esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Application
### Temperature  
Temperature is a measurable physical quantity that can be detected by MP-SAWS. The MP-SAWS can function as a generic temperature sensor to measure various parameters such as ambient temperature and body temperature. When used as a temperature sensor, it can support certain therapeutic procedures. For instance, it can aid in controlling low temperatures after cardiac arrest to mitigate hypoxic damage, maintaining low temperatures  
Figure 6: Stress response of MP-SAWS. (**a**) Graphical representation of the stress-dependent characteristic frequency shift; (**b**) comparative study of the admittance curve prior to and following external stress variation.  
to control toxic damage, and regulating temperature during cardiopulmonary resuscitation [6; 65]. Temperature parameters play a vital role as auxiliary parameters in facilitating medical treatments.  
In finite element simulations, the consideration of the varying degrees of thermal expansion and stress in different materials resulting from temperature changes is necessary. Temperature also influences the performance of materials. Regarding the MP-SAWS substrate material, temperature exceeding the Curie temperature results in changes in the material's magnetic properties. The temperature has minimal influence on the material properties of the LiNbO\({}_{3}\) substrate because the Curie temperature of the LiNbO\({}_{3}\) substrate is 1210 \({}^{\circ}\)C [15]. Therefore, the thermal analysis of the MP-SAWS primarily focuses on thermal expansion.  
The stress analysis of the MP-SAWS is represented in Figure 7a and describes the correspondence between ambient temperature and the resulting variation in characteristic frequency. Figure 7b illustrates the admittance curve within the physiological temperature range, demonstrating the deviation in the characteristic frequency under temperature changes. The measurement environment is free of external magnetic fields. Based on the simulation results, the temperature sensitivity of the MP-SAWS is 68.211 kHz/K. This level of response is sufficiently accurate to meet the measurement requirements.  
Based on the relationship curve between stress, temperature, and resonant frequency, resonant frequency decreases linearly with increasing stress and temperature. This linear relationship indicates that processing MP-SAWS sensing data for stress and temperature is relatively straightforward. Employing the control variable method, the transient instants of heartbeats, which correspond to the interval without external stress, are isolated to determine the operating temperature of the sensor. This operating temperature represents the sensor's temperature measurement output and is also an essential pre-determined environmental parameter when assessing stress and cardiac magnetic fields. It also enables the exclusion of factors such as ambient temperature changes, gravity, and the influence of shell materials on MP-SAWS sensing results when measuring magnetic fields.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper presents an electromagnetic energy harvester with a rotational pendulum. The entire work presents a logical sequence from the system design, to the application of the finite element method to check magnetic interactions in the system, through testing and mathematical modelling. Performance of the FEM model showed magnetic interactions, which appear in the system and what are the expected magnetic forces by usage of co-energy. Results of calculated magnetic forces served to perform a simplified model of the rotational pendulum reflecting its kinematics in tests. Also, the application of the mentioned method let to us obtaining the surface of electromagnetic induction in domain of magnets' positions. Owing to this, three specific areas of interest were found depending on the position of additional magnets in coils. By the conducted tests, information about output voltage RMS and output power from the system was obtained. An experiment was performed with different values of operational frequencies and for different values of additional resistance, presenting in such a way a map of results. In the last stage, a simplified mechanical model of rotational pendulum was derived. To formulate the pendulum's equation of motion, an element from the experiment was added in the form of acting magnetic forces in the system and some phase shift was needed to start the pendulum's permanent rotational movement. Finally, simulations checked the application potential of the proposed device in the context of frequency broadness, which is important for variable ambient working conditions. However, one should remember that the large orbit (more energetic) is only one possible solution as a non-linear system is known for multiple solutions. To check the availability of the larger orbit solution, one needs to perform more studies including basins of attraction approach [54]. The system can be still optimized by changing its moment of inertia, the strength of magnets, improving the electrical circuit, and by carrying out the tests in wider range of frequencies. The next step in research on the system will be the creation of multiple potential wells, by increasing number of coils with magnets and studying multi-stable phenomena as in the oscillating energy harvesting systems [18; 55].  
