## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Modeling of a PV Panel  
Figure 5 shows the MATLAB-SIMULINK block diagram of the PV panel [18] used in our protocol system. For the modeling of the PV panel block, we chose the Apollo SOLAR ENERGY ASEC-200G6S module available in the Simulink-Matlab library. This module is made up of 54 monocrystalline silicon cells with a maximum power of 200 W. Table 2 contains the parameters that characterize the module under standard conditions (level of solar radiation: G = 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\), cell temperature: 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, AM = 1.5). Figure 4: Block diagram used during simulation by ISIS. Figure 5: MATLAB-SIMULINK block diagram of a PV panel. **Current-voltage (I-V) curve and power-voltage curve (P-V) of the PV module (T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, G = 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\)):**  
Current-voltage curve (I-V) and power-voltage curve (P-V) of the PV module (T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, G = 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\)) exhibit a nonlinear relationship with the temperature and irradiance. However, on this characteristic curve (Figure 6a,b), there is a unique point where the entire system can work with maximum efficiency. This point is called the maximum power point M.P.P. It requires calculations, tracking, and control techniques to ensure the PV system is operating at this unique point to achieve the most incredible power harvest. Tracking of the maximum power point (MPPT) is a way to extract the maximum energy from the photovoltaic panels at different irradiance levels. Figure 6 shows the characteristic I-V and P-V of the PV module for a temperature T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C and a solar radiation G = 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\). We found the short circuit current or the maximum current at zero voltage ISC = 8.24 A and the open circuit voltage or the maximum voltage at zero current VOC = 33.53 V. This result explains the 54 cells that make up the photovoltaic panel. The power delivered by the PV panels depends on the operating point of the generator. The max point represents the maximum power delivered by the generator (P\({}_{\rm{MPP}}\) = I\({}_{\rm{MPP}}\)*V\({}_{\rm{MPP}}\), where, V\({}_{\rm{MPP}}\) s to the voltage to the maximum power supplied by PMPP, and the IMPP corresponds to the current to the maximum power supplied P\({}_{\rm{MPP}}\)). **  
**Influence of temperature and Irradiance on I-V and P-V characteristics:**  
The temperature is a very important parameter in the operation of a PV module because of the temperature sensitivity of the electrical properties of the semiconductor. The characteristic I-V and P-V of a PV module according to the temperature under constant solar radiation (1000 W/m\({}^{2}\)) is represented in Figure 7a,b. We note that this characteristic I-V varies only slightly when the temperature varies, which means that the temperature has an effect over a long period of operation. It shows that the short-circuit current (I.S.C.) increases slightly with the temperature. It is thus observed that the influence of the temperature on (I.S.C.) and the maximum power current can be negligible and that the maximum power (PMPP) of the PV module undergoes a decrease when the temperature increases. Figure 6: Characteristic curves of the PV module: (**a**) Current-voltage I-V curve, (**b**) Power-voltage curve P-V.  
Figure 7: _Cont._Figure 7: Influence of the variation in the temperature value on (**a**) characteristic I-V; (**b**) characteristic P-V. Influence of variation in the irradiance value on (**c**) characteristic I-V; (**d**) characteristic P-V. Figure 7c,d shows the I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV module for different irradiance levels by fixing the temperature value at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. We noticed that the I-V characteristics undergo a change with the irradiance and that the short-circuit current (I.S.C.) was directly proportional to the incident light intensity according to Equation (3). On the other hand, the increase in illumination causes a slight increase in the open-circuit voltage (V.O.C.). We deduced that the cell could provide an almost correct voltage, even in low light.