## 3 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation of Data  
Accelerations and speeds on the given routes were monitored in two axes, in the longitudinal direction on the x-axis with the deceleration and acceleration values and in the lateral direction on the y-axis for right-turn and left-turn events. Accelerations were evaluated as maximum average value in time interval of 80 ms, 300 ms, and 1000 ms. The method for determining the evaluation times is described in [22].  
On the x-axis in the longitudinal direction, accelerations were measured during vehicle braking and acceleration. There are negative values on the x-axis when the vehicle combination is braking and positive values when it accelerates. In the lateral direction on the y-axis, lateral accelerations were measured during cornering. They took positive values in the case of right-turn events and negative values in the case of left-turn events.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Slovakia (SK)** & **Austria (AT)** & **Germany (DE)** & **Total** \\ \hline Highway & 2878 & 4929 & 2302 & 10,109 \\ Road & 284 & 27 & 406 & 718 \\ \hline Total & 3163 & 4956 & 2708 & 10,827 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Source: authors.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Total distance in kilometers travelled on highways and other roads per country.  
Figure 4: Testing routes with indication of highways (red) and other roads (blue) on OpenStreetMap (OSM) map layer [authors].  
Acceleration event is considered the event where acceleration ax300, ay300, or az300 in 300 ms exceeds 0.1 g for a period of at least 1 s. Evaluation time of 300 ms to select acceleration events higher than 0.1 g was used due to standard EUMOS 40509 [27] that describes that the testing platform decelerates for 300 ms until the platform is stopped. We can consider acceleration event according to this standard that lasts at least 400 ms [28]. But the standards EN 12642-2016, prEN17321:2021, DIN 55415:2022, and SS 17321:2022 [29; 30; 31; 32] requires us to obtain maximum average acceleration in 1000 ms for testing of vehicle bodies, cargo securing, and stability of load units by driving tests. Therefore, we have used 300 ms acceleration profile to select acceleration event but maximum value of the event is evaluated in 1000 ms. Further, only acceleration events that last at least one second above 0.1 g are analyzed because the cargo securing is focused on long-duration acceleration events. We have decided to select the filter level of acceleration events of 0.1 g because of road/vehicle inclination which influences the values below 0.1 g. This filter level is also used by [PERSON] et al. [33] but their research is more focused on comparison of rise time of acceleration event (jerks) with the standard EUMOS 40509 and the methodology is based on the theory of evaluation of shocks. Our method is not suitable for analyzing rise times (jerks) but is suitable for evaluating acceleration events of ax1000 and ay1000 for cargo securing. Other researchers focused on military vehicles but they are not using evaluation times for evaluation of acceleration coefficients [34; 35; 36; 37]. Our previous research of driving tests for delivery van dynamics [38; 39] were focused on calculation of curve radii and influence of sensor position for delivery van. Authors of [28] were focused on unit load packaging using acceleration test according EUMOS 40509 but they have not evaluated accelerations from these tests.  
We have also monitored accelerations in vertical axis but there were no acceleration events in z-axis fulfilling these evaluating conditions which means that acceleration events in z-axis are rather short in duration. Acceleration events were evaluated in MATLAB(r) R2023a.