esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Renewable Energy Source Trends for Micro-Grids
### Control Strategies Used in Hybrid Micro-Grids  
Two particular and opposite approaches are used with respect to the power system's control strategies: Centralized and decentralized. A compromise between fully centralized and fully decentralized control schemes can be achieved by means of a hierarchical control scheme consisting of three control levels: Primary, secondary, and tertiary. Micro-grids three-level hierarchical control consists of controlling the voltage and frequency, as primary and secondary controls (droop control), while the tertiary control is responsible for economic and optimization operations, including Battery Management System (BMS), control of the Battery Storage System (BSS), as well as managing the import and export energy between the micro-grid and power systems [28; 35]. The innovative and integrated energy management and control systems will follow a hierarchical control structure, based on three levels of hierarchy:  
* local decentralized control of individual distributed resources;
* regional control of manageable subsets of resources, at micro-grid or VPP (Virtual Power Plant) level; and
* central control of all the system resources, previously aggregated at the second hierarchy level.  
The integrated energy management system, for optimizing future aggregators' assets, is coordinated through an advanced ICT data hub platform that allows DSOs (Distribution System Operators) and aggregators to deal with innovative aspects of their distribution network operation and planning with smart energy storage solutions, including V2G integration, power electronics based interface, with bi-directional power control of DER and ESS and integrating IoT into the micro-grids.  
Hybrid micro-grids and the integration of DER units introduce several operational challenges that need to be incorporated into the control systems, in order to make certain that the present levels of reliability are not considerably affected, and the potential benefits of DG are fully exploited. The main role of micro-grid control is to assist the active and reactive power generated by the DER components, as well as load demand.  
The most relevant provocations in the control of a micro-grid, include bi-directional power flow, stability issues, power balance, uncertainties among DERs coordination, and transition between stand-alone and grid connected operation modes.  
Providing technical support to the grid during the transmission of power from generating units to the consumers can be referred to as an ancillary service and involves the adjustments of both the active and reactive power of the flexible resources. For power management in modern micro-grids and the utilization of ESS in different applications, the applied control strategy is the most critical part, in order to have full benefit of all the elements of the power system.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this work, the phase composition and the electrical and mechanical properties of zirconia ceramics doped with CaCO\({}_{3}\) at different weight concentrations (C\({}_{\rm w}\) = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25) were investigated. After sintering in air at 1500 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the obtained samples were two-phased, according to the known phase diagrams of the ZrO\({}_{2}\)-CaO system. With increasing dopant concentration, the following phase transformation was observed: ZrO\({}_{2}\)-m \(\rightarrow\) ZrO\({}_{2}\)-m + ZrO\({}_{2}\)-c (C\({}_{\rm w}\) = 0.05-0.15) \(\rightarrow\) ZrO\({}_{2}\)-c + CaZrO\({}_{3}\) (C\({}_{\rm w}\) = 0.2-0.25). The phase composition was also clarified using Raman spectroscopy, which showed the presence of the abovementioned phases. Using SEM, it was determined that increasing the concentration of CaCO\({}_{3}\) significantly affected the morphology of the ceramics. With increasing C\({}_{\rm w}\), a broadening of the measured grain size range was observed with increasing pore number. It can be stated that CaCO\({}_{3}\) in the charge composition acts as a stabilizer of the cubic phase of ZrO\({}_{2}\), as well as a pore-forming agent. The features of the microstructure and phase composition directly affected the electrical and mechanical properties of the ceramics. The highest dielectric constant was observed for the sample with the lowest dopant fraction owing to the high apparent density of the ceramics. The obtained zirconia ceramic samples can be characterized as high-Q dielectrics with dielectric losses in the frequency region of 200-200 kHz \(\sim\) 0.005 and dielectric constants of 16.4-22. The highest microhardness was observed for samples with the maximum fraction of the cubic phase and a narrower grain size distribution. Despite the high porosity of the resulting sample, using a cheaper reagent (calcium carbonate) in the solid-phase synthesis of high-content cubic zirconia ceramics turned out to be justified. All in all, a preliminary study of their mechanical and electrical properties and phase compositions showed that synthesized doped zirconia ceramics are applicable as inert matrices for next-generation nuclear dispersed fuel.  
