esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Temporal Trends of NEP Estimates  
Overall, this study found an increasing tendency of NEP in China with an average rate of 1.75 g C/m\({}^{2}\)/yr\({}^{2}\) from 2003 to 2021 (Figure 5a,b). Specifically, this increasing trend was identified in 73.30% of the pixels, with 20.32% passing the significance test (Figure 5c). Spatially, the increase in NEP was primarily concentrated in central regions, such as Guizhou, Chongqing, and Hunan, while most eastern coastal areas exhibited a declining trend. Further investigation revealed an increment of NEP across all vegetation types except for EBF and DNF. Among them, SAV exhibited the highest NEP growth rate of 3.40 g C/m\({}^{2}\)/yr\({}^{2}\), followed  
Figure 4: The multiyear mean of annual NEP in China produced by the phenology-modified CASA model during 2003–2021. (**a**) The spatial pattern of the multiyear mean NEP during 2003–2021. (**b**) The multiyear mean NEP over China. (**c**) The density distribution of the multiyear mean annual NEP. (**d,e**) Multiyear mean NEP across various vegetation types and economic regions. The yellow dots represent the mean value, and the horizontal lines within the bars denote the median value. Different letters indicate significant differences among models (\(p<0.05\)).  
by MF (1.83 g C/m\({}^{2}\)/yr\({}^{2}\)) and DBF (1.81 g C/m\({}^{2}\)/yr\({}^{2}\)). Subregionally, all areas showed positive NEP trends during the study period, except the economically developed eastern region (\(-\)0.01 g C/m\({}^{2}\)/yr\({}^{2}\)), with the central region exhibiting the most pronounced increase at 2.21 g C/m\({}^{2}\)/yr\({}^{2}\).  
By analyzing the trends in the difference between total apparent carbon emissions and ecosystem NEP, we identified significant regional disparities in carbon neutrality progress across China's regions (Figure 6). The central region exhibited the fastest net carbon emission growth, reaching 40.8 Tg C/yr, suggesting that carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption substantially outpaced the enhancement in ecosystem carbon sequestration. The western and eastern regions showed comparable net carbon emission growth rates of 36.9 and 36.1 Tg C/yr, respectively. In contrast, the northeastern region performed the most favorably, exhibiting both the lowest total net carbon emissions throughout the study period and the most modest growth rate at 6.8 Tg C/yr.  
Figure 5: The trends of NEP in China produced by the phenology-modified CASA model during 2003-2021. (**a**) The spatial pattern of NEP trend from 2003 to 2021. (**b**) The mean NEP trend across China. (**c**) The density distribution of the NEP trend. The numbers in parentheses represent the proportion that passed the significance test (\(p<0.05\)). (**d,e**) The NEP trend across different vegetation types and economic regions. The yellow dots represent the mean value, and the horizontal lines within the bars denote the median value. Different letters indicate significant differences among models (\(p<0.05\)).  
Figure 6: The tendency comparison of the difference between apparent carbon emissions and terrestrial NEP in China’s four economic regions from 2003 to 2021.
# FuGeF: A Resource Bound Secure Forwarding Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Attack-Based Network
#### 5.1.2 Strategic Placement of Attacker  
In this experiment, malicious nodes are placed along the path to the destination as seen in Figure 5. Point A1 and A4 are known as optimal positions. They are known to be points with the highest correlation to the first and last hop respectively. A2 and A3 are considered modal positions because they present average correlation of being selected as middle hop nodes existing between the first and last hops.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**System Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Terrain & 150 \(\times\) 150 m \\ Number of Nodes & 196, Uniform \\ Radio Range & 40 m \\ Application Streams & CBR \\ Radio Bandwidth & 200 kbps \\ Simulation Length & 100 packets \\ Node Placement & Grid \(+N\)(0,16) noise \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Simulation parameters.  
