esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Wind-Wave-Current Coupled Modeling of the Effect of Artificial Island on the Coastal Environment
## 3 Results
### Verification of Suspended Sediment Concentration  
Due to the limitations of offshore real-time observation operation conditions, the effective time series values of the suspended sediment concentration were only obtained at qwadcp02, but the instantaneous values of suspended sediment concentration were obtained from 13 points around the artificial island and the waters near the mouth of the Wanquan River. These values were used as the initial distribution conditions of the suspended sediment concentration via spatial interpolation into the calculation grid, as shown in Figure 10a. The surface suspended sediment concentration over Tannen Harbor formed two high concentration zones (about 0.15 kg/m\({}^{3}\)) and one low concentration zone (sediment concentration <0.01 kg/m\({}^{3}\)); the concentration at the entrance of Tannen Port was very low, and a high sediment content area was formed in the offshore area (sediment concentration >0.35 kg/m\({}^{3}\)). The formation of areas with high sediment concentrations was related to human activities near the artificial island and fishing ports. The measured suspended sediment concentration at qwadcp02 showed no significant rule, but it was  
Figure 9: Verification of significant wave height and wave period (**(a)** significant wave height at qwadcp02; **(b)** significant wave height at qwadcp01; **(c)** wave period at qwadcp02; **(d)** wave period at qwadcp01).  
roughly consistent with the variation trend of the calculated value, as shown in Figure 10b, which showed a decreasing trend during the simulation period.
# An Evaluation of Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing Technology
## 2 Background and Theoretical Performance Evaluation
### Evaluation  
We implemented a simulation testbed of OAM based wireless communication at 60 GHz. Figure 1 shows an illustration of the generation of OAM signals using UCA. The gain for each antenna element reflects the UCA as set to be 0 dBi (decibels relative to isotropic radiator). Note that concurrent transmission of multiple OAM modes can be achieved by superposing multiple OAM signals. It is generally assumed that OAM multiplexing is to be mainly used in LOS environments such as wireless fronthaul and/or backhaul. Therefore, we used an AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel environment.  
Figure 2: Performance evaluations of: (**a**) OAMSK (phased gradient method with varying Rx array radius); (**b**) OAMSK (FFT-based and ML methods); (**c**) OAMDM with fixed Rx power; and (**d**) OAMDM with varying Rx array radius.  
Figure 2a shows the OAMSK performance obtained by the phase gradient method, which uses two antennas for OAM signal detection with varying Rx array radius and angular distance between two Rx antenna elements. Although the performance is poorer than that obtained with FFT-based and ML methods, only two antenna elements are necessary. This is in contrast to cases in which all the Rx UCA elements are required. This is favorable for higher OAM mode transmission. Figure 2b shows the OAMSK performance obtained by using the FFT-based method and ML detection while varying the number of antenna components in the Rx UCA. We found that in both cases the ML detection yields generally better results and additional performance gain is achieved as the number of antenna components in the Rx UCA increases. Figure 2c shows the OAMDM performance with fixed total Rx power among OAM modes. Note that Rx signals in this curve are obtained at the location of the peak Rx power of each mode. In this case, we observed performance degradation of 3 dB as the number of OAM modes increased. Figure 2d shows the effect of a non-identical location of the peak Rx power by varying the Rx array radius. As the OAM mode number increases, the Rx array radius for the best BER (bit error rate) performance also increases. Correspondingly, if the Rx array radius is customized for a certain OAM mode, the performance of other OAM modes' signals might be deteriorated severely. For this, multiple UCAs might be necessary, which leads us to use multiple UCAs.  
In this subsection, we report how we studied the potential and limitations of OAM-based wireless communication in terms of mode-dependent power attenuation and non-identical peak Rx power locations through the use of modulation and demodulation algorithms. We confirmed the effect of mode-dependent performance variations. Further study is necessary to fully rectify the undesirable effects of the mode-dependent power attenuation.
# Novel Algorithm for Multi-Time Data Implantation in a Special Cyber-Manufacturing Architecture
## 2 Background Study
### Related Study on Data Security
in 2016 [31] combined cryptography and steganography to hide data in the DNA sequence as well as to improve the volatility of stego DNA. The method first converts the DNA and the cipher text into binary. The scheme places bits of cipher text into arbitrary position of DNA's binary using true random number seed. That placement introduces an expansion in the final string. The scheme executes a conversion method to create stego nucleotides from these binaries. Instead of managing true random number seed, the scheme was simple by nature. [PERSON] et al. [32] in 2019 applied a recombinant DNA technique to embed secrets in DNA sequence. The method works in two phases. First, it converts each character of message in to a DNA triplet, known as encoded message. The scheme next selects a cover DNA and a reference DNA. During data embedment, a three-input-based substitution table maps to a single nucleotide where these three input elements come from cover DNA sequence, reference DNA sequence and encoded message, respectively and progressively. The mapped values are called stego DNA sequence. As the method is based on living organisms, at its second phase, it ligases the stego DNA sequence with a selectable marker and thus, it obtains a recombinant DNA sequence. Finally, the method transforms that recombinant DNA sequence into a host cell. These cells, along with many dummy cells, are sent to a destination. After cultivating these cells, reversible functions are applied to extract the secrets and the cover DNA sequence. As the second phase is fully based on biological affairs and it does not conceive any secret message there, we correlate only its first phase with our scheme.
# _Applied Sciences_
## 2 Related Work
### Contradiction Detection Resources  
Currently, the availability of large annotated datasets for contradiction detection are mainly present in English [21], such as SNLI [6], MultiNLI (including multiple genres) [7], or even the cross-lingual dataset XNLI [10]. These datasets have allowed the training of complex deep learning systems, which require very large corpora to obtain successful results. There are numerous studies that use these resources to create Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) systems. These systems usually use Transformers Learning models like BERT [22] and RoBERTa [23] to improve their predictions. BERT and RoBERTa are multi-layer bidirectional Transformer encoders that are designed to pre-train from text without labels. These pretrained models have the advantage of being able to be fine-tuned with just one additional layer of output, a feature that enables them to be used to create state-of-the-art models in various NLP tasks.  
In addition, there is research that merges deep learning models with external knowledge. The Wordnet relations were introduced in [8] to enrich neural network approaches in natural language inference (NLI), which is a previous step in contradiction detection. In another sense, the research developed in [9] introduces SRL information that allows the improvement of models based on Transfer Learning.  
To the authors' knowledge, there are few studies that address the detection of contradictions in languages other than English, such as those in [21; 24]. Machine translation of SNLI from English into German was done in [21]. They built a model on the German version of SNLI and the results of the predictions are very similar to the same model trained on the original SNLI version in English. A large-scale database of contradictory event pairs in the Japanese language has been created by [24]. This database is used to generate coherent statements for a dialogue system.  
As for multilinguality, current research in NLI is mainly conducted in English. Concerning other languages, cross-lingual datasets were provided in [25] and XNLI in [10]; however, they relied on translation-based approaches or multilingual sentence encoders. The detection of contradictions is a very complicated task within the NLP [21]. It would be convenient to have powerful datasets in Spanish that allow the creation of specific systems to detect contradictions in Spanish. Furthermore, existing datasets do not determine the different types of contradictions, whereas considering a fine-grained annotation in the contradictions would be more effective for dealing with them. Given these considerations, one of the main aims of this work is the development of a Spanish dataset that contains a balanced number of compatible, contradictory, and unrelated information in a first step, and subsequently, differentiating the different types of possible contradictions. The process followed to build the dataset is described in detail in the next section.
## 4 Future Trends
### Parallelization of the Whole System  
One thing that is rarely discussed in research is the likelihood of the proposed solution being applicable in real-life settings. Factors such as the time required for the whole data to be processed and if that time is good enough for real-time applications are commonly discussed for a system to be deployed in the real world. However, hardware requirements for the processing are acceptable for these applications. Code parallelization that accelerates the clocks in the processor at just the right rate speed (but not too much so that hardware operates at dangerous temperatures) needs to be acknowledged well. In this regard, thermal throttling can be considered a viable solution. Thermal throttling is a safety protocol that the processor starts once the system reaches a determined temperature. It starts to diverge power from processing the data towards the cooling system techniques to avoid any hardware malfunctions.  
Although this technique is beneficial for the hardware, it derives from slower data processing (almost half of its capabilities). For example, using thermal throttling in image processing might drop the frame rate from 30 FPS to 15 FPS (or less); this quality drop in autonomous driving could even be dangerous as it could result in lower recognition rates and maximum risk of accidents. This issue can be addressed using proper parallelization techniques in CPU and GPU architectures. It is implemented for data to be transferred smoothly throughout the system without frame drops and appropriate speed for real-time applications without compromising the hardware's integrity. For instance, CUDA libraries from NVIDIA (NVIDIA, \"CUDA Toolkit 10.1 original Archive\", _NVIDIA developer_, CUDA Toolkit 10.1 original Archive | NVIDIA Developer) have excellent parallelization frameworks to segment complex instructions into smaller ones; all of them are run concurrently in different GPU CUDA cores, giving the system the robustness and speed it requires. From Google, TensorFlow API also has adequate parallelization protocols for NN training and deployment in GPU architectures. It can be used in object detection, instance segmentation, and RNN prediction tasks. The robotics operating system provides parallelization options in CPU for the SLAM, path planning, communication protocols, and wireless data transfer for multiple path planning operations in the Frenet coordinate system.
