# DNA-PRESENT: An Improved Security and Low-Latency, Lightweight Cryptographic Solution for IoT
## 7 Conclusions  
This study sets out to design an improved PRESENT block cipher named DNA-PRESENT. The proposed enhancement introduced the left shift, right shift, and DNA replication processes to increase the original PRESENT's diffusion, followed by a decrease in latency. DNA-PRESENT was evaluated against PRESENT for security, cost, and performance analysis using five specific tests. The experimental results confirm that DNA-PRESENT outperforms the original PRESENT in security analysis with an evident increase in the avalanche effect. An increase in cost was observed while achieving improved security in DNA-PRESENT. Performance analysis was performed against other state-of-the-art lightweight algorithms, indicating a significant decrease in latency and an increase in throughput. Moreover, the execution time for DNA-PRESENT also decreased to 0.2333 s from 0.3161 s, which makes it a fitting choice for deployment in resource-constrained environments. This extensive comparative analysis demonstrates the superiority of DNA-PRESENT against other state-of-the-art lightweight algorithms. It would be interesting to extend this study for PRESENT-80 in the future and to analyze the impact of these enhancements on security and performance. This research contributes to future stud  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Round Number** & **Probability** & **Active s-Boxes** \\ \hline
7 & \(2^{-61}\) & 6 \\
8 & \(2^{-79}\) & 5 \\ Total & & 33 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 12: _Cont._ies on lightweight block ciphers, and their extensive comparison of cost, security, and performance, while standing out as a promising choice for resource-constrained devices.  
While this study demonstrates the significant security and performance enhancements of DNA-PRESENT over the base algorithm, PRESENT, the potential vulnerabilities introduced by DNA-based cryptographic operations were not exhaustively explored in this work. Future research may focus on performing a comprehensive security analysis to assess any new attack surfaces that may arise from these operations. This exploration will further strengthen the robustness of DNA-PRESENT over a wide range of security scenarios. In addition, future research may include detailed security proofs through security protocol verification tools.  
Conceptualization, M.I., S.N.B.R. and H.B.M.; Methodology, M.I., S.N.B.R. and H.B.M.; Software, M.I. and A.F.; Validation, A.F., J.R. and Z.M.; Formal Analysis, H.B.M. and Z.M.; Investigation, M.I., A.F. and S.N.B.R.; Resources, A.F., J.R. and Z.M.; Data Curation, M.I., S.N.B.R. and H.B.M.; writing--original draft preparation, M.I. and S.N.B.R.; writing--review and editing, M.I., A.F. and J.R.; Visualization, M.I. and S.N.B.R.; Supervision, S.N.B.R. and H.B.M.; Project Administration, A.F., J.R. and Z.M.; Funding Acquisition, A.F. and J.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) grant funded by Korean government. [23 ZK1130, Honam region regional industry-based ICT convergence technology advancement support project].  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.