# Augmented Reality in Precision Farming: Concepts and Applications
## 4 Findings
### What Hardware Frameworks Are Used to Deploy AR Technologies in an Agricultural Setting?  
Recent AR interaction models demonstrate advancements through the integration of mirrors, gyroscopes, wireless connectivity but the original foundations discussed in Figure 2 remain core. Reflecting on the related articles discussed in Section 2.2, Table 2 presents an overview of the hardware technologies employed for agricultural solutions in the aforementioned articles.  
Whilst distribution and access to AR is made possible by means of different hardware-based solutions (e.g., smart glasses, head-mounted optical see through or video see-through), some could be considered as impractical for farmers within an everyday setting, where sensorial perception is crucial. There are, of course, multiple versions of AR glasses with varied screen size, ambience and depth recognition, as discussed in the article by [PERSON] et al. [18]. However, within this investigation the main type discussed is F4 SG in [16], where primary control of the headset is achieved through an external joppad (via  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**AR Application** & **Technology Integration** & **Agriculture Domain** & **Medium** \\ \hline Real-time information about & Platform to control autonomous & Crop & Wearable: smart glasses \\ autonomous machines [15] & machines * & & \\ \hline Crop information overlay [12] & Sensors, (e.g., humidity, wind, temp.), & & \\  & network infrastructure (e.g., GPRS, & Crop & Mobile phone \\  & Wi-Fi, etc.) & & \\ \hline Crop disease identification [31] & Online database * & Crop & Mobile phone \\ \hline Viticulture digitalisation to & Smart sensors, machine-learning * & Crop & Mobile phone \\ Industry 4.0 [26] & & & \\ \hline IoT data visualisation onto & IoT sensors, graphic processing & Crop & Unknown \\  & real-world crop [10] & & \\ \hline AR cow tracker application [13] & GPS, machine-learning (computer & & \\  & vision) & & \\ \hline Smart Glasses for livestock & QR (Quick Response) code scanning, & & \\  & VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), & & \\  & video streaming, (Wi-fi)? & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* In some cases the specific technologies cannot be provided as they are not implicitly discussed in the referenced article, Unknown is stated when this cannot be inferred from the manuscript.  
\end{table}
Table 1: AR Applications and Supporting Technologies.  
wi-fi and Bluetooth). Two main advantages specific to the F4 SG device were identified in the study; namely (i) low impact on video and audio quality communication of background noise in the field and (ii) prolonged battery life of the device that enables the farmer to perform tasks uninterrupted throughout the working day.  
Hardware solutions should also be ergonomic to cater for use over long periods of time [15]. Coupled with the hardware approach, consideration should be given to use of either a marker-based or marker-less approach. They have a higher up-front cost to develop but over time are more efficient with the resource use than traditional methods. There is a gap in agriculturalists' understanding of technological aspects [38], which may also mean that AR is an ideal approach because the technology integrates with systems and processes they are familiar with. Many article emphasise the work is on AR, but actually AR is typically employed as a visual outlet for the data processing or displaying the aggregated information.