## 1 Introduction  
The rapid development of global industry and agriculture has meant that the heavy metal pollution of soils has become an increasingly challenging problem. Furthermore, human activities, particularly industrial emissions, have significantly increased the pollution of soils with heavy metals in China. This pollution now poses a significant threat to cultivated land quality and imperils the long-term sustainability of the agricultural economy in China. These effects underscore the urgent need for mitigation strategies. It is estimated that more than 10 million hectares of arable land in China, accounting for more than 8% of the total arable land, are polluted by heavy metals. This soil pollution has decreased grain production by about 10 bn kg/y [1, 2]. The \"National Soil Pollution Status Survey Bulletin\", jointly released by the former Ministry of Environmental Protection and the former Ministry of Land and Resources of China, says that the overall soil point exceedance rate in the country is 16.1%, with 19.4%, 10.0%, and 10.4% of soil points exceeding the standard in cultivated land, forest land, and grassland, respectively. Moderate pollution accounts for around 2.6% of the pollution, but severe heavy metal pollution, particularly Cd pollution (7%) affects a greater area of land [3]. For example, in the Zhangshi region of Shenyang City, China, 2533 ha of farmland has been polluted with Cd due to long-term sewage irrigation and 13% of this land has been severely polluted [4]. Research has shown that there are varying degrees of heavy metal pollution in other regions of China. Furthermore, according to reports, in some areas of Guangxi, rice paddies have developed \"cadmium rice\" due to heavy metal cadmium pollution, which means that excessive cadmium content in rice poses a threat to human health. Japan is also facing serious Cd pollution challenges, with up to 472,125 ha of contaminated farmland [4]. Therefore, heavy metal pollution poses a threat to the ecological environment. This study emphasizes the dual roles of plant remediation in soil improvement and environmental beautification and provides solutions for the sustainable development of green mines. Cadmium pollution generally arises from the natural environment and human activities. The Cd content in the natural environment is low; it is mainly in the form of carbonates, iron oxides, silicates, and other forms in rocks and minerals, and is less harmful to humans, animals, and plants than other heavy metals. However, human activities, such as the discharge of municipal sewage, the pollution of soil by industrial discharges, the irrigation of farmland with water containing Cd-contaminated sewage, the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers, and the mining and smelting of mineral resources, have significantly increased soil Cd pollution. Studies have shown that the background Cd level in Chinese soil is 0.097 mg/kg, which is far lower than the international average of 0.35 mg/kg, but the contribution of human factors has meant that the soil Cd in some areas far exceeds the safety standard [5]. Low Cd concentrations can promote plant growth, but high concentrations can inhibit their growth, resulting in dwarf plants and a pale leaf color. Cadmium affects plant photosynthesis and nutrient metabolism, inhibits the production of photosynthetic pigments, reduces electron transport efficiency, destroys chloroplasts and proteins, and interferes with the absorption and distribution of nutrients. These effects result in plant nutrient imbalances [6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. Cadmium is classified by the US Agency for Poisons and Disease Control as the seventh-most toxic substance to human health and contamination caused by it is very harmful to humans [9; 10]. At present, soil Cd pollution mitigation methods include physical methods, chemical methods, and bioremediation methods. bioremediation methods have attracted considerable attention because they are cost efficient and eco-friendly.