esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Measurement of Soy Contents in Ground Beef Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Sample Preparation  
Raw ground beef materials (4000 g) were purchased from the local supermarkets in Athens, GA, USA, with label information of 87%-93% lean meat. Four different soy products (powder form) including Arcon T U-172 Soy Protein Concentrate (abbreviated as Arconet), toasted Soy Grits, Pro-Fam H200 Hydrolyzed soy protein (abbreviated as Profam), and textured vegetable protein (TVP U-218 Minced 180, abbreviated as TVP) were procured from ADM (Archer Daniels Midland Company, Chicago, IL, USA). The meat was reground using a grinder, weighted and mixed with pre-weighted soy product powder (no water added), providing a range of soy contents from 0% to 30% (including 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) and pure soy (100% content). Among the samples, for example, the 0% was a blend of 0 g soy and 50 g meat, while the 10% was mixed with 5 g soy and 45 g meat, and so on. The beef-soy mixtures were blended with a blender (30 s at high speed), then placed in sample bags and stored in a refrigerator (0 \({}^{\circ}\)C) overnight for using. A total of 192 sample cells from 64 beef-soy mixture samples (16 for each soy product) were prepared for this study.
## 2 Related Works on the SS of OFDM Signals
Previous research has shown that DT adaptation and NU variation have an impact on the ED process (Table 1). However, based on knowledge obtained through extensive analysis of previous works, the systematic and comprehensive presentation of results and cognitions related to the ED of OFDM signals are missing. This paper fills this gap, since it offers comprehensive analyses of the impact of NU and DT adaptation on ED performance of signals transmitted in OFDM systems using RA, combined MA and RA, and MA transmission schemes. Hence, in this survey paper, the computer simulation of the developed ED algorithm, presented with pseudocode, was used to overview the influence of DT adaptation and NU variation on ED effectiveness for distinct OFDM based systems. Furthermore, the main limitations of the ED method are thoroughly reviewed, and areas of new research and associated challenges related to the improvement of ED performance are discussed. Hence, the presented comprehensive survey related to the performance of the ED of OFDM signals can serve as a reference for the improvement of the ED as a widely used SS approach.
# Assessment of GNSS Galileo Contribution to the Modernization of CROPOS's Services
## 3 Results
### Static Observations and Processing in Trimble Business Center
The differences between each individual static session and the REFERENCE are shown in Figure 7.  
All individual planar (E, N) results obtained with 'GAL-only' and GGGB observation data are plotted together and displayed in Figure 8. All 'GAL-only' session results are within the circle with a radius of 6 mm, whereas all GGGB session results are within the circle having the radius of 5 mm. Interestingly, both sessions showing maximum departure from the REFERENCE belong to the same session: A-5. Figure 7: Coordinates’ differences between individual GGGB static sessions and the REFERENCE.
# Application of Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation in Calculation of Space Elevator System
## 4 Results  
### Axial Loading  
In Figure 6, it can be observed that the trend of the results calculated by the three methods is roughly the same. The stress results of FEM and LM are very close: the maximum stress point is around the geosynchronous orbit, and the value around 80 GPa. The result of ANCF is little smaller than the others. This is because the deformation represented by LM and FEM is Cauchy stress and true strain, which is defined by studying the force acting on an infinitesimal area element in a deformed body. Both the force component and the normal of the region have a fixed direction in space. This means that if the stressed object is subjected to pure rotation, the actual value of the stress component will change. The initial uniaxial stress state can be transformed into a total tensor containing normal stress  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(R_{e}\) (m) & \(R_{g}\) (m) & \(\mu\) (N \(\mathbf{m}^{2}\)\(\mathbf{kg}^{-1}\)) & \(m_{e}\) (kg) & \(L\) (m) & \(E\) (Pa) & \(\rho\) (kg m\({}^{-3}\)) & \(A\) (m\({}^{2}\)) \\ \hline \(6.37\times 10^{6}\) & \(4.22\times 10^{7}\) & \(3.99\times 10^{14}\) & \(2.49\times 10^{9}\) & \(6\times 10^{7}\) & \(1000\times 10^{9}\) & \(1300\) & \(0.01\) \\ \hline \(R_{e}\) is the radius of the earth, \(R_{g}\) is the geosynchronous orbit radius, \(\mu\) is the geocentric gravitational constant, \(m_{e}\) is the mass of the zenith anchor, \(L\) is the total height of the space elevator system, \(E\) is the Young’s modulus of the rope material and \(\rho\) is its density, \(A\) is the area of the rope cross-section. & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: System parameters.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Below the Geosynchronous Orbit** & **Above the Geosynchronous Orbit** \\ \hline LM & 1000 & 400 \\ FEM & 1000 & 400 \\ ANCF & 200 & 80 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Element number of each method.  
