esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Predicting Missing Values in Survey Data Using Prompt Engineering for Addressing Item Non-Response
## 4 Experiments
### Dataset  
For our experiments, we utilized the American Trends Panel (ATP) dataset from Pew Research Center, specifically focusing on the ATP W116 dataset, which covers the survey conducted between 10 October and 16 October 2022. The dataset consists of approximately 150 questions and responses from 5098 participants. This dataset was chosen for its relevance, as it captures timely and topical questions related to politics during that period.  
Within the ATP W116 dataset, we selected a subset of questions with minimal missing data, specifically focusing on the SATIS, POL10, POL1 JB, DRLEAD, PERSFNCB, and ECON1B questions in Table 1. These questions were chosen because they not only have a low incidence of missing responses, which helps ensure the reliability of our predictions, but also cover a diverse range of political topics, providing a robust test bed for our method.  
We excluded columns that are not necessary for predicting missing values, such as QKEY, INTERVIEW_START, INTERVIEW_END, WEIGHT, LANG, FORM, DEVICE_TYPE, XW78 NONRESP, and XW91 NONRESP. These fields represent the respondent's key ID, interview start time, interview end time, weight, language used, respondent form, device type used by the respondent, and response status for waves 78 and 91, respectively.  
Finally, we selected 100 participants for the evaluation data and used the remaining participants for the row selection data. To avoid the risk of the model predicting the most frequent answer option and thus achieving a biased F1 score, we ensured that the responses for each question were evenly balanced. This approach allows us to rigorously evaluate the model's performance across a variety of response types, ensuring that the model is not biased toward the most frequent answers but instead tested on a balanced dataset. Additionally, any unanswered or noisy data, such as Don't Know (DK) and Refused (RF) answers, were left out of the examples used for both row and column selection, as well as the evaluation data.
# Rain Monitoring with Polarimetric GNSS Signals: Ground-Based Experimental Research
## 2 Experiments and Data
### Data Processing Algorithm
#### 2.3.5 Comparison with Multi-Source Data  
From Equation (8), the \(\Delta\phi_{+}(\beta)\) is expected to be caused by rain. Whether there are some raindrops just along the path requires other observations to verify. The data of the S-band weather radar is collected at the same time, which works at volume scanning pattern including 14 layers with a period of 8 min. In order to compare, firstly, the phase shift and radar reflectivity should match in time and space. The carrier phase is collected per second since the data sampling rate is 1 Hz, while the radar reflectivity covering its detection zone needs 8 min. In initial quality control procedure, the carrier phase is averaged in every minute. Thus, we can get a GPS path and a phase shift per minute. We assume the rain cells are unchanged during a volume scanning. Then, the radar reflectivity can be interpolated into the same position of a GPS signal path with a space resolution of \(1\times 1\times 0.5\) km in a grid of \(300\times 300\times 10\) km (0.5 km, 10 km referring to height). Finally, the path-averaged rain rate is also computed using the radar reflectivity based on empirical \(Z\)-\(R\) relation [31].  
Also, data from national weather stations is used in this study. Four nearby stations Lishui, Danyang, Jintan and Jurong are selected, since they are all in the field of view, which is shown in Figure 3. Besides, they are not far from the observing antenna (7 km, 70.4 km, 53.6 km, and 44.4 km, respectively). By calculation, it is found that the GPS signals can pass through these stations to the observing antenna. These stations supply temperature, relative humidity and accumulated precipitation. Especially, their precipitation data is very helpful due to its high time resolution (1 min).  
Figure 3: The geographical distribution of the weather stations with respect to the observing antennas and the radar station (same with the observing antenna). The field view of the dual-polarized receiving antenna is between the two red lines in the northeast area. The radar’s detecting distances is shown by the maximum dotted circle.
## 5 Experiments
### Configuration of Experimental System  
Table 3 enumerates the apparatus utilized in the experiment. A Raspberry Pi 4B (manufacturer: Raspberry Pi Ltd., Cambridge, UK) was employed as the computing device for image processing and the calculation of RCM orientation. The camera used to capture images was a V2 Camera Module with a 62.2 \(\times\) 48.8 [deg.] field of view and a focal length of 3.04 [mm].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Detection Performance for** & **Marker Direction Detection** & **Detection Performance of** \\
**Low Resolution** & **Accuracy** & **Markers Against Motion Blur** \\ \hline Smaller than 14.5 [pixel] & Smaller than 0.14 [deg] & Greater than 0.0120 [-] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Three target performance values.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Computer** & **Raspberry Pi 4B** \\ \hline Camera & V2 Camera Module \\  & Field of view (azimuth) & 26.5 [deg.] \\  & Focal length & 3.04 [mm] \\  & Picture size & 1280 \(\times\) 720 [pixel] \\  & Exposure time & 0.003 [s] \\ \hline Color markers & Print size & 26 \(\times\) 26 [mm] \\ \hline High-precision rotary table & Angular resolution & 0.0057 [deg.] \\ \hline Method of acquiring relative & & \\ orientation between camera & Pose estimation with AR markers \\ and marker & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Experimental conditions (equipment used; method selected).  
Figure 9: Simulation results of angular velocity applied to the antenna: (**a**) elevation direction; (**b**) azimuth direction.  
The color markers utilized in the experiment were arranged according to the pattern depicted in Figure 4. Each marker was a square with a side length of 26 mm, and each marker was positioned at a distance of 26 mm from its neighbor. The camera attitude angle and camera coordinates required for the proposed method were estimated using the AR markers. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, GPS signals did not reach the room. Secondly, the position error of the inertial navigation system was 3\(\sigma\) = \(\pm\)3 m, which was too large compared to the scale of the room. In this experiment, we used ArUco markers [14], a type of AR marker, to estimate the camera posture.  
In the experiments conducted to evaluate the marker detection accuracy of the proposed method and the maximum motion blur that the proposed method could detect, a high-precision rotary table was employed to provide the angles at which markers were detected or the angular velocity to the camera. The high-precision rotary table was a table that could measure the driving angle accumulated from the startup time and could rotate at any angular velocity.
## 1 Introduction  
Many engineering structures consist of composite annular circular plates of variable thickness. The distinguishing features of variable thickness plates are to obtain desired frequency and to reduce weight, size and cost of the structure. The required properties of the structure can be attained by selecting the best aspect of the constituent layers in terms of choice of materials, number of layups, thickness variation of each layer and boundary conditions.  
Most of the researchers worked on functionally graded annular plates [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. Whereas Ref. [7] studied the free and forced vibration of annular plates made of carbon fiber-carbon nanotube-polymer hybrid composites, Ref. [8] investigated the free vibration of an annular mirror for the optical aberration representation. A number of methods were used for analyzing vibration of annular plates; among them, the Ritz method was used by [9], the Fourier series by [10], the Chebyshev collocation technique by [11], the Jacobi-Ritz method by [12] and [PERSON]'s unified formulation by [13]. The FEM method was used to study the free and static vibration of FGM plates by [14]. However, the present research uses spline approximation to analyze composite plates of varying thickness with each layer consisting of different material. Cross-ply laminates were studied by [15]. Higher-order shear deformation theories with a unified model were studied for composite plates by [16]. In Ref. [17], the free vibration of eccentric annular plates was analyzed. In Ref. [18], annular plates coupled with fluids were investigated. The vibration of annular sector plates was examined in [19]. Some researchers, such as those in [20], used a B-spline to analyze rectangular plates using classical thin plate theory, whereas the current research uses spline approximation using first-order shear deformation theory and composite plates having variable thickness were used. Moreover, Ref. [21] used spline approximation to investigate nonhomogeneous circular plates of quadratic thickness, but, in this paper, composite annular circular plates of linear, exponential and sinusoidal thickness variations were considered. Ref. [22] used spline approximation to analyze rectangular orthotropic plates of variable thickness using classical and refined theories, whereas this research uses first-order shear deformation theory to examine the vibration of antisymmetric angle-ply annular circular plates of varying thickness using first order shear deformation theory.  
