# Methodology for Conceptual Navigational 3D Chart Assessment Based on Eye Tracking Measures
## 1 Introduction
### Application of Neuroscience in Effectiveness of Map Studies  
As can be seen, the dynamic development of technology implies new forms of visualisation of nautical charts, which in turn generates the need for research into their correct editing. In this context, it is also important to emphasise the complexity of the presentation of cartographic information, which depends on the graphic variables used (e.g., colour, shape, size), map symbols, map composition, the functionality of the device presenting the cartographic content, or the technical possibilities of visualisation (display size). One of the most effective techniques for studying maps is the use of cognitive neuroscience methods--an interdisciplinary field that combines psychology and neuroscience to study how the brain enables cognitive functions such as attention, memory, perception, and decision-making [31]. This approach provides a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for these processes. Various techniques can be used in cognitive neuroscience, such as EEG, fMRI, eye-tracking, or GSR [32; 33; 34]. In the present study, the eye-tracking technique was used, which involves tracking the eye movements of map users to analyse their performance. In the case of maps, cognitive neuroscience provides a better understanding of how users interpret, analyse, or use spatial information [35]. Maps themselves should be seen as a complex form of graphic communication that requires the involvement of different cognitive functions, such as visual perception or decision-making processes. The results of the research can provide valuable information on the effectiveness of the map design, including the map symbols and selection of graphic variables, the positioning of different map elements, the assessment of map readability, or the perception of different map data, such as distance or direction. Research demonstrating neuroscience techniques also applies to various aspects of map evaluation like its usability and user performance using eye-tracking techniques [36; 37]. In cartographic and geovisualisation research, these techniques have been applied to study the impact of graphical alternatives [38], topographical height visualisation processing [39], identification of critical points along cartographic linear features [40], analysis of thematic maps [41; 42], evaluation of interactive map interfaces [43], and assessment of map reading skills [44]. There is also research comparing 2D and 3D maps. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [45] conducted a study focusing on the comparison of perception between 2D and 3D terrain contour lines. Their findings showed no significant user preference, but different scanpath strategies were identified between 2D and 3D views. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [46] examined the effect of virtual globes versus 2D maps on symbol interpretation. The study found that the 3D virtual globe led to less accurate point symbol recognition compared to 2D maps. [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [47] explored the effectiveness of visual variables, such as colour and shape, in 3D maps. Their findings indicated that hue and shape were the most influential visual variables in directing attention in 3D environments compared to symbol size. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [48] investigated visual attention differences during navigation with 2D versus 3D maps. The results showed that 3D maps improved navigation performance at complex decision points but increased cognitive load compared to 2D maps. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49] explored the impacts of photo-realistic 3D representations on pedestrian navigation performance. They concluded that photorealistic 3D maps increased self-localisation and orientation at the complex decision points but led to slower navigation performance compared to 2D maps. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [50] evaluated differences in spatial visual attention in wayfinding strategy when using 2D and 3D electronic maps.