Figure 5: Logic diagram of FEM calculation.  
and shear stress components. On the other hand, ANCF use Green-Lagrange strain to represent deformation, which contains the displacement derivative relative to the original configuration. Therefore, these values represent the strain in the material direction, similar to the behavior of the second kind of Piola Kirchhoff stress. However, it must be recognized that, even for the uniaxial case, the Green-Lagrange strain is strongly nonlinear relative to the displacement. If an object is stretched to twice its original length, the Green-Lagrange strain is 1.5 in the stretching direction. If the object is compressed to half its length, the strain will be \(-0.375\). Thus, in Figure 7, the deformation of \(x\)-axis of ANCF is little smaller than the other results.
## 1 Introduction
Moreover, by combining a user management tree with an inverted index structure, we achieve fine-grained access control and improved revocation efficiency at both the attribute and keyword levels, which is rarely addressed in existing works. The main contributions of this paper include the following:  
* _New revocation mechanism:_ We propose a new revocation method that combines the user management tree structure with attribute group key distribution and keyword grouping. This method is well-suited for dynamic access control in video surveillance systems, significantly reducing the overhead of attribute or keyword revocation. * _Improved search efficiency:_ By integrating an inverted index structure, we enhance the efficiency of searching encrypted video data. Additionally, the combination of the covering subset method and the user management tree simplifies user attribute management complexity. * _Enhanced security:_ The proposed fine-grained attribute and keyword revocation mechanism can quickly prevent unauthorized data access by revoked users, effectively strengthening data security in an untrusted third-party environment.
# LR-MPIBS: A LoRa-Based Maritime Position-Indicating Beacon System
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Communication Performance Test of LR-MPIBS  
The communication performance of the LR-MPIBS was tested in vehicle-filled city roads, the more open seashore, and the sea surface near Qingdao Tangdao Bay (shown in Figure 10). The communication antenna of the SMBS was mounted at a distance of 2.3 m from the ground. The testers carrying the position-indicating terminal conducted communication performance tests at intervals of 500 m within the range of 0-5 km. During the communication success rate test, PIT sent rescue messages to SMBS 100 times, with a rescue information capacity of 200 bytes and a communication frequency of 1 Hz. SMBS counted the amount of valid rescue information. The experimental results are shown in Figure 11.  
Figure 10: Communication performance test environment.  
Figure 9: Beidou initial satellite-search performance results.  
1. Urban Roadway Environment: Frequent occlusion by vehicles, trees, pedestrians, and buildings led to poorer communication success rates. Specifically, at a distance of 2000 m, the communication success rate was 18% higher than that at 1500 m, reflecting the fact that the communication performance was more affected when encountering strong occlusions.
2. Seashore Environment: In the seashore environment, there was less occlusion, and the communication success rate plummeted to 80% at 500 m where there was occlusion by a tall building in close proximity. However, in the process of getting farther away from this high-rise building, the communication quality gradually increased to 99%. Within a range of 3500 to 5000 m, there was a cattle island obstructing the communication of LR-MPIBS, but it still had a communication success rate of over 86%. This indicates that the communication system possesses excellent diffraction performance.
