## 3 Results and Discussion  
Morphological Evolution from Nanoflower to Cocoon-like Feature of INDIUM Sulfides and Their Growth Mechanism  
Figure 1a represents a 3D schematic cartoon illustrating the plausible stepwise route traced in the formation of the layered as-prepared In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) electrode material. As per the experimental findings, a 3D flowerlike morphology was exhibited by the INS0 electrode sample. However, the flowerlike morphology evolved from a 3D flowerlike morphology to a cocoon-like shape for the INS1, INS2, and INS5 with the increasing concentration of SWNT. The common steps involved in the synthesis of the electrode material can be categorized in the following steps: Step 1. nucleation; Step 2. reaction process; Step 3. aggregation; and Step 4. recrystallization. Firstly, the indium-TU complexes are formed owing to the rapid dissolution of reactants, which indicates the full coordination with In\({}^{3+}\) and prevents the hydrolysis and precipitation of In\({}^{3+}\)[26]. At the beginning of the reaction, highly supersaturated In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) associated with excessive S\({}^{2-}\) ions produces a large number of In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) nuclei, which leads to more In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) nanoparticles. Consequently, in the reaction step, the high-energy water molecules aggressively shake the S-C bond of TU, which releases the S\({}^{2-}\) ions associated with TU. This excess S\({}^{2-}\) tends to adhere to product surfaces due to the electrostatic interaction between S\({}^{2-}\) and In\({}^{3+}\) and can be produced in the third step with the constant supply of building blocks. When the newly generated metal sulfur species are coupled, their charge density is reduced, leading to a stable cubic phase In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) nuclei with ion coordination patterns similar to those in the solution [27]. By reducing the surface energy and hydrogen bond interactions, large microspheres can be formed. The IPA-water system has readily available hydrogen bonds that can provide a sufficient interaction force to participate in the process. \[\text{nTU}+\text{InIn}^{3+}\rightarrow\left[\text{In}(\text{TU})_{4}\right]^{ 3+}\text{ or }(\text{n}=4\text{ or }6) \tag{1}\]  
\[\left[\text{In}(\text{TU})_{4}\right]^{3+}\text{ or }\left[\text{In}(\text{TU})_{6} \right]^{3+}+10\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\rightarrow\left[\text{In}\text{S}_{4} \right]^{5-}\text{ or }\left[\text{In}\text{S}_{6}\right]^{9-}+10\text{CH}_{3}\text{CONH}_{2}+20 \text{H}^{+} \tag{2}\]  
\[\left[\text{In}\text{S}_{4}\right]^{5-}+\left[\text{In}\text{S}_{6}\right]^{9 -}\rightleftarrows\text{In}_{2}\text{S}_{3}+7\text{S}^{2-} \tag{3}\]  
Figure 1: (**a**) Schematic flowchart for synthesis process for InS\(-\)SWNT nanostructure formation and heterostructure of In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}-\)SWNTs, (**b**) energy band diagram after contact formation, (**c**) schematic artwork of the fabricated symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) device. For the INS1 samples, a discrete and ultra-thin petal layered nanostructure is exhibited, where the catalytic effect of the SWNTs is responsible for the initiation of nucleation site reactions involving the SWNTs' reaction rate initiation. On the other hand, the INS2 (cross-linked layered structure) and INS5 (SWNT anchored cocoon shape) electrode materials show a highly interconnected and covered SWNT backbone with a high degree of connectivity of sheaths assembled [28]. SWNTs serve as an excellent growing medium for the nucleation and growth of In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) into an interconnected layered structure [29; 30]. The sheath-like structure of In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) in sample INS5 grew on the SWNT backbone and assembled in a connected cocoon shape with the covered SWNT net layer. As illustrated in Figure 1b, an electron gas in the second dimension was formed due to the energy band bending in the heterostructures. Increased electrochemical properties of the SSC device may be achieved by tuning the energy band diagram and forming the 2D electron gas.