# A Review of Milk Frauds and Adulterations from a Technological Perspective
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Methods for Detecting Adulterants in Milk
#### 3.2.3. Instrumental Methods (Quantitative)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Adulterant** & **Detection Technique** & **Advantage** & **Disadvantage** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Melamine} & Chromatography & Quantitative, sensitive, and & The need for derivatization of & \\  & coupled with mass & specific detection & analytes, reagents, and & \\  & spectrometry & & expensive equipment & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Melamine} & Liquid chromatography & & & \\  & coupled with mass & & & \\  & spectrometry & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Melamine} & \multirow{3}{*}{Raman spectroscopy} & Fast, non-destructive method & & \\  & & allows direct analysis & High-cost instrumentation & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Melamine} & \multirow{3}{*}{NIR spectroscopy} & Useful for the examination of & Data collection and analysis & \\  & & heterogeneous samples with & require sensitive detectors, and & \\  & & minimal preparation & data processing is complex & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Melamine} & \multirow{3}{*}{MALDI-TOF-MS} & The use of heterogeneous & Sample pretreatment requires & \\  & & samples with less sample & time, expensive equipment, and & \\  & & volume & qualified personnel & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Melamine} & \multirow{3}{*}{HPLC-MS} & Molecular specificity and high & Sample pretreatment has limited & \\  & & sensitivity & application in routine analysis & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Melamine} & \multirow{3}{*}{HPLC-UV} & Simple equipment compared to & & \\  & HPLC-MS; high selectivity in & & & \\  & combination with fluorimetric & & & \\  & detectors & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Melamine} & \multirow{3}{*}{ELISA} & Selectivity, sensitivity, simple & Semi-quantitative determination & \\  & & sample preparation, & due to the relatively large & \\  & & simultaneous analysis of & standard deviation, and & \\  & & 40 samples for one hour & cross-reactivity with cyromazine & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Urea} & \multirow{3}{*}{GC-IDMS} & Used to compare the outcomes & & \\  & & of conventional procedures. & & \\  & & Excellent repeatability and & & \\  & & reproducibility & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Whey} & \multirow{3}{*}{HPLC (cAMP)} & Utilized in both qualitative and & & \\  & & quantitative tests, the procedure & & \\  & & is precise, quick, and easy to & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & implement in the laboratory. It & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & can identify urea in even traces & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & or extremely small levels & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: NIR = near infrared, MALDI:TOF-MS = matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry; HPLC-MS = high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; HPLC-UV = liquid chromatographic method coupled with ultraviolet; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunoassay; GC-IDMS = gas-chromatopably-Isotope dilution mass spectrometry; cGMP = casein-glycomacropeptide.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Different techniques to identify adulterants added to increase protein content. dangerous reactants, chemical waste during testing, and sensitivity to stray gases in the sample [55]. Studies based on biosensors have shown that they can be used to detect compounds added to milk to boost the protein content in a quick, easy, high-throughput, multi-target, and low-cost manner. These technologies are thought to be new and appealing to get over the drawbacks of standard approaches and instrumental analysis [42; 56; 57]. To determine the presence of melamine in infant formula, [PERSON] et al. developed an optical biosensor-based immunoassay. This quick and accurate technique relied on a substance with a chemical structure similar to melamine, which was utilized as a hapten to develop a polyclonal antibody and as an immobilized antigen on the surface of a biosensor chip. The only disadvantage of the procedure would be the antibody's considerable cross-reactivity with the insecticide cyromazine, whose metabolite is melanin [58].