esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Creep Assessment
#### 3.3.1. Creep Behaviour Assessment--Metallurgical Approach
If such is the case, this different dislocation sequence may severely affect the critical volume for dislocation nucleation, Vcr, which is a crucial factor, as will be presented later, for the creep behavior. These hints suggest that in the present effort, at higher preset depths, there must be mechanisms that are activated that obstruct the dislocation movement to provide plastic flow. Possible mechanisms can be (a) dislocation entanglement either at the loading stage or between the dislocations generated at the creep stage, (b) reduced number of dislocations available to accommodate plastic deformation, or (c) a lack of mechanisms such as dislocation climb that will assist the continuance of their movement. The authors recognize, nevertheless, that further experimentation is required in order to clarify this behavior. It must be mentioned, however, that the critical volume for dislocation generation **Vcr**, presented in Figure 14, also contributes toward the postulate of the low number of available dislocations. Indeed, it can be seen from Table 3 and Figure 14 that this volume increases with the preset depth. This practically means that at higher preset depths, the volume of the system underneath the indenter and within the plastic zone, which has to be activated in order for new and fresh dislocations to be generated, increases. According to [PERSON] et al. [9], dislocation loops are generated and grow at lattice defects from atomic-sized regions. A higher activation volume practically means that the flow unit is hard to activate, reducing in such terms the number of glissile dislocations. A very important parameter that influences the extent of **Vcr** is the type of dislocation type and movement. In BCC structures, the movement of screw dislocations by climbing is severely restrained, causing the continuance of the plastic flow to be even more difficult to sustain. This behavior could also be a cause for the increased values of **Vcr**. Nevertheless, **Vcr** should not be treated independently of \(\tau_{\textbf{max}}\): \(\tau_{\textbf{max}}\) directly affects **Vcr** in a reversed manner. It was observed in Figure 12 that \(\tau_{\textbf{max}}\) reduces with preset depth, and this has a direct opposite effect of **Vcr**, which increases.
# Adaptive Control of Active Magnetic Bearing against Milling Dynamics
## 1 Introduction
### Embedded Cylindrical-Array Magnetic Actuator (ECAMA)  
Though the two types of AMB designs shown in Figure 1 have ever been applied in computer numerical control (CNC) machines [1; 3; 6], the current AMB design still cannot meet the requirements for milling applications, such as the overall size of AMB and the force intensity [25; 26; 27]. For the purposes of solving these troublesome issues against milling applications, a novel embedded cylindrical-array magnetic actuator (ECAMA) is proposed [28]. The configuration of the ECAMA is shown in Figure 2. It is composed of modified concave-type yokes [8] and I-shaped electromagnets. The I-shaped electromagnet consists of an I-shaped silicon steel core and the coil. Since the coil is no longer wound on the yoke (please refer to Figure 1), the coil turns can be greatly increased. On the other hand, the overall size of the ECAMA in the radial direction can certainly be reduced. The top view of the ECAMA and spindle is shown in Figure 3. The yokes and the outer layer of spindle are all made of silicon steel to play the pathway of magnetic flux. The active magnetic milling module is depicted in Figure 4. The spindle position deviation is regulated by the magnetic force from the ECAMA. In addition, a self-sensing module is equipped close to the cutter to measure the spindle position deviation online.  
Figure 3: Top view of the ECAMA and spindle.  
Figure 2: Configuration of the embedded cylindrical-array magnetic actuator (ECAMA).
## 6 HAI Protocol  
The previous three protocols are all under the same assumption of the system: a fixed cycle time \(T\). In this section, it is assumed the system still uses a fixed cycle time \(T\). If not, the system uses dynamic injection time where injection is triggered in the system upon the completion of the verification of the very last unverified transaction of the current batch. The system immediately injects another batch of a fixed number of unverified transactions into the system to be verified.  
