esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Conclusions and Discussions  
In conclusion, we have introduced the latest developments in high power DPSS picosecond lasers. We presented our work on a high energy picosecond laser operating at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. and a high average power picosecond laser running at 100 kHz. With DPSS hybrid amplifiers consisting of a picosecond oscillator, a regenerative amplifier, end-pumped single-pass amplifiers, and a side-pumped amplifier, the output energy of 64.8 mJ at a repetition rate of 1 kHz was achieved. An average power of 37.5 W at a repetition rate of 100 kHz pumped by CW laser diodes was also obtained.  
Although without the advantage of heat dissipation, laser systems based on bulk materials generally could have high conversion efficiency and simple structures. These characteristics make bulk materials attractive choices as laser media in high power DPSS picosecond lasers. In this paper, we demonstrated high energy and high average power picosecond laser systems with bulk Nd-doped crystals, proving them as promising candidates to achieve high power DPSS lasers.  
To improve the system's capacity of heat dissipation, we took measures on the crystals, pumps, and cavity design. We used long crystals with low doping concentration and quasi-CW laser diodes as pumps. A thermal compensation cavity was designed and used as a regenerative amplifier. The crystals were water-cooled at 14 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In the experiments, we found that the efficiency dropped significantly when  
Figure 12: Power curves and beam images of each stage. (**a**) First stage; (**b**) second stage; (**c**) third stage; (**d**) side-pumped stage.  
the pump power increased to a certain value beyond the damage threshold of the crystals. The main influence factor, we believed, was the heat accumulated in the crystals. In the next step, we will replace the water-coolers with thermal electronic coolers (TEC) or cryogenic coolers to improve the capacity of heat dissipation to achieve higher power or energy.  
By the figures showing the beam qualities of the output pulses in this paper, we noticed that the beam quality deteriorated significantly after including the side-pumped amplifier despite providing a huge pump power. Its inhomogeneity in space had a great influence on the beam quality. However, the beam quality of the picosecond laser is especially important for certain applications. The side-pumped module will have to be replaced by an end-pumped amplifier for better beam quality.  
This work was partially supported by the National Major Equipment Development Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2012 YQ120047) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11174361, 61575217).
# Research on SWIM Services Dynamic Migration Method +
## 3 SWIM Security Threat Scenario  
In the SWIM network, the civil aviation meteorological department provides the aeronautical meteorological information service as a SWIM service provider (SP). The SWIM network security scenario is shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 3: SWIM security threat scenario.  
Figure 2: The system-wide information management (SWIM) service information interaction process.  
In the process of obtaining aviation weather information service through the SWIM network, it is assumed that a civil aviation meteorological department of China provides aviation weather information service to the airline. Due to the fixed nature of the traditional SWIM network topology, the network security threat has the characteristics of penetration and latency. The malicious attacker can capture the system vulnerabilities of the civil aviation meteorological department through long-term detection, and then launch a malicious attack to cause the aviation meteorological service to be interrupted. Therefore, how to transfer the SWIM service provider out of the scope of the attacker's attack perspective, making the attack launched by the attacker invalid or increasing the attack cost and widening the attack perspective is an important issue.
## 7 Conclusions and Future Work  
Due to the constraints of power and directionality, it is very essential and challenging to design communication protocols for FSOSNs. In this paper, we proposed RRP for FSOSNs to maintain network connectivity, guarantee packet delivery, and prolong network lifetime. In RRP, the data packets are first transmitted through the shortest paths. Then, a reconfiguration is initiated by the node whose residual energy has reached a threshold. Those nodes affected by this DN are classified into two types and reconfigured according to their types. The reconfiguration effectively prevents the DN from affecting the data transmission of other nodes, which contributes to improving the network performance. An energy model was setup to evaluate RRP. The simulation results indicate that RRP achieves better performance than the simple-link protocol and DRS in terms of connectivity, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and the number of living nodes.  
In future, our work will focus on improving the scalability of the RRP. The RRP works well in a FSOSN with one BS compared to the simple-link protocol and DRS. But recent applications need to use multiple BSs in large scale WSNs in order to obtain balance network energy consumption and prolong network lifetime. The deployment of multiple BSs can increase the manageability of the network and reduce the energy dissipation at each node. Therefore, it is essential to extend the proposed RRP to support large scale FSOSNs with multiple BSs.
