## 4 Discussion  
The present study aimed at investigating the associations between personality and TAM constructs with a special focus on the potential moderating effect of gender. A result of our study is that men scored higher in the PUs scale assessing TA with regard to the smartphone compared to women (Table 1). This result is consistent with prior evidence which we discussed under Research Stream 2 in the related work section. [PERSON] et al. [27], who conducted a meta-analysis on gender and attitudes toward technology use, report that men hold more favorable attitudes toward technology use than women, and this might explain why men, in contrast to women, score higher on predicted usage. Moreover, we found several gender differences in personality (Table 1). Specifically, we found significant differences in honesty-humility, emotionality, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and altruism. These differences are mostly in line with results of prior research which we discussed under Research Stream 3 in the related work section [16; 17]. As can be seen in Table 2 (corrected for age), honesty-humility was negatively related to all TAM scales. Individuals with high scores on the honesty-humility scale \"avoid manipulating others for personal gain, feel little temptation to break rules, are uninterested in lavish wealth and luxuries, and feel no special entitlement to elevated social status\" ([[http://hexaco.org/scaledescriptions](http://hexaco.org/scaledescriptions)]([http://hexaco.org/scaledescriptions](http://hexaco.org/scaledescriptions))). Thus, people with lower scores in honesty-humility seem to indicate higher levels of TA indicators (PU, PeU, ITU, PUs) in this survey study. Individuals with high scores on honesty-humility are likely to be more honest regarding their usage of technological devices, because they might not see smartphones as luxury articles, but as a device to accomplish goals in the job or private social life (in so far, they might also be more humble). Because prior studies in the context of personality and TA did not measure honesty-humility (see the discussion under Research Stream 1 in the related work section), it is not possible to compare our results to such earlier studies. Moreover, extraversion was positively related to all TAM scales (see Table 2). Individuals with high scores on the extraversion scale \"feel positively about themselves, feel confident when leading or addressing groups of people, enjoy social gatherings and interactions, and experience positive feelings of enthusiasm and energy\" ([[http://hexaco.org/scaledescriptions](http://hexaco.org/scaledescriptions)]([http://hexaco.org/scaledescriptions](http://hexaco.org/scaledescriptions))). This result confirms prior evidence which showed that extraversion is significantly positively related to intention to use [13]. This is also in line with other works showing that people using social media technologies, which can be accessed via the smartphone, are more extraverted than those who are refraining to use such technologies [36]. Moreover, such person groups might even show more intense use in terms of durations on platforms such as WhatsApp [41]. In sum, technologies fulfilling the stronger social needs of extraverted individuals should also be more embraced by such a user group. Individuals with high scores on the openness (to experience) scale \"become absorbed in the beauty of art and nature, are inquisitive about various domains of knowledge, use their imagination freely in everyday life, and take an interest in unusual ideas or people\" ([[http://hexaco.org/scaledescriptions](http://hexaco.org/scaledescriptions)]([http://hexaco.org/scaledescriptions](http://hexaco.org/scaledescriptions))). We found that openness was significantly negatively correlated with perceived usefulness. [PERSON] et al. [13] found that openness (to experience) is positively