## 1 Introduction  
Because of their attractive properties, including chemical and thermal stability, non-wetting, high oxygen permeability, and low surface energy, fluorinated materials (e.g., ceramics, polymers, and different types of silicas) have been utilized in many applications (e.g., biomedical [1], pharmaceuticals [2], optoelectronics [3], surface coatings [4], and automotive engineering [5]). Fluorinated derivatives with long chains are extensively used as functional additives or cross-linkers in order to ensure water resistance, together with the chemical and stability properties of the coating. Silica materials are harmonious, with diverse fluorinated functional materials, and can be physically mixed or covalentlyattached to a fluorinated component to create composites with special properties [6]. The utilization of silica materials modified with fluorinated organic compounds has attracted great attention due to their significant properties for a large variety of applications (e.g., antimicrobial instruments [7], self-cleaning coatings [8; 9], anti-fouling coatings [10], solar cells, and optical devices [11; 12]). Many methods, including chemical vapor deposition [13], physical vapor deposition [14], wet chemical methods [15], hydrothermal methods [16], and the sol-gel process [17], have been adopted to prepare surfaces with micro/nano structures using silane nanoparticles and to create surfaces with water-repellent and self-cleaning properties utilizing hydrophobic materials (e.g., fluoroalkylsilane and silica precursors with different alkyl chain lengths). The chemical vapor deposition technique permits modification of different substrates, but the addition of initiator (e.g., a peroxide) and/or monomers in the vapor phase is required [13]. Physical vapor deposition was used to obtain films with thicknesses of nanometers. The major drawback of this method it is the fact that a high temperature vacuum is required to deposit the film [14]. The sol-gel process is a wet chemical technique and is the most common approach to achieve silica-based materials and fluorinated compositions due to several advantages, such as flexibility, simplicity, low cost, mild reaction conditions, and high-quality materials [18; 19; 20]. This method allows for tuning of the structure, morphology, and properties of the resulted materials by changing the reaction conditions [21]. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is one of the types of per-fluorinated compounds used to achieve fluorinated materials, because it contains a C-F bond in the molecule with large bond energy. This makes PFOA a chemical with good thermal and chemical stability and excellent hydrophobicity [22]. Several works have reported the development of hybrid materials containing fluorinated compounds, which have special architectures. Employing sol-gel-fluorinated materials in the surface coating resulted in micro- and nanotextured surfaces with excellent properties (e.g., self-cleaning, non-fouling, abrasion-resistant). [PERSON] et al. [23] synthesized fluorinated silica thought the sol-gel method which was able to be applied in applications such as self-cleaning, anti-fouling, and anti-adhesion materials, as well as protection against metal corrosion. It was shown that the achieved material exhibited high transparency (>82%) and good resistance to different media. [PERSON] et al. [24] created a coating film based on fluorinated silica nanoparticles with hydrophobic and anti-aging properties. [PERSON] et al. [25] obtained fluorinated materials by sol-gel method, using fluoroalkyl precursors and silica. The results indicated that longer fluoroalkyl chains can improve the hydrophobicity of the coated surface. The silica nanoparticle-reinforced fluorinated coatings were obtained by [PERSON] et al. [26]. The obtained results shown that the fluorosilane concentration was high enough to be encapsulated within the matrix of the coating. [PERSON] et al. [27] successfully synthesized fluorinated silica sol through sol-gel processing.