## 1 Introduction  
In the era of Industry 4.0 and highly developed economies, ensuring the efficient and reliable transportation of bulk solids is crucial for the smooth operation of various industrial sectors. Transport systems play a central role in production infrastructure, serving as the driving force that facilitates the smooth supply of essential raw materials for manufacturing processes and other logistical operations [1]. The transportation of diverse materials constitutes a considerable aspect of industrial production. An underexplored realm within this domain refers to the processes associated with materials in solid aggregate states, specifically in the form of bulk solids, along with their transportation--a substantial component across diverse industrial sectors [2]. The composition and condition of bulk solids in the input or output stages, along with the associated costs during the manipulation and transportation of raw materials or final products, play a vital role in most of the listed industries [3]. Therefore, investigations into the behaviour of bulk solids are crucial to ensure precision and optimize production efficiency, particularly in the context of the bulk material handling industry. Despite extensive theoretical research and conventional experiments conducted in the past to increase the performance of different conveyors, we still face limitations in providing detailed particle-level data. This information is vital for comprehending the fundamental mechanisms governing the material flow of granular materials and powders, which are key aspects in understanding the phenomena and overall performance of conveyors. In some cases, due to demanding boundary conditions and complex mathematical models, both analytical and empirical approaches may fall short of providing an accurate description of the system. As a result, modern methodologies for numerical simulation of material handling systems rely on sophisticated numerical techniques. Numerical modelling of particle systems is nowadays crucial for designing modern material handling systems and understanding interactions among discrete particles, ranging from fine powders to larger granular materials. Discrete Element Methods (DEM) have been in use for decades, with their origins found in [PERSON]'s work on Molecular Dynamics (MD) over fifty years ago [4]. Nevertheless, the significant adoption of DEM began in 1979 when [PERSON] and [PERSON] introduced an efficient tool for tackling diverse challenges in particle mechanics [5]. The development of DEM over the years has positioned DEM as a powerful tool for designing and understanding the challenges of material handling systems [6]. Among basic material handling systems, screw conveyors have become a fundamental material handling device in various industries, including ports, agriculture, and industrial processes [7]. The screw conveyor is a widely used material handling device for transporting granular material and powder in various industries such as food, pharmaceutical, chemical, and agricultural. It is favoured for its efficiency, cost-effectiveness, compact structure, and ability to provide accurate and uniform feeding [8]. Screw conveyors are primarily employed for mixing [9; 10], short-distance transportation, and lifting of bulk materials and powders [11]. In the past, researchers in the design of screw conveyors relied on theoretical descriptions based on partially derived analytical solutions [12; 13; 14; 15]. This approach is suitable for addressing idealized geometries and simplified systems. These analyses cannot provide insights into phenomena such as particle-particle interaction, particle-wall interaction, and inter-particle forces [16]. In practice, the design phase relies on standards [17; 18], empirical estimates, experiential results, and results from partial experiments. Experiments with technical devices are usually cost-intensive and time-consuming.