esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Multi-Objective Optimization of Square Corrugation Multilayer Nested Structures
## 2 The Nested Structure with a Double Octagonal Inner Wall
### The Verification of the FE Model  
#### 2.3.1 The Experiment Test Based on SC  
From Figure 1, it can be easily seen that the SCOD is formed based on the primary cosine outline; therefore, in this study, the square corrugation square tube, namely SC, will be utilized to check the exactitude of the FE simulation. The SC used for verification has a normal side length with 40 mm and an amplitude with 3 mm, which is the same as the geometric parameters of SCOD. The SC was compressed under quasi-static compression by using the test machine MTS Landmark, and the loading speed was set as 2 mm/min. The quasi-static compression test is shown in Figure 4.  
The tubes used to test and FE simulation have the same height and thickness, which are 40 mm and 100 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the test and numerical tube have identical material properties. To ensure the consistency of experimental conditions, SC was compressed to 60% of the initial distance in both the testing machine and the finite element numerical simulation. In addition, the collapse modes and force-displacement of SC under an experiment test and FE simulation are compared in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: The schematic diagram of experiment and finite element simulation: (**a**) the test tube is placed in the test machine; (**b**) the test and FE model tubes; (**c**) FE Simulation of SC.  
Figure 3: The result of mesh convergence analysis.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Properties** & **Values** \\ \hline Density & \(\rho\) = 2700 kg/m\({}^{3}\) \\ Young’s modulus & \(E\) = 69.79 GPa \\ Yield stress & \(\sigma_{y}\) = 54 MPa \\ Ultimate stress & \(\sigma_{u}\) = 163.46 MPa \\ Poisson’s ratio & \(v\) = 0.33 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Material properties of AA606 IO.  
From Figure 5, the tendency of force change over time of SC under test and numerical simulation coincide in principle, and the deformation modes are accordant. In addition, the crashworthiness indexes obtained by experiment and FE modeling are displayed in Table 2.  
From Table 2, the _IPCF_ of the test and FE model are 18.34 kN and 17.95 kN, respectively, which are in reasonable agreement. It is obvious that the error between the test and FE modeling is less than 2.5%, which also indicates that the FE numerical simulation has adequate accuracy.
# Vehicle Route Planning for Relief Item Distribution under Flood Uncertainty
## 5 Experimental Results
### Efficiency Comparison Based on the Waiting Time  
The waiting time is the performance metric to be measured from the routes obtained from the developed model compared to the Shortest Routes from the Optimal Solution (SROS). The best, average, and worst waiting times will be compared. Additionally, the tests demonstrate the total distance, total travel time, and the number of flooded roads from all roads for both solutions, as shown in Table 2.  
Table 2 shows that in terms of overall performance, VRP-RIDFU provides better quality solutions than the shortest path under uncertain conditions, even when the uncertainty occurs only five times during the journey. Numbers are highlighted in bold to emphasize the superior performance metrics of VRP-RIDFU compared to the shortest path approach. Both the best and average values show that, in some instances, VRP-RIDFU produces solutions of better quality despite having a higher total distance. The number of flooded roads indicates that the model encounters fewer flooded roads.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Instance**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**SROS**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**VRP-RIDFU**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & **Distance** & **Flooded Roads** & **Travel Time** & **Waiting Time** & **Distance** & **Flooded Roads** & **Travel Time** & & & **Waiting Time** & \\ \cline{2-13}  & **Best** & **Avg.** & **Worst** & **SD** & **Runtime** & & **Best** & **Avg.** & **Worst** & **SD** & **Runtime** \\ \hline A-n32-k5 & 787.808 & 21/37 & 40.564 & 148.72 & 1307.367 & **  
The experiment utilizes 100 generations to solve problems with around 50 nodes, achieving solutions within 2 s on average. For problems with approximately 120 nodes, 500 to 1000 iterations are necessary. Except for the 200-node problem, which uses 30 generations, all other issues require 2000 iterations. A consistent population size of 20 is applied across all problems except for the 200-node scenario. The minimum time to generate effective solutions is about 2 min. This experiment initially shows the impact of road condition uncertainties occurring five times, highlighting the model's initial response. Upcoming tests will further explore how the model handles different frequencies of uncertainty and evaluate the PSM approach for adjusting to various node distribution patterns.
