## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electrical Parameters
The results of our own research showed that the next group of honeys was multi-flower honeys, which showed moderate conductivity properties: \(Z_{\rm 100 Hz}\) = 8.53 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\)\(\Omega\), G\({}_{\rm 100 Hz}\) = 1.95 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) S. The content of minerals and moderate conductivity level in multi-flower honeys may vary depending on the mixture of nectar from different flowers [72; 76]. The basis for distinguishing these three groups of honeys, with different conductivity properties, was the significant differences (\(p\) < 0.05) between individual honey varieties (Table 4). According to data in the literature [77] single-flower honeys usually have lower electrical conductivity than multi-flower honeys, although this depends on the plant from which the honey derives. This is evidenced by the fact that acacia honey has a lower conductivity, while buckwheat honey, despite being single-flower, has a higher conductivity, similar to that of multi-flower honeys. In addition, the impedance in multi-flower honeys changes dynamically depending on the frequency, due to the ionic diversity and mineral content. [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [42] analyzed the usefulness of electrical conductivity and impedance in assessing the quality of single-flower and multi-flower honeys, and found that conductivity was more viable in the botanical identification of honeys. The usefulness of impedance spectroscopy and conductivity for the identification of honeys from different botanical sources was also demonstrated by [PERSON] et al. [44]. The measurements of dielectric parameters (Table 5) also enabled the division of honeys into three groups, but these tendencies were not as clear as in the case of conductivity measurements (Z, G). The values of the equivalent parallel electrical capacitance (Cp) parameter indicated the possibility of grouping honeys, but the statistical analysis of the differences between the three groups of honeys distinguished earlier did not confirm these differences and similarities (especially at lower frequencies, i.e., 100 Hz and 1 kHz). Group I consisted of the linden, buckwheat, goldenrod, and multifloral honeys with Cp\({}_{\rm 100 Hz}\) values 1.99 pF, 3.12 pF, 1.92 pF, and 1.65 pF, whereas group II consisted of the rapeseed, phacelia, and acacia honeys (4.48 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-10}\) F, 7.60 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-10}\) F, 3.11 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-10}\) F). With an increase in the measurement frequency (10 kHz-2 MHz), significant differences between honeys were more noticeable, but still not as clear as with parameters Z and G. Cp values at f = 10 kHz allowed indication of honeys similar in terms of dielectric properties: group I honeys--linden, buckwheat, goldenrod, and group II--acacia, phacelia, and rapeseed. Taking into account the dielectric profile of the botanically different honeys, it can be stated that homogeneous honeys are characterized by a simpler dielectric dispersion profile, because their chemical composition is more uniform. The response to frequency changes is less diverse, which facilitates their analysis and classification. Multifloral honeys, on the other hand, show a more complex profile, which results from their botanical diversity. The diversity in chemical composition causes them to respond differently to various electric field frequencies. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Varieties and Types} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(\mathbf{Z}\)\(\mathbf{Z}\)\(\mathbf{Z}\)\(\mathbf{D}\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(\mathbf{C}\mathbf{S}\)\(\mathbf{S}\)\(\mathbf{S}\)} \\ \cline{2-13} \multicolumn{1}{c}{of  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**V\({}_{\mathrm{Sp1}}\)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**C\({}_{\mathrm{Sp1}}\)**}  
In the case of measurements of the _Cs_ parameter (Table 5), its usefulness for identifying the type of botanical variety of honey (no trend in the significance of differences) was even lower than for the Cp parameter.