## 3 Proposal of an Extended Reality Solution for Holistic Construction Safety Management
### Requirements and Considerations
#### 3.1.1 Holistic Vision of Construction Safety Management
All planned measures will be aligned with applicable international and national standards, according to the characteristics and conditions of the particular project (e.g., ISO 45001 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems [48]). In addition to ISO 45001, it is important to consider comprehensive regulatory frameworks such as the UK Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) and the EU Directive 92/57/EEC, which provide structured approaches to integrating health and safety throughout the project lifecycle. These regulations emphasise early risk identification, coordination between duty holders, and the proactive management of safety during both design and execution. The proposed framework aligns with these principles by incorporating Prevention through Design (PtD), early-stage design review, and coordination of safety-related information within immersive XR environments. XR technologies offer new opportunities to support compliance with these regulations by enabling clearer communication, collaborative planning, and virtual simulations that reinforce worker awareness and safety decision-making [49]. In addition, the ISO 19650-6:2023 standard, which focuses on the collaborative sharing and management of health and safety information using BIM, provides a valuable framework that aligns with the objectives of this study. By incorporating information requirements, data structures, and responsibilities related to safety into the digital model, ISO 19650-6 supports the development of consistent and structured workflows that can be integrated into XR environments. This facilitates proactive hazard communication and traceability throughout the project lifecycle. Figure 2: Processes and activities for construction safety management. Along with the processes and activities in safety management, it is important to understand and correctly manage the factors that affect safety in construction. In this way, it is possible to align and implement these activities according to these indicators and to make the measures compliant. This verifies compliance with regulations that focus on avoiding accidents in the project itself (often considered minimal) and achieves a comprehensive and holistic vision of safety management, transversal to all those involved, and with a complete vision of the organisation. [PERSON] et al. [50] consolidated and updated various studies and proposed 100 factors influencing safety on construction projects (fSCPs). These were grouped into four broad categories: (A) general aspects, which include factors associated with general organisation, standards, finances and productivity, the culture and safety climate and elements associated with previous lessons for establishing safety management programmes and systems; (B) materials and equipment, which considers the condition and characteristics of the materials and equipment used with respect to their influence on accident potential; (C) construction site, which incorporates site conditions and how these, together with work processes, can promote or prevent the occurrence of accidents; and (D) human aspects--worker and work team, which are associated with workers' competencies, interactions, communication and motivations, and individual and collective responsibility for safety. Although the control of and compliance with 100 factors could be complex, [PERSON] et al. classified these factors according to the Construction Accident Causation Framework (CACF). This makes it possible to understand the relationships and prioritisation levels in the factors regarding accident occurrence according to whether there are shaping or immediate factors or originating influences in the causes of accidents. [PERSON] [51] also suggested there is a wide spectrum of actions in safety management, ranging from various policies and prevention training to actions that can be taken immediately before an accident occurs in real time.