# Geometry and Kinematics of the Central Fault Zone, Fula Sag, Central Africa Shear Zone
## 5 Fault Throw Analysis  
After the horizons and faults were interpretated, the 3-D fault plane and the throw attribute (Figure 4) could be created and displayed by corner point gridding in the Structural Modeling module, PETREL software, which shows the throw variation in the main faults of the CFZ, with the color contours on the fault plane corresponding to the throw values. This can also give us a better understanding of the segmental characteristics of the entire fault plane. Fault F\({}_{1}\) (Figure 4a) has four local throw maximum points distributed on the fault plane, indicating that the fault is connected by four fault segments, among which the fault throw contours of faults F\({}_{1-1}\), F\({}_{1-2}\), and F\({}_{1-3}\) on the south are roughly fused into one. The darkest color appears at fault F\({}_{1-2}\), which indicates that fault F\({}_{1-2}\) is the most active among three fault segments. The local throw maximum points of all four fault segments occur at the top of the Bentiu Formation, suggesting that all four fault segments have been active since the Darfur period. Fault F\({}_{3}\) (Figure 4b) has four local throw maximum points distributed on the fault plane, indicating that the fault is segmented into four fault segments, among which the fault throw contours of F\({}_{3-2}\), F\({}_{3-3}\), and F\({}_{3+4}\) on the north side are entirely fused into one. The darkest color at fault F\({}_{3-3}\) indicates that fault F\({}_{3-3}\) is the most active among four fault segments. The local throw maximum points of all four fault segments segments occur at the top of the Bentiu Formation, suggesting that all four fault segments have been active since the Darfur period. Similarly, it can be seen that fault F\({}_{2}\) (Figure 4c) is composed of two larger faults F\({}_{2-1}\) and F\({}_{2-3}\) and connected to a smaller fault F\({}_{2-2}\). Figure 3: 3D visualization of the seismic geobody (**a**) and interpretation (**b**) showing detailed fault structures in the Fula-Moga transfer zone. Its location is shown in Figure 1. The main faults, F\({}_{1}\) and F\({}_{3}\), overstep in map view and that have the divergent dip direction. The Fula-Moga transfer zone is located in the middle CFZ. It appears to be a host, and gradually transits to the north and south as a breached relay ramp. Throw-distance graphs (T-X) for individual main faults F\({}_{1}\), F\({}_{3}\), and F\({}_{2}\) associated with the CFZ have been generated (Figure 5a-c). These plots record how fault throw varies with extension distance for a total of five layers from the top of the Amal Formation to the top of the AG\({}_{2}\) Member, which allow us to recover the segmental growth process of these faults. Throw-distance graphs allow the observation of more subtle throw variations that may be masked or overlooked. Fault F\({}_{1}\) (Figure 5a) is approximately 30 km long, and the integral fault throw of each layer is generally characterized by a high middle and low sides. For the same layer, fault F\({}_{1}\) has four local maximum points and three local minimal points distributed from south to north, and these extreme points are evenly distributed in the longitudinal direction. The local maximum points represent the local depositional centers corresponding to the period, and the local minimal points correspond to the lateral connection points of the fault segments. Thus, it can be seen that fault F\({}_{1}\) is segmented into four fault segments, namely F\({}_{1-1}\), F\({}_{1-2}\), F\({}_{1-3}\), and F\({}_{1-4}\). Each layer sees a rapid descent in fault throw from south to north, which indicates that fault F\({}_{1-2}\) in the south is the most active, with the faults' activity intensity dropping dramatically to the north. For each fault segment, the throw increases from the top of the Amal Formation to the top of the Bentiu Formation and then decreases gradually.