esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Novel Beam Scan Method of Fabry-Perot Cavity (FPC) Antennas
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Design of the AMC and the PRS Unit Cell  
Figure 6 represents the configuration of the PRS and the AMC unit cell. Both of them employ a Taconic RF-35 substrate of thickness 1.52 mm with dielectric constant \(\epsilon_{\rm r}=3.5\) and  
Figure 4: Deployment of (**a**) the tapered PRS superstrate and (**b**) the AMC ground plane. The design parameters of the PRS are \(l_{1}=105\) mm and \(l_{2}=175\) mm. Each length of the AMC cell \(a_{m}\) is determined for a scanned beam in the target direction \(\theta_{l}\)= 30\({}^{\circ}\), and is listed in Table 1.  
Figure 5: The U-slot microstrip patch antenna used as a source antenna. The design parameters are \(w_{xl}=30\) mm, \(w_{x2}=15\) mm, \(w_{yl}=25.5\) mm, \(w_{y2}=1\) mm, \(l_{yl}=20\) mm, \(g_{1}=1\) mm, \(g_{2}=2\) mm, and _fp_ = 3 mm.  
loss tangent \(\tan\delta\) = 0.0025. The PRS cell consists of a copper strip parallel to the \(y\)-axis and a fully etched opposite backside. On the other hand, the AMC cell is comprised of a square patch etched on the substrate whose backside is entirely covered with copper. In both cells, the required reflection or transmission phases can be obtained by changing the widths of the patches (\(w\) and \(a\) in Figure 6).  
The unit cell simulations for two different incident modes of a transverse electric (TE) and a transverse magnetic (TM) with the incidence angle \(\alpha\) are illustrated in Figure 7. As briefly aforementioned in Section 2.1, when determining the reflection or transmission phases of the PRS and the AMC cell, we should take into account both the incident angle and polarization. In our antenna, the incidence angle is fixed at 19\({}^{\circ}\) by the antenna height \(h\) = 50 mm and the unit cells' period \(p\) = 35 mm. When it comes to the incident polarization, we have supposed that a TE field is incident on the cells in the region surrounded by the red lines in Figure 4, whereas a TM field is incident in the region enclosed by the blue lines according to the \(y\)-polarized feeder antenna.  
Figure 6: The geometry of each unit cell of (**a**) the PRS and (**b**) the AMC, respectively. Their reflection and transmission coefficients depend on the parameters \(w\) and \(a\).  
Figure 7: Unit cell simulations for two different incident modes of (**a**) a transverse electric (TE) and (**b**) a transverse magnetic (TM) with the incidence angle \(\alpha\).  
The reflection or the transmission coefficients of the proposed PRS and the AMC unit cell are plotted in Figure 8. As the incidence angle is low enough, the reflection and transmission behaviors are pretty similar to each other. When we see the reflection phases, we can confirm that the AMC has much wider phase coverage than the PRS, which is favorable for various beam-scan directions. Moreover, the reflection magnitudes of the PRS are varied from 0.50 to 0.86 while those of the AMC are maintained as fairly high from 0.9 to 1.0, which are desirable to reduce an SLL and to obtain high gain, respectively.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, an LFC system model that incorporates ESS and PV is established and a novel method based on AGFTSMC is proposed. The proposed approach includes a nonlinear time-varying function and adaptive sliding mode control laws, which are designed to cope dynamically with frequency variations induced by continuous random load disturbances. By utilizing an enhanced Lyapunov function, the stability of the system is analyzed. Furthermore, simulation of a two-area LFC system is conducted to verify the proposed approach. Compared with PID, SMC, and GfTSMC, adopting the proposed method can significantly reduce overshoot and shorten the response time, demonstrating superior performance in terms of both overshoot and response speed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed AGFTSMC scheme in a realistic power system is validated using the IEEE 39-bus test system.  
Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of the AGFTSMC method, this approach still faces limitations, including substantial computational requirements. Nevertheless, the  
Figure 6: Results of Case 3. (**a**) Frequency deviations of the IEEE 39-bus test system. (**b**) Tie-line power deviations of the IEEE-39 bus test system.  
method still holds numerous promising avenues for future development. Integrating event-triggered schemes and artificial intelligence, such as deep learning, holds great potential to significantly enhance dynamic frequency regulation capabilities.  
