## 1 Introduction  
The conjunction of photovoltaic panels with solar concentrating devices has been widely suggested by the notion of photovoltaic/ thermal (PV/T) solar systems [1, 2]. The purpose of this suggestion is to generate both electric and thermal energy output. The PV panel's ability to produce electricity has been improved by solar concentrating systems [3, 4, 5], and this process reduces the total number of cells in the panels, which in turn lowers their installation costs. However, the major drawback of the PV/T systems is related to the high temperature values of the PV cells. This issue needs to be resolved by installing a cooling system beneath the PV cells, and the concept has been called the hybrid concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (CPV/T) solar system. In the literature, the inquiry of the CPV/T receiver cooling mechanism has been investigated and reviewed by several researchers [3, 4, 6, 7, 8]. In fact, in 1996, [PERSON] et al. [9] established a parabolic trough solar concentrator system that focuses sunrays on PV cells under any degrees of concentration via a numerical and experimental approach. The outcomes demonstrate that reflector characteristics and PVcell cooling systems are linked to the performance enhancement of the suggested concentrating solar system. [PERSON] et al. (2010), in order to generate both electrical power and thermal energy at low or medium temperatures, examined sun cooling with concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (CPV/T) systems by connecting a single effect absorption chiller to the CPV/T system. The results show that the CPV/T cooling system might cost just as much as a conventional cooling system. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. (2011) investigated the distillation process using CPV/T devices. The findings show that this technique is competitive with currently available solar-driven desalination devices and even with conventional reverse osmosis (RO) desalination. Posteriorily, [PERSON] et al. (2012) studied the energy balance of a hybrid PV/T system based on compound parabolic concentrator via a computational tool. The thermal and electrical outcomes demonstrate a fair match when compared to experimental testing. In addition, [PERSON] et al. (2013) suggested an analytical model to investigate the properties of the CPV/T system. The results proved that the focusing procedures increase the CPV/T system's effectiveness. In addition, to accomplish a significant amount of energy for the thermal receiver with a uniform distribution for the PV receiver, [PERSON] et al. (2014) proposed an innovative solar concentrator for the CPV/T system. The authors recommended using a PV/T exploitation in conjunction with a Cassegrain concentrator configuration. Hence, the results may be used as an inspiration for the PV/T solar system based on the geometric building technique. Further, [PERSON] et al. (2015) investigated the performance of a flat plate receiver in hybrid solar collectors. In terms of thermal performance and both exergy and electrical productions, the results demonstrate that the proposed solar collectors operated effectively throughout the year. Recently, a low-concentrated parabolic trough PVT (CPV/T) system was the subject of a performance parameter and electro-thermal analysis by [PERSON] et al. (2016). The results demonstrate that water, owing to its high specific heat, surpasses the other fluids in the assessment of the electrical and thermal efficiency of the CPV/T system. The above investigations make use of a typical off-the-shelf circular or rectangular cross-section cooling duct placed under the PV cells or, to be more precise, under the back sheet of the PV panel to remove excess heat from the panel and help increase its performance. Intuition suggests that embedding the cooling pipe within the back sheet may result in an increased heat transfer.