# Survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Mars Exploration: Deployment Use Case
## 3 Preliminary Studies
### Different Types of UAVs in Space
#### 3.2.4 Flapping Wing Drone  
Flying a UAV for an interplanetary mission, such as for Mars, Venus, and Titan, is a major challenge, largely because of environmental constraints. The generated lift force of a wing is proportional to the atmospheric density, velocity, and wing area, as shown previously. Perhaps new flying concepts, such as flapping wings, can be well adapted for the low density and highly viscous atmosphere for this purpose [80]. As the power base of the UAV, the ornithopter or 'flapping wing' incorporates bird flight dynamics [81]. Due to the severe power requirements for the flapping process, there will be a lack of manoeuvrability and flight time as major drawbacks. However, the ornithopter UAV may become more popular with time as this technology progresses. A rigorous sizing approach based on theoretical and mathematical analyses is suggested and experimentally tested to design successful FWMAVs [82]. High endurance and high-range flights are not ideal configurations for flapping wings for planetary exploration. These UAVs can only be used at low speeds on short-range missions. In 2006, the European Association of Aerospace Students called the ARMaDA and the MAREA, proposed new architectural ideas for UAVs to be flown on Mars. Three different mission designs were suggested to explore Mars through a UAV [82]. In 2007, a UAV named MIRAGE was developed and investigated for Mars exploration at Miami. The MIRAGE combines a blended wing body configuration, as well as a lift fan to achieve VTOL. The nose of the UAV has a four-bladed propeller that produces horizontal thrust [19]. Later the Argo VII Mars aircraft was planned and patterned according to NASA's ARES-2 specification in 2008. A flapping winged aerobot for autonomous flight in Mars' atmosphere was also suggested in 2008. The architecture of this flapping wing was well suited to the low density of the Mars atmosphere [83]. Finally, the aerodynamic design of a Mars UAV for the Mars mission started in 2009 from Tohoku University. This research aimed to design a high-performance wing for low Reynolds numbers in the Mars environment [84]. In 2012, for the discovery of Titan using UAVs, a mission concept was suggested. The UAV, known as the AVIATR, will explore Titan's global features, including geology/hydrology and lower atmospheric structures [85]. Northrop Grumman researchers created a Venus mission model called VAMP in 2013. They created an inflatable, propeller-powered UAV that can fly in Venus' atmosphere for a year-long cruise. The built UAV can reach the atmosphere of Venus without an aeroshell after all. In a vacuum, the UAV will inflate and have a protected entry that allows for continuous data collection during descent. In 2015, a new SESPA was proposed. SESPA was proposed for Venus exploration at altitudes ranging from 71.5 to 75 Km concerning the long rotation period of Venus and the high value of its atmospheric density. In 2015, NASA Armstrong Engineering proposed designing and producing the prandtld-based fixed-wing prandtl-m, which will make the first flight to Mars in 2020. This UAV is deployed at an altitude of 100,000 feet, which simulates the flight conditions of the Mars atmosphere [86]. In 2016, a cycloidal blade system was proposed to construct a stopped-rotor cyclocopter UAV. It was combined with a stopped-rotor system to be flown in the Venus region. The designed stopped-rotor cyclocopter can fly in Venus's atmosphere at all times. It can even land on Venus' surface. The primary purpose of this analysis was to determine the atmospheric composition of Venus and the chemical composition of its surface. The groundbreaking feature of this work was the ability of the rotating blades of the cyclocopter to stop and act as a fixed-wing drone [87]. Furthermore, Ukrainian researchers performed a CO\({}_{2}\)-Powered Robotic Probe concept for Mars exploration in 2016. This b Hopper is a carbon dioxide-fuelled robotic probe that can skip like a grasshopper across the surface of Mars.