esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antioxidant Activity of Bread Prepared with Flour-Bran Blends  
The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the bread crust and crumb are shown in Figure 4. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the bread prepared with the flour-bran blends was 25.8-85.9 \(\upmu\)mol TE (trolox equivalents)/100 g for the bread crumb and 120.9-209.2 \(\upmu\)mol TE (trolox equivalents)/100 g for the bread crust. The ABTS radical scavenging activity of the bread prepared with the flour-bran blends was 204.9-571.1 \(\upmu\)mol TE (trolox equivalents)/100 g for the bread crumb and 420.1-673.7 \(\upmu\)mol TE (trolox equivalents)/100 g for the bread crumb. As the blending ratio of bran increased, both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities in the bread crumb and crust increased proportionally. The results confirmed a higher scavenging activity for the crust than for the crumb. These results were similar to those of studies on the antioxidant activities of the crumb and crust of the bread prepared by adding black rice flour [45] and the antioxidant activities of the crumb and crust of the bread prepared by adding three types of bran [12]. Melanoidin pigments produced by the Maillard reaction during baking in bakery products are reported to have antioxidant functions [46; 47; 48]. Besides the antioxidant properties of melanoidin pigments, other Maillard reaction products such as acrylamide are classified by the International Agency of Research  
Figure 3: Total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents of the crumb and crust of the bread formulated with the flour–bran blends at different ratios. Bars represent the mean values, and the error bars denote the standard deviation from triplicate measurements. The same letters above the bars are not significantly different (\(p<0.05\)) according to [PERSON]’s HSD test.  
on Cancer (IARC) as potential carcinogenics [49]. Therefore, the formation of acrylamide during baking should be cautious and controlled.  
In this study, the antioxidant activity increased more in the crust with an increase in the bran blending ratio because of more melanoidin pigments produced in the crust. Moreover, in the crust, owing to the total phenolic content being much higher than the total anthocyanin content, the total phenolic composition could more significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity than the total anthocyanin content.
# Effects of Different Pretreatments on the GABA Content of
## 1 Introduction
The formation of cavities (cavitation) in liquids, followed by the rise and collapse of air bubbles, results in cavitation microstreaming, which causes pressure and velocity changes in the fluid and generates fine jets [23]. These actions can be used to enhance the yield of bioactive compounds (including primary and secondary metabolites) in plant-based foods. [PERSON] et al. [24] studied the use of ultrasonic treatment to improve the taste and nutrition of soybeans, finding that soaking followed by (40 kHz, 300 W) for 30 min improved the GABA content in soybean sprouts by 43.4%. The findings revealed that ultrasonication improved water absorption, total phenolic accumulation, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and protein hydrolysis in brown rice, hence affecting GABA content. [PERSON] et al. [25] used ultrasonication on red rice at various stages of germination and found that ultrasonication for 5 min after 66 h of germination resulted in a GABA content of 75.82 mg/100 g, which was 69.2% higher than that of red rice germinated for 72 h, implying that ultrasonic treatment could be a novel method to stimulate seed germination and accumulate bioactive compounds such as GABA and riboflavin (vitamin B2). The objective of this study was to use organically grown Kaohsiung 145 brown rice as raw material, soak it in various soaking solutions for 6 h, and then apply HPP and ultrasonic treatment to continue germination at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 36 h. The germinated brown rice was dried by 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C cold air drying and analyzed for GABA content, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity.
## 4 Numerical Results
### Pier Damage  
Superstructure supported on piers with large residual inclination may lose their serviceability and may even result in collapse. Residual pier inclination has been considered an important damage index in this analysis. The residual pier inclination of P1 exhibits the least residual pier inclination, as shown in Figure 15, compared with those of other piers. The fixed bearing is placed on the top of P1, and the roller bearings equipped with steel stoppers are placed on other tops of piers. Pounding force between roller bearing and stopper is much larger than fixed bearing force in Figures 13 and 14, which lead to less residual pier inclination of P1. Given that a large stopper value leads to large bounding forces, residual pier inclination in case of a stopper value of 8 cm is larger than that in the case of a stopper value of 4 cm. Residual pier inclination and residual curvature present nearly the same change trend, as shown in Figures 15 and 16. The local buckling of the pier base is the reason for the residual pier inclination of the pier. Residual pier inclination does not present an obvious difference value when different viscous dampers are provided in Figure 15. The resistance force and the stiffness of viscous damper do not obviously influence the residual pier inclination. However, residual pier inclination without viscous dampers presents larger value than those with viscous dampers in the case of the same stopper value. The reason is that viscous dampers could dissipate some energy to a certain degree.  
Figure 16: Ratio of residual curvature to yield curvature. (**a**) Stopper = 4 cm. (**b**) Stopper = 8 cm.  
