# Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Mediated Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
## 2 Budesonide Loaded Nanoparticles
With a mean particle size of 171 nm, the conjugate exhibited low polydispersity and a negative value of zeta-potential (\(-37.6\) mV). The developed nano-biosystems exhibited high drug loading efficiency (\(83.4\%\)), low early drug release (\(10\%\) in the first 2 h) and high cumulative drug release (\(72\%\) after 6 h). The therapeutic effects of the prepared budesonide-loaded NPs were assessed using a colitis model in rats [6]. The findings showed their superiority compared to conventional suspension, as shown by disease activity score, macroscopic studies, blood sugar levels and histopathology, being an effective colon drug-targeting nanoconjugate in the treatment of IBD. The non-ionic water-insoluble surfactant (Capryol 90) proved favorable and was preferred to conventional benzyl benzoate. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of two distinct nanocarriers was assessed by [PERSON] et al. [7] based upon the in vitro model, a PLGA-based nanocarrier and a polymeric nanocarrier approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). PLGA scaffolds for tissue regeneration were studied for their therapeutic potential in IBD treatment  
The purpose of the study was to engineer new nanoscale materials to be administered orally or rectally for the treatment of IBD. Their investigation was also focused on the molecular interactions of the drug at the site of inflammation using in vivo models. The authors compared the therapeutic efficacy of budesonide encapsulated in liposomes with budesonide-loaded PLGA nanoparticles in an inflamed 3D cell-culture model. Their findings showed the superiority of budesonide-loaded PLGA NPs over budesonide in free solution or liposomes. Transepithelial electrical resistance TEER values and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines indicated that the novel nanocarrier demonstrated greater anti-inflammatory efficacy, acting as depot systems with better drug entrapment. PLGA NPs illustrated their ability to elude preemptive absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract GIT, further limiting systemic exposure, and showing increased specific adherence to the inflamed tissue [7]. Tight junction proteins were also diminished considerably and thus they were able to highly accumulate at the site of inflammation. Nitroide radical-containing nanoparticles (RNPO) were designed by [PERSON] et al. [8] for oral administration, focusing on fecal bacteria analysis in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse models and in healthy controls in order to determine their impact on the gastrointestinal tract (Figure 1). The core-shell-type polymeric micelles, RNPO with a diameter of 40 nm were prepared by self-assembly of metoxy-poly(ethyleneglycol)-b-poly(4-[2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl]oxymethylstyrene), an amphiphilic copolymer with stable nitroxide radicals in a hydrophobic segment attached as a side chain via an ether linkage [8] (Figure 1). Study findings demonstrated that RNPO did not determine major shifts in gut microbiota, making it safe for use in the treatment of colonic inflammation. Consisting of PEG, a polymer with excellent biocompatibility, RNPO improved drug stability in the gastrointestinal tract and reduced immune responses and toxicity to gut microbiota. In fact, RNPO did not alter gut microbiota in healthy controls. Increasing numbers of commensal microorganisms, such as _E. coli_ and _Staphylococcus_ sp., were also observed in feces samples from mice with DSS-induced chronic colitis [8]. The nanostructured lipid carrier, which is a second-generation lipid nanocarrier showing higher drug loading capacity and stability, was assessed in a study by [PERSON] et al. as a potential drug-delivery system in the treatment of IBD [9]. Budesonide-loaded NLCs suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor by activated macrophages (J774 cells) via reduced neutrophil infiltration, lower interleukin 1 IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor [TNF levels in the colon and histologic improvement.