## 2 Literature Review
### SNSAs Use in Relation to Students' Civic Participation  
While the term 'civic participation' has been interpreted in various ways ([PERSON], 2016), generally it refers to involvement in community and civic activities ([PERSON], 2016) and represents a key subset of the concept of social capital ([PERSON], 2016). From this perspective, civic participation is considered a process that helps organize people to participate, share, and control civil affairs. This leads citizens to interact and engage in processes that provide positive outcomes for their community, which contributes to social capital ([PERSON], 2016). [PERSON] (2016), [PERSON] (2016) used the term'social capital' to illustrate the basic elements of civic life, such as social trust and networks, as indicators that provide the means for people to participate in facing community problems. This concept uses'social capital' as a term to describe and explain effective civic participation ([PERSON], 2016).  
In terms of using SNSAs, some studies have shown a significant correlation between individuals' use of SNSAs with respect to levels of life satisfaction and social trust, and civic participation based on the theory of social capital ([PERSON], 2016; [PERSON], 2016; [PERSON], 2016). Other studies have discussed civic participation as an outcome of using SNSAs with specific gratifications ([PERSON], 2016). Some studies have revealed that life satisfaction and social trust were positively associated with civic participation ([PERSON], 2016; [PERSON], 2016). In a Texas study of 1715 college students conducted by [PERSON] et al. (2016), the use of SNSAs correlated more strongly with civic action than recreational use. The results indicate that the students who sought to obtain information on SNSAs were more inclined to engage in civic activities offline, but this form of civic participation was also related to academic grades; this is reflected in the relationship between civic activities and academic pursuits in college life ([PERSON], 2016).  
In a recent study conducted by [PERSON] (2016) in Algeria, the role of SNSAs in civic participation was explored by analyzing the content of [PERSON]'s group on Facebook. Ness Elkhir was created in 2010 and refers to a group of committed people engaged in social actions and protection of the environment. Results indicated that SNSAs supported civic participation by encouraging voluntary work in the community, particularly among the younger generation.  
In summary, previous studies support civic participation as an essential component of social capital, along with social trust and life satisfaction. In the online community, the Internet and SNSAs strongly influence civic participation because of the extensive information available and the building of networks, which increase positive social opportunities in individuals' lives. Further research on the forms of civic participation via SNSAs would help define the impact of using this technology in this regard.
# Exhaustive Variant Interaction Analysis Using Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction
## 3 Results
### Reducing the Computational Cost by Leveraging High-Performance Computing Technologies
#### 3.2.1 Resource Scalability  
We processed 1,000,000 pair combinations in a distributed environment and tested with one node, two nodes, and three nodes as workers (Figure 2). The algorithm shows great scalability capabilities, reducing the computation time with the increase in the number of working nodes. This is something to be expected since the computations are independent and we are using Apache Spark to distribute the work, with HDFS for data distribution, thus, we achieve efficient communication across nodes and avoid unnecessary overhead that could affect the scalability capabilities.  
Figure 2: Computation times for processing 1,000,000 pair combinations using 1, 2, or 3 nodes.
# Grid-Based Vessel Deviation from Route Identification with Unsupervised Learning
## 4 Simulation Tests  
We have performed tests by using clustering algorithms, namely DBSCAN and OPTICS. From the conducted tests, these approaches did not produce satisfactory results. This is due to the lack of spatial homogeneity in AIS data, wherein vessels with different speeds report points of varying distances according to their current speed. The comparison between coastal vessels versus open sea navigation shows that coastal trips are mostly dominated by smaller vessels, with a very dense cluster of points and of varying speeds, whereas open sea trips are much more sparsely represented, with points further from each other. Some temporal variability is also observed, showing problematic results when the AIS signal fails on the high seas. For these reasons, the found clusters were not cohesive and did not represent the trips well, as it becomes challenging to find a parameter epsilon that adjusts to a data distribution with varying densities.  