The novelty of the current research is that antisymmetric angle-ply plates of linear, exponential and sinusoidal thickness variations have not been used by any of above-mentioned researchers to analyze free vibration of annular circular plates. Moreover, each layer being of variable thickness and consisting of different material is also a novelty of the current research. The displacement and rotational functions are approximated using the cubic spline method. The problem is solved using the eigen solution technique to obtain the frequency parameters. Obtained results are presented by graphs and tables.
# Borehole Condition and Limit Pressure Differential Analysis in Carbonate Reservoirs
## 6 Discussion  
* This study proposes three criteria for maintaining wellbore stability during testing: (i) the average ratio of the total plastic zone volume in the open-hole section to the wellbore volume should not exceed 20%; (ii) the average ratio of the failure zone volume to the wellbore volume must remain under 10%; and (iii) the maximum failure angle on the wellbore wall should be less than 90\({}^{\circ}\). Each criterion approaches defining the critical drawdown pressure from a distinct perspective and with varied considerations, reflecting differing margins of safety. The disparities among these criteria stem from their varied emphasis on the mechanisms of wellbore failure; the first criterion prioritizes accumulated plastic deformation, while the second and third directly address the extent and morphology of failure occurrences. Consequently, due to their divergent focuses and definitions, discrepancies exist in the numerically determined critical pressure differences according to these three criteria. Practically, to ensure wellbore stability, the minimum value among these is often adopted as the limiting figure. This conservative approach acknowledges the complexity of wellbore stability assessment and aims to mitigate risk during operational implementation;
* The proposed stability criteria for open-hole sections, derived from carbonate reservoir mechanics and borehole stress profiles, show broad applicability in the study area. These criteria can serve as a foundation for other lithologies with necessary adaptations. Sandstone applications require a focus on granular stresses, structure stability, and sensitivity issues while accounting for brittle fracture tendencies. Shale stability assessment necessitates significant adjustments, emphasizing water content, swelling pressures, and plastic deformation, indicating fundamental differences from carbonate-based criteria.
## 3 Applications and Limits of ATPs in Water and Wastewater Treatment
### Energy Demand and Cost-Effectiveness of ATPs  
The sustainability of a treatment technology is determined by its competitive performance, economic feasibility, and reliable operational practice. While these factors have been deemed acceptable so far for many conventional AOPs currently in use, the high capital investment and energy demand by innovative AORPs, in particular EB, still raise doubts about their sustainability among water practitioners, although several studies have demonstrated the economic feasibility of these processes. Direct cost comparison of different technologies is not immediate, as it may depend on local site conditions and market factors. The cost of ozone and UV technology, for example, can roughly be estimated as indicated in Table 9, based on a commercial survey of primary suppliers for the EU market today. These figures include only the generation equipment for typical disinfection uses (dedicated AOP applications will require different doses) and not the structural costs necessary for installation, such as buildings and process tanks. For UV systems, significant differences may arise depending on the specific system configuration (e.g., horizontal vs. inclined lamp installation). Process contact volumes may increase significantly the capital cost (CAPEX), depending on the required contact time, which may range from 10-15 min for O\({}_{3}\) disinfection, to several hours for AOP removal of specific compounds. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Ozone generator_} & CAPEX: approx. 50,000 Euro (\(\sim\)56,000 US5) per kg O\({}_{3}\)/h (suggested dose for \\  & disinfection 10 g/m\({}^{3}\)) \\  & OPEEX: approx. 2.5–4 Euro/kg O\({}_{3}\) (inclusive of LOX gas and energy \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_UV system_} & CAPEX: can be determined by the approximate formula (44.4 Q + 26,000), where Q is \\  & the treated flow in m\({}^{3}\)/h and the result is expressed in Euro (for standard disinfection \\  & dose -surface water discharge–only. Values should be doubled for irrigation reuse) \\  & OPEEX: electric energy consumption (in kWh) for disinfection dose can be estimated \\  & as [0.33 × (0.02 Q + 30]. In addition, the cost for periodical (every 14,000 h of \\  & operation) lamp substitution (in Euro/h) can be estimated as [0.037 × (0.016 Q + 17)] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Investment and operational cost of ozone and UV facilities for water treatment. Given the scarce diffusion of EB systems in water applications, it is difficult to provide an upfront reliable cost figure for this technology. The cost of an accelerator (\(C_{EB}\)) is generally proportional to the installed electron energy (\(E\) in MeV), power (\(P\), in kW) through a factor (\(f\)) that depends on site-specific conditions, accelerator type, and manufacturer according to the following relationship:  
