esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Review in Fault Diagnosis and Health Assessment for Railway Traction Drives
## 2 Condition-Based Maintenance in Railway Systems
There are different commercial supervision systems in order to improve the maintenance service, as it is shown in Table 1, mainly based on data monitoring and communication to remote supervision. Moreover, Shift2 rail [46] is a public-private initiative, where European Union and main rail equipment manufactures promote innovations in railway, being the smart maintenance a key point. On the other hand, there is a need to improve the synergy between maintenance and safety engineering teams. In Railway applications, safety engineers should develop a FMEA in order to elaborate a safety analysis. A safety analysis is needed in order to identify the most critical components in the system. Unfortunately, the information available in the FMEA is mainly qualitative, providing \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Company** & **Supervision System** \\ \hline CAF & sDiag, COSMOS \\ Bombardier & ORBIFLO, AIMS \\ Siemens & Railigent \\ Alstom & TrainTracer, HealthHub \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Commercial supervision systems. Figure 6: Decentralised and centralised diagnosis. just risk priority numbers (RPN) to quantify the effects on the system, being limited for maintenance use. Thus, some research works use fault injection techniques and Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) validation to quantify the effects. In [40] the fault injection technique is used for system analysis under sensor faults. The analysis results have been used to enhance the initial FMEA, already available from safety engineers, as well as its integration in design, validation and maintenance tasks, as it is shown in Figure 7. FMEA is enhanced with field information obtained from maintenance engineers and with system analysis under faults in the HIL platform. A fault injection technique has been used in several other railway applications [47; 48; 49], validating the analysis in simulation or in HIL platforms, composed of a Real-time simulator and a commercial TCU. The influence on maintenance of Internet of Things (IoT) and new communications technologies is reviewed in [50]. IoT can help in the implementation of a preventive maintenance and a dynamic decision-making in railway systems due to the information obtained from collected data. In [51] a review in PHM is presented. A case study on a bogie is presented too. The authors propose four steps for PHM implementation: component critical analysis, sensor selection for condition monitoring, data processing and prognostics approach. The component critical analysis can be done by means of the aforementioned FMEA. Sensor selection is essential to represent system degradation. Furthermore, the cost of sensors should be considered for the cost-effectiveness of condition monitoring system. The prognostics approach proposed is hybrid, based on the combination of model-based and data-driven approaches. A comparison among different approaches for prognosis is presented.
## 2 Optimum Design of Steel Truss Structures  
Structural optimization aims to identify the feasible design with the lowest weight while meeting all constraints. The optimization problem can be expressed with sizing and layout variables for steel trusses as follows:  
\[W(A,X)=\sum_{i=1}^{N_{\text{tr}}}\gamma_{i}\cdot A_{i}\cdot L_{i} \tag{1}\]  
\[L_{i}=\sqrt{\left(x_{i1}-x_{i2}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{i1}-y_{i2}\right)^{2}+ \left(z_{i1}-z_{i2}\right)^{2}} \tag{2}\]\[\sigma_{i}^{c}\leq\sigma_{i}\leq\sigma_{i}^{t} \tag{3}\]  
\[\delta_{min}<\delta_{j}<\delta_{max} \tag{4}\]  
\[A_{min}<A_{k}<A_{max} \tag{5}\]  
\[g_{k}\leq 0\qquad k=1,2,3\ldots,N_{c} \tag{6}\]  
where \(A_{i}\) represents the cross-sectional area of each member; \(N_{m}\) is the total number of members; \(\gamma_{i}\) is the unit weight of the material; and \(L_{i}\) is the length of the i-th member. \(x_{i1,2}\), \(y_{i1,2}\), and \(z_{i1,2}\) are the nodal coordinates of the i-th node and are considered shape variables. \(W\) is the total weight of the truss; \(\sigma_{i}^{c}\) and \(\sigma_{i}^{t}\) are the limit compression and tension stress values, respectively; \(\delta_{min}\) and \(\delta_{max}\) are the allowable minimum and maximum nodal displacements, respectively; \(A_{min}\) and \(A_{max}\) denote the upper/lower limits for cross-sectional areas; \(N_{c}\) is the total number of design constraints; and \(g_{k}\) is the normalized design constraint. As an example, the displacement constraint, \(gdisp\), is calculated below.  
\[g_{disp}=\frac{|\delta_{i}-\delta_{min}|}{\delta_{min}}\ and\ \ \frac{|\delta_{max}-\delta_{i}|}{\delta_{max}} \tag{7}\]  
A penalty function method handles design constraints during the optimization process. This method transforms the constrained problem into an unconstrained one by penalizing infeasible solutions, which helps to converge toward feasible regions. The penalized objective function, \(W_{p}\), is then expressed with penalties as follows:  
\[W_{p}(A,X)=W(A,X)\cdot(1+\psi)^{e} \tag{8}\]  
where \(\psi\) is the sum of total constraint violations and \(e\) is the penalty exponent set to 1.
