esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
between the radiators. One of the ways to achieve good isolation in MIMO antennas is to use a metamaterial-based MIMO design [3; 4]. For better decoupling, a suspended meta-surface made up of periodic square split-ring resonators (SRRs) are placed above the antenna array [5]. A split ring comprising an inductive line and a capacitive gap to achieve magnetic and electric coupling, respectively, is used to build the decoupling structure [6]. The orthogonally structured MIMO antenna provides excellent isolation [7; 8]. In MIMO systems, latency can be reduced by massive MIMO configurations [9]. Rectangular strip based decoupling structure is used for isolation improvements [10]. A well-designed defective ground structure (DGS) along with the decoupling conducting strip printed between the radiating elements decreases the mutual coupling [11]. The theory of characteristic modes is also used for MIMO antenna systems in order to build a systematic technique to predict the isolation improvement [12]. With the advent of ultra-compact circuits, the isolation between each terminal of a MIMO system becomes crucial in order to achieve high system accuracy [13; 14].  
In this review paper, MIMO antenna designs and their characteristics are reported in three different categories. This paper primarily focuses on well-organized information about MIMO antenna design approaches with specific methodologies in order to achieve the desired antenna performance. Moreover, the comparison tables provided in the manuscript will help readers to implement and modify the described techniques for better performance of MIMO antennas. This paper can provide better insight for the possible directions of research that can be carried out in the future including THz technology for upcoming 6G communication systems. This manuscript is organized in eight sections, starting with the introduction; in Section 2, the basic categories of MIMO antenna design are presented; in Section 3, different MIMO designs with adopted techniques to achieve ultra-wideband characteristics are described. Further, in Sections 4 and 5, dual-band and circularly polarized MIMO antennas with corresponding design methodologies are presented. In Section 6, the effect of antenna performance under the indoor region is discussed followed by the MIMO antenna design in the THz region for 6G applications in Section 7. Finally, the review work is concluded in Section 8. The reported MIMO antenna designs cover various applications such as WLAN, Bluetooth, 5G/6G, millimeter-wave and other high-speed communication systems.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Global Explanations of Prediction Model Based on SHAP
#### 4.3.2 Effect of Soft Ground on the Amount of Subsidence  
Ground softness amplifies shear stress. In particular, areas with shallow groundwater levels and slow shear wave velocities tended to amplify the strength of the seismic motion. In such situations, interactive effects may occur when multiple factors are combined. Interaction refers to a synergistic effect that appears as a combination of multiple factors. This occurs when there is a causal relationship between multiple characteristics and one characteristic may change because of other explanatory variables. Visualization of interactions using SHAP can illustrate nonlinear relationships and dependencies among these features. Figure 10 shows the dependence plot of the JMA seismic intensity at the engineering bedrock (Ia_min_dI) for AVS30 and HAND. Here, we focus on AVS30 as a variable related to the degree of ground amplification and HAND as a variable related to groundwater-level height, and consider the causal relationship with base seismic intensity.  
The vertical axis represents the SHAP values of the JMA seismic intensity at the engineering bedrock (Ia_min_dI), which contributes to ground subsidence. The horizontal axis shows the values of the JMA seismic intensity at the engineering bedrock (Ia_min_dI). As shown in Figure 10, even with identical base seismic intensity values, the SHAP values  
Figure 10: SHAP dependence plot of the JMA seismic intensity at the engineering bedrock (Ia_min_dI): (**a**) Impact of causality for AVS30; (**b**) impact of causality for HAND.  
of the base seismic intensity vary depending on the AVS30 and HAND values. Considering a base seismic intensity of 5.5 as a reference, the SHAP value when AVS30 exceeded 300 m/s was approximately 0.02 m. In contrast, when AVS30 was below 150 m/s, the SHAP value was approximately 0.04 m. This indicates that a lower AVS30 value results in a greater impact of the base seismic intensity on ground subsidence. Similarly, for HAND, the SHAP value is approximately 0.02 m when HAND exceeds 7.5 m, but it increases to about 0.03 m when HAND is 7.5 m or less. This suggests that a lower relative height from the water body (or a shallower groundwater level) increases the impact of the base seismic intensity. Therefore, the varying contributions of the base seismic intensity influenced by the AVS30 and HAND values suggest a causal relationship between these features.