**Author Contributions:** B.A.: methodology, validation, formal analysis, writing--original draft preparation, visualization, G.L.: methodology, investigation, software, formal analysis, supervision, P.W.: formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing--review and editing, project administration, funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This publication was supported by the program of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under the project DIALOG 0019/DLG/2019/10 in the years 2019-2021.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Proposed Quadrature Bandpass Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma ADC  
### Quadrature Bandpass Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma ADC Architecture  
The proposed receiver architecture incorporates a quadrature bandpass continuous-time delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter (CT-\(\Sigma\)A ADC) specifically designed to meet BLE specifications, as shown in Figure 6. The ADC implementation features carefully selected performance parameters that align with the requirements of modern wireless communication systems, with a particular focus on BLE applications. Within its operational specifications, the ADC demonstrates a robust in-band dynamic range, which is crucial for reliable wireless communication.  
The system processes signals within an integrated BW of 2 MHz, operating in the frequency range of 0.5 MHz to 2.5 MHz. This range is strategically chosen to optimize receiver performance while maintaining compatibility with BLE signal requirements.  
In terms of signal handling, the ADC achieves a dynamic range of 60 dB, enabling it to process both strong and weak signals effectively. This specification ensures the receiver can accommodate the wide variation in signal strengths typically encountered in BLE applications, from nearby devices to those at the maximum specified range.  
The architecture's continuous-time implementation provides inherent antialiasing capabilities, achieving over 39 dB attenuation at the first sampling zone. This built-in  
Figure 6: Block diagram and transfer functions H (ju) of QBP-CT\(\Sigma\)AM.  
antialiasing functionality is a significant advantage of the continuous-time approach, effectively suppressing unwanted high-frequency components that could otherwise interfere with the desired signal.  
Furthermore, the system exhibits strong image rejection capabilities, with an image rejection ratio specified to be better than \(-32\) dBc. This specification ensures that the receiver can effectively suppress signals at the image frequency, which is crucial for maintaining signal quality and preventing interference in the quadrature receiver architecture.  
These comprehensive specifications demonstrate that the ADC design meets the necessary performance metrics to support reliable BLE communication while maintaining practical implementation considerations. The combination of BW, dynamic range, antialiasing, and image rejection capabilities makes this architecture particularly well suited for modern wireless communication applications, especially within the context of BLE systems.
# Multipath Error Fusion Modeling Methods for Multi-GNSS
## 4 Discussions  
Derived from the formation mechanism of the multipath error, MHGM is established using the residuals of the ambiguity-fixed double-differenced carrier phase observations. The performance of this new method is compared with that of the widely used SF method, and the multi-GNSS test results show that the average improvements of double-differenced residuals after multipath error corrections with SF and MHGM are 49.6% and 53.7%, respectively. The further power spectrum analysis of the double-differenced residuals and the static positioning results demonstrate that the performances of MHGM and SF are also comparable. This implies that the space domain MHGM can obtain similar correction effects as the SF method in the observation domain.  
On the other hand, considering the characteristics of multipath error modeling in the space domain, the effectiveness of MHGM will be slightly better than that of the SF method  
Figure 7: Distribution histogram and normal distribution curve of average double-differenced residuals after M (10) strategy correction.  
in the observation domain. As various data on different time spans and from different satellites can be utilized together to obtain the multipath error in a certain direction of the station, the established MHGM will be much more accurate. Furthermore, with the help of the hemispherical grid in the MHGM, the distribution of the multipath error around the station in any directions can be described. On the contrary, the multipath correction models in the observation domain will be limited to certain directions by their selected satellites, and the accuracy of the corresponding model is also limited.  
Furthermore, the performance of the SF method in the observation domain relies heavily on the actual orbit repeat periods of the different GNSS satellites [22], but their orbit repeat periods are in fact different, even in the same system or constellation. For the double-differenced observation residuals, this will inevitably introduce certain errors and has a negative impact on the multipath error modeling in the observation domain. Similarly, if observations with a relative low sampling rate are used, the effectiveness of the SF method will be significantly reduced [8], but this is not an issue for the MHGM method in the space domain.  
We also found that the established MHGM using data with multi orbit repeat periods outperforms that with only one orbital repeat period, and an average improvement of 13.1% in the RMS of the double-differenced residuals is achieved. This demonstrates that the utilization of multi-day data for modeling can further improve the effectiveness of the MHGM.
