# We Do Not Anthropomorphize a Robot Based Only on Its Cover: Context Matters too!
## 4 Anthropomorphizing Factors: Robotic Factors Are Not Enough
### Situational Factors: The Situation Itself Can Change the Level of Anthropomorphism
#### 4.2.1 Anthropomorphic Framing Increases Robot Acceptance and Anthropomorphism  
The way the robot is presented to individuals, also known as framing, affects interaction and the tendency toward anthropomorphism [65; 137; 143]. To place the robot in an anthropomorphic frame--that is, one that promotes anthropomorphism--studies rely on a humanized description of the robot, assigning it a first name and a personal history, or mental abilities. For instance, an \"anthropomorphic framing\" condition could involve the robot being described with a name and a personal history, which includes individual preferences, such as its favorite color and hobbies where a \"non-anthropomorphic framing\" condition would have the robot described in the manner of a tool.  
The impact of anthropomorphic framing is debated. Some authors report no effect of anthropomorphic framing on the perceived resemblance of a robot (NAO) to a human [142] or on its intentional acceptance [145]. Similarly, the anthropomorphic framing of the robot does not increase prosocial behavior toward it [141]. Nevertheless, other studies suggest an impact of this framing. Individuals are less likely to use a hammer to hit a robot (HEXBUG) presented with a first name and a story (e.g., \"He's friendly but easily distracted\") than a robot presented as an object [137]. A robot (TELENOID) presented as having a personal story is considered more attractive by the participants, who then report a higher degree of perceived human likeness and a lower feeling of eeriness [139]. When robots are presented as part of a narrative story (in a situational context), they are appreciated more than robots presented solely from a technical point of view and are judged to be more intelligent and more human-like [143].  
The social abilities attributed to the robot impact individuals' perceptions about the robot as well as their behavior with it. ToM skills are associated with more positive reactions and an increased desire to interact with the robot [136]. A robot (NAO) presented as having ToM skills (participants watch a video where the robot passes [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s false belief test) is perceived as more socially intelligent than a robot without these skills [147] (in the video, the robot fails the false belief test). Similarly, participants trust a robot (PEPPER) presented as having advanced ToM capabilities more than a robot with weak capabilities [140; 144]. The perception of ToM capabilities in a domestic robot (HIWONDER) leads to a more positive evaluation of service quality, in contrast to a robot lacking these capabilities [146] (the authors used the same script as in previous studies [140; 147] to present the robot as having ToM capabilities). Individuals are more morally concerned and less likely to sacrifice robots that are presented as having emotions [65] regardless of the robot's appearance (GEMINOID, an android robot, and KOJIRO, a less human-like robot).  
Anthropomorphic framing also has an impact on children's interactions with robots. Indeed, at 3-7 y.o., when a robot (TEGA) is presented as a friend of the child, the child looks at it significantly longer than when the robot is presented as a machine [138]. For this study, in the anthropomorphic framing condition, the experimenter speaks directly to the robot: \"You will explain to your new friend how to play, okay?\". In the non-anthropomorphic condition, the experimenter speaks to the robot in the 3 rd person: \"The robot will explain to you how to play.\" Children also share more resources with a robot when it appears to have emotional states [40].  
Finally, the impact of anthropomorphic framing can depend on the task to be performed: in a social task, individuals collaborate more with a robot perceived as having emotional abilities, but they prefer to collaborate with a non-emotional robot in an arithmetic task [163].