## 4 Classification of MAC Protocols Based on Channel
### Cooperative Multi-Channel MAC Protocols
#### 4.7.1 OEC MAC  
A novel OFDMA-based efficient cooperative (OEC) MAC protocol was proposed by providing efficient sub-carrier channel assignments and access mechanisms. The concept of OFDMA was introduced to handle the delay and collision problem in high-density traffic, which could not be overcome by simple CSMA/CA. ACK, CRM, and CAM are used for safety messages (sm) and CWSA for non-safety messages (nsm). ACK is assigned for sm: if no acknowledgment is received, then there is no packet transmission; then, for successful delivery, the packets need to send with cooperative communication (broadcast CRM). This mechanism provides a reliable transmission broadcast service. A node with higher SINR, transmission rate, and channel condition sends back CAM, and the optimal relay is selected from nodes sending CAM. Once ORM selects the optimal relay, other nodes are held back from sending CAM. For the delivery of non-safety messages, WAVE communicates with periodic broadcast of WAVE service advertisement (WSA). If the relay node has better channel conditions and SINR, CWSA, which consists of the relay information, WSA information, and channel information, is broadcast. The optimal relay is chosen after receiving CWSA by broadcasting ORM. Lastly, the destination on receiving ORM from the source activates the SCH. For channel access, the data transmission occurs on slots allocated for a duration of \(\Delta\)DIFS. For the DIFS time, if the channel is idle, then the back-off scheme is applied based on the contention window size. A third-party handshake mechanism is employed for source, destination, and relay for both sm and nsm.  
This protocol provides successful probability of transmission and collision. Hence, a high throughput, high packet delivery ratio, and minimized latency are achieved. The major shortcoming is that unsaturated network conditions are not considered. Channel fading conditions and other effects of signals such as capture effect are also not considered in performance analysis.
# Quad-Beam 4 \(\times\) 2 Array Antenna for Millimeter-Wave 5G Applications
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Performance Comparison  
The proposed Ant4 antenna is compared with existing designs, as summarized in Table 1. While multilayer structures, such as rectangular waveguides with patches [26] and magneto-electric (ME) dipole antennas [27], demonstrate superior performance in bandwidth, gain, and directivity, these designs come with significant complexity. However, multilayer antennas are challenging to manufacture due to alignment issues between the layers, where even slight mismatches can result in substantial performance degradation. Figure 19: The simulated and measured radiation patterns of Ant4 at 30 GHz and 30.2 GHz. (a) Pattern in the xz-plane and (b) in the yz-plane. Figure 20: Plot of the gain and total efficiency of Ant1 compared with Ant4. In contrast, planar structures [28; 29; 30; 31; 32] offer simplicity in both fabrication and integration while still providing a satisfactory performance for practical applications. Among these, the proposed Ant4 antenna achieves better directivity than all other planar structures listed, with particularly strong X-polarization control in both the xz- and yz-planes. Additionally, the bandwidth performance of the Ant4 antenna (28.5-31.1 GHz) surpasses that of other designs, such as those in [29; 30; 31]. The gain of the proposed antenna (10.6 dBi) is also competitive with the other designs, ensuring a robust performance. Consequently, the performance of the proposed Ant4 with other planar arrays (ignoring the multilayer structures) is illustrated in Figure 21 through a figure-of-merit plot for a better perspective and improved comprehension. Overall, the proposed antenna strikes a balance between performance and structural simplicity, making it well-suited for 5G wireless applications that require high-gain, multi-beam coverage. Its compact size, scalability, and efficient quad-beam radiation pattern position it as an attractive alternative to more complex multilayer or waveguide-based designs.
