# Preliminary Examination of Emergent Threat and Risk Landscapes in Intelligent Harvesting Robots
## 2 Related Work  
Security and safety has always been an important factor to consider when using robots in any field. The aim of security is to protect the assets and services in the robotic environment from disruption, theft, or exploitation by unauthorized users. Safety on the other hand focuses on protecting the workeres around the robots, particularly employees who interact with a robot during programming, maintenance, testing, setup or adjustment. It is important to note that while employee safety is the main concern, robots are just as much a danger to a business's bottom line as they are to workers. Although in research, there has been much more interest in safety than security to reduce incidents that can lead to serious injury or even devastating results such as loss of human lives, many researchers have begun to investigate more incidents caused by malicious attacks as they represent a very challenging issue [12; 13]. Hacking and controlling robots usually result in serious economic and financial losses, but the impact depends on the task at hand and the environment in which the robot operates. In medical fields for example, some attacks can evade robot security controls to cause unexpected and sudden robot behaviors. This is dangerous for robots used to perform surgery, as it can cause patient injury, robot damage, or system unavailability in the middle of the surgery [14]. Although safety measurements are important for all types of robots, the problems and solutions are different. For example, safety in industrial robots is acheived via keeping humans out of the robot's workspace. However for surgical robots, the surgical team enter the workspace and physically interact with the robot that is also attached to the anesthetized patient [15]. This difference in the environment can also contribute to early detection by only focusing on certain physical features and the behaviour of the robot [16]. In another robot application, attacks on home-based robots can have a significant impact on user privacy and safety. Attackers can use hacked robot's cameras and microphones to spy on family members [17]. The link between home-based robots and voice-based assistants such as Alexa or Siri further widens attack surface, as the latter also poses security and privacy concerns [18]. If the robot can talk or allow an attacker to talk through its speaker, it could tell voice-based assistants to unlock doors and disable home alarms to allow burglars free access, which also raises a safety concern. Industrial robots are generally larger, more powerful and have a precise movement. Due to these characteristics, attacks against industrial robots can have more dangerous scenarios with direct safety implications [19]. The authors in [20] highlighted four main threat scenarios that have impact on the accuracy, integrity and safety requirements of industrial robots. Moreover, the financial impact is on a large scale. Building industrial robots is more expensive and the loss will be more drastic if the number of compromisedrobots is high. Disruption of production due the unavailability of robots will also lead to huge financial losses. Note that all research in security of intelligent agriculture tends to focus more on physical threats such as weather conditions and climate change [21] and threats against IoT and heavy machinery connected online [11]. Other researchers focused on robotic security deployed in general setting [22], but no work has been conducted on the security and safety of intelligent harvesting robots. The authors in [23] claims that threats against robotics, IA and IoT can lead to disaster in crop harvesting which would lead to food shortage. In this work, we examined an actual robot for harvesting asparagus. As a result, we managed to identify safety and security issues of agricultural robots used for intelligent harvesting. The document begins by analyzing the environment in which the intelligent harvesting robot operates, then identifies and analyzes the security threats.