esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Biocompatibility Evaluation  
The polished Ti, Ar plasma-modified Ti, and allylamine plasma-modified Ti samples were subjected to cell culture in order to evaluate the adhesion and proliferation behaviors of the osteoblast-like cells (MG-63). Before conducting the biocompatibility experiments, the tested samples were sterilized in a sterilizer with ethylene oxide (3M 8 XL, Saint Paul, MN, USA). Afterward, the tested samples were moved to the 24-well polystyrene plate. The Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) contained streptomycin (100 mg/mL), penicillin (100 units/mL), and fetal bovine serum (10%) was adopted as the culture medium. A density of \(1\times 10^{4}\) per 100 \(\mu\)L cell suspension was pipetted to each well. Hereafter, the tested samples were incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 8 h, one day, three days, and five days under a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO\({}_{2}\) and 95% air, respectively. Finally, the MG-63  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameters**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Symbols**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Levels**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & \(\mathbf{-2}\) & \(\mathbf{-1}\) & \(\mathbf{0}\) & \(\mathbf{1}\) & \(\mathbf{2}\) \\ \hline Power & X\({}_{1}\) & 60 & 80 & 100 & 120 & 140 \\ Time & X\({}_{2}\) & 2 & 7 & 12 & 17 & 22 \\ Pressure & X\({}_{3}\) & 100 & 145 & 190 & 235 & 280 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Ar plasma modification parameters by the RSM.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameters**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Symbols**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Levels**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & \(\mathbf{-2}\) & \(\mathbf{-1}\) & \(\mathbf{0}\) & \(\mathbf{1}\) & \(\mathbf{2}\) \\ \hline Power & X\({}_{1}\) & 4 & 60 & 80 & 100 & 120 \\ Time & X\({}_{2}\) & 2 & 7 & 12 & 17 & 22 \\ Pressure & X\({}_{3}\) & 50 & 10 & 150 & 20 & 250 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Allylamine plasma modification parameters by the RSM.  
cells on the tested samples were visualized via the JEOL JSM-6500F SEM at various magnifications to evaluate their adhesion morphology features.
# Response of Corroded Steel Pipeline Without and with CFRP Reinforcement to Reverse Fault Movement
## 2 Finite Element Model  
### Geometric Dimension and Mesh Elements  
A 3D finite element model of a buried pipeline with localized corrosion subjected to reverse fault movement is developed employing ABAQUS 2021. As shown in Figure 1, the buried depth is set at 2 m, outer diameter D = 0.9144 m, and wall thickness t = 0.0119 m [19]. To eliminate boundary effects, the soil domain size is set as 8 m \(\times\)10 m \(\times\) 60 m and is discretized using eight-node reduced solid units (C3D8R) [20], with a total of 13,260 units. The reverse fault features a crossing angle of \(\theta\) = 90\({}^{\circ}\) and a dip angle of \(\beta\) = 60\({}^{\circ}\)[21]. The pipeline material is API 5L X65 steel and is discretized using four-node reduced shell elements (S4R).  
To account for the small soil deformation at the far end of the pipeline model and its effect on the large deformation of the section subject to PGD, the equivalent boundary condition proposed is adopted; nonlinear springs are attached to both ends of the pipeline to simulate the far-field end. The relationship between the axial external load and the pipeline elongation is given by [PERSON] et al. (2020):  
\[F=\sqrt{2f_{s}AE\Delta L}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(F\) is the axial force of the equivalent nonlinear springs at both ends of the pipeline; \(f_{s}\) is the axial force per unit length along the pipeline axis; \(\Delta L\) is the elongation of the equivalent nonlinear springs when subjected to axial force; \(A\) and \(E\) are the cross-sectional area and elastic modulus of the pipeline.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Mathematical Models
#### 2.2.5 Condensation Tower Modeling  
The other component is the condensation tower. The working of this tower is shown in Figure 8. The moisturized air coming from the evaporation tower enters the condensation stage at the top with temperature \(T_{gC2}\) (\(t\)); the humidity of the air is \(W_{gC2}\)(t), and it flows with a flow rate of \(m_{gt}\) (\(t\)). As it moves through the condenser, the air is momentarily cooled, and upon reaching the exit point, the air is at temperature \(T_{el}\) (\(t\)), while its flow rate per mass changes to \(D_{e}\) (\(t\)).  