Conceptualization, J.Q. and X.L.; methodology, J.Q. and X.L.; software, J.Q.; validation, J.Q. and X.L.; formal analysis, J.Q. and X.L.; writing--review and editing, J.Q. and X.L.; funding acquisition, X.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. LQ24F030006), the Fundamental Research Funds of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University (grant No. 25222175-Y), and the General Projects of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education (grant No. Y202250499).  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Spatial Downscaling of Soil Moisture Based on Fusion Methods in Complex Terrains
## 2 Study Area and Data
### Data
#### 2.2.2 In Situ SM  
In situ observations came from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA). In situ SM in Sichuan was measured using DZN2 SM automatic observation instruments developed by China Electronics Technology Group Corporation. These instruments were developed based on the capacitive method using the principle of frequency-domain reflection. They monitor data every hour and upload data every day. Four SM elements in eight depths ranging from 0 to 100 cm underground are measured: soil volumetric water content, soil relative humidity, soil mass content, and soil water availability [54]. Soil volume water content data from 0 to 10 cm were used in this study. Sichuan Province includes 156 valid stations as marked in Figure 1b. The density of stations is sparser in the northwest, higher in the southeast, and highest in Chengdu Plain.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods  
A panoramic image was reconstructed along the inferior alveolar canal. Both the right and left MF of each patient were analyzed, for a total of two hundred MFs. From each CBCT scan, the following measurements were taken (Figure 1):  
1. Width of the MF in the transverse axial section;
2. Height of the MF in the coronal section;
3. Depth of the MF in the coronal section (distance between the center and the deepest point of the MF);
4. Distance of the center of the MF from the inferior mandibular edge in the coronal section;
5. Distance of the center of the MF from the superior mandibular edge in the coronal section.  
Figure 1: Details of metrical parameters assessed for assessing the localization of the MF: (**a**) transversal section: 1: width of the MF; (**b**) coronal section: 2: height of the MF; 3: depth of the MF; (**c**) coronal section: 4: distance of the center of the MF from the upper mandibular edge; 5: distance of the center of the MF from the lower mandibular edge.  
Moreover, the position of the MF according to the following anatomical landmarks was assessed:  
* Position according to teeth, classified in five degrees as follows [7]:  
I: between the canine and first premolar;  
II: at the level of the first premolar;  
III: between the first and second premolars;  
IV: at the level of the second premolar;  
V: between the second premolar and the first molar;  
VI: at the level of the first molar.  
* Position according to dental apices, classified in three degrees as follows [7]:  
1: above the level of the dental apices;  
2: at the level of the dental apices;  
3: below the level of the dental apices.  
For ten individuals (20 MFs), metrical measurements were repeated by the same and another observer (dental radiologists with, respectively, 10 and 15 years of experience in the field, both experienced in the metrical and morphological assessment of radiological analyses) to assess the repeatability of the procedure. For the position of the MF according to teeth and dental apices, the assessment was jointly performed by the two observers.
# Designing a C-ITS Communication Infrastructure for Traffic Signal Priority of Public Transport
## 4 Discussion
The basis for the optimal utilization of the services and their potential is a highly accurate prediction of the state of signaling. If this is not the case, it is strongly not recommended to notify the C-ITS service, as there may be jumps in the forecast if the confidence in the forecast is low. This could have such a negative impact that vehicles, despite following all recommendations, would not arrive at the facility when the light turns green. This, in turn, would lead to a loss of trust among drivers and a low compliance rate. Even if all the information is available with the appropriate level of confidence, the proposed solution is still dependent on further boundary conditions. Depending on these factors, adjustments can be made to the concept. The question here is: how can C-ITS services be optimally adapted to the spatial and temporal circumstances? Q3: Determining the optimal overlay of services is not possible without domain knowledge and significantly determines the effect. The question here is: how can future engineers be supported with appropriate tooling in order to obtain the optimum outcome f from the overall system? Q4: In addition to the prioritization of public transport, the needs of other transport users, such as VRUs, are increasingly coming into focus. Adequately taking these participants into account without further increasing the complexity of the control systems will be a task for the future. Q5: In terms of the integral view, there is a need for additional research in the distribution of intelligence for control and influence in the system. A clear separation between decisions at the traffic lights of the intersection (edge) and in the traffic management (cloud) needs to be investigated, developed, and deployed. Q6: Resources, especially in cities, are limited. The mobility revolution requires completely new concepts here. The qualitative description of the social, traffic, and environmental effects is still open. One should keep in mind that the aim of the roll-out is not just to deploy new technology but instead to focus on improving the conditions of the drivers, the experience of passengers, and the overall quality of service within the field of mobility.
