esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
The resampling strategy and variable circular correlation time are proposed to decrease computational complexity and time consumption of signal acquisition for GNSS receivers. The resampling strategy is inspired by the bandpass sampling theory and is applicable for broadband multi-frequency signals of widely-used multimode multiband GNSS receivers. The realization of the proposed resampling strategy is described in detail for combination with conventional acquisition algorithms. Specific to the much longer code period of satellite signals, variable circular correlation time is investigated to explore the potential of shortening the circular correlation time without obvious loss of acquisition performance. Moreover, the signal of the pilot channel is utilized to acquire the high-accuracy carrier frequency in the fine acquisition process. The acquisition threshold is set as the ratio of the highest and second highest correlation results in the search space of carrier frequency and code phase. Besides, the sensitivity of the resampling strategy to weak signals is investigated by extensive Monte Carlo simulations, and the computational complexity of signal acquisition is formulated by amounts of multiplication and summation operations to evaluate the efficiency of the signal acquisition algorithms.  
Four sets of real GPS L2C signals are applied by comparative experiments to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed resampling strategy and variable circular correlation time. It has been proven that the resampling strategy has effectively decreased the computation and time cost of signal acquisition by nearly 90-94% without obvious loss of acquisition performance, although the sensitivity of the resampling strategy had a loss of nearly 1 dB and detection probability reached 100% when carrier-to-noise ratio was up to 38 dB-Hz. The greater decrease is achieved for the received broadband signal with the higher intermediate frequency and conventional sampling frequency. Besides, with circular correlation time varying from 10 ms to 20 ms, the time cost of signal acquisition increased by about 2.7-5.6% per millisecond, and the number of acquired satellites has no obvious changes for the cases with the resampling strategy and the conventional acquisition algorithm.  
Figure 13: Time cost of signal acquisition with/without the resampling strategy for variable circular correlation time. Red bars and plot represent acquisition results with the resampling strategy, while blue ones are for that of the conventional acquisition algorithm.  
**Acknowledgments:** The work presented in this paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61173076 and No. 61473042).  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived the research, designed and performed the experiments; [PERSON] provided the significant guidance in research planning, experimental results analysis and paper revision. All authors contributed to the written manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Main Results Obtained from the Simulations
Coherence in the upper states \(\mid\!\rho_{34}\!\mid\): Figure 2d shows two narrow peaks of the upper vibrational coherence that are obtained at a pulse central frequency of \(\widetilde{v}\simeq\) 19,110 cm\({}^{-1}\) and for spectral phase chirps as \(\phi^{\prime\prime}\simeq-180\) fs\({}^{2}\) and \(\phi^{\prime\prime}\simeq 170\) fs\({}^{2}\). The corresponding values are \(\simeq\)3.56 and \(\simeq\)4.34, respectively, and therefore a slightly higher enhancement is obtained with positively chirped pulses. Of relevance is the narrow parameters window observed in this case. The nearly symmetric values of the upper vibrational coherence observed in our simulations, however, shows that the vibrational states in the upper levels can be enhanced by relatively small positive or negative chirp values, with a central laser pulse wavenumber red shifted with respect to the resonance of the upper vibrational levels. This result is partially in accordance with the studies made in [60], where it is shown that excited state vibrational coherences are enhanced predominantly by positively chirped pulses. Figure 4b shows the evolution in time of the coherence \(\mid\!\rho_{34}\!\mid\) at the relevant parameter values. It is clear that the two chirped pulses after the interaction of the first half of the pulse are able to retain the \(\mid\!\rho_{34}\!\mid\) coherence as compared to the TL pulse. Figure 4: Time evolution of the vibrational coherences in the ground state (**a**); and in the upper states (**b**), for the indicated parameter values.
# A Novel Approach to Enhance Crude Oil Recovery Ratio Using Selected Bacterial Species
## 3 Results
### Crude Oil Transformation  
The collected oil fractions from the flood water before and after the incubation with bacteria strains were analyzed by GC. The results of gas chromatograms indicated that there was a marked change in GC chromatograms for Bouri crude oil treated with three strains when compared with control untreated crude oil. A comparison of the profiles in Figures 3 and 4 illustrates a decrease in the weight percentage of carbon number fractions before and after treatment with _Bacillus_ species, _Pseudomonas putida_, and _Nocardiia cyriacigeorgica_.  
