esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Soriasis: From Pathogenesis to Pharmacological and Nano-Technological-Based Therapeutics
## 5 Nanotechnological Approaches for Psoriasis
### Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs)
#### 5.1.1 Nanospheres  
Nanospheres are based on the homogeneous dispersion of the drug inside their polymer matrix structure [121]. The main objectives of nanospheres, which could be biodegradable or non-biodegradable depending on the materials employed on their manufacturing, are to enhance solubility, improve absorption, and control drug release.  
[PERSON] et al. prepared tyrosine-derived nanospheres (tyrospheres), loaded in a gel, obtaining significant results, demonstrating an improving absorption in studies in vitro and in vivo [127]. In this study, there was a comparative difference between different gels for supporting the nanoparticles. The gel type had a significant effect on the nanosphere dispersion: nanospheres were more homogeneously dispersed in the METHOCEL(tm) K15M0 (HPMC) than in Carbopol. Three concentrations (3, 6, and 10 mg/mL) of NSP dispersions in HPMC were tested, with 3 mg/mL resulting in the most homogeneous dispersion of individual particles with \(\sim\)40 nm in diameter, which is similar to the previously reported size in bibliography. Moreover, the use of tyrosheres as a cargo system for the delivery of Vitamin D3 treatment has been studied by [PERSON] et al., obtaining different particle sizes from 64.3 to 73.4 nm, depending on the concentration of Vitamin D3 [128]. Their conclusions evidence that there was an enhanced absorption of the treatment, having an increasing concentration of the drug compared to the control.
# Nozzle with a Feedback Channel for Agricultural Drones
## 4 Result
### Spraying Uniformity  
Figure 12a shows the spraying amount at various radial positions. The spraying amount was obtained by summing the area of the particles at all z positions with the same radial position. The maximum amounts in the commercial and proposed nozzle without load are approximately 30,470 and 1784 mm\({}^{2}\), respectively. The spraying amount increases with the load, reaching 28,705 mm\({}^{2}\) at the 50 kg load condition. Figure 12b shows that the commercial nozzle has a much smaller FWHM (0.233 \(D\)) than the developed nozzle, even without the load condition (1.017 \(D\)). For loads higher than 30 kg, the FWHM is similar, regardless of the load conditions.  
Figure 11: (**a**) Distributions of averaged particle size along a radial direction for the original nozzle and the feedback channel nozzle with various load. (**b**) Comparison of the total droplet diameter. The left and right axes are for the developed and commercial nozzles, respectively.  
Figure 10: Comparison of mass flow rates with an assumption of spherical droplets.  
For the effective spraying and longer flight time of drones, uniform ejection is a key parameter. Even though the commercial nozzle has a higher spraying amount, the FWHM result indicates that the developed nozzle is superior in terms of the discharge uniformity. In addition, the proposed nozzle can reduce the amount of pesticide used, compared to the commercial nozzle.  
Figure 13 shows the standard deviation for the spraying amount at various radial positions normalized with the average value of the total spraying amount. All graphs show a similar trend, with the standard deviation decreasing along the radial direction from the center of the graph to \(x/D=\pm 1.5\). The standard deviation in the developed nozzle increases with the applied load. The maximum standard deviations in the commercial and the developed nozzle with a load of 50 kg are approximately 17 and 11.5, respectively, confirming that the developed nozzle has a more uniform distribution.
