esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Responses of the SIF-IWUE Relationship to the Environmental Factors  
Both model-based and field-based studies [39; 40; 41] have shown that SIF-GPP correlations may deteriorate when solar radiation, VPD, and air temperature exceed their optimal biological thresholds. Furthermore, the recent study [32] indicated that the performance of SIF emission in predicting \(T\) was also dependent on a variety of environmental, biogeophysical, and biogeochemical factors. Therefore, it is critical to investigate how SIF-WUEs relationship changes under different environmental conditions. Because SIF emission produces the strongest correlations with IWUE (Tables 1 and 2), we analyze how the SIF-IWUE relationships respond to changes in the different environmental factors including VPD, solar radiation, air temperature, LAI, and observation time.
## Abbreviations  
APCI & Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ASE & Accelerated solvent extractor AZA &Aza-arene BaP & Benzo[\(a\)]pyrene CF-SPME & Cold fiber solid phase microextraction CI & Chemical ionization CL & Chemiluminescence detection or detector CMB & Chemical mass balance DEP & Diesel exhaust particulate DI-SPME & Direct immersion SPME DLLME & Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction DLLME-SFO & Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop & 9,10-DNA & 9,10-Dinitroanthracene & 2,7-DNF & 2,7-Dinitrofluorene DNFO & 2,7-Dinitro-9-fluorenone DNNap & Dinitronaphthalene DNP & Dinitropyrene DR & Diagnostic Ratio EI & Electron (impact) ionization ES & Electrospray ionization FL & Fluorescence detection or detector HPLC & High-performance liquid chromatography HRMS & High-resolution mass spectrometry LC & Liquid chromatography LLE & Liquid-liquid extraction LPME & Liquid-phase microextraction LSE & Liquid-solid extraction MS & Mass spectrometry & 5-NAce & 5-Nitroacenaphthene Nap & Naphthalene & 9-NAnt & 9-Nitroanthracene & 3-NBA & 3-Nitrobenzanthrone & 7-NBaA & 7-Nitrobenz[\(a\)]anthracene & 6-NBaP & 6-Nitrobenzo[\(a\)]pyrene & 3-DNDBF & 3-Dinitrodibenzofuran & 2-, 4-Nbp & 2-, 4-Nitroiphenyl & 3-, 6-NBeP & 3-, 6-Nitrobenz[e]pyrene & 6-NC & 6-Nitro chrysene & 2-NF & 2-Nitrofluoren & 2-, 3-NFR & 2-, 3-Nitrofluoranthene NICI & Negative ion chemical ionization & 1-NNap & 1-Nitronaphthalene & 1-, 3-NPer & 1-, 3-Nitropyrene & 1-, 9-NP & 1-, 9-Nitropyrene NPAH & Nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, Nitro-PAH & 3-, 9-NPh & 3-, 9-Nitrophenanthrene NP-method & NPAH/PAH method & 1-NTR & 1-Nitrotiphenylene OPAH & Oxygenated PAH OHPAH & Hydroxy PAH PAH & Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PCA & Principal component analysis PM & Particulate matter floating in air
## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Algorithm** & **Roughness \(\rho\)** \\ \hline Unprocessed & 0.2721 \\ NN-NUC & 0.2143 \\ IRLMS & 0.1998 \\ PCA-NUC & 0.1851 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mean roughness \(\rho\) results for the real IR data. Figure 4: The performance comparison between different NUCs of frame 30 of the raw infrared data. The red arrow indicated the ghosting artifacts. (**a**) Sample image from the data. (**b**) Corrected result with the NN-NUC method. (**c**) Corrected result with the IRLMS method. (**d**) Corrected result with the PCA-NUC. In conclusion, by introducing principal component analysis, a scene-based nonuniformity correction method for infrared focal plane arrays is proposed in this paper. We use principal component analysis to build an eigenspace representation of several registered adjacent frames and then extract the first principal component to construct the desired target value. Some experiments have been conducted to test the proposed method, and the comparison results between the PCA-NUC, traditional neural network, and IRLMS models demonstrate the superiority of our model to the existing methods. In addition, the PCA-NUC method can avoid undesirable effects, i.e., the \"burn-in\" problem. We have observed that the proposed method shows a significant fixed-pattern noise elimination capability, an apparent visual quality improvement of the corrected images, as well as almost no residual nonuniformity. However, the PCA-NUC method requires a large computational load, so our future research goal will be focused on further reducing its computational complexity for hardware implementation to improve the model's real-time performance. Conceptualization, D.L. ; methodology, J.R.; validation, J.T. and L.T. ; formal analysis, M.W. ; investigation, L.T. ; resources, J.T. ; data curation, M.W. ; writing--original draft preparation, D.L. and L.T. ; writing--review and editing, D.L. and L.T. ; visualization, J.T. ; supervision, L.W. ; project administration, G.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Not applicable. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to undergoing research projection. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Figure 5: The performance comparison between different NUCs of frame 140 of the raw infrared data. The red arrow indicated the ghosting artifacts. (**a**) Sample image from the data. (**b**) Corrected result with the NN-NUC method. (**c**) Corrected result with the IRLMS method. (**d**) Corrected result with the PCA-NUC.
