## 2 Electrodes and Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Batteries
### Solid Electrolytes
**} \\  & & **Conductivity** & & & \\  & & **(S/cm)** & & & \\ \hline NASICON & Li\({}_{1+x}\)Al\({}_{x}\)Ti\({}_{2-x}\)(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{3}\) (x = 0.2) & \(3.4\times 10^{-3}\) & 0.28 & RT & [174] \\ NASICON & Li\({}_{1+x}\)Al\({}_{x}\)Ge\({}_{2-x}\)(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{3}\) (x = 0.2) & \(10^{-4}\) & 0.38 & RT & [175] \\ NASICON & Li\({}_{1+x}\)Al\({}_{x}\)Ge\({}_{2-x}\)(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{3}\) (x = 0.5) & \(4.22\times 10^{-3}\) & 0.51 & 27 & [176] \\ LISICON & Li\({}_{3.6}\)Ge\({}_{0.6}\)Co\({}_{4}\)O\({}_{4}\) & \(4\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.44 & RT & [176] \\ LISICON & Li\({}_{0.42}\)Ge\({}_{1.5}\)P\({}_{1.5}\)Co\({}_{1.0}\)S\({}_{0.8}\)O\({}_{11.92}\) & \(3.7\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.39 & 27 & [177] \\ Thio-LISICON & Li\({}_{3.25}\)Ge\({}_{0.25}\)P\({}_{0.75}\)S\({}_{4}\) & \(2.2\times 10^{-3}\) & 0.21 & RT & [178] \\ LIPON & Li\({}_{3.3}\)PO\({}_{3.9}\)N\({}_{0.17}\) & \(2.6\times 10^{-6}\) & 0.56 & 25 & [179] \\ LIPON & Li\({}_{3.2}\)PO\({}_{3.0}\)N\({}_{1.0}\) & \(3.1\times 10^{-6}\) & 0.57 & RT & [180] \\ LIPON & Li\({}_{3.13}\)PO\({}_{1.69}\)N\({}_{1.39}\) & \(4.9\times 10^{-6}\) & 0.55 & 22 & [181] \\ Perovskite & Li\({}_{0.34}\)La\({}_{0.25}\)Ti\({}_{0.29}\) & \(2\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.42 & RT & [182] \\ Perovskite & Li\({}_{0.27}\)Sr\({}_{0.63}\)La\({}_{0.54}\)TiO\({}_{3}\) & \(4.84\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.29 & RT & [183] \\ Perovskite & Li\({}_{0.43}\)La\({}_{0.56}\)Ti\({}_{0.95}\)Ge\({}_{0.05}\)O\({}_{3}\) & \(1.2\times 10^{-5}\) & & RT & [184] \\ Perovskite & Li\({}_{0.38}\)Sr\({}_{0.44}\)Ta\({}_{0.75}\)Zr\({}_{0.25}\)O\({}_{3}\) & \(2.0\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.26 & 30 & [185] \\ Perovskite & Li\({}_{38}\)Sr\({}_{7/16}\)Ta\({}_{3/4}\)Zr\({}_{1/4}\)O\({}_{3}\) & \(2.7\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.36 & 27 & [186] \\ Perovskite & Li\({}_{38}\)Sr\({}_{7/16}\)Hf\({}_{1/4}\)Ta\({}_{3/4}\)O\({}_{3}\) & \(3.8\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.36 & 25 & [187] \\ Perovskite & Li\({}_{38}\)Sr\({}_{7/16}\)Ta\({}_{3/4}\)Hf\({}_{1/4}\)O\({}_{3}\) & \(5.2\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.33 & 25 & [188] \\ Garnet & Li\({}_{38}\)Zr\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{12}\) & \(2\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.26 & 30 & [189] \\ Garnet & Li\({}_{5}\)La\({}_{38}\)Nb\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{12}\) & \(10^{-6}\) & 0.43 & 25 & [190] \\ Garnet & Li\({}_{5}\)La\({}_{38}\)Ta\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{12}\) & \(10^{-6}\) & 0.56 & 25 & [191] \\ Garnet & Li\({}_{2}\)La\({}_{22}\)Zr\({}_{12}\) & \(7.74\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.32 & RT & [55] \\ Garnet & Li\({}_{6.75}\)La\({}_{37}\)Zr\({}_{1.75}\)Ta\({}_{0.25}\)O\({}_{12}\) & \(8.7\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.22 & 25 & [191] \\ Garnet & Li\({}_{3}\)Zr\({}_{2}\)Li\({}_{6.55}\)Ga\({}_{0.15}\)O\({}_{12}\) & \(1.3\times 10^{-3}\) & 0.3 & 24 & [192] \\ LiRAP & Li\({}_{3}\)OCl\({}_{0.5}\)Br\({}_{0.5}\) & \(1.94\times 10^{-3}\) & 0.2 & RT & [193] \\ LiRAP & Li\({}_{2}\)(OH)\({}_{0.9}\)F\({}_{0.1}\)Cl\({}_{1}\) & \(3.5\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.52 & RT & [194] \\ Sulfide & Li\({}_{10}\)GeP\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{12}\) & \(1.7\times 10^{-2}\) & 0.18 & RT & [51] \\ Sulfide & Li\({}_{9.54}\)Si\({}_{17.4}\)P\({}_{14.4}\)S\({}_{11.7}\)Cl\({}_{0.3}\) & \(2.5\times 10^{-2}\) & 0.24 & 25 & [27] \\ Sulfide & Li\({}_{6}\)P\({}_{5}\)S\({}_{1}\) & \(2.2\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.26 & RT & [195] \\ Sulfide & Li\({}_{22}\)SiP\({layer. Furthermore, expensive precursors to synthesize LAGP would require the substitution of Ge. As prototype cells, LAGP was used for a Li protection membrane for aqueous Li-air batteries [201; 202]. By the 1980s, a considerable amount of work had been done on inorganic solid lithium superionic conductors, Li\({}_{4x}\)Si\({}_{1-x}\)X\({}_{x}\)O\({}_{4}\) (X = P, Al or Ge, LISICON) [203]. LISICON is based on the \(\gamma\)-Li\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4}\) structure that is expected to diffuse Li\({}^{+}\) through the vacancy mechanism in its pure state. The ionic conductivity of Li\({}_{4}\)ZnGe\({}_{4}\)O\({}_{16}\) was limited to 10\({}^{-7}\) S/cm at room temperature and had reactivity with Li anode or atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\)[204].