\[C_{EB}=fE\ \sqrt{P}, \tag{12}\]  
as suggested by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [101].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Treatment  
The data obtained were grouped by sampling sectors: Palma Real (PR), Tambillo (TA), Muisne (MU), and Cojimies (CO); main mangrove systems: REMACAM and RVSMMC; drain type: Natural drainages or mangroves (MG) and Modified drainages to shrimp farm facilities (SF); in addition to the Summer (SU) and Winter (WI) sampling period. After checking for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk's test [65] and homoscedasticity of variables using the Fligner-Killeen test [66], one-way ANOVAS were performed among the different contrasting categories without using more contrasting ways, since not all the grouping categories were shared among the four main sectors. Palma real presented exclusively natural drainages (MG) and Muisne modified drainages toward shrimp farms (SF). To determine between which compartments significant differences occurred, Tukey's a posteriori tests were performed, and Holm's for the Kruskal-Wallis analyses with at least 95% confidence level.  
Additionally, all the variables were processed through multivariate analysis of PCA principal components and CCA canonical correspondence analysis to identify variables that better explained the observed changes and their relationship with the benthic species shared in the four sectors. Given the different magnitudes of variables, these were scaled [67; 68].  
To observe the formation of conglomerates of benthic assemblages, an n-MDS analysis was performed on the Bray Curtis similarity, exclusively integrating sediment quality variables using the free software PAST 3x-The Past of the Future (Natural History Museum, Oslo, Norway) [69] and Rstudio 4.1.2 (Integrating Development Environment for R, Boston MA, USA) [70].
# Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Assessing Mining Subsidence Risk
## 4 Analysis and Discussion
### Analysis A
#### 4.1.2 Structure of the Model  
For optimum learning and prediction of an ANN, the structure of the ANN model and initial conditions in the ANN program need to be established first. Thus, a series of analyses were performed for various cases, varying the number of hidden layers and nodes to determine the optimum structure of the ANN for this study. For this purpose, the same dataset was applied for each case, and the case with minimized error % was adopted as the optimum structure.  
Finally, it was discovered that the optimum structure occurred when the number of nodes for the input, first hidden, second hidden, and output layer was 8, 10, 10, and 1 for coal mines and 8, 9, 9, and 1 for other types of mines, respectively, as depicted in Figure 10.
## 4 Therapeutic Potential of Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals
### Extracts and Bioactive Components of Polygonum multiflorum
The methanolic extract of PM roots increased melanin contents and mRNA levels of MC1R, MITF, and TYR in human melanoma SKMEL-28 cells and the embryos and larvae of zebrafish at concentrations that did not cause cell death or morphological defects [142]. Considering that MC1R, MITF, and TYR mRNA levels were higher in the black hair follicles of young people than in their graying hair follicles, plant extracts that can upregulate the expression of MC1R, MITF, and TYR would help in the treatment of early hair graying and other pigmentation loss-related diseases. The 70% ethanolic extract of PM roots (5 or 10 ug mL\({}^{-1}\)) increased the melanin content in B16F10 cells without influencing cell viability [143]. The extract (10 ug mL\({}^{-1}\)) increased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and melanogenic genes, such as MITF, TYR, TYRP1, and TYRP2, at mRNA or protein levels. The extract induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation and SB203580 (inhibitor of p38 MAPK) abolished the expression of COX2, MITF, and TYR and melanin synthesis in cells stimulated by the extract of PM roots. TSG (5 or 10 ug mL\({}^{-1}\)) increased the TYR activity and melanin content in B16 cells without influencing cell viability or proliferation [144]. TSG (10 ug mL\({}^{-1}\)) increased the mRNA and