esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# The Advancement of Virtual Reality in Automotive Market Research: Challenges and Opportunities
## 3 Results
### Scientific Mapping  
Search in the Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and IEEExplore knowledge databases identified 13 articles that may provide the identification of challenges, opportunities, and advances that can be applied to VR in automotive market research. Table 1 shows these selected articles. We analyzed these 13 studies facing the research questions presented in Section 2.2. Those two questions are addressed separately in the following subsections. Q1: How has Virtual Reality (VR) supporting market research in the automotive industry? The analyzed articles are applied in different fields of knowledge and application since the searching criteria were focused on the automotive business and VR's applicability in market research. In addition to some papers being researched in multiple areas, three different fields of application can be identified with specific articles: (a) Automotive--related to VR applicability in the automotive business, (b) Retailing--related to VR applicability on selling environments such as virtual stores, supermarket, commercial transactions, or similar, and (c) Advertising--the use of Virtual Reality for product advertising via websites. There are papers that have been investigated in a variety of fields rather than just one. Figure 5: Group classification over the years. Several uses of VR in the automotive industry have been discovered in the literature, including: (a) technical design review [9; 22; 24; 26], where automaker employees apply VR to study design evaluations among others; (b) manufacturing feasibility analysis [9], where VR is used to understand early in the development process if parts can be assembled and/or transported without issues, etc. ; (c) driving simulations and habits [9; 24] where automaker employees virtually simulate driving habits, driving vehicle performance, driver distractions analysis, etc. ; (d) training [9; 23] where training on car service, maintenance procedures, assembly process, dealers employees interaction with new vehicles, etc. and (e) ergonomics [9; 24] where automaker employees understand if the vehicle is ergonomically performing in relation to end users' requirements or if automakers employees can manufacturer the vehicle in an ergonomic way, preventing them from injury during their day-to-day work. Since the area of research of this article is the automotive marketing research performed with end users, it is crucial to understand the type of users who were researched in the articles selected through the systematic literature review as long as they identify learnings that can apply to product development. All studies on the retailing and advertising fields were conducted with end users, whilst those in the automotive field of application were based on input from automaker employees. There are limited mentions of VR tools applications with end automobile customers in the various application articles. For example, Virtual Reality is applied to a few procedures involving customers, although it is unclear whether the authors mean that
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Elemental Composition Analysis (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX))  
The elemental composition of the TiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles formed by the thermal treatment technique was determined using EDX. The EDX spectrum of TiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles calcined at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C is illustrated in Figure 3. From the spectrum, it can be seen that the Ti and O elements are clearly presented in the prepared sample by their corresponding peaks. The recorded atomic percentages of Ti and O were approximately 29.13% and 64.57%, respectively. These results indicated that the final product is nearly pure titanium dioxide (TiO\({}_{2}\)) nanoparticles.
# Low-Latency Short-Packet Transmission over a Large Spatial Scale
## 4 Asymptotic Performance Analysis for Long-Distance Short-Packet Transmission
### The Blocklength-Power Tradeoff  
In this part, we determine the blocklength and power tradeoff with a given maximal error probability \(\epsilon^{\text{max}}\).  
Applying Theorem 3 and \(\frac{(\gamma+1)^{2}}{\gamma(\gamma+2)}\approx 1\), we have:  
\[Q^{-1}\left(\frac{\epsilon^{\text{max}}}{L}\right)\approx\sqrt{\bar{n}}\left( \ln(1+\bar{\gamma})-\frac{k\ln 2}{\bar{n}}\right). \tag{52}\]  
When the number of relays \(L\) is fixed, we can see that the average blocklength \(\bar{n}\) should decrease with the average transmission power \(\bar{\gamma}\). This result corresponds to the resource allocation property in Theorem 1.  
