# Performance Evaluation of LoRa Communications in Harsh Industrial Environments
## 2 Related Work
In the context of LoRa communications for industrial applications, several studies have explored its various facets, as shown in Table 1. Our work stands out by examining LoRa performance across two architectures, \"Many to one\" and \"One to many\", and in Line of Sight (LOS) and Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) scenarios. The main contribution lies in the optimization of LoRa performance using the Hamming corrector code and the IIR and FIR filters. This contribution aims to enhance transmission reliability in an industrial context, while adding a new dimension to existing LoRa research. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Objectives** & **Architecture** & **Scenarios** & **Tools** & **Results** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[9]} & The research evaluated LoRa technology’s performance through noise measurements, link quality analysis, involving extensive testing, equipment exchange, and long-term monitoring. & & & The study found that the technology did not significantly affect reliability or packet loss, and it achieved data rates of 21,875 bps, which is suitable for non-critical industrial applications. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & The LoRa-WAN network was deployed using open-source systems and low-cost hardware, collecting environmental data in controlled industrial environments using Heltec & & & The results show that the SNR, RSSI, and PER model B & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & The aim of the study was to evaluate the SNR-dependent capability of LoRa technology during transmission by testing different spreading factors and measuring bit error rate in various noisy environments. & & & The study revealed a significant decrease in signal quality due to industrial noise compared to Gaussian noise, with BER values ranging from \(10^{-2}\) to \(10^{-3}\). \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[17]} & The study aimed to design a LoRa system model to evaluate the impact of intense multipath signals on LoRa performance, focusing on bit error probability and decoding efficiency. & Point to Point & LOS & Matlab & \begin{tabular}{c} LoRa’s use in multi-propagation mining environments leads to a 2.5–6 decibel performance reduction for different spreading factors at a BER of \(10^{-3}\). \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & The study aimed to evaluate LoRa technology’s transmission performance under white & & LoRa STM32 & \begin{tabular}{c} The technology ensures solid communication in noisy environments, with high SF levels ensuring maximum performance \\ even with extended \\ bandwidth, reducing lost packets more than either \\ increase or decrease. \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Gaussian noise and disturbance conditions, using an experimental setup with specific antennas and signal-to-noise ratio. & Point to Point & LOS & \begin{tabular}{c} LoRaWAN, when configured correctly, can efficiently serve IIoT sensing applications with a packet success rate of over 90\% and minimal communication delays. \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & The study simulated a LoRaWAN configuration in an industrial environment using the LoRaWAN NS-3 module, evaluating network performance, traffic analysis, interference, and error rate to assess reliability, efficiency, and responsiveness in a complex scenario. & & & LoRaWAN, \begin{tabular}{c} LoRaWAN, when configured correctly, can efficiently serve IIoT sensing applications with a packet success rate of over 90\% and minimal communication delays. \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Many to one & LOS and NLOS & NS-3 LoRaWAN module & \begin{tabular}{c} The results show that the SNR, RSSI, and PER parameters show little degradation in connection quality in the industrial environment analyzed. \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & The study aimed to design a LoRa system model to evaluate the impact of intense multipath signals on LoRa performance, focusing on bit error probability and decoding efficiency. & Point to Point & LOS & Matlab & \