## 4 Medium Access and Network Layer Protocols
### Network Layer Protocols
#### 4.2.2 Information-Carrying Routing Protocol
Additionally, it operates efficiently without requiring the knowledge of sensor node statuses, involving only a small subset of nodes in the routing process. As a result, ICRP is scalable and suitable for fixed, mobile, and hybrid networks. The ICRP serves as an efficient communication tool for data exchange within a single network or between networks connected by routers that share route information. Noteworthy features include simultaneous load balancing across multiple paths and support for IPv6 connectivity, making it well suited for various applications. However, its 255-hop limit could be limiting for larger networks, and the triggered updates might introduce communication delays during network topology changes.
###### Abstract
Since the extended coverage of NB-IoT demands that the systems can tolerate very low SNR, e.g., \(-15\) dB, a low computation complexity method is proposed to lessen the burden of NB-IoT terminals. Considering the diversity of NSSS sequences, divide-and-conquer is applied to accelerate the traversal search. When performing frequency tracking, NPSS, NSSS and NPBCH are jointly used to estimate the residual frequency offset. Related indicators and simulation results are presented to evaluate the performance of target designs. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Related work is discussed in Section 2. Section 3 illustrates the frame structure of NB-IoT. Problems of cell search and frequency tracking are formulated in Section 4. Section 5 presents the NB-IoT cell search method with the assistance of synchronization signals. The efficient frequency tracking procedure is suggested in Section 6 during the NB-IoT uplink transmission gap (UTG). We discuss the simulation results in Section 7. Finally, some conclusions and future work are given in Section 8.
# A Mobility Management Using Follow-Me Cloud-Cloudlet in Fog-Computing-Based RANs for Smart Cities
## 5 Performance Analysis
\(T_{FML}=\sum\limits_{m^{\prime\prime}<i\leq n}[\delta t_{FML_{l}}(p_{i})+(1- \beta)t_{FML_{c}}(p_{i})]\), where the cache hit rate of packets in cache of \(l_{d}\) is \(\beta\), and \(t_{FMLC_{l}}(p_{i})\) and \(t_{FMLC_{c}}(p_{i})\) denote as the unit transmission time of packet \(p_{i}\) transmitted from cloudlet \(l_{d}\) or data center \(c_{d}\), which is depended on packet \(p_{i}\in l_{d}\) or \(c_{d}\), where \(m^{\prime\prime}<i\leq n\). Consequently, the total transmission time \(T=T_{FM}+T_{FML}+T_{FMC}+T_{FML}+T_{m}=\sum\limits_{1\leq i\leq m}[\alpha t _{FM_{i}}(p_{i})+(1-\alpha)t_{FM_{c}}(p_{i})]+\sum\limits_{m<i\leq m^{\prime \prime}}t_{FML}(p_{i})+\sum\limits_{m^{\prime}<i\leq m^{\prime\prime}}t_{FMC}(p _{i})+\sum\limits_{m^{\prime\prime}<i\leq n}[\delta t_{FML_{l}}(p_{i})+(1-\beta )t_{FML_{c}}(p_{i})]+\sum\limits_{m^{\prime\prime}<i\leq n}t_{m}(p_{i})\). **Theorem 2**. : _The space cost of the proposed mobility management with FMCL approach is \(\sum\limits_{1\leq i\leq m,p_{i}\in l_{s}}S(p_{i})+\sum\limits_{m^{\prime\prime} \leq i\leq n,p_{i}\in l_{d}}S(p_{d})\), where \(F=\{p_{1},p_{2},\cdots,p_{m},\cdots,p_{m^{\prime}},\cdots,p_{m^{\prime\prime}},\cdots,p_{n}\}\), \(1\leq m<m^{\prime}<m^{\prime\prime}<n\), and \(S(p_{i})\) denote as the space size of packet \(p_{i}\)._  
Proof. : If \(F=\{p_{1},p_{2},\cdots,p_{m},\cdots,p_{m^{\prime}},\cdots,p_{m^{\prime\prime}},\cdots,p_{n}\}\), and \(1\leq m<m^{\prime}<m^{\prime\prime}<n\), as illustrated in Figure 11c, the space size of \(l_{s}\) is \(\sum* _Throughput_ is the total number of data packets that can be transmitted and received between UE and CN pair per unit time. * _Probability of packet loss_ is the total number of successfully received packets by UE divided by the total number of packets transmitted from CN. * _Number of control messages_ is the total number of control messages generated by the proposed mobility management using FMCL approach.