## 2 Theory and Methodology
### Common-Receiver-Based Multiple-Wave Reverse Time Migration
This cross-correlation contributes to the correct imaging of the subsurface reflection interfaces. However, the other terms arise from incorrect cross-correlation between the receiver and the source wavefields, leading to the formation of artifacts that significantly affect the imaging quality of RTM. Furthermore, Equation (9) also indicates that the original seismic data, which included both primary and multiple waves, exhibited a highly complex propagation path during back-propagation. Wavefield components formed by different propagation paths may interfere with each other, which, to some extent, also affects the imaging quality. In the CR-MRTM method, seismic data, including both primary and multiple waves, are used to stimulate the source wavefield at the source location, replacing the seismic wavelets. Based on this approach, the potential for secondary reflections in the back-propagation of the seismic data can be avoided. Under these conditions, the cross-correlation imaging condition can be expressed as below, where \(S_{0}\) to \(S_{3}\) represent the source wavefields generated via the seismic wavelets propagating along different paths, and \(M_{0}\) to \(M_{3}\) denote the wavefields obtained via the reverse propagation of primary and multiple waves through the subsurface medium. In addition to the previously listed components, the true source and receiver wavefields also contain higher-order multiple wave components, which are indicated here by ellipses. \[I_{(x,z)} =\sum_{t=0}^{T_{\max}}\left[(S_{0}(x,z,t)+S_{1}(x,z,t)+S_{2}(x,z,t )+S_{3}(x,z,t)+\cdots)\right.\] \[\left.\cdot(M_{0}(x,z,T_{\max}-t)+M_{1}(x,z,T_{\max}-t)+M_{2}(x,z, T_{\max}-t)+\cdots)\right] \tag{10}\]  
In CR-MRTM, originally complex propagation paths are split into source and receiver wavefields, significantly reducing the potential for interference between the wavefield components. In addition, because seismic data containing subsurface structural information no longer undergo additional reflections during back-propagation, this information is preserved to the greatest extent. Seismic data propagated via CR-MRTM include both primary and multiple waves, eliminating the need for multiple-wave prediction or separation. Furthermore, because the CR-MRTM does not interfere with the propagation paths of seismic waves through the subsurface medium, it can simultaneously handle both surface and interbed multiples. In the next section, we provide a more detailed explanation of the effectiveness of CR-MRTM in multiple-wave imaging, specifically in terms of noise suppression and illumination coverage enhancement, based on simulation experiments.
## 7 The Evaluation of BOC-Like Receiving of MBOC
### Performance Evaluation  
#### 7.2.1 Acquisition Performance  
As mentioned in the previous subsection, many specific implementations satisfy the spectral constraint Equation (30) of MBOC, including TMBOC, QMBOC, CBOC+, CBOC-, which are evaluated in this section. Those specific MBOC implementations all support the BOC\({}_{11}\)-like unmatched receiving.  
The acquisition performance for the several MBOC signals can be compared by using the unmatched correlator output SNIR loss Equation (16), which supports unmatched receiving, as shown in Figure 6. Among the four MBOCs, generally, the rank of the acquisition performance is CBOC+ \(>\) CBOC\(-\) = QMBOC \(>\) TMBOC for the unmatched receiving. In addition, the dashed line in Figure 6 shows the performance of matched received QMBOC or TMBOC for reference, whose acquisition performances are the same in matched receiving [27] because an identical spectrum is achieved. The dashed curve ramps up as the receiving bandwidth increases, because a higher proportion of power is acquired within the receiving band, which is 93.5% of the transmitting power at the receiving bandwidth 14 MHz, and 95% at 20 MHz.  
Figure 6: The correlation output SNIR loss of multiple implementation of MBOC(6,1,1/11) signals, under matched receiving and BOC\({}_{11}\)-like unmatched receiving. It can be used to characterize the acquisition performance of MBOCs.  
It is worth noting that the matched QMBOC and TMBOC have even worse acquisition performance than unmatched CBOC+ when the bandwidth is less than 12.1 MHz. Also, the matched QMBOC and TMBOC achieve competitive performance with the unmatched CBOC\(-\) and unmatched QMBOC when the bandwidth is less than 10.5 MHz. This demonstrates that for those receivers with not large enough front-end bandwidth, it is not beneficial to employ the matched receiving with an additional complexity rather than the unmatched receiving.
# An In-Depth Review of the Weibull Model with a Focus on Various Parameterizations
## 1 Background
We perform a review of the different parameterizations of the Weibull distribution documented in the literature, including the interpretation of the regression coefficients, when incorporating regression structures into these parameterizations. 2. We introduce a novel parameterization of the Weibull model based on the mode of this distribution. 3. We theoretically explore the equivalence of the five parameterizations of the Weibull distribution in the context of regression models, since there is no discussion connecting all the mentioned parameterizations. The manuscript is organized as follows. In Section 2, five parameterizations of the Weibull distribution are introduced. Three of these parameterizations are mean-based, one is quantile-based, and the last one is mode-based. Each parameterization is characterized by examining the respective hazard and survival functions. Section 3 delves into the interpretation of regression coefficients when regression structures are incorporated into the parameters of the five Weibull model parameterizations. In Section 5, we analytically demonstrate that the five parameterizations of the Weibull model discussed in the previous section define the same log-likelihood function. Section 6 presents Monte Carlo (MC) simulation studies for parameter estimation and residuals. In Section 6, the analyzed models are applied to real data. Specifically, two illustrations are provided to exemplify their applicability and use in material fatigue life and survival data. should be noted that all models have been implemented using the R-project code ([[https://www.r-project.org/](https://www.r-project.org/)]([https://www.r-project.org/](https://www.r-project.org/)), accessed on 5 December 2023). Finally, Section 7 summarizes the main conclusions of the manuscript and discusses possible avenues for future work.