When the number of relays \(L\) is not fixed, we can substitute the functions \(E^{th}(L)\) and \(N^{th}(L)\) into Equation (52). For example, since:  
\[\begin{split}\bar{\gamma}&=\frac{E^{th}(L)}{N^{th} (L)}\\ &=\frac{E^{th}(L)}{L\bar{n}},\end{split} \tag{53}\]  
we have:  
\[Q^{-1}\left(\frac{\epsilon^{\text{max}}}{L}\right)\approx\sqrt{\bar{n}}\left( \ln\left(1+\frac{E^{th}(L)}{L\bar{n}}\right)-\frac{k\ln 2}{\bar{n}}\right). \tag{54}\]  
Similarly, we have:  
\[Q^{-1}\left(\frac{\epsilon^{\text{max}}}{L}\right)\approx\sqrt{\frac{E^{th}(L )}{L\bar{\gamma}}}\left(\ln(1+\bar{\gamma})-\frac{Lk\bar{\gamma}\ln 2}{E^{th}(L)} \right). \tag{55}\]  
Equations (54) and (55) indicate a tradeoff between \(\bar{n}\) and \(\bar{\gamma}\). Other types of \(E^{th}(L)\) and \(N^{th}(L)\) are also applicable. However, this topic exceeds the scope of this paper.  
More importantly, it is worth pointing out that Equation (52) reveals whether a transmission is possible by increasing the number of relays with the given error probability, overall energy, and latency requirements.
## 5 Experiments
### Analysis of the Results
For example, the SPMD program compiled with the V9 version on Docker with 64 computing processes performed 0.67% faster than the SPMD program compiled V7 version with the same configuration (Docker machine with 64 computing processes). Percentage differences of program median execution time between V7 and V9 for MasterSlave and SPMD are very small. For MasterSlave, it is always below one percent except for 64 computing processes (2.48%) and for SPMD, it is always about one percent (0.67-1.14%). For the DAC program (-O2 flag compilation selected), percentage difference between V7 and V9 for 1, 2, 4, 8.16 and 32 computing processes is about 17% in favor of V9. Figure 14: Host and Docker comparison of execution times; orange points denote the overhead of Docker while blue points correspond to minimally better Docker execution times. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Computing**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Program**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **DAC** & **MasterSlave** & **SPMD** \\ \hline
1 & V9 (17.26\%) & V9 (0.17\%) & V9 (0.98\%) \\ \hline
2 & V9 (17.00\%) & V9 (0.15\%) & V9 (1.00\%) \\ \hline
4 & V9 (16.98\%) & V9 (0.14\%) & V9 (0.90\%) \\ \hline
8 & V9 (16.85\%) & V9 (0.10\%) & V9 (1.14\%) \\ \hline
16 & V9 (16.67\%) & V7 (0.15\%) & V9 (1.04\%) \\ \hline
32 & V9 (15.89\%) & V7 (0.73\%) & V9 (0.94\%) \\ \hline
64 & V9 (14.26\%) & V7 (2.48\%) & V9 (0.67\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Better compiler version using Docker. For 64 processes, the V9 version is approximately 14% faster. When using the -O3 flag for the DAC program, differences between a program compiled with compilers of versions V7 and V9 are similar to those shown in Table 9 for MasterSlave and DAC.
# Heterogeneous Wireless Networks for Smart Grid Distribution Systems: Advantages and Limitations
## 5 Performance Study
### HWNs for Future Distribution System Applications  
Figure 7 can provide some guidelines about the ability of the proposed architecture to satisfy real-time constrains in some future distribution system applications. As an example, we show here that the HWN-based architecture is capable of supporting an automated fault-detection application for grid self-healing purposes. The three phase current waveforms and the synchrophasors generated during normal and fault conditions are illustrated in Figure 8. A double line-to-ground fault (ABG) occurs at time instant 0.11 s as detected on the current waveform. Based on a reporting rate of 50 frames per second, the synchrophasor measurements during normal operation are reported every complete cycle (0.02 s) at time instants 0.06, 0.08, and 0.01 (in seconds) and at time instants 0.12 up to 0.22 s during fault condition. Due to a stable 50 Hz frequency, the synchrophasors show a steady change in the magnitude and no change in the angle. These synchrophasors can be used to automatically detect and report the fault condition.  
