## 3 Research Framework of Internet of Emergency Services
### Components and Devices of Internet of Emergency Services
#### 3.2.4 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly referred to as drones, have become increasingly popular in emergency management and response due to their ability to provide situational awareness, assess damage, and deliver critical supplies to inaccessible areas [51]; please see a list of papers in Table 4. The use of drones in emergency response and management is rapidly expanding as new technology is developed and regulations are put in place. One of the primary benefits of using drones in emergency management is their ability to provide real-time situational awareness. The drones (such as shown in Figure 3) may have a high resolution camera to capture an overhead view of the disaster area, as well as communication networking infrastructure to send photos in real-time. By capturing high-resolution images and video, drones can quickly survey an area affected by a disaster, allowing emergency responders to identify critical needs and allocate resources more effectively. In order to alleviate the burden of backhaul for UAVs, important data can be cached by rescuers on the ground equipped with caching capabilities and transmitted directly to victims via device-to-device (D2D) communication [80]. For example, in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in 2017, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) used drones to conduct search and rescue operations and assess damage in inaccessible areas.  
Drones are also being used to deliver critical supplies to areas that are difficult to access due to damage or other hazards. In 2016, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) used drones to deliver medical supplies to remote areas in Vanuatu that were affected by Cyclone Pam. Similarly, in 2017, the Red Cross used drones to deliver food and water to areas affected by Hurricane Harvey. In addition to their use in response efforts, drones are also being used in preparedness and mitigation activities [10; 27; 81; 82]. For example, drones can be used to map flood-prone areas and assess the risk of landslides, allowing emergency management officials to develop more effective evacuation plans and other mitigation measures.  
Despite their many benefits, the use of drones in emergency management and response also presents several challenges and limitations. One of the primary challenges is the need to navigate complex regulations related to airspace and privacy. In many cases, emergency management officials must obtain permission from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) before deploying drones in disaster areas, which can slow down response efforts. Another challenge is the limited battery life of most drones, which can restrict their ability to operate for extended periods of time. Additionally, adverse weather conditions such as high winds and heavy rain can prevent drones from being used effectively.  
The use of drones in emergency management and response has the potential to significantly improve situational awareness, deliver critical supplies, and assist in preparedness and mitigation efforts [82]. However, careful consideration must be given to the regulatory and technological challenges associated with their use. As technology continues to evolve and regulations become more streamlined, the use of drones in emergency management and response is likely to become increasingly common.  
Figure 3: Example of a NEO drone which can be used as a Mobile Sensing Platform for Disaster Response and Public Safety [83].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{85.4 pt} p{85.4 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline