# Clustering-Based Modified Ant Colony Optimizer for Internet of Vehicles (CACOIOV)
## 1 Introduction  
Presently, large numbers of industrial and research projects are studying issues related to the energy efficiency of a variety of communication infrastructures. Furthermore, the sophistication of architectures on emerging networks has advanced remarkably and this further increases the necessity for more effective, energy-efficient, and robust infrastructures for network management, while also considering network scalability. Due to existing and future challenges of communication network, a novel promising technology known as the 5G network has emerged to overcome these challenges. Artificial intelligence, Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Self-Organizing Networks (SON), cloud computing, and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) are some of the solutions for integrating the smart communication network [1]. All these efforts contribute to greener and more energy-efficient communication systems and of course sustainability. In this regard, autonomicmanagement capacity on current 5G projects can be improved when faced with network environments that are heterogeneous. Meanwhile, the Internet of Things (IoT) has a significant impact on research areas such as smart health, smart transport, smart industry, and smart homes. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is transforming into a new research area, while relying on a smart transport basis and developing from the Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) [2]. VANET follows the principles that govern the Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) and consists of a wireless network that provides information/communication between vehicles with the use of Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC). The standard of IEEE 802.11a is used for low-overhead operation to IEEE 802.11p [3]. The composition of a VANET is made up of points of access and vehicles, and in the vehicles the major components are the Application Unit and the On-Board Unit (OBU), which is a device used for providing services to the driver, and the application can be located on the OBU or the Road-Side Units (RSU). IoV consists of vehicles connected to the Internet and other heterogeneous networks, involving a global network of Wireless Access Technology (WAT). The IoV with a heterogeneous architectures network is comprised of 5 distinct communications types. These include the Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Road-side unit (V2R), Vehicle-to-Sensors (V2S) and Vehicle-to-Personal devices (V2P). The communication architecture of that can be classified into 3 categories: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE)-based ad hoc, hybrid, and Wi-Fi. Each communication vehicle of the IoV, is enabled with the use of a distinctive WAT. This WAT is made up of IEEE WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments) for V2V and V2R, 4G/LTE and Wi-Fi for the V2I, MOST/Wi-Fi for the V2S, and CarPaly/NCF for V2P. In Figure 1, the heterogeneous structure of the IoV is shown. The communication architecture is not limited to RSUs and vehicles; however, it can include other communication devices. The complexity and market-oriented nature of the architecture is a result of the inclusion of device ranges, as compared to VANET. The IoV's heterogeneous framework of network vehicles has large potential to supervise and guide vehicles, thus with the capability to offer a platform of communication that is reliable for abundant applications based on multimedia and mobile Internet [2]. Figure 1: Heterogeneous vehicular networks in IoV. Moreover, the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) community holds a consensus that vehicular communications--exclusively VANET--have a positive impact on the efficiency improvement of traffic management and road safety e.g., collision avoidance. Therefore, to establish safe and sustainable mobility, various challenges should be resolved (such as security and connectivity) and contemplated to introduce effective V2X systems to the market that include standardizations, deployment plans, technical challenges, etc. [4].