## 4 Results
### Observed Social and Communication Behaviors (RQ1)  
When it came to engagement, three out of four teachers agreed that the students were highly involved and interested while using the visual novel. Only one teacher gave a neutral response. Similarly, emotional responses were mostly positive. According to three teachers, the children appeared excited or happy during the sessions. One teacher did not observe strong emotional reactions, reporting a neutral stance. These responses suggest that the VR experience was engaging and emotionally stimulating for most of the participants.  
Despite this engagement, most teachers did not observe clear improvements in students' social or communication behaviors during the post-session observation period. Only [PERSON]'s teacher noted observable progress, such as increased turn-taking, clearer verbal expression, and more confidence in initiating conversations. These outcomes are consistent with prior studies reporting limited real-world impact from short-term VR interventions [16; 17; 18; 19; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 36].  
Feedback on verbal communication was similarly divided. While three teachers saw no improvement, [PERSON] showed moderate improvement. These results reflect patterns found in earlier research, where some children showed benefits in verbal and non-verbal communication, while others did not [16; 17; 18; 19; 22; 23; 24; 26]. This variation may stem from individual learning differences, including cognitive styles, familiarity with digital tools, or the ability to generalize virtual scenarios to real life. Thus, the intervention might require personalization and longer exposure to produce consistent outcomes across students.  
These findings indicate that although the VR environment captured attention and elicited positive emotions, its effect on real-life social and communication behaviors was limited during the short-term intervention. This is also reflected in the descriptive questionnaire results (Appendix A, Table A1), where mean ratings for improvement in social and communication skills ranged between 2.00 and 2.25. Responses were given on a 4-point Likert scale, where 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Moderately, and 4 = Very much. Table 1 presents a summary of teacher responses regarding perceived behavioral changes.
# Compact MIMO System Performances in Metallic Enclosures
## 5 Conclusions and Future Work  
In this work, we have shown a 2 \(\times\) 2 near-field MIMO measurement setup and performed two-channel BER and EVM measurements in a metal enclosure. Near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements were performed in the MIMO mode using USRP in different configurations. We checked the two-channel BER and EVM measurements in a stationary environment in a metal enclosure and discovered that BER and EVM measured as functions of the USRP Tx gain. In this configuration, we noticed BER and EVM improvements as the USRP Tx gain increased. In the second configuration, we performed BER and EVM measurements in dynamic channel conditions when the mode stirrer moved continuously. In this scenario, we noticed that the BER and EVM measurements were functions of the frequency offset and dynamic channel conditions. We present the mean EVM and standard deviations of near-field EVM measurements. The two-channel EVM and BER values changed dynamically as the stirrer performed movement. In the third scenario, we measured near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements in the presence of the MIMO interference. In this scenario, we observed that BER and EVM degraded as the Tx gain of the interference generated by B210 USRP increased.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.G., M.L. and D.T.; methodology, G.G., C.S., M.L. and S.G.; software, M.L.; validation, M.L. and S.G.; formal analysis, M.L.; investigation, M.L. and C.S.; resources, S.G. and C.S.; data curation, M.L.; writing--original draft preparation, M.L.; writing--review and editing, G.G.; visualization, M.L.; supervision, S.G.; project administration, S.G.; funding acquisition, S.G. and D.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Research Approach  
To evaluate potential future hazards associated with glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) at Gurudongmar Lake, numerical simulations with the PLAXIS 2D program are utilised. The research aims to assess the stability of the moraine sediment dams that confine the lake's waters. These moraine sediment dams are formed from debris deposited by glaciers and play a critical role in maintaining the lake's stability. The study also incorporates an analysis of the climate profile for the Gurudongmar Lake region by examining daily temperature and precipitation data from the past three decades, sourced from ERA5 Land provided by ECMWF. These climatic data are crucial for understanding how recent climate changes may impact permafrost thawing and affect moraine stability.  