## 2 System Model
### Channel Model  
As the most common transmission medium of FSO systems, the atmosphere will inevitably cause the attenuation of the transmitted optical signal. Although the introduction of IRSs realizes NLOS transmission, considering the deployment environment of IRSs themselves and the settings of related physical parameters, this fading will be more complicated.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### DSC Phase Transformation Analysis
Peak widths and hysteresis of S12, S23, and S34 in this work are summarized in Table 3. Several previously reported thermal hysteresis values of TiNiCu alloys and additively manufactured TiNi alloys have been collected and listed together with S12, S23, and S34 in Table 4 for comparison. The thermal hysteresis of TiNi is mostly within the range of 25-40 \({}^{\circ}\)C [48], as seen from the TiNi binary alloys listed in Table 4 by both AM and non-AM methods. Table 4 indicates that most reported hysteresis values of TiNiCu ternary shape memory alloys by various non-AM techniques are below 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. There is very little reported hysteresis of  
Figure 12: DSC heat flow–temperature curves of TiNiCu at four sections: (**a**) Section S12; (**b**) Section S23; (**c**) Section S34; (**d**) Section S45. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Section** & \(\rm 1\,M_{s}-M_{f}\)1 (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & \(\rm 1\,A_{f}-A_{s}\)1 (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & \(\rm 1\,A_{P}-M_{P}\)1 (Hysteresis) (\({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ \hline S12 & 10 & 8 & 11 \\ S23 & 12 & 17 & 12 \\ S34 & 27 & 28 & 16 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Peak width and hysteresis of Sections S12, S23, and S34. TiNiCu by AM so far, and in this work, the TiNiCu fabricated by elemental powder-based DED reaches a much more narrow range of 11\(\sim\)16 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, a single-axis scanning system using two galvanometers was proposed to mitigate telecentricity, improving the beam quality of the laser material processing system, as well as increasing the effective working area for the system in combination with moving the stage. The research process included designing the f-theta lens, simulating the scanning system combined with the designed f-theta lens, and conducting the experimental setup. The results of the simulation and experimental setup compared the conventional 2D scanning system and the 1D scanning system using two galvanometers when scanning along \(Y\)-axis. The results show that the proposed 1D scanning system using two galvanometers can increase the working length up to 3.6 mm in practice, representing 8.1% of the effective field of view of the f-theta lens, with the roundness of the laser-induced ablation over 87%, which meets ISO standard 11145:2018. The total length achieved for ISO compliance in a 1D scanning system using two galvanometers is 48.3 mm, which corresponds to 64.4% of the scan length of the f-theta lens. A combination of AOD and 1D scanning systems using two galvanometers is a promising research topic to improve beam ellipticity and expand the effective scan length of the f-theta lens for laser-based micromachining in the future.  
[PERSON]-[PERSON] carried out the simulation and wrote the manuscript; [PERSON]-[PERSON] implemented the experiments and investigation; [PERSON]-[PERSON] fabricated the single scanner housing and installed the experimental setup; [PERSON]-[PERSON] conceived the original idea, supervised the project, edited and reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (Grant No.: 1119010 BA02).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## Materials and Methods  
### Experimental Region and Data  
#### 2.1.1 Study Area  
The Ganzhou Districts (100.03\({}^{\circ}\)-100.68\({}^{\circ}\) E, 38.33\({}^{\circ}\)-39.20\({}^{\circ}\) N) are located in a desert-oasis zone in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin (HRB), Northwestern China (Figure 1). This is a main agricultural county in the HRB including eight irrigation districts named Daman, Yingke, Ganjun, Shangshan, Wujiang, Xigan, Huazhaizi, and Anyang. The climate is continental, with an annual average temperature of 7.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Annual rainfall and annual evaporation capacities are about 136.8 mm and 1840.1 mm, respectively [42].  
The artificial oasis, the Gobi Desert, and the transitional zones between the oasis and desert are the dominant landscapes in the region. The Ganzhou districts are an important maize seed production base in Northwestern China. Maize is a predominant crop in these areas, covering more than 70% of the irrigated fields. Other plants include winter wheat, orchards, vegetables, alfalfa, cotton, and woods. During the growing season (from April to September), crops needs much water, but the rainfall is relatively small. The agriculture of this region depends heavily on irrigation water extracted from the Heihe River or from the aquifer. In the period of crop growth, the croplands are irrigated using flood irrigation at an interval of 20 days to one month. In 2012, the irrigation used 10.61 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) m\({}^{3}\) of surface water diverted from the Heihe River and 5.36 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) m\({}^{3}\) from pumping ground water in the middle reach oasis of the HRB [43].  
Figure 1: Location of study area.