## 2 Coding and Decoding Algorithms for LDPC Codes
Serial architectures (SA): a single processing instance is allocated for both VN and CN computations and nodes are served sequentially; messages are exchanged by means of a unique memory. The first approach leads to very high throughput, large implementation cost and severe congestion problems in the routing of interconnects [14]. For these reasons it is not adopted in practical implementations. The partially parallel architecture requires a large bandwidth between processing units and memories where messages are stored. Moreover, special attention is necessary to avoid collisions in the memory access [15]. However, the partially parallel organization allows to precisely tune the wanted degree of parallelism with respect to the addressed throughput and it was proved to be the best solution for the implementation of efficient decoders [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. The serial approach leads to low cost and low power implementations and it also offers a high level of flexibility with respect to the supported code. However serial architectures did not receive much attention, due to the fact that the sequential processing does not achieve large throughput. This solution is particularly suitable for software implementations on Digital Signal Processors [20]. As throughput requirements in WSN applications are usually much lower than in wireless communications, the serial approach appears as the best solution to implement low cost and low energy decoding in a sensor node.
## 4 LeSSA--Implementation and Technical Details
### Multi-Model Sentiment Learning Layer (MMSLL)
#### 4.2.1 Wide Coverage Sentiment Lexicon Based Sentiment Learner
Furthermore, we examined negative, ngtv, fail, weak, decrease, pain, no, negate as negative categories and assigned \(-\)1 sentiment score to each word in them. * Opinion Lexicon (OL): The opinion-lexicon is composed of positive and negative sentiment words. We assign +1 and \(-\)1 score to positive and negative sentiment words, respectively. * SentiWordNet: Sentiwordnet is based on wordnet synsets, and each synset s is associated with positive and negative numerical scores within the range of [0,1]. We subtracted a term negative score from its positive score. We consider a term as positive if its positive sentiment score is bigger than its negative sentiment score; otherwise, it is considered as negative if its positive sentiment score was less than its negative sentiment score. If the term positive score and negative score is equal, then the term is considered as neutral. We assigned a numerical score of +1 to positive words, \(-\)1 to negative words and 0 to neutral words. * SO-CAL: The sentiment scores of words are scaled from [\(-\)5,5] to [\(-\)1,\(+\)1] using the aforementioned technique
* Subjectivity Lexicon: Words belonging to positive, negative, both and neutral categories are assigned numeric scores +1, \(-\)1, 0 and 0, correspondingly. * WordNet-Affect: Words have been grouped into different emotion categories, namely, positive, negative, ambiguous and neutral emotion. The sentiment score of +1, \(-\)1, 0 and 0, are assigned to these categories, respectively. * NRC Hashtag Sentiment Lexicon: We normalized the words sentiment score from [\(-\)7,\(+\)7] to [\(-\)1,\(+\)1]
* SenticNet5: A sentiment score to each sentiment word has been assigned within the range of [\(-\)1,1]. We considered the sentiment score of each sentiment word. * SentiSense: SentiSense comprises of synsets with a set of 14 emotional categories. We assigned score +1 to love, like, joy and hope categories and \(-\)1 to sadness, hate, despair and disgust categories, while 0 score is assigned to anticipation, surprise and ambiguous categories.
## 3 Proposed Methodology
### Heuristics Algorithm in DSS  
In this study, we proposed Simulated Annealing (SA) to solve the optimization and scheduling model in DSS. This methodology is chosen due to its robustness and has been proven to yield fast and nearly optimum results in many optimization problems [37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43]. SA belongs to a single solution-based search; for each iteration, its focus is on modifying a single candidate solution to achieve a better solution. In the present study, the SA algorithm consists of three phases: random generation of an initial solution, improvement of the initial solution using three neighborhood moves, and calculation of the objective value. The following subsection discusses the algorithm in detail.
