esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Adapting Probabilistic Flooding in Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks
## 6 Performance Evaluation
### Realistic Environment Evaluation
Figure 14 depicts simulation results regarding coverage as a function of time under PF and RPF, for three geometric random graph topologies with connectivity radius \(r_{c}=0.1\), 0.2 and 0.3 and for 200, 600 and 900 initially operating nodes. It is observed in all cases that, although RPF has a larger termination time, it offers higher coverage than PF at every timestep \(t\). In the case of 200 initially operating nodes, PF fails to reach most of the network nodes. For the case of 600 initially operating nodes, PF coverage is still lower than that of RPF, while, for the case of 900 initially operating nodes, PF offers almost the same coverage as the proposed RPF. Figure 15 depicts simulation results regarding message efficiency (i.e., the fraction of coverage over the total sent messages) under PF and RPF as a function of the number of initially operating nodes for three different random geometric graph topologies. The dashed line depicts the minimum number of initially operating nodes needed to achieve coverage over 0.85 under PF. It is observed that both PF and RPF achieve almost the same message efficiency when coverage is larger than 0.85. In all cases, the message efficiency under RPF is nearly the same regardless of the number of initially operating nodes. Figure 16 depicts simulation results regarding total energy consumption in mAh as a function of the connectivity radius when full coverage is achieved. It is observed that RPF consumes slightly more energy for the case or \(r_{c}=0.1\), while, for the cases of \(r_{c}=0.2\) and \(r_{c}=0.3\), both PF and RPF consume almost the same energy. This is an expected result since full coverage under PF is achieved for a large number of initially operating nodes and in this case both mechanisms operate similarly (i.e., RPF is reduced to PF). Figure 12: Simulation results regarding termination time under Probabilistic Flooding as a function of the number of nodes operating when Probabilistic Flooding started for three different geometric random graph topologies i.e., \(r_{c}=0.1\) (a), 0.2 (b) and 0.3 (c). Figure 13: Simulation results regarding termination time under Robust Probabilistic Flooding as a function of the number of nodes operating when Robust Probabilistic Flooding started for three different geometric random graph topologies i.e., \(r_{c}=0.1\) (a), 0.2 (b) and 0.3 (c). Figure 16: Simulation results regarding energy consumption under PF and RPF as a function of the connectivity radius. Figure 14: Simulation results regarding coverage as a function of time under PF and RPF, for \(r_{c}=0.1,0.2,0.3\), and for \(200,600,900\) initially operating nodes. Figure 15: Simulation results regarding message efficiency under PF and RPF as a function of the number of initially operating nodes for three different geometric random graph topologies i.e., \(r_{c}=0.1,0.2\) and \(0.3\).
# Wearable Plasma Pads for Biomedical Applications
## 2 Experimental Methods
### Fabrication and Characterization of a Plasma Pad System
#### 2.1.3 Measurement Method for Temperature and Ozone Concentration  
The temperature of the plasma pad was measured with a thermocouple attached to the gauze on the surface of the plasma pad, and high voltage was applied to measure the temperature change. The temperature was measured for 1 h under both conditions of \(\beta\) = 50% and \(\beta\) = 100%. The ozone concentration in the plasma pad was measured using ozone detectors (Detector Tube No. 18 L, GASTEC, Ayase, Japan). The measuring distance between the plasma pad and the ozone detector was 10 cm or 20 cm, and the duty ratio of the applied power was 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
## 1 Introduction
### Motivation  
The mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) describes a collection of portable nodes connected by wireless links and operating as a separate system. The MANET has a lot of intriguing features when a node moves from one area to a different one. For instance, it may continue to maintain connected systems and remain flexible and adaptive. Mobile-to-mobile communication relies highly on routing protocols that broadcast the information. The protocol used for routing determines the path for video transmission from source to destination. Ad-hoc on-demand vector is a reactive routing system used in MANETs that uses less memory because routing mechanisms have an impact on overall performance.  
However, several routing protocols used are vulnerable to various attacks that drop the packets instead of transmitting the packets, causing crashes and congestion in the traffic. Thus, the proposed study utilizes a new deep-learning-based routing for enhancing the efficacy of the OLSR routing protocol to transmit video on MANETs and also improving the security of MANETs through the blockchain. The main objectives of the proposed work are:  
1. To introduce a novel deep-learning model with a trust-based optimal routing protocol for enhancing reliability, maintaining video continuity, increasing the packet-delivery ratio, and decreasing transmission errors while transmitting video packets in MANETs with enhanced security.
2. To propose a novel hybrid deep-learning structure for identifying black-hole nodes to provide effective video-packet routing in a MANET environment.
3. To securely store the MANETs' information, blockchain security is enabled and the validation process is performed by utilizing an extended consensus algorithm.
