###### Abstract  
The rapid evolution of wireless communication technologies (such as fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks) in the last years has allowed connecting different objects (from wearable electronics to vehicles) and people through communication networks, and at the same time, has led to widespread deployment of base stations. Along with this growth, questions about the potential adverse effects on human health due to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from base station antennas have also been raised. In this paper, we focus on the assessment of EMFs in automobiles during short (between cities) and long (between countries) trips on several European roads. Comprehensive measurement campaigns were carried out in several European countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, and the Republic of Serbia. The results show that the median total electric field is 0.23-0.24 V/m in Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, and the Republic of Serbia. In Austria and Slovenia, the median is 0.28-0.31 V/m. Austria demonstrated the highest value for the total electric field, at 17.4 V/m. electromagnetic field; measurement; in situ measurement campaign; assessment; car 0000-0002-0002-0002-0002-0000-0000-0000-0000-00000-00000-00000-00000-000000-000000-0  
review of the recent literature on the characterization of everyday human exposure to EMFs in European countries found that the mean electric field value in homes, schools, and offices varies between 0.04 and 0.76 V/m [18; 19]. The highest peaks of electric field measured in shopping malls varies between 1.96 and 3.26 V/m [20]. Moreover, according to [18], the highest levels, up to 1.97 V/m, were measured in public transport stations. Several studies have investigated the electric field within urban public transport [21; 22]. According to the presented results in [22], it can be concluded that the electric field value depends on the passengers' distribution in the tram and the position of the EMF source. Moreover, 5G mobile networks will play a key role in providing vehicular connectivity. A new concept known as \"vehicle-to-everything (V2X)\" has been developed, aiming to make transport safer, less polluting, and more convenient for passengers [23]. V2X communication encompasses vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), and vehicle-to-network (V2N) communications [5; 24; 25]. Furthermore, 5G and 6G will also improve the existing in-car generic wireless communication services (e.g., in-cabin multimedia transmission, reliable and high-speed internet connection, etc.). Some new vehicles are already equipped with In-Car Wi-Fi Hotspots that allow connections of up to seven devices (laptops, tablets, etc.) [26; 27] by embedded 5G connectivity. New V2X and in-car generic wireless communications will lead to novel exposure scenarios for drivers and car passengers [5]. The presence of multiple sources of electromagnetic fields (such as Wi-Fi hot spots, mobile phones, Bluetooth hands-free, etc.) inside and outside the vehicle cabin has been suggested to lead to increasing EMFs inside the vehicle [28] due to the semi-resonant nature of the vehicle body [29; 30]. Several studies have investigated through numerical simulations the electric field distribution within a vehicle cabin [29] and the relationship between the electric field exposure and the local (10 g on average) and whole-body average specific absorption rate (SAR) [5; 28; 30] in a human model of the car driver position at different frequencies (1.0 GHz, 1.5 GHz, 2.0 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 3.0 GHz, and 5.9 GHz). The antennas used in numerical simulations are resonant dipole [30], half-wave dipole [28; 29], quarter-wave monopole [29], and'single edge' voltage source [5]. Refs. [27; 29] have reported that the maximum values of SAR are obtained in the planes corresponding to the chest and the head of the car driver. Moreover, in [5], the exposure to EMFs of the car driver was assessed in a realistic V2V communication scenario.