# Artificial Intelligence of Things for Solar Energy Monitoring and Control
## 3 AIoT Applications in PV Systems: A Comprehensive Review
### Applications of IoT in PV Systems
#### 3.2.1 Solar Monitoring Systems
\begin{table}
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**Study** & **IoT Technology Used** & **Data Acquisition Protocol** & **Communication Protocol** & **Monitoring Features/Additional Functions** & **Low Cost Cost** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [137] & ESP32 microcontroller based energy monitoring system & real-time energy production & RS485 (wired) & real-time energy production suitable for consistent PV system monitoring & Yes \\ \hline [PERSON] & Industrial IoT architecture (IIoT), Grafana for GUI & Temperature, voltage, current, irradiance & PROFINET, Modbus TCP and HTTP with energy management & Remote web-based monitoring with Grafana, application in real microgrid with energy management & Yes \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [139] & IoT-based monitoring system & Microcontroller and sensors & Wireless (AWS) & Enhanced solar energy usage via cloud services & No \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [140] & IoT-based monitoring system & PV electrical data, weather conditions & LoRa (LPWAN) with low power consumption, real-time monitoring in IoT environment & Long-range communication with low power consumption, real-time monitoring in IoT environment & Yes \\ \hline [PERSON] [141] & Real-time IoT monitoring system with Siemens S7-1200 PLC & Voltage, current, irradiance & Wireless & Multi-platform monitoring with high reliability & No \\ \hline [PERSON] [142] & IoT-enabled solar array farms & Voltage, current, temperature, irradiance & Wireless & Advanced vision and fusion algorithms for fault prediction & No \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [143] & IoT-based control and monitoring system & Voltage, Current, Temperature & Wireless & Automatic fault detection, power quality improvement, grid stability & Yes \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [144] & Embedded IoT monitoring system & Real-time solar PV data & GPRS & Fault detection and global data access & Yes \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [145] & Web-based IoT monitoring & PV plant performance data & Wi-Fi & Real-time monitoring, preventive maintenance, and fault detection & No \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [146] & Intelligent Monitoring System (IMS) & Voltage, current, temperature, humidity, irradiance & Wi-Fi & Fault detection, power prediction, and multi-user access & No \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [147] & IoT and data-mining techniques & Solar power generation & Wireless & Fault detection in large-scale solar plants & No \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [148] & IoT for solar fault prevention & Solar panel efficiency data & Wi-Fi & Preventive maintenance for enhanced efficiency & No \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [149] & IoT-based maintenance platform & SCADA data from solar plants & Wireless IoT communication & Pattern recognition for maintenance optimization & No \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [150] & IoT-based fault monitoring & Output, temperature, voltage, frequency & Wi-Fi, GPRS & Real-time analysis and fault classification (98.95\% accuracy) & No \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [151] & Internet-based solar monitoring & Air temp, sunlight, electrical output & Wireless & Real-time fault detection and notifications & Yes \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [152] & IoT-based system with TMS320F28335 & PV array data (voltage, current, etc.), DSP & ZigBee & Real-time monitoring and fault diagnosis with 97.5\% geographic and visual data & No \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: _Cont._While these solar power monitoring systems provide real-time data for energy optimization and integration with IoT, issues such as sensor inaccuracies, integration limitations, and high initial costs restrict their wide-scale adoption, especially in smaller-scale setups. Most of the systems also lack user-friendly interfaces, robust data security, and mechanisms for effective fault prediction, hence the inefficiencies and downtime. Moreover, scalability is still an issue since upgrading a system to meet changing demands or regulations can be expensive, and technically intensive.