## 4 Discussion  
Both postural abnormalities and injuries can contribute to musculoskeletal pain [25]. The aim of the present study was to verify the relationship between the musculoskeletal pain of elite Polish goalball players and selected physique (body structure and composition) and posture characteristics (anteroposterior curvature of the spine, pelvic alignment). In the case of blind and visually impaired people, an important variable that can influence the incidence of musculoskeletal pain is body posture, particularly its anatomical anterior and posterior projections, which develops under altered biomechanical conditions (no visuomotor information and integration in the formation of the pattern of habitual upright posture). Posture development is a multidimensional process. It is influenced by internal factors, including the type and degree of disability, generating the emergence of internal compensatory mechanisms, and external factors, including lifestyle, responsible for the emergence of external compensatory mechanisms [9]. Their interdependence is not clear, at least in terms of the time of disability, and type of disability (amputation, monoplegia, paraplegia), nor has the strength of the impact of these factors on posture been demonstrated. Our research shows a relationship between the shape of lumbar lordosis and the incidence of musculoskeletal pain (in the habitual position, in trunk flexion and trunk extension). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Range of Motion (Flexion)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Range of Motion (Extension)**} \\ \cline{2-5}
**Player Number** & **TK** & **LL** & **TK** & **LL** \\  & **Value** & **Value** & **Value** & **Value** \\  & **Reference Range** & **Reference Range** & **Reference Range** & **Reference Range** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Player 3} & 17 \(\bullet\) & 67 \(\bullet\) & 14 \(\uparrow\) & \(-\)20 \(\bullet\) \\  & 6–28 & 56–74 & \(-\)22–6 & \(-\)28–(\(-\)10) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Player 4} & 7 \(\downarrow\) & 75 \(\bullet\) & 1 \(\bullet\) & \(-\)7 \(\downarrow\) \\  & 11–33 & 60–76 & \(-\)17–5 & \(-\)27–(\(-\)9) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Player 5} & 15 \(\bullet\) & 60 \(\bullet\) & 14 \(\uparrow\) & \(-\)11 \(\bullet\) \\  & 9–25 & 45–61 & \(-\)23–(\(-\)7) & \(-\)20-4 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Player 6} & 2 \(\bullet\) & 69 \(\bullet\) & \(-\)13 \(\bullet\) & \(-\)3 \(\downarrow\) \\  & 2–24 & 55–69 & \(-\)23–(3) & \(-\)24–(\(-\)8) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Player 7} & 11 \(\bullet\) & 70 \(\bullet\) & \(-\)9 \(\bullet\) & \(-\)13 \(\downarrow\) \\  & 6–28 & 56–74 & \(-\)22–6 & \(-\)28–(\(-\)20) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Player 8} & 22 \(\bullet\) & 70 \(\bullet\) & \(-\)8 \(\bullet\) & \(1\downarrow\) \\  & 6–28 & 56–74 & \(-\)22–6 & \(-\)28–(\(-\)10) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Player 9} & 7 \(\bullet\) & 67 \(\bullet\) & 13 \(\uparrow\) & \(-\)20 \(\bullet\) \\  & 6–28 & 56–74 & \(-\)22–6 & \(-\)28–(\(-\)10) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Player 10} & 4 \(\downarrow\) & 76 \(\bullet\) & \(-\)5 \(\bullet\) & \(-\)3 \(\downarrow\) \\  & 6–28 & 56–74 & \(-\)22–6 & \(-\)28–(\(-\)10) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Player 11} & 14 \(\bullet\) & 51 \(\downarrow\) & 0 \(\bullet\) & \(-\)10 \(\bullet\) \\  & 6–28 & 56–74 & \(-\)22–6 & \(-\)28–(\(-\)10) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Player 12} & 10 \(\downarrow\) & 58 \(\downarrow\) & \(-\)7 \(\bullet\) & \(-\)28 \(\uparrow\) \\  & 11–33 & 60–76 & \(-\)17–5 & \(-\)27–(\(-\)9) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{All players \(\overline{\pi}\pm\text{SD}\) (min–max)} & 12.2 \(\pm\) 8.3 & 65.6 \(\pm\) 7.3 & \(-\)0.9 \(\pm\) 9.9 & \(-\)11.9 \(\pm\) 8.3 \\  & (2–31) & (51–76) & (\(-\)13–14) & (\(-\)28–1) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* TK—thoracic kyphosis, LL—lumbar lordosis, \(\overline{\pi}\)—mean value, SD—standard deviation, \(\uparrow\)—above-normal value; \(\downarrow\)—below-normal value; \(\bullet\)—within reference limits.  
\end{table}