The condensation tower operates on the following assumptions:  
* The flows of the air and water are in a counter-current;
* The air entering the chamber is assumed to be ideal.  
Figure 7: The input/output block diagram of the evaporation tower.  
* Water phase \[\frac{\partial T_{e}}{\partial t}=-\frac{D_{e}}{M_{e}}\frac{\partial T_{e}}{ \partial z}+\frac{ULA_{c}}{M_{e}C_{e}}\left(T_{ic}-T_{e}\right)\] (13)
* Air phase \[\frac{\partial T_{gc}}{\partial t}=\frac{m_{gt}}{M_{gc}}\frac{\partial T_{gc} }{\partial z}\ -\frac{h_{gc}A_{c}}{M_{gc}C_{gc}}\Big{(}T_{gc}-T_{ic}\Big{)}-\frac{ \lambda_{c}K_{mc}A_{c}}{M_{gc}C_{gc}}\Big{(}W_{gc}-W_{ic}\Big{)}\] (14)
* Air-condensate interphase \[h_{gc}A_{c}\Big{(}T_{gc}-T_{ic}\Big{)}+ULA_{c}(T_{ic}-T_{e})=\lambda_{c}K_{mc} A_{c}\Big{(}W_{gc}-W_{ic}\Big{)}\] (15) and \[\frac{\partial W_{gc}}{\partial t}=\frac{m_{gt}}{M_{gc}}\frac{\partial W_{ gc}}{\partial z}+\frac{K_{mc}A_{c}}{M_{gc}}\Big{(}W_{gc}-W_{ic}\Big{)}\] (16)
# Prophet-CEEMDAN-ARBiLSTM-Based Model for Short-Term Load Forecasting
###### Abstract  
Accurate short-term load forecasting (STLF) plays an essential role in sustainable energy development. Specifically, energy companies can efficiently plan and manage their generation capacity, lessening resource wastage and promoting the overall efficiency of power resource utilization. However, existing models cannot accurately capture the nonlinear features of electricity data, leading to a decline in the forecasting performance. To relieve this issue, this paper designs an innovative load forecasting method, named Prophet-CEEMDAN-ARBiLSTM, which consists of Prophet, Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN), and the residual Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network. Specifically, this paper firstly employs the Prophet method to learn cyclic and trend features from input data, aiming to discern the influence of these features on the short-term electricity load. Then, the paper adopts CEEMDAN to decompose the residual series and yield components with distinct modalities. In the end, this paper designs the advanced residual BiLSTM (ARBiLSTM) block as the input of the above extracted features to obtain the forecasting results. By conducting multiple experiments on the New England public dataset, it demonstrates that the Prophet-CEEMDAN-ARBiLSTM method can achieve better performance compared with the existing Prophet-based ones.  
short-term load forecasting; Prophet; bidirectional long short-term memory; complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise +
Footnote †: journal:  
Article
# Compact 15 mJ Fiber-Solid Hybrid Hundred-Picosecond Laser Source for Laser Ablation on Copper
###### Abstract  
We report on a millijoule-level fiber-solid hybrid hundred-picosecond laser system with a stable performance and compact structure. The laser system is based on a master oscillator power amplifier structure containing an all-fiber master oscillator, a quasi-continuous-wave side-pumped Nd:YAG regenerative amplifier, and a double-pass amplifier. By using the filtering effect of fiber Bragg grating and the dispersion characteristics of single-mode fiber stretcher, the spectrum broadening caused by self-phase modulation effect is effectively suppressed. Thus, the gain linewidth of the Yb-doped fiber seed source and Nd:YAG laser amplifiers is accurately matched. The reason for thermally induced depolarization in the solid-state laser amplifier is theoretically analyzed, and a more flexible depolarization compensation structure is adopted in amplifier experiment. Furthermore, the pulse energy of 14.58 mJ and pulse width of 228 ps is achieved at 500 Hz repetition rate. The central wavelength is 1064.1 nm with a 3 dB bandwidth of 0.47 nm. The beam quality factors in the horizontal and vertical directions are 1.49 and 1.51, respectively. This laser system has a simple and compact structure and has a power stability of 1.9%. The high pulse energy and beam quality of this hundred-picosecond laser are confirmed by latter theoretical simulation of copper laser ablation. It is a very practical laser system for material processing and laser-induced damage.  
