# Applications of Raman Microscopy/Spectroscopy-Based Techniques to Plant Disease Diagnosis
## 12 Conclusions  
Raman microscopy-based systems have emerged as powerful tools for plant disease diagnosis in recent years [72; 73; 74]. This technique utilizes the scattering of laser light to provide detailed molecular information about a sample, allowing for the identification of subtle biochemical changes associated with diseases in plants. By analyzing the vibra  
Figure 4: Illustration of microbe detection with Raman spectra. In laboratory tests (**A**), a probing laser is focused on the Petri dish sample (microbes), and a small amount of light, which transports the chemical structure of analyzed microbes, is reflected as individual Raman shift lines at 800 to 1600 cm\({}^{-1}\). The final graph shows four Raman spectra (Rs 1., Rs 2., Rs 3. and Rs 4). The Raman spectra show information about the molecular bond vibrations of a given microbe. The Raman spectrum Rs 1. shows the phenylacetyl-CoA spectrum (arrows) with a peak at 1108 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1245 cm\({}^{-1}\). This spectrum Rs 1. at 1108 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1245 cm\({}^{-1}\) was detected when the Raman probing laser was focused on the tree sample (**B**). Microbe identification was detected at the single-cell (-s) level before the microbe caused visible symptoms in plant tissue, concluding with early microbe detection. tional modes of the molecules in a sample, Raman microscopy-based systems can detect alterations in cell structure, composition and metabolism that are indicative of disease presence. This non-invasive and label-free approach offers significant advantages over traditional methods, such as histological staining or genetic markers, by providing rapid and accurate results without the need for complex sample preparation. Furthermore, Raman microscopy-based systems offer the potential for early disease detection [67], aiding in the timely implementation of disease management strategies to minimize crop losses and enhance agricultural productivity. In the context of Raman microspectroscopy for plant disease diagnosis, understanding the principle of this technique is paramount to its successful application. Raman microspectroscopy leverages the phenomenon of the inelastic scattering of photons to provide valuable molecular information about the sample under study. This technique allows for the identification and characterization of the chemical composition within the plant tissues with high spatial resolution and specificity. Moreover, Raman microscopy-based systems can enhance the precision and efficiency of plant disease diagnosis, ultimately contributing to significant advancements in agricultural sciences. Raman microspectroscopy emerges as a powerful tool for the early and accurate diagnosis of plant diseases [67; 68; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75]. Our article has demonstrated the ability of this technique to distinguish between healthy and infected plant tissues with high sensitivity and specificity. By analyzing the spectral signatures of various plant pathogens, Raman microscopy-based systems offer a non-destructive and rapid method for identifying diseases such as those caused by fungi and bacteria. Moreover, the technique's ability to provide information on the biochemical changes occurring in plants during infection enables researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis. Raman microscopy-based systems hold great potential for revolutionizing the field of plant pathology by facilitating timely and targeted disease management strategies. Future research efforts should focus on expanding the application of this technique to a broader range of plant species and diseases, ultimately enhancing crop productivity and food security. In conclusion, Raman microscopy shows great promise as a cutting-edge tool for plant disease diagnosis. Its non-invasive nature, rapid analysis capabilities and high sensitivity make it an asset for ensuring the health and productivity of plants and crops.