esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Virtual Power Plant Optimization in Smart Grids: A Narrative Review
## 4 VPP Applications in Smart Grids
### Local Energy Autonomy
Multiple scenarios are taken into consideration with different perspectives that are evaluating the profit in the VPP in 2020, 2030, and 2050. The model is built on mixed-integer nonlinear programming with discrete variables and equations for nonlinear networks. The model objective is to minimize emissions but at the same time maximize profits. The system is optimized with a multi-objective particle swarm concept [113] where multiple algorithms are combined to obtain profit. Two of these algorithms are the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm [114] and Pareto archive evolutionary strategy [115]. The results showed that renewable energy consumption increased in 2050 by almost 46%, directly proportional to the profits. India exploits solar energy to provide solutions for environmental threats or raised prices of fuels [89]. A case study was done at a large scale where the govern ment helped in deploying distributed renewable such as solar PV. The VPP helped in correlating and scheduling the PV resources and the storage to offer flexibility and high availability [90]. The model was used with a customer adoption model tool using linear programming. Multiple types of storage were used to create VPP, such as battery energy, ultra-capacitor energy, flywheel energy, and superconductor energy. A VPP for energy autonomy can be realized if the cost minimization, the increase of reliability, and the peak-load reduction are considered as objectives. Table 4 summarizes the usage of DERs in different approaches for achieving energy autonomy.
# Effect of Probabilistic Similarity Measure on Metric-Based Few-Shot Classification
## 5 Experimental Results  
In order to verify the performance of our proposed method, we conducted experiments using three datasets: Omniglot [33], Multi-PIE [32], and GTSRB [34]. Since the purpose of the experiments is to see the effect of the probabilistic similarity measure, we mainly compare its performance with the conventional model with Euclidean distance. Each dataset was divided into training data and test data. With the training set, the embedding network was trained using the Adam optimizer. The learning rate started at \(10^{-3}\) and halved every 5000 episodes. The training continued until convergence of loss value, which took at least 50,000 episodes. For the performance evaluation, the classification accuracies for 600 test episodes were calculated and averaged various \(N\)-way \(K\)-shot settings. Since the proposed method needs at least two samples to compose the difference vector set \(\Omega\), we set \(K=5\), which is a common setting in the conventional works. Instead, we investigated the performance change according to the increase in the number of ways \(N\), which is practically more important but is not addressed in the previous works.
# Analysis of Dual-Band Direction of Arrival Estimation in Multipath Scenarios
###### Abstract  
The present paper analyzes the performance of localization systems, based on dual-band Direction of Arrival (DoA) approach, in multi-path affected scenarios. The implemented DoA estimation, which belongs to the so-called Space and Frequency Division Multiple Access (SFDMA) technique, takes advantage of the use of two uncorrelated communication carrier frequencies, as already demonstrated by the authors. Starting from these results, this paper provides, first, the methodology followed to describe the localization system in the proposed simulation environment, and, as a second step, describes how multi-path effects may be taken into account through a set of full-wave simulations. The latter follows an approach based on the two-ray model. The validation of the proposed approach is demonstrated by simulations over a wide range of virtual scenarios. The analysis of the results highlights the ability of the proposed approach to describe multi-path effects and confirms enhancements in DoA estimation as experimentally evaluated by the same authors. To further assess the performance of the aforementioned simulation environment, a comparison between simulated and measured results was carried out, confirming the capability to predict DoA performance.  
indoor localization; directional of arrival; multipath; dual band; full-wave simulation; unmanned ground vehicle; indoor autonomous driving +
Footnote †: journal: _artictic
## 6 Discussion  
* The cycloconverter is a candidate substitution for the VFD in the future, due to its smaller size and components. Many research works are focusing on the design of the cycloconverter, considering the aim of achieving less size and components with less total harmonic distortion at the same time.