In order to investigate the performance of our proposed architecture in this application, a reporting rate of 10 frames per second is selected. The proposed MCUs of the distribution substations are set to continuously report every five complete cycles (100 ms). These units should report eight synchrophasor measurements (three-phase line and neutral currents, three-phase voltages, and rate of change of frequency) each of 4 bytes in size with a speed of 10 samples per second. This results in a data packet size of 320 Bytes for each substation. These data packets can be transferred simultaneously from the seven substations within an end-to-end delay of 9.6 ms using the proposed HWN configuration. Recently, IEC 61850-90-1 has defined the communication requirements (in terms of message types and transfer times) between substations [36; 38]. The obtained end-to-end delay (9.6 ms) meets the most stringent delay requirement for IEC 61850-90-1, which is assigned to message performance class (MPC) Type 1 and Type 4 (maximum 10 ms transfer time) [38] according to Table 4. Indeed, the packet size for these message types tends to be smaller, and hence can be transferred in a shorter time using the  
Figure 8: Current waveforms and synchrophasor measurements during normal operation and a fault condition.  
proposed architecture. Moreover, this estimated end-to-end delay also sufficiently meets the delay requirements of different PMU wide area monitoring and control applications [26; 39].  
Generally, data transfer times of similar order of magnitude or smaller can be achieved for larger packet sizes by increasing the 3G data rate as revealed in Figure 3. However, this comes at a higher operation cost. Therefore, the data size and the number of involved substations should be controlled by the system operator in order to report this data within the required time constraint.
# A Systematic Review of the Effects of Nutrient Intake in Handball Players on Exercise Performance
## 4 Discussion
### Minerals  
Most of the studies included in this review that refer to micronutrients include data on iron intake and status in male and female handball players. All studies with female athletes showed intake values below recommendations [26; 29; 30; 31], or ferritin levels <30 ng/dL and/or Hb values <12 ng/dL [31; 45; 56; 57; 58]. These data are in agreement with other observations made in other athletes in ball team sports, yielding worrying data on the sports performance of these athletes related to iron status [122; 123]. Furthermore, these values contrast markedly with the male population, where a better dietary iron intake is observed within male vs. female handball players themselves [35; 51]. These data suggest the need to establish dietary interventions with iron (e.g., diet rich in Fe and heme iron, intake of synergistic compounds that favour Fe absorption such as vitamin C, avoiding Fe-rich foods with high levels of hepcidin, etc.), given the possible increase in iron requirements of female athletes after handball [122; 123; 124].  
Low calcium intake may contribute to an added risk of low bone mineral density and risk of fractures, especially in athletes with low energy availability [10; 125]. Calcium intakes in handball athletes are shown to be highly variable between different handball athletes [18; 25; 29; 30; 52]. However, several studies show calcium intakes well below the RDA, accompanied by very low energy intakes in both male and female handball athletes [18; 25; 29]. This could be of concern given the lower BMC and BMD values in handball athletes with lower calcium intakes and sun exposure [52]. Intakes of 1500 mg of calcium per day may be recommended to optimise bone health in handball athletes with low energy availability or those players with menstrual dysfunction [10]. However, further studies are needed to evaluate calcium recommendations in relation to adequate energy intake and vitamin D status on bone health in handball athletes of different disciplines and ages. Finally, some studies show lower than recommended intakes of magnesium in the diets of handball athletes [18; 32]. Only one study involving male and female handball players met the RDA of 400-420 mg/day for males aged 14-70 years and 310-320 mg/day for females aged 14-70 years [35; 126]. These data are consistent with other observations in athlete and non-athlete populations and point to the importance of assessing this micronutrient in handball athletes for proper muscle function [18; 127; 128].
