## 4 Suitability Evaluation and Effect Analysis of Non-Conventional Lanes
### Environmental and Social Benefits Evaluation  
Environmental and social benefits are important dimensions for evaluating the comprehensive effects of non-conventional lanes, which not only improve traffic efficiency but also bring significant environmental and social benefits. [PERSON] et al. [34] conducted lane function-signal control collaborative optimization for tandem intersections. [PERSON] et al. [25] designed a real-time dynamic reversible lane scheme in the intelligent cooperative vehicle infrastructure system, showing that compared to traditional time-controlled schemes, average vehicle delay decreased by 27.4%, and VOC, CO, and NOx emissions decreased by 13.5%. [PERSON] et al. [68] studied the pre-signal control method for right-placed left-turning buses, significantly reducing the delay of left-turning buses and through vehicles. [PERSON] et al. [69] proposed an innovative design of multi-vehicle tandem U-turns for U-turn congestion problems, effectively improving the capacity of U-turn lanes. [PERSON] et al. [70] considered pedestrian factors, proposing an overlapping phase design that not only improved traffic efficiency but also enhanced pedestrian crossing safety. Research results showed that compared to the current situation, the timing optimization method could reduce various delays by 27.11% (per vehicle), 22.41% (per person), 27.08% (total vehicles), 22.49% (total pedestrians), and 26.15% (total intersection), reduce various pollutant emissions by 3.76% (VOC), 3.76% (CO), 3.76% (NOx), and lower fuel consumption by 3.78%. The method effectively improved the traffic efficiency of signalized intersections and mitigated conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles. Comprehensive sustainability assessment requires the integration of environmental justice principles and social equity considerations into evaluation frameworks. Environmental impacts extend beyond emission reductions (10.93% CO and 12.97% NOx reduction demonstrated by [PERSON] et al. [34]) to encompass energy efficiency, noise reduction, and resource utilization patterns throughout system lifecycles. Social equity analysis must address differential impacts on vulnerable populations, including elderly drivers, low-income communities, and areas with limited technological infrastructure, ensuring non-conventional lane implementations do not create digital divides or accessibility barriers. Sustainability impact integration demands life-cycle assessment methodologies evaluating construction impacts, operational benefits, and maintenance requirements within broader urban development contexts. Future evaluation models should incorporate community impact assessments, environmental justice metrics, and long-term sustainability indicators, enabling holistic benefit-cost analysis that supports equitable and sustainable urban development objectives. Simultaneously, research on social equity needs to be strengthened, evaluating the impacts of non-conventional lanes on different groups (such as the elderly, disabled, and low-income groups). Furthermore, the relationship between non-conventional lanes and urban sustainable development goals should be studied to provide a scientific basis for policy formulation. Inclusive evaluation frameworks must integrate marginalized community voices and Sustainable Development Goal alignment to ensure equitable non-conventional lane implementation. Community engagement methodologies should capture the experiences of elderly drivers, individuals with disabilities, low-income households, and populations with limited access to emerging vehicle technologies who may face disproportionate adaptation challenges. SDG integration requires comprehensive assessment addressing Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being) through safety enhancements, Goal 10 (Reduced Inequalities) ensuring equitable access to transportation improvements, Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) through inclusive infrastructure development, and Goal 13 (Climate Action) via demonstrated emission reductions.