Conceptualization, S.G.G., R.I.S., N.O.V., D.B.B., D.I.S. and A.L.K.; methodology, S.G.G., R.I.S., N.O.V., D.B.B., D.I.S. and A.L.K.; formal analysis, S.G.G., R.I.S., N.O.V., D.B.B., D.I.S. and A.L.K.; investigation, S.G.G., R.I.S., N.O.V., D.B.B., D.I.S. and A.L.K.; resources, S.G.G., R.I.S., N.O.V., D.B.B., D.I.S. and A.L.K.; writing--original draft preparation, review, and editing, S.G.G., R.I.S., N.O.V., D.B.B., D.I.S. and A.L.K.; visualization, S.G.G., R.I.S., N.O.V., D.B.B., D.I.S. and A.L.K.; supervision, S.G.G., R.I.S., N.O.V., D.B.B., D.I.S. and A.L.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was financially supported by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (No. AP19679979).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Efficient Processing of \(k\)-Hop Reachability Queries on Directed Graphs
## 4 Experiment
### Impacts of Threshold \(d\)  
Table 4 shows the impacts of the threshold, \(d\), on the index size, index construction time, and query time with respect to our approach. In Table 4, we see the following observations:  
First, with a decrease in \(d\), the index size of all the datasets increased accordingly. The reason was very simple. The smaller the value of \(d\), the more vertices satisfied the degree constraint; therefore, we needed to construct 2-hop distance label for these vertices.  
Second, with a decrease in \(d\), the index construction time increased for all datasets. The reason lay in that we needed to make more judgments, such that to generate 2-hop distance label for more vertices. However, no matter how \(d\) changed, the number of visited vertices for each processed vertex of \(S\) did not change; therefore, the index construction time increased for all datasets, but the fluctuation was not as large as that of index size.  
At last, with a decrease in \(d\), the query time decreased accordingly. The reason was that the smaller the value of \(d\) was, the more vertices had a 2-hop distance label. Then, the calling time of function query (\(u,\ v,\ k\)) would decrease accordingly, and, thus, the query time could be reduced.  
Table 4 also indicates that, if query time was the first citizen, then \(d\) could be smaller so that queries could be answered more efficiently.  
As \(d=1\) guaranteed that each kHRQ could be answered by calling function query (\(u,\ v,\ k\)) only once in the worst case, when we refer to Algorithm 5 in the below section, the default value of \(d\) is 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Dataset**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Index Size**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Index Construction Time**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Query Time (\(k=10\)**)**} \\  & \(d=5\) & \(d=3\) & \(d=1\) & \(d=5\) & \(d=3\) & \(d=1\) & \(d=5\) & \(d=3\) & \(d=1\) \\ \hline Human & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.02 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 38 & 28 & 17 \\ WikiTalk & 0.12 & 0.12 & 0.55 & 114 & 121 & 133 & 71 & 58 & 47 \\ Twitter & 5 & 6 & 30 & 1658 & 1769 & 1944 & 92 & 85 & 83 \\ Web-uk & 319 & 363 & 445 & 11,727 & 12,510 & 13,748 & 165 & 155 & 151 \\ BerkStan & 538 & 568 & 656 & 14,033 & 14,970 & 16,451 & 302 & 177 & 147 \\ EX6 & 11 & 11 & 11 & 250 & 267 & 294 & 557 & 456 & 355 \\
3 dtube & 877 & 877 & 877 & 6476 & 6909 & 7592 & 3791 & 3487 & 3287 \\ Bio & 149 & 150 & 150 & 2576 & 2748 & 3020 & 977 & 841 & 818 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Impacts of \(d\) on index size (MB), index construction time (ms), and query time (ms).
# Recent Advances in Lithiophilic Porous Framework toward Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anode
###### Abstract  
Rechergeable lithium metal anode (LMA) based batteries have attracted great attention as next-generation high-energy-density storage systems to fuel the extensive practical applications in portable electronics and electric vehicles. However, the formation of unstable solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) and growth of lithium dendrite during plating/stripping cycles stimulate safety concern, poor coulombic efficiency (CE), and short lifespan of the lithium metal batteries (LMBs). To address these issues, the rational design of micro/nanostructured Li hosts are widely adopted in LMBs. The high surface area of the interconnected conductive framework can homogenize the Li-ion flux distribution, lower the effective current density, and provides sufficient space for Li accommodation. However, the poor lithiophilicity of the micro/nanostructure host cannot govern the initial lithium nucleation, which leads to the non-uniform/dendritic Li deposition and unstable SEI formation. As a result, the nucleation overpotential and voltage hysteresis increases, which eventually leads to poor battery cycling performance. Thus, it is imperative to decorate a micro/nanostructured Li host with lithiophilic coatings or seeds for serving as a homogeneous nucleation site to guide the uniform lithium deposition. In this review, we summarize research progress on porous metal and non-metal based lithiophilic micro/nanostructured Li hosts. We present the synthesis, structural properties, and the significance of lithiophilic decorated micro/nanostructured Li host in the LMBs. Finally, the perspectives and critical challenges needed to address for the further improvement of LMBs are concluded.  
lithium metal anode; lithiophilic; micro/nanostructure; low nucleation overpotential; dendrite-free Li deposition +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Chaotic Image Encryption: State-of-the-Art, Ecosystem, and Future Roadmap
## 3 State-of-the-Art
### State-of-the-Art in the Image Aspect
#### 3.2.1 Two-Dimensional versus Three-Dimensional Image  
Although 2D images are much more common, 3D images, which can be visualized as 3D meshes, do exist and possess the same encryption requirements as their two-dimensional counterparts. Due to this fact, 3D image encryption algorithms are much less common. However, one such algorithm was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [97].