## 5 Measurements
### Measured Responses  
The measured responses of the single-layer double-sided square-loop and circular-loop FSS filters are shown in Figure 10a,b. For the final design, the dimension parameters were optimized to resonant at 103 GHz for the square-loop FSS and at 104.5 GHz for the circular-loop FSS in the simulation taking into account of the fabrication tolerances. From Figure 10a, it is observed that the square-loop FSS exhibits the rejection of 26.4 dB at the resonant frequency of 107.5 GHz, which is around 4.5 GHz shifted from the simulated performance. On the other hand, in Figure 10b, it is observed that the circular-loop FSS exhibits the rejection of 25.4 dB at the resonant frequency of 105 GHz, which is just 0.5 GHz shifted from the simulated result. Therefore, it is proven with the actual implementation that the circular-loop FSS is more predictable and less sensitive to its dimension parameter errors as compared to the square-loop FSS.  
Also, the proposed FSS filters exhibit insensitive response to the oblique incident angle of 14 degrees, which is adequate for the mm-wave imaging diagnostic system application at KSTAR in Daejeon, Korea. The oblique incident angular performance of the proposed FSS can be increased up to 40 degrees by decreasing the period \(p\) of unit cell or gap \(g\) between the adjacent elements [6]. In the implemented design, a trade-off between a high Q-factor and high oblique incident performance has been made. In the designed parameters, the large \(p\) or \(g\) was selected due to the requirement of the high Q-factor, which consequently limited the oblique incident performance. The high Q-factor can also be achieved by selecting small \(w\) but the smallest possible \(w\) was already chosen due to fabrication limitations. For the KSTAR application, the operation frequency range of the proposed FSS was from 90 GHz to 110 GHz (low-pass band region).  
Figure 8: Influence of fabrication tolerances on the FSS frequency response.