Under the fixed cycle time \(T\) constraint, let the optimal injection amount, based on its own scenario described in the protocol, be \(Q_{1}\) for PTIEC, \(Q_{2}\) for PIT protocol and \(Q_{3}\) for ASTI protocol. Denote the hybrid adaptive injection protocol (HAI). HAI injects \(Q_{123}\) transactions into the system at the beginning of each cycle while the cycle time is \(T\). The dynamics of PIT and ASTI are driven by the change of consumption rate \(D\). The change of consumption rate can be identified with the existence of \(S_{L}\) in PIT while it is via \(T_{\theta}^{*}/T_{(last,\theta)}\) in ASTI. For simplicity, let us simply use \(T/T_{last}\) for ASTI at the moment without specifying the transaction type. PIT immediately reacts to the unverified transaction shortage problem as it collapses to the PITEC instance when \(S_{L}\to 0\). On the other hand, ASTI responds to both shortage problems and overflow problems (unfinished unverified transactions at the end of the cycle) as the volume of injection bundle is regulated by \(\gamma\) and \(T/T_{last}\).  
Considering the relation between \(Q_{1}\) and \(Q_{2}\), one can interpolate between them via the ratio \(S_{L}/M_{L}\). The ratio \(S_{L}/M_{L}\) indicates the severity of the shortage issue in PIT as indicated in Section 4. Similar to the smoothing factor technique, here the ratio works as a good smoothing factor that serves the purpose. Let the interpolated quantity be  
\[Q_{12}=(1-\frac{S_{L}}{M_{L}})Q_{1}+\frac{S_{L}}{M_{L}}Q_{2}. \tag{19}\]  
This remedy has a quite strong reliance on the assumption that the consumption pattern in previous cycle will persist in the current cycle. One drawback is that \(Q_{12}\) cannot reflect the scenario  
Figure 3: The ASTI process: smoothing factor based.  
when there is an overflow issue in the system. It is necessary to incorporate the ASTI protocol. The key task is to identify the overflow indicator. It is clear that the ratio \(T/T_{last}\) can serve for that purpose. When \(0<T/T_{last}<1\), it is an overflow issue. It is natural to inject significantly fewer transactions in order not to paralyze the system. For that reason, the PIT and the PITEC protocols should be avoided. Define the binary variable  
\[\delta=\begin{cases}0&\text{if }0<T/T_{last}<1,\\ 1&\text{if }T/T_{last}\geq 1.\end{cases} \tag{20}\]  
The HAI protocol will inject  
\[Q_{123}=(\delta)((1-\frac{S_{L}}{M_{L}})Q_{1}+\frac{S_{L}}{M_{L}}Q_{2})+(1- \delta)Q_{3} \tag{21}\]  
transactions to the system to be verified.
## 4 GNC Subsystem Architecture  
### Navigation  
The global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based orbit estimation is performed autonomously onboard [37]. The orbital states processed from the GNSS receiver were used as the absolute orbit determination results and for the coarse relative navigation mode by simple subtraction. When a precise navigation result is required, it is determined using the differential global positioning system (DGPS) algorithm from the GNSS raw data. The requirements for the navigation subsystem are listed in Table 4.
## 3 Data Processing and Kinematic Analysis
### Obstacle Points  
After the removal of non-ground points, the remaining point clouds were formed into clusters. However, these forming clusters are still computationally high, as the LiDAR has a long detection range, thus a region of interest (ROI) was restricted by the defined radius to solve this problem. The point cloud points inside the ROI were considered obstacle points [20]. Clustering was carried out with the obstacle points.
