## 4 Bioactive Profile of Avocado By-Product Extracts
TPC values ranged from 5.03 to 10.99 mg GAE/100 g, with 100% acetone being the highest, and 70% ethanol the lowest; these results also showed no significant difference between water and ethyl acetate values, 6.25 and 6.65 mg GAE/100 g, respectively [59]. New and sustainable deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which are based on natural compounds, like amino acids, sugars and carboxylic acids, and are found in most organisms, have been studied for the extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds from avocado peels. [PERSON] et al. selected five different DESs and evaluated their efficiency by measuring their phenolic and flavonoid content, and all tested DESs showed better results when compared to ethanol. The highest TPC results for DESs were 92.03 and 92.09 mg GAE/g dried AP, while ethanol showed 25.27 mg GAE/g dried AP [60]. Extraction time can also highly impact the yield of extraction; nevertheless, most authors have found it to be highly experimental, depending on the extraction method and solvent used. Several authors have further studied the chemical composition of these avocado extracts with analytical techniques such as high and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC and UPLC), mass spectrometry (MS) and other variations of these techniques. Although the concentration of phenolics, flavonoids and other compounds can be measured with UV/Vis spectrophotometry, chromatographic techniques are necessary to assess the structure and activity of these compounds. [PERSON] et al. identified the phenolic compounds in avocado seed, peel and seed coat extracts using AcQuity Ultra PerformanceTM liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole detector mass spectrometer (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) to identify phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpen, achieving the detection of 72 different compounds [13]. In another study, [PERSON] et al. used high-performance liquid chromatography paired with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass/mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS) to identify the phenolic compounds in AP extracts, detecting 48 compounds between phenolic acids and flavonoids. [61]. As shown in Table 3, depending on the byproduct (seed, peel or leaves), these bioactive compounds can be found in different concentrations. AP has been reported to contain high concentrations of phenolic acids, such as 4-hydroxybenzoicacid, chlorogenic acid, benzoic acid, and p-coumaric acid and flavonoids such as type B procyanidin dimers, catechins and quercetin derivates. ASs can contain high concentrations of phenolic acids such as tyrosol-derived phenolic molecules and flavonoids among catechin derivates, sakuranetin and luteolin. Penstemide is a terpene that has been found in AP and AS extracts. As for AL extracts, these have been proven to have a higher content of total phenols than ASs and AP, and are rich in phenolic acids like p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids among catechin and quercetin derivatives [6; 9; 13; 16]. _Appl. Sci._**2024**, _14_, 10070  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt}} \hline
**Avocado** & **Extraction** & **Method** & **Observation** & **Biosactive Compounds * & **Total Phenolic Content (TPC)** & **Total Flavonoid Content (TPC)** & **DPPH** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{_Mercury-assisted extraction_ (MAE) & The experiment used two designs, one with one with acetone (99.5\%) & Flavonoids (catchin, \(\%\)) and one with ethanol (99.5\% (\%\)) purity. We will preferred the reference with acetone at \(7\%\), since it was shown & \multirow{9}{*}{_307.09 \(\pm\) 14.16  
The presence of these phytochemicals in AP, ASs and ALs contributes to the different high-value properties previously reported such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, among others. Both phenolic acids and flavonoids have the capacity to act as antioxidants and antimicrobials, allowing the extracts rich in these compounds to be used as food and pharmaceutical additives.