# Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment (TARA) Analysis of an Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) System
## 8 Conclusions  
This security analysis of the AEB system reveals critical insights into the cybersecurity challenges and considerations associated with this advanced safety technology. As AEB systems become increasingly integral to modern vehicles, understanding their security threats and implementing effective security measures against those threats is essential to ensuring the security and safety of road vehicle users.  
To answer the first research question, the analysis identifies the core components of a typical AEB system. The components that are included in the architecture are the AEB cluster, radar, camera, sensor fusion, EMS/TCU, SAS, ACU, WSS, ESC, vehicle lamp, and brake system. These components are interconnected through various communication channels, including in-vehicle networks such as the CAN and hardwired connection, which facilitate the transfer of information required for real-time decision-making. Precisely, in our scenario, we have a hardwired connection between the EMS and WSS and the same for the vehicle lamp. Enhanced encryption for data transmission, secure coding practices, and robust access controls is required to address several security threats and risks effectively. However, even with these measures, some low-level residual risks remain, mainly due to a lack of resources, indicating the need for the ongoing surveillance and iterative improvement of security strategies.  
Moreover, as discussed in Section 7, implementing the suggested improvements will enable the development of a real architecture that further enhances the security posture of AEB systems; by incorporating these enhancements, future designs can mitigate residual risks more effectively and ensure a higher level of safety and reliability for all road vehicle users.  
Conceptualization, R.K.; Data Curation, U.D.M. and B.B.; Investigation, M.P.T., U.D.M. and K.-A.M.; Methodology, B.B., R.K. and U.D.M.; Supervision, C.E., R.K. and B.B.; Validation, R.K.; Writing--Original Draft, B.B., K.-A.M., M.P.T. and U.D.M.; Writing, Review and editing, B.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research work was completed by the on-site participants of the third version of the Automotive Cybersecurity Academy (ACSA) 2024 (Welbink of ACSA 2024: [[https://www.autocybersec.ro/all-acas/acsa-2024](https://www.autocybersec.ro/all-acas/acsa-2024)]([https://www.autocybersec.ro/all-acas/acsa-2024](https://www.autocybersec.ro/all-acas/acsa-2024)) accessed on 18 January 2025) which is funded by the European Commission as part of the Erasmus+ Blended Intensive Program (BIP). Led by Prof. Dr. [PERSON], students, teachers, and researchers from the following universities and industries contributed in the BIP: University of Salerno in Italy, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen in Germany, Politehnica University of Timisoara in Romania, University Politehnica of Bucharest in Romania, Hochschule Darmstadt in Germany, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt in Germany, Continental Automotive Romania, CES Automotive in Germany, SAPAR in Germany, ARRK Europe Limited in Germany, HORIBA MIRA in the UK, and STMicroelectronics in Italy.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
This work was performed in an Erasmus+ Blended Intensive Program BIP titled the Automotive Cybersecurity Academy (ACSA) that was held at the University of Salerno, Italy, from 22 August 2024 to 4 September 2024. We would like to acknowledge all other contributors to this paper, [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON], who supported us throughout our project. We express appreciation to ANSYS and CADFEM Germany for providing us the free access of Ansys Medini Analyze. The work of the first and second ACSA are published in MDPI journals [22,23].  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.