## 1 Introduction  
Efficient drinking water management is crucial for large cities like Mexico City, where population growth and environmental challenges have historically strained water resources. This article explores the use of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) to optimize the monitoring and control of water supply networks, with a focus on the Lerma Basin System, a critical component of Mexico's National Hydraulic System. The transition from manual systems to advanced digital environments is analyzed, highlighting the benefits of integrating modern technologies such as SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, 3D visualization, and real-time data analytics.  
The Lerma River, a vital water source in central Mexico, flows through the states of Mexico, Queretaro, Guanajuato, Michoacan, and Jalisco. Although no exact figure existson the number of people directly dependent on its water, around the Lerma-Chapala-Santiago basin live over 9 million inhabitants. However, because of severe pollution a significant portion of the river's water is unsuitable for human consumption. To address this, the region also relies on a network of underground aquifers, from which water is extracted through wells. These aquifers play a crucial role complementing the river's supply, providing water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes.  
The Lerma System, the first stage of the National Hydraulic System, was developed to address water shortages in the Valley of Mexico. Its origins date back to the early 20 th century, following the Mexican Revolution. By 1951, the construction of the Atarasquillo-Dos Rios Tunnel marked a significant engineering achievement, enabling the transport of water from the Lerma River to Mexico City. This system, which included canals, pipelines, tunnels, and storage tanks, culminated at the Carcamo de Dolores, a storage facility in Chapultepec Forest adorned with murals by [PERSON]. In the 1960s, a severe drought and rapid population growth led to the drilling of 230 wells in the Toluca Valley, completing the first stage of the Lerma System by 1975.  
Today, the Lerma Basin System continues to play a vital role in supplying water to Mexico City. However, advanced monitoring and control systems are required to manage the increasing complexity of the infrastructure, combined with the challenges of water scarcity and pollution [1]. This paper presents a cyber-physical system with 3D visualization for the Lerma Basin, enabling real-time monitoring of over 160 operational wells and nearly 200 additional wells under construction. The system integrates Geographic Information System (GIS) data, hybrid communication networks, and real-time teleoperation of water pumps, providing operators with a comprehensive view of the network's current and future states. By leveraging advanced technologies, the system not only improves operational efficiency but also offers a scalable solution for managing water resources in the face of growing demands and environmental challenges.  
This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 briefly presents SCADA systems and their application to water supply management; Section 3 presents the applied methodology for the design and implementation of the SCADA system for the Lerma Basin, whilst Section 4 explains its architecture. Section 5 presents the results of the implementation, and Section 6 corresponds to the final discussion, which includes conclusions and future work.