# The Application of Augmented Reality in the Automotive Industry: A Systematic Literature Review
## Results
### Prior Surveys  
AR is a technology that has gained popularity in the field of the automotive industry in recent years, and systematic reviews have shown that AR applications have great potential in this field [23; 24]. From the selected papers for our research, a total of 15 review articles were found, as shown in Figure 4. Most of them are not exclusively focused on the use of AR in the automotive industry, but they do mention this area, offering relevant information on how this technology can provide improvements in various applications. The distribution of the review articles according to the year of publication is shown in Figure 7. From the 15 articles identified, six of them focus their research on the field of manufacturing, four approach the industry field in general, and five refer to AR systems used to help drivers, like HUDs (Figure 8). Figure 6: Geographic distribution of the 55 reviewed papers. Figure 7: Distribution of review articles per year. A short review about AR applications in the automotive and aerospace industries was provided in [25], a paper published in 2005, focusing on ten projects in which they were involved. Maintenance, design, production and training are some of the areas where AR technology was implemented. In the study, the authors summarized their research and development, identifying opportunities and limitations of AR in every context. Of the total of 10 projects presented, six were related to the automotive industry and four to the aerospace industry. As a conclusion at the time at which the study was completed, there were many technical issues to be resolved before AR could be applied in the field due to the low level of maturity of the technology. After a decade, in 2015, another review of the experimental implementations of AR for various purposes was presented in [1]. The study refers to 39 articles, of which 24% are reported to be related to the automotive field. Their focus was on using AR as a tool in through-life engineering services, and the presented applications were included in areas like maintenance, repairing, diagnostics, inspection, training and so on. The conclusion was that AR setup activities have been successfully implemented, even if there were still issues concerning hardware and software aspects. A systematic review was presented in a paper published in 2018 [4], and it investigated key performance indicators related to the use of AR in industrial applications, especially for automotive maintenance and training purposes. Time and error reduction, ease of use, spatial representation of information and cognitive workload were the performance metrics selected to explore the added value of AR for industry. The empirical study was based on the technology acceptance model and involved experts in the field. Analyzing two other constructs (usefulness and intention to use), the study concluded that key performance indicators play a positive role in the user's perception when he/she uses industrial AR-based applications. A recent study presented in [7] tries to identify a few key factors and challenges occurring in industrial projects that use AR, based on a qualitative and qualitative survey. The most important success factors resulting from the survey were the visibility of information, improvements in efficiency, user acceptance, ergonomics aspects and the usability of user interface. User acceptance was also an important challenge, as evidenced by the outcome of the study, as well as tracking technology and the weight of the device. The conclusion of the study was that technical and organizational factors are crucial to the effective and successful implementation of AR in industry. The application of AR in manufacturing is also an area of interest, evidenced by the number of articles dealing with this aspect.