* The proposed method in this research uses five Triac switches in the cycloconverter to create five modes in order to change the frequency to one third and one fourth the normal frequency (50 Hz). Four indicators (THD, TDR/P, TBV/V and no. of switching devices) are used to evaluate the proposed cycloconverter with other state of the art methods. The results show that the proposed method has the lowest THD and has better TBV/V than [10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. The proposed method has less components than [11; 12; 13; 14] but more than [10] by one switch, which enables lower THD.
* Two physical experiments were carried out to prove the validation of the expected and simulated results of the proposed cycloconverter to convert frequency to one-third and one-fourth of its value. The physical experiments results behave the same as those of the simulated and expected ones.
* The proposed cycloconverter can be used in a wide variety of applications such as water pumping using renewable energies, cement factories, steel factories, and all of the heavy industries [27; 28]. Many new applications are going to benefit from the proposed cycloconverter, such as floating photovoltaics applications in dams [29], where pumping control is very important in standalone applications, as well as offshore wind, tidal, and waves generation control in standalone and grid tied applications in terms of gates and pumps control [30]. The proposed cycloconverter can also be used in the controlling of solar thermal energy systems and biomass converters [31; 32]. The cycloconverter can also be used in small and large scale hydro pumped energy storage systems, especially in buildings [33]. One other application is ultraviolet water disinfection systems, as the system includes a variable speed motor pump unit [34].  
In future research, the authors will focus on the application of the proposed technique on the standalone wind energy generation for feeding factories.
# Advanced and Potential Methods for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado Peel--A Review
## 6 Conclusions and Outlook  
To sum up, bioactive compounds shall be produced sustainably. Advanced techniques have been applied to extract bioactive compounds of avocado peels to improve efficiency and thus minimize the extraction process's negative impact on the environment. Advanced techniques are more efficient in terms of extraction yield than traditional methods. For extracting bioactive compounds from the avocado peel, there are some advanced methods that have been applied, including (a) microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), (b) ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), (c) enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), (d) pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), (e) supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), (f) natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) extraction, and (g) three-phase partitioning (TPP). On the other hand, some other advanced methods have been applied to extract bioactive compounds from the avocado peel, including (a) pulsed-electric field extraction (PEF), (b) high voltage electric discharge plasma (HVED), (c) centrifugal partition extraction (CPE), and (d) surfactant-mediated extraction (SME). An in-depth investigation of each extraction technique may be fascinating for future studies. The yield may increase even more by using a mix of these strategies. A combination of at least two new technologies may be used to increase the extractability of compounds. Moreover, this review clearly shows that some new technologies still need to be implemented to extract compounds from the avocado peel. Therefore, exploration in this area may be interesting for future research. However, researchers working in this field should consider integrating such necessary information to understand the impact of each new extraction process on the yield and quality of compounds in the avocado peel. Furthermore, researchers must investigate the degrading effects of each new technique on phytochemical compounds, their metabolites intermediates, and their biological implications in vitro and in vivo.  
Conceptualization, D.R.A.M. and K.F.; methodology, D.R.A.M. and S.A.; validation, S.A. and K.M.; formal analysis, D.R.A.M.; investigation, S.A. and A.N.R.; data curation, S.A. and A.N.R.; writing--original draft preparation, S.A. amd D.L.N.F.; writing--review and editing, D.R.A.M. and D.L.N.F.; supervision, M.R., E.J. and K.F.; project administration, D.L.N.F., M.R. and E.J.; funding acquisition, D.R.A.M., M.R., E.J. and K.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Financial support was received from Universitas Sebelas Maret in the framework of Riset Kolaborasi Indonesia (RKI) 2022 as part of PTNBH Consortium of Indonesia (No. 872.1/UN27.22/PT.01.03/2022).  
No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.  