# Using Canola Oil Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel in Diesel Engines: A Review
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Ignition Delay and Coefficient of Variation in Indicated Mean Effective Pressure  
Because COB has a high oxygen content and a high cetane number, it will have a great impact on engine ignition delay. [PERSON] et al. [59] studied the ignition delay characteristics of four fuels (BD0, BD10, BD20, and BD40) at an engine load of 90 Nm. The results are shown in Figure 14. They reported that the ignition delay time was shortened as the COB ratio in the diesel fuel increased. All COB fuel ignition delay times were shorter than that of diesel fuel because COB has a high oxygen content, a high cetane number, and a low stoichiometric air requirement. [PERSON] et al. [81] compared the ignition delay effect of pure diesel fuel, BD20, and pure canola oil (PCO) with the change in brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). They also showed a result similar to that of [PERSON] et al. In addition, they also pointed out that the ignition delay time decreased as the BMEP increased. This is because the combustion conditions, such as injection pressure and the spray effect, become better with increasing BMEP.  
Figure 14: The ignition delay effects of diesel fuel and canola oil biodiesel. CA: crank angle (degree).  
Figure 13: (**a**) Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and (**b**) brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of canola oil biodiesel blended with diesel for various engine loads.  
The coefficient of variation in indicated mean effective pressure (COV\({}_{\text{IMEP}}\)) is an important parameter to evaluate the stability of an engine. In general, the COV\({}_{\text{IMEP}}\) of a stable engine will not exceed 10%; if this value is exceeded, issues such as power instability, vibration, noise, and other problems will be observed [85; 86]. [PERSON] et al. [81] studied the running stability of a common rail diesel engine fueled with three fuels (ultra-low-sulfur diesel, UASD; BD20; pure canola oil, PCO); the studied results are shown in Figure 15. They illustrate that the running stability of the engine increased as the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) increased, and all tested fuel COV\({}_{\text{IMEP}}\) values were less than 3.5%, showing very good engine stability. In addition, the COV\({}_{\text{IMEP}}\) values of BD20 and PCO were slightly higher than that of UASD. This was because PCO could not produce as much power as UASD, due to its low heat value when the same amount of fuel was burned.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of ACP Treatment on Quality Parameters of Barley Grains  
Moisture content, protein, and \(\beta\)-glucan content of barley were evaluated after 6 and 10 min ACP treatments (Table 6). ACP treatment could result in drying of the substrate [48]; however, based on the process parameters i.e., voltage, frequency, treatment time, the gap between the electrodes, etc.,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Treatment** & **Solvent (ACN:Water)** & **Treatment Description** & **Reduction (\%)** \\ \hline A & 100:0 & 10 min drying + 0 min ACP & 0 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\ B & 100:0 & 10 min drying + 6 min ACP & 36.3 \(\pm\) 5.4 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ C & 100:0 & 0 min drying + 6 min ACP & 66.3 \(\pm\) 2.3 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ D & 20:80 & 10 min drying + 0 min ACP & 15.7 \(\pm\) 4.6 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\ E & 20:80 & 10 min drying +6 min ACP & 53.6 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ F & 20:80 & 0 min drying + 6 min ACP & 65.6 \(\pm\) 7.5 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} All the samples were steeped barley grains. Values with different letters in the same column are significantly different (\(p<0.05\), \(n=3\)).  
\end{table}
Table 5: Effect of solvent type and treatment conditions (drying time and ACP treatment time) on degradation of DON on steeped barley grains by ACP.  
the drying effect could be negligible. ACP generates ionized molecules in a strong electric field. Water molecules orient themselves in the direction of the electric field and the evaporation of water molecules can occur, resulting in drying effect of product by ACP [49]. However, in our study, the moisture content of the grains was slightly reduced after ACP treatment, which was not significant (\(p\geq 0.05\)). The protein and \(\beta\)-glucan were not affected significantly (\(p\geq 0.05\)) after ACP treatment. This could be due to the fact that although ACP treatment influenced the surface of the substrate, it could not penetrate the inner parts of the grains, leaving them unaffected.
# The Design and Implementation of a Phased Antenna Array System for LEO Satellite Communications
## 6 Performance Evaluation
### Comparative Examples
The coherent SDR technique for phase shifting, although it provides a high angular beam-steering resolution and simultaneous multi-satellite tracking, these benefits can be achieved at high costs and by using very high processing power, but a significant disadvantage is represented by substantial delays in processed signals, caused by factors such as system complexity.