# A New Look at the Stress State Across the Bohai Strait, China
## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Hydraulic Fracturing  
Hydraulic fracturing, or the mini-frac (HF) method, is a widely used technique for directly measuring in-situ stress magnitude and orientation, in particular for vertical or slightly inclined (less than \(\pm 15^{\circ}\)) boreholes [49, 50]. The reliability and accuracy of the HF method have been extensively validated both in theory and practice [50, 51, 52]. The basic concept of the HF method is to induce tensile fractures in an intact rock interval free of joints or fractures by injecting high-pressure fluid (usually water), thereby enabling stress determination.  
Under the assumption that the rock is linearly elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic, and one of the principal stresses is parallel to the borehole axis, three stress components, the vertical stress (\(S_{\rm v}\)), the minimum (\(S_{\rm h}\)), and maximum horizontal stress (\(S_{\rm H}\)), can be determined from the HF test. For vertical boreholes, \(S_{\rm v}\) is conventionally equivalent to the overburden weight [49, 50], while the \(S_{\rm H}\) and \(S_{\rm h}\) are determined from the pressure-time recordings of the HF test. Generally, the calculation formulas for \(S_{\rm H}\), \(S_{\rm h}\), and \(S_{\rm v}\) in vertical boreholes are as follows:  
\[S_{\rm h}=P_{\rm s} \tag{1}\]  
\[S_{\rm H}=3S_{\rm h}-P_{\rm r}-P_{0} \tag{2}\]  
\[S_{\rm v}=\rho gh \tag{3}\]  
where \(P_{\rm b}\) is the breakdown pressure, \(P_{\rm s}\) is the instantaneous shut-in pressure, \(P_{\rm r}\) is the reopening pressure, and \(P_{0}\) is pore pressure. The parameters \(\rho\), \(g\), and \(h\) denote the mean density of overlying strata, the gravitational acceleration (\(\sim\)10 m/s\({}^{2}\)), and the measurement depth, respectively. In this study, the mean density is set to 2.65 g/cm\({}^{3}\) based on experiments on the tested rocks. \(P_{0}\) is usually considered equivalent to hydrostatic pressure in low-permeability rock formations [1, 53, 54].  
It was confirmed that the azimuth of the fractures induced by the HF test corresponds to the \(S_{\rm H}\) orientation. To determine the orientation of \(S_{\rm H}\), methods such as the impression test or borehole ultrasonic logging are commonly used to identify the induced fracture traces [50, 52, 55]. In this study, the \(S_{\rm H}\) orientations were all determined using the impression tests.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Density on the Absorption Capacity of Plasma Elements for Electromagnetic Waves  
The absorption capability of plasma elements for different wavelength bands was investigated at different densities. To measure the specific shielding effect of the plasma, an array of tubular plasma elements was arranged, with a sheet of aluminum foil placed closely behind them to simulate the metallic equipment intended for stealth. This setup allowed for a more accurate assessment of the wave-absorbing stealth technology of large-area, ultra-high-density cold plasma. The plasma elements were placed in an electromagnetic test microwave darkroom and their RCS performance was tested in the S and C bands with both HH and VV antenna polarities. The RCS test results are presented in Figure 10.  
From the measurement results, the large-area ultra-high-density cold plasma generated by the plasma tube array exhibited significant absorption effects on electromagnetic waves in the S and C bands. For instance, for a 3.1 GHz radar signal, the RCS was reduced from 25.18 m\({}^{2}\) to 8.41 m\({}^{2}\). In the X band, the plasma tube array also showed wave-absorbing capability, although the absorption effect was not as pronounced as in the lower frequency bands. When comparing the absorption efficiency for electromagnetic wave signals of different polarization directions, the data indicated that the plasma tube array's absorption capacity was superior in the horizontally polarized (HH) direction compared to the vertically polarized (VV) direction. Furthermore, as the plasma density increases, the wave absorption capacity also increases. This suggests that the W-electrode plasma element designed in this paper will exhibit better performance and higher quality in terms of electromagnetic absorption due to its high-density advantage.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of Morphology and Chemical States of Polycrystalline Diamond Films  
3.1.1. SEM Analysis  
The different gas mixtures and deposition times described in Table 1 achieved the desired results of producing PCD films with different grain sizes, as shown in Figure 1A-G. These results demonstrate, as described in previous references, the sensitivity of the partial pressure of the gases and the time of deposition on the morphology of the PDC films. The SEM images were used to directly measure the grain size for samples C-G (greater than 20 nm).  
