## 3 Results
### Spatial Pattern and Temporal Trend of Ecosystem Quality
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ecosystem Quality** & **Subregions** & **Mean** & **Slope** & **R\({}^{2}\)** & **P** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{\(\mathrm{FVC_{max}}\)} & GGP & 57.33 & 0.1459 & 0.3964 & 0.0379 \({}^{*}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & MSRNC & 87.04 & 0.1197 & 0.0720 & 0.4249 \\ \cline{2-6}  & ASRNC & 39.53 & 0.0376 & 0.0032 & 0.8689 \\ \cline{2-6}  & ADRX & 17.61 & \(-\)0.0280 & 0.0256 & 0.6385 \\ \cline{2-6}  & ASRXY & 28.78 & 0.1958 & 0.2889 & 0.0881 \\ \cline{2-6}  & HGRLP & 49.41 & 0.5083 & 0.7244 & 0.0009 \({}^{**}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & ASRSC & 69.68 & 0.0173 & 0.0101 & 0.7687 \\ \cline{2-6}  & HHRSCHH & 91.23 & 0.2411 & 0.6404 & 0.0031 \({}^{**}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & LMHRMLYP & 88.24 & 0.2681 & 0.4348 & 0.0273 \({}^{*}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & YGPR & 91.21 & 0.2087 & 0.9210 & 0.0000 \({}^{**}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & MHRHG & 91.90 & 0.3554 & 0.6707 & 0.0020 \({}^{**}\) \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{\(\mathrm{LAI_{max}}\)} & GGP & 1.91 & 0.0125 & 0.6753 & 0.0019 \({}^{**}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & MSRNC & 3.63 & 0.0229 & 0.3613 & 0.0505 \\ \cline{2-6}  & ASRNC & 0.87 & 0.0047 & 0.0490 & 0.5132 \\ \cline{2-6}  & ADRX & 0.27 & 0.00003 & 0.0000 & 0.9851 \\ \cline{2-6}  & ASRXY & 0.57 & 0.0053 & 0.1297 & 0.2766 \\ \cline{2-6}  & HGRLP & 1.24 & 0.0267 & 0.8028 & 0.0002 \({}^{**}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & ASRSC & 2.06 & 0.0007 & 0.0008 & 0.9337 \\ \cline{2-6}  & MHRSCHH & 3.46 & 0.0056 & 0.0750 & 0.4151 \\ \cline{2-6}  & LMHRMLYP & 3.36 & 0.0270 & 0.6659 & 0.0022 \({}^{**}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & YGPR & 3.52 & 0.0127 & 0.2961 & 0.0835 \\ \cline{2-6}  & MHRHG & 3.45 & 0.0724 & 0.6408 & 0.0031 \({}^{**}\) \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{\(\mathrm{NPP_{avg}}\)} & GGP & 438.65 & 2.6958 & 0.1910 & 0.1790 \\ \cline{2-6}  & MSRNC & 531.66 & 3.3390 & 0.1319 & 0.2722 \\ \cline{2-6}  & ASRNC & 138.62 & 2.4287 & 0.1466 & 0.2452 \\ \cline{2-6}  & ADRX & 33.78 & \(-\)0.2360 & 0.0255 & 0.6388 \\ \cline{2-6}  & ASRYY & 62.16 & 1.3556 & 0.2036 & 0.1636 \\ \cline{2-6}  & HGRLP & 209.77 & 8.0381 & 0.7951 & 0.0002 \({}^{**}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & AGRSC & 337.02 & \(-\)0.3149 & 0.0043 & 0.8487 \\ \cline{2-6}  & MHRSCHH & 796.68 & 3.8604 & 0.0537 & 0.4928 \\ \cline{2-6}  & LMHRMLYP & 834.41 & 7.1431 & 0.1574 & 0.2271 \\ \cline{2-6}  & YGPR & 728.23 & \(-\)2.1696 & 0.0247 & 0.6445 \\ \cline{2-6}  & MHRHG & 920.48 & 1.7878 & 0.0065 & 0.8131 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: the \({}^{*}\) symbol on the top-right of the P value means the tendency is significant (P \(<\) 0.05), and the \({}^{**}\) symbol means the tendency is very significant (P \(<\) 0.01).  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Statistical parameter values of ecosystem quality indicators in the Grain for Green Program (GGP) area from 2000 to 2010. The units of the mean and slope of \(\mathrm{FVC_{max}}\) are % and % yr\({}^{-1}\), respectively; for \(\mathrm{NPP_{avg}}\), units are gC m\({}^{-2}\) and gC m\({}^{-2}\) yr\({}^{-1}\), respectively; and the \(\mathrm{LAI_{max}}\) is dimensionless. There were significant temporal trends in changes in annual \(\mathrm{FVC_{max}}\) and \(\mathrm{LAI_{max}}\) over the whole GGP area from 2000 to 2010, reaching 0.1459% yr\({}^{-1}\) (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.3964, P < 0.05) and 0.0121 yr\({}^{-1}\) (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.6672, P < 0.01), respectively, although this was not so for the \(\mathrm{NPP_{avg}}\), which reached 2.6958 gC m\({}^{-2}\) yr\({}^{-1}\) (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.3964, P < 0.05) and 0.0121 yr\({}^{-1}\) (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.6672, P < 0.01), respectively, although this was not so for the \(\mathrm{NPP_{avg}}\), which reached 2.6958 gC m\({}^{-2}\) yr\({}^{-1}\) (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.3964, P < 0.05) and 0.0121 yr\({}^{-1}\) (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.6672, P < 0.01), respectively. Figure 4: Spatial pattern of annual average ecosystem quality (EQ) and slope of EQ change in the Grain for Green Program (GGP) area from 2000 to 2010. (**a–c**) are the annual average \(\mathrm{FVC_{max}}\), \(\mathrm{LAI_{max}}\), and \(\mathrm{NPP_{avg}}\), respectively; (**d–f**) refer to the slope of annual \(\mathrm{FVC_{max}}\), \(\mathrm{LAI_{max}}\), and \(\mathrm{NPP_{avg}}\) changes, respectively.