## 1 Introduction
Wood characterization and preservation for polychromatic wooden coffins from the New Kingdom period were performed using multispectral imaging, optical microscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, visible reflectance spectroscopy (Vis-RS), Raman spectroscopy, FTIR and XRD [30]. The same multi-analytical approach was used by [PERSON] et al. [31] to evaluate an ancient Egyptian wooden statuette (representing an offering bearer). Combined imaging and spectroscopic techniques to evaluate the degradation state and chemical changes of ancient wood (a stucco in the historic Citadel of Salah [PERSON] in Cairo, Egypt) were also recently used by [PERSON] et al. [32]. A protocol for studying highly degraded waterlogged wood anatomy using SEM was provided by [PERSON] et al. [33] for prehistoric pile dwellings, and new methodologies for examining highly degraded dry archaeological wood samples from Egypt using SEM and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) were set up by [PERSON] et al. [34]. Some semi-invasive techniques involving the destruction of pieces of wood for wood characterization have also been recently used [29]. Finally, new markers for degradation in archaeological wood were recently established, specifically focusing on characteristic changes in cellulose structure in arid environments using XRD and FTIR spectroscopy [29; 35]. However, comprehensive studies integrating multiple analytical approaches remain relatively scarce, particularly those involving advanced imaging techniques and molecular biological methods [36; 37]. The identification of wood species in archaeological contexts has several challenges, traditionally relying on microscopic examination of anatomical features [28]. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies, particularly X-ray computed microtomography (X-\(\upmu\)CT), have introduced new possibilities for the non-destructive identification of wood species [38]. This technique, when combined with the traditional SEM analyses, offers unique insights into wood structure and deterioration patterns at multiple scales [39; 40]. In this regard, high-resolution X-\(\upmu\)CT (e.g., synchrotron radiation computed microtomography, SR-\(\upmu\)-CT) to identify degraded archaeological wood species has been recently reported [41; 42; 43]. The traditional (cultivated-based) methods for biodeteriogen identification have been the most frequently used in archaeological contexts. For example, the cultivation on media and morphological identification of biodeteriogens by microscope (e.g., _Aspergillus_ and _Penicillium_ fungal species, known for their ability to produce cellulolytic enzymes that degrade cellulose-rich materials) and the plate assay for detecting fungal extracellular cellulase activity have been the most techniques applied [44; 45]. The characterisation of biodeteriogens of archaeological wood has improved significantly with molecular techniques (e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analyses) [46], allowing precise identification of these microorganisms. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing of biodeteriogens has been recently used to explore the microbial diversity and composition [46]. This information is crucial for understanding both historical degradation processes and potential ongoing biological threats to wooden artifacts. When combined with microscopic and molecular techniques, these methods offer a comprehensive understanding of degradation mechanisms and their effects on wood structure and composition [16]. Recent developments in conservation science emphasize the importance of understanding deterioration mechanisms for developing effective preservation strategies. This is particularly relevant for unique artifacts like Khufu's Second Solar Boat, where conservation decisions have to be based on thorough scientific analysis of current conditions and potential degradation risks.