# Enhancing Data Security Through VLSM Subnetting and TCP/IP Model in an ENT
## 2 Literature Review
### Routing Protocols
#### 2.3.6 Security Protocols  
In response to the growing need for security and privacy, security protocols are necessary for communication in contemporary networks. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS) uses Digital Certificates and Certificate Authorities (CAs) to secure communications between webservers and browsers [19]. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) deprecate vulnerable cryptographic primitives leading to a substantial decrease in the time TLS 1.3 takes for its full handshake compared to TLS 1.2 [20]. TLS 1.3 has risen in  
Figure 3: An example ENT relates to Hierarchical Network Topology.  
prominence owing to the widespread deployment of third-party platforms such as CDNs. Networks encounter advanced cyber threats, thereby requiring a novel and improved security protocol such as Transport Layer Security (TLS 1.3), and replay attacks against TLS 1.3 make it vulnerable [20]. Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUICs) reinforces data security and privacy [27]. Network security protocol provides confidentiality, integrity, and authentication through tunnelling and encryption techniques. IPSec embedded in the TCP/IP, multi-path content retrieval protocol (MPCRP) securely transmits data, thereby preventing eavesdropping [28]. In access control, zero trust network models utilise protocols such as DTLS and OPA for end-to-end authenticated access [29].
# Numerical Analysis on Spanwise Correlation of Vortex-Induced Force of Split Double-Box Beam
## 3 Overview of Numerical Simulation of Split Double-Box Beam
### Setup of Numerical Simulation
#### 3.4.3 The Setting of the Solver  
The numerical simulation is calculated by ANSYS Fluent software, and the turbulence model based on SST k-\(\omega\) of RANS is mainly used for transient analysis in this paper. The pressure-velocity coupled field iterative algorithm uses the SIMPLE algorithm which converges rapidly, spatial discretization of the N-S equation is carried out by the finite volume method. The time integration format is in second-order implicit format, the convection term is in bounded central difference format, the dissipative term is in second-order windward format, the pressure term is in second-order format, and the pressure face-center to body-center interpolation is linear. The time step of the numerical calculation is set as 0.001 s, each time step is calculated 30 times iteratively and the calculation residual is set as \(1\times 10^{-5}\).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Uses of Produced VFAs
#### 3.2.2 Biodiesel Production  
Biodiesel can be produced from waste biomass through the transesterification of lipids by oleaginous microorganisms, with VFAs being a possible substrate [10; 11]. A conversion of Y lipids/VFAs = 0.3 g/g has been reported by [PERSON] et al. [10]. [PERSON] et al. [37] examined the effect of different VFA ratios for acetic propionic and butyric acid, with higher amounts of acetic acid once again leading to higher yields of biodiesel and being completely consumed by the microorganisms. The ratio that was closest to the results of this study demonstrated a yield of Y lipids/VFAs = 0.159 g/g. [PERSON] et al. [38] studied the production of lipids from food derived VFAs and their conversion to biodiesel that can reach 100%. The amount of biodiesel that can be produced from the VFAs produced under the different pH values examined was calculated by multiplying the total mass of VFAs produced per kg of VS of substrate treated with dark fermentation, with a yield of 0.159 g biodiesel per g VFAs (Table 4).
# ERACE: Toward Facilitating Exploit Generation for Kernel Race Vulnerabilities
###### Abstract
Thus, race exploitation is still perplexing to the public. In this paper, we propose an exploitation framework named ERACE to evaluate the exploitability of kernel race vulnerabilities. ERACE can simplify the process of exploiting race vulnerabilities in three aspects. First, the race point detector helps researchers automatically locate the position of race instructions triggered by a PoC. Second, the vulnerability analyzer determines the execution order of the race instructions that cause the vulnerability and analyzes the triggering type of the race vulnerability. Therefore, researchers can choose an appropriate exploitation method more quickly. Third, the checkpoint detector identifies the checkpoint near the race instruction, that is, the instruction that can reflect whether the race condition and heap spraying are satisfied, and records the system call to which the checkpoint belongs. Finally, we construct an exploit based on the information obtained above. ERACE greatly standardizes and simplifies the process of exploiting race vulnerabilities. We introduce the detailed workflow of ERACE in Section 4. To evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of ERACE, we tested 23 real-world vulnerabilities. As a result, we successfully detected the race points of 19 vulnerabilities, the timing relationships among the race instructions, and the triggering types of 17 vulnerabilities, and assisted in generating exploits for 13 vulnerabilities. In general, this paper makes the following contributions. * We design and implement ERACE, a new framework to facilitate the process of exploiting kernel race vulnerabilities, which applies a combination of dynamic and static analysis techniques. ERACE can effectively help security researchers simplify the analysis of kernel race vulnerabilities, select appropriate exploitation methods, and use checkpoints to increase the success rate of privilege escalation. * We analyze the kernel race vulnerabilities in depth and modeled their exploitation process. The main process includes locating the race point, identifying the triggering type of the vulnerability, and identifying the checkpoint of the race. * We demonstrate the utility of ERACE. By testing 23 real-world race vulnerabilities in the Linux kernel, ERACE facilitates the exploit generation for 13 race vulnerabilities. The organizational structure of this article is as follows. Section 2 describes the background and challenges of our research. Section 3 provides an example to show the process of exploiting race vulnerabilities and presents an overview of ERACE. Section 4 de scribes the design details of ERACE. Section 5 describes the implementation of ERACE. Section 6 demonstrates the utility evaluation of ERACE. Section 7 summarizes the work related to this research. Finally, we conclude this work in Section 8.
