## 2 Related Work
The authors proposed efficient routing by returning collected information from cluster heads to cluster members with backbone information. An efficient selection of paths between nodes can enhance the network's stability. To enhance network stability, efficient use of routing paths is important. In order to select feasible paths, the authors suggest an energetically optimized multi-sink-based clustered WSN model combined with a fault-tolerant and energy-efficient model called the enhanced ACO-based routing protocol (EARP) [25]. This routing protocol addresses the various limitations of systems for detecting forest fires, including fault tolerance, network longevity, and response time. The mobility of sink and network nodes highlighted more critical issues for researchers. In a recent article, a modified distance-predicated energy-cognizant (mDBEA) multi-hop routing protocol is suggested in [26]. This protocol is designed for mobile sinks and nodes and implemented in rivers with the concept of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). It showed effective performance and could optimize network lifetime by reducing the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. In this strategy, the authors implemented dynamic adjustment of communication range between nodes to identify the most proximate path that utilizes the least amplitude of energy for transmission. Several recent efforts [12; 27] differentiate heterogeneous network environments with their functional limitations from the heterogeneity-based application parameters, such as multi-level energy, node connectivity, and computational node parameters, and describe their performance. Network performance is differentiated by demonstrating single-hop or multi-hop topologies with energy-efficient CH selection techniques, application-specific heterogeneous nodes, and data security with reliable delivery to prolong network stability. Some efforts [28; 29; 30] focus on the node architecture and techniques to minimize energy depletion in different applications. Similarly, some researchers [31; 32; 33] explore the conceptual illustration to focus on multi-path routing techniques and their impact on packet duplication, throughput, and packet delivery to enhance network performance. In [34], a hybrid technique of centralized and distributed clustering is proposed to enhance the stability of heterogeneous networks. It focuses on the deployment of homogeneous and multi-level energy nodes within two specific zones. The inner zone that contains homogeneous nodes follows the centralized clustering mechanism, and the area that contains heterogeneous nodes leverages distributed clustering techniques for CH selection and communication. This hybrid algorithm is focused on enhancing the energy-efficient data delivery and observing redundant packets from the same cluster in stable environments. In [35], a load balancing technique is proposed as a straightforward routing algorithm with multi-level, multi-hop terminologies to reduce the energy consumption for data delivery at the base station. The authors divided the network environment into several circular fields to simplify the routing path by selecting the successive CHs in the network's random and deterministic deployments. It requires dividing a larger network into several pieces for load balancing. An almost similar approach is implemented in [36; 37]. CBCCP and its ME-CBCCP are clustering protocols with load balancing features to prolong lifetime. For larger areas, communication within the cluster is performed for the least energy con sumption. The authors attempted a density-independent technique with the same cluster sizes that are applied with a multi-hop chaining tactic between cluster heads and cluster coordinating nodes to give packets at the BS. This sequencing of nodes offered enhanced outcomes with a larger number of connected IoT devices. In [38], a 5G-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) with multiple antennas is presented as a persuasive grouping approach for quickly developing IoT contexts to help a variety of client situations.