The analysis data of the Gas chromatograms confirmed that the biotransformation produced important changes in the composition of the Bouri crude oil. The microbial transformation of 2.0% Bouri crude oil at temperature 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C was higher than that obtained at temperature 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
At temperature 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C _Bacillus_ species showed a significant decrease in carbon fraction (C12 to C33). A sharp reduction of heavy fraction (C22 to C33) with _Pseudomonas putida_ treatment was observed; this was probably because this microbe utilized the heavy fraction before the light fraction. A similar trend was also observed in the case of treatment with _Nocardiia cyriacigeorgica_, where the analysis showed 77% biotransformation of heavy crude oil for _Bacillus_ species, and 61% for _Pseudomonas putida_ and _Nocardiia cyriacigeorgica_.  
At temperatures of 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C, _Bacillus_ species can degrade lighter hydrocarbons with a carbon chain length of (C12-C24) and heavier hydrocarbons with a carbon chain length of (C24-C33). However, _Pseudomonas putida_ and _Nocardiia cyriacigeorgica_ exhibited better degradation on heavier hydrocarbons with carbon chain length of (C24-C33), the analysis  
Figure 2: Reduction in viscosity of crude oil treated with _Bacillus_ species, _Pseudomonas putida_, and _Nocardiia cyriacigeorgica_ at 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
showed 66% biotransformation of heavy crude oil for _Bacillus_ species, 45% for _Pseudomonas putida_, and 16% with _Nocardi cyiacigeorgica_.  
Figure 4: GC-MS Analysis of heavy crude oil biotransformation by _Pseudomonas putida_, _Bacillus_ species and _Nocardi cyiacigeorgica_ at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C on day 21; as compared to the control.  
Figure 3: GC-MS Analysis of heavy crude oil biotransformation by _Pseudomonas putida_, _Bacillus_ species and _Nocardi cyiacigeorgica_ at 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C on day 21; as compared to the control.
## 4 Challenges and Future Directions
Researchers are also exploring novel materials and device architectures to address these challenges and improve the functionality of memristors. Efforts are being made to develop standardized testing methods and quality control measures to ensure consistent performance in commercial applications. Another avenue of research involves developing new circuit designs that leverage the unique properties of memristors, such as their ability to store information even when the power is turned off. This opens possibilities for creating low-power, non-volatile memory systems that can retain data without the need for a constant power supply. Additionally, exploring the potential use of memristors in neuromorphic computing is an exciting area of research, as their ability to mimic synaptic behavior could lead to the development of highly efficient and powerful artificial intelligence systems.
# Energy-Efficient Hosting Rich Content from Mobile Platforms with Relative Proximity Sensing
## 5 Design of _T-Wing_
### Miniaturizing a Mobile Platform's Content  
_T-Wing_ uploads a compressed version of web pages to the central proxy server on the Internet. Savings in bandwidth are possible by considering the information redundancy. Traditionally, this has been done by applying widely used lossless compression such as Gzip [38], Bzip [39]. Instead, we take an adaptive compression approach [40; 41] and show that the size of content can be significantly improved. By considering the entropy characteristics of web pages, we were able to apply size reduction techniques as shown in Table 1. We first use lossy compression to discard as many bits as possible for image, audio, and video data and then we applied lossless compression for the remaining text data with LZO compression [42] which has a fast compression and decompression time.
