# A Comprehensive Review of Developments in Electric Vehicles Fast Charging Technology
## 3 Advanced Infrastructure for DC Fast Charging for Electric Vehicles  
A crucial aspect of the evolving electric vehicle landscape involves the development of advanced infrastructure for fast DC charging. This consists of implementing state-of-the-art systems and technologies that enable efficient and fast charging of electric vehicles [120].. Table 2 provides the power level charging ratings and classification standards of the different charging stations. The levels are categorized based on the supply system, maximum power rating (in kW), and maximum current rating (in A). DC fast charging, commonly referred to as Level 3 charging, offers much faster charging times [62]. It makes use of a higher-voltage power supply, often in the 400 to 800 volt range, which makes it possible for EVs to charge significantly more quickly, frequently providing up to 80% charge in as little as 20 to 30 min [62]. The trend involves integrating renewable energy sources and energy storage systems into fast-charging networks to reduce their environmental impact and bolster sustainability. Planning approaches, simulation models, and optimization techniques are scrutinized to refine charging station locations and grid integration. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is gaining attention for its potential to ease the strain on the power grid and enhance reliability. However, detailed assessments of its operational mode in planned stations are limited. Integrating V2G into fast charging infrastructure planning is emerging as a strategy to optimize power system analyses, although current research often sidelines this aspect in favour of prioritizing losses and voltage stability [2]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**EV Specifications** & **Ref** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Inductive** \\ **Charging** \\ **Rating (1–10)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Ultra-Fast** \\ **Charging** \\ **Rating (1–10)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **DC Fast** \\ **Charging** \\ **Rating (1–10)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Tesla Super-** \\ **charges** \\ **Rating (1–10)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Bidirectional** \\ **Charging** \\ **Rating (1–10)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Battery** \\ **Swapping** \\ **Rating (1–10)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Convenience & [82; 83; 84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89; 90] & (7) & (9) & (8) & (10) & (4) & (7) \\ \hline Safety & [91; 92; 93; 94; 95; 96] & (5) & (8) & (7) & (9) & (7) & (8) \\ \hline Durability & [97; 98] & (6) & (6) & (6) & (8) & (6) & (7) \\ \hline Integration with Infrastructure & [25; 61; 96; 99; 105] & (4) & (5) & (8) & (7) & (5) & (4) \\ \hline Compatibility & [89; 92; 106; 107; 108; 109; 111; 112; 113; 114; 115; 116; 117; 118; 119; 120; 121; 122; 123] & (3) & (7) & (7) & (3) & (5) & (7) \\ \hline Battery Degradation & [61; 107; 109; 111; 112; 113; 114; 115; 116; 117] & (5) & (6) & (5) & (5) & (5) & (5) \\ \hline Scalability and & [3,24; 98; 118; 119; 120], & (6) & (7) & (6) & (9) & (7) & (5) \\ \hline Efficiency & [43; 65; 72; 89; 118; 120; 121; 122; 123] & (4) & (8) & (8) & (8) & (6) & (8) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Electrical vehicles fast charging techniques vs. EV specs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Level of Charging Rating (A)** & **Supply System** & **Maximum Power Rating (kW)** & **Maximum Current Rating (A)** \\ \hline Level 1 (AC) (IEC) & 240 V & 4.7 & 16 \\ \hline Level 2 (AC) (IEC) & 240 V & 11.5 & 32 \\ \hline Level 3 (AC) (IEC) & 415 V & 90 & 250 \\ \hline Fast DC Charging (DC) (IEC) & 600 V & 150 & 400 \\ \hline Level 1 (AC) (SAE) & 120 V & 2 & 16 \\ \hline Level 2 (AC) (SAE) & 208–240 V & 20 & 80 \\ \hline Level 3 (AC)(SAE) & 300–920 V & 120-350 & 500 \\ \hline Fast DC Charging (DC) (SAE) & \(-400\) V & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Power level charging rating [121; 122]. Many important elements and factors contribute to the sophisticated infrastructure needed for DC fast charging.