## 2 BIM and DT Idea and Applications
### Development of the BIM and DT Applications--Key Challenges and Gaps
#### 2.1.1 Technical Challenges and Gaps  
One of the key areas where knowledge and good practices are still lacking is the integration of BIM and DT, as indicated in the papers [23; 30; 51; 52]. According to them, to address this issue, it would be necessary to examine in this context the use of open data-sharing standards such as Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs) for BIM and cloud-based data sharing for DT. The authors conclude that all stakeholders should cooperate and establish clear rules on data sharing and management. For instance, BuildingSMART International is an organization that develops IFC standards for BIM. Standardization plays a key role in overcoming many of the challenges and obstacles associated with the integration of BIM and DT. Firstly, it would ensure data consistency and minimize the risk of information loss during transition between different project stages. Furthermore, it would enhance efficiency and facilitate collaboration and the flow of information, saving time and resources. All these issues are crucial in the context of the application of BIM and DT tools in the structures of distributed fieldbus automation networks, where network nodes are characterized by limited computing power and memory resources (edge modules) [11; 53; 54]. Among the various initiatives in this area, it is worth paying attention to the activities of the Digital Twin Consortium [55]. It develops frameworks and best practices for various DT applications, including standards for data exchange and sharing between different tools. Nevertheless, all the mentioned initiatives and research and development works are in the  
Figure 3: Key challenges and knowledge gaps for BIM and DT.  
implementation, experimental phase. Consequently, there is currently no single, universally accepted standard for BIM and DT data integration.  
It is of paramount importance to ensure that real-time interaction between BIM models and DTs is maintained in order to guarantee the accuracy and consistency of data, as well as to facilitate seamless interaction between different project stakeholders [23]. The advantage of real-time interaction is enhanced communication, meaning instant information exchange between engineers, designers, and contractors. Access to up-to-date project data facilitates the ability to make quick and accurate decisions. Furthermore, it allows one to mitigate errors through express punching and problem solving even at the project stage as well as avoid costly alterations and delays in construction, so it also carries an economic aspect. All these issues are particularly important from the perspective of the use of BIM and, in particular, DTs in the organization of dynamic energy management platforms and energy media in buildings and related prosumer microgrids [56]. As emphasized by [PERSON] et al. [25], the combination and analysis of real-time and historical data for specified building infrastructure allows one to conduct an effective strategy to protect, forecast, and optimize building energy efficiency. With this approach, the DT can accurately portray real-time operational circumstances and predict future states of building infrastructure elements based on continuously acquired sensing data and their relationship to historical data.  
However, maintaining data consistency between BIM and DTs can be difficult, particularly for large and complex projects. Appropriate technological infrastructure such as a high-speed Internet connection and collaboration software is essential to ensure seamless interaction. Moreover, it is crucial to guarantee the security and confidentiality of data shared in real time. Development of a data management strategy that determines who has access to the data and how they are updated is paramount as well [28].