# Automatic Thread Defect Examination System
## 3 Experiments
### Experiment for Torque Threshold Setting  
If \(\delta\) is too low, then it is possible that a TH without faults may be detected as a faulty TH. If \(\delta\) is too high, on the other hand, a faulty TH may not be detected correctly.  
Accordingly, we performed experiments to measure the accuracy of the examination system while changing the torque threshold, \(\delta\). The experiments were conducted utilizing M3, M4, and M5 steel bolts and steel THs. Here, M3 has a diameter of 6 mm, M4 has a diameter of 8 mm, and M5 has a diameter of 10 mm. While the proposed examination  
Figure 11: An example of a photo measured by the camera. The ROI is depicted as a green circle. This figure shows that the TH image is inside the ROI. Template matching using OpenCV [19] is applied to estimate the TH size in the ROI. Here, the estimated size is M3, which is correct.  
Figure 10: The model of the camera used in the proposed examination system. The camera is connected to the cover frame shown in (b) of Figure 5, and measures the TH in real time.  
system can be applied for other sizes of THs, the purpose of this experiment was to derive the optimal torque threshold \(\delta\) associated with each hole size.  
The experiments were conducted ten times each with M3, M4, and M5 steel bolts and steel THs of the following four types: faultless THs, thread-free holes, faulty THs, and small THs. Each bolt (M3, M4, and M5 bolts) were used to examine various types of THs 60 times in total. Figure 12 shows the accuracy graph (in percent) with different \(\delta\). For instance, \(n\) percent with M3 indicates that among all 60 experiments using M3, \(\frac{n*60}{100}\) cases succeeded in examining of the associated hole.  
The experimental results shown in Figure 12 indicate that for the M3, M4, and M5 holes, the highest accuracy was with the torque threshold set as 0.3 V-0.4 V, 0.2 V, and 0.3 V, respectively (Note that V (voltage) is the unit used for torque measurements in the AC servo motor).
# Chemical Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residues
## 3 Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residue
### Morphological Analysis  
The evaluation of the morphologic and physical characteristics, such as the grains' shape, colour, and size, can be essential in the analysis of both SG and GSR, as it may help to identify or exclude possible manufacturers or ammunition models [33; 71]. Furthermore, these characteristics also proved helpful in the determination of shooting distances for GSR particles recovered around entry holes [43].
# Distributed Combinatorial Maps for Parallel Mesh Processing
## 5 Experiments
### Choice of the Communication Method  
We conducted a first experiment in order to compare the two possible communication methods explained in Section 4.2. The \"Broadcast\" method, where each message is sent to all other processes, and the \"Direct\" method, where each message is sent only to the other concerned process. In this experiment, we fixed a memory limit to 1 gigabyte per process, and ran our software by increasing the number of processes from 1 to 32, a first time with the \"Broadcast\" method, and a second time with the \"Direct\" method.  
We can see in Figure 10 the overall computation time and number of messages sent for both methods (curves give the average for our six meshes). When comparing the computation time, we can see that the \"Direct\" method is much faster than the \"Broadcast\" method, when the number of processes increases. Indeed, for 32 processes, the average computation time is 85 s for \"Direct\", while the computation time is 3000 s for \"Broadcast\".  
For a small number of processes (less than or equal to 8), we can observe that both methods are more or less equivalent. Indeed, in these cases, the number of exchanged messages is small implying only small differences in computation times. On the contrary, for a big number of processes, we can see that the computation time for \"Broadcast\" is totally dominated by the cost of the message passing.  
Figure 9: Initial polygon meshes used in our experiments. # faces is the number of faces of the original polygon meshes. # init. hexa is the number of hexahedra in the initial coarse 3-dmap.  
The conclusion of this experiment is obvious: the \"Direct\" method is much better than the \"Broadcast\" one and thus we use only this \"Direct\" method in all following experiments.