fiber-solid hybrid laser; hundred-picosecond; single-mode fiber stretcher; depolarization compensation; laser ablation +
Footnote †: journal:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Variable CO\({}_{2}\) Concentration
#### 3.1.2 Carbonation Depth  
The relationship between the carbonation depth of concrete and CO\({}_{2}\) concentration is shown in Figure 4. It can be found that the carbonation depth of the two kinds of concrete is gradually increasing, but the carbonation depth of GC0.05 is generally 10% to 20% lower than that of GC0. Therefore, from these data, we can infer that the incorporation of GNP can slow down the carbonation process. The possible reasons are as follows: firstly, the impermeability of graphene makes it a barrier to prevent the diffusion of CO\({}_{2}\); secondly, GNP can accelerate the hydration of cement and make the microstructure compact; and thirdly, the layered structure of graphene nanosheets can refine the pore structure of concrete. This makes GNP improve the carbonation resistance of concrete under certain conditions.  
It was also found that when the CO\({}_{2}\) concentration reaches 10% (carbonation time is 42 days), the carbonation depth of GC0 increases and the reaction rate is accelerated. It may be that the carbonation reaction causes the capillary water to evaporate, causing the surface tension inside the gel particles to increase. The concrete generates more cracks because of its compressed state, as shown in Figure 2c in the SEM experiment. The increasing CO\({}_{2}\) concentration adds to the pressure of the air, and the gradient effects cause a pressure difference on the surface of the concrete. Further, the gas is more likely to penetrate into the concrete, which accelerates the carbonation reaction process. The carbonation reaction rate of graphene concrete is slower than that of ordinary concrete, and there are less micro cracks in graphene concrete (Figure 3b).  
Figure 3: SEM images of the graphene concrete in different CO\({}_{2}\) concentrations. (**a**) No corrosion, (**b**) 8% CO\({}_{2}\) concentration, and (**c**) 10% CO\({}_{2}\) concentration.
## 3. Ratiometric Sensors Constituted by a Single Fluorescent Protein
The _Pt_-GFP is ratiometric by excitation; however, the pH dependency of the fluorescence spectra is just opposite to that of pHluorin. The _Pt_-GFP with pKa 7.3 displays an increase in 540-nm fluorescence after a 390-nm excitation concomitantly with a decrease after a 510-nm excitation upon a pH shift from 7.5 to 5.5. The _Pt_-GFP sensor is also stable at a pH below 5, which is an advantageous feature when organelles with low pH are labeled. Thus far, only one red-shifted ratiometric pH sensor has been identified. [PERSON] _et al._[40] engineered a ratiometric pH sensor, pHRed by mutagenesis of the long Stokes-shifted fluorescent protein mKeima. The peak fluorescence emission of pHRed occurs at 610 nm. The acidification from pH 9 to 6 causes a 7-fold increase in the 585 nm peak intensity and a 4-fold decrease in the 440 nm peak intensity; both peaks respond with a pK\({}_{\mathrm{a}}\) of 7.8. Moreover, pHRed exhibits a pH-dependent fluorescence lifetime that makes the pHRed suitable for imaging intracellular pH by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). SypHer [41], a ratiometric circularly permutated YFP HyPer [42] with C199S mutation, is the only ratiometric pH sensor with a pKa of above 8. The pK\({}_{\mathrm{a}}\) of 8.7 permits accurate measurements of mitochondrial pH. The fluorescence intensity at 535 nm increases markedly with pH at an excitation wavelength of around 490 nm and mildly decreases at an excitation wavelength of 405 nm.