4. To analyze the performance of the proposed study by evaluating varied metrics and the comparing the attained results with other existing methodologies, such as secure routing algorithm blockchain technology (SRABC), ad-hoc on-demand distance Vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), highly efficient dual authenticated routing (HEDAR), secured encryption technique with optimum route discovery (SETORD), the OLSR, and destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV).  
The rest of this paper is arranged as follows: Section 2 presents the related works to be discussed with MANETs. Section 3 considers the proposed methodology. Section 4 provides the results and discussion. Finally, Section 5 presents the conclusion and future work.
# Design of a 2 m Primary Mirror Assembly Considering Fatigue Characteristics
## 3 Installation Position Optimization
### Neutral Plane Theory  
The neutral plane refers to a virtual plane that passes through the barycenter of the mirror and is paralleled to the installation plane of the mirror assembly. As shown in Figure 8, the mirror body is placed vertically, one flexible support is at the top, and two other flexible supports are at the bottom and placed in the same horizontal plane. Each flexible support bears one-third of the total weight of the mirror.  
Assuming that mounted surfaces of flexible supports remain unchanged, the mirror acts as the reciprocating motion along the optical axis horizontally by changing the length  
Figure 8: Stress condition of the flexible structure when the mirror is placed vertically.  
Figure 7: Design route in ISIGHT software.  
of the rigid connector and flexible supports. Moreover, the mirror body rotates around the rotation center of the flexible structure and deforms and tilts in the direction of gravity. Suppose that the distance between the neutral surface and the rotation center is \(L\), then stress equations of each flexible structure are expressed as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}F_{z1}=F_{z2}=F_{z3}=\frac{G}{3}\\ F_{x1}+F_{x2}+F_{x3}=0\\ \frac{2\cdot F_{x1}\cdot h}{3}+\frac{F_{x2}\cdot h}{3}+\frac{F_{x3}\cdot h}{3}+ M_{1}+M_{2}+M_{3}=G\cdot L\\ F_{x2}=F_{x3}\\ M_{1}=M_{2}=M_{3}\end{array}\right. \tag{1}\]  
Formula (1) can be simplified as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}F_{x1}\cdot h+3M_{1}=G\cdot L\\ F_{x1}=-2F_{x2}=-2F_{x3}\end{array}\right. \tag{2}\]  
The moment caused by gravity will be close to 0 and \(\mathbf{M_{1}}\) is theoretically the minimum value when the rotation center is situated on the neutral plane. The axial force \(\mathbf{F_{Z1}}\) is the minimum according to Formula (2). At the same time, the mirror displacement in the direction of gravity and inclination angle as well as the mirror surface error reach the minimum. Neutral plane theory is used to estimate the optimal installation position of flexible structures.  
Notably, the mirror surface error caused by the temperature fluctuation and non-flatness error are also affected by the installation position of the flexible support. The analysis results showed that a large distance between the rotation center and the optimal installation position corresponds to a high mirror surface error. As shown in Figure 9, this rule represents an approximate parabolic function [9]. However, optimal installation planes caused by temperature fluctuation and non-flatness error do not necessarily coincide with the neutral plane. The final installation position \(L\) after a comprehensive comparison is 1.5 mm.
# RHLP-18T: A Radiation-Hardened 18T SRAM with Enhanced Read Stability and Low Power Consumption
## 3 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Stability Comparison
#### 3.1.2 RSNM Comparison  
The RSNM is obtained by generating the butterfly curve under read operation conditions (WL = VDD, WWL = VDD, BL/BLB precharged). In the same way as HSNM, RSNM is defined as the side length of the largest square that fits between the curves. Here, the proposed RHLP-18T exhibits an RSNM of 150 mV. This value is significantly higher than those of the compared cells (Figure 6), where the next highest RSNM observed was 49 mV (RHBD14T). This notable improvement in read stability--although potentially contributing to the slower Read Access Time (RAT), discussed in Section 3.2--is a significant advantage for noise-prone environments. The high RSNM appears to result from a combination of factors inherent in the RHLP-18T design:  
1. Write Path Decoupling via WWL: The use of the separate Write Word Line (WWL) helps maintain stability during reads. By setting WWL to VDD, the PMOS write access transistors (P11, P12) are turned off. This effectively decouples the write circuitry from the storage nodes and bit lines during the read operation, preventing potential interference or loading effects from the write transistors.
2. Robust Core Latch and Cell Ratio: The core latch structure's robustness is enhanced by its design, including the relative sizing of driver and access transistors, often characterized by the Cell Ratio (CR). In this design, the primary pull-down NMOS transistors (N1, N2, N3, N4) have a width twice the minimum size. Assuming the read access transistors (N5, N6) are minimum size, this results in an effective Cell Ratio (CR) of approximately 2. This relatively high CR enhances the latch's ability to hold its state during a read operation, contributing significantly to the high RSNM.