The authors thank the PTNBH Consortium of Indonesia for providing the research collaboration facilities.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Monocular Facial Presentation-Attack-Detection: Classifying Near-Infrared Reflectance Patterns
## 4 Presentation-Attack-Detection Experiment  
A set of experiments are designed to evaluate effectiveness and robustness of the proposed material-spectroscopy-based facial presentation-attack-detection (PAD) approach. Live actors and their corresponding spoofing attacks (paper mask, spandex mask, customized COVID mask and display-replay) are evaluated under various lighting and positions. These attacks are selected based off NIST ISO 30107 Levels A and B, facsimiles generated from photos [8]. It is proposed that near-infrared illumination introduces differences in the facial reflectance due to surface geometry and albedo, which can be robustly classified using texture methods. This is verified by benchmarking a panel of 10 relevant deterministic and deep-learning algorithms. Note that the evaluation requires collecting a novel dataset; current open-source datasets do not contain sufficient illuminated near-infrared imagery. Furthermore, this is the first dataset to introduce fabric and customized COVID masks.
## 4 Optimization of the Mixed Flow Pump
### Optimization Result  
The Pareto front of the first case is shown in Figure 12. It is observed that, as the pump efficiency at 1.2 Qdes decreases, the pump efficiency at 0.8 Qdes increases, which means that there is a competitive relationship between the two optimization objectives. According to Equation (10), three different impeller configurations (F1-F3) were selected on the Pareto front for further study.  
\[\text{F1}:\ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\text{Maximize}\ \eta_{1.2}\\ \eta_{0.8}>80.48\end{array}\right.\ \text{F2}:\ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \text{Maximize}\ (\ \eta_{1.2}+\eta_{0.8})\\ \eta_{0.8}>80.48\\ \eta_{1.2}>73.84\end{array}\right.\ \text{F3}:\ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \text{Maximize}\ \eta_{0.8}\\ \eta_{1.2}>73.84\end{array}\right. \tag{10}\]  
The 3D shape comparison of impellers F1-F3 is shown in Figure 13a. In this figure, pink indicates impeller F1, blue indicates impeller F2, and red indicates impeller F3. It can be seen from Figure 13a that there are obvious differences in the shape of the blades of impellers F1-F3. The design parameters of optimized impellers F1-F3 are shown in Table 4, and the performance predicted by RSM and CFD are shown in Table 5. Here, the performance calculated by CFD agrees well with the RSM prediction. Compared with baseline impeller, the pump efficiency has been significantly improved under high flow conditions. However, under low flow conditions, the improvement is not very significant. Taking impeller F1 as an example, the pump efficiency at 1.2 Qdes, 1.0 Qdes, and 0.8 Qdes are 80.32%, 87.62%, and 80.54%, respectively. These values correspond to 6.48%, 2.41%, and 0.06% improvement over the baseline impeller.  
Figure 12: Pareto front of the first case.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Setting** & **Value** \\ \hline Number of generations & 200 \\ Population size & 120 \\ Cross distribution index & 10 \\ Crossover probability & 0.9 \\ Mutation distribution index & 20 \\ Initialization mode & Random \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Parameters setting for non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II).  
The Pareto front of the second case is shown in Figure 14. Same as in the first case, three different impeller configurations (S1-S3) were selected on the Pareto front. Figure 13b shows the 3D shape comparisons of impellers S1-S3. In this figure, pink indicates impeller S1, blue indicates impeller S2, and red indicates impeller S3. Table 6 shows the design parameters of the optimized impellers S1-S3, and Table 7 shows the performance predicted by RSM and CFD. Compared with the first case, all the optimization objectives were further improved in this case, especially at low flow conditions. Taking impeller S2 as an example, the pump efficiencies at \(1.2Q_{\text{des}}\), \(1.0Q_{\text{des}}\), and \(0.8Q_{\text{des
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Creep Assessment
