## 1 Introduction
Figure 1: Tian’e Longtan Bridge constructed using CES columns, reprinted with permission from [5], 2024, www.highestbridges.com, accessed on 15 June 2024. In the context of the Canadian weather, the CES piers help to increase the durability of the bridges in harsh winter environments. Increasing the durability of the infrastructure becomes one of the most important aspects of the bridge design in view of its large impact on the economy. Reinforcement corrosion directly causes concrete deterioration, specifically in the bridge piers. In order to melt down the ice on the roads, the de-icing salts are spread out on the road during the winter. However, most bridge piers that are near the roads are in the splash zone of the mix of de-icing salt and the melting water caused by passing vehicles. Once the water is absorbed and combined with chloride ions, the corrosion process on the reinforcement rebars begins [8]. With the corrosion of the reinforcement rebars, the expansion causes concrete cover spalling, the reinforcement rebars become more exposed to the watery de-icing salt, and the corrosion process accelerates quickly, causing a significant reduction in the reinforcement and therefore leading to a load capacity reduction of the bridge. In CES piers, since the steel profile is in the center of the column, the possibility of the penetration of the de-icing salt to the steel profile reduces considerably. However, the reinforcing rebars are still exposed, but the risk is less since the central steel profile can carry the vertical load without the contribution of the reinforcing rebars. Thus, the use of CES piers can improve the impact on the traffic during the repair works. In the case of conventional reinforced concrete columns, the repair of the corroded rebars causes a bridge closure, either partially or completely because of the reduction in the capacity of the column during the repair works. However, using the CES piers can allow us to keep the bridge open during the repair of the corroded rebars since the steel profile can assure the capacity of the bridge for the service load. The CES column has great potential to be widely used in future construction as engineering constructions evolve toward high-rise buildings, heavy-loading structures, and large-span bridges. Given the lack of well-developed Canadian design code specifications, it is crucial to compile the body of knowledge describing the behavior of the CES columns in order to facilitate the codification of the design guide. This paper aims to present a thorough analysis of different CES column configurations, emphasizing their axial, flexural, and seismic performance as well as analytical modeling techniques. The main objective of this review is to present a thorough, insightful, and  
Figure 2: Hybrid hollow high pier of bridge constructed using CES concept; dimensions are in millimeters; reprinted with permission from [7], 2018, www.actec.or.jp. useful overview of the field of bridge engineering, with a special emphasis on the concretenessed steel (CES) column pier section. The goal of this study is to be a useful resource by illuminating the subtleties and complexity of different CES section calculations in bridge performance and analysis. There are four main sections to this paper. The CES column configuration and their analysis methods are covered in Sections 2 and 3 respectively. The axial and flexural behavior of the CES columns is shown in the Section 4. The seismic and cyclic performance of the CES columns is reviewed in the Section 5, and recommendations for further research are offered in Section 6.