# Solution-Processed NiO as a Hole Injection Layer for Stable Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes
###### Abstract  
In this work, we fabricated quantum dot light-emitting diodes using solution-processed NiO as the hole injection layer to replace the commonly used poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) layer. We successfully prepared NiO films by spin coating the NiO precursor, then annealing them, and then treating them with UV-ozone under optimized conditions. The best device with the NiO film shows higher current efficiency (25.1 cd/A) than that with the PEDOT:PSS layer (22.3 cd/A). Moreover, the long-term stability of the devices with NiO which is annealed at 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C is improved substantially. These results suggest that the NiO layer can be a good alternative for developing stable devices.  
colloidal quantum dots; NiO; solution-processed; quantum dot light-emitting diodes +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
material for the HIL. Since NiO is a wide band gap (3.6-4.0 eV) p-type semiconductor with a conductivity of 10\({}^{-13}\) S/cm, it has shown significant promise as a hole-injecting and electron-blocking material. [12, 13] In this study, we successfully synthesized an NiO precursor (Ni(CH\({}_{3}\)COO)\({}_{2}\)-4H\({}_{2}\)O) using a sol-gel method under ambient conditions. For the formation of the NiO film, we used the spin-coating method followed by the annealing of the deposited film and UV-ozone treatment. Further, we studied various optical and structural properties of the NiO films to confirm the formation of a stable HIL. The resulting QLEDs showed the maximum current efficiency and luminance of 25.1 cd/A and 34,125 cd/m\({}^{2}\), respectively, indicating that NiO can be a promising alternative to inorganic material for the HIL of QLEDs.
# Z-OFDM: A New High-Performance Solution for Underwater Acoustic Communication
## 5 Discussion
It can also decrease the BER of the system over the AWGN channel and reduce the variability of the BER of the system over time in varying underwater acoustic channels. However, the factor \(D\) can not increase without the limitation of [PERSON]'s sampling law. The maximum factor \(D\) can be computed by Equation (29). \[D=\frac{f_{s}}{2(f_{H}-f_{L})} \tag{29}\]  
The limitation of [PERSON]'s sampling law complicates the problem of how to choose factor \(D\) to make the Z-OFDM systematically obtain the best performance. This problem is not discussed in detail in this paper. However, it will be our key concern in the next phase of research work.
# Study on Degradation of Benzothiazolium-Based Ionic Liquids by UV-H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)
###### Abstract  
Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered to be a new type of solvent due to their low vapor pressure, some unique properties and are expected to be used widely in the following days. Given their water solubility, stable chemical structure, and biological toxicity, ILs probably reach aquatic environments and become long-term pollutants. We studied the fate of benzothiazolium-based ionic liquids catalyzed by UV-H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) in water. Due to the synergistic effect of UV and H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\), the degradation efficiency can be significantly improved compared to any of them alone. Fitting results showed that the degradation reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and reaction rate constants with hydroxyl radicals ranging from 0.0005 s\({}^{-1}\) to 0.0529 s\({}^{-1}\). The experimental data showed that satisfactory results can be obtained at a temperature of 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C, an initial concentration of ionic liquid of 0.1 M, and a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0.1 M. We also explored the effects of chloride ions and pH on degradation reactions. In an appropriate situation, the degradation yield of [C\({}_{4}\)Rh]PF\({}_{6}\) could achieve 97% in 60 min and 99% in 90 min. The UV-H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) combination process could provide an effective technique for the treatment of benzothiazolium-based ionic liquids in wastewater.  
Keywords:photocatalysis; degradation; benzothiazole ionic liquid; H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) +
Footnote †: journal: Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 894; doi:10.3390/app10030894
## 4 Results
### Geochemical Characteristic of Garnet  
The major and trace element contents of garnet in the TS-10 profile are shown in Supplementary Table S2. The overall trend of the major elements in garnet is as follows: Garnets near the rock body in the inner skarn are characterized by aluminum-rich and iron-poor features, which are grossularite. The SiO\({}_{2}\) content is 37.00-39.63% (Avg. 38.83%), the CaO content is 31.33-34.18% (Avg. 32.69%), the FeO content is 10.42-19.07% (Avg. 13.17%), and the Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) content is 7.99-15.61% (Avg. 13.41%). Garnets in the outer skarn are characterized by iron-rich and aluminum-poor features, which are andride. The SiO\({}_{2}\) content is 34.88-38.32% (Avg. 36.66%), the CaO content is 27.67-34.57% (Avg. 31.05%), the FeO content is 18.98-33.56% (Avg. 29.66%), and the Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) content is 0.05-8.43% (Avg. 1.23%). Apart from In and Si, the overall elemental variation range in garnet from the outer skarn is relatively small, whereas the elemental content in garnet from the inner exhibits considerable spatial fluctuations. Notably, the concentrations of Ti, Zr and Nb elements are extremely low in garnet from the outer skarn; however, they are higher in the inner and display substantial spatial variation.  
