## 3 Results and Discussion
### Results of Overall Energy Savings Achieved with the Optimal Shading System  
Our study shows that, in hot climate regions, the primary energy consumption for cooling is significantly sensitive to the shading systems installed in the window openings. For the case study, the implementation of the WSHA-5 system in residential buildings minimised cooling's primary energy consumption in all cases. In this sense, an estimation of the overall energy savings in the residential building sector, differentiated for each of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Configuration** & **SFH-1** & **SFH-2** & **SFH-3** \\ \hline WSHA-1 & 30.31 kWh/(m\({}^{2}\cdot\)year) & 27.81 kWh/(m\({}^{2}\cdot\)year) & 32.22 kWh/(m\({}^{2}\cdot\)year) \\ WSHA-2 & \(-9.8\%\) & \(-9.7\%\) & \(-8.4\%\) \\ WSHA-3 & \(-23.8\%\) & \(-23.2\%\) & \(-19.6\%\) \\ WSHA-4 & \(-6.5\%\) & \(-6.5\%\) & \(-6.3\%\) \\ WSHA-5 & \(-29.5\%\) & \(-28.7\%\) & \(-24.9\%\) \\ WSHA-6 & \(6.4\%\) & \(6.1\%\) & \(9.9\%\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Variation in primary energy consumption for cooling by window shading system compared to the base case (WSHA-1). Figure 8: CO\({}_{2}\) emissions of cooling by window shading system and dwelling type. Figure 7: Primary energy consumption for cooling by window shading system and dwelling type. the study islands, was made for the particular case of the scenario in which the optimal shading system is implemented in the SFHs. Figure 9 shows the results obtained for each of the islands of the Canary archipelago. The current primary energy consumption in the residential sector was calculated based on the latest official data on energy consumption in the residential sector in the Canary Islands for 2022 [46]. In absolute terms, the islands of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and Lanzarote have the highest energy reduction potential, while El Hierro has the lowest. This is mainly due to the fact that the former have the largest total surface area of SFHs in hot climate areas. In relative terms, energy savings of more than 9% can be achieved on the islands of La Gomera and Fuerteventura (see Figure 10). It is concluded that, for the general case study, the implementation of the optimal shading system in the SFHs achieves a total energy saving of 151.23 GWh/year, equivalent to a reduction of 5.40% of the total energy consumption of the residential building sector of the archipelago. Considering the latest official emissions factor for electricity generation in  
Figure 10: Relative residential energy demand savings for each island with incorporation of the optimal shading system (WSHA-5) in the SFHs. Figure 9: Reduction in residential energy consumption of each island with incorporation of the optimal shading system (WSHA-5) in SFHs. the archipelago (0.575 tCO\({}_{\text{2-eq}}\)/MWh [46]), this energy saving would avoid emissions of 86,956 tCO\({}_{\text{2-eq}}\)/year. Bearing in mind that the average price for CO\({}_{\text{2}}\) emission allowances in 2022 was 80.87 EUR/tCO\({}_{\text{2-eq}}\)[47], the potential economic saving for this reason would be 7,032,131.7 EUR/year. The insular and isolated nature of the Canary Islands' electricity systems implies very high electricity generation cost overruns, which are borne by the national electricity system operator. Taking into account the latest official data for the year, the average cost of electricity generation in the archipelago was 224.81 EUR/MWh [46]. In this sense, the energy savings achieved according to the above example represent an economic saving for Spain's electricity system operator of 33,998,016.3 EUR/year. If to this is added the potential economic saving from emission allowances, the total economic savings could amount to 41,030,148 EUR/year.