Received: 24 December 2023  
1 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.Z.) Received: 31 January 2024  
1 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.Z.) Received: 24 December 2023  
1 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.Z.) Received: 31 January 2024  
1 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.Z.) Received: 24 December 2023  
1 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.Z.) Received: 24 December 202 The function and structure of vegetation ecosystems could be greatly affected by climate. In dry and warm areas, ecosystems are more sensitive to changes in humidity, while cold ecosystems are more vulnerable to changes in temperature [5]. One of the important areas of inquiry into global change is how the warming of the environment affects the development of vegetation. According to earlier research, from 1981 to 1991, global warming lengthened the growing season of plants and encouraged vegetation development in high-latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere [6]. However, there was a weakening of the association between temperature and vegetation change in the region north of 30\({}^{\circ}\)N from 1982 to 2011 [7]. More water supply is needed to encourage vegetation activity when the temperature limitation on vegetation photosynthesis weakens [8]. Vegetation greenness in arid areas became more sensitive to precipitation between 1981 and 2015 [9]. The Northern Hemisphere's temperate vegetation has endured a large increase in water limitation from 1982 to 2015, and the vegetation areas with water deficiency grew dramatically [10]. Additionally, a rise in atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) may cause plants to close their stomatal in an effort to decrease water loss, which would impede photosynthesis and lower productivity [11]. Interannual fluctuations in VPD have a considerable impact on vegetation growth on a worldwide scale [12]. What is more, the rapid increase in VPD in the late 1990s led to a decrease in the terrestrial gross primary productivity [13]. As vegetation becomes more sensitive to moisture, vegetation growth will face more severe constraints of water scarcity in the future [14]. Thus, it is critical to completely comprehend the impact of moisture factors on vegetation development. Compared with the impact of climatic elements, land use tends to have a more immediate impact on vegetation. For instance, irrigation, fertilization, and afforestation frequently result in considerable increases in vegetation cover, whereas deforestation could reduce the vegetation cover. The management of farmland and afforestation initiatives have a direct impact on China's vegetation greening [15].