## 2 Materials and Methods
### Systems Designing
The reference system (semi-permanent split lateral layout) as control was designed for the farm using a butterfly nozzle (SP3302) with 7 m radius, 6.8 m lateral as well as sprinkler distance. The split literals (two laterals) being transferred lengthwise and had 3 to 4 sprinklers on each to operate concurrently. Sprinklers were working at 3 bar pressure and 0.167 L/S flow. The primary planning parameters for CPL and split lateral are assessed and listed in the below table (Table 2). Figure 3: CPL sprinklers trapezium overlapping pattern. Spraying intensity and hydro-module were calculated according to the lateral discharge rate divide to the slice area. As calculating it for each sprinkler will give different answers, hence the average spraying intensity was used. To choose the right pump and power unit, the amount of the TDH and friction loss were computed using the Hazen William formula. The velocity control margin of 0.6 to 1.6 m/s was applied to examine if the selected pipes diameter is suitable [31; 32]. The demonstration park (where the examination was done in) was not in a windy area, therefore the wind drift impacts were not considered. Table 3 shows CPL system components versus split lateral system in detail. The similar required components for both layouts include gauge pressure, air vacuum/release valve, pump, and water filter are not listed in this table but are accounted for in table number 4 where the systems total costs are calculated. Energy requirements in kilowatt hours are metered as a function of system flow rate, total dynamic head, working hours, and pump efficiency. Pump power consumption in kilowatt was measured according to the below equation [33]:  
\[P=\frac{Q\times H}{102\times E_{p}} \tag{2}\]  
in this formula (Equation (2)), P: is the pump power requirement per kw, \(Q\): the total system flow rate in liter per second, \(H\): The total required head in meter, \(E_{P}\): the pump efficiency (here was 70 percent). The designed telescopic lateral length for CPL in this study was 60.2 m out of which 18.2 m was the corner arm. A total of 30.5 m was laid as 2 inches and the rest as 1-inch diameter pipe. The lateral was extended straight across the farm toward the end since no accompanying outlet valve was needed. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Item** & **Unit** & **Split Lateral** & **CPL** \\ \hline Type of the sprinkler (China Drip brand) & - & Butterfly Nozzle & RS5022-7 * \\ Operating pressure of the sprinkler & Meter & 30 & 20–30 \\ Discharge rate of the sprinkler/s & Liter per second & 0.167 & 0.02–0.33 \\ Radius of the sprinkler/s & Meter & 6.8 & 2.5–12.5 \\ Sprinklers distance on lateral & Meter & 6.8 & 2.7–11.6 \\ Laterals distance & Meter & 6.8 & 12.5 \\ Number of laterals used & Pieces & 2 & 1 \\ Number of set moves & Times/day & 2 & 2 \\ Number of lateral moves & Times/revolution & 8 & 7 \\ Systems total flow rate & Liter per second & 1.17 & 1.07 ** \\ Average Spraying intensity & Millimeter per hour & 12.98 & 10.36 \\ Total Dynamic Head (TDH) & Meter & 39.46 & 38.84 \\ Number of days in one watering cycle & Days & 15 & 15 \\ Required depth of water & Millimeter & 112.5 & 112.5 \\ Required time for irrigation & Hours & 8.67 & 10.86 \\ Hydro module & Liter/second/hectare & 0.87 & 0.87 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Outmost sprinkler type. The rest are provided in Appendix A; ** This is the average system flow rate taking into account the corner arm is only operating in 2–4 out of 6 positions.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: CPL and split lateral layouts designing criteria. Figure 4: Flags used to specify the directions (**a**) and CPL corner arm with rotating ability (**b**). As for the split lateral layout, 2\" PVC tubing was designed for main pipe buried from the water resource along the side to the mid and then crossing the middle of the plot to supply the 2 connected laterals. The tubing size for the 44.4 m of the main pipe was 2\" and remaining 27.2 m as 1\" pipe was applied.