## 4 Experimental Evaluation of Performances
### Community Anomaly Detection in Real Datasets
#### 4.2.2 Book Network  
The Book network was extracted from the Amazon co-purchase network and included books labeled with the tag 'amazon fail' by the users [23]. Amazon allowed customers to tag products to categorize them, and several tags were used to indicate suspicious products, such as the 'amazon fail' tag. The network consists of 1468 nodes and 3695 edges, and each object is described with 28 attributes. This dataset's ground truth was created by considering a particular book an anomaly when it was labeled as 'amazon fail' by at least 20 users.  
Figure 4: AUC and ROC curve of the Disney network.  
Figure 3: Quality and runtime evaluation for the Disney network.  
Figure 5 illustrates the quality of the CAnom, CODA, and ConSub models by calculating the AUC. The CAnom model achieves the best-quality results compared with the other models, with an AUC equal to 0.68 (see Figure 6), while CODA achieves the worst quality, with AUC equal to 0.53. The runtime evaluation in the Book network shows that the CAnom model achieves the best results, with an execution time equal to 1.79 s, which outperforms the other models. The CODA model is the slowest, at 36 s (see Figure 5).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Definition and Design of the System's Components
#### 2.2.6 External Interfaces  
The aim of the external interfaces is to provide a variety of external ports such as Ethernet, USB-A, and USB-C, allowing the LiFi router and USB dongle to be connected to other communication systems accessible through Ethernet, etc. Additionally, the external interfaces provide voltage supply connectors for powering the system.  
In a nutshell, the external interfaces mainly focus on establishing a connection with external network devices and supplying power to the system. As mentioned earlier, the LiFi router external interface board operates at 12 V, whereas the USB dongle external interface board uses 5 V. Therefore, their schematic designs primarily differ in terms of the power module.
# Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Monitoring and/or Control of Composting Processes
## 5 Use of NIR Spectroscopy to Monitor and/or Control the Composing Process
NIR spectra of the mentioned samples were gathered in the wavelength range of 1000-2500 nm and used for the prediction of total organic matter, electrical conductivity, the germination index, total nitrogen, water-soluble organic carbon, and water-soluble organic nitrogen. Overall, the NIR-PLS method precisely estimated the total organic matter, water-soluble organic nitrogen, pH, and germination index. Less accurate was the estimation of moisture, total nitrogen, and electrical conductivity, and the lowest estimates were of water-soluble organic carbon. As a result, it can be suggested that NIR spectroscopy combined with PLS analysis could be a useful industrial and study tool for quickly and precisely assessing the quality of commercial organic fertilizers. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [110] used NIR spectroscopy coupled with principal component regression and partial least squares regression for the prediction of fertility properties (solid nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, pH, magnesium, and calcium) of 40 soil samples. Their results showed that the partial least squares regression model described the analyzed variables with higher accuracy than the principal component regression models. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [111] presented the potential of NIRS to estimate the organic C and total N content, as well as van Soest biochemical fractions, in a sample set of 300 exogenous organic matter and to predict the proportion of exogenous organic matter-total organic carbon remaining in the soil after exogenous organic matter application in the long term. As can be concluded from all of the above, the potential of NIR application in the monitoring and/or control of the composting process is great, and further application and development of the method as well as accompanying chemometric tools are certainly expected.
## 2 Existing ASs and the Related Market Design
### AS Resources in Distribution Grid  
The roles of transmission and distribution systems, along with the operators responsible for them, the TSO, and DSO, are undergoing constant evolution.  
The integration of renewable production sources employing inverter systems, such as solar and wind, connected to the distribution grid, with storage systems, electric vehicles, smart meter systems, and other emerging technologies, which leads to change the architecture and operation of the PS.  
The rise of renewable-based distributed production facilities integrated into the distribution network has brought attention to the application of ASs in the distribution grid. The growing prevalence of distributed generation facilities within the distribution grid has significant implications for the operation, control, protection, and reliability of existing PSs. Active and reactive power flows are no longer strictly unidirectional.  