3. Sea-Surface Environment: A situation in which the PIT is floating on the sea surface with a man in distress was simulated. The sea surface had fewer strong obstructions, but there was periodic wave interference. A communication success rate of greater than 83% was demonstrated in all distance segments within 5000 m. At distances from 4000 to 5000 m, even in the presence of island occlusions, there was still an 85% communication success rate.
4. Summary: These experimental results show that the LR-MPIBS is able to transmit rescue information stably within 5 km.
# Maintaining Secure Level on Symmetric Encryption under Quantum Attack
## 4 Programming and Testing  
### Experimental Environment  
The development kit used was a Xilinx Vivado 2020.2 for coding and simulation, while the hardware system was a Zynq 7000 series: SoC XC7Z7100 FPGA development board. Table 6 summarizes the number of hardware objects used to implement AES-384/512.  
According to the original theory, in AES-384, the number of Slices should be approximately 4900 and 6500; the number of Slices FF should be about 2900 and 3800; the number of four-input LUTs should be about 9100 and 12,100; the number of bonded IOBs should be about 500 and 660, but because of the implementation, we will not need the unit or reuse the unit, so it will be less than that indicated by the theory.
# Green Hydrogen Storage in an Underground Cavern: A Case Study in Salt Diapir of Spain
## 1 Introduction
Another important ecofriendly use would be its blending with natural gas and its transportation by pipeline or its joint storage with natural gas. Compared with methane, hydrogen has lower solubility. This is considered to be an advantage because, in a hydrogen-methane-brine system, a smaller hydrogen loss due to dissolution is expected. Figure 1: Renewable energies in the Spanish electrical system 2020 [6]. The supply of hydrogen to the local industry and mobility sectors, in addition to an increased connection to the main gas and electricity infrastructure, means that the need for large-scale underground storage of renewable hydrogen is expected to increase significantly. Underground geological reservoirs allow the safe storage of large volumes of hydrogen, at high pressures with high energy densities, without the environmental impact caused by surface tanks [8,11]. Salt caverns offer one of the most promising options due to their low investment cost, low permeability and porosity, and their inert nature, which prevents contamination of the stored gas [12]. In water-hydrogen-salt systems of a storage type, the presence of salt decreases the solubility of hydrogen in the brine, preventing gas loss by dissolution in water. However, there may be operating conditions that could cause disturbances such as dilatation and damage of the salt rock, with an increase in permeability and a decrease in strength [7,13]. Due to its climatic conditions of wind generation and the presence of a large number of underground salt structures, Spain is a country with great potential as a producer and storer of hydrogen. This work establishes the geological and design requirements for injection and underground storage in salt cavern to ensure the permanence of the gas and safety for people and the environment.
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper presented a three-layer virtual power plant communication architecture with 5G and TSN integrated networks to provide a deterministic low latency and a reliable mobile communication service. The service types and traffic requirements of the virtual power plant were analyzed and mapped to 5G and TSN integrated networks to guarantee the consistency of QoS. It proposed semi-persistent scheduling with reserved bandwidth sharing and pre-emption in 5G and TSN integrated networks for both time-triggered and event-triggered critical traffic. The simulation results show that the proposed scheduling mechanism achieves much lower end-to-end latency for both event-triggered and time-triggered critical traffic flows compared with the dynamic scheduling method. It has comparable performance in terms of the system resource utilization compared with the dynamic scheduling method. It has better resource utilization efficiency than the static scheduling method when the network load becomes heavy. It achieves an optimum performance tradeoff between delay and resource utilization when the percentage of reserved resource blocks is 30% in the simulation.  
