It has been estimated that the impact of driverless cars, in terms of preventing lost time and productivity, is worth close to $50 billion USD to the tech industry [1]. However, the economic, medical, and social implication of driverless car technology suggests that this innovation does not come without a price tag. Many economic burdens will be removed; for example, human error is responsible for over 90% of automobile accidents [7]. A reduction in injuries from these accidents will eliminate the need for auto insurance policies, reduce demand for car repair and medical services, and make traffic police redundant [8; 9].  
One of the primary value propositions for driverless cars that employ ADS will be far fewer accidents than human drivers, saving a significant number of road fatalities each year [8; 9]. However, these saved lives have a tradeoff: one of the primary sources of organ donation for patients requiring a transplant operation is victims of car accidents. Should driverless car technology successfully penetrate the automobile market and achieve adoption rates as predicted, then the consequent drop in car  
Figure 1: Artist’s vision of autonomous driven car. (**A**) GPS, guidance systems and sensor networks are Integrated to provide a smooth and uneventful trip. (**B**) These cars will have the same comfort and features that current drivers are accustomed to having.  
accidents will result in a diminution of supply of organs for transplant. As it would be irrational to maintain the rate of accident fatalities in order to benefit transplant recipients, the question that healthcare providers, medical researchers, and medtech/biotech investors must ask is \"what current or future technology is best positioned to resolve this decrease in the supply of organs\"?  
While other possible solutions certainly exist, this paper will consider the potential of current and future 3D printing technology to resolve the problem of a decreased organ supply resulting from the introduction of driverless cars. In general, there are four pillars to the value proposition of medical 3D printing. Medical 3D printing technology can be customizable, tunable, scalable, and patient-specific [10,11]. Customizable means that the technology can be highly customized to meet the needs of consumers--from institutional hospitals to private practice physicians to the direct-to-home consumer market. Tunable means that technology can be tuned at the molecular level to meet the needs of different applications or markets. Scalable means that the technology can be cost-effectively scaled to meet the demands of any customer base. Patient-specific means that technology can be tailored to patient-specific needs such a patient history, genetic makeup, age, or sex. Given the overarching strengths of 3D printing for healthcare applications, it stands to reason that current solutions such as 3D printing of tissues and organs offer promise in resolving the coming shortage of organs following the adoption of driverless cars [12,13].  
This commentary seeks to address the collateral effects of the widespread adoption of driverless cars--specifically a reduction in the supply of organ donations--as well as advise investors and medical researchers on current and future technology that may resolve this issue. While many scholars have argued for or against the legalization of commercial organ sales as a way to alleviate the issues of transplant patients--scarcity, wait time, tissue matching, etc.--these scholars are missing a more obvious solution that does not violate the established ethics of any culture, nationality, or religion: scientific advancement. Through this paper, the authors seek to establish that current and future technology exists or will exist that can overcome the immense challenges posed by organ transplantation, especially in the face of an eventual decline in donors. Advance planning for this eventuality is a critical need.  
This research question is vital to the wellbeing of transplant patients worldwide, their families, and their caregivers. Currently, almost 120,000 transplant operations take place worldwide every year [14,15]. However, in the United States, patients can wait three years or longer for a transplant operation. In Europe, over 40,000 patients suffer on dialysis who might lead happier and more productive lives almost instantaneously once medical science can reliably 3D print kidneys for implantation [16]. Advances in medical technology have the potential to drastically improve the quality of life for many the world over. In addition to humanitarian concerns, this inquiry is necessary because the primary alternative to the shortages and wait times that occur through legal transplantation is to turn to the black market and such means as \"transplant tourism.\" While apocryphal stories such as the man who wakes up in his hotel room in a bathtub remain the stuff of urban legend, real-world commercialism drives a growing illegal organ trade that mostly preys on society's most vulnerable citizens. Currently, between 5-10% of all transplants take place via commercially acquired organs, and some countries supply thousands of kidneys and livers to foreign recipients via executed prisoners at a significant profit [15]. The price of a kidney or liver on the black market can exceed $150,000 USD in some markets [16].