## 2 Experimental Program  
### Materials  
The sand used in this study was originally from the region of Osorio, Southern Brazil. It can be classified, according to the Unified Soil Classification System [42], as poorly graded sand (SP). It is fine quartz sand with rounded-shaped particles and a uniform grain size distribution. The density of the grains is 2.65 g/cm\({}^{3}\), and the maximum and minimum void ratios were 0.6 and 0.9, respectively. The particle size distribution (Figure 1) shows a mean effective diameter (D\({}_{50}\)) of 0.16 mm, and the uniformity and curvature coefficients were 1.9 and 1.2, respectively. Physical properties are shown in Table 1.  
The GWG, used as a precursor, was derived from the milling of transparent domestic waste glass (i.e., containers and windows) of the soda-lime type in a ball mill. It was classified as a silt material (ML) in terms of particle size [43]. The milling process followed a regular procedure that comprehended a fixed time, a defined quantity of glass waste and a particular quantity of metal balls. Once this process was finished, the resultant glass powder was subjected to a sieving process, with the aim of increasing its chemical reactivity and standardizing the material to a maximum particle size of 0.075 mm (sieve # 200) and a specific surface area of 3.28 cm\({}^{2}\)/g. The particle size distribution is presented in Figure 1, while the physical properties are shown in Table 1. The chemical composition of the GWG obtained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) shows a majority content of SiO\({}_{2}\) (69.09 wt %) (Table 2). X-ray diffraction analysis (Figure 2a) shows the presence of some amorphous content, characterized by the presence of a large hump between 15 and 40 (\({}^{\circ}\)20) angles, as well as an absence of prominent peaks, indicating that no crystalline phases are present. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Properties** & **Osorio** & & \\
**Sand** & & & \\ \hline Specific gravity (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 2.65 & 2.47 & 2.19 \\ Medium sand (0.425 mm \(<\) diameter \(<\) 2.0 mm) & 1.0 & - & - \\ (\%) & & 98.8 & 30.6 & 2.0 \\ Fine sand (0.075 mm \(<\) diameter \(<\) 0.425 mm) (\%) & 0.2 & 60.4 & 94.75 \\ Silt (0.002 mm \(<\) diameter \(<\) 0.075 mm) (\%) & 0 & 9.0 & 3.25 \\ Clay (diameter \(<\) 0.002 mm) (\%) & - & - & - \\ Liquid limit & - & - & - \\ Plastic index & Non-plastic & Non-plastic & Non-plastic \\ Soil classification (ASTM D2487) & SP & ML & ML \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Physical properties of the Osorio sand, ground waste glass and carbide lime. Figure 1: Particle size distribution of ground waste glass, carbide lime and Osorio sand. Figure 2: X-ray diffractometry (**a**) ground waste glass; (**b**) carbide lime waste. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Element** & **SiO2** & **Al2O3** & **Fe2O3** & **CaO** & **Na2O** & **MgO** & **TiO2** & **MnO** & **P2O5** & **K2O** \\ \hline Ground Waste Glass & 69.02 & 4.34 & 0.91 & 9.72 & 10.89 & 4.2 & 0.05 & 0.01 & - & 0.25 \\ Carbide lime & 3.18 & 1.99 & 0.98 & 69.62 & - & 0.56 & 0.08 & 0.01 & 0.01 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Composition of the ground waste glass and carbide lime (wt %). The CL is the residue from the production of acetylene gas, obtained near Porto Alegre city (southern Brazil). This waste was received in the form of agglomerated powder (lumps) due to its high humidity. The CL was dried for 48 h at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C and then ground by hand using a porcelain mortar and sieved to guarantee a maximum size of 0.075 mm. The particle size distribution is presented in Figure 1, and the physical properties are shown in Table 1. The chemical composition (Table 2) reveals a significant calcium content (69.62 wt %), while the high loss of material (23.58 wt %), after calcination at 1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C, is mainly due to the presence of calcium carbonate [44; 45].