esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Modified Hyrax-Type Expander Is Effective for Distal Bodily Movement of the Maximally First Molar
## 3 Treatment Objectives  
The treatment objective for this patient was to apply traction and align the ectopically erupted left maxillary canine while maintaining a good lateral profile. The specific plan was to extract the maxillary left second molar and distally move the mesially positioned maxillary left first molar to the Angle Class I position using a Hyrax-type expander with an expansion screw (Veltri Monolateral Screw(r), 8 mm A0629-08; Leone, Firenze, Italy), which is designed for distal/mesial and expansive/contractive movement of a single tooth, to create eruption space for the maxillary left canine. In the present case, the appliance was designed with bands attached to the maxillary left and right first premolars and left and right first molars, and the palatal screw was turned using the left and right first premolars and the right first molar as anchorage sources, so that only the left maxillary first molar could be moved distally. An expansion screw was placed parallel to the occlusal plane of the maxillary first molars to allow distal bodily movement of the left first molar. In addition, [PERSON]'s holding arch was added to the palatal region and a lingual arch was placed along the maxillary anterior teeth to reinforce anchorage. Moreover, a 0.9 mm cobalt-chromium alloy wire was bent distally into a hook shape and brazed to the buccal side of the band on the left first premolar. The ectopically erupted canine was pulled in the distal-buccal direction by an elastic chain from the hook. This was followed by treatment of the maxillary and mandibular premolars with a multi-bracket system without extraction. In addition, because the tooth germ of the maxillary left third molar was found to be large enough, a plan was also made to align the maxillary left third molar into the maxillary arch (Figure 5).  
Figure 4: Measurement points and lines used for determining the mesiodistal position and axial inclination angles of the maxillary first molars. A\({}^{\prime}\), intersection of the palatal plane and the perpendicular line from point A; ptm\({}^{\prime}\), intersection of the palatal plane and the perpendicular line from ptm; Mo, midpoint of the occlusal surface of the maxillary first molars; Ms, intersection of the palatal plane and the perpendicular line from the midpoint of the occlusal surface of the maxillary first molars; Mp, line connecting the midpoint of the occlusal surface of the maxillary first molars and the midpoint of the mesial and distal root apexes; NF, palatal plane.  
The treatment plan was as follows:  
1. Extraction of the maxillary left second molar.
2. Distal movement of the maxillary left first molar.
3. Traction and aligning of the ectopically erupted maxillary left canine.
4. Aligning the midlines of the maxillary and mandibular arches.
5. Establishment of one-to-two tooth occlusion.
6. Improvement of crowding of the mandibular anterior teeth and crossbite.
# Design of an Integrated Remote and Ground Sensing Monitor System for Assessing Farmland Quality
## 2 Improved UAV-WSN System Design  
Like most existing UAV-WSN systems, the WSN of the improved UAV-WSN system proposed in this study is composed of sensor modules, communication modules, control modules, and power supply modules. Similarly, the UAV is an unmanned drone craft, carrying a camera or imaging spectrometer to capture images or spectral data for the study area and a sink node for collecting ground sensor data from the WSN.  
As discussed, the working process of most existing UAV-WSN systems is to plan the flight path of the UAV according to the positions of communication nodes in the WSN. However, the working process of our proposed UAV-WSN system facilitates the simultaneous collection of ground sensor and high-resolution remote sensing data by planning the UAV flight path independent of the WSN, according to the principles of aerial photogrammetry, which ensures that the images or spectral data can be used to produce an aerial view using standard remote sensing products, such as digital surface models. Then, sensor node clustering is conducted for the WSN according to the selected UAV flight path, and every sensor node is considered a potential communication node to ensure that the UAV can connect to any node of a sensor node cluster as the UAV passes over a given region of the study area from any direction. The individual nodes in the sensor node clusters are connected with the sink node of the UAV by a newly proposed fast broadcast routing protocol (FBRP) that facilitates the collection of all available sensor node data by the UAV. Finally, the UAV applies the proposed DTORP for conducting data transmission within each sensor node cluster.  
The FBRP is similar to a flooding protocol in principle. The sink node in the UAV continuously broadcasts a group order. The first sensor node in a cluster to receive the order from the sink node in the UAV broadcasts the order to its neighboring sensor nodes. Then, each of the neighboring sensor nodes broadcasts the order to their neighboring sensor nodes. This process continues until each sensor node in the cluster has received the order. Once a sensor node receives the order from a neighboring sensor node, it will ignore the order later transmitted from any other neighboring node. After receiving the order, each sensor node transmits its data quantity, battery status, and neighboring nodes to the sink node in the UAV along the same route by which the order arrived from the sink node to the sensor node. In contrast to most existing data transmission protocols, which are designed to reduce energy consumption or balance the consumption of battery energy, the proposed protocol is designed to reduce the overall time required for collecting all available sensor node data.
