## 3 Methodology
### Linking the Risks to the Processes of a Bridge Project Lifecycle
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**The Planning and Design Phase**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Main Process**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sub Process**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Associated Risks**} \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{**Feasibility Studies**} & - Cost-benefit analysis & R20, R7, R45, R38, R52, R3, R8, R83, R29, R34 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) & R19, R43, R40, R22, R52, R3, R25, R30, R41, R34 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Traffic and demand analysis & R7, R3, R36, R32, R29, R8, R33, R28 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Site selection studies & R27, R25, R31, R52, R40, R19, R22, R6, R24, R46 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Budgeting and financial planning & R20, R6, R45, R37, R29, R7, R33, R8, R52, R34 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Geotechnical studies & R27, R25, R31, R32, R9, R6, R40, R17, R36 \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{**Preliminary Design**} & - Initial design modeling & R9, R3, R45, R33, R36, R32 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Structural design and analysis & R9, R31, R6, R20, R27, R25, R17, R40 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - BIM modeling and simulation & R5, R18, R28, R41, R32, R39 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Material selection and specification & R31, R6, R29, R22, R38, R46, R20 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Design optimization for sustainability (LCA, LCSA) & R30, R40, R22, R43, R19, R37, R38 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Sustainability goal setting & R40, R19, R22, R43, R34, R52 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Cost estimation & R20, R7, R45, R33, R8, R3, R52 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Safety and compliance checks. & R24, R41, R43, R36, R52, R3, R25 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Sustainability goal setting & R40, R19, R22, R43, R34, R52 \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{**Risk Identification and Analysis**} & - Hazard identification & R3, R5, R9, R25, R27, R40, R24, R31 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Preliminary risk assessment & R20, R6, R7, R9, R28, R36, R32, R43 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Risk prioritization & R20, R7, R33, R29, R30, R34, R52 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Development of mitigation strategies & R6, R19, R22, R40, R41, R46, R43, R24 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Climate Change Impact Assessment & R40, R19, R22, R43, R30, R27, R25, R52 \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{**Stakeholder Engagement**} & - Public consultations & R3, R24, R34, R52, R29, R19 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Regulatory approvals (permitting and compliance) & R43, R21, R51, R52, R7, R40, R19 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Community impact studies & R3, R34, R19, R22, R52, R25, R27, R40 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Stakeholder communication. & R3, R5, R8, R33, R34, R52, R28 \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{**Sustainability Assessment**} & - Energy impact calculations & R50, R22, R40, R38, R37, R30 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Carbon footprint evaluation & R40, R30, R22, R43, R19 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Lifecycle cost analysis (LCA) & R20, R37, R30, R45, R7, R38, R31 \\ \cline{2-3}  & - Sustainability reporting & R43, R41, R28, R19, R34, R52 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: The analysis of the planning and design phase and its associated risks. After the outlined methodology was applied across all phases of the bridge lifecycle, the total number of risks from the vital risks list associated with each subprocess was identified, allowing for the calculation of risks related to each main process, which made it possible to calculate the average impact of vital risks affecting each main process. Then, the Pareto Principle was subsequently applied to the bridge lifecycle phases through the average impact of the vital risks that affected each main process. This approach pinpointed the most impactful processes within each phase of the bridge project lifecycle, enabling targeted improvements in these areas. Table 11 presents the data needed to create the Pareto chart for the bridge lifecycle phases: Planning and Design (P&D), Procurement and Contracting (P&C), Construction and Supervision (C&S), Testing and Commissioning (T&C), Operation (O), Maintenance (M), Rehabilitation and Retrofit (R&R), and Decommissioning and End-of-Life (D&E). The identified vital risks significantly influence 36 out of 47 main processes, as Table 11 and Figure 4 demonstrate.