# The Shared Bicycle and Its Network--Internet of Shared Bicycle (IoSB): A Review and Survey
## 1 Introduction  
### Concepts  
Because of the rapid growth of the urban population, some severe problems such as environment pollution, traffic jams, and energy consumption, have gained increasing public focus, and become the worldwide issues which almost all cities in any country have to face. In 1987, the World Health Organization (WHO) first proposed the original idea of smart city in a so-called Healthy Cities programme, which is a long-term international development to remind the government decision makers putting the health of the citizens at the forefront [1; 2]. Meanwhile, especially in recent years, the development of modern information technologies is enabling cities to be more intelligent and efficient. Through many efforts in the last decades, smart city has a much broader definition, which includes almost every aspect in human beings' life, e.g., smart medical, smart energy, smart traffic, and smart home, as shown in Figure 1.  
As one of the key information technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT), which involves Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Near Field Communication (NFC), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), and other related technologies, is playing a more and more important role in the construction of the smart city [3,4]. The core of the concept of the smart city is helping those decision makers to make intelligent and effective city-related decisions through offering them the adequate information at appropriate time and accurate place with the help of all sorts of intelligent devices [5]. As a typical example, an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is able to improve the transportation mobility and safety as well as to reduce environmental impact effectively [6]. From the second half of 2016 in China, the shared bicycle, one type of ITS, has developed quickly and is changing citizens' travel habit a lot. The shared bicycle offers bicycle sharing service based on time-sharing rental model by government and enterprises, which offers citizens many public bicycles at such public sites as subway and bus stations, university campuses, commercial and residential areas. To the best of our knowledge, there are three obvious merits of shared bicycle, as followings:  
1. It is an absolute green travel, which could reduce the influence of environment, control the air pollution, and save energy effectively. Without fossil fuel consumption, there is no exhaust emissions which is harmful to the environment. Considering the fact that cycling is also a way of physical exercise, the shared bicycle is beneficial to both environment and users.
2. It provides a perfect solution to the last mile travel. Actually most citizens do not prefer cycling in long-distance travel today. However, taking into account the fact that the range between the subway or bus station and commercial or residential areas is not so long in most cases, shared bicycle is really most economical and suitable in short-distance travel for citizens.
3. As a typical example of shared economy, it is a public resource sharing service, which is able to improve the utilization rate of bicycles. Nowadays, more and more citizens prefer shared bicycle, which is replacing the traditional private bicycle gradually. It will be helpful to ease the traffic pressure as a result.  
To unleash all these advantages of shared bicycle mentioned above better, the Internet of Shared Bicycle (IoSB), which is proposed in this paper for the first time as far as we know, is important and  
Figure 1: Smart city’s structure.  
valuable to study, in our opinion. The purpose of IoSB is constructing such a framework, which could collect massive data from the thousands of shared bicycles on one hand, and analyse these big data to make long-term development planning for the city on the other hand. IoSB focus on those technologies which are related to wireless communication, positioning, signal sensing, power supply, data analyse, and so on. On this basis, in this paper, a review and survey of shared bicycle and IoSB from related studies and reports is conducted.