# Quality Characteristics and Flavor Analysis of Five Mulberry Varieties
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Correlation Analysis Between Amino Acids and Volatile Substances (OAV > 1)  
Pearson correlation analysis of 21 key volatile flavor compounds with 22 amino acids is shown in the heat map (Figure 6). In the figure, red and blue indicate positive correlation and negative correlation, respectively, and the depth of color indicates the level of correlation.  
Glutamic acid, theanine, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, aminobutyric acid, phenylalanine, lysine, \(\gamma\)-decanolactone, 6-methyl-2-heptanol, hexaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, decanal, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohex-1-carboxyaldehyde, (E)-2-decenaldehyde, 2,4-decadienal, and (2E,AZ)-2,4-decadienal showed a strong positive correlation. Aspartic acid, histidine, arginine, \(\gamma\)-decanolactone, butylacetone, 6-methyl-2-heptanol, 1-dodecanol, hexaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal, nonanal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, decanal, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohex-1-carboxyaldehyde, (E)-2-decenaldehyde, 2,4-decadienal, (2E,AZ)-2,4-decadienal, 2-octanone, maltol, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol were positively correlated. Proline, lysine, cystine, tyrosine, and glutamine showed strong negative correlation with other volatile substances except gamma-nonlactone. This suggests that the more amino acids that are negatively correlated with volatile substances, the more detrimental it is to the formation of these flavor compounds.
## 1 Introduction
[16] pointed out the connection between KMD and linear system identification methods. [PERSON] et al. [17] demonstrated true Koopman eigenfunctions and eigenvalues from time-delayed embedded data matrices and applied Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) [18] to delay-embedded Hankel data matrices (matrices constructed from time-delayed time series with equal elements on the anti-diagonal) to obtain finite-dimensional approximations of the infinite-dimensional Koopman operator. Thus, constructing Hankel matrices from collected univariate measurements and applying DMD on Hankel matrices became a new paradigm (Hankel-DMD) for obtaining global linear approximations of nonlinear systems. Because the results obtained from the aforementioned paradigm often cannot guarantee closure under the Koopman operator, [PERSON] et al. [12; 19; 20] proposed the Hankel Alternative View of Koopman (HAVOK) analysis framework, which models chaotic systems as intermittently forced closed linear systems. However, bursting oscillations do not entirely fall under the category of chaos, but they are also a form of strongly nonlinear behavior. Therefore, inspired by the HAVOK analysis framework, we attempt to apply HAVOK analysis to the field of bursting oscillation analysis. This paper applies the HAVOK analysis framework to systems with bursting oscillations to construct globally approximated forced linear models for the systems' nonlinear models and quickly predict the occurrence of bursting oscillations through the behavior of the forced terms in the models. The content of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 outlines the theory and algorithms involved in HAVOK analysis, as well as the specific process details when applied to bursting oscillation analysis, and explains the mechanism of bursting oscillations from the perspective of HAVOK analysis. Section 3 summarizes the HAVOK analysis process applied to bursting oscillations. In Section 4, we apply the HAVOK analysis to models that may exhibit bursty oscillations and analyze and discuss the situation under three different parameter sets. An attempt is also made to apply the HAVOK analysis to models that exhibit quasi-periodic oscillations (a type of steady-state nonlinear oscillation). Finally, Section 5 summarizes the results of this study and discusses the current limitations of this study as well as possible future research directions.
## 2 Carbon Nanostructures as Templates for Titania Nanomorphologies
### Fullerenes  
Fullerenes have been intensively studied for photocatalytic applications, as well as in combination with other semiconductors as photocatalyst enhancers [175]. The use of fullerenes as nano-templates for titania nucleation and growth was mainly developed in previous years [88], despite a modern renaissance of their use in solar cells [176].  
Zinc-functionalized fullerene was recently combined with nanostructured titania for water remediation; however, the two nanomaterials were formed separately and only later combined to make nanostructured composites [177]. The interface between fullerenes and titania has been deeply investigated. It was recently found that defect states in the band gap of titania are quenched by C\({}_{70}\) while an interfacial state appears, showing a barrier-free extraction of charges (Figure 3) for the next generation of organic solar cells [178]. However, in studies such as this one, fullerenes are added onto preformed titania.  
