## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Antenna** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Survey Calibrated**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Survey**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Tallysman**} \\ \hline
**Dimension** & **1D** & **2D** & **3D** & **1D** & **2D** & **3D** & **1D** & **2D** & **3D** \\ \hline MAE (mm) & 0.9 & 0.2 & 0.3 & 1.2 & 0.9 & 1.0 & 1.3 & 1.0 & 1.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Mean Absolute Error (MAE) for 1D, 2D, and 3D displacements. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Antenna** & **Survey Calibrated** & **Survey** & **Tallysman** \\ \hline
2 mm & 17\% & 33\% & 50\% \\
4 mm & 100\% & 60\% & 100\% \\
6 mm & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% \\
8 mm & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Horizontal displacements. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Antenna** & **Survey Calibrated** & **Survey** & **Tallysman** \\ \hline
2 mm & 17\% & 17\% & 17\% \\
4 mm & 100\% & 60\% & 100\% \\
6 mm & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% \\
8 mm & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Spatial displacements. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Antenna** & **Survey Calibrated** & **Survey** & **Tallysman** \\ \hline
2 mm & 17\% & 33\% & 50\% \\
4 mm & 100\% & 60\% & 100\% \\
6 mm & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% \\
8 mm & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Spatial displacements. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Antenna** & **Survey Calibrated** & **Survey** & **Tallysman** \\ \hline
2 mm & 17\% & 17\% & 17\% \\
4 mm & 100\% & 60\% & 100\% \\
6 mm & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% \\
8 mm & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Spatial displacements. Figure 6: Differences between estimated and true movements: (**a**) 1D differences, (**b**) 2D differences, and (**c**) 3D differences. Figure 7: Residuals for east (e), north (n), and ellipsoid height (h) in static test (PPP): (**a**) Survey, Calibrated; (**b**) Tallysman. Observations obtained using low-cost devices were additionally compared with those obtained with high-end geodetic GNSS instruments. The final number of determined phase ambiguities (after cycle slip detection and repair) is shown for all satellites in Figure 9, where the top graph represents the number of ambiguities for GPS satellites, the middle presents the values for GLONASS satellites, and the bottom shows the results for Galileo satellites. Both geodetic GNSS instruments (denoted as GD 1 and GD 2) are represented with blue bars, whereas the low-cost GNSS instruments (denoted as LC 1 and LC 2) are indicated by red bars. The Root-Mean-Squared (RMS) values of variable HP (high-pass-filtered L4 linear combination) were estimated for each satellite and are shown in Figure 10. Geodetic (GD1 and GD2) and low-cost (LC 1 and LC 2) instruments are denoted in Figure 10 as in Figure 9.  
Figure 8: Differences between estimated and true 3D displacements (PPP). Figure 9: The number of phase ambiguities for each satellite for both low-cost instruments (red bars) as well as for both geodetic instruments (blue bars): (**a**) GPS, (**b**) GLONASS, and (**c**) Galileo. Figure 10: RMS values of the high-pass-filtered L4 linear combination for all satellite systems for both low-cost instruments (red bars) as well as for both geodetic instruments (blue bars)): (**a**) GPS, (**b**) GLONASS, and (**c**) Galileo.