The experiment is set up to test one-to-one single CBR stream to eliminate the impact of network congestion. The direct line between the sending node S (left) and destination D (right) shown in Figure 5. is drawn to show the optimal and modal strategic node positions as they lie across the route to node D. The experiment measures six sub-scenario to determine the effect of attackers and their locations on packet delivery ratio. Results shown in the graphs Figures 6 and 7 are the average of 500 simulation runs for each attacker/attackers position.  
Figure 5: Strategic placement of malicious nodes  
Figure 6: Packet delivery.
## 2 Background and Related Work on Routing in WMN-Based NAN
### IEEE 802.11 Standards Built for WMN  
The IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) defines a set of Physical (PHY) and Media Access (MAC) layer specifications for implementing Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). Though the success of the standard has been attributed to the use of unlicensed operating frequency bands and flexible availability of low cost radio interfaces, the increasing physical layer bandwidth is another essential factor for its success. The IEEE 802.11 standard comprises the 802.11a/b/g/n and /ac technologies operating in frequency bands of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz with PHY data rates and coverage distance up to 500 Mbps and 300 meters, respectively [9]. Presently, the 802.11 ad, also known as WiGig, is the latest addition to the IEEE 802.11 standards suite. 802.11 ad-enabled devices operate in tri-band of 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 60 GHz and allow communication at multi-giga speeds up to 7 Gbps. Though it maintains compatibility with existing 802.11 devices, 60 GHz cannot penetrate walls. However, 802.11 ad switches to make use of the lower band frequencies at a much lower rate to enable it to propagate through walls. The high throughput and PHY layer data rates of the IEEE 802.11 standard, as well as the extended coverage distance ability when deployed as ad hoc WMN can provide reliability and redundant paths for application traffic sent from smart meters to data concentrators in NAN; where a node can send information to a destination across multiple intermediate smart meters. However, reliability in 802.11 ad hoc WMN is not only dependent on the throughput and data rate capabilities, but also the ability of the routing protocols to find good and reliable paths to a destination.  
Among the WMN options, the IEEE 802.11s [10] is the standard wireless mesh deployment with WLANs. It extends the IEEE 802.11 standard by adding self-forming multi-hop mesh networking capability into the MAC layer of the IEEE 802.11. The IEEE 802.11s also incorporates routing at the MAC layer and uses the IEEE 802.11e [10] MAC enhancement for QoS support. IEEE 802.11s uses the hybrid wireless mesh protocol (HWMP) as a default routing protocol; however, ad hoc link state routed protocols, such as OLSR, may also be supported [10]. Although the IEEE 802.11s was approved in 2012, it is still being investigated to identify potential performance and QoS issues in large networks, such as NAN.
# Inferring TLB Configuration with Performance Tools
### Related Work
#### 1.1.2 TLB Attacks  
Translation Leak-Aside Buffer: Defeating Cache Side-Channel Protections with TLB Attacks  
As a primary contribution, ref. [14] highlights that caches are not the only shared resources vulnerable to exploitation. TLBs also share this susceptibility and can be utilized for side-channel analysis. While ref. [14] presents a framework for executing such an attack, the described steps are general, making replication effectively an entirely independent effort.  
For instance, when discussing the reverse engineering of the TLB configuration, the paper highlights the use of performance tools. It describes a method that involves accessing memory addresses to uncover the hardware implementation's underlying 'ways' and'sets'. Subsequent graphs of the results demonstrate that certain combinations of ways and sets lead to an increase in the event count. However, critical details such as the specific code used, or the exact use of the perf tools are not provided. Perf is a performance analysis tool for Linux that collects and analyzes performance and tracing data. This omission leaves readers with only broad directions, needing significant effort to piece together the information and accurately determine the TLB configuration.  
Not Lost in Translation: Implementing Side Channel Attacks Through the Translation Lookaside Buffer  
The work in [15] primarily replicates the findings in [14] and further explores additional TLB attacks, such as the timing of network pings and identifying the execution of Linux commands. However, like the referenced paper, the methodology for reverse engineering the TLB configuration in this thesis is also broadly outlined, providing only general steps and results. Consequently, replicating the study involves considerable effort due to the lack of detailed procedural guidance.  