As permafrost within the moraine dams thaws, it can lead to increased pore pressure and reduced cohesion, potentially compromising the structural integrity of these natural barriers. Through the integration of stability assessments with climate data and examining the implications of permafrost thawing, this study aims to inform the development of proactive management strategies. The goal is to enhance preparedness and adaptive responses to the dynamic hazards posed by glacial lakes in high-altitude glacier regions such as the Sikkim Himalayas.
# A practical transportation of Apical Foramen by Different NiTi Alloy Systems: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results and Discussion
Two studies analyzed the results obtained after performing shaping using geometrically identical One Shape and One Curve files [32; 34]. Both systems use instruments with a clockwise rotation at a constant taper of 0.06. The apical part of the One Curve and One Shape files has a triple-helix cross-sectional design and the middle and coronal parts of the file are designed with an S shape with two blades [64]. One Shape files are made of electropolished austenite 55-NiTi alloy; files in the One Curve system are made with C-wire alloy, which provides shape memory [32; 64]. In both studies, the use of the martensitic instrument determined the smallest apical transportation. [PERSON] also evaluated the apical transportation occurring when using two identical reciprocating instruments, but made from different alloys, i.e., Reciproc, made with M-Wire alloy, and Reciproc Blue, made using an innovative heat treatment that gives the instrument a characteristic blue color [35]. This new alloy increased the flexibility and resistance of cyclic fatigue compared to M-Wire [65]. Reciproc Blue was 42.31% more flexible than the Reciproc file [66]. Both instruments have an S-shaped cross-section with two cutting edges and a 0.08 taper, and use reciprocating motion in which the direction of rotation alternates between the counterclockwise and clockwise directions [67; 68]. All of the studies included in this systematic review of the literature that analyze the effect of instruments with the same geometric design but with different alloys conclude that instruments with martensitic alloys determine lower apical transportation compared to instruments with austenitic alloys [32; 34; 35].
## 4 Linearized Dynamics and the Proposed Control Law
### Linearized Dynamic Model  
The primary aim of this section is to perform linearization of the dynamics (9) with respect to the intended state \((\theta_{d},u_{d})\). Ignoring the solid friction term and lumped disturbance, the following equation may be derived:  
\[\
u_{\star}\ddot{\phi}=a_{\star}\cos(\theta)-f_{v}^{\star}\dot{\phi}+u \tag{18}\]  
We may also obtain \(\cos(\theta)\approx\cos(\theta_{d})-\sin(\theta_{d})\phi\) by using the first-order [PERSON] approximation. Consequently, the expression (18) can be rephrased as follows:  
\[\
u_{\star}\ddot{\phi}=-f_{v}^{\star}\dot{\phi}-a_{\star}\sin(\theta_{d})\phi +a_{\star}\cos(\theta_{d})+u \tag{19}\]  
Therefore, based on the derived desired controller (17) and considering \(\Delta u=u-u_{d}\), the linearized dynamics (9) may be stated like so:  
\[\
u_{\star}\ddot{\phi}=-a_{\star}\sin(\theta_{d})\phi-f_{v}^{\star}\dot{\phi}+\Delta u \tag{20}\]
## 4 Performance Evaluation and Discussion
### Subjective Evaluation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **PCC** & **SROCC** & **RMSE** & **OR (\%)** \\ \hline
[32] & **0.5418** & 0.3917 & 9.1318 & 33.3 \\ Proposed model & 0.5405 & **0.5146** & **9.0922** & **25.0** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Prediction performance of reference model and the proposed model over subjective experiment.