As shown in Table 1, the fluctuation range of REE in garnets from the inner skarn is much smaller than that in garnets from the outer, and the \(\underline{\text{\char 37}}\) REE is also much lower than that in the outer. In the inner skarn, the REE content of grossularite in sample TS-10-8 is 10.14-34.02 ppm (Avg. 17.33 ppm). In the outer skarn, the REE content of andradite in samples TS-10-7 to TS-10-4 is 1.96-220.73 ppm (Avg. 50.97 ppm).  
Grossularite garnet and andradite have different REE distribution patterns (Figure 9). Grossularite is characterized by LREE and HREE depletion, middle-REE enrichment, and weak Eu anomaly (\(\delta\)Eu = 0.42-3.95, Avg. 1.43); while andradite shows an overall LREE enrichment, HREE depletion, and significant positive Eu anomaly (\(\delta\)Eu = 0.36-46.83, Avg. 7.82). Garnets (TS-10-4 and TS-10-5) located near the outermost part of the outer skarn adjacent to the marble show a large amount of obvious core-rim structures. The core part has a higher andradite end member value, LREE enrichment and HREE depletion, while  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **Belt** & **Min QREE** & **Max (\(\underline{\text{\char 37}}\) REE)** & **Avg (\(\underline{\text{\char 37}}\) REE)** \\ \hline TS10-8 & Inner Skarn & 10.14 & 34.02 & 17.33 \\ \hline TS10-7 & & 10.71 & 20.71 & 16.29 \\ TS10-6 & & 26.48 & 220.73 & 117.40 \\ TS10-5 & & 1.96 & 129.13 & 36.84 \\ TS10-4 & & 14.35 & 68.50 & 33.36 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Rare earth content of garnet in outer skarn and inner skarn.  
Figure 8: Trace elements whole-rock geochemical characteristics. (**a**) Similar trend of some trace elements (Sc, Y and REEs), (**b**) Different trend of some trace elements (V, Ni, Zn and Sr).  
the rim part has a decreased And. end member value and shows a REE distribution pattern similar to that of grossularite.
# Performance Evaluation of Carbon Black Nano-Particle Reinforced Asphalt Mixture
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Dynamic Shear Rheological Properties  
The effect of CBNPs on rheological parameters was studied by a frequency sweep test. The relationship between \(G^{\star}\), \(\delta\), \(G^{\star}\)/sin\(\delta\) and reduced frequency are shown in Figure 3a-c at a reference temperature of 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Figure 3a shows that CBNPs-modified asphalt binder has higher \(G^{\star}\) values as compared to the base asphalt binder. Addition of 5% CBNPs has increased stiffness at high temperatures/low frequencies and this effect became pronounced with the increase in CBNPs content to 10%. This illustrates that asphalt binder turns stiffer and more resistant to permanent deformation at high temperatures by adding CBNPs. The large surface area of CBNPs and its homogenous dispersion in asphalt binder contribute towards the increase in \(G^{\star}\) value at high temperatures. Figure 3b shows a gradual increase in phase angle values with the increase in temperature or decrease in loading frequency. The addition of CBNPs in asphalt binder has reduced the phase angle values at all loading frequencies and this reduction is more prominent at 10% CBNPs content. For instance at 10 Hz frequency, the values of the phase angle shifted from 83.44 degrees to 62.45 degrees by the addition of 10% CBNPs content. Thus, the results indicate that CBNPs have enhanced the elastic behaviour of the asphalt binder and have influenced the asphalt binder's rheology. It has also been reported in literature that carbon black-modified asphalt binder exhibits more elastic behaviour than conventional asphalt binders [5].  
The rutting factor (\(G^{\star}\)/sin\(\delta\)) can be related to resistance against permanent deformation and has been reported in the analysis of pavement performance at high temperatures [13]. Figure 3c shows that \(G^{\star}\)/sin\(\delta\) behaviour is similar to that of complex shear modulus (\(G^{\star}\)). Modified asphalt binders have shown higher rut resistance as compared to base asphalt binder. The high \(G^{\star}\)/sin\(\delta\) value of modified binders is due to the increase in stiffness by addition of CBNPs. Thus, it can be stated that modifying asphalt binder with CBNPs effectively improves the resistance against rutting as well as the elastic behaviour of asphalt binder, making it suitable for high-temperature areas.  