TLB;DR Enhancing TLB-Based Attacks with TLB Desynchronized Reverse Engineering  
Unlike previous methods that depended on timing or performance counters, the technique presented in this paper is based on the fundamental properties of TLBs [17]. This technique, known as desynchronization, provides detailed insights into TLB behaviors such as replacement policies and handling process context identifiers (PCIDs) on commodity Intel processors. The authors also claim that this gain of knowledge enables more attacks. Moreover, they use their insights to design adversarial access patterns that manipulate the TLB state into evicting a target entry in the minimum number of steps, then examine their impact on several classes of prior TLB-based attacks. Ref. [17] is included to demonstrate that this methodology is known, however, this study focuses on using Hardware Performance Computings (HPCs).  
Figure 1: Main modules in the address translation process.
## 6 Summary and Outlook  
This review focus on recent developments related to the treatment of wastewater by BC-based photocatalysts. Various synthesis processes, photocatalytic enhancement mechanisms, and different applications of BCPs were summarized. Semiconductors can be coupled with BC via sol-gel,  
Figure 8: (**A**) Removal of different organic pollutants over Bi\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/ZnAl-LDH–BC, (**B**) Photocatalysts stability. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [107].  
hydrothermal/solvothermal, ultrasound, calcination, and in situ methods. Besides the well-known adsorption effects of BC, it can also narrow the band gap, facilitate the electron transport, suppress the electron-hole charges recombination and reduce the photocorrosion of semiconductor, etc. Moreover, examples for the applications of BCPs were also summarized, including TiO\({}_{2}\)-BCPs, g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\)-BCPs, Bismuth-BCPs, and CQD-BCPs, etc.  
Despite the exciting development of BCPs, some knowledge gaps and issues still exist.
* Most research on the photocatalytic treatment of wastewater through BCPs focused on individual organic or inorganic substance. However, the real wastewater often contains multicomponent of pollutants. There might be competitive adsorption or photocatalysis between different materials during the removal process. Therefore, the performance of BCPs in treating real wastewater needs to be studied further.
* Recycling significantly reduces the cost of photocatalysis. The reuse of the BCPs from the slurry systems remains a problem, which limits the widespread of their applications. One promising approach to solve this problem is the magnetic separation by applying an external magnetic field in the water treatment process. More research is required to establish the efficient BCPs recovery at large scale.
* Despite its advantages, certain hazardous waste biomass such as sewage sludge and municipal waste could release toxic organic or inorganic substances during the pyrolysis process, thus inducing ecological and health risks. Further research on the assessment of the long-term effects and security of the applications in wastewater treatment needs to be considered.
* By now, most of the research has been carried out in the static system, which is usually applied to test the photocatalytic performance of new catalysts. However, photocatalysis in dynamic conditions may exhibit different abilities. Further investigations are required for the development of BCPs in dynamic photocatalysis system.  
[PERSON]. ([PERSON]) designed the concept and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed with the literature search and illustrations. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]. ([PERSON]) revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The authors acknowledge financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi (Grant No. 201801D121275), and the Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi (Social Development) (Grant No. 201803D31046).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
The genome of _Geobacillus_ sp. G4, a thermophilic bacterium isolated from a geothermal field in Peru, was sequenced and analyzed to evaluate its taxonomic and biotechnological potential. This strain exhibits optimal growth at temperatures between 50 and 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C and at a pH range of 6.0-7.5. Phenotypic assays demonstrated extracellular enzymatic activities, including amylases, cellulases, pectinases, and xylanases, highlighting its potential for efficient polysaccharide degradation. The assembled genome comprises approximately 3.4 Mb with a G+C content of 52.59%, containing 3,490 genes, including coding sequences, rRNAs, and tRNAs. Functional annotation revealed genes associated with key metabolic pathways such as glycogen and trehalose biosynthesis, indicating adaptation to carbohydrate-rich environments. Phylogenetic analyses based on ANI and dDDH values identified _Geobacillus thermolevovans_ KCTC3570 as its closest relative, suggesting a strong evolutionary relationship. Additionally, the genome harbors gene clusters for secondary metabolites such as betalactone and fengycin, suggesting potential industrial and pharmaceutical applications, including bioremediation. The identification of antibiotic resistance genes, specifically those conferring glycopeptide resistance, underscores their relevance for antimicrobial resistance studies. The presence of enzymes like amylases and pullulanase further emphasizes its biotechnological potential, particularly in starch hydrolysis and biofuel production. Overall, this research highlights the significant potential of _Geobacillus_ species as valuable sources of thermostable enzymes and biosynthetic pathways for industrial applications.  