## 3 ADGMPSO Algorithm
### Elite Particle Adaptive Dimensional Gaussian Mutation Strategy  
[PERSON] et al. [29] verified that Gaussian mutations improve the convergence of PSO, and thus approach a better solution. To address the limitations of PSO in solving complex problems, such as low accuracy, a susceptibility to local optima, and slow convergence, this paper proposes an adaptive dimensional Gaussian mutation strategy for the current elite particle, i.e., the optimal global position, to improve the algorithm's performance. Add a perturbation of the standard Gaussian distribution variation term to the optimal global position to produce a mutated position. The Gaussian function is shown in Equation (9).  
\[Gussi(\alpha)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma^{2}}}e^{-\frac{\alpha^{2}}{2\sigma^{2}}} \tag{9}\]  
where \(\alpha\) is a random number from 0 to 1 and \(\sigma\) is 1.  
To enhance the performance of the PSO algorithm, the global search range is improved early to increase the convergence speed, and the convergence accuracy is later enhanced. This work suggests an adaptive dimensional Gaussian mutation approach. Early in the evolution, a more significant number of dimensions of the elite particles, i.e., the optimal global particles, are selected for Gaussian mutation to improve the search range and avoid being trapped in the local optima. This is achieved by adaptively determining the dimension ratio \(\gamma\), where \(\gamma_{max}\) and \(\gamma_{min}\) represent the maximum and minimum mutation dimension ratios for each round of iterations using Equation (10). In the later stage, the dimension ratio of the Gaussian mutation is adaptively decayed to enhance the search of the local regions near the elite particles and boost the convergence of the algorithm's performance.  
\[\gamma=\gamma_{max}-(\gamma_{max}-\gamma_{min})\times\frac{t}{\mathrm{T}} \tag{10}\]  
As presented in Equation (11), the global optimal particle _gbest_ is subjected to Gaussian mutation to generate a new position _gbest_\({}^{*}\). However, the new position produced by perturbation may not necessarily be superior to the original position of the elite particle. In order to prevent a degradation of the evolutionary effect, a greedy selection strategy is employed for the mutated elite particle. Specifically, the fitness of the individual generated after each mutation iteration is compared with that of the global optimal particle. If the fitness of the mutated particle is superior, it is updated as the new global optimal particle. On the other hand, if the fitness is inferior, the elite particle remains unchanged.  
\[gbest^{*}=gbest+gbest\times Gussi(\alpha) \tag{11}\]
# Conformal Test Martingale-Based Change-Point Detection for Geospatial Object Detectors
## 4 Experiments
### Exploratory Experiments of CTM  
We explore Algorithm 1 from clear to blur domain to see whether it can detect change-point. The YOLOv3 trained on the training set of the clear domain is used to calculate the \(p\)-values based on the conformity measure defined by Formula (3). The first group data (1256 samples) of the test data stream is the shuffled test data from the clear domain, and the remaining data stream is the shuffled test data from the blur domain, i.e., the change-point \(\theta\) is 1257. The parameter \(J\) is set to 0.01 according to [17] and \(c\) is set to 20 to make the false alarm rate no more than 5%, referring to Formula (2). The rolling mean of the \(p\)-values is shown in Figure 2 and \(S_{n}\) output by Algorithm 1 is shown in Figure 3, which demonstrate that the rolling mean is close to and running away from 0.5 before and after the appearance of the change point, and the martingale \(S_{n}\) increases considerably after the change point. This phenomenon was also shown in [14], since the \(p\)  
Based on the observations from Figures 2 and 3, we propose using the rolling mean of the \(p\)-values to calculate the momentum parameter \(r_{n}\) in Algorithm 2. Denote the rolling mean of the \(p\)-values at step \(n\) as \(\gamma_{n}\). We propose calculating the momentum parameters of Algorithm 2 as follows,  
\[r_{n}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,&if\ \gamma_{n}-0.5\geq R\\ M,&if\ \gamma_{n}-0.5<R\end{array}\right. \tag{4}\]  
where \(R\) is the threshold to decide whether to accelerate the increase of the process and \(M\) is the momentum for acceleration. The reason for setting \(r_{n}=0\) for large \(\gamma_{n}\) is that \(S_{n}\) can increase a little at the first few steps and a positive \(r_{n}\) can cause false alarms of the change point. We set the window size of the rolling mean as 100 in this paper, so the first 99 \(r_{i}\)s are set to 0. This transformation process from clear to blur domain is also shown in Figure 3. By comparison, it can be seen that the transformation process can detect the change point more quickly than the original conformal test martingale.
