## 6 Integrated Geospatial and Building Information Modeling (_GeoBIM_)  
The contrast in the capabilities of BIM and GIS underscores the distinctive values each system contributes to the model development and representation of built environments. However, this distinction signifies potential areas for integration and improvement, whereby GIS systems could be enhanced with the introduction of physical semantic model elements and BIM models could be improved to include more extensive geospatial capabilities. The development of a spatial data infrastructure (SDI) model utilizing data from individual BIM and GIS is a promising path for the future of interconnected models [204]. According to research, information modeling leads to 5-9% cost savings during construction stages through reduced rework [205], project schedule tracking, and improved structural monitoring [206; 207]. Regarding the operation and maintenance phases of infrastructure, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Capability** & **CAD** & **GIS** & **BIM** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**3D Scanning and Point Clouds**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**VR and AR**} & **Generative AI** \\ \hline Collaboration & Moderate & High & High & Low & High & High \\ Accuracy & High & Moderate & High & High & Moderate & High \\ Visualization & High & High & High & Moderate & High & High \\ Data Management & Moderate & High & High & Low & Low & High \\ Time/Cost Efficiency & High & High & High & Moderate & Moderate & High \\
3D Modeling & High & Low & High & High & High & High \\ Clash Detection & Low & Low & High & Low & Low & High \\ Quantification & High & Moderate & High & N/A & N/A & High \\ Sustainability Analysis & Low & Low & High & Low & High & High \\ Performance Analysis & Low & Low & High & Low & High & High \\ Automated Design & Low & Low & Moderate & Low & Low & High \\ Real-time Assessment & Low & Moderate & High & High & Moderate & High \\ Adaptive Optimization & N/A & N/A & Low & N/A & N/A & High \\ Predictive Dynamic Analysis & N/A & Moderate & High & Low & Moderate & High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: A comparative analysis of advanced design tools and their features. several studies have developed management systems based on BIM and GIS integration approaches [154; 208; 209; 210] to improve inspection [211; 212], bridge evaluation, maintenance decision-making, and structural health recovery [213; 214; 215; 216; 217]. One of the most significant challenges for integrated management with the GeoBIM approach is the data format compatibility when exchanging information back and forth in collaborative environments [46]. Table 5 provides a comparative overview of the features associated with BIM, GIS, and GeoBIM systems. BIM employs object-oriented parametric modeling, and GIS utilizes relational vector-based modeling, while GeoBIM merges these approaches into a hybrid model. BIM's modeling capabilities are centered around clash detection, quantity takeoff, and 4D simulation, while GIS excels in spatial query and network analysis. GeoBIM, integrating the strengths of both, offers a comprehensive suite of tools from clash detection to geo-statistics. Time series analysis in BIM is limited to 4D simulations, but GIS excels in this domain, with GeoBIM also integrating real-time data. Three-dimensional models and renderings are what define visualization in BIM, while maps and graphs define it in GIS. Interoperability varies across the systems, with BIM's compatibility often relying on IFC, GIS boasting high interoperability with shapefile (SHP) formats, and GeoBIM facing challenges due to its diverse data formats. Integrated BIM-GIS applications have been developed and evaluated in several studies for inspection management systems [112; 218], 3D to nD modeling [41; 219], inventory tracking [220; 221], conflict detection [222; 223], procurement [224], decision-making analysis [225; 226; 227], and maintenance management [150; 228; 229].