## 6 Experimental Evaluation
### Experimental Results for Data Repaire  
**Evaluating the overhead for data repairing**. To support repairing after malware is detected, mobiDOM needs to back up the mappings periodically. We, therefore, assess the time needed for backing up the mappings at the end of each epoch by varying the size of the external storage, i.e., 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 M. The results are shown in Table 2. We can observe that: (1) The time for backing up the mappings is almost constant, regardless of the size of the storage. This is because the flash controller usually maintains a mapping table of fixed size based on the storage capacity, regardless of the size of the data stored. (2) The time needed for backing up the mappings is small, as the size of each mapping is much smaller compared to that of the data. To repair the data, mobiDOM only needs to retrieve the latest version of the mappings and to write it back. We, therefore, also assess the time needed for repairing by varying the size of the external storage, i.e., 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 M. The results are shown in Table 3. We can observe that the time needed for repairing the external storage is small and does not grow with the size of the data, as mobiDOM only needs to restore the mapping table, which is small and fixed in size.  
**Assessing the recovery rate**. We also assess whether mobiDOM can successfully recover the data consisting of different types of files. We have collected 50 sample files, which cover 5 categories and 20 file types, as shown in Table 4. The experimental results show that mobiDOM can successfully recover all the sample files, with a recovery rate of 100%.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Accuracy** & **False Negative Rate** & **False Positive Rate** \\ \hline
91\% & 0\% & 33\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The detection results using real-world malware samples.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline size (MB) & 1 & 5 & 10 & 50 & 100 \\ \hline time (s) & 0.520828 & 0.527504 & 0.530729 & 0.531992 & 0.535536 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The time needed for backing up the mappings.  
Figure 10: A snapshot of the captured I/O trace records.
# Light-Induced Advanced Oxidation Processes as PFAS Remediation Methods: A Review
## 2 PFAS Applications and Related Concerns  
### What Are PFASs Used for?  
PFASs can be divided into two main classes: polymers and non-polymers [12]. The most famous example of a non-polymer and one of the most employed PFASs is PFOA, used as a surfactant in the emulsion polymerization of fluoropolymers and as a building block for the synthesis of perfluoroalkyl-substituted compounds, polymers, and polymeric materials, with Teflon(r) being the most-well known example [13]. Fluorotelomer-based products (non-polymer PFASs) have been shown to degrade to PFOA over periods of decades, and thus they are a huge source of PFOA in the environment [14]. Generally, PFAS release at industrial facilities occurs through wastewater and stormwater discharge, on- and off-site disposal of solid waste, accidental releases through leaks and spills, and stack and fugitive emissions. Stack emissions may result in the aerial deposition of PFAS into soil and surface water (with subsequent leaching and infiltration to groundwater) related to the facility, as well as short- and long-range air transport of PFAS [3]. In a recent study, more than 200 applications in 64 categories identified nearly 1400 individual types of PFASs supplied by 21 industry branches. Among the use categories, medical instruments, the photographic industry, the semiconductor industry, coatings, paints and varnishes,fire-fighting foams, and printing are the largest employment categories, with more than 100 identified PFASs [15].
# An Energy-Saving Forwarding Mechanism Based on Clustering for Opportunistic Networks
## 5 Methodology
### Modeling of Groups  
To define the groups of nodes within the range battery capacity, we applied the intervals specified in Table 6. These values were used to build both groups of energy, the low energy level nodes and the high energy level nodes. In addition, interest groups were formed from topics obtained using the Haggle-Infocom5 mobility data set [28].  
