## 4 Discussion  
Due to the widespread usage of nanoscale metals in industries such as food, medicine, and the environment, synthesizing these materials is currently a hot research topic. The majority of metal nanoparticles are produced chemically, which has unforeseen consequences, such as energy and environmental waste, as well as potential health risks. It is essential to discover a method of synthesizing ZnO NPs that is safe for the environment and uses gentle processes and nontoxic components. Green synthesis, which reduces metal ions using  
Figure 5: SEM images of _Aspergillus terreus_ cells: (**a**) normal cells; (**b,c**) cells treated with voriconazole and 50 mg LP–ZnO NPs, respectively. SEM images of _Aspergillus niger_: (**d**) normal cells; (**e–g**): cells treated with voriconazole, LPME, and 50 mg LP–ZnO NPs, respectively. DMSO was used as a solvent. Red squares indicate normal vesicles. plant extracts rather than synthetic chemicals, was created in response to these difficulties. Green synthesis has several benefits: it is affordable and nonhazardous to human health and the environment [59; 60]. Recently, researchers have become interested in the utilization of biomaterials for the manufacture of ZnO NPs. Plant, fungal, bacterial, algal, arthropod, enzyme, animal, and agricultural waste products are all examples of biomaterials. Because of some characteristics, such as the use of easily available plants, simplicity, and the wide range of ZnO-NP morphologies, the manufacture of plant-based ZnO nanoparticles is preferable to alternative biological methods [25]. Plants are fascinating sources of different bioactive substances, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, etc. These natural secondary metabolites are found in the plant parts, including the roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, stems, bark, fruits, and seeds; thus, they serve as a reducing and stabilizing agent during the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles [61]. Lavender is one of the most fashionable aromatic medicinal plants in the world [62]. Flavonoids are primarily Lavandula-species-specific compounds that are explored for their ability to significantly increase the plasma superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities while also reducing the malondialdehydedehyde levels. They also demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity against Bel-7402 and Hela cells [29] ([PERSON] et al., 2015). These bioactivities have verified the traditional usage of this plant, which is worth developing and studying. In our research, we analyzed the composition of the methanol shoot extract of _Lavendula pubescens_ using the GC-MS device. _Lavendula pubescens_ contains vital bioactive compounds other than flavonoids with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, such as indole, 3-(4-nitrophenylamino) [39; 40], methyl nonanoate [41], 3-methyl-4-isopropylphenol [42], 2,4-Di-_tert_-butylphenol [44], and tridecanoic acid, methyl ester [45]. Due to its exceptional abilities in optics, electronics, and photonics, and its affordability, high catalytic efficiency, wide-band-gap energy, large exciton-binding energy, and high potential to adsorb UV-light irradiation, ZnO has attracted significant scientific interest as a substitute for TiO\({}_{2}\). The efficacy of the photocatalytic reactions in ZnO is constrained by the quick recombination of the photoexcited electron-hole pairs. In actuality, the recombination process significantly lowers the quantum efficiency of photocatalysis, and it has faster kinetics than surface redox processes [63]. One of the more alluring biological processes is the plant-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles owing to characteristics such as the viability, use of readily available plants, and wide array of ZnO-nanoparticle morphologies that result from the variations in the plant bioactive compounds [64].