#### 3.3.2. Creep Response--Statistical Analysis
For Input Loading Speed (mN/s), ANOVA shows a significant effect on \"Output Net Creep Depth (nm)\", which is echoed by its noted importance for \"Output Strain Rate Sensitivity Factor\" and \"Output Net Creep Depth (nm)\" in Random Forest analysis. PDPs also depict a positive relationship with \"Output Net Creep Depth (nm)\", a finding supported by a moderate positive correlation in the correlation matrix. The consensus across all methods underscores the importance and positive impact of this input on \"Output Net Creep Depth (nm)\", indicating a uniform agreement on its role. 3. Input Creep duration (s) is identified by ANOVA as having a significant effect on \"Output Net Creep Depth (nm)\", with Random Forest attributing some importance to it for this output. PDPs and the correlation matrix further affirm a positive relationship with \"Output Net Creep Depth (nm)\", marked by a strong positive correlation. This general agreement among all methods on the significant and positive relationship between this input and \"Output Net Creep Depth (nm)\" highlights a clear consensus on its impact. Figure 17: The matrix obtained by the linear correlation analysis. The alignment between ANOVA findings and those from other methods reinforces the conclusions regarding the relationships between these input variables and their respective outputs. Notably, there is strong evidence from multiple analytical angles supporting the impact of \"Input Loading Speed (mN/s)\" and \"Input Creep duration (s)\" on \"Output Net Creep Depth (nm)\". The mixed results concerning \"Input Preset Depth (nm)\" suggest the need for further exploration, possibly employing non-linear modeling techniques to bridge the gap between the linear and non-linear findings and fully understand the underlying dynamics.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Structural, and Electronic Band Structure
The obtained bulk band structures are compared with our DFT band results are shown in Figure 5a which are in excellent agreement. The wannier orbitals for Pb, Bi, Br, and O atoms are \(s\), \(p_{x}\), \(p_{y}\) and \(p_{z}\). With the wannier orbitals, a tight-binding model [38] is used for obtaining the Z\({}_{2}\) invariants. The results are shown in Figure 5b-g. Figure 5b-g are wannier charge center as a function of momentum k for the k\({}_{1}\) = 0.0, k\({}_{1}\) = 0.5, k\({}_{2}\) = 0.0, k\({}_{2}\) = 0.5, k\({}_{3}\) = 0.0, and k\({}_{3}\) = 0.5 momentum plane, respectively. In practice, the Z\({}_{2}\) number can be identified by counting the number of times for an arbitary reference lines parallel to k that cross the evolution lines. [39] The results are 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, and 0 for Figure 5b,c,d,e,f,g, respectively. Another way to determine the Z\({}_{2}\) trivial or nontrival can be done by counting the number of crossings between the largest gap and the wanniercharge center. [40] Although one can use the obtained wannier functions combined with the tight-binding hamiltonian to explore the surface band structures. We calculate the surface band structures using a large supercell that contains 12 layers and the results are shown in the Section 3.3. Figure 3: Scalar relativistic, (**a**,**b**), and fully relativistic, (**c**,**d**), electronic band structures of the Pb\({}_{2}\)BiBrO\({}_{6}\) and Pb\({}_{2}\)SeTeO\({}_{6}\) double perovskites projected onto the \(s\)-(red) and \(p\)-(blue) orbitals. Note that only BiBr (SeTe) \(s\)- and \(p\)-orbitals are projected. The Fermi energy is shifted to zero as a reference. Figure 2: Scalar relativistic, upper panel (**a**–**g**), and fully relativistic, bottom panel (**h**–**n**), electronic band structures of the Pb\({}_{2}\)AA\({}^{\prime}\)O\({}_{6}\) (A = Sb and Bi; A\({}^{\prime}\) = Br and I) and Pb\({}_{2}\)SeTeO\({}_{6}\) double perovskites. The Fermi energy is set to be zero. The orange colors in (**l**,**n**) represents the bandgaps. Figure 4: Scalar relativistic, (**a**,**b**), and fully relativistic, (**c**,**d**), atom and orbital decomposed densities of states of the Pb\({}_{2}\)BiBrO\({}_{6}\) and Pb\({}_{2}\)SeTeO\({}_{6}\) double perovskites. projected onto the \(s\)-(red) and \(p_{x}\)-(blue), \(p_{y}\)-(green) and \(p_{z}\)-(orange) orbitals. Note that only BiBr(SeTe) \(s\)- and \(p\)-orbitals are projected. The Fermi energy is shifted to zero as a reference. Figure 5: (**a**) Band structures and (**b**–**g**) Wilson loop for the six time-reversal invariant momentum plane for the Pb\({}_{2}\)BiBrO\({}_{6}\) double perovskites.
