## 3 Methodology of Construction of Architecture of e-STMS Based on IoT and WSNs
Following the minimal space requirement, ACLs can ensure the storage of high-density containers. For example, some terminals in the port of Rotterdam use both AGV and ALC techniques [99]. Sensors are also used to increase the safety of crucial terminal zones like gas and oil stations and military service [100]. Terminal protection includes various measures to control entry into the yard and the side of the entrance. This includes crews, passengers, cargo carriers, and drivers. The complex technique is the autonomous monitoring system that detects \"abnormal\" events for the quick reaction of a particular operator. This requires processes of extraction, recognition, and correlation of functions [101]. If intelligent ICT solutions cover the usage of various techniques in different areas of the terminal environment, we will find works on the optimizing of planning and organizing the operations of terminals [98; 99; 102; 103], strengthening resources of transport systems [104; 105; 106], provision of real-time positioning systems [107; 108]. Terminal management is also moving towards an advanced ICT-based integration infrastructure to shorten transport times and increase logistics efficiency, focusing on cloud systems [109; 110]. This provides critical capabilities through ubiquitous computer technologies that enable real-time logistic synchronization. Such functions could be grouped into these sub-groups:  
* Retirement of locations, tracking and identification of objects, and
* Freight traffic management, e.g., carrying products, is tracked, seeking to reduce economic loss. * Innovative ICT solutions can improve the formation of terminal work by implementing innovative means, like:
* WSNs and IoT for localization, tracking, and identification of transportation objects;
* Using several intelligent methods in e-service provision systems for managing intermodal transportation of freights. Such main applications are split into the following subdivisions, considering hardware, software, and related technologies. Location Identification and Tracking of Intermodal Transport Objects and Integration with Smart Container Management  
In location identification and ready GPS solutions, some of which support freight delivery to terminal scenarios, some additional issues need to be addressed. GPS-basedsolutions, for example, can monitor the state of transferring of cranes and containers by using the data from central databases and are related to an object moving positions of the concrete geographic coordinates at the fixed time moments. Such solutions perform well in principle, except for some limitations, as containers are sometimes transported by trucks and tractors. GPS solutions cannot always track yard trailers, as giant cranes and container chimneys cause many dead areas. An alternative GPS solution system is the real-time positioning system (RTPS), which displays the concrete position of the container when the tag of such system is attached [111]. As a rule, locating the premises includes the small nodes and predominant method resulting in a Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) [112]. Various solutions could be used in this area, ranging from Wi-Fi [113], Bluetooth [114], and WSN [115] to ultrasound [116], long-range radio frequency technology [117], and short-range radio technology [118]. The well-known RTLS technology in the port logistics scenario is identification following the Radio Frequency possibilities (RFID) [111; 119]. RFID solution could indicate location, which is related to an object's position and its unique number. Such properties allow for more efficient management of container terminals because containers are quickly placed but are less helpful in identifying their location. In most cases, RFID requires infrastructure to scan tags and involves human or semi-automated operations. With the help of up-to-date systems, they help replace the physical search of containers placed in the wrong area). Tracking and tracking capabilities of localization methods using wireless sensor networks [120; 121].