## 2 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Profile of Rosemary Extract
These results differed from those obtained by [PERSON] et al. [50], who reported a total volatile amount of 135 g/kg (135,000 \(\upmu\)g/g) in a rosemary mixture of fresh leaves, branches, and stems. However, they also showed a decrease of 44% in volatiles during the rosemary drying process [50]. Therefore, it is possible that the lower volatile amount found in our sample may be attributed to both the drying and extraction procedure used. Moreover, it should be mentioned that the characteristic rosemary volatiles pertain to the terpene class, which are usually contained in the non-polar fraction of rosemary: the essential oil. It was demonstrated that different extraction methods, such as extraction with solvents (hexane-acetone), distillation, use of supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) or microwaves, utilized on rosemary leaves to obtain the essential oil, lead to different yields in term of volatile percentage [51]. The solvent used for extraction of the rosemary sample in this study was focused on recovery of the (poly)phenolic fraction and not on the essential oil. For this reason, it seems reasonable to find a lower concentration of volatile compounds in contrast to other processes targeting the extraction of rosemary essential oil, or its volatile fraction. As expected, the class of molecules that mainly contribute to the volatile profile of rosemary extract are the terpen (primarily mono- and sesquiterpenes), with more than 40 peaks representing 90% of the total volatile amount, followed by alcohols and esters (4% of total volatiles), and aldehydes (3% of total volatiles), as shown in Table 3. Small amounts of some ketones, one furan, and other non-fully identified compounds were also detected. Among terpen, verbenone and \(\alpha\)-thujene were the most abundant compounds, in combination representing 24% of the total volatiles (77.59 \(\pm\) 12.85 \(\upmu\)g/g and 76.26 \(\pm\) 13.13 \(\upmu\)g/g, respectively). They were followed by bornyl acetate (54.02 \(\pm\) 8.77 \(\upmu\)g/g), camphor (41.52 \(\pm\) 6.00 \(\upmu\)g/g), \(\alpha\)-caryophyllene (38.53 \(\pm\) 7.24 \(\upmu\)g/g), p-cymenene (34.70 \(\pm\) 5.71 \(\upmu\)g/g), \(\beta\)-caryophyllene (26.44 \(\pm\) 4.84 \(\upmu\)g/g), \(\alpha\)-terpineol (24.70 \(\pm\) 4.46 \(\upmu\)g/g), and eucalypt (20.22 \(\pm\) 2.58 \(\upmu\)g/g). All of these molecules contributed to give woody, camphoreous, mentholic, and phenolic aromatic notes to the rosemary extract. Our results were in agreement with those already reported in literature for rosemary essential oil, in which terpen represented the prevalent compounds of the volatile profile. [PERSON] et al. [52] investigated the volatile composition of rosemary essential oils extracted from 18 different rosemary cultivars collected from the Mediterranean area, and found a prevalence of terpen in the volatile fractions of all the selected rosemary cultivars. In particular, \(\alpha\)- and \(\beta\)-pinene and myrcene emerged among the monoterpene hydrocarbons, while 1,8-cineol (eucalypt), camphor, verbenone, and bornyl acetate were the prevalent compounds in the oxygenated monoterpene sub-group [52]. Many compounds detected in the volatile fraction of this rosemary extract were also identified in Brazilian rosemary essential oil by [PERSON] et al. [53], who further demonstrated that the volatile fraction of rosemary could depend on seasonality. In 2012, [PERSON] et al. [54] demonstrated the existence of two major oil chemotypes while studying the chemical composition of rosemary essential oil from the Balkan