# Flue Gas Composition and Treatment Potential of a Waste Incineration Plant
## 2 Methods and Materials
### Element Interaction and Influence of Air  
In the combustion process, the total mass of the products must be equal to the total mass of the reactants. In addition, the total mass of each chemical element was conserved during the process. Normally, air consists of three elements; oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor. Dry air consists of 21% O\({}_{2}\) and 79% N\({}_{2}\). As a molar basis, each kmol of O\({}_{2}\) introduced into the furnace corresponds to 3.76 kmol of N\({}_{2}\) (0.79/0.21) ([PERSON] et al., 2019). Two main elements, C and H\({}_{2}\), in the composition of MSW had to be illustrated in a chemical reaction to conclude its potentiality in the flue gas constitution according to ([PERSON] et al., 2019). For Carbon C:  
\[C\ +\ O_{2}+(3.76)\mathrm{N}_{2}\rightarrow\mathrm{CO}_{2}+(3.76)\mathrm{N}_{2}\]  
The third row in Table 2 shows the atomic weight of each element multiplied by the number of moles in each element in the equation to find the molecular weight. The fourth row is the required weight (amount of kg) of each material element related to 1 kg of carbon. The weight of the elements is determined by dividing the molecular weight of each element by the molecular weight of carbon. This provides the material weight related to the carbon weight. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Symbol** & **Unit** & **Value** \\ \hline Water content & W & \% & 60 \\ Total solid content & TS & \% & 40 \\ Fuel ash & A & \% of TS & 15 \\ Carbon & C & \% of TS & 46.0 \\ Hydrogen & H\({}_{2}\) & \% of TS & 6.5 \\ Oxygen & O\({}_{2}\) & \% of TS & 45.85 \\ Nitrogen & N\({}_{2}\) & \% of TS & 0.9 \\ Sulfur & S & \% of TS & 0.2 \\ Chlorine & Cl & \% of TS & 0.55 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Elementary analyses of the composition of raw waste collected in Jordan (2018). The chemical reaction (shown above) represents the interaction of carbon with air (air is considered as dry air when it consists of 0.21 oxygen and 0.79 nitrogen) and stoichiometric air (without excess air). It can be seen that 1 kg of carbon produces 3.66 kg of CO\({}_{2}\). The volume of CO\({}_{2}\) in the output of the reaction can be analyzed as follows:  
Total output material weight (CO\({}_{2}\) and N\({}_{2}\)) of the reaction:  
\[3.66+8.77=12.43\ \mathrm{kg}\]  
\[\mathrm{CO_{2}\ volume\ in\ the\ output}=\frac{3.66}{12.43}=0.29=29\%\]  
This means that the volume of CO\({}_{2}\) for this combustion process was 29% of the total output (note that this is for stoichiometric conditions). If 20% of excess air is assumed, then in this case, more air is inserted into the reaction as follows:  
\[\mathrm{C}\ +1.2\mathrm{O_{2}}+(1.2+3.76)\mathrm{N_{2}}\rightarrow\mathrm{ CO_{2}}+(1.23.76)\mathrm{N_{2}}+0.2\mathrm{O_{2}}\] \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**Reactants**} & \multicolumn{4}{l}{**Resulting Material**} \\  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**C**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**O\({}_{2}\)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**N\({}_{2}\)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**CO\({}_{2}\)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**N\({}_{2}\)**} \\ \hline No. of moles & 1 & 1 & 3.76 & 1 & 3.76 \\ Atomic weights & 12.01 & 32 & 28.02 & 44.01 & 28.02 \\ Molecular weights & 12.01 & 32 & 105.36 & 44.01 & 105.36 \\ Material weight to & 1 & 2.66 & 8.77 & 3.66 & 8.77 \\ carbon weight & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The chemical properties of interacting carbon with air in the furnace. Figure 1: Methodology of emission specification for the proposed waste incineration plant (LCV) denotes the lower calorific value and \(\lambda\), the excess air). Total output material weight (CO\({}_{2}\), N\({}_{2}\), and O\({}_{2}\)) of the reaction:  
\[3.66+11.57+0.53=15.76\ \mathrm{kg}\]  
\[\mathrm{CO_{2}\ volume\ in\ the\ output}=\frac{3.66}{15.76}=0.23=23\%\]  
This means that the volume of CO\({}_{2}\) for this combustion process was 23% of the total output (note that this is for excess air conditions).