# Development of Ti/Ni Nanolayered Structures to
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electrochemical Capacitive Performance of Ti/Ni LDHs  
The electrochemical performance of the all prepared LDHs based electrode were evaluated by the cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge discharge methods and the results are displayed in the Figures 10 and 11. The initial behavior was examined by the CV and the results showed that all the samples have the pseudocapacitive behavior which was confirmed by the presence of the two visible  
Figure 8: SEM images of (**a**) Ni-Ti-5 LDHs and (**b**) Ni-Ti-3 LDHs  
Figure 7: SEM images of Ni-Ti-4 LDHs at different magnification: (**a**) first location and (**b**) second location. peaks in the CV curve. However, the comparative CV curve shows that the optimized LDHs (Ni-Ti-3) exhibited large capacitive area and high capacitance performance as compared to the NiTi-5 LDHs and Ni-Ti-4 LDHs. In addition, it means that the proper ratio of Ti/Ni plays an important role for enhancing the overall performance of the samples as shown in Figure 10a. Increasing or decreasing the ratios are significantly reduced the performance of the electrodes. Figure 10b-d shows the CV profile of the NiTi-5 LDHs, Ni-Ti-4 LDHs, and NiTi-3 LDHs at different scan rate which are further supporting the above comparative results. Figure 10: (**a**) Comparative CV curves of all the LDHs (**b**) CV curve of the Ni-Ti-5 LDHs (**c**) CV curve of the Ni-Ti-4 LDHs, and (**d**) CV curve of the Ni-Ti-3 LDHs at different scan rate. Figure 9: Schematic representation of Ti/Ni LDHs. For the better understanding and for further confirmation of the as prepared LDHs as active material for the electrode applications, the GCD performance was measured and specific capacitance were calculated using the following equations. \[C=\ \frac{Idt}{mdV}\]  
where \(C\) is the calculated specific capacitance in _F/g_ and \(I\) represent the applied current. The discharge time represent by the \"_t_\" and \"_m_\" is the mass of the active materials. Figure 11 shows the comparative GCD curves of all the electrodes at fixed applied potential. This profile was further used to calculate the specific capacitance in which the Ni-Ti-3 LDHs shows the highest capacitance value compared to the other prepared LDHs (Figure 11a). The Ni-Ti-3 LDHs displayed the 675 F/g specific capacitance whereas the Ni-Ti-4 LDHs and Ni-Ti-5 LDHs exhibited 300 F/g and 352.5 F/g, respectively. This can be also clearly observed by the graph in which the Ni-Ti-5 LDHs and Ni-Ti-4 LDHs exhibited short charging and discharging time whereas the Ni-Ti-3 LDHs shows the very short charging time but exhibited the longer discharge time. The enhanced performance of the optimized electrode is due to the double layer structure, enough interplanar distance between the layer, and large number of exposed active site within the double layer structure of the LDHs. The specific capacitance of all the electrodes at different current densities was also measured in details  
Figure 11: (**a**) Comparative GCD curves of all the LDHs, (**b**) GCD curve of the Ni-Ti-5 LDHs (**c**) GCD curve of the Ni-Ti-4 LDHs, (**d**) GCD curve of the Ni-Ti-3 LDHs at different current density, and (**e**) specific capacitance of all the LDHs at different current density. as shown in Figure 11b-d. The specific capacitance of Ni-Ti-5 LDHs and Ni-Ti-4 LDHs at current load of 0.6, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 A/g were 352.5, 300, 250, 247.5, 200, 175, 105 F/g and 300, 290, 210, 135, 125, 87.5, 70 F/g, respectively. The specific capacitance of Ni-Ti-3 LDHs at current load of 0.6, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 A/g were 675, 495, 490, 315, 300, 262.5, and 225 F/g. Again, we can see that the optimized and perfect ration of the Ti/Ni exhibited the highest specific capacitance compared to the other two electrode materials with different ratio. After the electrochemical capacitive performance was studied by CV and GCD, the cyclic stability of the electrode was further evaluated for further confirmation of LDHs as electrode material for energy storage applications.