Future research works include the design of a reliability mechanism and the time synchronization of 5G and TSN integrated networks for virtual power plant communications. Frame replication and elimination for a redundancy scheme of TSN and a dual connectivity scheme of 5G are expected to be converged for seamless reliability in 5G and TSN integrated networks. Time synchronization is also one of the key challenges in 5G and TSN integrated networks due to their different time-synchronization technologies. How to transparently perform time synchronization between different 5G and TSN domains requires further study. Both a reliability mechanism and time synchronization technology would improve the network performance in terms of determinism and reliability for virtual power plant applications. The presented 5G and TSN integrated communication network architecture and the proposed traffic scheduling mechanism can also be extended or modified for applications in other areas, such as industrial control automation systems.  
Conceptualization, J.W. and C.L.; methodology, J.W.; validation, C.L., J.T. and S.L.; formal analysis, J.T.; investigation, J.T.; data curation, C.L. and S.L.; writing--original draft preparation, J.T. and W.G.; writing--review and editing, W.G.; project administration, C.L.; funding acquisition, C.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 7: Performance tradeoff between delay and resource utilization of SPS-RBSP.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Project under Grant No. 2021 YFB2401200.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Blockchain Architecture for Lightweight Storage
## 5 Evaluation
### Transaction Query Latency  
The experiment compares the time taken by the three blockchain architectures LSB, LDAGB, and DPoS when querying a specific transaction to ensure a comparable dataset. Ten nodes are selected for each architecture to send and store transactions, with only one transaction per block.  
In Figure 8, the query latency of transactions is measured for transaction counts of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500, repeated 30 times. The experimental results show that the transaction query time of the three architectures linearly increases with the number of transactions, with DPoS exhibiting a significantly larger increase than the other two architectures, due to DPoS needing to traverse from the newest block forward until it locates the block containing the transaction, whereas in both LSB and LDAGB, the node's wallet address is recorded, allowing traversal through the corresponding previous hash to locate a specific transaction more efficiently. The previous hash in LDAGB includes both the sender and receiver of the transaction, while in LSB, it includes only the sender. As a result, LSB traverses fewer blocks than LDAGB when querying for a specific transaction, resulting in the shortest query time.  
By comparison, when the number of transactions reaches 500, the transaction query latency of LSB is reduced by 89.8% compared to traditional blockchain architecture and by 45.6% compared to the LDAGB architecture. This indicates that LSB exhibits higher transaction query efficiency.
## 3 Results
### Comparison of Radar Altimeter Correction for Bottom-Mounted ADCP and Towed ADCP  
When we discovered that the wind and tide can simultaneously affect the radar correction, we used radar current speed, wind, and tide as the input terms. We employed two methods for correction: the first method trained the bottom-mounted ADCP current speed as the target term; and the second method trained the towed ADCP as the target term. Both methods resulted in improved radar data correction, as shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 presents a comparison of the correlation coefficients and RMSEs for two methods of correcting different radar flow times. The correlation coefficients for the first ten days of training used the bottom-mounted ADCP flow rate as the target value, which ranged from 0.7728 to 0.8342. However, the correlation coefficients for training using the towed ADCP flow rate as the target value are slightly lower, ranging from 0.6965 to 0.7209. The correlation coefficients for both methods decrease for the radar correction time. However, the second method decreases more gently than the first. By day 15, the correlation coefficient for the second method of correcting the radar flow velocity exceeds that of the first. It is worth noting that both methods have decreasing correlation coefficients. This suggests that using a short-duration towed ADCP is cost-effective and profitable for correcting radar flow velocities over relatively long periods of time.
## 1 Introduction
### Risks Associated with Underground Hydrogen Storage  
If there is a leak coming from a deep geological reservoir, the gas will migrate to the surface. In most cases, it will encounter at least one aquifer before reaching the surface [6]. If the leakage rate exceeds the dissolution potential of hydrogen in the groundwater, which is of the order of 2 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) at surface conditions, which is low compared to other gases (11 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) for dioxygen, 24 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) for dinitrogen, 2500 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) for carbon dioxide), part of the hydrogen will continue its migration to the surface. Hydrogen is then likely to accumulate in a confined underground area near the reservoir (cellular, underground car park, urban underground network, tunnel, etc.) where it will become a risk factor for explosion, fire, or asphyxiation. Indeed, hydrogen is a highly flammable gas with a very wide explosive range of between 4% and 75% at ambient pressure and temperature [7].  
