## 1 Introduction  
Total suspended sediment (TSS) is a water quality parameter that can be used to understand sediment transport, aquatic ecosystem health and engineering problems [1]. The changes in suspended sediment concentrations in the time and space domains are generally related to human and natural factors. Human factors consist of, for example, sand dredging activities, sea reclamation, shipping activities, construction, mining, and other human activities. Meanwhile, natural factors include rainfall rates, rising temperatures, winds, high waves, and all activities related to climate change. An excessively high total suspended sediments concentration will inhibit the penetration of light into water and disrupt photosynthesis [2], reduce the underwater vertical transmittance and phytoplankton productivity [2], affect the water columns and benthic processes [3], affect the nutrient dynamics [4] and pollutant movement [5; 6]. Furthermore, an update of the total suspended sediments data is necessary to evaluate operational policies and provide technical guidance to the public, government, and private sectors in the utilization of coastal regions regarding environmental changes. Then, thorough studies should be done in any location directly exposed to the natural and human-induced suspended sediment. Teluk Lipat, Malaysia, is located on the east coast of the Malaysian peninsular. This area is directly exposed to at least four suspended sediment-induced agents, such as river runoff, dredging activities and reclamation work. During the northeast monsoon season, it is also directly prone to high waves that commonly cause coastal erosion. Since Teluk Lipat is a human settlement with recreational and fishing locations for coastal anglers, it is very important to periodically monitor the spatiotemporal sediment concentration over this area. However, to date, there are no TSS data because there have been no relevant studies conducted in this location. It is well known that remote sensing sensors are widely used to monitor TSS concentrations all over the globe. The advantage of remote sensing technology is its ability to provide a historical dataset that can be used to track past events over a selected location. The remote sensing technique utilized an algorithm that was developed to measure TSS concentration over a selected region. To date, many TSS algorithms have been developed using numerous remote sensing methods, but the universal empirical or semiempirical algorithms are still unavailable [7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13]. In order to monitor the TSS concentration in space and time domain over this study area, an algorithm needs to be developed. Recently, two methods have been used to monitor TSS concentration over a wide water region. The first is field sampling, which is known to be a very expensive and time-consuming method. In this procedure, water samples are collected and, after that, sifted to extricate total suspended sediment. The sifted material is, at that point, dried, weighed, and isolated by sample value to get the total suspended sediment. This strategy gives exact and point-based estimation; in any case, spatial varieties are occasionally captured, and temporal resolution is frequently limited [3; 4; 5]. The second uses remote sensing technology that can monitor spatiotemporal TSS concentration for free. In this technique, researchers use a few wavelengths and then relate them to the field measured TSS to develop a TSS algorithm. The utilization of remote sensing technology can diminish costs and increase spare time [6]. To date, many algorithms have been developed using various remote sensing sensors, such as MODIS, SeaWIFS, MERIS and Landsat [14]. In this study, because Landsat 8 (OLI) with a medium spatial resolution (30 m), 185 km swath, 16-day revisit time and can be obtained for free, it was considered suitable for this study area [15]. Generally, there are two distinct approaches that could be utilized to obtained water quality parameters such as TSS and Chll-a utilizing remote sensing techniques.