Table 7 describes how the groups were created. We used a set of 30 different topics of interest. Then, we set \(k=30\) in the clustering technique k-means. Figure 2 is an example of group formation, where (b), (c), and (d) represent the nodes grouped according to their interests, and (a) demonstrates the use of established energy level ranges (\(E\subset[0,\,100]\)) to generate the energy groups. This can be seen in the image, where we have groups of nodes with low and high battery levels. Figure 2 illustrates how clusters intersect in this strategy.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Classification** & **Energy** & **Interest** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Groups} & Group 1—High Energy & 1. PowerControl 2. RoutingProtocols 3. Multicast/anycast \\  & Group 2—Low Energy & [...] \\ \hline Routing & \(\epsilon\)GPDMI & \(\epsilon\)GPDMI/GPDMI \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Classification used for the formation of energy and interest groups.  
Figure 2: Formation of groups by energy levels and common interests.
Augmented Reality-Assisted Percutaneousous Pedicle Screw Instrumentation: A Cadaveric Feasibility and Accuracy Study  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.-C.-C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.-H.K.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.-K.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.-Y.E.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.-C.W.); [PERSON]DDRESS] (H.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.-C.H.)  
2 School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan2 School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipe  
turn the concept into a viable technology. In most acceptable definitions, AR superimposes digital images onto real-life environments. Recently, AR has been used extensively in the simulator, gaming, medical, and military industries. Most of them are visualized through a head-mounted display, such as goggles with transparent display screens. The use of AR in complex craniotomies has been well reported [2; 3; 4]. In spine surgery, multiple AR systems are emerging in the market, and some are pending final FDA approval [5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. The use of AR in spine surgery could improve the visualization of spinal anatomy. Through a superimposed 3D spine image onto a patient, pedicle orientation could be better recognized, especially in severe rotational scoliosis cases. With AR, surgeons could stay focused on the surgical field without changing their line of sight to a remote screen, thus making the surgery more intuitive. Meanwhile, it also decreases the learning curve and facilitated the surgical workflow by projecting the navigation data directly onto the head-mounted goggles.  
Although utilizing AR in spine surgery has many benefits, the current state of AR technology is still in its exceedingly early stages and will require extensive validation before it can be actively applied in real surgical cases. In this study, we present a cadaveric feasibility and accuracy study for applying AR for percutaneous thoracolumbar pedicle screw instrumentation.
## 5 Reactive Protection Concept for Industrial Automation Systems
### Security Policies, Operational Policies and Reactive Actions in Real-Life Automation Systems
#### Operational Policies  
The following classes of operational policies have been identified based on four critical assets of automation systems: communication, services, performance and configurations.  
* **Communication Availability (O1)**: These policies focus on defining the state of communication that should always be maintained and never be interrupted or influenced. This communication is represented by communication-specific attributes as those described in _S1_. However, these policies focus solely on communication required to perform the automation and management tasks of the system (e.g., communication from device A to device B must always be maintained).
* **User Access and Service Availability (O2)**: These policies define conditions regarding user access and services that must always be met. These conditions are necessary to carry out the automation or management tasks. This class differs from _O1_ as more specific information about a service is provided (e.g., user A must always have access to service X).
* **Performance Constraints (O3)**: These policies define conditions regarding performance that must be maintained throughout the whole automation system or on multiple or specific devices of it. The measure of performance should be provided by a third-party component (e.g., Network load must not exceed the threshold T).
* **Configuration Constraints (O4)**: These policies define conditions regarding configurations that must be maintained. These conditions ensure the correct operation of the automation system and hence, are often related to automation devices (e.g., firmware version X must be installed in all devices type Z).  
The aforementioned classes allow for defining policies that help meet the performance and availability requirements for IAS as defined in [20] and considered in _R3_ from Section 3.  
It is also important to highlight that, although these policies are similar to the security policies mentioned above, they are not the same. Security policies are obtained from security requirements, whereas operational policies are derived from operational requirements. Additionally, a security policy violation is a result of something endangering the system (e.g., intrusion), whereas an operational policy violation may result from other non-security related events (e.g., faults). Furthermore operational policies focus solely on requirements or conditions from the automation system itself and not other non-automation related system components.