## 3 Results  
The results of the one-way ANOVA test showed that the type of material had a statistically significant effect on R\({}_{\mathrm{a}}\)0 and R\({}_{\mathrm{a}}\)1 values (\(p\) < 0.001) (Tables 2 and 3, respectively). The mean R\({}_{\mathrm{a}}\)0, R\({}_{\mathrm{a}}\)1, and standard deviation (SD) values of test groups, the multiple comparisons of these values according to [PERSON]'s post hoc tests, and the pairwise comparisons according to the paired sample \(t\)-tests are shown in Table 4. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Sum of** & **df** & **Mean of** & \\  & **Squares** & **d\%** & **Squares** & **F** & \(p\)* \\ \hline Between groups & 0.138 & 4 & 0.035 & 51.974 & 0 \\ Within groups & 0.03 & 45 & 0.001 & \\ Total & 0.168 & 49 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: One-way ANOVA results for R\({}_{\mathrm{a}}\)0 values. Figure 5: Color parameter measurement of the specimens using a spectrophotometer. While the highest mean R\({}_{0}\)0 value was observed for the VE group (0.174 \(\pm\) 0.043), the lowest mean R\({}_{0}\)0 value was observed for the CS (0.037 \(\pm\) 0.008). After the thermocycling procedure, the highest mean R\({}_{0}\)1 value was examined for the VE group (0.201 \(\pm\) 0.041), and the lowest mean R\({}_{0}\)1 value was examined for the SC group (0.038 \(\pm\) 0.007). All material groups' mean surface roughness values were below or equal to the plaque accumulation threshold (0.20 \(\upmu\)m) [43]. No statistical difference was examined among the SC, FP, and CS groups for the R\({}_{0}\)0 and R\({}_{0}\)1 values. The difference between the VE and VM groups and other groups was statistically significant in both mean R\({}_{0}\)0 and mean R\({}_{0}\)1 values. According to the pairwise comparisons of R\({}_{0}\)0 and R\({}_{0}\)1 values, the thermocycling increased the roughness of the materials in general. However, this increase was not statistically significant. Figure 6 displays 3D roughness images of the specimens tested before and after thermocycling. According to the Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis, the comparison between tested materials at both the T1 interval and the T2 interval exhibited significant differences on the mean AE\({}_{00}\) values (\(p\) < 0.001). The mean \(\pm\) standard deviation values of the mean AE\({}_{00}\) of each material after thermocycling (T1) and in immersed distilled water or coffee solutions (T2) are presented in Table 5. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Groups** & **R\({}_{0}\)0** & **Tukey * & **R\({}_{0}\)1** & **Tukey * & **\(t\)-Test (\(p\)) ** ** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Mean \(\pm\) SD**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Mean \(\pm\) SD**} & \\ \hline SC & 0.039 \(\pm\) 0.005 & A & 0.038 \(\pm\) 0.007 & A & \(p\) = 0.642 \\ FP & 0.044 \(\pm\) 0.004 & A & 0.045 \(\pm\) 0.009 & A & \(p\) = 0.709 \\ CS & 0.037 \(\pm\) 0.008 & A & 0.041 \(\pm\) 0.008 & A & \(p\) = 0.482 \\ VE & 0.174 \(\pm\) 0.043 & B & 0.201 \(\pm\) 0.041 & B & \(p\) = 0.170 \\ VM & 0.096 \(\pm\) 0.035 & C & 0.115 \(\pm\) 0.031 & C & \(p\) = 0.283 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} SC, Crowntec; FP, Permanent Crown Resin; CS, Cerasamt 270; VE, Vita Enamic; VM, Vitamark II. * [PERSON]’s post hoc test results are shown as letters. Uperexage differences within columns indicate statistically significant differences for the material groups at the 0.05 level of confidence. * Pairwise comparison results of R\({}_{0}\)0 and R\({}_{0}\)1 values with paired sample \(t\)-test (\(p\) < 0.05 indicates statistical significance).  
\end{table} 
Table 4: The test groups’ mean R\({}_{0}\)0 and R\({}_{0}\)1 values (\(\upmu\)m) and standard deviations (SD) with [PERSON]’s post-hoc test for multiple comparisons and paired samples \(t\)-tests.