## 4 Rationale for Each TACE Technique
### Proper Use of Chemotherapeutic in TACE  
One to three chemotherapeutics are usually used in TACE, although the necessity of chemotherapeutics is still controversial [3; 45; 46; 4; 5].  
cTACE has a long history in Japan; however, the most effective and least toxic regime for cTACE has not yet been established. Some retrospective studies showed the superiority of cisplatin over doxorubicin/epirubicin in terms of overall survival [51; 52; 53], although a prospective study showed no significant differences [54]. However, cisplatin requires pre- and post-hydration because of its renal toxicity and also has severe side effects, including thrombocytopenia, hepatic failure, and hypersensitivity reactions. The incidence of hypersensitivity reactions increases when the number of treatment cycles using cisplatin is increased [55]. Therefore, cisplatin is mainly used for doxorubicin/epirubicin refractory tumors and/or advanced tumors [56]. Miriplatin is a lipophilic platinum chemotherapeutic that is available only in Japan. It has less toxicity; however, the RCT showed no significant differences in therapeutic efficacies over epirubicin [57]. Some retrospective studies also showed a significantly higher local recurrence rate in the miriplatin TACE group compared with the epirubicin/epirubicin plus mitomycin C TACE group [58; 59]. Very slow release of active platinum (5.9% at 28 days) and less damage to the artery are considered to be the main causes of high frequent local tumor recurrence [58]. Now, miriplatin is mainly used in balloon-occluded TACE because of its association with less arterial damage [60].  
In the clinical setting, switching the chemotherapeutics may be a feasible option for advanced HCC, especially when the tumor becomes resistant to the initial form of cTACE, although there is not enough scientific evidence [54; 56; 57].  
In DEB-TACE, DC Bead (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) and Embozene-Tandem (Varian) can load positively charged chemotherapeutics, such as doxorubicin or epirubicin. HepaSphere (Merit Medical) can also load cisplatin by its reservoir effect, besides positively charged chemotherapeutics, but it is released within 24 h [61]. No comparisons are available of the long-term prognosis after DEB-TACE between each embolic agent, because of the heterogeneity in patient selection, etiology of the underlying cirrhosis, embolization technique and particle size, and relatively short-term follow-up.
# Extensions and Enhancements to \"the Secure Remote Update Protocol\"
## 3 Enhancements and Improvements to the Original Protocol
### Vulnerability to Replay Attack
#### 3.1.1 Common Mitigations to Replay Attack  
A common solution to replay attacks is to introduce an additional one-time nonce element within the communication (for example, as used within Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 'Basic' authentication [8; 9]), such that a reply to one message will not be valid when sent in conjunction with another. However due to the model of minimal interaction that is used by SRUP, this approach will not work without at least two more messages being exchanged. For example, after the existing initialized message (sent to the device with the server's session token), the device would need to send an initial response message (containing the session token and a unique device token), and the server would then respond with a second message confirming the initiation (containing both tokens). This goes against the design concept for SRUP to minimize the communications overhead, especially for devices with poor-quality network connections.  
Another commonly-adopted solution is to introduce an accurate time-stamp (this is an approach used by Kerberos Network Authentication [10]); but this requires that all devices have access to a very accurately synchronized time-signal (potentially very challenging when considering communications via austere data networks).  
A simpler solution that might be adopted in the context of SRUP would be to require each device to keep a log of all of the tokens that they have received (restricted to only the tokens contained within validly signed messages to prevent a brute force attack from overwhelming the storage) and to require that the device check that any new token received does not match one that has been previously received. SRUP uses a Boost Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) [11] for session tokens: 128 bits in length and guaranteed to be unique for a given instance of the server. A receiving device would therefore need to store (a potentially large number of) received tokens in persistent memory in order to prevent the list from being reset by forcing the device to power-cycle.  
This approach is not well suited to real-world use, as the storage overhead is potentially very significant. Each token is 16 bytes, so even before considering any storage overhead, 512 tokens would consume 8 kb of storage. For an embedded device without a file-system, this would potentially require the use of an EEPROM module (such modules typically provide 64-512 kb: equivalent to just 4096-32,768 tokens).
