## 4 Discussion
### Integration with BIM Models  
BIM is a digital approach to managing project information throughout its lifecycle. It allows projects to be digitally explored, including their physical and functional aspects, before construction begins. BIM helps deliver projects faster and more cost-effectively, while reducing environmental impact, safety risks, and hazards. It also improves design, visualisation, performance simulation, cost estimation, and documentation accuracy, along with resource planning, management, and monitoring [79]. The construction industry is increasingly adopting BIM, particularly for incorporating safety measures throughout the lifecycle of a building. Technological advances in BIM have also paved the way for proactive safety solutions in the design and management of construction sites [80]. Studies show that BIM can be used effectively for occupational safety planning and accident prevention, improving overall safety management [81]. The management of information using BIM tools allows for a different level of evaluation of the preventive measures to avoid construction accidents and assess the risks present in construction. There are data on the use of BIM to incorporate prevention in the design phase, to simulate construction phases to analyse risks, to draw up contracts with \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Indoor Positioning** & **Precision** & **Power Consumption** & **Cost** & **Response Time** \\ \hline Wi-Fi & Low & High & Very low & Long (\(\sim\)1–4 s) \\ BLE & Low & Low & Low & Very short (\(\sim\)20–30 ms) \\ RFID & Moderate to high & Low to moderate & Low to moderate & Short (\(\sim\)30 ms) \\ UWB & High & Low & Moderate to high & Moderate (\(\sim\)300 ms) \\ Indoor GNSS & Moderate to high & Moderate & Moderate to very high & Short/long (\(\sim\)25–100 ms/\(\sim\)1 s) \\ Image processing & Low & High & Very low & Long (\(\sim\)2–3 s) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Performance comparison of key positioning technologies [76]. guarantees on prevention levels, to use mobile devices during the execution of work, to use tracking devices to control operations, and to analyse prevention measures during the operation and maintenance phase [82]. BIM has been used to integrate design, risk assessment, and prevention, enabling comprehensive safety management in construction by addressing occupational risks such as falls from height and incorporating them into the building design, demonstrating its applicability to both complex and standard projects at all stages of the construction process [79]. Several BIM technologies, such as BIM design algorithms and rules for automatic safety verification of models, semantic modelling based on safety management knowledge ontologies, and model-based analysis of construction processes to identify hazards, can be used to monitor occupational risks [83]. In addition, 4D BIM is used for occupational risk prevention during the design phase, using BIM-based safety planning and site layout [84]. Virtual reality (VR) is also used for virtual hazard identification and visualisation, as well as for vocational training [21]. BIM is valued for its ability to identify, assess, and manage risk early in the design and construction process [85; 86]. The 3D BIM models and 4D design simulations provide a comprehensive view of site conditions and construction phases, enabling project risks to be visualised and allowing designers and contractors to identify hazards, design issues, and safety solutions early on, while 4D models are used for site safety planning [15]. BIM has also been used to automate the detection and prevention of fall hazards, particularly at slab edges [87]. In addition, 4D BIM improves project management by enabling the visualisation, assessment, and prevention of risks throughout the project lifecycle. Combining BIM with tools such as online databases, virtual reality, and 4D schematics improves safety management [88]. [PERSON] et al. [46] and [PERSON] et al.