To tackle the spatial diversity in the data, tests were made with interpolation functions, to ensure no consecutive points on the same trip are spatially separated by more than a certain defined threshold. Despite mitigating the problem with open sea trip point density, vessels with multiple trips departing from the same location still showed a much higher concentration of points around ports, which still posed a challenge for applying a density cluster algorithm. The application of interpolation techniques did not seem to solve the problem with the cluster misrepresentation of trips, increasing the algorithm complexity and scaling the dataset points.  
The proposed solution has been tested and validated on the Portuguese maritime trial, conducted on the 21 st of April 2022, on the southern coast of Portugal, with assistance from the EFFECTOR consortium partners, namely Engineering Ingegneria Informatica and the Portuguese navy, which provided the military vessel SAGITARIO for validation of the present system. The trial consisted of an entire day of vessel monitoring activities in the southern and southwestern coast of Portugal, to evaluate the goodness of fit of the proposed solution and its response in a large-scale real-time situation. First, the Portuguese vessel SAGITARIO left the Portimao harbour and started to drift northeast, approaching the shoreline. The vessel then started accelerating south, out of their normal course of action, until a deviation from route anomaly was triggered. All other vessel activity was monitored on the fly, to identify vessels out of its normal course. Approximately 1600 messages were received and processed every minute by the system, and anomalies were raised in real time for the operators to analyse.
# Analyzing Demand with Respect to Offer of Mobility
### Related Works
For example, some options to provide the mobility operators a simple way to obtain a new transport demand model are explored in [15]. The what-if analysis, which is performed by a transport planning software (called OmniTRANS), is focused on changing the frequency of trips, ticket price, and line path. What-if analysis tools are adopted to perform simulations of complex city subsystems on the basis of specific scenarios/hypotheses in order to provide support to decision makers about strategic or tactical plans. Furthermore, what-if analysis to evaluate how changing some variables (e.g., peak frequency, peak hour speed, and the distance between stops) in bus rapid transit systems can change their standards is used in [29]. Most of the discussed works assume tracking data of passengers (e.g., using public transport cards) is available, which is not realistic. They did not consider the presence of multiple mobility operators and focused on a single mode, except [28] (which focuses on Taxi and Metro) [15; 17]. Moreover, they do not provide a public web-based tool to visualize the analysis results which supports REST APIs and GTFS data feed (except [12]). There are various tools for simulating people flow. For example, the open-source MatSim [30] is a multi-agent framework designed to simulate transport networks, supporting several transportation modes. Furthermore, SUMO [31] is an open-source traffic simulation package for demand modelling which considers various traffic management topics. TRANSIMS [32] is an open-source transportation model that aims at creating an integrated environment for the analysis of transportation systems. Other research introduced mobile phone data into urban analysis. For example, the AllAboard tool, which analyzes mobile phone data to visually explore urban mobility and optimize public transport, has been presented in [33]. The discussed tools, while focus on a single mobility operator (except [33]), do not support what-if analysis when creating alternative scenarios to be compared with Actual Scenario. Additionally, the user cannot access the analysis results using a web-based interface that supports GTFS data feed (except [30; 33]) and REST APIs.
## 5 Conclusions
Further research in different environments, under different weather conditions, could provide more comprehensive insights for data collection by mobile mapping systems. The method of mobile scanning by vehicle could become one of the main methods of modern mapping in the near future. In combination with aerial scanning, drone scanning, and handheld mobile scanning, detailed measurements of even large areas could be made in a relatively short time. It would also find great use in more demanding methods such as road condition inspection or surveying and checking road layers and slopes during construction. This is not yet possible with the VMX-2 HA in the configurations shown; further research could be focused on technological solutions to this issue. Conceptualization, L.B. ; methodology, L.B. ; software, L.B. ; validation, L.B. ; formal analysis, L.B. ; investigation, L.B. ; resources, L.B. ; data curation, L.B. ; writing--original draft preparation, L.B. ; writing--review and editing, L.B. ; visualization, L.B. ; supervision, K.P. ; project administration, K.P. ; funding acquisition, K.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Czech Technical University in Prague, grant SGS24/050/OHKI/1T/11. Not applicable. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy. Many thanks to the reviewers and the editor for their useful comments and suggestions. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: \begin{tabular}{l l} RTK & Real Time Kinematic \\ GNSS & Global Navigation Satellite System \\ GIS & Geographic information system \\ GPS & Global Positioning System \\ CCD & Charge-coupled device \\ LiDAR & Light Detection and Ranging \\ MLS & Mobile laser scanning \\ \end{tabular}