# Analytical Methods to Assess Polyphenols, Tannin Concentration, and Astringency in Hard Apple Cider
## 3 Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Cultivar** & **Catechin** & **Chlorogenic Acid** & **Caffeic Acid** & **Epicatechin** & **Ferulic Acid** & **Coumaric Acid** & **Total Flavanols (\({}^{\star}\))** & **Total Hydroxy** \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**[mg/L]**} \\ \hline Black Limbertwig & 28.5 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 4.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 5.2 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 48.9 \(\pm\) 1.4 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 9.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 641 \(\pm\) 26 & 64 \(\pm\) 2 \\ Black Winesap & 24.1 \(\pm\) 1.0 & 4.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 2.7 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 75.7 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 7.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 1003 \(\pm\) 2 & 106 \(\pm\) 1 \\ Chestnut Crab & 47.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 2.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 3.2 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 37.5 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 4.2 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 1488 \(\pm\) 2 & 146 \(\pm\) 1 \\ Fuji & 56.5 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 2.2 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 7.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 & \(<\)24.2 & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 4.9 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 675 \(\pm\) 3 & 67 \(\pm\) 1 \\ Geneva Crab & 39.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 6.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 2.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 247.6 \(\pm\) 1.3 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 1.0 & 2.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 3029 \(\pm\) 2 & 228 \(\pm\) 1 \\ Golden Delicious & 28.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 2.7 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 13.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 41.6 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 6.7 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 672 \(\pm\) 3 & 61 \(\pm\) 1 \\ Golden Russet & 43.4 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 3.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 18.0 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 64.8 \(\pm\) 1.0 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 6.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 1179 \(\pm\) 17 & 131 \(\pm\) 2 \\ Gragg & 43.4 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 5.7 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 13.4 \(\pm\) 0.2 & \(<\)24.2 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 115.5 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 1166 \(\pm\) 22 & 114 \(\pm\) 2 \\ Hewes Crab & 48.9 \(\pm\) 2.4 & 6.3 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 45.9 \(\pm\) 2.1 & 344.3 \(\pm\) 17.3 & 1.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 22.5 \(\pm\) 1.0 & 2206 \(\pm\) 105 & 237 \(\pm\) 12 \\ Horse & 59.4 \(\pm\) 4.6 & 4.7 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 3.7 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 126.4 \(\pm\) 11.5 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 4.4 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 2285 \(\pm\) 204 & 207 \(\pm\) 15 \\ [PERSON] & 29.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 9.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 & \(<\)24.2 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 3.2 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 521 \(\pm\) 1 & 54 \(\pm\) 1 \\ Newton Pipin & 37.8 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 25.3 \(\pm\) 0.8 & \(<\)0.7 & \(<\)24.2 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 10.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 535 \(\pm\) 9 & 48 \(\pm\) 1 \\ Notley P. & 50.1 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 3.7 \(\pm\) 0.1 & \(<\)0.7 & \(<\)24.2 & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 7.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 584 \(\pm\) 11 & 56 \(\pm\) 1 \\ Red Delicious & 28.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 3.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 5.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 & \(<\)24.2 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 6.9 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 285 \(\pm\) 4 & 34 \(\pm\) 1 \\ Roadbury Russet & 33.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 6.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 6.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 44.7 \(\pm\) 1.4 & \(<\) 0.5 & 3.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 958 \(\pm\) 14 & 108 \(\pm\) 1 \\ Royal Limbertwig & 39.0 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 2.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 12.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 53.0 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 9.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 857 \(\pm\) 14 & 78 \(\pm\) 1 \\ Spitzenberg & 44.1 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 1.7 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 7.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 78.3 \(\pm\) 1.5 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 5.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 954 \(\pm\) 15 & 86 \(\pm\) 1 \\ Summer Rambo & 53.8 \(\pm\) 1.3 & 3.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 1.2 \(\pm\) 0.1 & \(<\)24.2 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 3.2 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 1005 \(\pm\) 30 & 84 \(\pm\) 2 \\ Summer Banana & 44.9 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 3.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 7.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 38.8 \(\pm\) 1.3 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 3.2 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 917 \(\pm\) 8 & 85\(\pm\) 1 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{\({}^{\star}\) expressed as catechin equivalents; \({}^{\star}\) expressed as caffe acid equivalents.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Quantitative data of monomeric phenolic compounds analyzed with LC-DAD at 280 nm and 320 nm. Figure 5: Example chromatogram of Geneva Crab cider analyzed at 280 nm and 320 nm (1: catechin; 2: chlorogenic acid; 3: caffe acid; 4: epicatechin; 5: unknown p-coumaric acid derivative; 6: unknown procyanidin; 7: unknown caffe acid derivative; 8: unknown procyanidin). vary significantly among all samples. Table 2 shows the quantitative data for all ciders organized by compounds that were quantified with a pure standard and the total peak areas at 280 nm and 320 nm.