## 1 Introduction
The TUG is a clinically valid and reliable test suggested as a tool for assessing fall risk [17] however, it is argued to have limited ability to predict falls for community-dwelling older adults [18] because TUG does not account for the cognitive factors that appear to correlate with fall risk. It may offer promising results for predicting falls compared to gait tests when it is part of a DT activity [14]. Adding a cognitive load to the TUG test could enhance its effectiveness in identifying individuals at a high risk of falling [8]. A limitation of previous studies that assessed older individuals' performance in DT activities utilizing the TUG test is the selection of only one cognitive task [8; 19; 20]. Mental number subtraction, usually performed alongside the TUG, is a test that burdens the individual's working memory, without investigating other cognitive abilities such as memory recall, verbal fluency, and response to a stimulus. This limited approach restricts our understanding of how different cognitive demands influence motor performance in older adults. The assessment of older individuals' performance in different cognitive-motor DT activities using the TUG test has so far not been investigated. [PERSON] & [PERSON] [21] examined motor performance in a sample of young adults in these different cognitive-motor DT TUG tests and suggest conducting a similar study in elderly population. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to compare motor performance between four different cognitive-motor dual-task activities in community-dwelling older adults, using the TUG test. The cognitive tasks selected--mental calculation, verbal fluency, memory recall, and verbal reaction to auditory stimuli--were chosen to reflect varying cognitive demands relevant to daily activities. We hypothesized that (a) all the DT tests would overload motor performance over time compared to the simple TUG test because of the added cognitive load; (b) the mental calculation and verbal fluency tasks would overload motor performance over time more than the performance of a simple TUG test, owing to their higher cognitive demands; (c) the verbal reaction to auditory stimuli task would overload motor performance less over time than the performance of a simple TUG test, as it involves less complex cognitive processing.
# Cryptographic Key Management in Delay Tolerant Networks: A Survey
## 3 Key Management Taxonomy in DTNs
### Security Initialization
Their mechanism uses a combination of key pre-distribution and neighbour key establishment to set up key pairs at nodes. To improve security and counter network disruptions, they also propose a distributed way to store public key certificates and certificate revocation list (CRL). The authors in [32] recognise that both traditional PKI system and IBC schemes are not suitable for DTNs because they rely on centralised infrastructures and require multiple round-trip interactions. They propose a distributed secret key generation system with self-certified identity that does not require any PKG and threshold cryptosystem. This scheme is based on secret key cryptography (SKC). In [33] the authors build and compare different decentralised trust systems forimplementation in autonomous DTN systems. They employ a key distribution model that is based on the Web of Trust (WoT) principle and compare it with two other decentralised methods. However, in such a model, if a highly trusted node is compromised, the entire model collapses. Various works also proposed two-channel cryptography [34; 35; 36; 37] as a candidate solution for DTN. Two-channel cryptography techniques first introduced in [38] and have several applications in constrained and infrastructure-less environments. The authors in [34] introduced a model for public key distribution, named Dynamic Virtual Digraph (DVD). This model extends conventional graph theory. Also, they present a public key distribution for pocket DTN based on two-channel cryptography. In [35] the authors propose a non-interactive key establishment scheme for the BSP focusing on space DTNs [39]. They use a time-evolving model based on the periodic and prearranged behaviour patterns of space DTNs. Based on this model, they were able to schedule when and where to send the corresponding public key. Another work based on [35] is that in [36]. Precisely, the authors propose a scheduled key exchange mechanism for BSP of space DTNs too. For their mechanism, they also use two-channel cryptography and non-interactive public key exchange protocol to replace the traditional PKI. A more recent work that utilises a time evolving topology model and two-channel cryptography to design a non-interactive key exchange protocol is that in [37]. In any case, all the aforementioned two-channel cryptography works rely on the security of the authenticated channel, and on the strong assumption that the adversary has limitted control over that channel. Table 1 summarises all the aforementioned schemes for security initialization in DTN based on four (mostly) common in all the surveyed works criteria, namely cryptosystem, cryptographic protocol or method, area of application, and evaluation method.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Physical Properties and Fabrication Process of PFGI-POF
#### 2.1.3 Mode Field Diameter  
The evolution of the mode field diameter inside the PFGI-POF core has been evaluated as an important parameter. In fact, mismatches between photodetector active area and fiber core diameter may cause excess optical losses [17,18]. The evolution of the mode field diameter as a function of the fiber length is then performed applying the near field optical power distribution technique. The mode power re-distribution inside the fiber core inherent to the impurities quantity in the core material induces a huge variation of the mode field diameter and therefore random coupling losses at the photodetector side. Figure 8 shows the measurements done with the GigaPOF120-SR (length: 20 m). The mean value of the mode field diameter of the GigaPOF-120 SR is close to 85 \(\upmu\)m (5% measurement) from 7 m to 20 m, indicating that a strong mode coupling occurs inside the fiber core to re-distribute the optical power: the GigaPOF-120 SR is already in a steady state configuration after a propagation length equal to 7 m (Figure 8). No random coupling losses at the photodetector side are observed for the four PFGI-POF.  
