## 1 Introduction  
Low-rise masonry residential structures are a widely used engineering design, but are these structures are frequently damaged by earthquakes, leading to numerous casualties and severe property loss. Seismic isolation offers a solution to this problem, but the focus has typically been on multi-storey masonry buildings. The design solutions include friction sliding bearings, laminated rubber bearings or lead rubber bearings, which offer exceptional isolating performance but also lead to high costsand complex engineering. Therefore, engineering researchers and practitioners have been working earnestly to develop an economical seismic isolation system that involves straightforward engineering for low-rise masonry buildings. Milestones in this research are highlighted in this section. [PERSON] et al. [1], analysed the structural behaviour of low- and normal-strength interface mortar for masonry. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2,3] performed a numerical investigation of historic masonry walls under normal and shear load and studied the capacity of old brick masonry with regard to cyclic stress. [PERSON] [4], carried out cyclic quasi-static tests on full-scale unreinforced masonry walls made of clay and calcium silicate blocks to investigate the effects of the various factors. The results showed that due to the formation of a sliding mode in the calcium silicate walls, the unreinforced masonry walls were able to exhibit a higher deformation and energy dissipation capacity compared to the clay walls. [PERSON] et al. [5], studied four friction isolation interfaces, namely, marble-marble, marble-high density polyethylene, marble-rubber sheet, and marble-geosynthetic. For marble-marble and marble-geosynthetic interfaces, a greater than 50% reduction in absolute response acceleration at the roof level could be achieved in comparison with the response of the fixed-base structure at the cost of increasing the relative sliding displacements at the friction interface. [PERSON] et al. [6], proposed four different sliding interfaces, namely green marble/high density poly ethylene (HDPE), green marble/green marble, green marble/geosynthetic, and green marble/rubber layers, which had been studied in experimental and analytical investigations. Green marble and geosynthetic layers were found to be the better alternatives for use in a friction isolation system with equal effectiveness for energy dissipation as they limit the earthquake energy transmission to the superstructure during a strong earthquake, making the green marble and geosynthetic layers a low-cost durable solution for earthquake protection of masonry buildings. [PERSON], el al. [7], put an integrated masonry structure of recycled bricks and adobe with one marble-graphite slide seismic isolator at its foundation into the vibration test rig. The results showed that the isolator delivered sound performance in terms of vibration isolation. Given the great mechanical properties of the overall structure, the straightforward approach of construction and the cost efficiency, the structure can well be applied to the seismic design of low-rise buildings in rural areas. [PERSON] et al. [8,9], developed an seismic isolation bearing in which two sliding friction pendulums linked by a connector interacted orthogonally. The design ensured isolation in the horizontal direction while simultaneously restraining any potential lifting. [PERSON] et al. [10], studied the impact of buckling loads on the shape factors of lead rubber bearings and showed that horizontal stiffness changes are an important factor in the seismic performance of the bearing. [PERSON] et al. [11], embedded a displacement connector within a laminated rubber bearing; the displacement connector restrained any deformation of the bearing when its horizontal displacement exceeded a limit value.