## 4 Results and Discussion
### Shap
Although the LSV results are more evenly distributed over each year, the red dots are more scattered on the right, indicating a positive and linear association with crime reports. As mentioned above, the elderly sales ratio turned positive after the outbreak of COVID-19. From this result, we may assume that elderly visitors acted as natural surveillants and diminished crimes before the pandemic [15]. However, as the outtings of vulnerable elderlies reduced significantly after the outbreak, small alley commercial districts became emptier and more susceptible to crimes. The LSV of the elderly sales ratio seemed to have a more positive and linear relationship with crime, whereas the youth sales ratio appeared to have a non-linear association. Neighborhood features tended to have lower importance on crime, with the number of gathering facilities found to be noteworthy, and continuing to grow over the years with a standardized SHAP value near 0.0001. Despite the fact that the implementation of social distancing limited the usage of these sites, crimes are likely to occur near commercial districts where inhabitants congregate. A high degree of mixed color for the LSV exhibits that a non-linear relationship exists with the dependent variable. Among park/green space characteristics, the GVI consistently showed a negative impact on crime, implying that areas with more green street views negatively influenced crime reports. This result complies with previous studies that have found that urban green spaces play a facilitating role in minimizing crime [47; 48]. In addition, the LSVs depicted a negative linear relationship. Regardless of the type of park, the number of parks near the commercial districts was positively associated with crime reports, and children's parks had the highest influence. Their impact, however, was minimal compared to other variables. Regarding commercial district elements, the Mu-score was found to have a significant positive effect over the study area, which follows prior research that has shown that the occurrence of crime is related to the level of commercial district deterioration [49]. This is also consistent with the broken window theory, by which decayed commercial districts cause visitors' moral laxity. Furthermore, because the impact of the Mu-score intensified after the epidemic, regulating the street and surrounding landscape environment may be considered one of the main priorities in developing crime-free commercial districts. The LSV result showed a fairly clear linear relationship with crime. Store density, which was found to have a substantial influence in all years, had the greatest total impact, as expected, because more stores offered more possibilities for crime. The dawn sales ratio also showed a significant relationship with crime. Since this is the time of day when visitors' natural surveillance efficiency is diminished, this fact seems to be reflected in the model's performance. In the case of the closure rate, the importance decreased sharply after 2020. This can be deduced from the fact that the average number of stores closing down due to the economic impact of COVID-19 decreased the overall vitality of alley commercial districts.