esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Related Work
### Lightweight Encryption in IoT
While the scheme in [4] focused on evaluating the performance of a lightweight encryption configuration using Salsa20 and Blake2b at the edge, our proposed HECS4 MQTT framework extends this by integrating it into a multi-layer architecture that separates edge and cloud security. HECS4 MQTT framework incorporates multi-broker MQTT communication and introduces a bridge component that re-encrypts data with AES-256 and TLS 1.3 before transmission to the cloud. Performance benchmarking of encryption algorithms is essential in the context of IoT hardware because of the tight constraints imposed by device hardware. For example, [PERSON] et al. [19] conducted a comparative analysis of the AES, Grain V1, and RC4 encryption algorithms, evaluating both their security and performance effectiveness. The study confirmed that all three algorithms successfully mitigated passive sniffing threats. Additionally, a cryptanalytic assessment was performed to estimate the time required to break each algorithm's key, revealing that AES offered the highest level of resistance and thus the strongest security among the three. Performance benchmarks showed that RC4 delivered the fastest encryption and decryption times. [PERSON] et al. [20] conducted an in-depth evaluation of the MQTT protocol by experimentally assessing the impact of various cryptographic techniques--specifically AES-CBC, RSA, and an ECC-AES hybrid scheme--on processing time and message size. The findings indicated that payload encryption consistently led to increased processing latency and larger message sizes. These results underscore the trade-offs between security strength and communication efficiency when integrating cryptographic methods into MQTT-based systems. The existing body of literature on securing MQTT-based communication in IoT environments consistently emphasizes the challenge of achieving a balance between robust security and the operational constraints of resource-limited devices [1; 2; 3]. A wide range of encryption protocols--ranging from traditional symmetric schemes to modern lightweight cryptography--have been proposed and evaluated to address these challenges. However, each solution presents inherent trade-offs. Protocols offering stronger cryptographic guarantees often introduce increased computational complexity, memory consumption, and energy usage, which can negatively impact the performance and responsiveness of constrained nodes [1; 2; 3]. Conversely, schemes optimized for low overhead may compromise on cryptographic strength.
## 1 Introduction
However, the available methods have the following limitations:  
1. The top-K frequent regular pattern mining methods adopt a best-fit strategy for the patterns that are radically using the Apriori method for pattern generation. The top-K frequent regular pattern mining methods perform excessive candidate pattern generation, which is inessential for computing. These techniques use no pruning methods to prune the unnecessary candidates before counting the supports of frequent regular itemsets. 2. The top-K frequent regular patterns are applied on offline-datasets. However, the datasets are online nowadays, and are continuously growing and remain in the updating stage. Therefore, it is mandatory to have an online synopsis or summary data structure to maintain the consolidated information of an already present dataset portion and the current dataset chunk retrieved so far. To solve the problems, this research work has proposed an algorithm, namely top-K identical frequent regular pattern mining (TKIFRPM). The TKIFRPM produces top-K identical frequent regular patterns (FRPs) from the online incremental datasets. The TKIFRPM maintains a novel data structure with item support index tables (ISI-tables) to keep summarized information about the updated dataset. Subsequently, the mining operation can be launched at any time interval to discover the top-K regular frequent patterns from the ISI-tables. The TKIFRPM explores the search space (arranged in itemset enumeration tree) in recursive depth-first order. The TKIFRPM applies a novel progressive node's sub-tree pruning strategy to rapidly eliminate a complete infrequent sub-tree from the search space. Hence, the TKIFRPM is computationally efficient as compared to the best-fit methods of top-K frequent regular pattern mining, since the TKIFRPM method does not perform support checking on the nodes of the infrequent subtrees unlike other top-K-frequent regular pattern mining methods. The TKIFRPM is compared with a state-of-the-art relevant MTKPP approach in terms of runtime (i.e., execution) and memory usage. The approaches are evaluated on three different dataset (i.e., mushroom, accident, and chess) and the performance gain on each dataset is recorded. In all experimental scenarios, the TKIFRPM has outperformed MTKPP in terms of low runtime and memory usage. The proposed TKIFRPM algorithm could have several real-time applications, including web mining, stream mining, real-time fraud detection, and stock exchange marketing. The paper is organized in the following sections. Section 2 presents a detailed review of the available frequent regular pattern approaches and highlights their advantages and disadvantages. Section 3 discusses the preliminaries required for the top-K identical frequent regular pattern mining. The Section 4 presents details of the methodology and approach used in the proposed TKIFRPM algorithm. The experimental results are presented in Section 5. In the last section, the conclusion of this research and potential future work are presented.
