## 2 Literature Review
### Application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Bridge Projects  
Building Information Modeling (BIM), as defined by Autodesk, is the process of creating and managing information for a built asset using an intelligent model and a cloud platform, integrating multidisciplinary data throughout the asset's lifecycle--from planning to operations. Pioneered by [PERSON], BIM has evolved into a comprehensive methodology encompassing product representation, collaboration, and lifecycle management, widely adopted for its benefit to project stakeholders [1; 55; 56; 57; 58]. BIM has advanced significantly in global engineering construction, covering the entire project lifecycle, including quality control, cost management, scheduling, data handling, clash detection, and maintenance simulations through 3D data models. Integrating BIM into information frameworks reduces costs, enhances visualization, ensures data accuracy, and improves project integration. A Stanford University study found that BIM use can lead to a 40% reduction in change orders, a 10% decrease in contract costs, and a 7% reduction in project durations. However, widespread BIM adoption faces challenges in countries like the UK, Canada, the US, China, South Africa, Ghana, Australia, and India, including financial constraints, cost-benefit concerns, resistance to new practices, and legal issues. Additionally, BIM's use in operations and maintenance is limited due to stakeholders' lack of understanding and integration challenges with traditional contracting methods. Thus, a comprehensive study of BIM's practical applications in construction is necessary to fully explore its benefits and challenges [5; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68]. BIM is an emerging technology in bridge construction that enhances design quality, collaboration, and feasibility through precise 3D models [5; 29; 69]. The ISO 19650 standard guides its implementation, aligning with UK 1192 standards and the UK BIM Framework to manage information efficiently throughout a building asset's lifecycle [70; 71; 72]. Studies highlight BIM's role in improving infrastructure, particularly in complex bridge projects requiring high accuracy. A key strategy for advancing bridge management with BIM is to use a specialized information schema that boosts coordination and efficiency across all stages of a bridge's lifecycle, from design to construction [29]. A strategic plan for implementing BIM in bridge projects includes identifying BIM applications at various project stages, designing processes with process maps, defining BIMdeliverables through information exchanges, and establishing connections to support implementation. A Bridge Information Modeling (BrIM) framework has also been developed, integrating features from Bridge Management Systems (BMS), such as databases, inspection modules, and condition assessment tools. This framework aims to build a comprehensive bridge component database, generate inspection spreadsheets, and enhance time and cost management by automating cost estimation and performance measurement during project execution [31; 32; 33]. Bridge projects have developed various BIM-based solutions to enhance design and construction efficiency, with a focus on design phases, construction sequences, and process monitoring. One conceptual framework integrates BIM with advanced imaging and computation technologies to enhance asset management. To optimize maintenance, a visual framework assesses the condition of concrete bridge elements, and structural assessments use BIM-IoT strategies. Furthermore, studies have highlighted the enhancement of bridge management systems by integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In order to deepen understanding of BIM's potential impact on the industry, further research is necessary to achieve more precise and reliable outcomes, as these efforts advance BIM applications in bridge construction and management [8; 13; 15; 72; 73; 74].