## 5 Conclusions
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs16111839/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs16111839/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs16111839/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs16111839/s1)), Figure S1: The GIM anomalies including all mentioned anomalous days prior to 26 October 2015 earthquake, magnetic equator (red line), earthquake epicenter (black star), positive anomalies over epicenter (red cloud) and negative anomalies shown (blue cloud); Figure S2: The GIM anomalies including all anomalous day prior to each October 2023 earthquakes are shown, magnetic equator (red line), earthquake epicenter (black star), positive anomalies over epicenter (red cloud) and negative anomalies shown (blue cloud); Figure S3: Ionospheric plasma Ne and Te anomalies prior to 26 October 2015 earthquake for the nightside orbit (descending around 23:00) and the dayside orbit (ascending around 11:00); Figure S4: Ionospheric Ne and Te anomalies prior to 7, 11 & 15 October 2023 earthquake for the nightside orbit (descending around 23:00) and the dayside orbit (ascending around 11:00); Figure S5: Calculated foF2 and hmF2(latitude: 34\({}^{\circ}\)N, longitude: 62\({}^{\circ}\)E) for October 2015 and October 2023 where Global IRI Real Time Assimilation Maps (GIRTAM, solid redline) are compared to IRI quiet time climatology (dotted green line) exhibiting the anomalous behavior; Table S1: Space weather disturbed days which were excluded from the anomaly analysis; Table S2: Locations and distance from the epicenters of all the acquired GPS stations data. Conceptualization, R.R., L.W. and B.C. ; formal analysis, investigation, methodology, data curation, resources, R.R. and D.W.; supervision, L.W. and B.C. ; visualization, writing--original draft, R.R. ; writing--review and editing, R.R., B.C., D.W. and L.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 42274042 and 41930108), the National Key R&D Program of China (grant no. 2023 YFE0208000), and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (grant nos. 2022 JJ03697 and 2023 JJ20060). The GPS data were obtained from the CORS servers, which can be accessed at [[https://geodesy.noaa.gov/CORS/data.shtml](https://geodesy.noaa.gov/CORS/data.shtml)]([https://geodesy.noaa.gov/CORS/data.shtml](https://geodesy.noaa.gov/CORS/data.shtml)). The GPS-TEC data were downloaded from the website igs.gnswhu.cn and processed using Gopi Seemala GPS TEC software ([[https://seemala.blogspot.com/2020/12/gps-tec-program-version-3-for-rinex-3.html](https://seemala.blogspot.com/2020/12/gps-tec-program-version-3-for-rinex-3.html)]([https://seemala.blogspot.com/2020/12/gps-tec-program-version-3-for-rinex-3.html](https://seemala.blogspot.com/2020/12/gps-tec-program-version-3-for-rinex-3.html))). The ionospheric electron density and electron temperature data were provided by the European Space Agency through their website [[https://swarm-disse.eo.esa.int/#swarm/Level2](https://swarm-disse.eo.esa.int/#swarm/Level2) daily/Entire_mission_data/IPD/IRR]([https://swarm-disse.eo.esa.int/#swarm/Level2](https://swarm-disse.eo.esa.int/#swarm/Level2) daily/Entire_mission_data/IPD/IRR). Additionally, the Kp, Dst, and F10.7 indexes were obtained from the website [[https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/omni_source.html#ind](https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/omni_source.html#ind)]([https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/omni_source.html#ind](https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/omni_source.html#ind)). The ionosonde and foF2 data were acquired from [[https://giro.uml.edu/index.html](https://giro.uml.edu/index.html)]([https://giro.uml.edu/index.html](https://giro.uml.edu/index.html)).