## 4 Results and Discussion
### Transformer Condition Monitoring
#### 4.8.4 Partial Discharges
Second, conferences might allow researchers to discuss their findings without the rigorous peer review process due to their laxer publication standards. The lower representation of journals may be explained by the rigorous peer-review procedures that they usually follow. Individual preferences, publishing schedules, and the target audience can all influence the decision between conferences and journals. Figure 11: Research distribution by research type. RQ 3: From which countries or regions do most of the articles on IoT technology for transformers originate? The regional distribution of research contributions in the field of Internet of Things technology for electrical transformer status monitoring is depicted in Figure 12. Of these, India accounts for 55% publications of total contributions, suggesting a substantial concentration there. India has undertaken significant research efforts and has actively contributed to the growth of this technology, as evidenced by its dominance. Even though India leads by a large margin, other countries make substantial contributions as well, albeit on a smaller scale. China provides 8.3%, and Pakistan provides 3.3%, indicating a strong interest in this field. This worldwide distribution illustrates how ubiquitous the opportunities and problems associated with transformer condition monitoring are, as well as the possible advantages of IoT technology. A more thorough and strong understanding of this crucial sector can be achieved by cooperative efforts between nations with differing degrees of technological growth, which will ultimately help the power industry globally. RQ 4: What specific software and tools have been frequently mentioned and employed in the articles related to IoT technology in transformer condition monitoring? The examination of the tools used in the research on IoT technology for electrical transformer status monitoring reveals a wide range of IoT platforms and software solutions. Among the solutions that are used most commonly is the Arduino IDE software. This program is well renowned for its capacity to set up third-party microcontrollers and Arduino boards. Researchers seem to prefer it because of its adaptability and ease of usage. Wi-Fi was the primary communication channel. Wi-Fi is preferred due to it being suitable for Local Area Networks and due to its ideal application benefits for the current infrastructure for close-quarters communication. The findings of the proposed study also indicate that the researchers' top choice for an IoT cloud was ThingSpeak, most likely because it is an open-source program that lets users aggregate, visualize, and analyze real-time data streams on the cloud. Finally, the Arduino Uno board was the microcontroller of choice for most researchers, mainly because the Arduino Uno boards are user-friendly  
Figure 12: Research distribution by country. and easy to program, which makes them one of the most preferred choices for beginners. Arduino Uno boards are also affordable compared to other Arduino boards. The research distribution by communication channel is presented in Figure 13.  
RQ 5: How has the research landscape on IoT technology for electrical transformer monitoring evolved over time, and what trends emerge from the collected literature? The compilation of published studies in Figure 14 demonstrates the substantial evolution of the field of study on IoT technology for electrical transformer monitoring throughout the years. The information, which spans the years 2014 through 2024, indicates that both the number of studies being conducted on this subject and the interest in it are rising. The fact that only one study was released in 2014 indicates that, prior to 2018, there had not yet been much research conducted on the application of IoT technology for transformer monitoring. It took until the publication of 12.5% of new papers in 2019 and 10% of publications in 2020 for the research landscape to begin to gain traction.