## 3 Results and Discussion
### Microbial Communities in the Soil of 7- and 13-Year-Old Wild-Simulated Ginseng Plantations  
As it is posited that microorganisms residing in the soil impact plant growth differently, we examined the soil microbial community in 7- and 13-year-old WSG plantations (Figure 3). Distinct clustering was observed within the soil microbial communities of 7- and 13-year-old WSG plantations. Upon analyzing the relative abundance at the phylum level (Figure 3A), _Proteobacteria_ recorded the highest relative frequency, accounting for 65.1% of the total soil microbial community in the 7-year-old WSG plantation, followed by _Actinobacteria_ (15.2%), _Bacteroidetes_ (10.6%), and _Acidobacteria_ (2.9%). Conversely, in the 13-year-old WSG plantation, _Proteobacteria_ also dominated, with a relative frequency of 80.0%, followed by _Actinobacteria_ (8.5%). However, unlike in the 7-year-old WSG plantation, _Acidobacteria_ (3.3%) was not substantially different from _Bacteroidetes_ (2.8%). Figure 3: Clustering and relative abundance of bacterial community of wild-simulated ginseng experimental sites. Relative abundance of the phylum and top 15 classes in 7- and 13-year-old wild-simulated experimental sites using phylotype-based analysis of taxonomy. (**A**) phylum; (**B**) class. Red box means the clusters of microbial community in each experimental site. Upon evaluating the relative frequencies at the class level (Figure 3B), it was found that _Hologhage_ exhibited the highest relative frequency of 42.6% in the 7-year-old WSG plantation, followed by _Optituate_ (16.2%), _Plancomyctetia_ (14.3%), _Armitomonadia_ (10.4%), and _Pedosphaerae_ (7.9%). Conversely, in the 13-year-old WSG plantations, _Hologhage_ remained the most prevalent at 55.6%, similar to its presence in the 7-year-old plantation, followed by _Armitomonadia_ (13.5%), _Optituate_ (12.4%), _Plancomyctetia_ (6.7%), and _Ch chloroplast_ (2.7%). Forest soils, including alpine regions, are recognized as acidic soils characterized by low soil pH, with _proteobacteria_ and _Acidobacteria_ predominating in the microbial communities of these soils, as indicated by phylum-level analyses [43; 60; 61; 62]. _Proteobacteria_, _Actinobacteria_, _Acidobacteria_, _Bacteroidetes_, _and Firmicutes_ have also been reported as dominant in both domestic and international cultivation sites for ginseng and WSG [63; 64; 65; 66]. These bacterial groups colonize the rhizosphere soil of cultivated WSG and ginseng, contributing to growth, the biosynthesis of active compounds, and plant defense against pathogens through their interactions with soil and plant systems [67; 68]. In the current study, the effective phosphoric acid content was observed to be significantly higher in 13-year-old WSG plants than in 7-year-old plants (Figure 1). With increasing cultivation duration in WSG, the effective phosphoric acid content in the soil decreases due to soil acidification; however, this trend is influenced by phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, which convert insoluble phosphorus into soluble form [69]. When comparing the soil microbial communities between 7- and 13-year-old WSG cultivars, _Proteobacteria_ were more prevalent in the latter, constituting 65.1% and 80% in the respective age groups (Figure 3A). Plant compartments will host distinct community structures and exhibit different responses to plant age [70]. Also, in the analysis of MiSeq sequencing of ginseng transplantation soils, the abundances of some bacterial classes decreased, and some fungal genera increased with the increasing age of ginseng plants [71]. Among the microorganisms within the _Proteobacteria_ group, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria are remarkably diverse [72; 73; 74], and it is likely that _proteobacteria_ contributed to increased free phosphate content in soil in 13-year-old WSG plantations [75]. [PERSON] et al. [76] demonstrated that treatment with the _Providencia ettgeri_ strain in saline soils enhanced soil biochemical properties and promoted plant growth by solubilizing insoluble phosphorus, while [PERSON] et al.