# Fractional-Order Sliding Mode with Active Disturbance Rejection Control for UAVs
## 4 Experiments and Results  
This section presents the dynamics model of the UAV in Equation (1) used to test the performance of the proposed control method. The hardware environment in the simulation environment was an Intel(R) Xeon(R) W-2145 CPU 16-core processor, Windows 10 system. In addition, the performance of the proposed controller was demonstrated by comparing it with an ordinary SMC as well as FO-SMC. In Section 3, we present the details of the design of the proposed controller and the design of the common SMC. The detailed parameters in the simulation control are shown in Tables 2 and 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & \(K_{p}\) & \(K_{i}\) & \(K_{d}\) & \(\beta_{1}\) & \(\beta_{2}\) & \(b_{0}\) \\ \hline \(\phi\) & \(0.1\) & \(0.1\) & \(0.003\) & \(500\) & \(1800\) & \(300\) \\ \(\theta\) & \(0.1\) & \(0.1\) & \(0.003\) & \(5 The simulation experiments were mainly carried out using the FOSM-ADRC, ordinary SMC, and FO-SMC proposed in this paper. The simulation experiment platform used Firmanent (FMT), a project developed and open-sourced by AMOVLAB [19], which is a model-based design (MBD) open-source driver. The simulation project was divided into three main parts: (1) The embedded software framework for flight control contains the core software of the flight control, driver, and function modules. (2) The flight control algorithm model framework contains the algorithm model based on Matlab/Simulink (version:R2022b), such as navigation, control, state machine, controlled object model, etc. The algorithm model can be generated by automatic code generation. The algorithm model can be merged into FMT-FW through automatic code generation, thus constituting the complete flight control system software. (3) The 3D engine realizes the simulation environment, providing realistic rendering effects and rich simulation scenes.  
The quadrotor flight task in the simulation was set to take off and fly along the X-axis for 10 m in 5 s at an altitude of 10 m and fly steadily in a stable position until the beginning of 40 s to execute the landing command. The experimental environment was divided into three cases of simulation: (1) no interference signal added to the simulation; (2) a weak white noise obeying normal distribution added to the simulation to simulate a weak interference signal; and (3) a strong white noise obeying normal distribution added to the simulation to simulate a strong interference signal.
# Tin Whisker Growth Inhibition in RE-Doped Sn-Zn Soldered Joints
## 4 Conclusions  
The tin whisker inhibition in RE-doped Sn-Zn soldered joints was investigated. The morphology and mechanism of tin whisker growth in soldered joints are more complicated than whiskers in solder matrix. Based on the results, the following conclusions can be drawn:  
The combined action of Nd and Ga could decrease the growth of the IMC layer in Sn-Zn soldered joints during aging process. The IMC layer maintained relatively regular shape after long time aging treatment and the amount of voids and cracks in IMC layer were decreased.  
With the proper addition of Ga and Nd, no obvious NdSn\({}_{3}\) phase nor tin whisker growth observed in the soldered joints, therefore the risk of tin whisker growth caused by the oxidation of RE-phase was significantly inhibited even in soldered joints with additional excessive contents of Nd.  
By controlling the total addition and appropriate ratio of Ga and Nd, soldered joints with optimal properties and reliability could be obtained without the risk of tin whisker growth.  
Conceptualization, P.X. and W.L.; methodology, P.X. and W.L.; software, P.X.; validation, P.X., W.L. and P.H.; formal analysis, P.X.; investigation, P.X. and W.L.; resources, K.S. and H.Z.; data curation, P.X., K.S. and H.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, P.X.; writing--review and editing, P.X. and P.H.; visualization, P.X.; supervision, P.H.; project administration, P.X.; funding acquisition, P.X.  
