## 6 Discussion  
The analyses and examinations involved in this contribution demonstrated the significance of RA and OH approaches to the management of enriching projected outcomes and reducing adverse effects in the daily practice of wireless EM energy transfer and transmission devices in urban smart cities context. Moreover, such management also permitted the protection against EMF exposure of medical onboard tools, as well as the living tissues of humans and their urban environment's biodiversity and ecosystem. The RA and OH approaches were practiced via eco-design and monitoring involving human decision-making. The control of the different management actions (design, protection, control, risk evaluation, etc.) has been mastered and accomplished through governing physically involved phenomena and their mathematical equations treatments. Following the different analyses involved in the paper's sections, several points merit additional discussion. As discussed earlier, regarding EMF devices, a laudable management objective is to augment the projected outcomes and reduce the unplanned effects, thereby increasing device performance and protecting biodiversity and the ecosystem. These objectives could be achieved through RA and OH approaches. It should be noted that the more sophisticated the device, the greater its side effects will be. For example, a more powerful communication tool or a faster battery-charging device would produce higher radiated or stray EMFs, respectively. In such a case, the role of RA and OH approaches would be more crucial. Concerning the far-field exposures (Section 2), the definition of the far-field region could approximately be considered through the formula \(r^{\prime}>(2D^{2})/\lambda\), where \(\lambda\) is the wavelength, D is the maximum dimension of scattered matter in free space, and \(r^{\prime}\) is the  
Figure 8: Field distribution in a body exposed to an ICT (3 kW, 30 kHz) under an EV, for a horizontal ground placed body beside the EV. (**a**) Magnitude of B (T), (**b**) magnitude of E (V/m), [45]. far-field distance. For example, for a radiated body at a frequency of 300 MHz (\(\lambda\) about 1 m), \(r^{\prime}\) is approximately for an adult human \(>\) 8 m, for a child \(>\) 1 m, and for a cat \(>\) 0.2 m.  
The RA and OH approaches intend on the management of the EMF-perturbing source device, as well as the targeted medical device. In the first, the goal is to reduce stray or noise fields, while the second the goal is to ensure the device's functioning and its shielding protection when necessary. In the case of wireless-charging batteries, theoretically, the behavior of charging capacity versus running autonomy is approximately presented as follows. For a compensated IPT, neglecting losses, the transferred IPT energy = the battery storage energy capacity = the running energy autonomy. Thus, \(\mathrm{P_{t}}\)\(\mathrm{T_{t}}\)\(\mathrm{=n_{c}}\)\(\mathrm{C_{c}}\)\(\mathrm{=P_{m}}\)\(\mathrm{T_{r}}\), where \(\mathrm{P_{t}}\) and \(\mathrm{T_{t}}\) are the transferred power and charging time, \(\mathrm{n_{c}}\) and \(\mathrm{C_{c}}\) are the number of battery cells and the battery cell storage energy capacity, and \(\mathrm{P_{m}}\) and \(\mathrm{T_{r}}\) are the motor power and the running time. It is worth noting that, for a given transferred power, motor power, and battery cell capacity, the charging time and autonomy time are correlated to the number of cells. In the case of charging a bus battery on an urban trajectory, the choice of charging routines must take into account not only the battery storage capacity but also the infrastructure complexity and especially the exposure to harmful EMFs of the living tissues involved in urban biodiversity. These routines can be at the day, circuit (round trip), or stop level. The corresponding distance automonies will be all of the circuits of a day, one circuit, or the distance between stops.