# Clinical Benefits of Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
## 3 HAIC Versus SORafenib
### RCTs Comparing sorafenibib Plus HAIC with sorafenibib  
As sorafenibib has shown a clinical benefit [1; 2], the combination of sorafenib with HAIC would be expected to have a synergistic effect on clinical outcomes. Currently, three RCTs comparing sorafenibib plus HAIC with sorafenibib have been conducted [39; 40; 41] (Table 3). The SILIUS study, which compared sorafenibib plus HAIC using CDDP + 5-FU with sorafenibib, demonstrated a significant difference in the response rate; however, no significant difference in OS was observed between the two groups [40]. Nevertheless, subgroup analyses of this study showed that sorafenibib plus HAIC showed a survival benefit in advanced HCC patients with main portal vein tumor thrombus (so-called main portal vein invasion [Vp4]) (MST, 1.4 vs. 6.5 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.493; \(p\) = 0.050), no significant differences in OS was observed among patients with Vp0 or Vp1-3 between the sorafenibib plus HAIC group and the sorafenibib group (Vp0: 11.3 and 11.9 months, HR, 1.001, \(p\) = 0.996; Vp1-3: 12.6 and 14.4 months, HR, 1.367, \(p\) = 0.423, respectively). Other studies indicated that survival was significantly longer in the sorafenibib plus HAIC group than in the sorafenibib group [39; 41]. Especially, subgroup analyses stratified by the grade of portal vein invasion showed similar results (Vp1-2: 18.17 vs. 10.87 months, HR, 0.33, \(p\) = 0.002; primary branch portal vein invasion [Vp3]: 13.47 vs. 6.27 months, HR, 0.29, \(p\) < 0.001; Vp4: 9.47 vs. 5.5 months, HR, 0.40, \(p\) < 0.001) [39]. Based on these reports, the combination of sorafenibib and HAIC may be expected to have a survival benefit compared with sorafenibib alone in advanced HCC with vascular invasion.
# An EV SRM Drive and Its Interconnected Operations Integrated into Grid, Microgrid, and Vehicle
## 4 G2V/V2G Operations
### Bidirectional CLLC Resonant Converter  
#### 4.1.1 Power Circuit  
The power circuit of the established CLLC resonant is shown in Figure 14. The ratings and system parameters are given as follows:  
* Primary side voltage: \(V_{dc}=400\) V; secondary side voltage: \(V_{b}=158\) V.
* Rated power: \(P_{b}=1580\) W. The maximum charging voltage is set to 158 V and the maximum charging current is 10 A in charging mode.
* Nominal switching frequency: \(f_{s}=50\) kHz.
* Duty ratio: fixed in \(D=0.5\).
* Transformer turn ratio: \(n=23/9\).
* Employed ferrite core EES525 is manufactured by A&T MAGNETICS Co., Ltd. (New Taipei City, Taiwan).
* Measured magnetizing inductance and other resonant circuit parameters: \(L_{m}=332.83\)\(\mu\)H, \(L_{p}=70.85\)\(\mu\)H, \(C_{p}=0.143\)\(\mu\)F, \(L_{s}=10.89\)\(\mu\)H, \(C_{s}=\)0.93 \(\mu\)F.
# Recent Advances in Femtosecond Laser-Induced Surface Structuring for Oil-Water Separation
## 2 Femtosecond Laser-Induced Self-Organized Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS)
### Laser-Induced Surface Ripples  
Laser-induced surface ripples (LISR) are formed on solid surfaces when the polarized laser beam interacts with a material, generating a periodic spatial distribution of the electromagnetic field and, in turn, a periodic spatial distribution of the melt profile at micrometer and sub-micrometer scales. LISR are widely studied, and a broad variety of such structures can be created due to their dependence on laser fluence, number of pulses, angle of laser beam incidence, wavelength, and polarization direction. The LISR formation mechanism and its dependence on various parameters have already been reviewed in [36]. Although LISR have been generated by long laser pulses [37], the advancement of FS lasers has revealed exciting ways to create such structures with improved spatial resolution. LISR have found applications in creating different structural colors [9; 38] and anti-reflecting coatings [4; 7] and in controlling surface wetting properties [39].  
