# Solutions to the Problem of Freight Transport Flows in Urban Logistics
## 5 Conclusions  
The authors of scientific sources emphasize that city logistics has unique features, namely sensitivity to the impact on the environment, intensive delivery of cargo and parcels, and the need for continuous optimization of processes. Optimization processes are associated with routing, deployment of logistics centers, and the need for cargo consolidation-de-consolidation, with the possibility of using the PPP (public-private partnership) method in practice. When analyzing the problems of urban logistics and freight transport flows, the authors of the scientific literature emphasize the challenges of the last mile related to the operation of the distribution system and make assumptions for developing the problem of the first mile, which is not widely analyzed. In summary, it can be stated that the distribution of freight transport flows in cities is mainly influenced by the geographical location of the city, the location of industrial and commercial places, and the locations of distribution centers in the territory and periphery. Furthermore, the mobility of freight transport in a city is influenced by road infrastructure, traffic regulations and restrictions, and parking capacity. The expert survey method was used during this investigation; experts with sufficient education and professional practical experience were interviewed, taking into account the MCDM methodology, a sufficient number of experts were selected, and the data processing methodology used allowed us to state that the research results were reliable. The results of the research showed that the greatest influences on the optimization of a city logistics system are the ban on entering the city center (indicator 0.2) and the ecological tax (0.172). The strategic role of the state and municipalities in the formation of rules for the use of a city logistics system and the promotion of insurance measures has been observed and evaluated. The study also showed that in city logistics, to optimize freight transport flows and improve the ecological climate, it is necessary to use cars weighing up to 999 kg, 1000-1499 kg, and 1500-2999 kg. Taking into account the results of the study and modelling the possible actions, it is recommended to organize a network of self-service terminals to consolidate small amounts of cargo, which would solve the optimization problems of city logistics cargo flows raised during the analysis. This would allow shippers or consignees in the central part of the city to independently pick up or deliver goods to self-service terminals. This would make the transportation process easier to plan and prevent delays. It would also create a niche for the targeted use of commercial electric vehicles in cities, helping to reduce pollution and noise. A city's logistics system is mostly dependent on a city's infrastructure and traffic regulations. To optimize the flow of freight transport, a city's infrastructure must be constantly improved. It can be said that companies are ready to pick up or deliver small loads themselves to terminals on the outskirts of the city. Cooperation between institutions in consolidating or distributing cargo from terminals located on the outskirts of the city is important for customers. Additionally, companies take care of the optimization of cargo transportation flows by implementing information technologies to organize transport in the first or last mile. The idea of self-service terminals on the outskirts of the city is attractive, but its novelty is questionable. Doubts are related to the fact that state support is not clear, its size is not clear, and it is not clear whether it will attract enough users. A separate, additional topic of discussion, which this study reveals, is the competitive environment and its management possibilities. During commercial activities, representing clients may raise additional questions about cargo delivery times, order processing, consolidation, and waiting issues. This aspect needs to be further analyzed.