## 3 Results
### Evolution of Carotenoids in Nebbiolo Grapes
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Year**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Treatment**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**2012**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**2013**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sampling Date**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**12**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**31 Jul**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**27**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**5 Oct**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**sig. **} & \multirow{2}{*}{**22 Jul**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Aug**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**9 Sep**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**15**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**sig. **} & \multirow{2}{*}{**sig. **} \\  & & **Jun** & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{**Phenological**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Phase**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**24 dbV**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**5 dbV**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**22 dpv**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**60 dpv**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**date**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**25 dbV**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**5 dpv**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**24 dpv**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**60 dpv**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**date**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**T**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Y**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**YT**} \\  & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Lutein mg kg\({}^{-1}\)} & SouthV– & 4.84b & 4.52b & 4.37b & 1.65a & ** & 6.19b & 4.09a & 3.53a & 2.52a & * & \\  & SouthV– & 5.29b & 4.73b & 5.60b & 2.68a & * & 9.69b & 4.13a & 5.64a & 3.70a & * & ** & ** & ** & ** & ** & ** & ** & ** & ** & ** & & ** & ** & & ** & & ** & & &  
berry\({}^{-1}\)) were found at harvest (Figure 2a,b and Table 4). The concentration decline observed in 2013 was less remarkable for all vineyards compared to 2012, resulting significant only for the most vigorous plots, WestV+ (mg kg\({}^{-1}\) of berries) and SouthV+ (mg berry\({}^{-1}\)). The content of lutein in the less vigorous SouthV\(-\) at harvest was significantly lower (4.4 \(\upmu\)g berry\({}^{-1}\) or 2.52 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) of berries) than in the other vineyards. Thus, the warmest vineyard had the lowest lutein concentration at harvest in both years. Lower amounts of lutein were detected at harvest in 2012 for all treatments, but significantly lower only for SouthV\(-\), when compared to 2013 (average at harvest, 2.69 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) and 4.73 \(\upmu\)g berry\({}^{-1}\) in 2012; 3.61 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) and 6.7 \(\upmu\)g berry\({}^{-1}\) in 2013). The interaction year*treatment was not significant regardless of the unit (Table 4). \(\bullet\)\(\beta\)-Carotene  
In 2012, the \(\beta\)-carotene concentrations (mg kg\({}^{-1}\) of berries) decreased during the season with no significant differences among treatments at any sampling point except at harvest, when significantly higher amounts were noticed in the WestV+ (4.07 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) or 7.33 \(\upmu\)g berry\({}^{-1}\)) than in the SouthV\(-\) grapes (2.54 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) or 4.24 \(\upmu\)g berry\({}^{-1}\)). In 2013, the \(\beta\)-carotene decline between the first and second sampling was significant for south-exposed vineyards while the post veraison increase of \(\beta\)-carotene content in 2013, was significant only for the SouthV+ grapes (Figure 3a,b, Table 4). \(\beta\)-carotene content (\(\upmu\)g berry\({}^{-1}\)) and concentration (mg kg\({}^{-1}\) of berries) were significantly lower in SouthV\(-\) than in  
Figure 2: Seasonal changes of lutein as \(\upmu\)g berry\({}^{-1}\) (**a**) and mg kg\({}^{-1}\)of berries, (**b**) in Nebbiolo grapes in 2012 (on the left) and 2013 (on the right), as a function of vine vigor and vineyard aspect. Averages \(\pm\) standard error (\(n=3\)). * \(p<0.05\), ** \(p<0.01\)** indicate the significance of differences among treatments. WestV+ both at the third sampling and at harvest (3.2 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) or 5.6 ug berry\({}^{-1}\) for SouthV- and 4.2 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) or 7.9 ug berry\({}^{-1}\) for WestV+). Moreover, differences between the two years at harvest, were not significant when comparing the values as mg kg\({}^{-1}\) (averagely 3.41 versus 3.60, in 2012 and 2013, respectively) but they were significant when comparing the values as ug berry\({}^{-1}\) (5.94 versus 6.7, in 2012 and 2013, respectively).