# Integrated Biomimetics: Natural Innovations for Urban Design, Smart Technologies, and Human Health
## 5 Biomimetic Robotics
### Additional Biomimetics Applications: Architecture, Energy, and Electronic Skin
Various biomimetic approaches, such as eco-biomimetics, emphasise the importance of understanding ecosystems to create regenerative designs, focusing on integrating ecological systems into architectural design and promoting mutual benefits between humans and nature [105]. Nature's adaptive mechanisms provide a rich database for architectural innovation, enabling designs that are not only sustainable but also restorative [103]. The integration of natural elements in architecture has been shown to improve occupant well-being, reduce stress, and increase satisfaction [102]. Biomimetics in the energy sector has led to innovative designs, especially in wind turbine blades and energy storage systems. By emulating natural structures such as whale fins and photosynthesis, researchers have developed technologies that enhance efficiency and sustainability. This approach not only addresses energy demand but also contributes to environmental conservation. The leading-edge tubercles of humpback whale fins have been studied for their aerodynamic advantages. These tubercles can increase post-stall lift by up to 115% and reduce induced drag, significantly improving wind turbine blade performance [112; 113]. Turbine blade modifications with tubercles have shown a 30% increase in efficiency, especially under low wind conditions, resulting in more stable and effective energy generation [113]. This biomimetic approach extends to energy storage, where photosynthesis-inspired designs aim to develop more efficient batteries. This perspective seeks to replicate the natural process of energy conversion and storage, potentially leading to breakthroughs in sustainable energy solutions [114]. One of the most promising applications is electronic skin (e-skin), a significant advancement in biomimetics, particularly in biomedicine, where it is used for health monitoring through bionic sensors. These devices mimic the sensory functions of human skin, offering capabilities such as touch, temperature, and pressure detection. The development of e-skin has been driven by innovations in materials science, sensor technology, and integration with artificial intelligence, making it a promising tool for personalised healthcare and disease prevention. E-skin devices are designed with materials that mimic the mechanical properties of human skin, such as flexibility and elasticity, ensuring conformal contact with the body [115]. Advanced materials such as ionogels and wrinkled conductive rubber electrodes are used to create elastic and sensitive sensors capable of simultaneously detecting strain, pressure, and temperature [116]. E-skin is employed in various health monitoring applications, including exercise tracking, emotion and heart rate monitoring, and care for infants, children, and the elderly [117]. The integration of e-skin with AI enhances its ability to process complex tactile information, making it suitable for use in prosthetics and assistive devices [115]. Although e-skin has shown tremendous potential, it faces challenges such as the need to improve material properties, sensor performance, and system integration [115]. Research has focused on the development of self-healingand multifunctional e-skins that can better replicate the diverse functionalities of biological skin [118].