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51605226). The authors would like to express gratitude to the support from the Chinese Scholars Council (Grant No.201706845020).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline  & **Sn9 Zn** & **SnZn-0.06 Nd** & **SnZnGa-0.08 Nd** & **SnZn-1 Ga-2 Nd** & **Sn3.8 AgCu** & **Sn63 Pb37** \\ \hline
720 h & 39.13 & 64.32 & 78.27 & 62.55 & 37.65 & 27.93 \\
1200 & 35.71 & 56.68 & 71.59 & 53.12 & 33.21 & 25.44 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Shear force of various soldered joints after aging treatment at 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 7: Shear force of soldered joints after aging treatment at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C (**A**): Sn-9 Zn, (**B**): Sn-9 Zn-**0.06 Nd, (**C**): Sn-9 Zn-0.5 Ga-0.08 Nd, (**D**): Sn-9 Zn-1 Ga-2 Nd.
###### Abstract
Hence, achieving a more accurate estimation of these two parameters is crucial for the precise prediction of existing tunnel settlements when simulating the soil-tunnel interaction. Despite that, the Vlasov foundation beam model [22] offers a comprehensive approach that not only considers the continuity of soil deformation within the foundation but also provides a theoretically sound method for determining model parameters, demonstrating notable calculation accuracy [23]. Furthermore, the interaction between underground structures and the surrounding soil is inherently a three-dimensional problem. In addressing this issue, it is imperative to consider not only the influence of the foundation beneath the structure but also the constraints imposed on its deformation by lateral soil [24]. However, the existing analytical formulas are derived from the plane strain problem, ignoring the effect of lateral soil on the tunnel, which will inevitably affect the accuracy of the calculation results [25]. Building upon this premise, this study utilizes the Vlasov foundation beam model while incorporating the effects of lateral soil, as previously researched. Consequently, it derives an analytical solution for predicting the deformation of adjacent shield tunnels subject to foundation pit dewatering. The validation of the proposed method's accuracy is achieved through a comparison with finite element simulation results. Additionally, this research explores the interrelationship among the permeability coefficient (\(k_{l}\)), the distance between the tunnel and the dewatering well (\(d\)) and the drawdown of water level (\(s_{\text{w}}\)) in relation to tunnel stress and deformation.
# Automated Discovery of Successful Strategies in Association Football
## 3 Results
### Discovery of Tactics with Sequitur
#### 3.1.2 Play Compression  
The play compression characteristics of our output are illustrated in Figure 10 for the four-event play (blue) in Figure 8e. Notice that after executing Sequitur, we can express the play's symbolic representation in terms of two rules of our grammar (R1 and R141), this creates a compressed representation of our play. After assigning a short name to each of these tactics, we can express the play using natural language; we call this representation the _high-level play_. In our example, our play can be described in natural language as _two touches through the backfield_ followed by a _Far post_ delivery. Moreover, since the original play is expressed by four symbols and the compressed play is expressed only by two, we say the play is compressed by a factor of \((4/2)=2\).  
Previous studies [45; 58] have suggested that compression and understanding are strongly related. In our work, we observed that representing plays using tactics aids in explaining them with terminology that is informative to the game's actors. Table 6 summarizes the compression characteristics of the output of the algorithm.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**ID** & **Tactic** & **Freq** & **\% of Indirect Corners** & **Success Rate** & \(\mathbf{\chi^{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{p}\)**-Value** \\ \hline
11 & Pass backfield, Ball movement & 30 & 1.91\% & 0.90 & 45.69 & \(1.38\times 10^{-11}\) \\
30 & Pass penalty left, Ball movement & 49 & 3.13\% & 0.86 & 64.69 & \(8.88\times 10^{-16}\) \\
98 & Pass penalty middle, Ball movement & 46 & 2.94\% & 0.80 & 49.14 & \(2.38\times 10^{-12}\) \\
136 & Pass penalty right, Ball movement & 31 & 1.98\% & 0.74 & 24.78 & \(6.41\times 10^{-7}\) \\
153 & Pass first post, Ball movement & 22 & 1.40\% & 0.77 & 20.18 & \(7.06\times 10^{-6}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Tactics where a statistically significant association between its usage and the classes was found.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**ID** & **Tactic** & **Freq** & **\% of Indirect Corners** & **Success Rate** \\ \hline
85 & Pass left flank, Pass penalty middle & 290 & 18.51\% & 0.25 \\
80 & Pass left flank, Pass left flank, Pass penalty middle & 121 & 7.72\% & 0.22 \\
111 & Pass penalty middle, Ball movement, Pass penalty middle & 99 & 6.32\% & 0.18 \\
44 & Pass penalty left, Pass penalty middle & 97 & 6.13\% & 0.27 \\
141 & Pass penalty right, Pass penalty middle & 61 & 3.89\% & 0.30 \\
122 & Pass penalty middle, Pass penalty middle & 58 & 3.70\% & 0.30 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Success rate for the most representative tactics in our data set.  
