## 3 Use Cases
In the case of machinery supporting autonomous driving during treatments, an effector also refers to autonomously controlled steering according to a map of a treatment route, where an operator is onboard supervising the treatment. The programming of effectors is performed through the upload of a configuration file and is completed without causing significantly noticeable delays in work or downtime, i.e., within a subjectively short time according to a context. **UC10 Remote control and distributed control systems:** In the water industry, the executive elements of hydraulic structures or smart water grid effectors are part of hydrotechnical systems managed by distributed SCADA systems. In modern SCADA solutions, the central IS does not directly control technical devices, but this is performed via Remote Terminal Units (RTUs), the role of which is played by Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) or specialized units adapted to work in the network and managed by a central unit. In SmF, the application of remote control systems is often mentioned in the context of the automation of tree harvesting, where they are used to improve control over a slew of motions of forestry cranes [61; 62]. The specificity of the detailed solutions and the dynamics of the managed process imply a requirement for connectivity, but the basic expectation, especially in the few cases where direct control is needed, is the reliability and resilience of data transmission. **UC11 Drones:** The class of drone applications used in AFBW is part of a much larger area for their potential uses. The specificity of these sectors is conditioned by their spatial characteristics; therefore, Beyond-Visual-Line-of-Sight (BVLOS) flights are of particular importance. An omnipresent communication platform is needed to support the [63]:  
* Command and Control (C2) of flights, either directly controlled or performed along a pre-programmed route (programming/correction of the route, in-flight parameter monitoring);
* connection with the Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management (UTM) system (airspace management, flight coordination--transmission of telemetry data such as the position, azimuth, speed, etc. );First-Person View (FPV) for the remote pilot (RT high-definition video streaming from the camera with a 360\({}^{\circ}\) viewing angle);
* flight purpose-specific data transmission (so-called \"payload data\" transmission). The flights of drones may be associated with:
* photogrammetric or LiDAR data collection;
* situational awareness: crops, pastures, forests, infrastructure, and wildfire monitoring;
* crop pest control by air-dropping pest antagonists [64];
* planting trees [65];
* the eradication of rats by air-dropping pellets with rat attractants [66, 67];
* combating invasive plants [68];
* the eradication of rabies in wildlife by air-dropping oral vaccines [69];
* the extension of coverage using base stations carried by drones [70]. **UC12 Communication between vehicles or self-propelled machines:** This relates to the functionality of the synchronous operation of multiple vehicles or machines based on the mechanisms of location sharing, information on the azimuth and ground velocity, and the occasional usage of FPV. In SmA, it can be used for the operation of multiple machines in formation following a human-controlled or even autonomous leader [71, 72, 73]. In SmF, in addition to the possible agrotechnical cultivation of land during the reclamation of land for afforestation, off-road truck platooning can be used for the transportation of timber [74]. **UC13 Remote robots:** Remote AFBW robots [75, 76, 77, 42, 73] are based mainly on wheeled or tracked Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs). There also exist underwater or floating solutions [79, 80]. There are three basic modes of operation: remote-controlled, teleoperated, and autonomous. The difference between the first two lies in the visual line of sight (VOS) and BVLOS control, respectively.