# Optically Transparent Honeycomb Mesh Antenna Integrated into OLED Light Source  
[PERSON]  
1 Optics, Material and Systems Team, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaid University,  
Tetouan P.O. Box 2121, Morocco; [PERSON]DDRESS] (M.E.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.A.)  
[PERSON]  
2 Universite Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, LAPLACE, UMR 5213, (CNRS, INPT, UPS), 118 rte de Narbonne,  
31062 Toulouse, France; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (O.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.Z.) [PERSON]  
2 Universite Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, LAPLACE, UMR 5213, (CNRS, INPT, UPS), 118 rte de Narbonne,  
31062 Toulouse, France; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (O.P. ); georges.ziss  
means improvement in network coverage without increasing the visual or spatial impacts linked to their presence [8; 9]. With the expansion of the transparent device market, optically transparent antennas have great potential for newer wireless communication systems. The manufacturing process is based on the deposition of electrically conductive and transparent material on transparent substrates [10; 11]. According to the literature, the transparent materials used in the manufacture of these antennas are indium tin oxide (ITO) [12; 13; 14; 15], fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) [16], aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) [17], AgHT-4 [18; 19], AgHT-8 [20; 21; 22; 23]), ultra-thin metal film [24], and mesh structures [25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31]. The development of mobile devices benefits from the integration of antennas and transparent and flexible screen displays. The antenna-on-display (AoD) solution has already been implemented in the literature on OLED displays and Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs). The original concept of optically invisible AoDs has been studied and tested in high-resolution OLED touch displays for WiFi and Bluetooth applications in smartwatches [32; 33]. Furthermore, in [34], the authors presented a detailed study of an optically invisible antenna integrated into OLEDs and LCDs for smartphones. This antenna operates in the millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) band for 5G cellular applications. The techniques of diamond mesh and identical dummy grids are used to achieve optical invisibility and transparency. Dummy-grid structures are diamond-shaped and encompass the designed antenna region to eliminate any difference in optical transmittance. Similarly, Ref. [35] also presented an AoD that can eventually be integrated into display panels for the sub-6 GHz band. In addition, a simulation study of optically transparent antennas that can be integrated into OLED light sources was presented in [7; 36; 37]. All these studies were carried out to understand the operation of an antenna integrated into OLEDs without taking into consideration the effect of this integration on the display's color appearance. This paper presents the design and realization of a transparent and invisible antenna, designed using a honeycomb mesh for the 5 GHz WLAN band. This study focuses on two main challenges in order to examine the antenna integration effects on the OLED light source. The first is the transparent antenna design using the mesh technique. This analysis is based on a comparison between two antennas: a full-metal antenna and a honeycomb-meshed one. The honeycomb mesh technique is used to design the invisible and transparent antenna with high transparency and an acceptable sheet resistance value. The second one consists of antenna integration and its effects on the OLED panel's visual characteristics. For this purpose, this paper aims to study the colorimetric parameters of a warm white OLED after the integration of the transparent mesh antenna. It contains a physical realization of the concepts analyzed in [37], which presented a comparative study on the simulation results of transparent circular patch antennas integrated into OLEDs. It is important to note that the meshing technique to achieve optical transparency has been widely discussed in the literature [7; 25; 26; 37].