# Connection-Aware Digital Twin for Mobile Adhoc Networks in the 5G Era
## 4 Experimental Results
### Analysis of the Results
#### 4.3.1 QoS Analysis  
Figure 7 presents the results obtained after executing the testing scenarios. The results are organized into two main topics: the analysis of communication quality between the 5G-MANET and the DT, shown in Figure 6(a),b and the comparison of QoS results obtained from the physical network with those calculated by the DT, shown in Figure 6(c)-f. For this, the considered variables are extracted from the QoS report of the DT (Table 1): delivery probability, measuring the percentage of created messages that have been delivered; latency, indicating the average time elapsed since a message is created and it is delivered; overhead, representing the ratio between the messages copied and the messages delivered and hop count, representing the average number of hops required to deliver a message. Next, the results for each value are analyzed. Figure 7: _Cont._  
Figure 7a displays the delivery probability of the control messages sent by the nodes in the physical network to the DT. As shown, the percentage of correctly delivered messages is high, reaching 100% for the online scenarios (FOT and DOT). On the other hand, partially-online scenarios such as FPOT and DPOT exhibit lower delivery ratios. In the case of FPOT, the connection-aware routing strategy achieves a high delivery probability; however, in DPOT, the dynamic topology reduces the algorithm's effectiveness. As a result, it is possible to deduce a lower performance of the DT in sparse, disconnected scenarios, where synchronization becomes challenging. This factor directly influences the QoS results obtained for the DPOT scenario. Figure 7b represents the average latency of the control messages received by the DT in each scenario. The standard deviation and interquartile range provide meaningful insights into the values. As shown, there is a significant gap between contexts where nodes are online and connected to 5G, and those where routing is required. It is clear that the synchronization and data quality provided by the DT are sensitive to the connection availability of the physical network. However, despite this, the average latency remains suitable to meet DT standards [2]. The delivery probability of the messages transmitted in the network, comparing the performance calculated by the 5G-MANET and that calculated by the DT, is depicted in Figure 7c. As shown, the DT provides accurate results, especially for the online topologies (FOT and DOT). However, the DT calculates different results for the partially-online scenarios: in the case of FPOT, the estimation is very close to the actual values; whereas in DPOT, the difference is larger, offering a result that deviates from the actual. Figure 7d shows the latency of the delivered messages in the network, comparing the results obtained in the physical network with those calculated by the DT. Online scenarios provide high accuracy for the DT, enabling the estimation of nearly identical results. In the case of the partially-online contexts, the DT provides slightly different results but maintains values that are very close. Regarding overhead, which represents the ratio of redundant copies, Figure 7e illustrates the comparison results. As shown, the deviations between the values calculated by the DT and the actual values in the 5G-MANET are minimal. For the online topologies, the DT correctly calculates the results, while it underperforms in partially-online topologies. Finally, Figure 7f represents the comparison between the average hop count calculated by the physical network and the results calculated by the DT. In the case of the partially-online topologies (FPOT and DPOT), the DT provides a higher estimation, though the values remain close to the actual ones. Figure 7: Result set obtained in the evaluation of the proposal. (**a**) Delivery probability of the control messages transmitted by the 5G-MANET to the DT, comparing the four different evaluation contexts. (**b**) Latency of the control messages transmitted by the 5G-MANET to the DT, comparing the four different evaluation contexts.