# Combating Web Tracking: Analyzing Web Tracking Technologies for User Privacy
## 3 Countermeasures against Web Tracking
### Tracking Measurement
In addition, they found 291 crawler-blocking websites on 10,000 websites and confirmed that 93 of them used fingerprinting. In 2021, [PERSON] et al. [14], after developing FP-Radar, analyzed Alexa's top 100k websites from 2010 to 2019 using the Wayback Machine. FP-Radar draws API correlation graphs through a graph-based supervised machine learning approach to predict future API usage. Researchers confirmed that 63% of fingerprinting scripts used battery, navigator, and network APIs using API clustering through the unsupervised machine learning approach. The above studies affirm that measurement technology advances alongside the development of Web technology. In 2011, Flash, Java, and Silverlight were present in close to 30% of the Web, but they were rarely used as of 2022 [36]. During this period, Flash was no longer supported as of 2020 [37], and HTML5 replaced the features that Flash was used for, and many other plugins also had security vulnerabilities and reliability issues, and their features were replaced by extensions. In other words, the Web API provides the functions that existing plugins have added, and the user experience has become convenient, but the problem is that stateless tracking has been used more and more by exploiting these Web APIs. As Web technology develops in the future, its abuse will increase, so it is necessary to continuously develop Web measurement tools. The two tables below offer a comprehensive comparison of the security and privacy features available in both PC and mobile browsers. Table 2 compares three critical security features in PC browsers: tracker and ad blocking, fingerprinting prevention, and cross-site cookie protection. The table specifies whether each browser supports these features by default (), through the installation of an extension (), or not at all (). For example, Brave Brower provides all features by default, while Chrome and Edge only support certain features through extensions. Similarly, Table 3 compares mobile browsers based on the same security features, indicating whether they are supported by default, via an extension, or not supported. Based on the evaluation of privacy features across PC and mobile browsers in Tables 2 and 3, it is clear that Brave Brower and Tor Browser offer the most comprehensive protection against Web tracking and fingerprinting. Both browsers provide in-browser support for essential privacy features such as tracker and ad blocking, fingerprinting prevention, and cross-site cookie protection, making them ideal for users seeking robust, built-in privacy without relying on third-party extensions. Brave strikes an excellent balance between privacy and usability, offering strong native protections while maintaining compatibility with a wide range of websites. Tor Browser, on the other hand, provides the highest level of privacy, particularly through its advanced fingerprinting prevention mechanisms. However, this heightened privacy can sometimes result in usability challenges, such as page rendering issues. Firefox also performs well, offering customizable privacy options and the flexibility to enhance privacy through extensions. However, browsers like Chrome and Edge depend heavily on external extensions to achieve privacy capabilities comparable to Brave or Tor, which introduces potential security risks and increases complexity. Overall, for users prioritizing privacy, Brave Browser stands out as the most balanced option for both PC and mobile platforms, while Tor Browser remains the top choice for maximum privacy protection, albeit with some trade-offs in user experience. Table 4 below offers a concise overview of various anti-tracking tools, detailing their operational methods and the specific techniques they employ. This information is intended to assist researchers and technical experts in selecting the most appropriate tool for their particular environment or requirements.