## 3 Results and Discussion
### Future Skill Requirements in Civil Engineering  
After generating the database of the civil engineering occupations and their current skills needs using ESCO, our next step was to identify and incorporate the future skills requirements into our database. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{14.2 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Sample of Current Skills** & **Skills and Knowledge That Respond to Near-Future Requirements** \\ \hline Profile 4 & Adjust and approve engineering designs; ensure compliance with safety legislation; perform scientific research; and use technical drawing software. & Essential skills: Use technical drawing software. Optional knowledge: Energy efficiency; energy market; energy performance of buildings; environmental engineering; environmental legislation; environmental legislation in agriculture and forestry; renewable energy technologies; and zero-energy building design. Optional skills: Carry out energy management of facilities; carry out environmental audits; collect data using GPS; create AutoCAD drawings; create GIS reports; use a computer; use CAD software; and use geographic information systems. & Essential skills: Process data. \\ \hline Profile 5 & Achieve sales targets; apply numeracy skills; assist customers; communicate with customers; guarantee customer satisfaction; and handle financial transactions. & Essential skills: Have computer literacy. \\ \hline Profile 6 & Administer multi-modal logistics; apply conflict management; apply export strategies; apply import strategies; build rapport with people from different cultural backgrounds; and communicate with shipment forwarders. & No skills of this type. \\ \hline Profile 7 & Assess supplier risks; build business relationships; comprehend financial business terminology; have computer literacy; identify customer’s needs; identify and new business opportunities. & Essential skills: Use technical drawing software. Optional knowledge: Energy efficiency and energy performance of buildings. Optional skills: Create AutoCAD drawings; promote environmental awareness; and use CAD software. \\ \hline Profile 9 & Create technical plans; read engineering drawings; use CAD software; use manual draughting techniques; and use technical drawing software. & Essential skills: Use CAD software and use technical drawing software. Optional skills: Render 3D images and use geographic information systems. \\ \hline Profile 10 & Adjust surveying equipment; conduct land surveys; determine boundaries; ensure compliance with safety legislation; operate surveying instruments; perform surveying calculations; prepare surveying report; and use technical drawing software. & Essential skills: Use technical drawing software. Optional skills: develop geological databases; use CAD software; study aerial photos apply digital mapping; collect data using GPS; and compile GIS-data. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cont. ESCO database is a very useful source for classifying the skills, competences, qualifications and occupations. Nevertheless, it needs to be enriched regarding future skills due to the natural evolution of occupations. It does not provide us an adequate input about the new skills needs caused by the industrial changes and innovations in the sector. In addition, it does not involve transversal skills which are considered as fundamental for tomorrow's workforce in every sector including civil engineering. Therefore, in our research, we used other references to deal with future skills demanded by the civil engineering sector. To identify the future skills and competences, we carried out a desk research about the future skills trends of the civil engineering sector (see Section 1). It gave us a general but a clear idea about what kind of additional skills should be expected from the workforce in order to achieve a sustainable competitiveness and a successful digital transformation. We also concluded that these new skills can be mainly classified as digital skills, green skills and transversal skills.