## 1 Introduction
The research content has developed from simple static characteristics to complex dynamic characteristics. (2) The mechanism of rock freeze-thaw damage, rock freeze-thaw damage is caused by the combined action of volume expansion caused by water-ice phase change and ice segregation caused by water migration. The mechanism is often studied by microscopic means. The effect of critical saturation and pore-size distribution in freezing injury was investigated by [PERSON]. The findings suggest that first and foremost, freeze-thaw failure will occur even after a few freeze-thaw cycles when the saturation of the two types of limestone investigated surpasses 80-85%. The freezing effect is quite quick if the water saturation is sufficient. The critical saturation of these rocks is the same, notwithstanding the differences in porosity. Finally, increasing the number of freeze-thaw cycles has no influence on critical saturation; rather, the pore-size distribution, rather than total porosity, controls the freezing damage. The critical saturation, it is stated, can be described as the fundamental features of stone [21]. [PERSON] et al. studied the freeze-thaw resistance of rocks as well as their physical evolution during weathering. The crack initiation, propagation, and fracture processes during the freeze-thaw cycle were observed by microscopic observation. The spatial attenuation of ultrasonic waves was discovered to be the most sensitive parameter for detecting the critical attenuation threshold of rock and its imminent fracture. The standardized durability test cannot accurately reflect the reality of rock frost weathering. It is suggested that the number of freeze-thaw cycles be increased and that the weathering process of samples be monitored using ultrasonic measurement [22]. [PERSON] et al. imaged the texture characteristics and internal void structure of dolomitic rocks using X-ray computed tomography. X-ray CT was used to study the evolution of pore structure during the freeze-thaw cycle test. The images obtained can be used to track the progressive decay and evaluate the internal depth of damage, and damage was observed primarily in the form of cracks [23]. [PERSON] et al. carried out a long-term experimental study of over 1400 freeze-thaw cycles on four selected rocks. The samples in the freeze-thaw test were affected by changes in temperature and moisture, indicating that different decay mechanisms may interfere with each other. Thermohygric and moisture expansion were mentioned as important damage processes [24]. (3) The numerical simulation of rock freezing and thawing: [PERSON] et al. prefabricated open single-fracture rock samples, injected water into the fractures, conducted frost-heave tests, and measured the frost-heave force. Based on this, a two-dimensional finite element model was established, and the numerical solution of the frost-heave force was calculated using the equivalent thermal expansion coefficient [25]. [PERSON] et al. pointed out that the rock moisture in the freezing and thawing process is the key factor in frost weathering. They extrapolated the water content information for natural rock walls from other relevant knowledge and integrated it into the WUFI(r) software package to simulate the freezing-thawing and weathering mechanisms of natural rock walls related to water [26]. [PERSON] et al. used the in-house three-dimensional mixed finite element code to study the failure mechanism of Tasmanian sandstone subjected to different freeze-thaw cycles in UCS and BTS tests. The three-dimensional numerical simulation shows that for the model both with and without freeze-thaw cycles, the final failure occurs in the central part, but with the increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles, the failure surface becomes more tortuous [27]. [PERSON] et al. developed a numerical model of a thermal-mechanical-fluid flow coupling system and used it to simulate the freezing and thawing of rocks, taking into account pore water phase change during the freezing process.