# Multimodal Biometric Template Protection Based on a
## 4 Experiments  
### Datasets  
Our experiments were performed on six face-periocular datasets. Although these datasets originally contained only face images, periocular images were obtained by cropping the eye region from the face images. The six datasets considered are AR [35], Ethnic [36], Facescrub [37], IMDB Wiki [38], Pubfig [39], and YTF [40].  
* **AR** was generated by the Computer Vision Center (CVC) at Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and consists of over 4000 frontal view color images of 126 subjects. It was constructed under strictly controlled conditions, and each image shows a different facial expression, with different illumination conditions and occlusions.
* **Ethnic** is a large collection dataset composed of subjects of different ethnicities. All periocular images were obtained under various uncontrolled conditions as found in a wild environment (i.e., with variations in camera distance, pose, and location). It consists of 85,394 images of 1034 subjects.
* **Facescrub** is a large face dataset composed of 530 celebrity face images. It consists of about 200 images per person, with a total of 106,863 images. Images were retrieved from the Internet and shot in a real-world environment, i.e., under uncontrolled conditions.
* **IMDB Wiki** is a large dataset of celebrities, including their birthdays, names, genders, and related images. A dataset was constructed by obtaining meta-information from Wikipedia as well as the IMDB website. It consists of a total of 523,051 face imagesof 20,284 celebrities, of which 460,723 images were drawn from IMDB and 62,328 from Wikipedia.
* **Pubfig** (Public Figures Face) consists of 58,797 images of 200 people obtained from the Internet. Images were taken in completely uncontrolled situations and with non-cooperative subjects. It therefore has large variations in the characteristics of the environment, such as pose, lighting, expression, and camera.
* **YTF** (YouTube Face) dataset consists of 1595 subjects and 3425 videos. All videos were downloaded from YouTube, with an average of 2.15 videos per subject, and each video ranged from 48 to 6070 frames.  
We followed the open-set evaluation protocol [29], in which the training and testing datasets do not overlap. The training set was constructed from the Ethnic and IMDB Wiki subsets, and the subjects were independent of the testing sets. Six datasets were used for testing. Table 1 gives a summary of the composition of each of the training and testing datasets.
# AI Algorithms in the Agrifood Industry: Application Potential in the Spanish Agrifood Context
## 4 Results
### Analysis of Article Volume, Origin, and Access Model
#### 4.1.3 Access Model  
The analysis of the access model for the articles in this dataset reveals a varied distribution of open access availability. A sizable portion of the articles, 42.2%, are categorized under an unknown access model, indicating either incomplete metadata or variability in access conditions across platforms. Among those with a defined access model, the largest group, representing 35.3% of the articles, is available under the Gold Open Access model, which offers free access to all articles immediately upon publication, typically funded by article processing charges (APCs). This growing prevalence of Gold Open Access underscores the increasing emphasis on making research widely accessible without paywall restrictions.  
Hybrid Gold Open Access, accounting for 7.8% of the articles, combines open access content with subscription-based content in the same journal, where some articles are freely accessible while others remain behind a paywall. Additionally, 7.5% of the publications follow a mixed model that includes various combinations of gold, green, and hybrid access strategies. This reflects the diverse approaches used by researchers and publishers to balance open access and financial sustainability. All Open Access, where 100% of the articles in the journal are freely available, guarantees unrestricted access to all published content.  
Lastly, 3.3% of the articles fall under Bronze Open Access, where content is temporarily available to the public without a long term commitment to open access by the publishers. This distribution reflects a shift towards greater openness in scientific publishing, especially in fields such as AI and agriculture, where global access to research can drive innovation and practical applications. However, the substantial number of articles with unknown or ambiguous access models points to ongoing challenges in tracking and ensuring consistent open access, highlighting the need for improved transparency and standardization in publishing practices.
