## 8 Simulation Setup and Analysis of Results
### Minimum Path Detection Time for Efficient Route  
Routing in WSNs is usually assorted due to several limited constraints. The network performance depends on flexibility of routing protocol. From other side, an effective energy-efficient routing protocol design is big challenge for energy-constrained network [44]. In this experiment, our aim to choose proper routing protocol from existing routing protocols that should be compatible with BN-MAC features to create robust WSN. The suitability of routing protocol generally depends on application requirements because routing protocols maintain and discover the routes in the network. The function of routing protocols extend network lifetime while maintaining the high-quality of connectivity and allowing the reliable communication between nodes. The sensor nodes are not accessible in some conditions because they are either located on the unreachable points or underground for sensing the events. Hence, immediate human access to those sensor nodes is not possible [45]. Therefore, routing protocols should be mobility aware to deal with WSN applications' node mobility, event mobility and sink mobility. Let us identify the routing protocol that should be more suitable with BN-MAC. Hierarchical routing protocols (HRPs) categorize the nodes based on their functionality. Nodes are divided into groups or clusters, and head node is selected to coordinate with inside and outside of the cluster [46].The HRPs are proposed to increase network lifetime. However, HRPs are not using multi-hop communication. As a result, HRPs can be used with BN-MAC because BN-MAC mechanism supports single hop search. Attribute or data-centric based is another category of routing Protocols that is named as sensor protocols for information via negotiation (SPIN). These routing protocols distribute the information among the sensor nodes using energy-constrained efficiently [47]. The base of SPIN communication nodes depends on specific knowledge of application. SPIN allows sensor nodes to disseminate  
Figure 23: Latency of BN-MAC and the other hybrid protocols using different hops and traffic flows. information using less energy resources efficiently. Four types of SPIN protocols are available: SPIN-EC and SPIN-PP are used for point-to-point network, and another SPIN-RL and SPIN-BC are appropriate for broadcast network traffic and also providing 1-hop destination search. SPIN-RL does not provide optimal route at 1-hop destination, but helps to improve the search capability. Additionally, the mechanism of data advertisement of SPIN-RL is not highly guaranteed for reliable delivery of data. Energy aware routing protocol (EAP) is the energy efficient that uses sub-optimal routes to enhance the network lifetime. In EAP, single efficient path is chosen from many multiple paths to preserve energy. EAP has also priority over directed diffusion routing protocol family because EAP improves network performance and saves energy 21.5% to 44% [48]. We choose EAP protocol based on its compatible features with BN-MAC. EAP works in combination with the LDSNS model to find optimized 1-hop shortest paths (the LDSNS model is used to choose the best efficient one-hop neighbor node to establish the path to the destination node. LDSNS reduces energy consumption while choosing an efficient route to path). EAP helps to maintain resource awareness, and improves the network lifetime. EAP also possesses some hierarchal features, which can support to BN to coordinate with intra and inter data transmission efficiently. BN-MAC with EAP maintains data aggregation that helps BN to coordinate and communicate without any reservation over WSN. In this experiment, we have used WSN consisting of 16 hop-destination with 15 concurrent established sessions. If, we analyze the Figure 24, it is observed that time for maximum hop number is calculated 0.8 s for BN-MAC whereas it takes from 2 to 3.5 s for other participating hybrid MAC protocols. The competing hybrid MAC protocols have used their original underlying routing protocols.