## 5 Studies on the Effects of _M. oleifera_ Leaf Extracts on Male Reproductive Function
### Environmental Toxicants and Heavy Metals
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model of the Study** & **Concentration of Moringa Leaf Extracts** & **Length of Treatment** & **Mode of Treatment** & **Male Infertility Risk Factors** & **Authors** \\ \hline Adult male Wistar rats & 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg ethanolic leaf extracts (daily) & 14 days & Intragastric gavage & Heat stress & [76] \\ V-line Rabbit bucks & 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg B.W. ethanolic leaf extracts (daily) & 12 weeks & Oral & Heat stress & [74] \\ White rats & 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg M. Oleifera leaf extracts (daily) & 14 days & Gastric gavage & Heat stress & [77] \\ (Rattis norpiecus) & Rabbit bucks & 2.5\%, 5\% and 7.5\% _M. Oleifera_ diet (daily) & 24 weeks & Oral & Heat stress & [75] \\ Adult Sprague Dawley & 500 mg/kg M. Oleifera extracts (daily) & 56 days & Intragastric gavage & chloride-induced & [82] \\ male rats & 1000 mg/kg M. Oleifera & 1000 mg/kg extracts (daily) & 35 days & Oral gavage & Cadmium-induced & [85] \\ Adult male Wistar rats & 500 mg/kg M. Oleifera leaf extracts (daily) & 8 weeks & Oral & Chromium-induced & [81] \\ Male Wistar rats & 50 mg/kg M. Oleifera leaf extracts (daily) & 8 weeks & Oral & Melamine-induced & [84] \\ Mature albino male rats & 200 mg/kg leaf extracts (daily) & 6 weeks & Oral & Lead-induced & [83] \\ Adult male Wistar rats & 100 mg/kg leaf extracts (daily) & 16 days & Oral & testicular damage & [83] \\ Male Sprague-Dawley & 200 mg/kg leaf extracts (daily) & 8 weeks & Oral & Electromagnetic & [78] \\ rats & 200 mg/kg leaf extracts (daily) & 8 weeks & Oral & radiations & [79] \\ Male Wistar rats & 200 mg/kg leaf extracts (daily) & 1 month & Gavrage & Electromagnetic field & [80] \\ White albino male rats & 200 mg/kg leaf extracts (daily) & 6 days & Oral & Electromagnetic field & [86] \\ Adult male Wistar & 300 mg/kg leaf extracts (daily) & 14 weeks & Oral & Obesity (High-fat & [86] \\  & albino rats & 100 mg/kg & 100 mg/kg & 14 weeks & Oral & Obesity & [87] \\ Young men, Omnivores & 350 mL of 10 g MLP, diet (10–30 g L.P) daily & 14 weeks & Oral & Diabetes & [89] \\ Swiss albino mice & 200 mg/kg leaf extracts (daily) & 21 days & Oral & Diabetes & [89] \\ Adult Wistar albino rats & 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg (daily) & 60 days & Oral & Diabetes & [88] \\ Male Wistar rats & 200 mg/kg & 28 days & Oral & Medication (HAART & [90] \\  & & & & therapy) & \\ Male Wistar rats & 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg (daily) & 3 weeks & Oral & Cryptrohidism & [95] \\ Male albino rats & 200 mg/kg (daily) & 2 weeks & Oral & Cryptrohidism & [94] \\ Male mice & 1200, 600 and 300 mg/kg (daily) & 6 weeks & Oral gastric swab & Food additive & [96] \\ Male Wistar rats & 10 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg (daily) & 7 days & Oral & Psychological & [92] \\ Male Wistar rats & 400 mg/kg (daily) & 2 weeks & Gastric gavage & Alcohol & [91] \\ Male Wistar rats & 50 mg/kg ethanol extract of Moringa leaves dissolved & 30 days & Oral & Ageing & [93] \\  & in 0.5 mL of 0.5\% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) diet & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Male infertility risk factors studied, _M. Oleifera_ extract, model of the study, length and mode of treatment.