Given that the LISR formation and orientation are directly related to the laser polarization state [40; 41], control over the beam polarization is a unique tool to fabricate complex LISR morphologies comprising more than a single spatial frequency, as shown by LISR fabricated with linearly polarized light [30; 40]. Such frequencies can be efficiently tuned upon variation of the central laser wavelength and the number of pulses per irradiation area [36]. Figure 4 presents examples of complex LISR structures fabricated upon laser processing with three different polarization states on Ni [30] surfaces. Considering that wetting properties are highly dependent on the shape, size, and orientation of the surface structures, the polarization control of LISR should be a useful tool to realize an ensemble of complex morphologies, facilitating the elegant tuning of the wettability of materials used for oil-water separation.  
Figure 3: Different types of femtosecond (FS) laser-induced self-organized periodic surface structures (LIPSS) [2].
## 3 Non-Thermal Technologies in Winemaking Process
### Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Effects on Microbial Populations, Phenolic Extraction, and Wine Quality
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **Processing Conditions** & **Key Outcomes** & **References** \\ \hline Tempranillo red wine & 23 kV/cm; 330 Hz; 95 kJ/kg; 8 \(\upmu\)s pulse width; square bipolar pulses; continuous flow; T \(<\) 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(\bullet\) & Inactivation of _Bretanomyces_/_Dekera_ & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Tempranillo Roja red wine \\ \end{tabular} } & 33 kV/cm; 158 kJ/kg; treatment time; 8 \(\upmu\)s pulse width; continuous flow; & \(\bullet\) & Position in aged wine. Significant reduction in volatile phenols. Inactivation of lactic acid bacteria population in young wine. & [47] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Tempranillo Roja red wine \\ \end{tabular} } & 31, 40 and 50 kV/cm; & \(\bullet\) & Significant effect on _Bretanomyces_ & \\  & frequencies of 100 Hz (up to & inactivation: 3 log CFU/mL reduction. \\  & 84 \(\upmu\)s and 250 Hz (up to & \(\bullet\) & No significant changes in metal ions. \\  & 256 \(\upmu\)s); 80–132 kJ/kg; continuous flow; T \(<\) 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(\bullet\) & No significant effect on wine quality including sensory characteristics. & [48] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Caladoc and Grenache \\ red grapes \\ \end{tabular} } & 4 kV/cm; 3.7 pulses of 100 \(\upmu\)s width; 2500 kg/h flow rate & \(\bullet\) & Enhanced extraction of polyphenols and aroma precursors. Reduced maceration time from 6 to 3 days. & [52] \\  & 5 kV/cm; 8 and 46 pulses of & / & / \\  & 40 us width; 140 kg/h flow rate; 320 and 1840 \(\upmu\)s & \(\bullet\) & Improved phenolic extraction, increased color intensity and total phenol index. Reduction in maceration time to 24 h. & [53] \\  & 52.9 kJ/kg; T \(<\) 25–40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(\bullet\) & Reduction in wild yeasts by 1 log CFU/mL. Better implantation of selected non-_Saccharomyces_ yeasts. No major changes in enological parameters of musts. Improved metabolic and sensory profile of wines. & [49] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Red grape must \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Pilot plant-scale PEF system; \\ 0.9–3 kV/cm; 10.4–32.5 kJ/kg; \\ continuous flow; T \(<\) 25\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \end{tabular} } & \(\bullet\) & \begin{tabular}{c} Reprouction in wild yeasts by 1 log CFU/mL \\ Better implantation of selected non-_Saccharomyces_ yeasts. No major changes in enological parameters of musts. Improved metabolic and sensory profile of wines. & [49] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Sangiovese red grapes \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Pilot plant-scale PEF system; \\ 0.9–3 kV/cm; 10.4–32.5 kJ/kg; \\ continuous flow; T \(<\) 25\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \end{tabular} } & \(\bullet\) & Improved extraction of phenolic compounds. No effect on physicochemical parameters. Improved color profile and stability in wines. & [55] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary on recent research outcomes for Pulsed Electric Field (PEF).