Notably, the mean compression factor of 2.61 shows that through the tactics found, most plays can be expressed roughly by half of the symbols compared to the number of symbols in the original symbolic plays, implying that the tactics we have found can also lead to a more concise representation of plays.
## 3 Theoretical Background
### Non-Uniform Constellations  
In DVB-T2 system, the uniform QAM constellation scheme is exploited. This constellation is a two-dimensional rectangular constellation generally defined by the uniform spacing between constellation symbols. The different constellation symbol numbers, also called valence, are 4, 16, 64, and 256. However, the most robust modulation against noise and channel uniform constellation is 4-QAM (QPSK). The main specificity of the scheme used in DVB-T2 is the Gray mapping technique, whose goal is to minimize the bit error probability since the Hamming distance between two adjacent symbols is equal to one. Furthermore, the advances in scientific research have given rise to new constellation schemes. There are rotated constellations already proposed in DVB-T2 and non-uniform constellations (NUCs) proposed in ATSC 3.0. While the former has shown better performance in the presence of a frequency-selective channel, the latter's performance is really highlighted mainly when only Gaussian noise is used and also when the Gaussian noise and a frequency-selective channel are present during transmission. Using these constellation shapes, it has been demonstrated that ATSC 3.0 standard performance is better than that of DVB-T2 [31]. Also, it represents the standard closer to the Shannon Limit. Two shapes of non-uniform constellations (NUCs) are defined: one-dimensional NUCs (1D-NUCs) maintain the rectangular shape of uniform constellations and relax the uniformity constraint; the two-dimensional NUCs (2D-NUCs) break the uniformity constraint as they present a circular shape. They present better performance than 1D-NUCs. During the 2D-NUC constellation design, the constellation values can take any shape inside one quadrant, and the other three quadrants are derived from the first quadrant by symmetry [32]. In this paper, 2D-NUC developed in ATSC 3.0 was retained for the CFO performance evaluation in the DVB-T2 system as its performance was previously shown in [18]. Various shapes of constellations were designed by combining a constellation size and code rate of the LDPC channel coding. The 2D-NUC that matched the DVB-T2 parameters with 16-QAM and a CR of one half was the 8/15 2D-NUC (page 186, [33]).
# On the Regional Temperature Series Evolution in the South-Eastern Part of Romania
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Results and Discussion for the Maximum Temperatures Series
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Method I**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Method II**} \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MAE**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MSE**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MAE**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MSE**} \\ \hline
**Site No.** & **2** & **3** & **2** & **3** & **2** & **3** & **2** & **3** \\ \hline
1 & 0.40 & 0.37 & 0.66 & 0.46 & 0.31 & 0.33 & 0.44 & 0.44 \\
2 & 0.66 & 0.76 & 0.77 & 1.02 & 0.53 & 0.43 & 0.60 & 0.54 \\
3 & 0.97 & 0.85 & 1.07 & 0.95 & 1.07 & 1.17 & 1.13 & 1.21 \\
4 & 0.91 & 0.88 & 0.96 & 1.02 & 0.98 & 1.09 & 1.03 & 1.14 \\
5 & 1.15 & 1.06 & 1.25 & 1.19 & 1.28 & 1.38 & 1.33 & 1.43 \\
6 & 0.41 & 0.27 & 0.59 & 0.38 & 0.32 & 0.29 & 0.42 & 0.41 \\
7 & 0.66 & 0.76 & 0.77 & 1.04 & 0.55 & 0.46 & 0.63 & 0.58 \\
8 & 0.55 & 0.84 & 0.69 & 1.02 & 0.63 & 0.76 & 0.76 & 0.92 \\
9 & 2.33 & 2.23 & 2.41 & 2.32 & 2.46 & 2.56 & 2.51 & 2.61 \\
10 & 0.41 & 0.39 & 0.56 & 0.54 & 0.31 & 0.36 & 0.44 & 0.47 \\ \hline Average & 0.84 & 0.84 & 0.97 & 0.99 & 0.84 & 0.88 & 0.93 & 0.99 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparative results of Methods I and II for the maximum temperatures series for two and three intervals/clusters (\({}^{\circ}\)C). Figure 12: The case of two and three intervals/clusters for the series of maximum temperatures: (**a**) the regional series; (**b**) MAE and MSE—Method I; (**c**) MAE and MSE—I; (**d**) comparisons of MAEs; (**e**) comparisons of MSEs; (**f**) min, max, and amplitude of the average temperatures series. Both methods did not fit the data from Sulina (the ninth series) well for the reasons presented above. In this case, MAEs were between 2.23 and 2.56, and MSE between 2.32 and 2.61, by comparison to the indicators corresponding to the other stations (which were in the intervals [0.27, 1.38]--MAE, and [0.38, 1.43]--MSE). To conclude, Method II, with \(n=2\), was suitable for modeling the regional evolution of maximum temperatures (the average MAE = 0.84, the average MSE = 0.93). By comparison with the 'Regional series' of minimum temperatures, which recorded an augmentation in the last 24 years of the study, indicating a regional increase in the minimum temperature, the 'Regional series' of maximum temperatures presented high picks only in a few years (26,30, 35, 36, 37, 38), which was in concordance with the finding from Table 1 (that indicated the absence of trend at a significance level less than 0.05 for most of the maximum series).