# Integration of Multi-Branch GCNs Enhancing Aspect Sentiment Triplet Extraction
## 4 Experiments and Discussion
### Experimental Setup  
To conduct the extensive experiments successfully, we use the BERT [57] with structure bias as our review encoder, and it consists of 12 transformer layers, where 12 heads self-attention are included in each layer. Furthermore, the size of the hidden state in self-attention is 768. In addition, the total number of the model's parameters is approximately 110 M. The optimizer AdamW is employed to optimize the training process, where the learning rate is set as \(2\times 10^{-5}\). The dropout is set to 0.5. Moreover, we train our model with 100 epochs with a batch size of 8. The hyper-parameters \(\alpha\), \(\beta\), \(\gamma\), and \(\mu\) of fusion work in Equation (18) are set as 0.625, 0.125, 0.125 and 0.125, respectively, and the parameters \(\rho\) and \(\kappa\) to control the weights of each loss in Equation (16) are set as 0.1 and 0.01, respectively. In addition, the experiments are conducted on a system on NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3080 Ti with 12 GB of graphics memory. To validate our MBGCN effectively, the widely and popularly used evaluations of Precision (P), Recall (R), and macro-F1 (F1) are employed to present the performance of the proposed approach on four benchmarks.
###### Abstract
GPP and Ra are fundamental determinants of CUE, but which dominant CUE extreme and the climate conditions form the global terrestrial ecosystem's CUE extremes are unclear. Ecosystem process models are important tools for simulating GPP and NPP on a global scale. Some previous ecosystem models often defined CUE as a constant, such as CASA [13] and FOREST-BGC [14]. However, CUE varies with PFTs and climate conditions [8]; thus, these models are unsuitable for analyzing the CUE extremes and their forming climate conditions. Newly process-based models, which simulate terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle based on plant major physiological and ecological processes, may offer a new way to study spatial and temporal CUE at the global scale and investigate their forming climate conditions [15; 16; 17]. The Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model is driven by remote sensing leaf area index (LAI) and could simulate ecosystem productivity at a global scale and long time series [18]. The BEPS model's performance is better than prognostic models in simulating productivity in global terrestrial ecosystems [19]. This is because the prognostic models have large uncertainty in the vegetation structural simulation, but satellite remote sensing could monitor vegetation changes on a global scale and provide reliable driven data sources to diagnostic models [19]. In this study, we detected CUE extremes, investigated their linkage with GPP and Ra extremes, and then combined climate data to explore the climate conditions on CUE extreme events based on the BEPS model. The objectives are (i) to compare the extremes of positive and negative CUE and their composition on a global scale, (ii) to investigate the relative contributions of GPP and Ra extremes in the formation of CUE extremes, and (iii) to explore the climate conditions on forming the positive and negative CUE extremes on a global scale during 1982-2016. This study could provide new knowledge on enhancing carbon sequestration and mitigating global warming.
# Adaptive Network Routing Technology for Near-Moon Space Cross-Domain Transmission
## 4 Simulation and Verification
### Discussion  
This paper proposes a routing method for cross-domain network transmission in near-lunar space, addressing the constraints of heterogeneous networks in Earth-Moon communication, lunar surface operations, and relay transmissions. The method involves searching for and establishing transmission routes from the network layer of the near-lunar space system, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of data exchange across the heterogeneous network. By tackling the unique challenges of lunar-space communication--such as heterogeneous networks, varying transmission speeds, and delays--this method effectively improves data exchange efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate its capability to increase link load by 31% and reduce average latency by 8%, indicating its feasibility for real-world deployment. Furthermore, the integration of relay satellite constraints and adaptive routing suggests that this approach is well-suited for near-lunar space missions.  
In terms of practical applicability, the adaptive routing model offers significant advantages for upcoming lunar missions that require efficient and reliable communication systems, particularly for scientific tasks involving data relay from lunar rovers, landers, and space stations. The model's flexibility in handling dynamic and fixed topologies suggests that it could be employed in a variety of space environments. Overall, this work provides a solid foundation for developing advanced networking technologies in extraterrestrial settings, potentially contributing to future lunar exploration and infrastructure development.