3. Cell Characteristics: A large internal voltage swing during operation likely also contributes to the enhanced read stability margin.  
Figure 5: HSNM comparison between the proposed RHLP-18T cell and previous works.
## 1 Introduction  
### Background and Rationale  
Today, global warming is one of the most worrying threats to the future of mankind. Indeed, at the global level, the warming of the atmosphere and oceans, the melting of glaciers and snow cover, and the rise in sea level are observed. West African Sahel is experiencing changes in the distribution of precipitation over time and an increase in the occurrence of extreme events, such as heatwaves and floods [1]. The majority of Sub-Saharan Africa countries' land area for agriculture and approximately 97% of crop production in these countries is rain-fed [2]. In Burkina Faso, for example, over the 40 years between 1960 and 2000, cereals production almost exactly followed variations in rainfall [3].  
Most of the water in these countries comes from rainfall. In Burkina Faso, for example, more than 90% of the water comes from atmospheric precipitation. Therefore, rainfall monitoring is of paramount and increasing importance for agriculture, water resources management, floods, etc. However, in the sub-Saharan region, the availability of measuring instruments is limited and deteriorating. This limits the knowledge about rainfall distribution, creates significant risk and uncertainty, and prevents the agricultural sector from adopting appropriate measures. Improved control and management of water resources is, however, vital for these countries' development. Therefore, it is essential to significantly improve the knowledge of spatial and temporal rainfall distribution. A new, reliable, and accessible method, also for countries in Africa, Latin America, and South-East Asia, is therefore welcome. Within the TOP-RainCell project we have thus set out to acquire and process data from commercial microwave links (CMLs) for country-wide rainfall estimation in Burkina Faso.
# Low-Cost IoT and LoRaWAN-Based System for Laying Hen Identification in Family Poultry Farms
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Development Cost Analysis  
As previously mentioned, the software used in this project is open-source and licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) or the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).  
Regarding the hardware, an initial fixed investment of approximately EUR 200 is required based on the cost of components for the IT layer (see Table 2) and the OT layer per zone (see Table 3). This cost is primarily due to the LoRaWAN gateway, which can be shared among multiple farmers in the area.  
Additional expenses will depend on the size of the chicken coop. For instance, a coop with five nesting boxes and 35 hens would require an additional investment of approximately EUR 200.  
Given this budget, while an initial fixed investment is required--primarily driven by the cost of the gateway, which can be shared--the overall cost is expected to remain affordable for small-scale poultry farmers, as the system can be gradually scaled over time. This further reinforces the feasibility of the proposed solution.
## 2 Application of BRBS in the Detection of Diabetic Nephropathy Biomarkers
### Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
[92] first prepared a novel VS\({}_{2}\)-graphene (VS\({}_{2}\)-GR) composite material using a simple one-step hydrothermal method and a novel label-free electrochemical aptasensor was designed for the detection of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) using Exo III-assisted signal amplification technology, VS\({}_{2}\)-GR composite material, and tetrahedral structured DNA probe [93; 94], which exhibits fast response, high throughput, and current sensitivity. In the absence of PDGE-BB, the APT hybridizes with complementary DNA (cDNA), and  
Figure 7: The procedure of the ECL aptasensor preparation. (**A**) Preparation of GOD-Apt2-AuNPs bioconjugates. (**B**) The schematic shows the strategy for constructing the ECL aptasensor [85]. the biotin-labeled single-stranded signal DNA at the 5\({}^{\prime}\) end cannot be cleaved by exonuclease III (Exo III). Biotin-labeled signal DNA hybridizes with protruding T-DNA on the AuNP/VS\({}_{2}\)-GR electrode, and the specific binding of avidin-biotin absorbs a large amount of avidin-horseradish peroxidase (avidin-HRP) onto the modified electrode, resulting in a strong current response of HRP to the mixture of hydrogen peroxide and hydroquinone (H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) + HQ). However, when PDGF-BB is present, the APT preferentially binds to PDGF-BB, and duplex DNA is formed between cDNA and signal DNA. The double-stranded DNA is digested by Exo III from the blunt end of the 3\({}^{\prime}\) signal DNA and releases cDNA. Subsequently, the released cDNA undergoes a new cleavage process with the remaining signal DNA in the solution. Finally, the cyclic hybridization-hydrolysis process leads to a reduction in the number of signal molecules HRP on the electrode, resulting in a significant decrease in current response. The proposed detection method takes advantage of the large specific surface area, good conductivity, and excellent biocompatibility of layered VS\({}_{2}\)-GR composite materials, providing plenty of binding sites and suitable environments for the immobilization of biomolecules. In addition, the tetrahedral structured DNA probe based on framework nucleic acid assembly technology can minimize non-specific adsorption and obtain upright probes on the electrode surface, improving detection stability and reproducibility. Based on these advantages, the proposed detection method can detect PDGF-BB concentrations as low as 30 fM and has good selectivity for PDGF-BB (Table 4). Due to the inherent characteristics of Exo III, which does not require specific recognition sites and APT, the proposed detection method has a wide range of target molecules and can serve as a universal scheme for detecting DNA, drugs, and even proteins.
