# Adaptive Network Routing Technology for Near-Moon Space Cross-Domain Transmission
## 1 Introduction  
With the gradual implementation of lunar exploration programs in recent years, as well as the planned construction of lunar space stations and moon surface laboratories in the future, communication and transmission between the Earth and the moon, and within the near-Moon space, have become a hot topic of current research as a fundamental infrastructure for exploration missions [1; 2]. Compared to decades ago, the purpose of missions and the comprehensiveness of explorations have greatly improved, and the application of various types of payloads has placed higher requirements on the models and applications of networking communications [3; 4]. Currently, lunar exploration programs around the world include a series of unmanned and manned exploration equipment applications, involving autonomous exploration, unmanned driving, collaborative observation and other scientific research tasks, which place high requirements on lunar-Earth, Moon surface, and relay communications [5; 6; 7], and this will continue in the future. Near-Moon-space scientific exploration includes basic tasks such as resource utilization, environmental monitoring, and multi-point exploration. In these processes, scientific instruments and equipment such as lunar soil manufacturing, water ice oxygen production, and spectral imaging analysis are applied. These devices come from different countries and research institutions. The information exchange and transmission between various payloads and devices affect the success of scientific exploration missions [8]. Currently, near-Moon-space communication transmission mainly relies on S-band TT&C (Telemetry Tracking and Command) control and Ka/X band data transmission, and future development of 10 Gbps laser communication [9] is planned. Surface interaction mainly relies on UHF and Wi-Fi networking, with possible future establishment of 5G base stations [10; 11]. Some close-range payloads use technologies such as Bluetooth and Zigbee to achieve low power consumption and lightweight interactive transmission to meet different application needs [12; 13]. Different communication bandwidths and their corresponding mobility capabilities are given in Figure 1.  
Therefore, facing the trend of diversification, isomerization, and collaboration in near-lunar space communication networks, providing appropriate services for different application needs also poses challenges to the management of integrated communication networks [14; 15]. The main problem faced by cross-domain network convergence networking of platform and payload communications in space near the Moon is how to achieve effective data transmission of each network with different transmission rates, switching frequencies, and on-off ratios [16; 17]. There are significant differences in communication systems, protocols, rates, and routing mechanisms between cross-domain network transmissions, making it difficult to achieve stable cross-network data transmission. Currently, this problem is mainly solved through network prediction, intermediate transfer, and general/dedicated network partitioning [18; 19]. The use of 5G communication on the lunar surface will encounter the Doppler effect, near-far-end interference, and large delay issues [20], which also makes it difficult to build a 5G network similar to those on the ground in near-lunar space [21; 22]. Artemis plans to provide a 1 Gbps high-speed data communication architecture for Earth-Moon transmission on the lunar surface by 2030, ultimately achieving 5 Gbps [23]. Adopting a unified communication interaction model for different mobile nodes based on different coverage areas and predicting communication capabilities based on lunar radio propagation can achieve good results for small networks but cannot meet the needs of a large number of heterogeneous network nodes [24].