## 5 Robust Semi-Nonparametric Algorithms and Their Application for Estimation of Kinetic Wind Energy
As to the altitude dependence of the kinetic energy of outliers \(E_{\rm out}\), it was low at altitudes \(z\leq 50\) m. Its increase at \(z=10\) m was caused by the effect of the underlying surface. From 50 to 170 m, the nonmonotonic increase in \(E_{\rm out}\) was observed together with increasing \(E_{\rm out}\) values between 100 and 110 m. Above 170 m, a certain decrease in \(E_{\rm out}\) was observed. Figure 4 shows the diurnal hourly dynamics of the robust semi-nonparametric estimates of the total kinetic wind energy with an allowance for the outliers \(E\) (a); its mean, \(E_{\rm MKE}\) (b), and turbulence, \(E_{\rm TKE}\) (c), components; and the kinetic energy of the outliers \(E_{\rm out}=E-E_{0}\) (d) retrieved by the postprocessing of the minisodar measurements. From Figure 4a, it can be seen that the maximum values (red color area) \(E_{\rm max}\sim 500\) m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\) were observed at night, from 00:00 till 02:00, local time, and in the evening, from 19:00 till 24:00. However, whereas at night the lower boundary of the layer with enhanced kinetic energy was about 125 m, at night it descended to 75 m. From 02:00 till 19:00, \(E\) did not exceed 100 m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\) in the lower layer. The upper boundary of this layer first ascended from about 50 m to 200 m at noon and then descended to 100 m.  
The robust semi-nonparametric estimates of the diurnal hourly behavior of the mean kinetic wind energy component \(E_{\rm M}\) (Figure 4b) demonstrated that from 04:00 till 19:00, its values were about 50 m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\) and were practically independent of time of day and sensing altitude. From midnight till 02:30, \(E_{\rm M}\) underwent local variations, and reached 225 m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\) (red area) at altitudes above 125 m. From 02:30 till 04:00, it increased to 100 m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\) at altitudes from 25 to 75 m (light blue area). From 19:00 till 24:00, areas with enhanced values of \(E_{\rm M}\sim 225\) m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\) (red areas) were observed. As a whole, the contribution of \(E_{\rm M}\) to the total kinetic wind energy \(E\) was low. Figure 4c shows the robust semi-nonparametric estimates of the hourly dynamics each day of the turbulence kinetic energy component \(E_{\rm T}\) obtained by the postprocessing of the minisodar measurements. From the figure, it can be seen that \(E_{\rm T}\) increased with altitude \(z\). In the lower layer, the altitude of which first increased from 75 m at 00:00 to 200 m at 01:00 \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline Altitude \(z\), m & 10 & 20 & 30 & 40 & 50 & 60 & 70 & 80 & 90 & 100 \\ \hline \(E_{0}\), m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\) & 8.03 & 3.29 & 4.40 & 4.13 & 3.76 & 5.82 & 6.47 & 5.60 & 6.75 & 8.03 \\ \hline \(E\), m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\) & 9.62 & 3.34 & 4.62 & 4.33 & 4.17 & 9.25 & 11.50 & 10.60 & 12.68 & 23.68 \\ \hline \(E_{\rm out}\), m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\) & 1.59 & 0.05 & 0.22 & 0.20 & 0.41 & 3.43 & 5.03 & 5.0 & 5.93 & 15.65 \\ \hline Altitude \(z\), m & 110 & 120 & 130 & 140 & 150 & 160 & 170 & 180 & 190 & 200 \\ \hline \(E_{0}\), m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\) & 8.93 & 6.61 & 8.36 & 11.0 & 11.7 & 16.6 & 34.76 & 40.13 & 53.94 & 85.83 \\ \hline \(E\), m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\) & 20.73 & 15.46 & 16.8 & 28.83 & 28.09 & 35.39 & 80.35 & 76.71 & 92.58 & 121.80 \\ \hline \(E_{\rm out}\), m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\) & 11.8 & 8.85 & 8.44 & 17.83 & 16.39 & 18.79 & 45.59 & 36.58 & 38.64 & 35.97 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Semi-nonparametric estimates of the kinetic wind energy components. and then decreased to 75 m at 24:00 undergoing significant altitude hourly variations, it did not exceed 80 m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\). Above 75 m, an area of enhanced \(E_{\rm T}\) was clearly visible.