## 1 Introduction  
Concrete is a widely utilised material in the building industry worldwide [1]; because of its low cost, durability, strength, and flexibility to be produced in any shape or size, it is considered the most extensively material used in building [2]. PC is one of the most energy-intensive building materials used in reinforced concrete applications, with current output estimated to be 2.60 billion tonnes (BT) per year worldwide and increasing by 5% annually. PC is made using the \"two grinding and one calcining\" technology, which uses limestone, clay, and other raw materials as inputs, with a calcination temperature of 1450 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Approximately one billion tonnes (BT) of limestone, 180 MT of clay, 50 MT of iron powder, 100 MT of coal, and 60 B KWh of energy are used annually by the cement industry in China [3]. A lot of carbon dioxide is released into the air during cement manufacturing(one tonne of cement production emits approximately one ton of CO2). Extremely high carbon dioxide levels are released into the air during the cement manufacturing process (roughly one tonne of cement production releases one tonne of CO2). This causes it to account for about 7% of all manufactured CO2 emissions. Table 1[4] summarises the amount of carbon dioxide released during the construction of various concrete elements. Additionally, Figure 1 presents the global trends in growing cement production. Linestone calcining and using a rotary kiln powered by fossil fuels to provide high heat contribute to substantial CO2 emissions; this is a significant concern when utilising the PC. One of the most promising options is using geopolymers as a partial or complete substitute for cement [5; 6]. In 1979, [PERSON] introduced the term geopolymer to refer to a group of mineral binders similar to zeolites within amorphous microstructure and chemical composition [8]. This material was previously used in the Roman Empire (Figure 2). An aluminosilicate precursor (Figure 3), made up of amorphous silica and alumina, and an activator (a dissolving agent) make up the geopolymers. The term \"geopolymerisation\" describes the transformation of zeolitic-like materials into a 3D aluminosilicate gel [9; 10; 11; 12]. Generated binder performance is optimised through an alkaline polycondensation process involving silicate and aluminate [13]. It is a common practise to use caustic alkalis of the MOH type or silicates of the R2O(n)SiO2 type in the synthesis of geopolymers. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (NaCO3), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium sulphate (Na2 SO4) are common activators that contain the alkali metal (M) indicated by MOH [14]. In addition to the conventional activators, silica fume and rice husk ash have also been used as activator components in the synthesis of geopolymers [15]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Strength** & **Structural Member** & **Amount (m3)** & **Emission Factor** & **Emissions (tCO2\({}^{-}\)e)** \\
**(MPa)** & & & **(tCO2\({}^{-}\)e/m3)** & **Emissions (tCO2\({}^{-}\)e)** \\ \hline
15 & Blinding & 589 & 0.20 & 119 \\
32 & Footings & 489 & 0.24 & 119 \\
32 & Slabs & 1984 & 0.27 & 533 \\
40 & In situ column and wall & 253 & 0.27 & 63 \\
40 & Precast walls & 1067 & 0.33 & 351–1185 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: CO2 emissions from different concrete volumes [4]. Figure 1: Worldwide cement production in Metric Tonnes, 2010–2020 [7]. Figure 3: Raw materials used in geopolymer production. Figure 2: Manufacturing Process of GPCs in the Roman Kingdom [16]. The environmental benefits of geopolymer concrete have led many to call it the \"next generation\" of concrete. It provides a novel approach to reducing CO\({}_{2}\) emissions in the construction industry by abolishing PC as a binder in concrete production [1; 17; 18]. Using geopolymer concrete not only has positive effects on the environment and human health but also provides a method for safely disposing of potentially hazardous materials [19].