###### Abstract  
Intumescent fireproof coatings protect steel structures and cables by forming a thick, fire-resistant layer under high temperatures. These coatings can deteriorate over time, impacting their fire resistance. Current testing methods are largely lab-based, lacking in-service evaluation platforms. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is emerging as a promising in situ detection technology but is influenced by low air pressure in high-altitude areas. This study investigates how air pressure affects LIBS signals in intumescent coatings on galvanized steel. Using pressures between 35 and 101 kPa, a linear model was developed to correlate laser pulses to ablation depth for characterizing coating thickness. Results show that spectral intensity decreases with lower air pressure. However, a strong linear relationship persists between laser pulses and ablation depth, with a fitting accuracy above 0.9. The coating thickness is identified by the number of laser pulses required to detect the Zn spectral line from the underlying galvanized steel. As air pressure decreases, the ablation depth increases. The study effectively models and corrects for air pressure effects on LIBS data, enabling its application for field detection of fireproof coatings. This advancement enhances the reliability of LIBS technology in assessing the fire performance of these materials, providing a reference for their in situ evaluation and ensuring better fire safety standards for building steel structures and cables.  
air pressure; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; fireproof coating; coating thickness +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
**Clation:** [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Study on the Impact of Air Pressure on the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Intumescent Fireproof Coatings. _Appl. Sci._**2024**, _14_, _8765_. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/appl4198765](https://doi.org/10.3390/appl4198765)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/appl4198765](https://doi.org/10.3390/appl4198765))
## 3 Experimental Analysis
### Method Accuracy Validation
#### 3.3.1 Shield Ring Point Cloud Displacement Precision Verification  
Figure 11 illustrates the comparative precision validation of average point cloud displacement between the SILSS and the Leica Pegasus Two Ultimate scanner. It demonstrates generally small displacement differences, with most values remaining below 0.1 mm, indicating a high degree of agreement between the two systems. This suggests that the SILSS achieves comparable precision to the Leica Pegasus Two Ultimate scanner, affirming its reliability for tunnel deformation monitoring.
## 2 Aim and Novelty of the Study  
As pointed out in the introduction, the problem of energy minimization in buildings is important to reduce the energy waste and, consequently, the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. Many attempts have been made by researchers to figure out a solution. However, all the previous listed methods, even though they always take into account user comfort, never employ the occupant requirements in terms of thermal comfort as hard constraints. The simple methodology presented in this paper aims at solving this particular issue. In fact, the proposed approach is focused mainly on already existent residential buildings. In such a system the user wants to reduce the energy consumption by acting correctly on the HVAC systems, instead of retrofitting the building. Furthermore, the methodology directly exploits as hard constraints the user requirements, in term of temperature value. The occupants are asked to define their daily temperature schedule, and the presence or not of unoccupied spaces. Subject to these requirements, which cannot be violated, the algorithm plans an optimal set-point schedule for each room for the whole day. The algorithm is based on a thermal black-box self-tuning methodology which directly takes into account the thermal coupling effects between adjacent spaces and all the relevant exogenous inputs, for instance the HVAC systems and the weather conditions. In order to decrease the computational burden and therefore to decrease the computational time of the GA, only two different kinds of set-point variations are allowed. Therefore, the algorithm gives as a result a suboptimal solution which is actually close to the optimal one. The GA is run at midnight of each day and then the control of the system, in terms of disturbance rejection and set-point following, is needed to lower the level of the cascade controllers. Furthermore, during the remaining part of the day, the genetic algorithm approach can be used to solve other optimization problems to obtain results that can help the user to better plan the temperature set-points. In other words, it is possible to answer to some user's specific request; for example, if the user wants to obtain a 5% reduction in the total energy consumption, the algorithm could evaluate which set-points are worth to being changed. Indeed, it is possible to evaluate the variation in the energy consumption subject to a different user defined set-point signal. Thus, the method can be used to build a thermal comfort policy that yields a significant reduction of the energy consumption.