# Fuzzy Rough C-Mean Based Unsupervised CNN Clustering for Large-Scale Image Data
## 3 Experiments
### Experimental Design
#### 3.5.2 Performance on Number of Cluster (\(k\))  
Figure 4 shows the NMI performance on the different number of k clusters w.r.t ILSVRC12-Val and MNIST-Full dataset. First, the ILSVRC12-Val dataset at \(k=1\) accomplishes the best NMI performance. The performance is decreasing with the number of \(k\) increasing. Let \(k=1\) be the good choice for ILSVRC12-Val, however the computation time is too long for fine-tuning the learning representation. We will consider the computational time and performance results together, at that  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods/Data** & **ILSVRC12-Val** & **MNIST-Full** & **MNIST-Test** & **YTF** \\ \hline DEC & - & - & - & 0.4 h \\ DEPICT & - & 2.7 h & 0.41 h & 0.6 h \\ CNN-CM & 3.2 h & 2.9 h & 0.33 h & 0.9 h \\ JULE & 5.1 h & 3.1 h & 0.40 h & 1.1 h \\ CCNN & 1.2 h & - & - & - \\ \hline FR-UCNN & 3.1 h & 1.2 h & 0.16 h & 0.5 h \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Computational Time Comparison of FRUCNN with compared methods.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods** & **ILSVRC12-Val** & **MNIST-Full** & **MNIST-Test** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**YTF**} \\ \hline  & **NMI** & **ACC** & **NMI** & **ACC** & **NMI** & **ACC** & **NMI** & **ACC** \\ \hline Scheme–1 & 0.200 & 0.256 & 0.630 & 0.651 & 0.640 & 0.663 & 0.530 & 0.500 \\ Scheme–2 & 0.310 & 0.357 & 0.840 & 0.852 & 0.852 & 0.860 & 0.740 & 0.700 \\ Scheme–3 & **0.401** & **0.456** & **0.919** & **0.971** & **0.920** & **0.974** & **0.891** & **0.783** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Comparison between different Schemes of Proposed Method Based on Performance Measure (NMI & ACC).  
point the best choice is \(k=10\) or less for the ILSVRC12-Val dataset. Secondly, for the MNIST-Full dataset, at \(k=9\) accomplishes the highest NMI performance as expected. When we compare the performance MNIST-Full dataset with \(k=9\) and \(k=10\) then \(k=9\) accomplishes better performance as the handwriting digits 4 and 9 consider the same cluster. For both datasets, \(k=9\) or 10 seems to be a reasonable choice for good NMI performance with much less computation.
# Suitability of NB-IoT for Indoor Industrial Environment: A Survey and Insights
## 2 Technical Background of NB-IoT
### The Standardization and Technology of NB-IoT  
NB-IoT is one of the licensed frequency band communication technologies that were standardized by the 3 GPP [1]. This technology is fused into LTE infrastructure as it is also an LPWAN-based technology. Among its category of LPWAN but utilizing the unlicensed frequency bands are LoRaWAN, Ingenu, SigFox, etc. NB-IoT is characterized by low-cost deployment and long-range coverage [17]. The use of the already existing cellular infrastructure by NB-IoT makes it a good candidate for the deployment of IoT as it provides a standardized common platform for the connectivity of objects. Among the advantages of NB-IoT include support for an effective cellular communication network, wide radius coverage with bidirectional triggering between data and signaling planes, low power consumption rate, and capacity to support the massive connections of devices [15; 78].
# Methods and Applications of Space Understanding in Indoor Environment--A Decade Survey
## 5 Taxonomy of Accomplished Tasks
### Taxonomy Presentation
#### 5.1.3 Environment Description Creation  
This task grouped solutions that resulted in easily readable extended text descriptions of the analyzed buildings. Their main targeted usage was dedicated to supporting visually impaired people, in independent environment exploration and path planning or building structure understanding before an actual visit. The sample result is presented in Figure 7. [PERSON] et al. [90] created a system that converted the given floor plan into an interactive graphic displayed on the touch screen of a tablet device. A visually impaired person could tap the screen to hear a textual description or other sound indicators of touched building components. The achieved approach was further extended by [PERSON] et al. [95, 103]. The authors upgraded the proposed solution to a complex system providing the user with text descriptions of whole floors, separated rooms, and many other features, like an editing tool for a sighted person to help manually correct possible recognition errors. [PERSON] et al. [115] presented a web browser-based system that generates extended textual descriptions of floor plans found as a result of the search phrase provided by the user. Similar whole-floor descriptions were the results of consecutive solutions developed by [PERSON] et al. [96, 99, 107, 119]. The first one [96] proposed a framework called \"Plan2 Text\" that allowed the processing of the input floor plan and generated a textual description from a first-person perspective. \"SUGAMAN\", presented later in [99], expanded the research and added, e.g., navigation features that described to the user how to plan a walk from one room to another. The third paper [119] introduced and tested a building plan repository called \"BRIDGE\", which contained over 13,000 images of floor plans and the descriptions generated for them. The last article [107] extended the plan repository project even further and presented machine-learning models for simultaneously extracting visual and textual features.  
Figure 6: Visualization of the Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) task. A query picture (**top**) is used to search a database for TOP3 most similar floor plans (**bottom**).