# Smart Healthcare Network Management: A Comprehensive Review
## 6 Architecture Implementation Plan  
This section discusses the implementation approach of the management entities that are under the administrative domain of a third party accountable for managing the smart healthcare system. \begin{table}
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**Fault Type** & **Description** & **Cause of Fault** & **Duration of Fault** & **Impact of Fault** \\ \hline \hline Outlier & A data point that deviates from other observations. The rate of change in the gradient of data over a period of time is higher than expected. & Noise, errors, events, or malicious attacks. Frequent causes include battery failure and other hardware failures or loose wire connections. & Randomly occurring and instantaneous. The fault consists of more than one point. May or may not be temporary. & It may skew the mean, variance, and gradient. \\ Stuck-at & Sensor values experience zero variation for an unexpected length of time. & Frequently, the cause of this fault is a sensor hardware malfunction. & The fault consists of more than one point. May or may not be temporary. & Spikes do not hold any informational value and should be discarded. \\ High Noise or Variance & Sensor values experience unexpectedly high variation or noise. & This may be due to hardware failure, environment out of range, or low battery supply. & If the cause is environment out of range or clipping, the data still hold value and can be interpreted at lower fidelity. Otherwise, discard the data. & If the noisy data track other sensors, then the data still offer value and should not be discarded. \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{p{56.9 pt}}{System-Centric} & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{Calibration error and sensor drift are the primary causes of this fault. Environmental disturbances and sensor age may indicate higher probabilities of failure. Other causes include a short circuit or a loose wire.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{The fault remains throughout deployment.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{Data should not be discarded. Uncalibrated data can still provide insights.} \\ Low Battery & Battery voltage drops to a point where the sensor cannot confidently report data. & The battery state is an indicator of system performance. & Permanent until battery replacement or recharge. & Data are meaningless, as the sensor is not performing as designed. Should be discarded. \\ Environment Out of Range & The environment exceeds the sensitivity range of the transducer. & There may be much higher noise or a flattening of the data. It may also be a sign of improper calibration. & Results in useless data. The exception is if sensor behavior at a low voltage gives added noise, and then there may be informational value. & Results in useless data. The exception is if sensor behavior at a low voltage gives added noise, and then there may be informational value. \\ Clipping & The sensor makes out the limits of the ADC. & This is due to the environment exceeding the range of the ADC. & The sensor returns to normal after the environment returns within range. & Holds some information. At a minimum, it indicates that the environment exceeds the sensor sensitivity range. \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{p{56.9 pt}}{Network-Centric} & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} \\ Lost Wireless Connection & The connection to the gateway is lost. & Due to interference, noise, low battery, mobility, or sensor out of range. & Randomly occurring. May be temporary or permanent. & Loss of data. \\ Average Packet Delay & The packet arrives late to the final destination. & Due to congestion along the way of transmission. & Randomly occurring and instantaneous. & Delayed or dropped packets. \\ No Internet Connection & Connection to the Internet is lost. & Due to mobility. & This occurs when changing the home network. May be temporary or permanent. & No connection to the backend servers. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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