## 3 Results and Discussions
### Occurrence of OAs in Tea Infusions from Different Poppy Seeds
So, for a 20 kg child, the acute dose would be 200 ug, and for a 60 kg adult it would be 600 ug morphine equivalents. Following the consumer recommendations of some manufacturers of 3 cups of tea per day, if the seeds used for the infusion were S-4, 648 ug morphine equivalents would be ingested. Therefore, the consumption of tea made from these seeds poses a health risk for both adults and children. Furthermore, it should be noted that the legislation only applies to morphine and codeine, and, as observed for all teas, considerable amounts of thebaine, papaverine and noscapine are also present, which can be even more toxic, as claimed by the health authorities [17]. This highlights the need to control these analytes and the importance of developing analytical methods to analyze them in order to develop adequate legislation accordingly. Results from other works that quantified OAs in home-brewed poppy seed teas also showed considerably high amounts of OAs in the infusions. For example, in the work of [PERSON] et al. (2021), the total mean concentrations of morphine, codeine and thebaine estimated for poppy seeds, from the analysis of three repeated infusions of 2 g of seeds with 6 mL of water acidified with 5% lemon juice (heated at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min), ranged from 1.1 to 1926, 20.2 to 311, and 9.0 to 100 mg/kg, respectively. These authors indicated that most OAs were extracted in the first brew (around 80% of the total opiate yield), so potential overdose could occur with some tea samples when large quantities of seeds are used in brewing [1]. In the work of [PERSON] et al. (2019), different teas were prepared (i.e., 85 g of seeds in 150 mL, 6 g of seeds in 30 mL and 35 g of seed powder in 100 mL with 5% lemon juice in water, for 10 min at 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and the concentrations of morphine, codeine and thebaine estimated in the seeds from the poppy seed teas were \(<\)1-2788 mg/kg, \(<\)1-247.6 mg/kg and \(<\)1-124 mg/kg, respectively [3]. In the work of [PERSON] et al. (2019), the average concentrations of morphine (mg/kg of seed) determined from the beverage extractions were found to be between 155 and 223 mg/kg. In this work, four poppy seed teas samples were prepared utilizing extractants commonly described in online drug forums (i.e., lemonade, lemon-flavored iced tea, and 10% concentrated lemon juice and water) and compared with a control solution containing acetic acid (1 g of seed in 5 mL). These results showed that, from all the beverages, significant amounts of morphine could be extracted from the surfaces of poppy seeds, despite the extractions being carried out at room temperature for 2 h [4]. In short, the consumption of poppy seed tea can potentially be dangerous, especially since consumers can prepare tea with any amount of seeds and do not know the concentrations of OAs they may contain. In addition, as demonstrated in the present study, despite some thermal degradation, morphine and codeine have high transfer rates, as do the rest of the OAs. Therefore, the study of these types of samples is essential in order to highlight the danger of this consumption practice and to warn the authorities of the need to control it, as it may pose a potential risk to the health of consumers. Even if the maximum amount is currently set at 20 mg/kg and no new seed samples with higher levels can be marketed from 1 July onwards, the authorities should instruct the manufacturers of these products to establish recommendations as to the methods of preparation and the maximum daily amounts to be consumed and provide indications that adverse health effects may occur if these recommendations are not followed.