## Considerations for Real-World Use of Observed Join  
### Human versus Machine Observation  
The question of which type of observer (human or machine)--and the larger question of whether an observed join is required at all--is highly dependant on the specifics of the operation and deployment of a given system.  
A system utilizing wired sensors on a closed network (such as that found within a larger operational platform--such as a vehicle or factory) may not require any identity validation when joining (especially where physical access to an air-gapped network is controlled). A more typical deployment in a domestic or commercial setting may utilize an open Internet connection to facilitate the communications and as such could use a controlled join. For small-scale deployments, a human-moderated join is an ideal mechanism, especially since this has no requirement for specialist observation nodes. However, a smartphone application could be utilized as an observer (itself joining via a human-moderated join)--and then subsequently using either the smartphone's camera for visual recognition, or potentially utilising the phone's NFC capabilities to read values from devices without a user-interface capable of displaying a visual code. Although this implementation has not been explored in this work, the majority of modern smartphones support NFC for mobile payment, and Application Program Interfaces (APIs) exist within major smartphone operating systems to access some or all of the functionality of the NFC hardware within the phone.  
Human moderated joins provide the highest guarantee of device identity, since the human observer is explicitly able to ascertain that the device in question is the device that is being joined (especially where the human installer has manually triggered the join operation themselves). It is however the least scalable to very large deployments, or for scenarios where there is a large number of join and leave operations expected to be conducted.  
For such large-scale operations, installed devices could join the C2 network, and have their identity validated by a dedicated observation node. For example, within a factory setting an installer could utilize a hand-held observer device using NFC to positively validate devices as they were installed and joined into the system; or for a distributed sensor application, devices could be joined (and validated) as they are deployed.
## 5 Discussion
### Load Balancing  
Load balancing refers to the distribution of workloads across multiple resources to ensure optimal performance and prevent any single entity from becoming overloaded. In the context of IoT systems, effective load balancing is crucial for minimising traffic and optimising resource utilisation [38]. As the volume of data and the number of processes in IoT networks increase, load balancing plays a pivotal role in distributing workloads across computing services and routes.  
When load balancing is executed effectively, it allows for a more even distribution of energy consumption among devices, reducing the likelihood of power wastage and prolonging the lifespan of IoT networks. Conversely, inefficient load balancing can lead to underutilised nodes and increased energy consumption, as overloaded nodes struggle to manage excessive workloads while others remain inactive. Two primary types of load balancing exist: static, where load distribution is based on predetermined data, and dynamic, which adjusts in real-time based on current workloads [39]. Dynamic load balancing is particularly beneficial in IoT environments characterised by fluctuating demands, ensuring optimal resource utilisation and extending the operational lifetime of the network.
# Social Recommendation Based on Quantified Trust and User's Primary Preference Space
###### Abstract
First, instead of using the binary trust data, we use quantified trust data that encode the topology structure of the user trust network; we use random walk with restart (RWR) to mine the user credibility and reconstruct the quantified trust network. Then, we propose the concept of primary preference feature space to represent the original user preferences, which are then mapped to rating space, truster space and trustee space and combined with reconstructed trust data and rating data to model users and items. Compared with other methods, our method is easy to understand and has higher recommendation accuracy. The main contributions of this paper are summarized as follows:  
1. We propose a novel social recommendation framework based on trust and preference (TPSR). The TPSR framework consists of two parts: a user trust quantification method (TQ_RWR) and a social recommendation model (UPPS). 2. We propose a new trust quantify method based on random walk with restart to quantify trust. We mine the credibility hidden in the global trust network to quantify the trust, so as to represent the trust levels of different users. In addition, we proved that using a quantitative trust network for social recommendation can effectively improve the recommendation efficiency in the Section 6.3.1. 3. Assuming the user preferences in different scenarios are derived from the user's primary preference feature space, we use three projection matrixes to map users' primary preference feature vectors to different preference spaces, where three projection matrices correspond to three spaces: interaction space, truster space and trustee space. We propose a social recommendation model based on primary preference space, which is implemented by probabilistic matrix factorization method. 4. Experiments based on four real-world datasets show the superiority of our framework. The experiment on TQ_RWR show that the trust metric algorithm effevtively improves the utilization of trust relationship data and improves the accuracy of recommendation results. At the same time, the experiment on TPSR proved that it alleviates the sparsity problem and the cold-start problem.