## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, remote tower technology has advanced swiftly, both nationally and globally, as a novel element of air traffic control (ATC) systems. In contrast to conventional towers, remote tower controllers often operate from distant control centers, using high-definition digital cameras, meteorological sensors, and audio-visual systems. These systems relay real-time video, audio, and other data signals to a centralized control center, facilitating the remote command and control of aircraft. This system enables the seamless integration of several high-definition video feeds over extensive regions, thereby enhancing the efficiency and safety of air traffic control [1, 2]. European nations have been pioneers in remote tower research. In 2014, the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) program initiated several extensive air traffic management demonstration projects. These projects investigated the feasibility of a single remote tower servicing multiple airports, thereby laying the groundwork for the practical implementation of remote tower technology [3]. [PERSON] et al. suggested an optimizedframework for remote towers, developing an automated staff scheduling system that tackled real-world flight schedule difficulties and offered optimum shift allocation for five Swedish airports [4]. As remote tower technology is increasingly used in Europe, including remote apron control, single-mode or multi-mode operations, and emergency backup systems, major airports globally have begun operational validation of remote towers [5; 6]. The advancement of distant towers in China has begun comparatively late. Recently, airports such as Guangzhou Baiyun, Xinjiang Nalati, and Zhejiang Low-altitude Flying Center have been progressing with remote tower initiatives. Given the topographical limitations in some rural regions of China, where a deficiency of air traffic controllers may occur, remote tower technology is especially appropriate for small airports in these undeveloped locales. Consequently, investigating remote tower technology in China is quite significant. Controllers at remote towers generally interact with pilots via computer displays and communication devices, whereas conventional tower controllers function directly from airport towers, allowing them to see aircraft and the airport environment in real time. [PERSON] et al. said that the differences in how air traffic is managed between physical towers that are far away and those that are closer to people need to be carefully looked at and tested to make sure that controllers in remote towers have the right cognitive skills [7]. [PERSON] and associates used the Human Error Template (HET) and employed NASA-TLX to analyze workload disparities between conventional physical towers and numerous remote towers. Their research revealed substantial disparities in psychological demands, temporal demands, effort, and degrees of discontent between the two operational types [8]. [PERSON] et al. examined disparities in workload, attention distribution, and situational awareness between remote and conventional tower controllers from an ergonomic standpoint, using the Qiandao Lake General Airport Tower as a case study. They formulated safety operation evaluation guidelines for remote towers, serving as a benchmark for assessing the safety of remote tower technology [9]. Conceptually, situational awareness (SA) is a cognitive process encompassing an individual's whole range of actions, comprising the observation, comprehension, and anticipation of changes in the surrounding environment within a defined temporal and spatial context [10]. The digitalized operational techniques of remote tower controllers necessitate reliance on communication, navigation, and surveillance systems, confining them to specialized, stationary environments. Moreover, controllers must concentrate on displays for prolonged durations, often in a stationary posture, with little sensory engagement, which may easily result in tiredness [11].