SEM images in Figure 1A,B show the surface texture typical of UNCD, which tends to grow in crystal clusters. Figure 1C shows a typical NCD (Nano Crystalline Diamond) film where the grains are sufficiently large to be distinguishable with the SEM. Figure 1D-G are considered MCD films, and their structure and grain size can easily be studied with this technique.  
The thickness of the PCD films was obtained using the direct measurement of the cross-section SEM of the PCD films. The data are plotted in Figure 1H. PCD films grown for the same length of time but with lower concentrations of argon resulted in thicker  
Figure 1: The morphology of the PCD films (**A–G** in Table 1). (**H**) shows a plot of the grain size and the thickness of the films for samples A–G.  
films and larger grains. PCD films grown with no argon and longer times also resulted in thicker films and larger grains, but in this case the thickness was directly proportional to the growth time. The relationship between the grain size and the thickness of the films was discussed in a prior article [5].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Differential VOCs' Analysis in Aromatic and Non-Aromatic Brown Rice  
To analyze the differential VOCs between aromatic (YX430 and MXZ2) and non-accented (YJSM2) rice at maturity (35 d), we used VIP \(>\) 1, \(p\) \(<\) 0.05, and 1 log2 FC \(|\) \(>\) 1 for two-group analysis as screening criteria. As illustrated in Table 1, the differential VOCs varied significantly among the comparisons. Specifically, 19 significantly different metabolites were identified between MXZ2 and YX430 (5 upregulated and 14 downregulated), 12 between YJSM2 and YX430 (0 upregulated and 10 downregulated), and 23 between YJSM2 and MXZ2 (12 upregulated and 15 downregulated). The close genetic background shared by YX430, MXZ2, and YJSM2 may account for the observed differences in VOCs in these pairwise comparisons. Among the upregulated metabolites in aromatic rice compared to YJSM2, eight were identified, five of which are associated with specific flavors: \(\alpha\)-calacorene (woody), calamenene (herbal, spicy), 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (popcorn, toasted, and grain), 1-nonanol (fresh, floral, and rose), and heptanal (fresh, fatty, and green). \(\alpha\)-Calacorene and calamenene are the terpenoid organic compound, which are often found in Chinese medicinal materials. A study indicated that the N-heterocyclic class is the major distinguishing class between scented and non-scented rice [4]. As previously reported [2], 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline is a typical heterocyclic compound that distinguishes aromatic and non-aromatic rice. This study has identified, for the first time, the differing presence of 1-nonanol and heptanal in both aromatic and non-aromatic rice. These substances may serve as marker VOCs that distinguish aromatic from non-aromatic rice.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Compounds**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Log2 FC**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Odor**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **MXZ2 vs. YX430** & **YJSM2 vs. YX430** & **YJSM2 vs. MXZ2** & \\ \hline Terpenoids & & & & \\ \(\beta\)-Cubebe & 1.41 & ns & \(-\)2.39 & Citrus, fruity, radish \\ Para-menth-3-en-1-olol & 1.28 & ns & \(-\)3.24 & Dry, woody, musty \\ lsodene & 1.08 & \(-\)1.16 & \(-\)2.24 & - \\ Cis-p-menthan-1-ol & 1.06 & \(-\)1.00 & \(-\)2.06 & - \\ \(\alpha\)-Calacorene & ns & \(-\)1.72 & \(-\)2.50 & Woody \\ Calamenene & ns & \(-\)2.30 & \(-\)2.88 & Herbal, spice \\
4,5,8,8a-Dimethyl-2-(propan-2-ylidene)- & ns & \(-\)2.37 & \(-\)3.02 & - \\
1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahdronaphthalene & ns & \(-\)2.37 & \(-\)3.02 & - \\ Cis-Cyclohexanol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) & ns & ns & \(-\)1.54 & - \\ Hydrocarbons & & & & \\
4-Methyltetradace & \(-\)1.62 & ns & 1.38 & - \\ Tetradecane & \(-\)1.79 & ns & 1.12 & Mild, wavy \\ Pentadecane & \(-\)1.57 & ns & 1.32 & Wavy \\ Hexadecane & \(-\)1.50 & ns & 1.12 & Alkane \\ (E)-2-Tetradecene & \(-\)1.52 & ns & 1.13 & - \\ Tetradecane, 2-methyl- & \(-\)1.55 & ns & 1.18 & - \\ Bicylco(3.3.1)non-2-ene & ns & \(-\)1.17 & ns & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The VOCs that serve as marker compounds to distinguish between YX430, MXZ2, and YJSM2 at the ripening stage.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Under the Condition of Similar Interfine Void Ratios