# Power Consumption Comparison of GPU Linear Solvers for Cellular Potts Model Simulations
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, various parallel implementations of the Cellular Potts model have been developed and evaluated to address the challenges of energy efficiency in a computational biological simulation. By leveraging modern GPU architectures and exploring alternative solvers for large-scale linear systems of equations, including the proposed parallel implementation of the conjugate gradient method, we demonstrated that specific methods can significantly enhance performance compared to traditional approaches. Comprehensive tests confirm that the custom CG GPU implementation is the best choice in terms of execution time and power consumption. The achieved results encourage us to study and monitor, in future works, the temperatures reached in the proposed implementations with respect to existing software.  
All authors have contributed in equally part. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
[PERSON], A.G. and L.M. are member of the Gruppo Nazionale Calcolo Scientifico-Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica (GNCS-INdAM).  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Article** & **Contribution** & **Parallel** & **Energy Consumption Analysis** \\ \hline
[23] & CellSim3D is a software package for simulating three-dimensional cell division based on the mechanical properties of cells. & Yes & No \\ \hline
[7] & Parallelizing Cellular Potts model using software transactional memory, enhancing computational efficiency for simulating ductal carcinoma in situ and other tumors. & Yes & No \\ \hline
[24] & MATLAB-based implementation for protein crystal growth with a user-friendly interface. & No & No \\ \hline
[18] & GPU-accelerated 3D simulation of in-stent restenosis, improving computational efficiency and enabling large-scale analyses of vascular smooth muscle cell behaviors. & Yes & No \\ \hline
[19] & Hybrid parallel framework using MPI and OpenMP for distributed and shared-memory systems. & Yes & No \\ \hline
[20] & Parallelization and high-performance computing enables automated statistical inference of multi-scale models. & Yes & No \\ \hline
[21] & A Cellular Potts model for simulating microenvironmental influences on tumor progression using GPU acceleration. & Yes & No \\ \hline
[22] & Advanced parallel techniques for biological simulations focusing on computational efficiency. & Yes & No \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Summary of main CPM implementations.
## 3 Application
### Application of Foam Dust Reduction in Zhangcun Coal Mine
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & & **Working Face Total** & **Working Face Total** & **Mineral Dust** & **Concentration of** & **Mineral Dust** & **Respiable Mineral** \\  & **Dust Concentration** & **Dust Concentration** & **Concentration of** & **Suspended Air** & **Generation in** & **Dust in suspended** \\  & & & **mg/m\({}^{3}\)** & **mg/m\({}^{3}\)** & **mg/m\({}^{3}\)** & **mg/m\({}^{3}\)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{measurement data} & 1629 & 622.5 & 1297.5 & 413.5 & 443.5 & 199 \\  & (10.20) \({}^{*}\) & (10.20) & (10.20) & (10.20) & (11.08) & (11.08) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 1197 & 353 & 952.1 & 347.5 & 373.5 & 196 \\ \cline{1-1}  & (10.23) & (10.23) & (10.23) & (10.23) & (11.10) & (11.10) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 1413 & 487.8 & 1124.8 & 380.5 & 408.5 & 197.5 \\ \cline{1-1}  & dust reduction efficiency (\%) & 20.4 & 22.0 & 71.1 & 59.5 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: \({}^{*}\)The time in parentheses is the measured data time.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of dust suppression efficiency on the back air side of the roadheader driver. Figure 4: Total dust concentration at each location before and after dustfall. Figure 5: Respiratory dust concentration at each location before and after dustfall. Figure 6: Comparison of dust-reducing efficiency of water mist and foam on total dust. According to the measurement and analysis results in Table 5, Figures 4-7, the dust removal effect is obvious after using the foam dust suppression technology, as high as 59.5%, which is much higher than the dust removal efficiency of water spray dust reduction. At the transfer point on the return air side, 5 m after the transfer point, and 10 m after the transfer point, the dust removal efficiency of the total dust can still reach 65.4%, 67.0%, 66.9%, respectively. The dust suppression efficiency is 58.4%, 59.4% and 59.7%, respectively, all of which meet the contract requirements, effectively reducing the dust concentration of the underground excavation face, purifying the sanitary conditions of the workplace, and ensuring the physical and mental health of miners. In addition, the good dustproof effect improves the visibility in the mine, allowing the driver of the fully mechanized excavator to see the cutting drum clearly, which not only ensures the continuity of coal cutting but also is conducive to the formation and center control of the roadway. With this technology, the water consumption is greatly reduced with the subsidence of the fully mechanized excavator avoided, accompanied with an improved working efficiency of the excavator. Therefore, the application of this technology can significantly improve the environment of the underground operation site the forming quality of the roadway, reduce the probability of pneumoconiosis among workers, and significantly increases the driving speed.