In the event of a potential hydrogen leak, the aquifer, therefore, represents the last warning barrier on the path of migration to the surface [6]. By transporting information from upstream to downstream, the aquifer constitutes a very favorable environment for the implementation of an integrated monitoring system immediately downstream of a deep storage site. As dissolved hydrogen is not normally present in water, detecting it within an aquifer will indicate a potential leak. This could be manifested as a direct detection (H\({}_{2}\) dissolved in water) or indirectly by means of the effects caused by this strongly reducing gas: decrease of the oxidation-reduction potential, decrease in the content of other dissolved gases in the water (mainly N\({}_{2}\), O\({}_{2}\), and CO\({}_{2}\)), and oxidation-reduction reactions, for example [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13]:  
* reduction of nitrates (NO\({}_{3}\)) to nitrites (NO\({}_{2}\)), or even to ammonium (NH\({}_{4}\)+), and then to gaseous nitrogen (N\({}_{2}\));
* reduction of sulfates (SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\)) to sulfides (SO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\)), or even to hydrogen sulfide (H\({}_{2}\)S);
* reduction of iron III to iron II;
* dissolving of metallic trace elements, if they are present in the aquifer rock, following the lowering of the oxidation-reduction potential.  
The literature shows that, under normal pressure and temperature conditions, the reduction of nitrates and sulfates cannot take place except in the presence of a catalyst such as iron, copper, nickel, or platinum [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. However, the frequent use of stainless steel, which contains iron and a significant amount of nickel (up to 20%), in the metal casings of a large number of water boreholes (for drinking water, mineral water, etc.) and hydrocarbon wells inevitably brings some of these catalysts into contact with the groundwater.
# Development and Application of a Novel Non-Iterative Balancing Method for Hydronic Systems
## 3 Theory and Calculations
### Optimization of the Number of Flow Meters and Measurements  
A second significant implementation can be achieved by reducing the number of flow meters, resulting in lower installation costs and easier application of the method to existing systems in need of balancing; moreover, the centralisation of measurements saves the time needed to move instruments during the TAB procedure. As previously mentioned, due to the tightness of water systems, flow measurement at the terminals can be avoided and replaced by centralized flow rate measurement combined with simpler reference pressure measurements on only one terminal per branch, whose position depends on the branch configuration type, as follows:  
* on the farthest terminal in direct return configurations (provided that the line valves are installed where needed);
* on the most disadvantaged terminal in reverse return configurations (see Appendix B);
* on the manifold itself in manifold-based configurations (see Appendix B).  
If balancing starts with all the terminals in closed position, their progressive activation results in step-by-step increasing of the total flow rate, whose magnitude is given by the volume of water flowing into the newly activated terminal. With the right procedure, this allows measurements to be centralized without any problems of distance between the flow meter and the device being adjusted.  
The choice of the control point and of the flow rate measuring system must comply with the following specifications:  
1. Consistency: the variation in flow rate resulting from the activation of any terminal can be detected at the considered measuring point;
2. Resolution: the range and the resolution of the instrument installed at the control point are suitable for the acquisition of the total flow rate supplied to the portion of the system under balancing and for the correct detection of each increasing step, respectively.  
If both conditions (1) and (2) are met, it will be possible to proceed with balancing via properly instrumenting a smaller number of flow-meters (or even only one, at the pump).  
As far as consistency is concerned, it is important to emphasize that this condition must only be met during the balancing phase and not during normal operation. One way of achieving this may be, for example, to shut off branches other than those currently under balancing. As for compliance with the condition of resolution, with an increasing number of terminals, the flow meter is required to provide a wider measuring range and at the same time a finer resolution. This can be fulfilled by installing two or more instruments with different ranges and resolution placed in parallel and activated as required.