# Recent Spatiotemporal Changes of Subhourly Extreme Rainfall Events in Seoul
## 6 Conclusions  
This study investigated spatiotemporal changes in subhourly extreme rainfall events in Seoul, focusing on the implications for urban flooding in the context of changing climate patterns. The AMP mean series in Seoul showed a general decreasing trend across various durations, with statistically significant declines observed for longer durations, specifically 300 and 360 min. Despite this overall reduction, the study identified significant changes in the spatial distribution of extreme rainfall events, particularly for subhourly durations. This was evidenced by increasing trends in both the CV and Moran's \(I\) index, indicating a higher spatial concentration of extreme rainfall.  
These findings highlight a paradox: although the overall AMP showed a decreasing trend, the intensification and localization of extreme rainfall increase the likelihood and impact of urban flooding. Localized extreme rainfall events of shorter durations (e.g., subhourly) have intensified, potentially increasing the risk of urban flooding. The increased frequency of localized heavy rainfall events further exacerbates the challenges associated with urban flood management.  
Given the current methodology for determining design criteria for urban hydraulic structures, there is a high possibility of design criterion values gradually decreasing, potentially making these structures more vulnerable to extreme rainfall events. As climate change continues to alter rainfall patterns, leading to more frequent and intense downpours, it is critical to develop design criteria for urban hydraulic facilities that can account for these changes.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15031672/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15031672/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15031672/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15031672/s1)), Table S1: Information of selected AWS stations in Seoul.  
Conceptualization, J.-Y.S.; methodology, J.-Y.S.; software, J.-Y.S. and J.P.; validation, J.-Y.S. and K.S.; formal analysis, J.-Y.S. and J.P.; investigation, J.-Y.S. and Y.K.; resources, Y.K.; data curation, J.-Y.S. and J.P.; writing--original draft preparation, J.-Y.S. and K.S.; writing--review and editing, J.-Y.S. and K.S.; visualization, J.-Y.S. and J.P.; supervision, J.-Y.S.; project administration, J.-Y.S. and Y.K.; funding acquisition, Y.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was carried out with the support of the \"Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Project No. RS-2024-00332198)\", Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.  
Not applicable.  
The data utilized in this study are publicly accessible and can be downloaded from [[https://data.kam.go.kr](https://data.kam.go.kr)]([https://data.kam.go.kr](https://data.kam.go.kr)) (accessed on 1 February 2025).  
This work was carried out with the support of \"Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Project No. RS-2024-00332198)\" Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.