# Recharging Schedule for Mitigating Data Loss in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Network
###### Abstract  
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology is considered as a promising approach to make Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Network (WRSN) work perpetually. In WRSN, a vehicle exists, termed a mobile charger, which can move close to sensor nodes and charge them wirelessly. Due to the mobile charger's limited traveling distance and speed, not every node that needs to be charged may be serviced in time. Thus, in such scenario, how to make a route plan for the mobile charger to determine which nodes should be charged first is a critical issue related to the network's Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, we propose a mobile charger's scheduling algorithm to mitigate the data loss of network by considering the node's criticality in connectivity and energy. First, we introduce a novel metric named criticality index to measure node's connectivity contribution, which is computed as a summation of node's neighbor dissimilarity. Furthermore, to reflect the node's charging demand, an indicator called energy criticality is adopted to weight the criticality index, which is a normalized ratio of the node's consumed energy to its total energy. Then, we formulate an optimization problem with the objective of maximizing total weighted criticality indexes of nodes to construct a charging tour, subject to the mobile charger's traveling distance constraint. Due to the NP-hardness of the problem, a heuristic algorithm is proposed to solve it. The heuristic algorithm includes three steps, which is spanning tree growing, tour construction and tour improvement. Finally, we compare the proposed algorithm to the state-of-art scheduling algorithms. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is a promising one.  
wireless rechargeable sensor network; mobile charger; recharge schedule; criticality index; heuristic algorithm 2018 182223; doi:10.3390/s18072223
# Modeling and Solving Method for Supporting Vehicle-to-Anything' EV Charging Mode
## 2 V2A Charging Mode
### V2V Charging Scenario  
V2V means the energy transaction among different EVs at an EV aggregator, an EV charging station, or a community [10; 15]. In Figure 4, the V2V operation of an EV charging station is demonstrated. All EVs can interact with each other, controlled by the centralized controller deployed by the charging station. The charging station acts as an aggregator and is responsible for the group coordination of EV charging/discharging. The energy of EVs can be first distributed among each other, and then can be arranged to interact with the power grid for overall energy demand procurement.  
Through the adoption of V2V, the power energy reserve within an aggregator or community can be maintained, which can offload the power demand from the power grid to the aggregated area. The application of V2V can bring the following benefits: (1) V2V can help coordinate the energy consumption within a community, thus facilitating the coordination of EVs and the power  
Figure 3: Paradigm of V2B.  
grid; (2) the execution of V2V involves very few power transmission losses; (3) with V2V operation, the charging efficiency of EVs can be greatly improved, while the power demand of a community can also be offloaded; (4) V2V can facilitate the utilization of renewable energy resources within a community grid and the development of the smart grid.
## 4 Results
### Compression Properties of EMWM
#### 4.3.2 Effect of Displacement on EMWM  
To explore the stiffness and energy dissipation characteristics in compression, the energy dissipation and stiffness characteristics of EMWM-3 specimens in deformation are selected. Figure 24 shows the load-displacement hysteresis curve at displacement 0.4-1.2 mm. The graphs of loss factor and secant stiffness variation are shown in Figure 25.  
Figure 23: Load–displacement curves at different rates in compression tests.  
Figure 24: Load–displacement curves for different loading displacements in compression tests.  
Figure 24 shows that the compression energy dissipation changes with the loading displacement in the same trend as the tensile and shear changes. From Figure 25, it can be noted that the cut wire stiffness is positively correlated with the loading displacement, and the loss factor shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing. This phenomenon is mainly due to the fact that as the loading displacement increases, the mutual extrusion between the wires leads to the intensification of the embedding phenomenon, and the contact and friction between them become more intense [1]. Especially when the compression displacement exceeds 0.8 mm, the stiffness rises significantly, and the growth rate of its energy dissipation is much lower than the accumulation rate of its maximum elastic potential energy, thus causing the loss factor to show a sharp downward trend.