Figure 3: _Cont._
# Intermitt Dynamic Compression Conters Anabolic Effects in Articular Cartilage
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Biomarker Assays  
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to measure biomarker levels in conditioned media from the explants. PRO-C2 is a competitive ELISA that measures the N-terminal pro-peptide of type IIB procollagen, named PIIBNP. The N-terminal pro-peptide of type II procollagen (PIINP) exists in two splice variants, IIA and IIB, due to alternative splicing of transcripts from the type II procollagen gene (COL2A1). Mature chondrocytes produce mainly IIB transcripts [52]. The PIIBNP pro-peptide is cleaved from type IIB alpha chains during tropocollagen triple helix formation, thus being a biomarker of type IIB collagen formation [53; 54]. FBN-C is a direct ELISA that measures fibronectin fragments containing the unique C-terminal sequence VQADREDSRE [55].  
Biomarker concentrations in explant conditioned media were quantified at baseline (day 0) and every seven days. Briefly outlined, streptavidin-coated 96-well plates were coated for 30 min at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C with biotin-labeled biomarker-antigen peptides. Unbound peptide was eliminated by washing. 20 \(\mu\)L standards, samples and inter-assay controls were added followed by addition of 100 \(\mu\)L/well horseradish peroxidase-labeled (FBN-C) or unlabeled (PRO-C2) mouse monoclonal antibody in an assay-specific buffer. Plates were incubated overnight at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C (FBN-C) or for 2 h at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C (PRO-C2) with the primary antibody. Following washing, PRO-C2 was incubated for 1 h with a secondary anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled antibody. The plates were washed and the HRP-substrate 3,3\({}^{\prime}\),5,5\({}^{\prime}\)-tetramethylbenzamideidine was added to initiate a color reaction that was terminated after 15 min by addition of 0.1 M sulfuric acid. Absorbance with optical density readout was measured at 450 nm excitation and 650 nm emission on a microtiter plate reader (SpectraMax(r) M3, Molecular Devices). Standard curves were plotted using a four-parametric mathematical fit.
# Online Detection and Fuzzy Clustering of Anomalies in Non-Stationary Time Series +
## 4 Detection Results
### Time Series Data  
The BT network traffic data is a long-term non-stationary time series with a repeated daily pattern. It records traffic from BT's network for continuous days at a sampling rate of 1 Hz. Within the data, some several anomalous points and regions do not follow the general distribution of the rest of the series, which in practice may only be partially identified and labelled by human experts and engineers or difficult to identify reliably at scale. Figure 3 shows an excerpt of the time series from Day 1 to Day 5. The traffic follows a similar daily pattern due to the regular fluctuation of general uses but can include anomalies and noise on the daily level--as well as longer scale drifts and changes.  
Drifts and shifts away from the established pattern as well as severe periods of interference are considered anomalies and can be consistently correlated with serious operational issues by engineers. As such, they often necessitate intervention, which may vary depending on the nature of the anomaly. Therefore, being able to detect and identify different anomalies in an online fashion plays a crucial role in maintaining the normal operational state of the network.  
For confidentiality and to allow verification of our results, the bulk of our experimental work is based on a series simulated to have similar properties. We created a smooth series of 100 days of data to which we added artificial anomalies in known locations. The simulated series carries a similar daily fluctuation. The artificially introduced anomalies are also inspired by the structure of those manually labelled in the original series. Point anomalies are added by shifting random points up or down by a value sampled uniformly from \([0.5,1]\). Our collective anomalies can be separated into three main types: (1) Splits: the trajectory of the time series splits into two or three parallel lines with spacing \(\pm\) 0.2 to 0.3 for 100 to 200 min. (2) Interference: the variance of the time series significantly increases (5 to 10 times) for 75 to 250 min. (3) Shifts: the trajectory of the time series jumps to a different level and causes discontinuity, with 0.1 to 0.2 in amplitude and 0 to 10 times the original variance for 75 to 250 min.  
The original series also exhibited anomalies that gradually returned to normal behaviour, as the intensity of the shift or interference slowly decrease (or decayed). These are particularly difficult to accurately detect. Based on these findings, we included 20 types of anomalies with intensities scaled between 0 and 1 in the simulation (see Table 1 in  
Figure 3: Original BT network traffic data from Day 1 to Day 5.  
Appendix B for details). For each anomaly type, there are 10 instances randomly distributed over the entire simulated time series.