# BIM and GIS Applications in Bridge Projects: A Critical Review
## 3 Analysis
### Operation and Maintenance
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Examples** & **Application Type** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Key Outcome**} & **Limitations** \\ \hline
[79] & BMS & \(\bullet\) & Tool developed to provide users with an intuitive, organized method for querying, evaluating, and managing bridge inspection data that are collected over time. & \(\bullet\) & As the number of bridges increase in the database, it may become difficult for the user to find particular bridges in the BridgeDex-map. \\ \hline
[80] & Bridge Maintenance (BMD) & \(\bullet\) & A central server capable of reading and displaying weather forecast data by calling GIS functions. & \(\bullet\) & The inaccurate risk index is affected by the predicted weather data. \\  & Decision (BMD) & \(\bullet\) & Dangerous road segments can be pinpointed on a digital map. This visualization function provides great convenience to decision makers during emergencies. & \(\bullet\) & Models estimated herein might not be directly transferable to other states or might require calibrations before using in other states. \\ \hline
[81] & Bridge inspection & \(\bullet\) & Developed a GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making system without extra data collection effort while yielding high confidence in obtaining optimal prioritization solutions for bridge maintenance and repairs. & Lack of dynamic analysis of the impact of bridge site selection on operation and maintenance. \\  & & \(\bullet\) & GIS interface can easily visualize bridge information and facilitate the decision-making process. & \(\bullet\) & More projects are needed for application. \\ \hline
[52] & BMS & \(\bullet\) & Database management system that can house basic information about a bridge, the inspection record, maintenance and reinforcement history, and images; system provides a variety of information queries and automatically generates documentation needed for a comprehensive bridge evaluation. & \(\bullet\) & GIS and ANN technologies need to be applied to more projects to verify their adaptability. \\ \hline
[84] & Bridge evaluation & \(\bullet\) & Network map reconstructed using GIS data; when the intensity of ground motion is determined at the locations of a bridge, the probability of damage can be calculated from seismic fragility curves. & \(\bullet\) & GIS and ANN technologies need to be applied to more projects to verify their adaptability. \\ \hline
[85] & BMS & \(\bullet\) & Makes BMMS more interpretable through dynamic color coding and more sophisticated visualization techniques than the conventional tabular data format. & \(\bullet\) & There are still some inaccuracies in local color coding. \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Geostatistical analysis was carried out in which the settlement of study areas were defined by producing color images. & \(\bullet\) & Limited historical information about protection of old bridges. \\ \hline
[86] & BMD & \(\bullet\) & Decision making tool for the renovation of obsolete bridges and tunnels. & \(\bullet\) & Limited historical information about protection of old bridges. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._For the operation and maintenance stage, Table 5 shows that the bridge management personnel developed BMS [12; 14; 15; 16; 17; 36; 44; 45; 51; 52; 73; 77; 78; 84; 85; 86] based on BIM/GIS technology to facilitate bridge inspection/monitoring [14; 37; 38; 39; 40; 43; 44; 47; 48; 49; 50; 77; 78; 81; 79; 80; 81], bridge evaluation [12; 14; 16; 37; 41; 42; 43; 48; 49; 50; 52; 73; 75; 77; 88; 81; 85], bridge maintenance decision making [43; 46; 51; 52; 82; 83] and bridge structural health recovery [14; 39; 45; 71; 72]. Bridge operation and maintenance management personnel collect timely data through monitoring equipment or manually. The data are then transferred to bridge management systems. In the system, the collected data are processed first [50] and then used for a bridge health assessment to inform operation and maintenance decisions.