## 2 Materials and Methods
This wave differs from ordinary wind waves, as it is capable of carrying significant volumes of water in the direction of its movement, constantly changing its shape, size, and speed. The destructive effect of a breakthrough wave is due to a number of factors, including a sharp change in the water level during the destruction of hydraulic structures, the impact of a moving mass of water, changes in soil characteristics under the influence of water, erosion and soil movement, as well as the movement of debris from buildings and structures at high speeds. The breakthrough wave generates significant hydrodynamic loads on structures and the surrounding environment, which can lead to severe damage. At the initial stage, the front of a breakthrough wave, moving at a high speed, can have a steep shape, especially near the destroyed hydraulic structure, and can become gentler at a greater distance from the source of the breakthrough. This article presents a hydraulic model in the MIKE program, demonstrating a simulated section of the Kurchum River in the East Kazakhstan region. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Feature** & **MIKE (DHI)** & **HEC-RAS** & **LISFLOOD-FP** & **TUFLOW** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Hydrodynamic model} & Full 1D/2D Saint–Venant, & \multirow{2}{*}{1D/2D Saint–Venant} & Simplified hydrodynamics & Full 1D/2D \\  & flexible coupling & & & \\ \hline GIS integration & High (direct integration and flexible data input) & Medium (requires preprocessing) & Limited & High \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Data input options (e.g., satellite and DEM)} & Direct support, & DEM-based and & \multirow{2}{*}{DEM-based} & \multirow{2}{*}{DEM-based} \\  & high-resolution DEMs, and & limited remote sensing support & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Handling of complex river–floodplain systems} & Strong (tested in complex systems worldwide) & Moderate (requires careful setup) & Limited for complex geometry & Strong \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Interface usability} & User-friendly and & \multirow{2}{*}{Moderate} & \multirow{2}{*}{Simple command line} & \multirow{2}{*}{Moderate} \\  & advanced visualization & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Computational efficiency} & High (optimized solvers and parallel computing) & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline License & Commercial & Free & Free & Commercial \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of selected 1D/2D flood modeling software packages. Accurate and reliable initial data, including topographic, hydrological, geometric, and boundary parameters, were prepared as described above. Topographic data (digital elevation models and maps) were used to define terrain and hydrographic features. These data were converted into a computational grid, setting the basis for further hydrodynamic calculations. In this study, the DEM provided a detailed 3D terrain model, while topographic maps were used to verify and complement DEM data for hydrographic features. River bathymetry was derived from the DEM, as no separate bathymetric measurements were available. Hydrological data consist of time series of water levels, discharges, and lateral inflows, as well as flood hydrographs. These data allow us to take into account the dynamics of water inflows into a river network and changes in water levels over time [30]. For example, a water flow hydrograph can be presented as a time series, where, for each time step, the volume of water passing through a given river section is specified. In addition to this, data on water inflows from lateral basins are used, which are specified as a linear inflow along the channel. Hydrological data are usually obtained from observations at hydrological posts or calculated using specialized precipitation-runoff models. These parameters are specified through the Boundary Editor and Time Series Editor modules, where dynamic conditions for the upper and lateral boundaries are formed. To assess the quality of the hydrodynamic flood model, it is necessary to calculate the degree of coincidence of the simulated flood zones with the actually observed zones.