# Green Extraction of Valuable Compounds from Rubber Seed Trees: A Path to Sustainability
## 7 Green Extraction of Rubber Seed Oil
### Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)
#### 7.2.2 Current Extraction on Rubber Seed Trees by MAE  
The utilization of MAE for extracting bioactive components from rubber seed trees has garnered significant attention in recent investigations. This method has drawn interest due to its potential efficacy, reduced extraction durations, and environmentally sustainable characteristics. Researchers have explored various aspects of MAE, primarily focusing on optimizing extraction parameters to achieve the highest possible yield of bioactive compounds. These parameters include microwave power, extraction duration, solvent type, and solid-to-solvent ratio, and by fine-tuning them, researchers aim to determine the conditions that yield the optimal extraction of specific bioactive molecules while ensuring the preservation of their structural and functional integrity [102]. Another crucial area of emphasis in these studies is the examination and analysis of the isolated substances. Researchers employ a range of analytical methods, including chromatography, spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, to identify and quantify the bioactive compounds present in the extracts. This characterization provides valuable insights into the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Effect on Yield and Recovery** & **Explanation** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Microwave Power & Higher microwave power may boost extraction yield. & Increased power results in a higher rate of heating and extraction. & [95] \\ Extraction Time & Extended extraction durations have the potential to result in increased recovery of yield. & Increased duration facilitates comprehensive compound diffusion. & [96] \\ Solvent Type & The enhancement of yield may be achieved by the optimization of solvent polarity and concentration. & The enhancement of solubility of bioactive chemicals derived from the material may be achieved by the careful selection of an appropriate solvent. & [97] \\ Sample Matrix Size & Reducing the size of particles has the potential to enhance the overall yield. & The decrease in particle size may lead to an increase in surface area, hence facilitating the release yield of compounds. & [98] \\ Solid-to-Solvent Ratio & Balanced solid–solvent ratio can produce the optimum yield recovery. & Adequate solvent ensures efficient compound release. & [99] \\ Matrix Pre-Treatment & The use of Matrix Pre-Treatment has the potential to enhance the overall yield. & The process of pre-treatment facilitates the disruption of cell walls, hence assisting in the extraction process. & [100] \\ Temperature & The optimization of temperature conditions may lead to the maximization of yield. & Elevated temperatures have the potential to induce the breakdown of compounds. & [101] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Previous study of rubber seed tree extract by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). composition, bioactivity, and potential applications of the recovered compounds, spanning various fields such as pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and cosmetics. Furthermore, scholars are exploring the potential benefits of matrix pre-treatment in the context of MAE. Pre-treatment techniques, such as mechanical disruption or enzymatic treatment, are being investigated for their ability to enhance the accessibility of bioactive chemicals within the matrix of rubber seed trees [103]. This, in turn, leads to improved extraction efficiency, aligning with the overarching goal of optimizing the extraction process to maximize yields while minimizing resource utilization. In summary, the adoption of Microwave-Assisted Extraction for rubber seed tree bioactive compounds offers a promising and sustainable approach. Researchers are diligently working on parameter optimization, compound characterization, and pre-treatment methods to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of MAE, ultimately unlocking the full potential of these valuable bioactive compounds for various applications.