# Victim Detection and Localization in Emergencies
## 3 Overview of Location Technologies
### Cellular-Based Radio  
Cellular networks are currently widely used and ubiquitous, making them present in most disaster scenarios [24]. New functionality has been added generation after generation,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Find Individuals** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Fast Finding** \\ **under Bubble** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Precision** \\ **of Individuals** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Visual recognition with rescue dogs [3] & No & Yes & High \\ \hline Life signs detector using a drone in & & & \\ disaster zones [19] & No & Yes & High \\ \hline Audio-processing-based human & & & \\ detection in disaster sites with unmanned & Maybe & No & Low \\ aerial vehicle [14] & & & \\ \hline DRONAID [15] & Yes & Yes & Low \\ \hline Methods for autonomous wristband & & & \\ placement with a search-and-rescue & No & No & Precise \\ aerial manipulator [21] & & & \\ \hline FINDER [22] & Yes & No & Precise \\ \hline Victim localization using Bluetooth & Yes & Yes & Precise only at the surface \\ Low-Energy sensors [23] & & & \\ \hline
**Detection and location of victims using WiFi FTM and UWB** & **Yes** & **Yes** & **Precise** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Overview of different methods and prototypes for the detection and localization of victims.  
and currently, the Fifth-Generation (5G) is being deployed around the world. The availability of radio signals, which can be measured and used for ranging, makes them an ideal candidate for detection and localization of personal devices in disaster scenarios. 5G works on the 700 MHz, 3.5 GHz, and millimeter waves of the 26 and 28 GHz bands. Higher frequencies allow high-precision ranging in direct Line of Sight (LoS) with the target, but highly suffer from attenuation, multipath, and reflections in Non-Line of Sight (NLoS). In contrast, lower frequencies are more robust to attenuation, reaching longer distances; however, multipath effects can deteriorate the precision of the ranges. In [25], in order to eliminate the need for clock synchronization, the use of different timing techniques such Round-Trip Time (RTT) was proposed for indoor localization.  
5G NR with millimeter waves fulfills the specifications of Release 16 [26], which requires a localization error below \(\leq\)3 m in the horizontal and vertical planes in indoor deployments and \(\leq\)10 m in the horizontal plane and \(\leq\)3 m the vertical plane outdoors [27]. To the best of our knowledge and due to the early-stage deployment of 5G millimeter wave technology, there are no experiments with real data that measure the real accuracy of the system, despite the existing terminals that work with mmWave [28]. However, in [29], a study based on simulations concluded that the final accuracy fulfilled the requirements. Hence, in case the 5G network cannot provide coverage where the LTE network can, UEs may benefit from LTE as a backup for other location technologies [13; 30]. End-users may benefit from cellular localization in cases where no high-precision technologies are present. Older cellular generations, such as 4G, usually provide a lower precision compared to 5G. For instance, LTE utilizes the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) for ranging. RSSI highly suffers from multipath and fading, which lead to high variations and an increase in the ranging error.