## 3 Avocado's Composition in Nutrients and Bioactives
### Avocado Bioactive Compounds
#### 3.2.1 Phenolic Content
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Lipid Composition \({}^{1}\)** & **Avocado Fruit** & **Avocado By-Products** & **Avocado Oil** \\ \hline Total lipids & 15.04–18.61 & 0.38–1.595 & 99.88–99.89 \\ \hline
**Fatty acid** & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Avocado by-products (s/p)**} & **Avocado oil** \\
**Composition \({}^{1}\)** & **Avocado fruit/pulp** & **(peel)** & **(seed)** & **(g/100 g)** \\ \hline SFA & 19.55–24.89 & 17.27–25.198 & 16.88–34.99 & 12.54–30.51 \\ UFA & 61.94–80.12 & 66.43–82.508 & 56.539–95.28 & 53.18–76.86 \\ MUFA & 51.91–68.99 & 47.67–66.478 & 22.735–45.76 & 45.39–86.93 \\ PUFA & 10.03–20.06 & 10.97–27.48 & 30.4–49.52 & 7.05–67.95 \\ Palmitic acid (16:0) & 19.33–26.51 & 16.42–23.66 & 16.78–26.21 & 11.79–29.84 \\ Stearic acid (18:0) & 0.47–0.73 & 0.62–1.583 & 0.10–5.79 & 0.053–3.7 \\ Cis-Oleic acid (18:1) & 48.5–57.45 & 48.29–60.06 & 27.04–42.87 & 33.33–68.14 \\ Linoleic acid (18:2) & 11.12–19.04 & 10.97–24.84 & 22.21–39.12 & 7.05–17.15 \\ Palmitic acid (16:1) & 8.48–13.25 & 7.684–9.938 & 3.519–6.430 & 1.22–14.58 \\ GLA (18:3 u6) & 9.57–19.2 & 16.93–27.04 & 10.97–43.05 & - \\ ALA (18:3 u3) & 0.38–11.17 & 0.92–1.62 & 0.50–6.47 & 0.69–1.18 \\ References & [27;42;43;48] & [42;43] & [15; 49–53] \\ \hline
**Vitimins** & **Avocado fruit** & **Avocado by-products (mg/kg)** & \\
**Composition \({}^{1}\)** & **mg kg\({}^{-1}\)** & **(peel)** & **(seed)** & **Avocado oil (mg/kg)** \\ \hline a–carotene & - \({}^{2}\) & 2.7 (FW) & - \({}^{2}\) & 0.7–0.9(DW) \\ b-carotene (pro-vitamin A) & - \({}^{2}\) & 1.35 (FW) & - \({}^{2}\) & 0.7–0.9(DW) \\ Lutein & - \({}^{2}\) & 0.322–0.324 & 0.322–0.324 & 0.99–1.25(DW) \\ Total carotenoids & 6.47–9.34 (FW) & 13.50–17.90 (FW) & 1.37–7.2 (FW) & 15.21–32.78 (FW) \\  & & & & 33.33–35.8 (DW) \\ \(\alpha\)-tocopherols & 17.31–58.07 & 30.32–77.8 & 301.7–309.1 & 86.13–885.4 \\ \(\beta\)-tocopherols & - \({}^{2}\) & - \({}^{2}\) & 2.44–126.5 \\ \(\gamma\)-tocopherols & 25.89–27.43 & 42.19–44.27 & - \({}^{2}\) & 8.93–151.1 \\ \(\delta\)-tocopherols & 6.28–6.86 & 78.04–769.7 & 709.4–721.6 & 26.03–110.3 \\ Total tocopherols & 55.34–59.48 & 2302.6–2310.4 & 662–1380 & 125.57–1273.3 \\ References & [28;42;45;54] & [31;42;45;54–56] & [30;42;49;50;57–59] \({}^{\ast}\) \\ \hline
**Vitimins composition \({}^{1}\)** & **Avocado fruit** & **Avocado by-products(\%/DW)** & **Avocado oil(mg/kg)** \\ \hline Tannins & - & 0.15–0.17 & - \\ References & - & [31] & - \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\ast}\) Data are a combination of the presented references in the table above. \({}^{1}\) Estimates of typical gross composition (percentage weight) %. The data collected are a composition of different experimental conditions; in the case of a control sample, the values were extracted from it. Ripeness was not a parameter in the presented data while drying and extraction methods were. \({}^{2}\) Research papers included in the reference do not differentiate between each compound and present the total content of each compound family.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Composition of lipid bioactives, fatty acids, and lipophilic vitamins of avocado fruit and oil, and their processing by-products \({}^{\ast}\). presence of phenolics and flavonoid acids, which consist of functional groups that exhibit eliminating actions on free radicals, enzyme inhibition or activation, metal chelating activities, modifications in gene expression patterns, and reactions with cell signaling pathways, in addition to various bioactivities, depending on the structure of each phenol [60]. Phenolic compounds are abundant in both avocado fruits and their by-products and have been associated with immunoregulatory functions, as well as preventive effects against a variety of diseases including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases [61; 62; 63; 64; 65]. The overall phenolic content identified in avocado fruit pomace ranges from 0.825 to 5.6 GAE as shown in Table 2, and in avocado oil, it ranges from 24.49 to 31.68 mg g\({}^{-1}\) DW [49].