# CFD Simulations of Flows in a Wind Farm in Complex Terrain and Comparisons to Measurements
## 3 Results
### Actuator Line Large-Eddy Simulation Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**AL-LES (Black)**, & & & & & & & & & \\
**Measured (Blue)**, & & & & & & & & & \\
**\% diff. (Purple)** & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline  & 141.6 & & & 730.3 & & 114.2 & & 686.5 & \\ Power (kW) & 156.6 & 81.2 & 709.0 & 177.4 & 117.8 & 65.8 & 775.0 & 234.3 \\  & \(-\)9.59\% & & 3.01\% & & \(-\)3.05\% & & \(-\)11.42\% & \\  & 8.988 & & 14.523 & & 8.899 & & 14.207 & \\ Rotor speed (RPM) & 8.868 & 3.253 & 14.684 & 0.587 & 8.938 & 1.742 & 14.646 & 0.613 \\  & 1.36\% & & \(-\)1.10\% & & \(-\)0.44\% & & \(-\)3.00\% & \\ \hline Streamwise vel. (m/s) & **4.152** & & **7.156** & & 1.623 & & 3.538 & \\ @ 70 m & **4.143** & 0.659 & **7.036** & 0.528 & 2.263 & 0.894 & 3.862 & 0.824 \\
**M3** & **0.23\%** & & **1.70\%** & & \(-\)28.28\% & & \(-\)8.38\% & \\ Streamwise vel. (m/s) & 3.858 & & 6.648 & & 1.970 & & 4.151 & \\ @ 50 m & 3.867 & 0.681 & 6.669 & 0.523 & 2.025 & 0.927 & 3.643 & 0.887 \\
**M3** & \(-\)0.22\% & & \(-\)0.33\% & & \(-\)2.71\% & & 13.94\% & \\ Streamwise vel. (m/s) & 3.644 & & 6.291 & & 2.914 & & 5.484 & \\ @ 30 m & 3.719 & 0.766 & 6.294 & 0.621 & 2.463 & 0.705 & 5.143 & 0.761 \\
**M3** & \(-\)2.01\% & & \(-\)0.06\% & & 18.34\% & & 6.63\% & \\ \hline Streamwise vel. (m/s) & 2.095 & & 3.934 & & **4.031** & & **7.243** & \\ @ 70 m & 2.671 & 0.712 & 3.707 & 0.695 & **4.050** & 0.406 & **7.114** & 0.620 \\
**M1** & \(-\)21.59\% & & 6.12\% & & \(-\)0.47\% & & **1.81\%** & \\ Streamwise vel. (m/s) & 2.558 & & 4.705 & & 3.695 & & 6.655 & \\ @ 50 m & 2.614 & 0.738 & 3.933 & 0.923 & 3.888 & 0.501 & 6.814 & 0.658 \\
**M1** & \(-\)2.17\% & & 19.61\% & & \(-\)4.95\% & & \(-\)2.33\% & \\ Streamwise vel. (m/s) & 3.459 & & 6.033 & & 3.202 & & 5.805 & \\ @ 30 m & 3.090 & 0.767 & 5.104 & 0.830 & 3.588 & 0.704 & 6.343 & 0.728 \\
**M1** & \(11.94\%\) & & 18.20\% & & \(-\)10.75\% & & \(-\)8.48\% & \\ \hline Turbulence intensity (-) & 0.123 & & 0.123 & & 0.206 & & 0.234 & \\ @ 70 m & 0.108 & 0.046 & 0.095 & 0.028 & 0.264 & 0.122 & 0.229 & 0.063 \\
**M3** & \(13.92\%\) & & 29.60\% & & \(-\)22.21\% & & 2.16\% & \\ Turbulence intensity (-) & 0.131 & & 0.138 & & 0.212 & & 0.221 & \\ @ 50 m & 0.131 & 0.062 & 0.105 & 0.030 & 0.278 & 0.126 & 0.255 & 0.069 \\
**M3** & \(0.00\%\) & & 31.60\% & & \(-\)23.52\% & & \(-\)13.40\% & \\ Turbulence intensity (-) & 0.064 & & 0.084 & & 0.185 & & 0.185 & \\ @ 30 m & 0.134 & 0.068 & 0.115 & 0.025 & 0.271 & 0.096 & 0.242 & 0.041 \\
**M3** & \(-\)52.06\% & & \(-\)27.08\% & & \(-\)31.72\% & & \(-\)23.53\% & \\ \hline Turbulence intensity (-) & 0.145 & & 0.161 & & 0.105 & & 0.097 & \\ @ 70 m & 0.258 & 0.083 & 0.231 & 0.056 & 0.111 & 0.076 & 0.110 & 0.026 \\
**M1** & \(-\)43.99\% & & \(-\)30.17\% & & \(-\)5.17\% & & \(-\)11.82\% & \\ Turbulence intensity (-) & 0.206 & & 0.188 & & 0.107 & & 0.107 & \\ @ 50 m & 0.274 & 0.092 & 0.262 & 0.054 & 0.128 & 0.080 & 0.115 & 0.028 \\
**M1** & \(-\)24.75\% & & \(-\)28.07\% & & \(-\)16.01\% & & \(-\)6.59\% & \\ Turbulence intensity (-) & 0.104 & & 0.098 & & 0.144 & & 0.161 & \\ @ 30 m & 0.232 & 0.076 & 0.215 & 0.038 & 0.153 & 0.094 & 0.132 & 0.029 \\
**M1** & \(-\)55.23\% & & \(-\)54.23\% & & \(-\)5.51\% & & 21.74\% & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Summarized values from AL-LES with synthetic inflow turbulence in black, measurements in blue, and percent differences in purple for the FC2 flow cases. The flow field is scaled using the horizontal streamwise velocity (streamwise vel.) measured at the upstream met mast at 70 m (in bold). STD is the standard deviation of the measurements for a 1-year period. Figure 14: Comparison of mean AL-LES results with synthetic inflow turbulence and met mast data for the horizontal streamwise velocity at 30-, 50- and 70-m heights on masts M1 and M3 when M1 and M3 are downstream of wind turbine 14. STD is the standard deviation of the measurements for a 1-year period.