In an interesting study, fullerenol was used as a template for titania to exploit the buckyball's hydroxyl groups as nucleation sites for the generation of titania nanoparticles by atomic layer deposition using titanium tetraisopropoxide as a precursor [94]. Given the low temperatures used in the process, the resulting titania was amorphous, yet it surprisingly demonstrated photocatalytic activity that was ascribed to the presence of fulleren  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Carbon** & **Nanocarbon** & **Distinctive** & **Specific** & **TiO\({}_{2}\)** & \\
**Nanostructure** & **Surface** & **Raman** & **Surface Area** & **Crystallite** & **Ref.** \\
**(CN)** & **Functionalization** & **Peaks (cm\({}^{-1}\))** & **(m\({}^{2}\) g\({}^{-1}\))** & **Size (nm)** & \\ \hline rGO [14] & F-doping & 146, 397, 516, 637 (A) [FOOTNOTE:]Footnote : A = anatase. \({}^{2}\) SWCNTs = single-walled carbon nanotubes. \({}^{3}\) SDBS = sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. \({}^{4}\) C\({}_{60}\) is a fullerene with 60 carbon atoms. \({}^{5}\) MWCNTs = multi-walled carbon nanotubes. \({}^{6}\) SDS = sodium dodecyl sulfate. \({}^{7}\) R = rutile. \({}^{8}\) PyPBI = pyridine-based polybenzimidazole. \({}^{8}\) PVP = polyvinylprolidone. \({}^{9}\) PAN = polyacrylamideonitrile. \({}^{10}\) GO = graphene oxide. \({}^{11}\) B = brookie. \({}^{12}\) CS = chitosan. \({}^{13}\) PVA = polyvinyl alcohol. \({}^{14}\) rGO = reduced graphene oxide. & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: _Cont._  
Figure 3: \(C_{70}\)/ titania band diagrams derived from the photoemission spectra, with energy gaps based on optical absorption data. Reproduced with permission from [178], copyright © 2021, American Chemical Society.
# Differences in Performance of Models for Heterogeneous Cores during Pulse Decay Tests
###### Abstract  
Shale and fractured cores often exhibit dual-continuum medium characteristics in pulse decay testing. Dual-continuum medium models can be composed of different flow paths, interporosity flow patterns, and matrix shapes. Various dual-continuum medium models have been used by researchers to analyze the results of pulse decay tests. But the differences in their performance for pulse decay tests have not been comprehensively investigated. The characteristics of the dual-permeability model and the dual-porosity model, the slab matrix, and the spherical matrix in pulse decay testing are compared by numerical modeling in this study. The pressure and pressure derivative curves for different vessel volumes, storativity ratios, interporosity flow coefficients, and matrix-fracture permeability ratios were compared and analyzed. The study found that these models have only a small difference in the interporosity flow stage, and the difference in the matrix shape is not important, and the matrix shape cannot be identified by pulse decay tests. When the permeability of the low permeability medium is less than 1% of the permeability of the high permeability medium, the difference between the dual-permeability model and the dual-porosity model can be ignored. The dual-permeability model approaches the pseudo-steady-state model as the interporosity flow coefficient and vessel volume increase. Compared with the dual-porosity model, the dual-permeability model has a shorter horizontal section of the pressure derivative in the interporosity flow stage. Finally, the conclusions were verified against a case study. This study advances the ability of pulse decay tests to investigate the properties of unconventional reservoir cores.  
p 2019 9 3206 2019 6 August 2019
## 3 Numerical Model for the Simulation of Time-Dependent Effects in Concrete
### Nonlinear Creep of Concrete  
It has been experimentally verified that the linear correlation between the short-term mechanical deformation of concrete and the long-term deformation (creep) of concrete is valid only when the stress levels in concrete are low. According to many authors, see for example [1; 2; 3], when the ratio between the stresses in concrete under a long-term load and the nominal pressure strength of concrete exceeds 0.40, the relationship between the short-term and the long-term deformations becomes nonlinear and a progressive increase in the deformation, and the cracking of concrete occur (Figure 6). Moreover, when stresses in concrete under a long-term load exceed 80% of the nominal concrete compressive strength, creep causes the collapse of the concrete element.  
There are various attempts at analytical descriptions of the nonlinear creep of concrete. Some models of nonlinear creep of concrete, based on different rheological models and/or on uniaxial experimental tests, can be found in [3; 4; 5; 6].  
The linear form of the creep function of Equation (5) can be used for \(\sigma_{c}\leq 0.4\)\(f_{cm}\). For the interval 0.4 \(f_{cm}\leq\sigma_{c}\leq 0.6\)\(f_{cm}\), according to the fib Model Code 2010 the following nonlinear expression can be used:  
\[\varphi_{\sigma_{c}}\big{(}t,t^{\prime}\big{)}=\varphi\big{(}t,t^{\prime} \big{)}\cdot e^{[1.5\cdot(k_{c}-0.4)]},\ \ \ \ \ k_{\sigma}=\frac{|\sigma_{c}|}{f_{cm}},\ \ \ \ 0.4<k_{\sigma}\leq 0.6. \tag{11}\]  
Figure 6: A qualitative representation of the influence of concrete stress levels and the linear and nonlinear model for concrete creep.  
