# Towards Automatic Detection of Social Anxiety Disorder via Gaze Interaction
## 5 Conclusions, Implications, and Future Directions
In the future, a larger sample size can be used to predict and deeply analyze the relationship between gaze and SAD within its classes. Arguably, bigger samples are essential for detecting existing relationships between self-reported indices. Overall, further expansion of this type of research to larger and more diverse samples will help in advancing the objective assessment of psychological disorders. Only a decision tree classifier was used for SAD prediction. Tables 6 and 7 contain multi-class confusion matrix data for our SAD classes. The results of the tables could be used to filter out the 20% of the cases that might not be predictable from the data. However, to do that, there are only 5 features available in the present dataset to predict SAD. In the future work, kernel tricks method can be used to engineer more features to increase classification accuracy. In addition, more complex decision classifiers such as Random Forest can also be used to increase classification accuracy. The prediction can be evaluated using many other machine-learning algorithms (e.g., ANN, SVM, Bayes, etc.) for classification tasks to find the best one for the task. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Class** & **TP** & **FN** & **FP** & **TN** \\ \hline
0—No SAD & 8 & 2 & 3 & 37 \\
1—Marked & 7 & 3 & 1 & 39 \\
2—Moderate & 9 & 1 & 3 & 37 \\
3—Severe & 8 & 2 & 2 & 38 \\
4—Very Severe & 8 & 2 & 1 & 39 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Multi-class confusion matrix output for TP, FP, FN, and TN. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Class** & **Specificity** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Positive** \\ **Likelihood Ratio** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Negative** \\ **Likelihood Ratio** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Positive** \\ **Predictive Value** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Negative** \\ **Predictive Value** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Accuracy** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
0—No SAD & 92.50\% & 10.67 & 0.22 & 72.73\% & 94.87\% & 90.00\% \\
1—Marked & 97.50\% & 28.00 & 0.31 & 87.50\% & 92.86\% & 92.00\% \\
2—Moderate & 92.50\% & 12.00 & 0.11 & 75.00\% & 97.37\% & 92.00\% \\
3—Severe & 95.00\% & 16.00 & 0.21 & 80.00\% & 95.00\% & 92.00\% \\
4—Very Severe & 97.50\% & 32.00 & 0.21 & 88.89\% & 95.12\% & 94.00\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Multi-class confusion matrix output. **Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app122312298/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app122312298/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app122312298/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app122312298/s1)). Conceptualization, I.A.K. and S.S. ([PERSON]); Data curation, S.S. ([PERSON]) and I.A.K. ; Funding acquisition, M.E. ; Investigation, S.S. ([PERSON]), S.S. ([PERSON]), and W.J. ; Methodology, I.A.K., R.N.J. and M.E. ; Resources, R.N.J. ; Software, S.S. ([PERSON]), S.S. ([PERSON]) and W.J. ; Validation, W.J. ; Writing--original draft, S.S. ([PERSON]) and I.A.K. ; Writing--review & editing, R.N.J. and M.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no funding. All the methods were conducted following World Health Organization (WHO) relevant guidelines and regulations. The process of data collection, taking consent and, the ethical procedure followed was approved by the COMSATS University Islamabad, Research and Evaluation Committee (CUI-REC) co-located in COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan. The committee also looks after the ethical issues in research. The experimenter informed participants about the experiment verbally and in the form of written information on the provided consent form. It was necessary to fill out the informed consent form to show the participants' volunteer participation agreement for the experiment. One of the participants supplied informed consent to publish the information/image(s) in an online open-access publication (c.f. Figure 3).