## 3 Avocado's Composition in Nutrients and Bioactives
### Avocado Bioactive Compounds
#### 3.2.4 Fatty Acids
More specifically, these extracts induce a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential in Caco-2 cells, resembling the actions of the derivates of avocado fatty acids in oral cancer cells [74; 88; 91]. The release of intracellular calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum may cause mitochondrial membrane depolarization, which facilitates the activation of pro-apoptotic proteins. Fatty acids, acting through G-protein coupled receptors, can cause calcium release, whilst acetogenius have been demonstrated to modulate cell cycle progression and cell death. However, in Caco-2 cells, lipid seed extracts did not affect intracellular calcium levels, presumably due to the short treatment period. Additionally, fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) can impact the control of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which connects inflammation to metabolic problems and diseases [91]. The study by [PERSON] et al. [33] examined avocado variety's lipid profile, measuring atherogenic and thrombogenic indices to determine its potential contribution to the prevention of dyslipidemia. The connection between hypercholesterolemia and hypocholesterolememia was also examined with a focus on the function of fatty acid content. The ratio between hypocholesterolemomic and hypercholesterolemia fatty acids (h/H ratio) that was measured reflected the functional activity of fatty acids in lipid metabolism and was critical for determining the risk of cardiovascular disease. Avocado was found to have a promising fatty acid content, with an h/H ratio that indicated possible heart health advantages, aligning with values associated with lower cardiovascular risk. In [91], when Caco-2 cells were treated with the avocado seed lipid extract, the glycolytic rate decreased significantly in comparison to the positive control. Moreover, the effect of this extract on fatty acids oxidation (FAO) revealed a 45% reduction in cellular respiration, indicating FAO inhibition. These findings indicate that seed lipid extracts could impact cancer cell metabolism, impeding glycolysis and FAO processes. Limiting lipid metabolism, particularly FAO, has been suggested as a therapeutic method against cancer cells, since changes in mitochondria associated with lipid accumulation can affect cell proliferation. According to studies, inhibiting FAO might be a viable approach to colorectal cancer. [PERSON]'s et al. [92] emphasized the connection between avocado consumption and improved glycemic control, especially in people with type II diabetes. This association might be attributable to bioactive chemicals found in avocados, such as the avocatin B lipid, which has been demonstrated in animal studies to improve glucose tolerance and lower insulin resistance. Furthermore, avocados' high monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content has been proposed as another possible reason for their positive benefits on glycemia, particularly in people who already have dysglycemia. Moreover, avocation-B(composed of avocadene and avocadyne) can improve glucose tolerance, regulation, and sensitivity to insulin [74; 88; 91]. Similar patterns were followed by [PERSON] et al. [87], where for over a duration of 12 weeks, the effects of avocado consumption on metabolite concentrations and fecal microbiota in adults who were overweight or obese were examined. Participants who continuously followed the avocado intervention had more diverse fecal microbiota and higher amounts of specific microbial metabolites, particularly acetate. Despite the consumption of greater total fat, the avocado group exhibited lower fecal bile acid contents, with substantial decreases in cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid. These changes could be connected to variations in the dietary fat content and consequent changes in fecal fatty acid and bile acid compositions. Notably, avocado consumption increased the number of Faecalibacterium and Lachnospira, both of which have been pointed out as health-promoting metabolic factors. Avocado consumption has been linked to many health advantages, including better lipid profiles and decreased obesity.