# A Survey of Blockchain Applications for Management in Agriculture and Livestock Internet of Things
## 4 Applications of Blockchain in Agricultural and Animal Husbandry IoT
### Building Trust Frameworks  
In today's digital era, the establishment of a robust and effective trust framework is critically important, particularly in scenarios involving intricate transactions and interactions with multiple stakeholders. Initially, blockchain technology ensures the authenticity and durability of data via its intrinsic feature of immutability. Each transaction documented on the blockchain undergoes verification by several nodes within the network, securing its permanent record that is impervious to alteration or erasure. This immutability lays a solid groundwork for establishing a reliable trust framework, allowing all involved parties to depend on the veracity and permanence of these records. Additionally, the inherent transparency of blockchain significantly bolsters trust. In numerous blockchain applications, the details of transactions and records are accessible to all engaged parties. Although participant identities may be shielded through anonymity or pseudonymity, this level of transparency ensures that all stakeholders have real-time visibility of transaction records, thereby enhancing the system's transparency and fostering a heightened sense of accountability. In summary, the significance of devising a trust framework is paramount, especially in contexts involving complex transactions and engagements with multiple parties. Blockchain, as a pioneering technology, is instrumental in fostering such a trust framework through its unalterable data recording and transparent transactional procedures. In the realm of the IoT, particularly in relation to the supply chains for agricultural products, significant issues of transparency and traceability are prevalent. Consumers frequently encounter challenges in authenticating the claims made on product labels regarding sustainable agricultural practices and social responsibility. This dilemma not only undermines consumer confidence but could also lead to potential risks in food safety. Furthermore, the presence of counterfeit and misleading environmental marketing claims poses a substantial challenge to the trust established between consumers and brands, consequently influencing consumer purchasing decisions. To address this issue, paper [109] introduced a Third-Party Certification (TPC) approach that amalgamates smart contracts and blockchain tokens, aimed specifically at certifying plant-based agricultural products. Originating at the harvesting phase, this approach allows for the precise tracking and authentication of each harvest's origin and volume. By utilizing Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and improved Ethereum smart contracts, the method in the paper not only increases the system's transparency but also strengthens its tamper-resistance, effectively enhancing consumer trust in the product's origin and quality. In a similar context, paper [110] introduced blockchain and encryption technologies; this approach leverages decentralized, unalterable, and traceable features, enhancing agricultural product traceability. It not only ensures a robust and transparent method for managing traceability data, but it also applies encryption algorithms to ensure data security on the blockchain, safeguarding data integrity with fine-grained access control. The agricultural product traceability system (APTS), depicted in Figure 9, encompasses the entire lifecycle of agricultural goods, including production, processing, storage, distribution, and retail. This process encompasses a broad range of participants, including farmers, processors, warehouse managers, logistics service providers, retailers, and end consumers, all subject to the strict oversight of regulatory bodies. These authorities are responsible for overseeing identity verification, access management, and data governance. As illustrated in Figure 9, the system's logical framework captures comprehensive data spanning the agricultural product's journey from inception to consumption, incorporating a range of data types, including structured and unstructured.