## 2 Industrial Communications with 5G
As industrial environments tend to contain metallic surfaces from equipment, many such environments are challenging for wireless communication. Massive MIMO's channel-hardening effect improves its immunity to fast fading and allows for more deterministic communications, which is important for many industrial applications with strict quality-of-service requirements. * **Network Slicing**[35]: Next-generation factories will need to handle diverse traffic flows that may have conflicting needs for performance, reliability, and security. A single large system cannot meet the demands of these new industrial situations. Slicing permits the delivery of a variety of specific services with potentially incompatible requirements on a single physical 5G substrate [36]. * **The 5G LAN-Type Service**[37]: Most current automation systems in industry are based on a range of proprietary wired local area network (LAN) technologies. These systems allow devices to communicate directly with each other across the LAN, discover their services, and utilize multi-cast communication and other LAN features. This contrasts with 5G communication modes, which are more peer-to-peer oriented and rely on switching and routing in the 5G core network. The 5G LAN-type service [38] is designed to replicate LAN features and simplify communication between 5G-based devices, particularly in industrial automation environments [39]. The manufacturing industry is rapidly adopting 5G wireless communication technology to automate industrial processes. The 5G network must be integrated with the industrial facilities and equipment when it is deployed in an industrial manufacturingfacility. Typically, a dedicated, private 5G network tailored to the requirements and services of the plant is needed. It can be difficult to achieve good radio reception in a manufacturing setting. Particularly in large factories, the location of the machinery and assembly lines makes it difficult to communicate using line of sight. Additionally, factory floors are often environments with significant radio signal scattering due to the presence of tools and machines that affect shadowing and radio signal interaction in diverse ways. During production, both humans and robots move around carrying out their duties, creating a highly dynamic environment. Therefore, careful radio planning is required prior to installing a 5G system in a factory. Depending on the industry's unique requirements, a private 5G network is typically chosen to meet the demands for high-performance, dependable, and secure networks for mission-critical applications. A public 5G network would be a preferable choice if the enterprise merely needed a general-purpose network for basic communication applications. The integration of 5G wireless communication technology is anticipated to yield better outcomes in other vertical marketplaces such as healthcare, agriculture, supply chain logistics, and energy management. A key requirement for 5G industrial applications is access to the appropriate radio spectrum, with the 3.5 GHz range being the most commonly used globally harmonized band. The wider selection of spectrum options available in 5G, particularly in licensed frequency bands, can meet a broader range of requirements and lower the cost of network equipment and devices. In modern manufacturing, where large amounts of data are generated, the integration of various communication technologies is essential, with 5G technology providing not only high data rates and ultra-low latency to enable fast transmission and analysis of data, but the standard also specifies interfaces in the core network to integrate other wireless technologies such as WiFi and LoRa. An overview of the manufacturing use cases enabled by 5G is provided in Table 1.