## 7 Open Research Areas
### Distributed Network Management  
WirelessHART, WIA-PA (in the mesh level) and ISA100.11a use centralized network management techniques for communication scheduling and managing routes. While such an approach may be easier in terms of implementation, they have numerous disadvantages. Centralized systems often perform poorly in terms of reaction time, as all updates need to be sent first to the centralized system manager (_i.e._, gateway) for further processing. The gateway node then performs recalculations and disseminates updated instructions to the relevant nodes in the network. As the round-trip time for such decision-making actions can be very high (especially when network contention is high), centralized approaches are unable to cope with highly dynamic situations (e.g., 'bursty' data traffic/varying link quality, and node mobility). This problem is further exacerbated as the network is scaled up. This in turn may result in problems, including increased packet loss and delayed data delivery, which increase energy consumption. The distributed nature of a distributed approach allows the system to adapt quickly to disturbances or changes within the network in real-time. However, current wireless control technologies that use distributed approaches also perform poorly in terms of reliability, efficiency and robustness.
# Inversion and Analysis of the Initial Ground Stress Field of the Deep-Buried Tunnel Area
## 2 Multiple Linear Regression Inversion Principle of Initial Ground Stress Field
### Establishment of the Three-Dimensional Geological Model
#### 2.1.2 Determination of Model Boundary Conditions  
The formation of in-situ ground stress of rock mass is affected by rock mass density, geological tectonism, topography and geomorphology, groundwater action, crustal temperature, and the mechanical properties of the stratum [37]. The gravity stress of stratum and geological structures are chosen as the main factors affecting the initial ground stress in this study. The following five different stress fields are selected, and the stress state is simulated and calculated by applying displacement and stress conditions. The following different stress field models do not show the boundary constraints, and only the self-weight stress and tectonic displacement boundary conditions are shown. The boundary conditions that the model should have were added in the actual simulation calculation.  
1. gravity stress: the required physical and mechanical parameters of surrounding rock such as unit weight, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, cohesion, and internal friction angle can be extracted from the geological survey report, and the gravity stress field is simulated by applying gravity stress in the Z direction to the model (See Figure 2a).
2. horizontal tectonic stress in X direction: the horizontal tectonic stress in the X direction of rock mass in the model is simulated by applying normal unit horizontal displacement \(U_{\rm x}\) to the model boundary parallel to the YOZ coordinate plane (See Figure 2b).
3. horizontal tectonic stress in the Y direction: the horizontal tectonic stress in the Y direction of rock mass in the model is simulated by applying normal unit horizontal displacement \(U_{\rm y}\) to the model boundary parallel to the XOZ coordinate plane (See Figure 2c).
4. shear tectonic stress [38] in the horizontal plane: horizontal shear tectonic stress is simulated by the two implementations, applying a pair of horizontal displacements \(U^{\prime}{}_{\rm x}\) parallel to the X-axis and opposite direction to the model boundary interface parallel to the XOZ coordinate plane and applying a pair of horizontal displacements \(U^{\prime}{}_{\rm y}\) parallel to the Y-axis and opposite direction to the model boundary parallel to the YOZ coordinate plane (See Figure 2d).
5. vertical shear tectonic stress: vertical shear tectonic stress is simulated by applying a pair of vertical displacements \(U_{\rm z}\) with opposite directions on both sides of the model boundary in the XOZ coordinate plane (See Figure 2e).  
Figure 2: _Cont._
# Photocatalytic Inactivation as a Method of Elimination of _E. coli_ from Drinking Water
## 3 Inactivation Process by Photocatalysts
### Inactivation of _E. coli_ by Metal Doped Photocatalysts  
Divalent cobalt was used to dope microsphere nanostructure of BiOBr\({}_{\text{x}}\)Cl\({}_{\text{1-x}}\) and the photocatalyst showed good photocatalytic _E. coli_ inactivation. The good photocatalytic performance was attributed to the enhanced charge separation and good light absorptivity as a result of cobalt doping [84]. The doping of divalent cobalt into bismuth was effective as a result of the abundance of cobalt and the fact that the size of divalent cobalt (0.65 A) is comparatively smaller than the size of trivalent bismuth (1.03 A), which made the incorporation of divalent cobalt into the lattice structure of BiOBr easy [84, 85]. In another investigation, iron was used to dope polyaniline to form a metal organic framework which was used as photocatalyst for the inactivation of _E. coli_. Evidence from electron paramagnetic resonance, fluorescent test and quenching experiments revealed that h\({}^{+}\), -OH, -O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\) and e\({}^{-}\) are the reacting species that aided the photocatalytic inactivation of bacteria with hydroxyl radicals being the most predominant [86]. Gold has also been used to dope nanoparticles of titanium oxide through the seed growth method. The catalytic activity of titanium oxide improved significantly as a result of the presence of gold as the doping agent, and it reflected in the inactivation of bacteria better than when pure titanium oxide was used as photocatalyst under UV light [87]. Silver, another noble metal, was used to dope oxides of iron to form a composite photocatalyst that was used to inactivate _E. coli_ in the presence of light [88]. Iron has been used to dope ZnO nanoparticles, and the bandgap of Fe-doped zinc oxide was found to be lower than the band gap energy of undoped zinc oxide. This doped photocatalyst was active against _E. coli_ in the presence of sunlight.
