## 1 Introduction  
Cable-stayed bridges have been highly favored in bridge engineering for their exceptional span capabilities, cost efficiency, and elegant design [1]. The anchorage zone of the main pylon in a cable-stayed bridge is a critical structural component that distributes the local concentrated cable forces across the entire cross-section of the pylon. The reliability of these structures directly impacts the safety of the entire bridge. Due to the significant concentrated forces in this region, the anchorage zones of cable-stayed bridge pylons have complex structures and stress states, making them key areas in design. Cable-pylon anchorage zones can be categorized into prestressed anchorages as in the Helgeland Bridge [2], crossed anchorages as in the Mainbrucke in West Germany [3], and saddle type anchorages as in the Brotonne Bridge in France, as well as U-shaped anchorages [4]. Among these, steel anchor beam or box anchorage belongs to the composite pylon anchorage forms, where the steel structure primarily bears the horizontal tensile forces of the cables, and the concrete pylon takes the vertical forces. This detail leverages the advantages of both materials and is particularly suitable for long-span bridges. Researchers have conducted extensive studies on this form of anchorage. [PERSON] et al. (2017) [5] conducted field tests on installed steel anchor box structures. [PERSON] et al. (2021) [6] built a finite element (FE) model to study the mechanical mechanism of multi-segment exposed steel anchor boxes. [PERSON] et al. (2012) [7] investigated the horizontal mechanical behavior of steel-concrete composite cable-pylon anchorage through full-scale tests, finite element analysis, and a simplified deformation-based method. [PERSON] et al. (2023) [8] studied the stress mechanism of exposed steel anchor boxes for small- and medium-span bridges with overly large cable forces. [PERSON] et al. (2013) [9] established a computational model for the anchorage zone of the steel anchor beam and analyzed its force mechanism. The steel anchor beam/box anchorage secures the cables to anchor heads at both ends of the steel anchor beam. This beam is positioned longitudinally along the bridge and placed on brackets inside the pylon walls. The web of the anchor beam bears part of the horizontal component of the cable forces, while the unbalanced horizontal forces and the vertical forces are borne by the pylon walls. When the vertical forces are transferred to the pylon walls, early cable-stayed bridges commonly used concrete brackets to connect the steel anchor beam to the pylon walls. However, due to the complex stress distribution in concrete brackets and their protrusion from the pylon walls, which hinders slipform construction, the use of steel brackets has emerged in recent years. Examples include the Jiujiang Yangtze River Highway Bridge [10]. Steel brackets are welded to steel wall plates, which are integrated with the pylon wall using connectors, making the reliability of these connectors a crucial consideration. Shear studs are a common selection for the connectors between concrete and steel [11; 12; 13; 14], and their shear load capacity has been extensively studied and utilized as shear connectors in composite beams [15; 16; 17; 18]. One of the examples of using shear studs include the Gordie Howe International Bridge [19], and [PERSON] et al. (2021) [6] tested and analyzed the stress state of the shear studs in anchorage zones. Other types of shear connectors include perfobound (PBL) connectors and channel connectors [20; 21], and dowel connectors [22; 23] were also proposed and investigated with experimental and numerical studies. Perfobound connectors have been shown to effectively transfer loads between concrete and other materials, and studies have been conducted to explore their use as anchorage zone connectors. For instance, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2016) [24] studied the anchorage behavior of puzzle-shaped connectors in both cracked and uncracked concrete. [PERSON] et al.