protein levels of TYR, which was associated with the phosphorylation (activation) of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and the increased protein levels of MITF. TSG induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation and SB203580 abolished the expression of MITF and TYR and melanin synthesis in TSG-stimulated cells. Emodin reduced intracellular ROS levels and increased TYR activity and melanin synthesis in B16F1 cells exposed to 250 uM H2O2 [145]. It also increased TYR, TYRP1, TYRP2, MITF, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirutin-1 (SIRT1), and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) protein levels while decreasing those of Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phospho-ERK in H2O2-treated cells. We could not find clinical trials evaluating the anti-hair-graying properties of PM extracts, but one clinical study investigated a hair tonic containing mixed extracts of several plants, including PM, _Pueraria lobate_, and _Ginkgo biloba_[146]. Although this tonic was not effective enough to change the gross hair grayness, it reduced the number of newly developed gray hairs per unit scalp area. Still, whether this effect is due to the phytochemicals of PM or other components remains unclear. Nonetheless, this study demonstrated the potential of herbal medicine to alleviate hair graying in humans.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Different Factors on the Stability of the Hybrid Nanofluids
#### 3.1.4 Influence of Ultrasonic Time  
The absorbance was studied at different ultrasonic time for the hybrid nanofluid sample and graphene oxide aqueous nanofluid, at pH = 11, 0.1% nanoparticle concentration, 1% SDS and ultrasonic power of 375 W. The relationship between ARR and ultrasonic time is shown in Figures 10 and 11.  
It can be seen from Figure 10 that the trend of change in ARR with holding time and ultrasonic time was similar to that of ultrasonic power; a decrease in absorbance (ARR increases) in the first 4 days, and stable afterwards. From Figure 10b, it can be inferred that the stability of the hybrid nanofluid was optimal at 120 min of ultrasonic time, where the ARR was 29.65% lower than that at 30 min after 7 days. This is due to the fact that the ultrasonic cannot completely break the agglomerates when ultrasonic time is short. As the ultrasonic time increases, there is enough time to smash agglomerates into smaller nanoparticles, and the nanoparticles can maintain suitable spacing under the coaction of dispersants and ions in the nanofluid, so that the van der Waals force keeps balance with electrostatic repulsion. However, when the ultrasonic time is longer than the optimal value, similar to the influence of ultrasonic power, it produces surfactant micelles, and simultaneously increases the frequency of nanoparticle collision greatly, leading to agglomeration and precipitation. In comparison with ARR of the GO nanofluid shown in Figure 11, the ultrasonic time had a different influence on the graphene oxide nanofluid; the longer ultrasonic time the better the stability of the nanofluid, because the GO  
Figure 11: Relationship between the absorbance reduction rate of the GO nanofluid and time.  
Figure 10: Relation between absorbance reduction ratio of the hybrid nanofluid and ultrasonic time in 7 days.  
nanosheet was hydrophilic and had superior dispersion stability in water, so even longer ultrasonic time could not form large agglomerates and sediment.
## 1 Introduction
It introduces the concept of the virtual node and defines the intersection area between the transmission range of the virtual node and the transmission range of the latest forwarding node as the forwarding area. RFAODV defines a forwarding delay for each node in the area according to energy and location adaptively. In the forwarding delay, the node will abort the route discovery if it listens to the neighboring node participating in the routing request packet forwarding. Only a few nodes in each hop have the opportunity to participate in forwarding. It alleviates the energy consumption and conflict caused by flooding in the route discovery;
* RFAODV cancels the mechanism of sending hello packets regularly for route maintenance. RFAODV designs a new route maintenance strategy to determine whether the route is disconnected by the ACK of the MAC layer protocol. And in order to reduce the energy consumption of one or several nodes in an ideal position, when the node energy is reduced to a certain limit, the node breaks all routes. The network determines whether to re-establish a new route on demand. The remainder of this article is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the related work. In Section 3, the RFAODV and its implementation process are described. In Section 4, simulation work are introduced, and the results are analyzed. In Section 5, we draw a conclusion.