## 3 Results and Discussion
### Network Visual Mining
#### 3.2.2 Metadata Analysis by Visual Mining  
The METNs corresponding to the 174 ABFPs were constructed considering their source database and origin. Similar to the previous visualization, nodes were displayed by color and size. Red nodes represent source databases and origin, respectively, while the ABFPs are in gray (Figure 5A,B). Node size was scaled according to their betweenness centrality values, which is based on the shortest path between two nodes. Thus, this type of centrality is the number of shortest paths that pass through a target node, particularly on the red nodes representing \"database\" and \"origin\".  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **HSPN—Cutoff 0.65** & \\ \hline
**Atypical Peptides** & **Total** & **Peptide Name** & **Cluster** \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Singletons} & \multirow{5}{*}{20} & starPep\_0002 & \\  & & starPep\_00739 & \\  & & starPep\_02281 & \\  & & starPep\_02383 & \\  & & starPep\_02400 & \\  & & starPep\_02730 & \\  & & starPep\_03693 & \\  & & starPep\_0404* & \\  & & starPep\_05305 * & \\  & & starPep\_05447 * & \\  & & starPep\_05964 & \\  & & starPep\_06255 & \\  & & starPep\_06358 * & \\  & & starPep\_08001 & \\  & & starPep\_09934 * & \\  & & starPep\_09989 * & \\  & & starPep\_10637 * & \\  & & starPep\_14812 * & \\  & & starPep\_16445 * & \\  & & starPep\_18706 * & \\  & & starPep\_04274- & \\ Isolated Community & 2 & starPep\_04424 & (6) \\  & & starPep\_13860 *- & (28) \\  & & starPep\_13861 * & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Atypical ABFPs with no toxicity reported. Those highlighted in bold show a variety of activities other than antibiofilm.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Atypical peptides identified by the HSPN at a similarity cutoff of 0.65. Particularly, the singletons and isolated communities made up of two peptides are detailed.  
As shown in Figure 5A, the 174 ABFPs registered in StarPepDB were mainly collected from BaAMP [27], the Structurally Annotated Therapeutic database (SATPdb) [58] and Database of Antimicrobial Activity and Structure of Peptides (DBAASP) [59], which are represented by larger nodes with the highest connection with the ABFPs. While BaAMP and DBAASP entries were carefully collected from the literature, the SATPdb was built from 22 peptide databases that included BaAMP [27] and others similarly dedicated to specific activities such as AVPdb (antiviral) [60], ParaPep (anti parasitic) [61], Hemolytik (hemolytic) [62], CancerPPD (anticancer) [63], etc. It was also built from generic AMP databases such as DAMPD [64], APD [25], CAMP [65], LAMP [66], DRAMP [67], etc. Such databases that integrated SATPdb were represented as smaller red nodes, sharing fewer edges with the ABFPs.  
Most of the ABFPs come from synthetic constructs and are represented by the largest node or hub in the network (Figure 5B). However, other natural sources have also provided ABFP scaffolds for further modification/optimization. Among the most contributing taxonomic groups are the Bacteria, Homininae, Similiformes, Pan and Bos (Bos Taurus). Therefore, this information can guide the discovery and design of antibiofilm agents from peptides. Particularly, it can inform us of the most relevant ABFPs databases and the main sources/origins of promising ABFP scaffolds.