# Micro-Nanobubble Technology in Surface Cleaning and Defouling
## 5 Summary and Future Perspectives
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **Concentrate** & **Principal Outcomes** & **Implementation** & **References** \\ \hline
1 & Properties of NBs & ROS generation, moderate increasing velocity, and high stability & Extensive use in industry and the environment & [1,2] \\
2 & Surface Cleaning & Enhanced cleaning with ROS generation for pollutant degradation & Biofilm and surface cleaning & [10] \\
3 & Membrane Fouling & Lower fouling and higher permeability & Water and wastewater treatment & [11,12] \\
4 & Integration of & Coupled with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to produce synergistic cleaning effects & Disrupting biofilms and treating water & [14, 15, 16, 17] \\
5 & Challenges & Scalability and environmental adaptation issues & Large-scale implementation & [22, 23, 24] \\
6 & Methods of Stability & Extended longevity in solutions is ensured by high zeta potential & Long-term uses across a range of industries & [25, 26, 27, 28] \\
7 & Jet Dynamics & Decreased substrate damage due to surface bubble jets being weaker & Accurate cleaning and production & [31] \\
8 & Surface Interaction & Surface wettability and roughness affect attachment & Improved adherence during flotation & [34,35] \\
9 & Cavitation and & Maintains emulsion stability and facilitates effective cleaning & Cosmetics and food industries & [37, 38, 39] \\
10 & Irrigation Systems & Decreases clogging and enhances emitter efficiency & Irrigation in agriculture & [44,45] \\
11 & Food Safety & Control of pathogens and prolonged shelf life & Food production and inactivation of pathogens & [60,61] \\
12 & Antifouling & Biomimetic coatings use NBs to prevent biofouling & Protection of industrial and marine surfaces & [91, 92, 93, 94] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of the significant components of NB technology. are used responsibly, thorough ecological studies are necessary. Economic constraints are caused by the high initial costs of MNB production equipment and energy usage. Without a clear indication of the technology's financial advantages, such as lower costs due to less chemical use or increased operational effectiveness, industries can be reluctant to adopt it. To increase the appeal of MNB technology to enterprises, economic models that demonstrate long-term savings and return on investment are required. MB and NB technologies have enormous potential to improve global sustainability by providing chances to tackle a number of important issues, particularly in poor nations. Both MBs and NBs may greatly lessen the environmental effect of conventional methods and support more sustainable practices by boosting cleaning procedures, increasing water treatment, and encouraging resource conservation. Sustainable agriculture and water access and purification may present unique prospects in poor nations. Its potential as a vital instrument in the endeavor to build a more sustainable and just world is shown by its contribution to the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In order to guarantee that communities have access to clean water and better sanitation, MBs and NBs can provide sustainable and reasonably priced wastewater treatment and water purification solutions. By encouraging innovation in waste management, water purification, and cleaning technologies, the incorporation of MBs and NBs into sectors can aid in the creation of sustainable infrastructure in developing nations. MBs and NBs encourage sustainable patterns of production and consumption by lowering the use of hazardous chemicals and improving waste management, which in turn encourages responsible industrial practices. By encouraging more sustainable practices and increasing energy efficiency, MBs and NBs can aid in lowering the carbon footprint of certain industrial processes and aiding in the fight against climate change. As a result, the use of MB and NB technologies in underdeveloped nations supports international sustainability initiatives while also addressing regional environmental issues.