# Evaluating LoRaWAN Connectivity in a Marine Scenario
## 3 Results and Discussion
The squares indicate the position of the gateways: the red square highlights the gateway to which the _RSSI_ values refer. Note that the color bars are different for each end-node. Figure 6: _SNR_ measured by the five gateways installed in inland of the city of Genoa. Three end- nodes were carried onboard the passenger vessel travelling in front of the port of Genoa: (**a**) Field Test; (**b**) spectrometer; (**c**) TIAMO 3. The track of the vessel is shown with a grey line. The squares indicate the position of the gateways: the red square highlights the gateway to which the _SNR_ value refer. Note that the color bars are different for each end-node. During the first day of the test, the end-node Field Test was temporarily installed onboard the W1M3A observatory at about 8 m above the sea level, while the other end-nodes were positioned on the upper deck of the vessel, which was nearby the observatory to assist the researchers involved in the operation at sea. Whereas the W1M3A is a relatively stable platform, and it can be assumed that during the intervention heading and trim of the platform, it was almost constant, not the same holds for the vessel, which was moving and turning around the observatory, thus the masts of the ship could mask the coast for the end-nodes. On the second day, the vessel was in navigation towards the coast. This could partially explain the difference in the performance observed during the two days of the campaign. LOS was guaranteed between the R/V Dallaporta and the position of the gateways both days provided that the locations of the gateways were chosen considering the constraints due to the first Fresnel zone (Figure 7). The values of _SNR_ and _RSSI_ acquired during the navigation of the R/V Dallaporta from the open ocean toward the coast are shown in Figures 8 and 9. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Gateway ID**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Position Id.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Day**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Packet Loss Ratio**} \\ \cline{4-5}  & & & **Field Test** & **TIAMO 3** & **LT I/O Controller 1** \\ \hline LG308 1 & Mountain pass Faiallo & 19 October 2020 & 0.739 & 0.875 & 0.382 \\ LG308 3 & Mount Fase & 19 October 2020 & 0.565 & 0.125 & 0.690 \\ RAK & Mount Moro & 19 October 2020 & 0.956 & 0.872 & 0.745 \\ LG308 1 & Mount Figogna & 20 October 2020 & 0.865 & 1.000 & - \\ LG308 3 & Mount Fase & 20 October 2020 & 0.238 & 0.050 & - \\ RAK & Mount Moro & 20 October 2020 & 0.000 & 0.119 & 0.000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Packet loss ratio for the open ocean test carried out during the research cruise ICOS20 onboard the R/V Dallaporta. The geographical positions of the gateways are shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 7: Ground profiles for the four test sites in which a gateway received the signals transmitted from the W1M3A observatory: (**a**) Mount Moro; (**b**) Mountain pass Faiallo; (**c**) Mount Figogna; (**d**) Mount Fase. Grey areas show the curvature of the Earth. Ellipses correspond to the eight of the first Fresnel zone at 868 MHz. The optical LOS is the black line. _RSSI_ values are very close to the limit of \(-120\) dB, and for most of the packets received by the gateway on Mount Moro, they are even lower, but this is consistent with the peculiar high sensitivity of the LoRa technology. The _SNR_ values are representatives of a not noisy channel, with values within the limits of LoRa transmission. The best results were obtained for the gateway positioned on Mount Fase, which, although positioned at almost the same altitude as the gateways on Mount Figogna and Mountain pass Faiallo, is more open to the sea without natural or urban obstacles. This is more evident considering that the _SNR_ values are very close to the limit of \(-120\) dB, and for most of the packets received by the gateway on Mount Moro,  
values measured at the same distance between end-nodes and gateways do not exceed approximately \(-17\) dB for the position at Mount Figogna, whereas for the position at Mount Fasee the values reach even \(-11\) dB.