## 1 Introduction  
The cement industry constitutes one of the major contributors to global carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) emissions. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global cement industry is responsible for approximately 7% to 8% of worldwide carbon emissions [1, 2, 3]. In traditional cement production, carbon emissions primarily originate from process emissions produced during the decomposition of raw materials and combustion emissions from fossil fuels (e.g., coal, petroleum coke). This process not only depletes substantial non-renewable resources but also emits significant quantities of greenhouse gases, particularly CO\({}_{2}\)[4, 5, 6]. To address global climate change, reducing carbon emissions in the industrial sector has emerged as a central objective in the pursuit of sustainable development. An increasing number of countries and regions have explicitly introduced specific requirements for reducing emissions in the cement industry, with a particular emphasis on enhancing carbon emission controls during the cement production process. Simultaneously, the reliance of the cement production process on traditional fossil fuels faces significant challenges due to resource depletion and volatile price fluctuations [7, 8, 9]. To address these challenges, the adoption of alternative fuels has emerged as a pivotal solution for the cement industry [10, 11, 12]. A wide range of alternative fuels can be utilized, including municipal solid waste, industrial waste (e.g., waste plastics, rubber, and paper),agricultural and forestry residues (e.g., straw and wood chips), and biomass fuels (e.g., straw and wood residues). The utilization of alternative fuels not only facilitates resource reuse and alleviates environmental pressures caused by waste accumulation but also significantly reduces carbon emissions during the cement production process [13; 14; 15; 16]. Globally, numerous countries and regions, including the European Union, the United States, Japan, and various developing nations, have implemented alternative fuels in cement production processes [17; 18; 19; 20]. Initially, the high-temperature and alkaline environment of cement kilns provided an ideal setting for the disposal of hazardous waste [12; 21; 22; 23]. However, this approach was primarily driven by regulatory compliance rather than a proactive pursuit of economic and environmental benefits. As understanding of alternative fuels deepened, cement companies began to reassess their energy strategies, transitioning from a stance of \"passive acceptance\" to one of \"active acceptance\" [18; 24; 25]. With the growing global emphasis on environmental protection, traditional cement production methods are facing increasing pressure. The cement industry must explore new energy alternatives that balance cost control and minimal environmental impact. Within this context, the adoption of biomass alternative fuels has emerged as a pivotal direction for sustainable development. Many countries and regions have accelerated the adoption of low-carbon fuels in the cement industry through policy incentives and regulatory frameworks, with a particular focus on biomass fuels [9; 26; 27; 28]. As plants absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis during growth, the CO\({}_{2}\) emitted during combustion does not theoretically contribute to a net increase in atmospheric carbon concentration. In contrast, CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from fossil fuel combustion directly contribute to an increase in atmospheric carbon concentration. Furthermore, biomass alternative fuels are characterized by low sulfur and nitrogen content, resulting in significantly lower emissions of SOx and NOx during combustion, thereby further reducing atmospheric pollution [29; 30]. However, despite the theoretical advantages of biomass alternative fuels, their practical application is hindered by numerous technical and environmental challenges [17; 31].