# Retention of the Antibiotic Cofruoxime onto Agricultural and Forest Soils
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Desorption  
Table 2 shows the amounts of CFX desorbed (in \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mol}\) kg\({}^{-1}\) and percentage), as a function of the concentration of antibiotic added. Desorption values were low, never exceeding 1.87 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mol}\) kg\({}^{-1}\), regardless of the concentrations of antibiotic added. In maize (corn) and vineyard soils on schist and slates, the maximum desorption value was 0.53 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mol}\) kg\({}^{-1}\). The score was slightly higher in vineyard soils on granite (0.73 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mol}\) kg\({}^{-1}\)). Forest soils showed the maximum desorption values among the whole set of samples in the study (1.87 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mol}\) kg\({}^{-1}\)).  
A statistical test focusing on eventual relations among the maximum desorption values and the properties of the different soils showed a significant and positive correlation with sand content (r = 0.45, \(p<0.05\)), and a negative correlation with clay content (r = \(-\)0.43, \(p<0.05\)). Therefore, clays would have an important role in the intensity of the adsorption, reducing the reversibility of the process.  
Analyzing desorption data presented in percentage (Table 2), CFX desorption was always below 8% (and below 1% in most cases), evidencing that adsorption has low reversibility in the soils of the current study, as previously observed in other Galician soils for tetracycline antibiotics [40], and contrary to what was found for sulfonamides, in which desorption exceeded 50% in some cases [41]. The marked differences among adsorption and desorption scores indicate the relevance of hysteresis affecting these processes.
# Assessment of the Dust in Underground Coal Mine
## 1 Introduction
It is part of the dust aerosol that penetrates into the alveoli of the lungs and is permanently deposited in them when inhaled; airborne dust--particle size ranges from 5 um to 30 um, it is part of the dust aerosol and is able to remain in the air for a longer period of time, it is usually carried by the ventilation system to greater distances from the source of formation; dust layers--particle size ranges from 30 um to 100 um, it is typical for its ability to settle quickly in the mine environment; stirred dust--particle size of this type of dust is identical to the particle size of dust layers, it is formed by stirring up of dust layers by walking of employees, by larger airflow or technological operations. Exposure of the human body to mine dust over a prolonged period of time causes irreversible damage to the organism. The adverse effects of mine dust are often amplified by a number of other interacting factors--temperature, humidity, blasting fumes, exhaust fumes, vibration, and noise. Thus, in the long term, exposure to dust can bring diseases such as [8]: pulmonary fibrosis, mucosal inflammation, skin inflammation, eye inflammation, or ear infections. The issue of occupational health and safety of employees is legislatively addressed by several regulations and decrees. The most important is Government Regulation 391/2006 Coll. on minimum and health requirements for the workplace [5]. Dust affecting employees in mining operations is dealt with in Slovak Mining Authority Decree No. 21/1989 Coll. Exposure to asbestos dust is dealt with in Slovak Government Decree No. 253/2006 Coll. on the protection of employees against risks related to exposure to asbestos at work [6; 9]. When measuring and investigating the effects of dust on the human body, international regulations are used in practice, e.g., EN 481:1993:09 [10] and ISO 7708:1995 [11]. Standard EN 481:1993 defines sampling conventions for particle size fractions which are to be used in assessing the possible health effects resulting from inhalation of airborne particles in the workplace. They are derived from experimental data for healthy adults. Conventions are defined for the inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions; extra thoracic and tracheobronchial conventions may be calculated from the defined conventions [10]. ISO 7708:1995 defines sampling conventions for particle size fractions for use in assessing possible health effects of airborne particles in the workplace and ambient environment. Defines conventions for the inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions; extra thoracic and tracheobronchial conventions may be calculated from the defined conventions [11]. This paper aims to present and discuss the results of measurements taken in a coal mine and to propose effective measures to reduce the burden on the life and health of employees and the environment.