## 4 Numerical Results
### Analysis of Algorithm's Robustness
Second, by comparing the two images for coin size five and nine in Figure 9 (all the images for \(2\geq m\geq 10\) from Figure A7 in Appendix E show in general the same behavior), it can be seen that the relative stability further improves with increase of the coin size. For practical realizations of QRWS, the registers should have a large number of qubits(qudits). Thus, the expected improvement of the relative stability of the algorithm for a large walk coin register would lead to more robust experimental implementation of the QRWS algorithm. Figure 8: (Color online) R.m.s. deviation of the probability \(p(\phi,\alpha,m)\), given by Equation (19), for walk coin of size \(m=5\) (on (**a**)) and \(m=9\) (on (**b**)). The dark central area represents high robustness of the quantum algorithm for small deviations of the algorithm’s parameters. The dashed gray, dash-dotted blue, and the solid green lines correspond to \(\alpha=0\), \(\alpha=-1/(2\pi)\), and \(\alpha=\alpha_{ML}\). In this section, we studied in more detail the stability of the QRWS algorithm constructed with an alternative walk coin. The results show the existence of a large area around the optimal coin parameter values with very small r.m.s. deviation of the probability \(p(\phi,\alpha,m)\) to uncertainties in both angles \(\phi\) and \(\alpha\). If we compare the stability of the proposed QRWS algorithm to the one with the commonly used walk coin, an increase in the relative robustness is observed for higher coin register size. The results show strong indication that, despite introducing an additional parameter \(\alpha\) for the walk coin operator, and in this way adding more possibilities for noise, the algorithm is more stable than the one studied in [44], where the angle \(\zeta=\pi\). These new results can be used for easier and robust implementation of QRWS algorithm.
# Uncertainty Analysis of Multisource Land Cover Products in China
## 3 Results  
### Area Uncertainty  
A comparison of the forest and nontree vegetation areas of the three land cover products for 2001-2012 was shown in Figure 1, and the area percentage and deviation coefficient of the land cover types are shown in Table 3. In general, the three products were highly consistent in the study area, and nontree vegetation was the main land cover type. Nontree vegetation accounted for approximately 40% of the total area in the study area, and forests accounted for approximately 13-18%.  
Figure 1: Interannual variabilities of (**a**) forests and (**b**) nontree vegetation for MODIS, CCI, and VCF products.  
The uncertainty in the land coverage for the three products was explored. The overall deviation of the range was 2-17%. The uncertainty between the quantitative VCF product and the semiquantitative ESA CCI product was small for the forest area. The difference in the area was 8%, and the deviation range was 4.56 and 12.22%, respectively. When studying the area of nontree vegetation, the uncertainty between the qualitative MODIS product and the semiquantitative ESA CCI product was small, and the consistency was strong. The area difference was 8%, and the deviation ranges were 2.87 and 9.52%, respectively. Semiquantitative products performed better when the area coverage was monitored since semiquantitative products are the conversion of qualitative products to quantitative products, and as a result have both qualitative and quantitative properties. The time series changes in forest cover were monitored. The results showed that between 2001 and 2012, the forest coverage area of MODIS products continued to increase, with an average annual increase of 1.3%. VCF products first increased and then decreased, and they increased overall, with an average annual increase of 0.6%. The increase in ESA CCI products was not obvious, and the total amount remained unchanged. The time series change in nontree vegetation cover was monitored. The results showed that between 2001 and 2012, the nontree vegetation coverage area of MODIS products continued to decrease, with an average annual decrease of 0.3%. VCF products first decreased and then increased, and the total amount remained unchanged. The increase or decrease in ESA CCI products was insignificant, and the total amount remained unchanged. The three products had large uncertainties in the area and time changes, and the opposite conclusions were obtained. The quantitative VCF product was more sensitive to land cover changes, while the semiquantitative ESA CCI product was not sensitive to land cover changes.
