# Corn Plant In-Row Distance Analysis Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery and Row-Unit Dynamics
## 4 Conclusions  
Based on the results presented in previous sections, the following conclusions can be delineated:  
1. UAV photography has been demonstrated to be an effective method for the rapid assessment of corn populations at the V4 growth stage. In future research, trials should  
Figure 11: The relationship between vibration parameters of the seeding row unit and seeding quality parameters for the ground-truth data (orange dots) and for the Mask R-CNN data (blue dots): RMS compared to Miss index (**a**), Multiple index (**c**), quality of feed index (**e**), and standard deviation (**g**) and peak-to-peak compared to the Miss index (**b**), Multiple index (**d**), quality of feed index (**f**), and standard deviation (**h**). be conducted at various developmental stages of corn and at different population densities to provide a comprehensive understanding of the algorithm's capabilities and limitations. 2. Mask R-CNN had superior performance, correctly identifying 96.5% of all plants. It outperformed the VARI-based unsupervised classification method, which achieved a recognition rate of 57.5%, and TM, which achieved a recognition rate of 55.4%. By developing a user-friendly mobile or PC application, potential users can practically utilize the Mask R-CNN algorithm for rapid evaluation of maize plant counts, automating the processing of images captured by phone (or drone) cameras. Nonetheless, the model can be susceptible to overfitting, particularly when trained on smaller datasets, and its computational demands can pose challenges for real-time deployment. 3. Additionally, employing techniques such as data augmentation and transfer learning may further boost accuracy and robustness. By addressing these factors, we aim to advance the capabilities of plant detection methods and contribute to the broader field of precision agriculture. The working speed of the seeder directly affects the vibration characteristics of the seeder unit. As the speed increases, the vibration energy also increases. Most seeding quality evaluators exhibit significant positive associations with both vibration amplitude and energy, aside from a negative correlation between the occurrence of multiples and vibrations. To reduce the detrimental effects of vibration on seeding performance, the seeder's design might be improved by incorporating a counter accelerator or a specialized dampening suspension system for the seeding unit. This would effectively eliminate the negative impact. The results of the vibration analysis of the current study can serve as a starting point for the development of a warning system for real-time adjustments of a seeder's travel speed, maximizing the seeding accuracy. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app142210693/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app142210693/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app142210693/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app142210693/s1)), Table S1: Soil physical properties; Figure S1: Maps of the soil properties. Conceptualization, M.M.K. ; methodology, M.M.K. and Z.G. ; software, M.M.K., R.W. and A.S.; validation, M.P. and A.C.T. ; formal analysis, B.I. and A.S.; investigation, R.W., B.I. and M.P. ; resources, A.C.T. ; data curation, Z.G., B.I. and A.C.T. ; writing--original draft, M.M.K. and Z.G. ; writing--review and editing, M.M.K. and A.C.T. ; visualization, M.P. ; supervision, M.M.K. ; funding acquisition, Z.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs under grant agreement no. 739570 (ANTARES), through which the general research topic was identified as part of the ANTARES Joint Strategic Research Agenda. The project development of a decision support system for agricultural production using data fusion and artificial intelligence was financed by the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (grant no.