In this paper, the empirical expression for nonlinear concrete cracking proposed in [20; 24] was used. Considering the need for a simple practical nonlinear creep model, a simple function for the factor which depends on the current stress in concrete due to the static load \(\sigma_{c}\) and the compressive strength of concrete \(f_{cm}\), has been adopted according to the slightly modified expression from [24]:  
\[\varphi_{\sigma_{c}}\left(t,t^{\prime}\right)=\frac{\varphi(t,t^{\prime})}{1- \left(\frac{|\varphi_{c}|}{f_{cm}}\right)^{2.7}}. \tag{12}\]  
As it can be seen in Figure 7, this model correlates well with the models given in [1; 23; 24]. This model is very simple and can be used up to the stress levels of 0.8 \(f_{cm}\). Above this stress level, the model is not entirely reliable. In Figure 8, for 0.4 \(f_{cm}\leq|\sigma_{c}|\leq 0.6\)\(f_{cm}\), it is visible that the proposed expression (12) is in very good agreement with the curve proposed by the fib Model Code 2010 (11) [23], for the 0.5 \(f_{cm}\leq|\sigma_{c}|\leq 0.6\)\(f_{cm}\) range.
# Activation of Persulfate for Groundwater Remediation:
## 6 Conclusions and Outlooks  
Persulfate, a potential oxidant, is increasingly used in persulfate-based advanced oxidation for the remediation of groundwater and soil contaminated by organic chemicals. Multiple methods,including heat, alkaline, iron-based and electrokinetic were applied to activate persulfate successfully in site remediation. The alkaline and iron-based activation technologies seem to be the most used in site applications, while heat-activated persulfate consumes more energy and extra equipment is required, resulting in a high cost. The combination of multiple methods to activate persulfate and surfactants to enhance the oxidation process has become a trend in recent years. Since every activated method has its shortcomings, how to overcome those shortcomings by coupling with other remediation technologies remains to be explored.  
At present, although a number of remediation projects are carried out by using persulfate as oxidant, the parameters obtained from site applications are still inadequate. The dosage demand, the persistence, and the radius of influence of persulfate in field-scale applications varies at each site for different activation methods. Soil texture, minerals, and soil organic matter (SOM) content can affect the remediation efficiency when ISCO is applied to site remediation. The mechanism of persulfate-based ISCO still needs to be further explored and more attention should be paid to the transformation of achievements from laboratory research to field applications.  
ISCO remediation is a long-term project and often cannot achieve the purpose of remediation at one time, compared with traditional physical methods. Nearly 50 percent of applications were observed to have a rebound process and needed extra remediation. Therefore, long term groundwater observation should be carried out when the ISCO applications are used. Persulfate treatments not only have a negative impact on the population and diversity of soil systems, but also cause a disruption of the biological natural attenuation capacity. Further attention should be paid to changes in soil microbial communities during and after remediation.  
This study was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2019 YFC18057004) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51979203, 52200200).  
No new data were created or analyzed in this study.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### NO Formation in Pure Ammonia Combustion  
#### 3.1.1 Effect of Residence Time \(t\) on NO Production  
Combustion experiments were conducted for a certain proportion of NH\({}_{3}\)/O\({}_{2}\)/Ar at different residence times and NO content in the flue gas was measured. It was predicted that the longer the residence time of the mixed gas in the high-temperature furnace, the more fully the NH\({}_{3}\), O\({}_{2}\), and Ar would be mixed, and the higher the degree of ammonia combustion. The experimental results are shown in Figure 2. The excess air coefficients were set as 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1; the combustion temperature was set as 1500 \({}^{\circ}\)C; and the residence time varied from 565 ms to 2258 ms. As shown in Figure 2, when \(\alpha\) was not less than 1, the amount of NO produced by ammonia combustion decreased with the increase in residence time, which was basically consistent with the prediction. The longer the residence time, the fuller the combustion, and the less NO produced. With the increase in residence time, the influence of residence time on NO generation also gradually decreased. However, when \(\alpha\) was less than 1, it can be seen that the NO amount increased when the residence time was 1129 ms. This may have been because the ratio of NH\({}_{3}\) to O\({}_{2}\) increases in the case of rich combustion, resulting in an increase in incomplete combustion, and hence the NO amount also increased.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Influencing Factors** & **Setting** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Fuel volume fraction} & NH\({}_{3}\)/\% & 0.83–2.78 \\  & CH\({}_{4}\)/\% & 0–1.94 \\ \cline{2-3}  & NH\({}_{3}\)/\% & 0.69–2.78 \\  & CO/\% & 0–2.08 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Ammonia ratio in fuel gas/\% \\ Excess air coefficient \\ Temperature/\({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Residence time/ms \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Operation settings.