot}\)**, \(\boldsymbol{\cdot}\)**(\boldsymbol{0}\)** & \(\boldsymbol{p}\)**-Value** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{Phoria \({}^{2}\)} \\ \hline Distance & \(-1.42\pm 2.82\) (35) & \(-1.14\pm 3.21\) (14, 13, 8) & \(-1.47\pm 2.89\) (12, 18, 5) & \(-1.38\pm 2.91\) (14, 18, 3) & 0.204 \\ \hline Near & \(-5.24\pm 6.10\) (35) & \(-4.42\pm 6.35\) (22, 9, 4) & \(-4.58\pm 5.42\) (21, 11, 3) & \(-4.88\pm 5.70\) (16, 15, 4) & 0.084 \\ \hline NFV at distance & & & & & \\ \hline Blur (\(\pi\), blur vs. no blur) & (9-26) & (6-29) & (13:22) & (6-29) & \\ \hline Break & \(10.26\pm 3.22\) (35) & \(10.63\pm 4.65\) (16, 14, 5) & \(11.00\pm 4.41\) (16, 11, 8) & \(11.03\pm 4.85\) (14, 13, 8) & 0.435 \\ \hline Recovery & \(6.40\pm 3.22\) (35) & \(6.09\pm 2.78\) (13, 18, 4) & \(6.26\pm 3.21\) (13, 13, 9) & \(7.03\pm 3.44\) (16, 12, 7) & 0.190 \\ \hline NFV at near & & & & & \\ \hline Blur (\(\pi\), blur vs. no blur) & (11:24) & (7:28) & (5:30) & (8:27) & \\ \hline Break & \(17.54\pm 6.38\) (35) & \(17.51\pm 6.12\) (16, 16, 3) & \(16.30\pm 5.38\) (8, 20, 5) & \(17.09\pm 4.64\) (10, 17, 6) & 0.052 \\ \hline Recovery & \(12.91\pm 5.55\) (35) & \(12.63\pm 5.35\) (14, 15, 6) & \(11.67\pm 4.84\) (9, 19, 5) & \(12.79\pm 4.40\) (11, 17, 5) & 0.072 \\ \hline PFV at distance & & & & & \\ \hline Blur (\(\pi\), blur vs. no blur) & (21:14) & (15:20) & (11:24) & (9:26) & \\ \hline Break & \(14.00\pm 6.33\) (35) & \(12.53\pm 6.20\) (12, 16, 6) & \(12.55\pm 6.47\) (11, 14, 8) & \(13.61\pm 5.55\) (12, 14, 5) & 0.263 \\ \hline Recovery & \(9.57\pm 5.55\) (35) & \(8.62\pm 5.46\) (15, 15, 4) & \(8.03\pm 5.15\) (10, 19, 4) & \(8.26\pm 4.75\) (9, 17, 5) & 0.378 \\ \hline PFV at near & & & & & \\ \hline Blur (\(\pi\), blur vs. no blur) & (6:29) & (5:30) & (4:31) & (5:30) & \\ \hline Break & \(14.77\pm 5.75\) (35) & \(13.31\pm 5.51\) (10, 20, 5) & \(14.77\pm 6.36\) (10, 13, 7) & \(15.10\pm 6.85\) (10, 14, 5) & 0.286 \\ \hline Recovery & \(9.77\pm 5.83\) (35) & \(8.54\pm 5.51\) (13, 18, 4) & \(9.97\pm 6.35\) (14, 12, 4) & \(11.00\pm 6.19\) (15, 8, 6) & 0.220 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Data are shown as the mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (\(\Delta\), prism dignet). Values in parentheses represent the number of participants. \({}^{1}\) Changes based on non-wearing as a baseline.\({}^{2}\) Plus and minus signs indicate esborboria and exophora, respectively; NFV = negative fusional vergence; PFV = positive fusional vergence.  
\end{table}