## 4 Proposed RIACT Process
### Analysis  
The adoption of globally recognized standards such as ISO 37123 can assist cities in assessing risks to their urban resilience from constructed assets. ISO 37123 provides a framework for evaluating and monitoring a city's sustainability and resilience, including the assessment of potential hazards and their impacts. By adopting a standardized approach, cities can ensure the consistency, reliability, and comparability of their risk assessments across regions and cities. This can also facilitate knowledge sharing and collaboration, allowing cities to learn from each other's experiences and best practices in enhancing resilience. Automated Rational and Consistent Decision Making (ARCDM) is another useful tool in the risk assessment process. ARCDM applies a weighting system to prioritize potential hazards and their impacts on critical infrastructure, enabling cities to make informed and optimized decisions based on objective and comprehensive data analysis. The use of ARCDM can assist cities in identifying and prioritizing the most effective strategies for reducing risks and enhancing resilience, ensuring the efficient use of resources, and maximizing the benefits of risk reduction measures. In addition to evaluating the likelihood and impact of hazards, considering the exposure of city assets to potential hazards is also essential. Integrating disaster risk hazard and asset system exposure into the risk assessment process can provide a more comprehensive view of a city's resilience. By identifying and analysing the exposure of critical infrastructure to potential hazards, cities can develop targeted strategies and measures to reduce risks and increase resilience. This can include retrofitting or upgrading critical infrastructure, developing emergency response plans, and establishing early warning systems. Making sure that resilience measures are regularly monitored and reviewed is very important to ensuring that cities are continuously adapting and improving their resilience strategies. Standardized approaches like ISO 37123 and ARCDM, through providing benchmarks for cities to measure their resilience against other cities, enable cities to identify gaps and areas for improvement and develop targeted strategies and measures to reduce risks and increase resilience. Adopting these globally recognized standards and tools can provide a reliable and consistent framework for assessing and enhancing urban resilience, ensuring sustainability and well-being in the face of potential hazards. It is important to assess the probability and potential impact of the risks posed by constructed assets to a city's urban resilience. This analysis is important for prioritizing efforts to enhance resilience and determining effective strategies to mitigate identified risks. Natural and man-made disasters, as well as the exposure of city assets to these hazards, must be considered in risk assessments [91]. It is important to evaluate the likelihood of a hazard arising and the potential repercussions if it does occur. In terms of funding, capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) play very important roles in enabling cities and communities to prepare for and recover from natural disasters, environmental crises, and other disruptions. CAPEX refers to the money spent by an organization to acquire or improve physical assets such as buildings, machinery, or equipment [94]. This spending is generally viewed as a long-term investment, as it aims to benefit the organization over time [95]. Conversely, OPEX refers to the money spent on day-to-day business operations such as employment, utilities, and other ongoing costs. OPEX typically encapsulates short-term expenses, as it is incurred regularly and is necessary for the continued functioning of the business. Investing in both CAPEX and OPEX is essential to increase urban resilience and better equip cities to deal with disruptions. CAPEX can be used to construct or upgrade infrastructure, while OPEX can support ongoing emergency preparedness and response programs.