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Initial State**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Critical State**} \\ \cline{2-6}
**Specimen** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Interfine**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Deviator**} \\
**Identity** & **Interfine** & **Void Ratio** & **After Con-** & **Effective** & **Stress** & **Merga** \\  & **Void Ratio** & **solidation** & **(MPa)** & **(MPa)** & **(MPa)** & **(MPa)** \\ \hline C5\_I0 & 0.698 & 0.663 & 0.807 & 0.922 & 0.620 \\ C5\_V20 & 0.720 & 0.701 & 0.809 & 0.926 & 0.681 \\ C5\_I40 & 0.736 & 0.733 & 0.897 & 1.190 & 0.773 \\ \hline C10\_I0 & 0.695 & 0.670 & 1.611 & 1.833 & 0.589 \\ C10\_V20 & 0.725 & 0.695 & 1.657 & 1.972 & 0.651 \\ C10\_I40 & 0.738 & 0.735 & 1.682 & 2.046 & 0.742 \\ \hline C30\_I0 & 0.704 & 0.655 & 4.829 & 5.487 & 0.529 \\ C30\_V20 & 0.715 & 0.676 & 4.741 & 5.223 & 0.559 \\ C30\_I40 & 0.740 & 0.736 & 4.837 & 5.511 & 0.684 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Critical state data of triaxial tests under the condition of similar interfine void ratios. content). However, the CSL shifted upwards with an increase in carbonate sand content. This means that the carbonate sand-fine mixture with a higher carbonate sand content presented a higher interfering void ratio at the critical state for a given mean effective stress. Compared to carbonate sand-fine mixtures in which the density is controlled by the void ratio, the change rule of CSL influenced by the carbonate sand content was precisely the opposite in specimens controlled by the interfering void ratio.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measurements  
The UV-visible spectra were recorded on a Cary-60 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and the fluorescence spectra on a Hitachi F-2700 spectrometer (Hitachi High-Tech Science Corp., Tokyo, Japan) ranging from 500 to 900 nm in four solvents (water, methanol, acetonitrile, and chloroform), at a concentration of 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) M. The IR spectra were determined on a VERTEX 70 FT-IR spectrometer (Bruker Optics, Ettlingen, Germany) in KBr tablets, ranging from 4000 to 400 cm\({}^{-1}\), 2 cm\({}^{-1}\) resolutin ability, 25 scans.  
The NMR spectra were recorded at room temperature at 500 MHz on a Bruker Avance III HD 500 spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA).  
A Differential Scanning Calorimeter, Phoenix DSC 204 F1 (Netzsch-Geratebau GmbH, Selb, Germany), was applied to carry out the thermal analysis. The experiment was conducted under argon atmosphere (scanning rate--10 \({}^{\circ}\)C /min, cooling 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min).  
The chromatographic system Thermo Dionex Ultimate 3000 LC and the triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer Thermo TSQ Quantum Access MAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with Heated Electrospray Ionization (HESI) were used to perform liquid chromatography with mass detection (LC-MS/MS) of analytes. The chromatographic separation was carried out on an AccucoreTM RP-MS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) core-shell analytical column (100 mm length, 2.1 mm diameter, 2.6 \(\upmu\)m particles) under isocratic conditions.  
The peak shapes and MS signals of the analytes were improved by using mobile phases A: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile-water (90:10, v/v); and B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile-water (10:90, v/v) in 40:60 (A:B) ratio at flow rate of 0.150 mL min\({}^{-1}\). HESI was used for analyte detection in positive ionization mode with spray voltage \(-\)4000 V; source temperature 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C; sheath gas pressure 30; vaporizer temperature 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C; and capillary temperature 270 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Protonated molecules of the analyte were used as precursor ions for selected reaction monitoring (SRM).