## 5 Recent Applications
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Metal Ion** & **Application in Samples** & **Modality** & **Determination Technique** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Limit of** \\ **Detection— LD** \\ **(\#g L\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & **Year** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Fe2\({}^{+}\) & Wine. & SPE & F AAS & 30.00 & 2017 & [4] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Pb2\({}^{+}\)} & Agricultural products (Orange, mango, apple, & & & & \\  & kiwi, lettuce, broccoli, carrot, squash, eggplant, & & & & & \\  & radish, mushroom, cucumber, and tomato). & & & & & \\ \hline Ag\({}^{+}\) & Well water, augduct water, and dam water & - & DPV & 0.015 & 2017 & [19] \\ \hline Cd2\({}^{+}\) & Tap water. & - & potentiometry with & 11.20 & 2017 & [25] \\ \hline Hg2\({}^{+}\) & River and lake water. & - & \begin{tabular}{c} UV-visible and fluorescence \\ spectrophotometer \\ \end{tabular} & 4.00 & 2017 & [91] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Fe3\({}^{+}\)} & Springs, tube well, hand pumps, open streams, & SPE & \begin{tabular}{c} Ultraviolet-Visible \\ spectrophotometer and \\ F AAS. \\ \end{tabular} & N.I & 2018 & [6] \\ \cline{2-6}  & Water samples such as well & & & & \\  & water river & & & & \\  & water, & & & & \\  & tap water & & & & \\  & and industrial effluent water. & & & & \\ \hline Au2\({}^{+}\) & Geological, environmental and biological. & MSPE & GF-AAS & 0.0079 & 2018 & [10] \\ \hline Cr2\({}^{+}\) & Industrial wastewater. & - & DPV & 2.65 & 2018 & [20] \\ \hline Pb2\({}^{+}\) & Tap water and well water. & - & DPASV & 0.021 & 2018 & [23] \\ \hline Tl4\({}^{+}\) & Tap water, well water, and wastewater. & - & F AAS & 10.00 & 2019 & [8] \\ \hline Mn2\({}^{+}\) & Lake, fertilizers, and mining effluents. & - & DPV & 0.75 & 2019 & [21] \\ \hline Cu2\({}^{+}\) & Water. & - & DPV & 0.0047 & 2019 & [22] \\ \hline Hg2\({}^{+}\) & Lagoon and river water. & SPE & DPASV & 0.322 & 2019 & [92] \\ \hline Hg2\({}^{+}\) & Serum & & & & \\  & of gallstone patients. & SPE & UV-Vis spectrophotometer & 0.05 & 2019 & [93] \\ \hline Cd2\({}^{+}\) and & Soil, rice, and rice husk. & MSPE & GF-AAS & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 0.102 (Cd2\({}^{+}\)) \\ 0.011 (Pb2\({}^{+}\)) \\ \end{tabular} & 2020 & [11] \\ \hline Co2\({}^{+}\) & Radioactive wastewater. & MSPE & ICP-OES & N.I & 2020 & [12] \\ \hline Au3\({}^{+}\) & Tap water, river water, soil, and coal. & MSPE & ICP-MS & 0.002 & 2020 & [16] \\ \hline UO2\({}^{+}\) & Highly saline & & & & \\  & radioactive effluents. & MSPE & ICP-MS. & N.I & 2020 & [17] \\ \hline As3\({}^{+}\) & Well water, parsley, mint, and rice. & MSPE & HG-AAS & 0.0043 & 2020 & [18] \\ \hline Cd2\({}^{+}\) and & River water & & & & & \\  & and fish muscles & SPE & FS-FAAS &
\begin{tabular}{c} 0.20 (Cd2\({}^{+}\)) \\ 0.43 (Pb2\({}^{+}\)) \\ \end{tabular} & 2021 & [9] \\ \hline Ca2\({}^{+}\) & Human blood serum. & SPE & ICP-OES & N.I & 2021 & [13] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\({}^{\#}\)Sr} & Soil, river sediments, wheat, grass, vegetables & & & & \\  & (Potates, salid, rhund, spinach, chard, & & & \\  & parsing, carrot, radish, leek, celery, Jer. & & & \\  & artichoke, bear’s garlic, milk teeth, & & & \\  & human vertebrae, urine, and water. & & & \\ \hline Ni2\({}^{+}\) & Water & MSPE & ICP-OES & 0.58 & 2021 & [15] \\ \hline Cd2\({}^{+}\) & Tap water, river water, and rice. & - & CV, DPV, and EIS & 0.016 & 2021 & [24] \\ \hline Cu2\({}^{+}\) & Wastewater & SPE & F AAS & N.I & 2022 & [94] \\ \hline Pb2\({}^{+}\) & Tap water & SPE & ICP-OES & N.I & 2022 & [95] \\ \hline Cr3\({}^{+}\) & Real and artificial electroplating & & & & \\  & industrial effluent & SPE & ICP-OES & N.I & 2022 & [96] \\ \hline Zn2\({}^{+}\) & Honey & SPE & UV-Vis & 25.70 & 2022 & [97] \\ \hline Al2\({}^{+}\) & Rare earth solutions & SPE & ICP-AES & N.I & 2022 & [98] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* SPE: solid-phase extraction; MSPE: magnetic solid-phase extraction; MSPE: magnetic ion solid phase extraction, FAAS: flame atomic absorption spectrometry, FS-FAAS: flame atomic absorption spectrometer with fast sequential module, GF-AAS: graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, ICP-OES: inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ICP-MS: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-AES: inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, HG-AAS: hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, DPV: differential pulse voltammetry, DPASV: differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, CV: cyclic voltammetry, EIS: electrochemical impedance spectrum, N.I: not informed.  
\end{table}