## 1 Introduction  
Sustainable construction involves the creation of a resource-efficient and eco-friendly environment. Construction waste reduction and waste recycling are two essential principles of this practice. Waste glass (WG) is a common urban solid waste, which is hazardous to the environment because of its inert and biodegradable properties. However, WG treatment is expansive, and its reuse is still at the initial stage. Statistically, 11,530 kilotons of WG were generated in the United States in 2010, with only 30% recycled, and approximately 300 tonnes per day were produced in Hong Kong in 2016, with only 10% recycled [1, 2],Therefore, developing a feasible method to cope with the increasing WG content is urgent and essential. Due to its abundance, low cost, and high stiffness, WG has been used in the construction industry. Previous research studies have shown that WG is a good replacement for sand or cement, serving as a supplementary cementitious material. This is mainly attributed to WG's high silica content (over 70%), which can react with calcium hydroxide (CH) to generate calcium silica hydrates (C-S-H). Furthermore, glass can alleviate the corrosion of steel bars within reinforced concrete. Therefore, reusing WG in concrete manufacturing is promising in terms of increasing its recycling degree, reducing carbon dioxide emissions caused by cement production, and mitigating the shortage of high-quality sand. However, the strength property and expansion arising from alkali-silica reaction (ASR) of concrete containing WG are two key points that must be investigated before applying WG. This is mainly due to WG's chemical and physical properties. Generally, discarded glass cullet from bottles, windows, decorations, etc. has poor geometry, that is, an angular, flat, or elongated shape, leading to poor workability and diminished strength grade [3,4]. In addition, the high silica content of WG will inevitably produce ASR expansion and probably result in structural instability, which is the chief reason for the failed early application of waste glass concrete [5,6]. Therefore, the investigation on ASR expansion and reliable expansion prediction is essential. To overcome the reduced strength and excessive ASR expansion, researchers made massive efforts to investigate concrete containing WG and proposed many practicable approaches. These include in-depth studies of glass granularity and admixtures. When the glass cullet was milled to less than 300 \(\upmu\)m, both the pozzolanic level of waste glass powder (WGP) and the strength of concrete significantly increased [7, 8, 9]. Several studies even pointed out the improved pozzolanic ability (compared with fly ash) from ground WG with particle sizes below 100 \(\upmu\)m [5,10]. Moreover, the smaller particle sizes of waste glass can mitigate ASR expansion, as demonstrated by many reports [11,12]. [PERSON] et al. [13] observed improved unconfined compression strength and flexural strength (FS) without obvious macroscopic expansion. [PERSON] et al. [14] conducted the mechanical test on mortar containing waste porous glass and found the good adhesion of the glass to the cement paste through microstructural observations. Furthermore, the addition of admixtures, such as silica fume, fly ash, lithium compounds, and metkaollin was useful in preventing deleterious ASR expansion [15,16]. [PERSON] et al. [17] also illustrated that expanded glass produced by mixing waste glass and expansive agents was effective in prohibiting the ASR expansion. Previous studies concentrated on the aforementioned aspects in solving the strength and expansion problems, but few reports mentioned the chemical activation of WGP. The possible explanations are the complex chemical reactions and the various types of chemical agents. Additionally, the traditional method of analysis is inadequate in seeking optimal mixture proportions and controlling the error when the variables are multiple.