## Materials and Methods
### LULC Description  
The LULC classes considered in this study were annual croplands, forestlands, water bodies, humid savanna, pasturelands, and dry savanna. These classes were discriminated based on the variations in the proportions of the soil, vegetation, and shade endmembers, according to the seasonality, instead of analyzing their spectral behaviors, which invariably change with the sensor and spatial resolution [43]. This means that each class has a typical annual behavior according to its increase or decrease in vegetation, soil, and shade proportions throughout the year [30,31]. For instance, in Mato Grosso, croplands are mostly represented by annual, rain-fed plantations of soybean, maize, and cotton, while pasturelands are mostly represented by planted pastures with _Brachiaria_ species. Therefore, the terrain conditions in croplands over the year are significantly more variable than those from planted pastures, ranging from green vegetation cover to bare soils or straws, which explains the higher seasonality of soil and vegetation fraction images throughout the year [30,31,44]. In other words, croplands have high vegetation cover, low soil cover, and low shade fraction during the peak of the growing season; however, during the harvesting and preseeding phases, croplands have low vegetation, high soil, and low shade fractions (Figure 4). Figure 4: Annual time series of the linear spectral mixture model (LSMM) fraction images of vegetation (**A**), soil (**B**), and shade (**C**) of six representative land use and land cover classes of Mato Grosso state derived from the PROBA-V 100-m datasets. Figures on the right side are the boxplots of annual fraction images of croplands, humid savanna, dry savanna, forestland, pastureland, and water bodies. Filled dots and asterisks represent the mean and the standard deviation, respectively. Forestlands include the Amazon tropical rainforest located in the northern part of Mato Grosso state, Cerrado woodlands, riparian forests, and forest regenerations with varying ages. They are characterized by deciduous and semideciduous forest with trees between 15 and 20 m height and no leaf losses greater than 50% at the Cerrado biome and by the open forest with trees between 25 and 30 m height in the Amazon forest, with canopy cover greater than 80% at the Amazon biome [45; 46]. In addition, forestlands have a medium vegetation fraction, low soil proportion, medium shade fraction, and low standard deviation for all fractions throughout the year because of the weak seasonality, as shown in the boxplots of Figure 4. Water bodies include major rivers and perennial lakes from the wetlands of the Pantanal biome and present the highest shade proportion throughout the year (boxplot of Figure 4C) and almost null proportions of vegetation and soil (Figure 4A,B, respectively). Humid savanna corresponds to the natural grass-dominated strata mostly found in the wetlands of the Pantanal biome, highly susceptible to flooding during the wet season (October to March), and occurs mainly in poorly drained soils [31]. Because of the sparse, up to 3-m-high trees covering less than 20% of the surface, these areas can be identified by a slightly higher fraction of shade compared with that of other vegetated classes, as shown in the boxplots of Figure 4C [45]. Dry savanna corresponds to the mixture of grass-, shrub-, and tree-dominated layers in varying proportions that occur mainly in the Cerrado biome [6; 45]. Savannas and pasturelands usually present medium soil, vegetation, and shade fractions and moderate seasonality, which results in higher standard deviations than that of forestlands. Their location in Figure 4 is between the cropland and forestland classes. Additionally, a lower soil fraction on managed pastures is expected in relation to natural grasslands, as well as a lower shade fraction in relation to the humid savannas.