## 1 Introduction  
Liver fluke infections caused by nematodes such as _Fasciola hepatica_ and _F. gigantica_ pose significant health risks to humans and animals, especially in regions reliant on livestock and aquaculture [1, 2]. These parasites can cause liver damage, secondary infections, and economic losses due to decreased productivity and treatment expenses. Considerable research has focused on mitigating fish-borne infections, particularly involving the liver fluke _Optishorchis viterrini_ and its complex life cycle [3, 4]. Adult _O. viverrini_ inhabit the bile ducts of definitive hosts, releasing eggs into freshwater via feces [5]. These eggs are consumed by _Bitlynia_ snails, where they develop through larval stages into cercariae [6]. The cercariae then infect freshwater fish, forming metacercariae, which can infect humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. Once ingested, the _metacercariae_ migrate to the bile ducts and mature into adult flukes, persisting in humans for up to 26 years [7]. Effective eradication of _metacercariae_ relies on thermal or freezing methods, with heating at 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min or higher temperatures being most efficient. Freezing between \(-20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C and \(-60\)\({}^{\circ}\)C for two hours yields similar results, although different freezing temperatures cause varying degrees of cyst wall damage [8; 9]. However, conventional heating methods like boiling and steaming may compromise fish texture, prompting exploration of alternative dielectric heating techniques. Dielectric methods--including RF, microwave, capacitive, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), and terahertz (THz) heating--use electromagnetic radiation to deliver uniform internal heat. These approaches aim to eliminate parasites while preserving fish quality. Table 1 summarizes their key applications and trade-offs in fish processing. Studies on fish from Thailand's Pasak Cholasid Reservoir show clear localization patterns of metacercariae: _Haplorchis pumilio_ was found predominantly in fish scales (95.29%), while _Centrocestus formosanus_ was mainly present in gills (72.28%) [10]. Similarly, cod fish exhibited high parasite density on the skin and outer muscle layers, with minimal presence in deeper tissues [9]. These parasitic diseases pose compounded socio-economic burdens, particularly in Southeast Asia, where _Opisthorchis viverrini_ is endemic. Infections are linked to traditional dietary practices and poorly managed aquaculture, especially in Northeast Thailand (Isaan), a region with the highest prevalence of liver fluke infection and high rates of cholangiocarcinomaocarcinoma [11; 12; 13; 14]. Aquaculture in this area suffers reduced productivity and marketability due to these parasites [12]. _Cirrhinus microlepis_, a key freshwater species in the Mekong region, plays crucial ecological and economic roles by supporting biodiversity and small-scale fisheries [15; 16; 17]. However, it faces multiple threats--including parasite infection, overfishing, and habitat degradation--necessitating conservation and improved farming practices. Current liver fluke control methods face limitations. Chemical anthelmities like trichapendazole are losing efficacy due to resistance and rising environmental concerns [18]. Management approaches and vaccination strategies also face challenges in scalability and