## 1 Introduction
Finding straightforward environmentally friendly techniques to create ZnO nanoparticles with increased antimicrobial properties is thus a crucial and ongoing research challenge [18; 19]. Infectious diseases are the leading cause of morbidity in many nations, which is likely due to microbial drug resistance, poverty, and an increase in the unfavorable side effects of antibiotics. These consequences can be solved by developing antimicrobial medicines that originate from plants because they contain a variety of phytochemicals [20]. Several plant extracts, including those of [PERSON] sabdariffa L. [21], Hertia intermedia [22], Lavandula stoechas [23], and Lavandula angustifolia [24], have been utilized to functionalize ZnO nanoparticles, which were subsequently assessed for antimicrobial activity. Due to its specific characteristics, such as the use of easily available plants, simplicity, and large variety of ZnO-NP morphologies, subject to the plant extract used, plant-based fabrication is appealing compared with other biological techniques [25]. It has been revealed that lavender plant species have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties [26; 27; 28]; accordingly, people all around the world have long utilized extracts from many species of lavender to cure illnesses, such as migraines, colic pain spasms, etc. [29]. _L. pubescens_ shoot methanol extract was found to have potential antimicrobial action [30]. In our study, we fabricated ZnO nanoparticles using zinc chloride solution and _Lavandula pubescens_ shoot methanol extract, and we then treated _Staphylococcus aureus_ and _Pseudomonas aerogenes_ (bacterial strains), and _Aspergillus niger_ and _Aspergillus terrus_ (fungal strains). We aimed to assess the antimicrobial potential of ZnO nanoparticles dispersed in water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by measuring the zone of inhibition (ZI), minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal/fungicide concentration (MBC/MFC).
## 1 Introduction
Because of this integration, service delivery is enhanced by dynamically changing network characteristics in response to customer requests. The SDN also improves security via centralized management and permits control over power usage, which makes networks more adaptable, scalable, and effective. Social benefits of the proposed methods enable more personalized and efficient services for IoT users, leading to increased convenience and improved quality of life. This research can contribute to economic growth and efficiency by reducing network congestion and optimizing resource allocation, ultimately lowering operational costs for service providers and potentially stimulating innovation and investment in IoT technologies. The novel aspects of this research utilize state-of-the-art IoT and a software-defined network (SDN) that might include new algorithms, methodologies, or frameworks developed to address challenges in user-centric service scheduling within SDN environments. The main contributions and novelty of this paper are:  
1. To address the challenge of simultaneous scheduling and power allocation utilizing the Controlled Service Scheduling Scheme (CS3). 2. To use deep recurrent learning and probabilistic balancing for power allocation and service distribution during user-centric concurrent sharing intervals. 3. To train the learning model to alleviate power deficits across succeeding intervals. 4. To assess the efficacy of the proposed design by using matrices such as power consumption, service distribution ratio, delay, failures, and outages. The remaining part of the study includes Section 2, covering the literature review; Section 3, covering the topics of the proposed study along with performance outcomes; and finally, the paper concludes in Section 4, along with future studies.
## 3 System Model and Problem Formulation
### System Model
#### 3.1.1 Network Model
Furthermore, the controllers can be arranged through a flat or hierarchical structure. A hierarchical structure consists of multiple local controllers and a logically centralized root controller [35]. In this case, the local controllers handle frequently occurring events, while the root controller handles rarely occurring events. The controllers communicate with each other based on events and asynchronously. Meanwhile, the root controller employs a subscription-based approach to communicate with the local controllers. In a flat architecture, strict consistency algorithms such as the Raft algorithm are often used between controllers to maintain data consistency for all controllers to have a global view [36]. At the same time, controller-synchronized traffic shares the data plane links with the traffic of controller-managed switches. Therefore, updating forwarding rules between controllers at regular intervals is essential for efficient packet processing. We assume that the capacity of each controller is the same as its packet processing rate, which is defined as \(Ca\). The flow request rate of switch \(i\) is defined as \(\lambda_{i}\), and each switch can be managed by only one controller. Since the traffic in the network is changing dynamically, we assume that the time interval of synchronization between controllers is \(p_{sync}\). At the same time, we assume that the communication frequency between switches and controllers is disregarded.