bacteria thermophily; biotechnological potential; industrial enzymes; phylogenomic analysis 20251331374  
1
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, the compact and multi-stack electromagnetic bandgap (CMS-EBG) structure was proposed for the suppression of the GHz noise in MPCBs. The noise suppression characteristics were predicted by Floquet-Bloch analysis with a derived dispersion equation and FEM simulation. Based on these methods, the design parameter effects were analyzed. The CMS-EBG structure was experimentally verified and compared to previous structures. The CMS-EBG structure shows the vastly superior characteristics compared to the previous structures. The main conclusions of this work are as follows:  
1. This paper proposes a multi-stack technique for the compact EBG structure in MPCBs. Sixteen EBG cells are efficiently arranged in the compact area of the 2 \(\times\) 2 array size. The vertically stacked EBG patches are connected through the original configuration of the vertical branch. The consistent use of the vertical branch ensures good noise suppression and a simple analysis for the multi-stack EBG structure.
2. The noise suppression characteristics of the CMS-EBG structure are predicted by applying the Floquet-Bloch analysis. To obtain the dispersion characteristics, the analytical equation based on the equivalent circuit model is derived, and the results are proven by comparison with the FEM simulation. For an example structure, the low- and high-cutoff frequencies are predicted as 1.98 GHz and 6.42 GHz, respectively. The CMS-EBG structure should significantly mitigate GHz noise in this frequency range. In addition, the main design parameter effect is thoroughly examined.
3. From the measurements of the fabricated CMS-EBG structure in MPCBs, the low- and high-cutoff frequencies are 2.7 GHz and 7.3 GHz, which indicate a broad noise suppression region. The port distance is notably short (4 mm) and less than the unit cell length of 12 mm. The experimental results verify the distinguished noise suppression characteristics of the CMS-EBG structure with a compact size and a short source-to-victim distance.  
This work was supported by Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No. 2016-0-00577, A Study on Core Technology for Multidimensional Immersive Media Broadcasting and Communication).  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] analyzed the dispersion characteristics; [PERSON] performed the simulations and experiments. [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Brand/Trade Name** & **Source, Place and Country of Origin** & **Labelled F Concentration (mg/L)** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Measured F** \\ **Concentration (mg/L)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Labelled Data about Saefness of** \\ **Use in Infants** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Alcalia ** & C-5, Velingrad, Bulgaria & 4.23 & 4.66 & Not \\ \hline Devin ** & Spring Nr 5, Devin, Bulgaria & 3.69 & 3.71 & Not \\ \hline Vittel kids ** & Grande Source, Vittel, France & N/A & 0.314 & N/A \\ \hline Vittel ** & Grande Source, Vittel, France & N/A & 0.313 & N/A \\ \hline Simpla, Carvour & Pavolui L, Avigo, Pavolova, Romania & N/A & 0.305 & N/A \\ \hline Proxi, Profi & F7 Aqua, Carei, Satu Mare, Romania & N/A & 0.3 & N/A \\ \hline Fij ** & Yaqara, Vitt Levu, Fiji & N/A & 0.232 & N/A \\ \hline Aquavia & Al, Bologo, Cibl, Romania & N/A & 0.171 & N/A \\ \hline Vreau din Romania, Kaufland ** & \begin{tabular}{c} F6 ISIPE, Zeemanant Boblut, \\ Hutendezano, Romania & N/A & 0.148 & N/A \\ \hline Borsec ** & \begin{tabular}{c} Paper Borsec, Borsec, Romania \\ \end{tabular} & N/A & 0.14 & N/A \\ \hline SanBenedetto ** & \begin{tabular}{c} Spring Antica Forete Della Salute, Italy \\ \end{tabular} & 0.1 & 0.131 & N/A \\ \hline Evain ** & Cachat, Feixan -SAEME, France & N/A & 0.126 & N/A \\ \hline Voss ** & N-470, Vantestrom, Norway & N/A & 0.118 & N/A \\ \hline Blorteni Batani ** & \begin{tabular}{c} F1 SNAM, Biberteni Batani, \\ Covasana, Romania \\ \end{tabular} & N/A & 0.115 & N/A \\ \hline Carpatina ** & \begin{tabular}{c} C1, Domoguel-Biale Hercules, \\ Carse/Severi, Romania \\ \end{tabular} & N/A & 0.11 & N/A \\ \hline Aqua Carpatica ** & Spring Haji, Paltinis, Sucaeva, Romania & N/A & 0.108 & N/A \\ \hline Zizin ** & F1 bis, F2, F4, Izv 1, Zizin, Brasov, Romania & N/A & 0.105 & N/A \\ \hline Artesia ** & \begin{tabular}{c} FH Arteza 3, Sansimion, Harbibia, Romania \\ \end{tabular} & N/A & 0.103 & N/A \\ \hline Aura & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Spring Unsona, Oxna de Fier, \\ Carse-Severi Romania \\ \end{tabular} & N/A & 0.1 & N/A \\ \hline Pepp Pig my water ** &
\begin{tabular}{c} M/T,hesi Miloniana, Chania, Greece \\ \end{tabular} & N/A & 0.1 & N/A \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Fluoride (F) concentration of commercially available bottled water in Romania.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Preprocessing  
#### 2.4.1 Data Partitioning  
In this study, the dataset contained 16 independent force sensor signals and 2 synthetic pressure signals. The pressure magnitude and the position of a single sensor could not directly reflect the pressure-tracking distribution during the walk alone. To extract the pressure-tracking distribution, the pressure magnitude and position of individual sensors, the total pressure of all sensors are needed. The changing track of the plantar pressure center was calculated as follows.  
\[x=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{8}x_{i}F_{i}}{F} \tag{1}\]  
\[y=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{8}y_{i}F_{i}}{F} \tag{2}\]  
where \(x_{i}\) and \(y_{i}\) are the \(X\)-axis and \(Y\)-axis coordinates of the \(i\)-th sensor of a foot, \(F_{i}\) is the force measured by the corresponding sensor, and \(F\) is the sum of the pressures under the foot.  
According to the centers of pressure (CoP) obtained in Equations (1) and (2), the entire walking process was divided into two stride cycles. Each cycle began with the first touch of the left heel and ended with the third touch of the same heel (starting the next cycle). This ensured that there was at least one continuous step cycle for each foot. The gait characteristics of each cycle were extracted. The CoP track for each partition is shown in Figure 3. In order to exclude the influence of the unstable features when walking started, the first two stride cycles of each subject were excluded, but the middle 40 dividing cycles and a total of 80 stepping cycles were selected for analysis. The same criteria were applied to each subject to ensure the accuracy of the sampling.  
Figure 2: The pressure sensors L1–L8 and R1–R8 under the left and right feet, respectively.
## 5 Applications
### Entertainment  
Human activity recognition systems are used for recognition of entertainment activities such as dance [114], and sports [194]. In [194], an object-based method was proposed for sports video sequences. In this method, bowling, pitching, golf swing, downhill skiing, and ski jump actions were recognized. The Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) were employed for recognition of these actions.  
The modelling of a player's action in the game has achieved much attention from the sports community in recent years due to its important implications. In addition to this, modelling the behaviour of a player in real-time can be helpful in adapting the change in the game as it occurs. In [195], a method for tracking the behaviour of players during interaction with the game was proposed using an incremental learning technique. The authors used a stream mining change detection technique based on the novelty detection and incremental learning, and performed a set of simulations on UT2004 commercial game.