# Morphological and Functional Asymmetry Among Competitive Female Fencing Athletes
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Features**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Right**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Left**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MAI \#**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-8}  & **M** & **SD** & **M** & **SD** & **M** & **SD** & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**A. Circumferences [cm]**} \\ \hline
1. arm circumference at rest through the biceps & 28.07 & 2.48 & 27.88 & 2.55 & 0.77 & 3.35 & 0.267 \\
2. arm circumference through the biceps in tension & 28.58 & 2.28 & 28.19 & 2.29 & 1.49 & 3.57 & 0.034 * \\
3. arm circumference & 26.92 & 1.98 & 26.52 & 2.14 & 1.61 & 2.94 & 0.006 ** \\
4. maximum forearm circumference & 23.23 & 1.77 & 22.74 & 1.73 & 2.25 & 4.66 & 0.012 * \\
5. minimum forearm circumference & 16.09 & 1.21 & 15.87 & 1.10 & 1.39 & 2.86 & 0.010 ** \\
6. thigh circumference & 60.30 & 4.33 & 59.74 & 4.38 & 0.99 & 2.89 & 0.077 \\
7. maximum calf circumference & 36.48 & 1.86 & 36.41 & 1.93 & 0.26 & 2.70 & 0.651 \\
8. minimum calf circumference & 22.81 & 1.17 & 23.01 & 1.37 & \(-0.74\) & 3.79 & 0.247 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**B. Width measurements [cm]**} \\ \hline
9. elbow width & 6.16 & 0.35 & 6.14 & 0.32 & 0.34 & 3.38 & 0.615 \\
10. hand width & 7.68 & 0.47 & 7.66 & 0.45 & 0.28 & 3.27 & 0.677 \\
11. knee width & 8.10 & 0.93 & 8.04 & 0.96 & 0.87 & 3.64 & 0.219 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**C. Length measurements [cm]**} \\ \hline
12. length of shin & 40.68 & 4.67 & 40.81 & 4.72 & \(-0.22\) & 4.20 & 0.651 \\
13. length of foot & 25.14 & 1.38 & 24.98 & 1.38 & 0.65 & 1.08 & 0.002 ** \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**D. Thickness of skin-fat folds [cm]**} \\ \hline
14. over the triceps & 1.60 & 0.54 & 1.57 & 0.51 & 3.30 & 22.10 & 0.566 \\
15. over the biceps & 1.28 & 0.65 & 1.26 & 0.65 & 3.88 & 14.96 & 0.497 \\
16. under the lower angle of the scapula & 1.55 & 0.44 & 1.55 & 0.43 & 1.11 & 22.07 & 0.949 \\
17. on the abdomen & 1.68 & 0.43 & 1.73 & 0.43 & \(-2.44\) & 8.74 & 0.088 \\
18. on the chest & 1.69 & 0.40 & 1.64 & 0.42 & 4.81 & 20.89 & 0.261 \\
19. over the hip plate & 1.83 & 0.30 & 1.87 & 0.28 & \(-2.79\) & 5.77 & 0.005 ** \\
20. over the upper anterior iliac spine & 1.40 & 0.43 & 1.43 & 0.42 & \(-1.71\) & 8.40 & 0.302 \\
21. over the knee & 1.53 & 0.49 & 1.48 & 0.48 & 4.94 & 25.07 & 0.503 \\
22. on the shin & 1.63 & 0.41 & 1.65 & 0.41 & \(-0.90\) & 8.93 & 0.470 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Indirect measurements [cm]**} \\ \hline
23. upper limb length & 78.85 & 3.63 & 77.75 & 3.73 & 1.47 & 3.18 & 0.019 * \\
24. thigh length & 41.07 & 2.40 & 40.70 & 2.70 & 1.03 & 3.42 & 0.120 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Legend: M—mean; SD—standard deviations; _p_—significance of differences; * _p_\(\leq 0.05\), **_p_\(\leq 0.01\); MAI #—morphological asymmetry index—The magnitude of the difference between the right and left sides was calculated as a percentage of the left side using the formula: ((right side value – left side value)/left side value) \(\times\) 100. A positive result indicates that the right side is larger than the left side by the given percentage, signifying right-sided dominance. Conversely, a negative result means the right side is smaller than the left side by that percentage, indicating left-sided dominance. A result of zero signifies that both sides are identical, reflecting symmetry or a lack of dominance.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Morphological asymmetry in circumferences, widths, lengths, skinfold thicknesses and measurements of intermediate anthropometric traits of the studied women and the morphological asymmetry index (MAI) in % (and its SD) and significance of differences right vs. left side of the body (_p_). reported (typically 87.50% right-dominant versus 12.50% left-dominant). Only for the test of unscrewing a bottle with the upper limb and starting to climb stairs with the lower limb did 12.50% of the athletes indicate that they were indifferent.