# Assessment and Categorization of Biological Effects and
## 5 Assessment of Effects and AS Due to Exposure to RF-EMF
### SR and MA Applications  
The concept of SR and MA has been used for observational and experimental studies to review and make the suggestion available in the form of protocols. In general, such use relates to different effects contributing to reducing threats to the establishment of sustainability [94]. The applications related to the different effects of exposure to EMF are numerous; see, e.g., [13; 14; 17; 19; 11; 13; 95; 14; 96; 97; 98; 99; 100; 101; 102; 103]. Case of WHO Assessments  
Recently, the WHO has supported research and managed a special issue involving SRs on health effects of exposure to RF-EMF: WHO assessment of health effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: systematic reviews, 2022, [114; 115; 116; 117; 118; 119; 120; 121; 122; 123]. The WHO had a project to assess prospective health effects of exposure to RF-EMF in the broad and working population. To rank potential risky health consequences from exposure to these fields, WHO piloted an ample international survey within RF experts in 2018. The results of this survey distinguished major areas [114] (cancer, difficult reproductive outcomes,cognitive deficiency, EHS, oxidative stress, and heat correlated effects) for which the WHO has engaged SRs of observational and experimental studies to examine and make the suggestion available in the form of protocols for SRs. These SRs contributions involved different effects. There are ten SRs, the one on surveying and ranking of health effects, which are involved in those of the other nine SRs. Of these, four involving AS [115, 116, 117, 118], three regarding cancers and oxidative stress [119, 120, 121], two on male fertility and pregnancy outcomes [122, 123]. The following points summarize these categories. * SR on Surveying and Ranking of Health Effects [114]  
In this SR, the authors developed a survey list of all health effects described in the literature and requested 300 RF-EMF specialists and investigators to rank these health effects for systematic review as serious, important, or insignificant. They too requested these experts to specify the foundation for their ranking. Half of these experts answered. They graded cancer, heat-related effects, adverse birth outcomes, EHS, cognitive troubles, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and oxidative stress as the greatest serious consequences of exposure to RF-EMF. For heat-related results, experts founded their grading of dangerous consequences on what is recognized from human or animal investigations, and concerning cancer and other outcomes, they built their evaluation on public concerns. Reliably assessing the health risks of exposure requires an essential classification of health effects that must be methodically investigated. It was clearly agreed that there was a need to develop SRs for each of the topics categorized by this SR [114]. It should be noted that the classification result of this SR initiated the other SRs and confirmed the importance of the effects concerned. * SR on AS [115, 116, 117, 118]  
The first SR [115] examined the effects of long-term or repeated exposure to local and whole-body human RF-EMF on symptom onset by assessing migraine, tinnitus, headache, sleep disturbance, and non-specific symptoms. The second SR [116] used human experimental studies of the effects of RF-EMF exposure on self-reported human symptoms by evaluating these effects (relative to no or lower exposure levels) on symptoms in human subjects. It also evaluates the accuracy of perception of the presence of exposure in volunteers with and without idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to EMF (IEI-EMF). The third SR [117] used observational studies to assess the long-term effects of local and whole-body exposure to RF-EMF, compared to no or lower level of exposure, on indicators of cognition. This includes complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, perceptual motor ability and social cognition and to assess whether there is evidence for a dose-response relationship.