## 1 Introduction
This technology collects high-resolution data in real time and reduces traditional weather monitoring solutions' cost and maintenance requirements [12]. The evolution of data sharing, facilitated by advancements in both public and private online platforms, ensures that users are equipped with real-time insights, fostering informed decision-making across various sectors [13]. As a result, weather data can be used to develop applications that provide valuable insights and decision-making support for various industries. State-of-the-art weather monitoring technology continually improves with WSNs, IoT, AI, and data-sharing advancements [14]. These technologies are making it more accessible and affordable for small users to access reliable and accurate weather data, which is crucial for responding to the challenges of climate change. Fixed stations are ground-based stations designed to receive and transmit signals to and from satellites. These stations typically have satellite communication systems, such as satellite television and internet services. Fixed stations are stationary and do not move, making them ideal for establishing a stable connection with satellites and long-term studies [15]. On the other hand, satellite images are pictures of the Earth taken from space using satellites. These images can be used for various purposes, such as weather forecasting,urban planning, and natural resource management. Satellite images are captured using satellite cameras orbiting the Earth [8]. To comprehensively address the complexities of environmental monitoring, it is essential to understand the diverse range of technological systems and methodologies employed in this field:  
* **Fixed Stations:** Ground-based stations that receive and transmit signals to and from satellites. * **Satellite Images:** Pictures of the Earth taken from space using satellite cameras. * **Mobile Stations:** Stations that can move and are used in mobile satellite communication systems, such as satellite phones and GPS devices. * **Remote Sensing:** The process of collecting data about the Earth from a distance, typically using satellites or aircraft. Remote sensing can be used for various applications, such as environmental monitoring and land use mapping. * **Earth Observation:** Using satellites and other platforms to monitor and study the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and oceans. Earth observation can be used for various purposes, such as weather forecasting, disaster response, and agriculture management. Local weather stations provide accurate, real-time data for various applications, from agriculture to urban planning. However, with the rapid changes in environmental conditions and the increasing complexity of weather patterns, there's a growing need for enhanced measurements and innovative monitoring techniques. Recent advancements, such as integrating machine learning with city buses, have shown promising results in real-time weather monitoring and prediction, emphasizing the importance of localized data collection [16]. Moreover, incorporating wireless sensor networks in agricultural management processes highlights the significance of tailored, on-field measurements for optimizing production and ensuring eco-sustainability [17]. This paper presents an innovative solution to address the abovementioned limitations by introducing a local open-source weather station (OSWS), a localized and affordable sensing platform. The OSWS is designed to monitor a range of environmental variables, including temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, CO\({}_{2}\) concentration, and particulate matter (PM 1, PM 2.5, and PM 10), offering rapid and cost-effective on-site measurements. Moreover, the station possesses these variables and can forecast their values by leveraging historical data obtained through the employment of the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model.