## 5 Application to the Satellite Module Layout Problem
### Results and Analysis
#### 5.2.1 Global Performance
Finally, Table 2 shows that the proposed algorithm has a lower computational budget in terms of number of objective function evaluations for both assignment and layout tasks than the two other algorithms.
# Sex-Based Differences in Bronchial Asthma: What Are the Mechanisms behind Them?
## 6 Sex-Related Differences in Responses to Therapies Given for Asthma  
Generally, more currently available treatment options target the T2-high type of asthma, which is less common in women. This may partially explain the worse control of asthma and more severe clinical manifestations among women [50; 246]. The sex-related differences in responses to therapy may be caused by several factors, including the actions of male/female sex hormones, airway geometry, the deposition and particle size of inhaled corticosteroids, and differences in lung compliance [50; 210].  
In both male and female mice with a T2-high model of asthma, intrananally delivered corticosteroid budesonide dose-dependently diminished pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperreactivity; however, female mice were slightly less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of budesonide on IL-5 synthesis and the generation of airway hyperactivity [153]. Similarly, in human adults, inhaled steroids are more effective in men compared to women [210].  
In contrast, anti-leukotrienes are more effective in women compared to men, presumably due to androgen-induced attenuation of 5-lipoxygenase protein (FLAP), a protein necessary for activation of 5-lipoxygenase and production of leukotrienes [247]. In women, a stronger bronchodilator response [248] and a tendency for a more sensitive response to bronchodilator [249] have also been found, as well as a better response to anti-IL-5 mpozulimab [250]. Nevertheless, no gender- or sex-related differences were observed for the combination of ICS/LABA/LAMA [251]. The treatment effect of omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, was greatest in patients with more severe asthma, while no gender- or sex-related differences were found [252]. In a more recent study, males reported fewer asthma symptoms after omalizumab treatment than women [222].  
Major sex-based differences in lung-related features and asthma are presented in Table 4.
## 4 Challenges for Ground Times and Respective Measures to Reduce Risks
### Operational and Technical Measures for Individual Stakeholders
#### 4.2.2 Advanced Technologies and Infrastructure
This enables a reduction in noise emissions and up to an 8% reduction in fuel consumption since pilots can shut down the engines right after landing [3]. Besides efficient GH operations, airports must ensure reduced delay in upstream passenger processes in the dynamic terminal environment. Therefore, more and more airports start to make use of digital solutions. At the forefront are Singapore Changi Airport, Munich Airport, or Schiphol Airport. For example, the launch of dedicated apps that support the passenger journey allows for a smooth process from arrival at the airport to embarkation of the plane. It also enables better data gathering. Self-handling solutions (e.g., check-in) can speed up processes as well. Still, the digital transformation needs reconsideration of airport management and special education and training of personnel [46]. Contactless solutions are the next step. [PERSON] and [PERSON], for example, conducted a study on a biometric entry-exit program, specifically for the deployment of facial recognition [47]. Biometric solutions allow a quicker throughput of passengers, and hence they are beneficial for passengers, airlines, and airports. Even so, the main disadvantage of the envisaged cyber-physical system is that security risks from cyber-attacks can arise. This requires the establishment of countermeasures and security risk management. Yet, there is room for improvement in the application of those technologies [48].