# Repurposing Olive Oil Mill Wastewater into a Valuable Ingredi for Functional Bread Production
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Volatile Organic Compounds
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(\mathbf{n}^{\circ}\) & **CAS** & **Chemical Compounds** & & & & & **Odor** & **Threshold** & **Reference** \\ \hline  & & & & & **CTR\({}_{B}\)** & **EXP\({}_{B}\)-1** & **EXP\({}_{B}\)-2** & & & \\ \hline
16 & 111-71-7 & Heptanal \({}^{*}\) & 2.20 \(\pm\) 0.23 & 0.52 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 0.28 \(\pm\) 0.01 & citrus, fat, green, nut & 3 & [48] \\  & & & & & & & \\
17 & 100-52-7 & Benzaldehyde & 2.58 \(\pm\) 0.23 & 3.12 \(\pm\) 0.29 & 3.73 \(\pm\) 0.26 & burnt sugar, cherry, malt, roasted & 350–3500 & [48] \\  & & & & & & & \\
18 & 124-13-0 & Octanal & 0.44 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.28 \(\pm\) 0.02 & lemon, green & 0.7 & [48] \\
19 & 36,431-60-4 &
\begin{tabular}{c} 5-Ethylcyclopent-1- \\ encerboxyldehyde \\ \end{tabular} & 0.44 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.26 \(\pm\) 0.01 & corn flavor & & [48] \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\
20 & 122-78-1 & Benzeneacetaldehyde & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.69 \(\pm\) 0.11 & genarium, honey, nut, pungent, fat, floral, green, green, iron, cursim, fat, cucumber & 4 & [48] \\  & & & & & & & \\
21 & 124-19-6 & Nonanal \({}^{*}\) & 2.59 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 1.72 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 1.40 \(\pm\) 0.25 & green, iron & 1 & [48] \\
22 & 60,784-31-8 & 2-Nonanal (E) & 0.58 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.79 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.05 & cursim & 0.08–0.1 & [48] \\  & & & & & & & \\
23 & 2548-87-0 & 2-Octanal (E) \({}^{*}\) & n.d. & 0.86 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.36 \(\pm\) 0.01 & fat, fruit, grass, green, specie & 3 & [48] \\  & & & & & & & \\
24 & 112-31-2 & Decanal & 0.50 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.02 & orange peel, penetrating, fallow & 0.1–2 & [48] \\
25 & 110-43-0 & 2-Heptanone \({}^{*}\) & 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.00 & penetrating & 140–3000 & [48] \\  & & & & & & & powerful, & \\
26 & 110-93-0 &
\begin{tabular}{c} 5-Hepten-2-one, \\ methyl \\ \end{tabular} & 0.51 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 0.39 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.37 \(\pm\) 0.06 & fatty, green, citrus & 50 & [49] \\
27 & 1669-44-9 & 3-Octen-2-one & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.02 & dull, green, nut, rose & - & [44] \\
28 & 3796-70-1 & Geranylacetone & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.02 & n.d. & fruit & 60 & [49] \\
29 & 484-31-1 & Apiol & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 & wood, spice & \\  & & Esters & & & & & sweet-fruity, & \\
30 & 142-92-7 & Hexyl Acetate \({}^{*}\) & n.d. & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.04 & pearl-like & 2 & [48] \\  & & & & & & odor & \\
31 & 123-66-0 & Ethyl caproate & 1.51 \(\pm\) 0.33 & 3.02 \(\pm\) 0.56 & 3.04 \(\pm\) 0.58 & fruity & 1 & [48] \\
32 & 106-30-9 & Ethyl heptanoate & 0.60 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 0.90 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.60 \(\pm\) 0.06 & brandy, fruit, wine & 2.2 & [49] \\
33 & 106-32-1 & Ethyl caprylate & 4.78 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 7.59 \(\pm\) 0.52 & 4.49 \(\pm\) 0.04 & fruit, fat & - & [48] \\
34 & 103-45-7 & Phenethyl acetate & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.01 & flower, rose & & \\
35 & 123-29-5 & Ethyl Nonanoate \({}^{*}\) & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.00 & n.d. & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.00 & floral & - & [48] \\
36 & 110-38-3 & Ethyl caproate & 0.71 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.57 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.00 & brandy, & - & [48] \\  & & & & & & & \\
37 & 106-33-2 & Ethyl laurate & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 & n.d. & leaf & 400 & [50] \\
38 & 539-82-2 & Ethyl valerate & n.d. & n.d. & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.03 & gmb, herb, nut, yeast & 1.5–5 & [49] \\
39 & 106-70-7 & Methyl caproate & n.d. & n.d. & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.03 & fruit, & 70–84 & [48] \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\
40 & 3777-69-3 & Furan,2-pentyl- & 6.50 \(\pm\) 1.12 & 4.46 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.79 \(\pm\) 0.13 & floral, fruit, green & 6 & [48] \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\
41 & 99-87-6 & o-Cymene & 0.35 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.04 & gasoline, citrus & - & [48] \\  & & & & & & & & citrus, must & \\
42 & 5989-27-5 & D-Limonene & 4.05 \(\pm\) 1.60 & 2.47 \(\pm\) 0.28 & 1.39 \(\pm\) 0.51 & citrus, must & 10 & [48] \\  & & & & & & fruit, wet & \\
43 & 502-99-8 & \(\alpha\)-cis-Ocimene & 1.63 \(\pm\) 0.81 & 0.88 \(\pm\) 0.20 & 0.59 \(\pm\) 0.20 & cloth & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}