## 1 Introduction
AC energy consumption and its influence on the range for daily commutes in different Italian cities showed that the base range of 94 km may decrease down to 72 km and replacement of a resistor with a heat pump may decrease the energy consumption by 17 to 25% [19]. A novel hybrid heat pump with a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater was proposed for EVs to perform in different heating modes to reach the goal temperature in a target time. According to the results, driving range can be increased by up to 15% [20]. Optimization of defrosting-demisting and blowing modes in an EV was conducted via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations [21]. An innovative HVAC system equipped with an n-hexadecane phase change material (PCM) heat exchanger to reduce energy consumption was improved [22]. An economic model predictive control of HVAC systems in EVs reduces 4.4-7.5% of energy consumption and has a 70-86 s faster cabin cooling time [23]. The effects of glass properties on cabin solar heating and range on an EV revealed that the influence of glass properties was completely location-specific [24]. An optimization strategy was used for energy-efficient cabin conditioning in cold weather and AC with a heat pump. With the proposed optimization strategy, energy consumption was reduced by 11% [25]. The behavior of battery cooling and HVAC systems in EVs was controlled by a novel control-oriented model. The root mean square error (RMSE) of battery temperature was under 0.41 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the coolant temperature was under 0.35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the normalized RMSE of heat exchanger transfer rate at the heat exchangers was between 2.8% and 10.6% [26]. The developed algorithm limits the HVAC system to not consume more than 20-25% of instant power in the vehicle while maximizing comfort conditions according to customer preferences [27]. A thermal management strategy was developed for the passenger compartment to reduce HVAC energy consumption in an EV [28]. [PERSON] et al. presented a fuzzy logic-based hybrid storage technique consisting of a supercapacitor (SC) and battery for efficient and safe storage of a regenerative braking system [29]. According to the aforementioned research, the majority of work was completed to estimate the energy consumption of the vehicle by taking into account the energy needed for traction, the route, and the impact of variations in ambient temperature on the energy requirement of the HVAC system. Previous studies have not considered the component-based energy consumption rates, and the cumulative energy consumption of vehicles with and without HVAC systems in detail. In addition, the impact of these on the range of EVs by considering the state of charging of EV battery has not been investigated in detail. In light of this, a dynamic energy management model including the entire vehicle consisting of the vehicle cabin, electric motors, battery block, and heating-cooling system elements on an electric vehicle was prepared to dynamically examine the energy consumption under different working conditions. The model included a heat pump for heating and cooling, as well as a PTC heater to be used when needed. In line with the cabin temperature target, which is determined by considering the comfort conditions in the cabin, the heating and cooling process was managed. In the heating-cooling process in the electric vehicle, the energy consumption of each of the system elements separately and the energy consumption of the whole system were examined. Under different road operating conditions, the temperature in the cabin over time, instantaneous power, and cumulative energy consumption were calculated. The effect of heating and cooling processes on energy consumption, the charge rate of the battery, and the variation of the EV range were examined and interpreted.