Figure 15: Residual pier inclination. (**a**) Stopper = 4 cm. (**b**) Stopper = 8 cm.
# A Comparative Study on the Schedulability of the EDZL Scheduling Algorithm on Multiprocessors
## 2 Background
### Dominance  
Dominance is one of the ways to compare scheduling algorithms in terms of schedulable task sets. For scheduling algorithms \(A\) and \(B\), let \(T_{A}\) and \(T_{B}\) be the sets of all task sets that are successfully scheduled by \(A\) and \(B\), respectively. \(A\) is said to _dominate_\(B\) if \(T_{A}\supseteq T_{B}\), that is, \(A\) can successfully schedule all task sets that are schedulable by \(B\). [PERSON] et al. [8] showed that EDZL strictly dominates EDF. They proved that EDZL can correctly schedule any task set that is schedulable by EDF and showed there is at least one task set schedulable by EDZL but not schedulable by EDF.  
On the other hand, dominance can be used to compare schedulability tests. For schedulability tests \(P\) and \(Q\), let \(T_{P}\) and \(T_{Q}\) be the sets of all task sets admitted by \(P\) and \(Q\), respectively. \(P\) is said to _dominate_\(Q\) if \(T_{P}\supseteq T_{Q}\), that is, \(P\) can admit all task sets that are admitted by \(Q\). We study the dominance between the EDZL schedulability tests. It is known that the slack-based test and the utilization-based test do not dominate each other [19]. We investigate the dominance between the demand-based test and the other tests in Section 3.2. We also discover the dominance between the EDZL schedulability test and EDF\({}^{(k)}\) schedulability tests in Section 4.1.
## 7 Comparative Discussion on Various Energy-Efficient Navigation Systems
### Deliberative Navigation Systems  
In deliberative navigation systems, the environment is mapped out, and the best routes are chosen based on the map. Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms are usually used to make the map, and several path planning algorithms, including A* and Dijkstra, are used in the deliberative navigation systems. As algorithms enable a MR to anticipate and optimize its path according to the consumption of energy, deliberative navigation systems are often energy efficient [46]. However, route planning control is referred to as a deliberate technique since the MR is intended to give precise planning to attain a goal based on the environment's geometric model and the applicable theory [47]. However, the start of the mapping method along with ongoing planning of paths might need more energy. The decision between PSO-based navigation and deliberative navigation is influenced by the unique needs of the robot's mission as well as the features of the surroundings. Deliberative algorithms excel in established domains with complicated  
Figure 6: Comparison between different benchmark functions for the illustration of the algorithm.  
barriers, but PSO-based navigation excels in dynamic and unknown situations requiring real-time adaptability.
# Experimental Evaluation of a LoRa Wildlife Monitoring Network in a Forest Vegetation Area
###### Abstract  
Smart agriculture and wildlife monitoring are one of the recent trends of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, which are evolving in providing sustainable solutions from producers. This article details the design, development and assessment of a wildlife monitoring application for IoT animal repelling devices that is able to cover large areas, thanks to the low power wide area networks (LPWAN), which bridge the gap between cellular technologies and short range wireless technologies. LoRa, the global de-facto LPWAN, continues to attract attention given its open specification and ready availability of off-the-shelf hardware, with claims of several kilometers of range in harsh challenging environments. At first, this article presents a survey of the LPWAN for smart agriculture applications. We proceed to evaluate the performance of LoRa transmission technology operating in the 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands, aimed at wildlife monitoring in a forest vegetation area. To characterize the communication link, we mainly use the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet delivery ratio (PDR). Findings from this study show that achievable performance can greatly vary between the 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands, and prompt caution is required when taking numbers at face value, as this can have implications for IoT applications. In addition, our results show that the link reaches up to 860 m in the highly dense forest vegetation environment, while in the not so dense forest vegetation environment, it reaches up to 2050 m.  
Internet of Things; smart agriculture; LoRa; LoRaWAN; LPWAN; 433 MHz; 868 MHz; wildlife; ungulates; NLOS; forest +
Footnote †: journal:  
0000-0001-9991-4300][PERSON]  
0000-0002-1315-1900][PERSON]  
0000-0002-1315-1900][PERSON]
# Publishing Anonymized Set-Valued Data via Disassociation towards Analysis
## 5 Experiments
### Evaluating the Neighborhood of Set-Valued Datasets  
We start our investigation from the Probabilistic Wheel Re-association algorithm to see how well can it generate a neighborhood from the original dataset. Despite our awareness in terms of privacy worries arising from the calculation of the tree edit distance with the original dataset. Our main objective in these experiments is to evaluate realistically the efficiency of the proposed algorithm; and this cannot be done without the original dataset. To evaluate the neighborhood of the generated datasets, disassociation on \(BMS1\) with different \(k\), \(m\) and \(\delta\) constraints is applied and then multiple re-associated datasets for each combination are generated. TED is then calculated between every re-associated dataset and the original one. The implementation of APTED, developed in [23; 24], is finally used to calculate the TED.  
