## 6 Discussion
### Range of Model Approaches and Thematic Applications
The SD approach used appears to be perfectly suited to the modelling of interconnections even for non-linear relationships of the system between parameters and feedback loops. DST are even more efficient when coupling with a spatial component. For example, the CAPRI model, using an SD approach (Table 1), was specifically developed for the European agricultural system to evaluate the impacts of the Common Agricultural Policy and trade on production, income, markets, trade, and the environment from global to regional scales [41]. The model architecture is organised around a supply model of 280 European regions embedded in a global market model, and uses specific spatial and non-spatial databases. The indicators defined in the model are relevant to addressing agricultural/environmental issues related to Nitrogen and Phosphate balances, GHG emissions, animal stock density, irrigation and water consumption, and the value of nature. In addition, the spatial component from national to regional scales is ideally suited for its intended application. The model allows spatial and temporal analysis of trends and the impacts of new policies. It also takes into account the international market supply and demand chain. One negative point of the CAPRI model is its inability to transpose and calibrate the model to any other country outside the EU without restructuring the model. In comparison, the American Trade-Off Analysis-Multidimensional (TOA-MD, Table 1) impact assessment model is a smart-model easily re-usable, using an SD approach, taking into account economy, technology, policy, crop, livestock, and aquaculture subsystems to simulate adoption, outcome distributions, and impact indicators of new policy [38]. This model, which includes a spatial component, can also be used for analysing ecosystem services, the impacts of climate change, and other environmental changes. The SD approach used for DST in policy development is the most suitable approach to model complex and dynamic systems and allows coupling with other model approaches. One complementary approach to SD is the spatial Multicriteria Analysis (MCA). Spatial MCA is based on a deterministic or probabilistic modelling approach and is used within a geographic information systems (GIS) spatial platform. Spatial MCA is of added-value for land-use planning optimisation because it allows mapping of model outputs or  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Question Examples** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Modelling Process Options**} \\ \hline \(\bullet\) & How can agricultural infrastructure be redesigned and improved to efficiently supply food products for a country and around the world? & - & Systems Dynamics approach to simulate a system change and its disruption; Deterministic and probabilistic approaches to evaluate socio-economic consequences on food supply; Artificial Intelligence to simulate demand and supply capacity in real-time. \\ \hline \(\bullet\) & How can policy be used to improve governance of agritech and sector disruptions? & - & Agent-Based approach to understand behaviours against decision levels; Decision Support Tools to design optimal changes in governance system; Deterministic and probabilistic approaches to evaluate economic consequences on a sector disruption (economic models). \\ \(\bullet\) & How can policy be used to improve governance of agritech and sector disruptions? &  
stakeholder choices. Widely used for quantifying multifunctionality of agriculture [137; 138] or ecosystem services trade-off and bundles [139; 140], MCA are quantitative and goal-oriented models. An example of this complementary approach is the Australian MultiCriteria Analysis Shell for Spatial Decision Support (MCAS-S, Table 1), which is designed for decision-makers to combine and meet planning objectives [115]. This model helps with stakeholder engagement by showing the effects of decisions using spatial information. Only basic GIS skills are needed to apply this model because of the user-friendly interface and inbuilt GIS database.