Due to factors like cloud transitions and sudden changes in wind speed, the intermittent nature of energy sources, such as wind and solar, introduces abrupt fluctuations in PSs. Moreover, the operation of distributed generation facilities with a consistent power factor, regardless of the grid's operating conditions, leads to a voltage increase at the connection point. When there are variations in the demand for electrical energy, maintaining a constant active power supply to the distribution system results in elevated line losses and reverse power flows from the distribution system to the transmission.  
To address these challenges, efforts are being made to reshape AS markets and facilitate the provision of ASs from both transmission and distribution system operators. Ongoing studies are focused on determining pre-qualification, procurement, activation, and settlement processes, as well as ensuring effective coordination between TSO and DSO [3; 38; 39].
###### Abstract  
_Background_: To investigate the accuracy and reproducibility of digital measurements of Little's Irregularity Index and to evaluate if different degrees of dental crowding could influence these measurements. _Methods_: The study included 40 dental models and 5 sub-groups were created according to the severity of the crowding. In both the digital models and the study cast, Little's Irregularity Index was recorded by measuring (1) the mesiodistal width of each tooth and (2) the arch lengths in both the maxillary and mandibular jaw. Two operators performed measurements on plaster and digital models using, respectively, a digital caliper and OrthoAnalyzerTM 3D software (3 Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark). Statistical analysis was performed to assess intra- and inter-operator variability, the accuracy between manual and digital measurements and if the amount of crowding could affect the accuracy of the digital measurements. _Results_: Concerning intra-examiner reliability, no statistically significant differences were detected (\(p>0.05\)). In the maxillary and mandibular arch, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) value was 0.996 and 0.997 for the analogic measurements and 0.998 and 0.978 for the digital measurements. For the maxillary arch, the mean difference between the analogic and digital Little's Irregularity Index (LII) measurements was 0.43 mm while for the mandibular arch the mean difference was 0.24 mm, showing some overestimation of the digital measurements (\(p<0.05\)). No differences were found according to crowding subgroups (\(p>0.05\)). _Conclusions_: Digital measurements of LII could be considered as a valid substitute of the gold standard analogical measurement.  
digital models; Little's index; space analysis; arch length discrepancy; dental crowding; digital dentistry
## 3 Finite-Element Modelling of Ventilated Brake Discs under the Action of Flow Fields
### Test Verification  
Compared with the solid brake disc, the ventilated brake disc has a unique heat dissipation structure, which can quickly dissipate the heat energy inside the brake disc into the air. In order to verify the accuracy of the finite-element model, the brake test was completed on a 1:1 high-speed train brake-testing machine, as shown in Figure 5. The test function was applied to both drum brake and disc brake, so some parts of the testing machine were simplified in the simulation model. The braking initial velocity and braking pressure in the initial test condition are the same as those in the finite-element simulation condition. Therefore, the data results can provide validation for the simulation model. Using the thermocouple measurement method, a thermocouple was arranged at the theoretical friction radius of the brake disc to effectively collect the contact temperature of the brake disc. The comparison between the temperature measurement results of the thermocouple node and the simulation results is shown in Figure 6. The \(x\)-axis indicates braking time, and the \(y\)-axis indicates temperature.  
It can be seen from the figure that the maximum temperature value during the test differs by 19% from the simulated maximum temperature value at the same time. The  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Classification** & **Total Elements** & **Total Nodes** & \(\boldsymbol{T_{1\,\text{max}}}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & \(\boldsymbol{T_{2\,\text{max}}}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & \(\boldsymbol{T_{3\,\text{max}}}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ \hline \hline Gird 1 & 17,655 & 6818 & 6818 & 308.34 & 307.81 \\ Gird 2 & 30,331 & 15,647 & 15,647 & 284.26 & 283.74 \\ Gird 3 & 59,744 & 21,390 & 21,390 & 263.99 & 263.19 \\ Gird 4 & 92,525 & 30,593 & 30,593 & 263.61 & 262.83 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Grid independence test.  
Figure 5: High-speed train brake-testing machine.  