The results for the following analysis, are represented in two formats: First, Table 4 represents the average TED calculated between multiple re-associated datasets and the original dataset and the standard deviation of TED, under the same privacy constraints (same \(k\), \(m\) and \(\delta\)).  
* Are datasets generated from the same disassociated result reflecting a neighborhood?
* What is the effect of the privacy constraints on the distance?  
Second, Figure 5 is a visual representation of the calculated distances for five samples of each combination of \(k\), \(m\) and \(\delta\), to make more sense of the distances calculated. For a more concrete understanding, we plot the calculated TED relatively to the average TED by \(\delta\), without using a scale.  
In the following subsections we analyze the represented results to answer respectively the following questions:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**k** & **m** & \(\delta\) & **Average TED** & **Standard Deviation** \\ \hline
2 & 2 & 20 & 89,956 & 425 \\
2 & 2 & 40 & 94,112 & 130 \\
2 & 2 & 60 & 94,959 & 581 \\
3 & 3 & 20 & 80,344 & 379 \\
3 & 3 & 40 & 81,383 & 215 \\
3 & 3 & 60 & 81,749 & 304 \\
4 & 4 & 20 & 78,631 & 53 \\
4 & 4 & 40 & 76,800 & 407 \\
4 & 4 & 60 & 78,250 & 570 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Tree edit distance between the re-associated datasets and the original dataset.  
Figure 5: Tree edit distance (TED).
# AI-Driven Safety and Security for UAVs: From Machine Learning to Large Language Models
## 5 Challenges and Future Directions
### Future Directions
#### 5.2.2 Satellite Network Communication Enhancement  
With the increasing demand for global network coverage, integrating satellite networks and UAV communication systems has become an important means of solving the problem of insufficient signals in remote or disaster areas. By utilizing the global coverage capability of satellite networks, UAVs can achieve stable data transmission and real-time command and scheduling, even in areas not supported by terrestrial base stations, significantly improving the robustness of the communication module [226]. Furthermore, by deploying multi-access edge computing nodes, it is possible to perform local preprocessing, intelligent caching, and rapid decision-making regarding sensor data, thereby further reducing round-trip latency. In 2021, [PERSON] et al. used UAVs and satellites to provide edge computing and cloud computing services for wirelessly powered IoT devices, respectively, and employed a DLbased offloading and optimization strategy to address the dynamics of energy harvesting performance [227]. In 2024, [PERSON] et al. investigated the integration of LLMs into a comprehensive network of satellites, antennas, and terrestrial networks to provide reliable and seamless communication by improving data flow, signal processing, and network management, enhancing 6G communication technology [228]. [PERSON] et al. also proposed an innovative architecture based on the zero-trust principle to support a blockchain-enabled UAV distribution system through multi-agent situational awareness in LLMs, thus realizing a zero-trust air-ground integrated network [229].
# Non-Iterative Cluster Routing: Analysis and Implementation Strategies
## 5 Results
### Comparisons with the State-of-the-Art  
For a fair comparison in Table 1, we employed identical data processing and training settings, ensuring the selection of configurations with a similar number of parameters.  
Our first variation, characterized by a lower number of parameters, achieved performance comparable to that of the original cluster routing approach. Specifically, the _V1M4324_ variation with fewer parameters (1.11 million in total) demonstrated a test error rate of 3.48% on the _SVHN_ data set. This is comparable to that of the original cluster routing approach, which has 2.89 million parameters and a similar error rate. Similarly, in the context of the _CIFAR-10_ data set, the outcomes of the _V1M4324_ variation closely matched those of the original cluster routing, despite employing fewer parameters, with test error rates of 7.83% and 7.89%, respectively. However, it slightly fell short in performance on the _Fashion-MNIST_ data set, exhibiting a test error rate of 4.95% with 1.1M parameters, in contrast to the original cluster routing, which achieved 4.84% with 1.3M parameters. Despite this result, this variation demonstrated the potential to achieve comparable performance with fewer parameters. Furthermore, our variation employed a simpler agreement calculation, leading to a modest reduction in training time (averaging 5%), when compared to the original cluster routing approach.  
Our second variation model, _V2S_, demonstrated significant performance enhancements compared to existing capsule networks with an equivalent number of parameters to the original cluster routing, as detailed in Table 1. Our analysis revealed that an increase in the number of votes per cluster, denoted as **K**, led to a degradation in the performance of the original cluster routing in both single- and multi-channel configurations, as depicted in Figures 3 and 4, respectively. The _V2S_ model addresses this issue effectively, offering a strategic approach to manage capsule layers with significant dimensions and alleviate the negative impact of increasing \(\mathbf{K}\). In the context of the _smallNORB_ data set, _V2S_ not only achieved superior performance, as demonstrated in Figure 6, but also exhibited faster convergence during network training, as illustrated in Figure 7. These characteristics significantly enhance the cluster routing efficacy, underscoring the potential of the _V2S_ model in improving cluster routing capabilities.  