## 3 Results  
Our model of abdominal sepsis is able to generate 100% lethality in rats if no antibiotic treatment is provided [17], so the control group could not finish the experimentation due to the fact that all members of the group died after 4-6 h post-inoculum. Unfortunately, one rat from group II also died after the inoculum despite the ceftaxone administration, so we completed group II with eight rats. In relation to clinical parameters, we found differences when comparing the body weights of group II and III on days 9, 10 and 11 (\(p<0.05\)), corresponding to the third (T3), fourth (T4), and fifth (T5) dose of treatment (Figure 2). In relation to stress and suffering (nasal secretions, ocular secretions, whiskers position, lack of grooming, piloerection, lethurgy, and diarrhea), we could only find differences in the level of activity of rats during the septic process 72 h post-inoculum (T3), showing greater hypoactivity in group II compared to group III (\(p\leq 0.05\)). Statistically significant differences were also observed in the position of the whiskers (\(p\leq 0.05\)) and in the presence of ocular secretions (\(p\leq 0.05\)) at that time point. No statistically significant differences were found in the rest of the clinical signs studied (Table 2), and from T4 to T7 (end of the study; data not shown). In relation to the biochemical parameters studied (IL-1, IL-6, TNF- \(\alpha\)), a comparison was made for the values of each interleukin between treated groups in T3 and T7 (Figure 3). Considering the levels of IL-1, in T3 we found statistically significant differences when comparing group II with respect to III (\(p<0.05\)). It was also observed that IL-6 in T3 was lower in group III, although the values were not statistically significant. As for TNF-\(\alpha\), no differences between groups were assessed. Figure 2: Weight monitoring during experiment: control group (8 days), group treated with ceftaxone (CEF; 14 days) and group treated with ceftaxone + thiosulfinate-enriched _Allium sativum_ extract (CEF + TASE; 14 days). On day 7, the bacterial inoculum was introduced. Mean \(\pm\) SEM. * \(p<0.05\). The peritoneal liquid and blood cultures of the control group were positive for multi-sensitive _E. coli_ ATCC 25922 and identical to the inoculum (Table 3). Additionally, as mentioned before, all the rats from the control group did not recover from the inoculum and died after 4-6 h, showing that our sepsis model is lethal if left untreated. In group II, only one rat died after inoculation, and of the remaining eight rats, six showed _Enterococcus faecalis_ in blood cultures, and two in peritoneal liquid. In the blood cultures of the two remaining rats, the multi-sensitive bacteria _E. coli_ ATCC 25922 appeared. In group III, _E. coli_ ATCC 25922 was not detected neither in blood nor in peritoneal liquid. In fact, eight out of nine rats showed _Enterococcus faecalis_ in blood samples, and only one out of nine rats
There are also a few examples where not only the mass or energy, but also the momentum of the particles has been studied through so-called covariance imaging [35; 36; 37; 38]. Recently, a double-sided electron-ion momentum imaging spectrometer has been installed at the Laser Applications in Material Processing (LAMP)end-station at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). It features a complex lens design that allows operation either as a REMI or a VMI spectrometer, and for the simultaneous detection of scattered XUV/X-ray photons on a pn charge-coupled device (pnCCD)photon detector [39]. While offering high flexibility, such devices by necessity compromise the imaging capabilities to some extent, due to the adapted electrode design, as well as to the absence of additional shielding of the interaction region from external fields. Here, we present the design and performance of a double VMI spectrometer (VMIS) for covariance imaging of electrons and positively-charged ions, optimized for experiments using high-intensity XUV and X-ray sources. With minimal compromising of the imaging capabilities, the instrument is versatile and allows for combining photo-electron and -ion detection modes, such as ion TOF, ion VMI and electron VMI, in different ways, depending on the required information and the process under study. The performance of the different detection modes is estimated with simulations and tested in experiments using an intense HHG source, with promising first results using the ion TOF signal for species selection in ion VMI and extraction of channel-specific information from electron VMI data. In Section 2, we describe the design of the apparatus, discuss technical requirements and the motivation of important design details such as the electrode geometry and the mounting, which allow floating voltages. Further, we describe the simulation procedure and present data on the estimated performance in the different operation modes. In Section 3, we show results from measurements with the spectrometer at the high-intensity XUV beamline at the Lund Attosecond Science Center. Finally, we conclude in Section 4.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fading  
The post-irradiation stability of TL signal against time is demonstrated through fading studies [30], as shown herein in Figure 7. The loss of stored signal against time is a thermal relaxation phenomenon, transitions occurring more preferentially from the less stable traps at lower depths. Present study has examined the TL fading over a period of 28 days in seven-day post-irradiation increments. In total, 15 samples were prepared, each irradiated to a fixed dose of 10 Gy from the \({}^{60}\)Co gamma-ray source. Each measurement point is the mean of three repeat readings. TL signal fading is most marked over the first seven days post-irradiation, an unsurprising fact given the greater initial TL signal magnitude, led by the Honda brand motor vehicle windshield glass, then Toyota and Proton, with values of 56.7%, 52.6% and 52.1%, respectively. In this matter, the windshield for Proton manifests the most stable signal due to the greatest activation energy relative to other car brands. It is apparent that there is good potential for dose reconstruction over a prevailing period of several weeks, corrections needing to be made for the fading, typically using fitting equations as indicated in Figure 7 for the Honda and Proton windshields. The Toyota data shows more complex behavior beyond the initial two weeks post-irradiation, albeit with apparent greater stability within this period. In fact, the fading loss shows proportional to the stored signal (in other words the number of filled defects), such that one might expect a quasi-exponential decrease. It is thus unsurprising that one sees a good fit to the first few terms of an exponential expansion.  
