## 3 Development of the Generic Implementation Strategy  
### Methodological Fundaments of the Development  
#### 3.1.1 Structure and Rationale of the Approach  
This work is methodically based on the _design science research methodology_ (DSRM) for information systems research, as the methodology result--in literary accord--in a nominal procedure model as well as a mental representation model [47] aimed at successful development in information systems (see Figure 3). Its application was validated in the context of DTs, so it provides a suitable basis for the development of GIS for DTs [27]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Socio-Technical System Layers** & **Systems-Engineering** & **Software-Engineering** & **Hardware-Engineering** \\ \hline Society & Focus & Non-focus & Non-focus \\ Corporate & Focus & Non-focus & Non-focus \\ Work and business processes & Focus & Focus & Non-focus \\ Application system & Focus & Focus & Non-focus \\ Communication and data processing & Focus & Focus & Non-focus \\ Operating system & Focus & Focus & Non-focus \\ Devices & Focus & Non-focus & Focus \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: SE influence on socio-technical system layers; source: own representation based on [25]. Following its logic in step two, a qualitative content analysis was conducted to identify research needs [48]. Based on that, an analysis was executed to provide essential information regarding existing DT research characteristics and the determination of GIS requirements. The relevant papers identified were found in-between the research window from 1 January 2018 to 14 August 2020 using the scientific search engines _Google Scholar_ and _Science Direct as_ well as the particularly relevant search engine of _IEEE Xplore_[29]. Papers published before 1 January 2018 were deliberately excluded due to novelty in the field of DTs. The scientific publishers were elected due to their reputation and close relation to the theoretical foundations of a DTs. The search process followed the keywords _digital twin, implementation, application,_ and _strategy_ using the following search strings: _digital twin and/or implementation and/or strategy_ and _digital twin and/or application and/or strategy_. The selected papers were chosen due to their close relation to the implementation or description of the implementation of a DT. Hereby, no research papers could be found that focus on the development of a detailed GIS for DTs nor on the implementation of a DT in logistics systems of German rail transport (see Figure 4). Following the logic of the qualitative content analysis, a category system was derived both deductively and inductively. Based on the research questions of this work, the first upper and lower categories were formed deductively. Hereby, in the delimitation of the research project, the real-time monitoring was chosen as the use case and a physical-existing asset as the application object in the physical space of the DT. Based on this, the further breakdown and categorization was followed through the theory of Section 2 to build the non-functional categories. The functional categories are based on the stages and processes of the SE along its life cycle described in Section 2.3. In summary, twenty categories were developed deductively. Due to research quality assurance, these categories were reviewed through examining the identified papers and supplementing the categories inductively if required. Therefore, a coding guide was developed and used as the central analytical tool (see Appendix A, Figure A1). With the exemplary text passages for the respective categories, it could be determined that, except for one category, corresponding examples exist in the evaluation units. Since the left-out category is a specific requirement from the research question of this work, it was retained despite the lack of an anchor example. The existing categories, therefore, did not need adaption.