## 6 Conclusions  
The research highlights several critical challenges facing the deployment of advanced telecommunications infrastructure, particularly in the context of 5G adoption in Mexico. First, uneven infrastructure development across states reveals significant disparities, with regions like Mexico City far ahead of areas such as Chiapas and Oaxaca. This uneveness risks deepening the digital divide as new technologies like 5G are introduced. Second, the dominance of legacy technologies like DSL and cable modems in many states could hinder the transition to fiber optic and 5G, as outdated systems must be maintained alongside new infrastructure, slowing overall progress. Third, economic disparities between states suggest that regions with lower GDP may struggle to invest in the necessary infrastructure, leading to slower adoption of 5G in economically disadvantaged areas. Fourth, spectrum reallocation challenges, particularly those related to the digital dividend, present regulatory and logistical hurdles as the transition from analog TV to mobile services is likely to face resistance from existing users. Finally, the rural-urban divide poses another significant barrier, as urban areas with higher population densities and established infrastructure are expected to see faster 5G deployment, further widening the digital gap. Additionally, consumer readiness, as indicated by varying levels of ICT equipment ownership across states, suggests that the adoption of advanced technologies like 5G will not occur uniformly, with certain regions being more prepared than others for this transition.  
The proposed solutions present a comprehensive and multifaceted strategy to tackle the challenges of implementing the digital dividend and 5G technology across Mexico. Central to this approach is targeted infrastructure investment in underserved regions, leveraging public-private partnerships to maximize impact. A phased 5G rollout, beginning in urban centers and gradually expanding to rural areas, ensures strategic development while addressing the rural-urban divide. Efficient spectrum reallocation and sharing policies are critical to overcoming regulatory challenges, while incentives for fiber optic deployment are necessary to support the backbone of 5G infrastructure. Additionally, digital literacy programs aim to boost ICT adoption and consumer readiness, complementing a competitive yet inclusive regulatory framework that prioritizes widespread coverage. The approach also advocates for technology-neutral policies, allowing for tailored, context-specific solutions, and cross-sector collaboration to share costs and accelerate deployment.  
The establishment of 5G innovation hubs is proposed to drive technological adoption, alongside adaptive regulation that evolves with technological advancements. This holistic strategy seeks to bridge the digital divide, enhance telecommunications services nationwide, and position Mexico as a leader in digital innovation within Latin America, thereby fostering economic growth through improved connectivity.  
[PERSON] developed the analysis, supervised the research methodology and the approach of this work, prepared the scenario, analyzed the results, and coordinated the overall project. [PERSON] reviewed, interpreted, and drafted the comparison results and tables; conducted the literature review; and assisted with the statistical analysis. [PERSON] and [PERSON] were involved in the formal analysis and manuscript preparation, and contributed to the design of the experiments. [PERSON] made the figures, performed their comparison, conducted the formal analysis, and assisted in data visualization. [PERSON] was involved in data collection, processed the data for analysis, and assisted in drafting the discussion section. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability StatementData available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.