Although some progress has been made, further research is required to investigate the fading characteristics at different storage temperatures. This study has found limited efforts in the literature, especially the investigation within the windshield glass. Based on the finding reported by [31], no significant variation was observed on the optical absorbance of commercial window glass at a low storage temperature of \(-5\)\({}^{\circ}\)C and \(-20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C that kept for 70 days post-irradiation. In this regard, for the first 24 h, these two sets of samples displayed an approximate reduction of about 5 percent of the optical absorption response. In comparison, low storage temperatures indicate a greater response relative to ambient temperature. In addition, the research to date [32] has published a numerical method in predicting the fading of the TL signal as a function of the trapping parameters for the first, second and general order kinetics. As the values of the order of kinetics increases under the identical  
Figure 6: TL response as a function of effective energy (20–60 keV), the samples being subjected to X-ray irradiation.  
values of activation energy E (eV) and pre-exponential factor S\" (s\({}^{-1}\)), the fading is predicted to delay due to a high possibility of the electrons re-trapping phenomenon.
## 6 Results
### Base Station Energy Consumption in D2D Networks  
The energy consumption of cooperative scenarios from the base station perspective is the same for all depicted D2D scenarios. Thus, we compare here conventional cellular operation with the cooperative scenario as a function of number of nodes in a D2D network. We adopt the energy consumption metric J/bit [22] that focuses on the amount of energy spent per delivered bit and is hence an indicator of network bit delivery efficiency.  
We assume an average bit rate of 10 Mbit/s in the following figures and use the energy consumption models of Equations (13) and (14). The transmission power \(P_{\rm rx}\) is set according to the \(P_{\rm max}\) values in Table 2. The results presented in Figure 10 for a macro base station show that with this data rate conventional cellular transmission consumes roughly 0.3 J/kbit, whereas the cooperation clearly reduces the energy consumption by sharing the load among cooperative nodes. The effect is the largest with a few additional cooperative nodes, three nodes already lead to 50% energy savings. When the number of nodes is increased to more than 10 nodes, the energy consumption of a base station is around 0.1 J/kbit which means that the base station is able to serve the requesting nodes with one third of the original energy. This is a significant improvement in the energy efficiency.  
When the cell size is smaller, the energy efficiency improvement is smaller, as can be seen in Figures 11 and 12. Still, even with the small cell base stations the energy reduction is around 40%, which is significant saving already with a few requesting nodes. The results suggest that cooperative D2D data dissemination approaches are good for cellular network energy efficiency. The gain is dependent on the D2D link quality, and with poor D2D links the energy savings would be smaller.
# Recent Progress in Pressure Sensors for Wearable Electronics: From Design to Applications
## 4 Applications of Flexible Pressure Sensors
### Biomedical Pressure Sensing  
Pressure sensors should have sufficient sensitivity to be used as a health monitoring system because biomedical pressure is usually very small on human skin. Biomedical signals, such as the pulse, blood pressure, respiration rate, and cardiac impulse play an important role in health monitoring (Figure 8). The sensors collect the wearer's health status in various ways so that rapid treatment can be taken during medical emergencies. In this case, the device should be properly attached to the human body and constantly receive information. Therefore, it is highly desired to be compact and small enough that the wearer is not uncomfortable, and sufficient sensitivity is required even in a small  
Figure 7: Remote control of a robot using pressure sensors for human-machine interfaces. Reproduced with permission from [141], Copyright (2015), Wiley-VCH.  
size. In addition, there are several restrictions because materials that are harmless to the human body should be used. Numerous studies have been conducted to implement pressure sensors as a health monitoring system [146; 147; 148; 149].  
