## 3 Results
### Participants
Figure 3: _Cont._  
Figure 3: Results of the ex vivo and in vivo microcirculatory evaluation of the cycle ergometer and hybrid exercises. **(A)** Whole blood passage time (ex vivo). **(B)** Microvascular flow index (in vivo). **(C)** Nailifold microvascular flow (in vivo). Whole blood passage time ex vivo was significantly prolonged just after both exercise protocols when compared with the resting state (\(p<0.05\)). All data were expressed as mean \(\pm\) SD. * \(p<0.05\). Results of the objective variables for the cycle ergometer are shown in Table 3. A significant increase in lactate level was observed just after exercise. A significant decrease in blood glucose level was observed 20 min after exercise. There was no significant difference in d-ROMs and BAP. Total vessel density of small vessels, perfused vessel density, and percentage of perfused small vessels remained changed. The total vessel density of small vessels, perfused vessel density, and percentage of perfused small vessels involved blood flow assessments. The results of the objective variables for the hybrid exercise are shown in Table 4. A significant increase in lactate level was observed just after exercise. A significant decrease in blood glucose level was observed just after exercise and 20 min after exercise. White blood cells, platelets, and hematocrit increased significantly just after exercise and decreased significantly 20 min after exercise. There was a significant increase in BAP just after exercise. Total vessel density of small vessels, perfused vessel density, percentage of perfused small vessels and d-ROMs remained no changed. No synergistic effect was observed between cycle ergometer exercise and hybrid exercise. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Hybrid (Cycle Ergometer + WB-ENMS)**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{-} & **Baseline** & **Just after Exercise** & **20 min after Exercise** \\  & **(_n_ = 15)** & **(_n_ = 15)** & **(_n_ = 15)** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Variables**} & **Mean** \(\pm\) **SD** & **Mean** \(\pm\) **SD** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)} & 118.3 \(\pm\) 11.3 & 160.0 \(\pm\) 23.4 ** & 116.9 \(\pm\) 11.8 \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)} & 72.7 \(\pm\) 16.6 & 77.3 \(\pm\) 17.3 & 78.7 \(\pm\) 10.3 \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Heart rate} \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{(Beats per min)} & 80.9 \(\pm\) 14.5 & 156.8 \(\pm\) 11.7 ** & 90.3 \(\pm\) 11.6 ** \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Lactic acid (mmol/L)} & 1.6 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 11.1 \(\pm\) 2.9 ** & 6.8 \(\pm\) 1.9 ** \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Blood glucose level (mg/dL)} & 101.8 \(\pm\) 15.9 & 88.0 \(\pm\) 15.7 ** & 82.3 \(\pm\) 10.7 ** \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{White blood cells} & 6.2 \(\pm\) 1.5 & 8.6 \(\pm\) 1.9 ** & 6.7 \(\pm\) 1.6 ** \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Heart rate} \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{(beats per min)} & 238.5 \(\pm\) 37.9 & 272.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 ** & 250.2 \(\pm\) 38.1 ** \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Lactic acid (mmol/L)} & 41.9 \(\pm\) 3.2 & 46.3 \(\pm\) 4.2 ** & 44.1 \(\pm\) 4.0 ** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Serial changes in hemodynamics, serum lactate, blood glucose levels, and oxidative stress before and after hybrid exercise (cycle ergometer + WB-ENMS).