# Emotions and Colors in a Design Archiving System: Applying AI Technology for Museums
## 2 Background and Related Research  
### The Connection between Colors and Emotion  
The word \"emotion\" comes from the Latin word \"emovere\", which means \"energy in motion\" [17]. Energy affects people's behavior, minds, and even their social relationships. A work of art can be said to express in form and color the artist's own inner and mental emotions on a plane or in a space [18; 19; 20]. An artwork combines fundamental forms such as points, lines, and planes to realize an object or to render human thoughts and internal experiences by giving shape to them in space [21; 22]. Research on the connection between color and emotion has been active since the 1950s. A study was conducted on dynamism and sensibility related to the brightness and saturation of color in which artists caught viewers' attention by varying the brightness and saturation of their objects to add emphasis in their artwork [23; 24]. In 1980s, the psychophysiological effects of color on humans were studied by [PERSON] [25]. He attempted to experiment in a scientific way to detect emotions from color by measuring test subjects' response of the autonomic nervous system, breathing rate, pulse rate, muscle relaxation, and eye-blinking rate with an electroencephalogram (EEG) when the subjects were exposed to different colors. The following are examples from the literature of connections between colors and emotions in general: red evokes excitement in people; orange is perceived as vibrant, energetic, and outgoing; yellow resonates with hope, wisdom, and vastness; green feels refreshing and natural; and blue evokes passivity, cleanliness, and quiet [13]. Color can be specified by its hue (e.g., green, red, blue, or yellow) and by two additional perceptual color dimensions: saturation (difference from an achromatic stimulus; that is, a neutral gray or white) and brightness (perceived intensity of the light) [26]. Other studies have indicated that the saturation of a color stimulus has a stronger effect on the emotional response than the hue [27]. Painttings consist of a mixture of colors. It is important to determine the connection between colors and emotions in order to read the emotions of the artwork. The representative studies that closely bridged colors and their corresponding emotions were conducted by [PERSON] and the Image Research Institute (IRI). Firstly, [PERSON] of the Color Research Institute of Japan developed a color image scale to classify and organize colors in terms of linguistic expressions for the purposes of conveying color meanings with emotions and expressing the similarities and differences regarding visual images [28]. He expressed feelings described by a total of 174 adjectives that were positioned at co-ordinates on a plot of dynamic-static versus soft-hard axes; thereby, he classified these adjectives into 15 categories: \"romantic\", \"pretty\", \"casual\", \"cool-casual\", \"dynamic\", \"elegant\", \"gorgeous\", \"natural\", \"ethnic (strong-wild)\", \"classic\", \"chic\", \"dandy\", \"clear\", \"modern\", and \"formal\" [28]. Later, the Image Research Institute (IRI) image adjective scale was developed by the IRI Design Color Research Institute in Korea to assist in the objective understanding of color by investigating the relationship between color and the corresponding adjectives from the survey. It is an objective index in the design field that understands color as sentiment and an abstract idea. The IRI Design Color Research Institute adapted [PERSON]'s method to build an emotional adjective and color image scale for use with Korean impressions of emotion and color [29]. To develop a color scale model, the IRI conducted a survey that asked Korean people about the connection between the IRI hue and tones palette of the 120 monochrome system (Figure 1) and their corresponding reaction as emotional adjectives. The resulting color scale model is widely used in design methodology.