One promising way to configure a health monitoring system is to use self-powered pressure sensors [150; 108; 151]. This type of sensor does not require an additional power source, such as a battery, so the system can avoid becoming heavy enough to distract the human senses. [PERSON] et al. used their piezoelectric pressure sensor as a self-powered real-time arterial pulse monitoring system [137]. The signal obtained from the sensor was able to clearly distinguish whether or not the user had recently exercised. In addition, carotid artery pulses and the respiration rate were also clearly detected. One thing to note about these sensors is the use of biocompatible materials. Unlike human-machine interface applications, sensors must be attached directly to human skin to measure very small biomedical pressure. In addition, excellent robustness that can operate semi-permanently is also required.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Workability Properties  
The viscosity values of the CB, CRMB, and PMB binders are shown in Figure 4. The results clearly indicate a decrease in the viscosity values with an increase in temperature, irrespective of binders. In addition, at a particular temperature the CRMB and PMB binder exhibited a higher viscosity compared to that of the CB binders. The possible reason for this may be that the addition of the CR and SBS modifiers could stiffen the bitumen, resulting in a higher viscosity value. Based on the viscosity results, it can be concluded that the addition of modifiers reduces the pumping ability in the HMA plant. Further, it can be concluded that the CRMB binder exhibited a higher viscosity compared to the PMB binders. This may be explained by the fact that the CR particles absorbed a large amount of light oil in the base binder during swelling, which caused the viscosity of the base asphalt to increase. As the temperature increases, the viscosity of PMB approaches that of CB, while the value of CRMB is still higher than that of CB. It can be inferred that PMB can have a similar workability to CB at a proper mixing temperature, while even at a higher mixing temperature of 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C the workability of CRMB is still weaker than that of CB. In addition, the viscosity of CRMB is more sensitive to temperature than that of PMB, followed by CB. Therefore, the mixing temperature should be optimized as different types of modifiers are used.  
Figure 5 represents number of gyrations and the CDI and TDI values calculated using the Bahia and locking point methods for the CB, CRMB, and PMB mixtures.  
The results clearly indicate that the number of gyrations and the CDI values for the CRMB and PMB mixtures were higher than those of the CB mixtures for both the Bahia and s  
Figure 4: Viscosity test results.  
For instance, increases in the CDI values by 62.2% and 43.9% were observed for the CRMB and PMB mixtures compared to the CB mixtures when calculated using the locking point method. As a result, it can be concluded that the CRMB and PMB mixtures take more energy for densification and were less workable compared to the CB mixture, due to fact that the CRMB and PMB mixtures exhibited a lower density. Similarly, the TDI values of the CRMB and PMB mixtures were higher than those of the CB mixture for both the Bahia and locking point methods. For instance, increases in the TDI values by 86.2% and 51.9% were observed for the CRMB and PMB mixtures compared to the CB mixture when calculated using the locking point method. Finally, it can be concluded that CRMB exhibited better a rutting resistance (TDI values) and was less workable compared to the PMB mixture. This was consistent with the evaluation results of workability from the perspective of the binder.  
Figure 5: Cont.
## 3 Results
### Spatiotemporal Distribution of Vegetation Growth in the Mining Area
#### 3.1.3 Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Vegetation Growth  
Figure 12 illustrates the spatial distribution of kNDVI across different time periods, revealing significant spatial heterogeneity in vegetation growth. Over the past 25 years, the average kNDVI value in the mining area has been 0.121, indicating generally poor vegetation conditions. Specifically, vegetation growth in the northwest, northeast, and southeast regions of the mining area has been notably poor. During the first stage (1999-2011), the overall vegetation growth was weak, with an average kNDVI of 0.063, particularly in the northwest, northeast, and eastern parts of the mining area. In the second stage (2011-2018), vegetation growth improved relative to the first stage, with an average kNDVI of 0.151; however, poor growth remained concentrated in the northwest and northeast. In the third stage (2018-2023), vegetation growth showed a trend similar to that of the second stage, with an average kNDVI of 0.173, but there was a slight decline compared to the previous period. Poor vegetation growth continued to be concentrated in the northwest, northeast, and southeast regions.