Despite nuanced variations, the two proposed routing alternatives emerge as viable options, showcasing notable strengths in differentiating data sets with diverse characteristics.
# Internal Backpressure for Onboard Crospoint-Buffered Switches with Port Multiplexing
## 5 Simulation and Evaluation  
In this section, we evaluate the performance of different BP mechanisms using software simulations. We utilize a \(16\times 16\) switch with a multiplexing factor 4. Each link runs at 1000 Mbps speed. The ON-OFF module and non-uniform traffic generators are employed and all the generated packets have a fixed length. Each simulation is performed by \(10^{6}\) time slots. The emulator we use is a self-developed simulation software based on C++ language, which simulates the switching model based on discrete event-driven simulation. The development environment is Visual Studio 2019, using the Windows10 x64-bit operating system, and the CPU is 12 th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-12400 2.50 GHz, with 32 GB memory.  
In addition, we employ a stochastic scenario to simulate the randomness and non-uniformity of switch port traffic, where hot ports (i.e., ports with concentrated traffic) are randomly distributed. This means that at different times or scenarios, traffic may be concentrated on different input or output ports. This randomness can truly reflect the uncertainty of traffic distribution caused by many factors (such as user activities, network congestion, etc.) in the actual network environment, so as to evaluate the load and performance of the switch port more comprehensively. In contrast, a deterministic scenario simulates the determinism and non-uniformity of switch port traffic. In this model, the hot port is fixed; that is, the traffic is always concentrated on a specific input or output port. This certainty reflects the regularity of traffic in some specific scenarios; for example, in some network topology or application scenarios, some ports always carry higher traffic due to specific service requirements or configurations. Through the simulation of the deterministic non-uniformly distributed traffic model, we can simulate the distribution of this fixed traffic, so as to evaluate the load and performance of the switch port more accurately. By simulating different network traffic scenarios, the influence of different BP schemes on system performance is compared.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study showed that the landing biomechanics of the lower limbs during drop vertical jump tasks were more influenced by drop height than by shoe midsole hardness. As participants dropped from greater heights, there was an increase in impact forces, loading rates, prelanding muscle activation, joint moments, and eccentric joint work. Interestingly, these changes in kinetics and neuromuscular response were only accompanied by a very subtle kinematic increase in ankle plantar flexion at initial contact and did not lead to changes in hip or knee joint kinematics. Within a commercially relevant range, softer midsole hardness has led to a load shift from the rearfoot to the forefoot for the medium and high drop height, but the magnitude of change was much smaller than that due to drop height effect. There was increased muscle activation in preparation to landing with softer midsole hardness, but no change in the kinematics or eccentric energy absorption of the lower limb joints. Subjectively, participants were able to perceive higher landing impacts with greater drop heights, though the strength of the relationships between subjective and biomechanical measures were weak.  
Conceptualization, T.S. and P.W.K.; methodology, C.T., J.W.P. and P.S.P.T.; software, R.A.; formal analysis, R.A. and J.W.P.; resources, P.S.P.T.; data curation, R.A., C.T. and J.W.P.; writing--original draft preparation, R.A. and C.T.; writing--review and editing, J.W.P., P.S.P.T., T.S. and P.W.K.; visualization, R.A. and J.W.P.; supervision, P.W.K.; project administration, R.A. and P.W.K.; funding acquisition, T.S. and P.W.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding. The shoes worn by participants were provided by Xtep (China) Co. Ltd.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] for their contribution during the pilot phase of this study. One author ([PERSON]) of this article is supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. [PERSON] was an employee at Xtep (China) Co Ltd. at the time of this study.
## 6 The Training System Operation Effect
### Evaluation and Results
* The coach and new staff of Kunming Railway Administration who participated in the experiment agreed that the system was effective, by alleviating the disadvantages of the traditional locomotive crew training and emergency skills training. * The new system is capable of training new employees without an actual rolling stock, which improves the on-line service rate of rolling stock. * The system presents boring but extremely important emergency drills in the virtual space in rich forms of expression, which makes the learning content easier to understand and more impressive. * In this system, typical locomotive faults can be unified and concentrated in the virtual locomotive. Moreover, the principle and fault types can be visualized, which enriches the students' experiences in handling emergency situations. * The training system can guarantee the safety of students' lives, which improves the training efficiency and pass rate and reduces the waste of training resources. Figure 13: The pass rate of each group of trained new employees.