## 2 Principles of Mass and Volume Evaluation in the Petroleum Industry
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods** & **Materials** & **Method Implementation** & **Corrections Applied** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Weighing} & & The product is weighed in tanks and & \\  & & wagons. Definitions used for & \\  & & weighing instruments: & \\  & LPP & Net weight is an amount of & Buoyancy correction can be \\  & & unloaded/loaded product. & applied (multiplied by a \\  & & Gross weight is a total weight of & coefficient, and product \\  & & loaded product with the wagon. & density is estimated at a \\  & & Liquefied gas is weighed in a closed, & reference temperature of \\  & LPG & sealed pressure vessel/ tank. & 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C) or not. Mass-to-volume \\  & & Weighing is carried out at factual & conversions are possible or \\  & & temperature. & impossible. \\  & & Liquid bitumen is loaded into tank & \\  & & trucks at a temperature of & \\  & Liquid-phase & 140–180 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Internal electric heaters, & \\  & bitumen & external electric heating cables, and & \\  & & steam heaters maintain the & \\  & & temperature in the tanks. Weighing is & \\  & & carried out at factual temperature. & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Volumetric method} & & After passing through the meter, the & \\  & & product flow is measured at the & \\  & & factual temperature. The result is & \\  & & expressed in kilograms (kg) or liters & \\  & & (L) at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C (for petrol and diesel). & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Geometric method} & & The volume is measured at the & \\  & & factual temperature. The result is & \\  & & converted to kilograms (kg) at a & \\  & & reference temperature of 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C. & \\  & & The following terms are employed at & \\  & & the terminal to determine the & \\  & & quantity of oil received in tanks: & \\  & & Gross—the total weight of the cargo, & \\  & & inclusive of all impurities. & \\  & & Net—the mass of the cargo, & \\  & & excluding water and sediment & \\  & & (particulate matter). & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Methods used and corrections made: mass, volumetric, and geometric methods. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Measuring Instrument for** & **Accuracy Class** & **Max, e and d Values** & **Typical Scale Quantities** \\
**Mass Determination** & **Accuracy Class** & **Max, e and d Values** & **(Significant Measurement Range)** \\ \hline Automatic rail & III OIML R76-1 [38] & (60,000–200,000) kg, & 60,000 kg \\ weight bridges & 0.5 and 0.2 in motion & d = e = 50 kg & 60,000 kg \\  & OIML R106 [9] & & \\ \hline Non-automatic rail & & (100,000–180,000) kg, & \\ weight bridges & III & d = e = 50 kg & 100,000 kg \\ \hline Road vehicle scales & III & 60,000 kg, d = e = 20 kg & 20,000 kg \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Typical weighing instruments and their characteristics. The geometric method is implemented by calculating the volume of a tank based on its geometric parameters. Subsequently, the mass is derived by multiplying the volume by the density and temperature coefficient. The quantity is measured before and after loading the tank, and the difference in quantities is calculated. The following data are recorded: mass (in metric tonnes) in air and vacuum, gross mass (including impurities) and net mass (excluding impurities), US barrels at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)F, m\({}^{3}\) at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, oil density at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and oil temperature. The measuring instruments used are presented in Table 3. Oil density is measured using the method described in ASTM D5002-16 [39]. All measuring instruments correspond to the modern, improved-accuracy equipment held by a typical medium-sized fuel processing company today. For further analysis, we assume that all measuring instruments have been verified or calibrated. Their calibration results (systematic error plus uncertainty) comply with the ISO 17025 [40] standard's decision rule, meaning they fall within the permissible error limits specified in Tables 2 and 3.