Figure 6: Comparison of experimental and simulation results.  
initial temperature of the test is about 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the initial temperature of the simulation is 26.85 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Before braking for 29 s, the contact between the brake disc and the brake pads is uneven during the test, resulting in a lower temperature-rise rate than in the simulation. However, after 29 s, the finite-element simulation considers that the ventilated brake disc is subjected to forced convection during the braking process, resulting in faster heat dissipation, so the temperature will be slightly lower than the test temperature. During the test, there is a vibration between the brake disc and the brake pad, resulting in fluctuations in the temperature measured by the thermocouple. Comprehensively considering the influence of the test error, the simulation temperature change curve of the ventilated brake disc and the test brake temperature change curve are both parabolic, and the temperature change law is the same, so the test results demonstrate the correctness of the simulation model.
## 8 Strut-and-Tie Model Development
### Comparison and Discussion of Experimental and STM Results  
The shear capacities of both small-scale and full-scale PC beams from as-built, damaged, mortar repaired and CFRP repaired cases were calculated using the proposed strut-and-tie model. The results are summarized in Table 3. From the table, it is noted that in general STM yielded close results showing a difference within 11% as compared to experimental results. For small-scale beams, the shear capacities of the control and damaged case from STM were 5% lower than those from test, whilst the mortar repair case from STM showed only 4% higher than the experimental test in peak force. However, the results from STM were 11% lower and 10% higher than those from tests for control and damaged cases, respectively in full-scale girder testing. Such differences were attributed to the uncertainty of the material properties used in STM including the tensile strength of concrete and maximum and effective prestressing stress within strands. Such uncertainty of material properties resulted from the unknown loading history and deterioration the girders experienced within their service life.  
The value of \(\beta_{re}\) represented the effectiveness of CFRP applied to the damaged end region. For the small-scale beam, only the web concrete cover was removed, which allowed partial CFRP laminates bonded to the original concrete at the bottom flange. Such bonding to the original concrete enabled the FRP laminates to develop a higher strain during loading and to achieve the full potential with \(\beta_{re}\) close to 1. However, in the case of full-scale girders where the concrete cover was removed from the web through the bottom flange and CFRP laminates were attached atop the applied mortar, the response of the FRP laminate entirely depended on the behavior of the applied mortar. Moreover, the crack observed in Figure 9b compromised the integrity of the mortar layer, therefore, the effectiveness of the CFRP laminate was diminished showing the \(\beta_{re}\) value of only 0.26. Based on the different values of \(\beta_{re}\), it is clear that whether the repairs are performed on the web alone or both web and bottom flange would impact the effectiveness of FRP laminate in recovering the shear capacity. If only web requires repair, \(\beta_{re}\) is not necessarily needed in STM to predict the shear capacity. However, \(\beta_{re}\) should be considered in STM when both the web and bottom flange are repaired. More studies need to be conducted to determine a range of \(\beta_{re}\) for different repair cases.
# Cyber Physical Systems Dependability Using CPS-IOT Monitoring
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### The Impact of CTP, RPL, and LIBP on CPS Dependability
#### 5.4.4 Summary  
The results presented above reveal that the LIBP protocol leads to more nodes remaining in the susceptible state compared to other protocols on different performance profiles. This shows that it is more suitable for sensitive applications than RPL and CTP. RPL and CTP are cost-aware (using ETX metric) protocols and are more suitable for non-sensitive applications. These results reveal that a hybrid network engineering model that can combine interference-aware routing using LIBP and cost-aware routing using RPL or CTP might be an alternative to parameters adjustment and can provide a good trade-off between dependability in terms of safety and network overheads.
## 5 Vulnerabilities of SDN to LDDoS Attacks
### LDDoS Attack against Infrastructure Layer
#### 5.3.1 Data Channel Capacity  
A data channel is a connection that allows transferring the traffic between two or more OpenFlow switches. The data channel has a larger capacity than the control channel and has a large bandwidth [99]. Despite this, even though the impact of an LDDoS attack on data channel performance is currently unknown, an LDDoS attack can target it in several ways. An LDDoS attack may traverse through many switches before reaching the controller and entering the victim's network. Various data channels or links between switches will be blocked by rogue packets, making them more or less busy as a result.