## 3 Operational Mechanisms and Traffic Flow Characteristics of Non-Conventional Lanes  
### Microscopic Driving Behavior Analysis  
Non-conventional lanes change traditional traffic organization methods, significantly affecting driver cognition and behavior. The introduction of non-conventional lanes alters previous intersection traffic patterns and spatiotemporal coordination of right-of-way, requiring drivers to adapt to new traffic rules and path choices. [PERSON] et al. [49] proposed methods to reconstruct short vehicle trajectories for arterial intersections using sample vehicle trajectories obtained from mobile traffic sensors. [PERSON] et al. [50] analyzed the impact of dynamic lane assignment on driving behavior using field data collected from 63,488 vehicles at five intersections. [PERSON] et al. [51] studied traffic assignment models for mixed traffic flows of human-driven vehicles (HDVs) and connected \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Design Features** & **Design Features** & **Key Parameters** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Typical Application** \\ **Scenarios** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Variable Guidance Lane} & Same lane serving different flow directions at different times & Strong temporal variability in demand for each direction at intersections & Function switching threshold, signal timing adjustment, signs and markings & Intersections with significant directional differences between regions and morning and evening peaks \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Double Stop Line Intersection} & Using pre-signals to pre-classify and sort vehicles & Space-constrained, large variations in directional demand & Pre-signal position, sorting area length, phase difference between main and pre-signals & Congested intersections in central urban areas \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{U-turn Design} & Restricting direct left turns, implementing left turns indirectly through U-turns & High traffic volume on arterials, sufficient median strip width & U-turn opening position, turning radius, weaving section length & Urban expressways, arterial roads \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Continuous Flow Intersection} & Eliminating left-turn conflicts by reducing left-turning vehicles before intersection & High intersection volume, sufficient traffic passage space & Transfer section length, signal phase design, transition zone setup & Large suburban intersections, loop intersections \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont. and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), proposing a multiclass traffic assignment model that considers different route choice principles between HDV users and CAV users. Microscopic driving behavior analysis shows that non-conventional lanes have significant impacts on driver behavior, mainly manifested in lane selection, vehicle following, and lane-changing decisions. Existing research has identified key behavioral characteristics and influencing factors, but there is still a need for an in-depth study of behavioral differences among different types of drivers (such as novices, skilled drivers, and professional drivers) in non-conventional lane environments. Driver adaptation time effects represent a critical factor influencing macroscopic performance estimates for non-conventional lane systems. [PERSON] et al. [19] demonstrate that initial driver confusion and hesitation when encountering EFL intersections gradually diminish through exposure and education, but this transition period creates measurable performance impacts, including decision-making delays, lane selection uncertainty, and speed variations that reduce theoretical capacity benefits. [PERSON] et al. [50] show that dynamic lane assignment reduces saturation flow rates by 22.86% through unequal traffic distribution (8.9%), mandatory lane-changing (10.7%), and lane blockage (4.9%) effects that are amplified during adaptation periods.