Figure 8: Evolution of the mode field diameter inside the core of the GigaPOF-120.  
Figure 7: Far field measurement of the PFGI-POF.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Heat Transfer Analysis
As discussed above, lower surface temperatures and higher RH promote the growth of windward frosting layers and make frosting less uniform. However, the higher inlet air velocity resulted in better frosting uniformity on the heat exchanger. Under the condition of poor frosting uniformity, the MCHX with lengthened fins on the windward side has greater potential to improve thermal performance. Therefore, in this study, the MCHX-A can improve the heat transfer capacity by a maximum of 49.7% compared with MCHX-B in T\({}_{\text{c,in}}=-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, RH = 90%, and u\({}_{\text{a}}=0.6\) m/s. Meanwhile, the MCHX-A can improve the thermal performance by a minimum of 9.6% compared with MCHX-B in T\({}_{\text{c,in}}=-7\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, RH = 80%, and u\({}_{\text{a}}=1.5\) m/s. In summary, the heat exchanger with extended fins on the windward side can make the frosting more uniform, reduce blocking on the frost side, and show better thermal performance under frosting conditions.
# Evaluation of Sub-Lethal Toxicity of Benzethonium Chloride in _Cyprimus carpio_ [PERSON]
## 1 Introduction
The liver is one of the most affected organs because it is the center of the detoxification process of xenobiotics. The toxic effect of cationic surfactants on cells is mainly caused by membrane penetration by the surfactant alkyl chain [19]. The disruption of the cellular membrane through oxidative stress leads to a rise in ion permeability and loss of fluidity, cell death, and tissue necrosis [20; 21]. The oxidative stress might be caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose production is intensified by the hydrocarbon metabolism of surfactants [21]. Surfactants, by their chemical properties, can bind or disrupt enzyme structure, as a result, this alters enzyme activity [22], altering the enzyme defense system implicated in detoxification of xenobiotics [23]. According to previous reports, the surfactants can be arranged in the following order of decreasing toxicity: cationic \(>\) nonionic \(>\) anionic \(>\) amphoteric [24; 25]. The environmental behavior and toxicity data of BEC are limited, the available studies being focused on the effects on rodents and antimicrobial efficiencies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the cationic surfactant BEC on the liver of _Cyprinus carpio_, a freshwater fish common for European surface waters. The acute effects of this compound on the antioxidant defense system have been highlighted by the activities' assessment of enzymes involved in different metabolic pathways, and by measuring the levels of other biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, these biochemical determinations were correlated with the histopathological analyses performed on hepatic tissue.
# Dynamic Graph Representation Learning for Passenger Behavior Prediction
## 4 Methodology
### Temporal Sequence Construction  
Passenger travel behavior tends to be regular in traffic systems, particularly for metro systems [30; 31]. To capture the temporal patterns, we first sample the historical first-hop neighbors of passengers and stations. Then, we encode the temporal information and interaction behavior between two nodes via different feature encoders.