# Humanoid Robots in Tourism and Hospitality--Exploring Managerial, Ethical, and Societal Challenges
## 4 Results and Discussion
### AI Management and Ethics of Humanoid Robots
This principle is crucial for humanoid autonomous robots in tourism and hospitality, where interactions with humans are frequent and diverse. These robots must be designed and programmed to prevent and mitigate safety risks, ensuring a safe environment for guests and staff. 2. Autonomous operation in complex environments: The ability of increasingly autonomous robots to operate safely and perform their functions in complex environments is highlighted. In the context of tourism and hospitality, this means that humanoid robots should navigate through dynamic spaces filled with people, obstacles, and varying scenarios without causing harm or disruptions. This capability requires sophisticated sensors, decision-making algorithms, and safety protocols. 3. Reliability and accuracy: The document also points to the critical need for reliability and accuracy, especially in sectors like health, where the stakes are high. By extension, in tourism and hospitality, humanoid autonomous robots must offer reliable services, whether providing information, assistance, or any direct service to guests. Their actions should consistently meet the expected standards of quality and precision to avoid any negative impact on the guest experience or safety. 4. Ethical and legal compliance: Beyond safety, the deployment of humanoid autonomous robots in tourism and hospitality must also consider ethical implications and legal compliance. This includes privacy concerns, data protection, and the potential for bias in decision-making processes. The AI Act's framework aims to ensure that AI systems, including autonomous robots, adhere to these broader considerations. 5. Continuous monitoring and improvement: Given the evolving nature of AI technologies and their applications, continuous monitoring and improvement of humanoid autonomous robots will be necessary. This approach ensures that they adapt to new safety standards, technological advancements, and changing needs within the tourism and hospitality sector. These aspects are inextricably linked to ensuring security in the following areas:  
1. Privacy and data security. Protecting the confidential data collected and processed by robots is crucial for maintaining privacy and trust [76, 77, 78, 79, 80]. 2. Potential private data leaks. Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) explores the physical, cognitive, and social interactions between humans and robots. Research in this area has identified several key vulnerabilities that may compromise the integrity, privacy, and security of human-robot interactions. Threats include unauthorized access to collaborative robots (cobots) in specific environments, potentially leading to the manipulation of robot behaviour. Privacy concerns are particularly significant, as collecting and storing personal and sensitive data during interactions with robots may result in privacy breaches or unauthorized data use [81, 82]. Additionally, interactions between humans and collaborative multi-robot systems pose an even greater risk to privacy. 3. Potential accidents. Robots may pose potential sources of physical harm to humans due to contact with them. In addition to physical threats, there is also psychological risk arising from the appearance and behaviour of robots [80]. 4. Cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The data, software, network, and hardware components of robots are the most vulnerable elements to threats and cyberattacks [83, 84, 85]. Despite the growing interest in developing robotic technologies in tourism and hospitality, issues related to privacy protection and data security remain significant challenges. Data collected by smart tourism systems, such as tourists' demographic information, their locations, transaction details, biometric data, and behavioural patterns, both online and offline, are vulnerable to breaches, unauthorized use, secondary analysis, and uncontrolled sharing [86]. Unfortunately, the literature lacks detailed studies on the scale of threats associated with the use of robots in the examined field.