# Formation Mechanism and Response Strategies for Urban Waterlogging: A Comprehensive Review
## 3 Analytical Framework
### Theoretical Research
#### 3.1.3 Waterlogging Risk Assessment and Management  
The risk assessment of urban waterlogging is an important step in responding to extreme weather events and the urbanization process. To achieve a comprehensive assessment, it is essential to integrate factors such as climate change, urban expansion, and hydrological characteristics, employing a holistic risk analysis approach. As urbanization accelerates, the issue of waterlogging becomes increasingly complex, necessitating a thorough evaluation of various influencing factors and the formulation of management strategies [4].  
Waterlogging risk assessment relies not only on traditional analytical management models but also on the integration of multiple data sources and technical means to ensure more accurate early warnings and decision support. [PERSON] et al. [40] systematically reviewed 52 papers on flood risk management and found a lack of formal methods for climate modeling and the use of GIS tools. They proposed decision-making guidelines to support the effective implementation of urban flood management, providing new technological pathways for waterlogging risk assessment. [PERSON] et al. [41] proposed an urban flood risk early warning method based on a multi-indicator fuzzy assessment using the DPSIR model, incorporating five assessment indicators. They validated the effectiveness of the urban flood forecasting model using Dongguan City as a case study. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [28] introduced a probabilistic analysis method through global-scale flood hazard and land change modeling, systematically assessing the impacts of climate change and urban expansion on waterlogging risk. Their research indicated that as urbanization intensifies, both the frequency and intensity of waterlogging events significantly increase.  
With the intensification of global climate change, the uncertainty of waterlogging risk will be greater in the future. To address these challenges, waterlogging management strategies need to be more flexible and adaptive. [PERSON] et al. [44] explored the impacts of climate change and urbanization on flood risk management, introducing climate prediction models and their effects on rainfall patterns. They provided long-term decision-making guidance for decision-makers in a changing climate through multi-attribute utility theory and multi-dimensional decision analysis models. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [45] proposed an urban waterlogging risk assessment method that combines multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) with geographic information systems (GIS), using Changchun City as a case study. By calculating weights through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), their results indicated that this model is more reliable for waterlogging risk assessment. This multi-dimensional perspective aids in formulating more comprehensive urban flood prevention and emergency response strategies.  
Urban waterlogging risk assessment and management is a complex issue interwoven with multiple layers and factors. By integrating advanced technical means (such as hydrological models, GIS, remote sensing data, etc.) with green infrastructure, it is possible to mitigate the occurrence and losses associated with urban waterlogging. As climate change and urbanization accelerate, future waterlogging risk management will need to emphasize adaptability and flexibility, establishing scientific assessment and forecasting systems to respond to increasingly complex risk environments.