esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Blockchain-Based Distributed Patient-Centric Image Management System
## 6 Discussion
For example, we must investigate whether a patient digital signature on the blockchain transaction can be considered as adequate documentation to authorize the release of medical images \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Schemes** & **ISN [16]** & **MedBlock [22]** & **MeDShare [23]** & **MedChain [24]** & **PCIM System** \\ \hline Source Data Storage & PACS & \begin{tabular}{c} Dedicated \\ Servers \\ \end{tabular} & Cloud Server & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Mutable P2P \\ Storage \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Immutable IPFS \\ Storage \\ \end{tabular} \\ Source Data & Yes/Not & Yes/Symmetric & Yes/Not & Yes/Asymmetric & Yes/Asymmetric \\ Encryption/Scheme & Mentioned & Encryption & Mentioned & Encryption & Encryption \\ Type of Data & Medical Images & EMR & EMR & EHR & Medical Images \\ Server Attack Resistance & No & No & No & Yes \\ Tamper-Proof Database & No & Yes & Yes & Yes \\ Database Sharing & PACS & Blockchain & Blockchain & Blockchain & Blockchain \\ Mechanism & & & & & \\ Database Management & Centralized & Centralized & Centralized & Decentralized \\ Smart Contract & No & No & Yes & No & Yes \\ Offline Data Access & Yes & No & No & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison between the Existing and Proposed PCIM System. to the patient. Moreover, strict penalties are associated with the unlawful disclosure of sensitive medical images. Thus, healthcare institutions are expected to be hesitant in their adoption of this unconventional architecture. Overall, the practical usefulness of the PCIM system depends on the participant experience. Since blockchain itself does not address broader problems in medical image management. For example, the ability to share access for medical images using the proposed system does not alone ensure image usability unless supporting information about the patient image is not defined by the radiologists. Thus, there must be a good synergy required between the participants of the system. However, Decentralized data management is the groundbreaking of blockchain development, and it is more of a fascinating prototype of what health care technology could look like in the future.
## 2 Related Work
### GAN for ECG Signal Classification  
Previous works have also explored generative adversarial networks (GANs) for generating synthetic data for imbalanced datasets, whereas most of the well-known ECG datasets and real-world databases are not balanced. [PERSON] et al. [7] proposed a data augmentation method with GAN; they utilized a CNN to extract features and leverage a feature reduction strategy for their framework that increases the high number of samples in the training set. [PERSON] et al. [24] proposed a simulation-based GAN framework that understands the complex dynamics of generating close-to-real ECG training samples with the help of ordinary differential equations. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] introduced a GAN-based semisupervised framework that learns to generate synthetic per-patient ECG data to improve the patient-specific ECG classification. [PERSON] et al. [26] studied GAN for generating improved training ECG samples following LSTM-based ECG classification. [PERSON] et al. [27] introduced a data augmentation method based on an auxiliary GAN classifier. They constructed a classification model based on a stacked residual network with LSTM. [PERSON] et al. [28] propose ProGAN method based on GAN that solves the data imbalance issue. They generated a diverse state of ECG samples so that the model obtains higher fidelity and diversity in training samples. Hence, that ensures better generalization in the test set. [PERSON] et al. [29] introduced a policy gradient-based sequence GAN framework for negotiating with low-quality training without insufficient extracting global ECG features. The proposed framework shows a stable variance in generation loss. [PERSON] et al. [30] proposed a bidirectional LSTM-CNN-based GAN framework for ECG training sample generation with a diverse combination of generators and discriminators. [PERSON] et al. [31] proposed a conditional GAN-based ECG denoising method that comprises a convolutional autoencoder as the generator, which preserves spatial locality and feature representations. Several hidden layers are the discriminator. [PERSON] et al. [32] proposed a recurrent neural network-based GAN framework for ECG data augmentation and generation. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [33] proposed a CNN-GAN framework for ECG noise filtering for denoising. [PERSON] et al. [34] studied five different GANs, including BiLSTM-DC-GAN and WGAN, for generating synthetic ECG signals for robust training ECG samples. They also proposed a residual ECG network for ECG classification. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [35] proposed a multihead attention-based CNN framework that adopts GAN to tackle data insufficiency issues in imbalanced datasets by generating additional ECG data samples.
# An Improved Winkler Foundation Modulus for a Beam in a Full Space
## 2 The Formula of the Winkler Foundation Modulus
### Beam Bending Response of the Beam on a Three-Dimensional Elastic Foundation
#### 2.2.1 The Elastic Foundation under the Double Cosine Load  
As shown in Figure 3, a double cosine load is applied on the middle plane of the full-space foundation, which is expressed as  
\[q(x,y)=q_{0}\cos\lambda x\cos\omega y \tag{17}\]  
The governing equation of the foundation has the form \[\Delta^{2}u+\frac{1}{1-2\
u_{s}}\frac{\partial e}{\partial x} =0\] \[\Delta^{2}v+\frac{1}{1-2\
u_{s}}\frac{\partial e}{\partial y} =0 \tag{18}\] \[\Delta^{2}w+\frac{1}{1-2\
u_{s}}\frac{\partial e}{\partial z} =0\]  
where \(u\), \(v\), and \(w\) are the displacements along the \(x\), \(y\), and \(z\) axes, respectively, and \(\
u_{s}\) is the Poisson's ratio for the ground:  
\[e=\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial w }{\partial z} \tag{19}\]  
The solution of Equation (18) under the load expressed by Equation (17) should satisfy the following conditions: (1) the expression of the solution is the cosine function for \(x\) and \(y\); (2) the shear stress and normal stress are zero and continuous, respectively, in the plane _xoy_; (3) the displacement along \(z\) is continuous in the plane _xoy_; (4) the stress reaches zero when \(z\) approaches infinity. According to the study by [PERSON] et al. [19], the general solution has the form  
\[u =U(z)\sin(\lambda x)\cos(\omega y) \tag{20}\] \[v =V(z)\cos(\lambda x)\sin(\omega y)\] (21) \[w =W(z)\cos(\lambda x)\cos(\omega y) \tag{22}\]  
where  
\[U(z)=(a_{1}+a_{2}z)e^{-z\sqrt{\lambda^{2}+\omega^{2}}}+(a_{3}+a_{4}z)e^{z \sqrt{\lambda^{2}+\omega^{2}}} \tag{23}\]  
\[V(z)=U(z)\frac{\omega}{\lambda} \tag{24}\]  
\[W(z)=\frac{2-2\
u_{s}}{\lambda(\lambda^{2}+\omega^{2})}U^{\prime\prime}-\frac {3-2\
u_{s}}{\lambda}U^{\prime} \tag{25}\]  
where \(a_{1}\)-\(a_{4}\) are the undetermined coefficients.  
Figure 3: A double cosine load applied on the plane _xoy_.  
The undetermined coefficients can be obtained using conditions (2)-(4). Substituting the undetermined coefficients into Equation (22), the solution can be expressed as follows:  
\[w(x,y,z)=\frac{1+\
u_{s}}{2E_{s}}q_{0}\cos(\lambda x)\cos(\omega x)\biggl{(}z+ \frac{2-2\
u_{s}}{\sqrt{\lambda^{2}+\omega^{2}}}\biggr{)}e^{-z\sqrt{\lambda^{2} +\omega^{2}}} \tag{26}\]  
where \(E_{s}\) is the elastic modulus of the ground.  
It is evidently deduced that the relation between the displacement \(w_{0}\) and \(q\) at \(z=0\) has the form  
\[w_{0}=\frac{1-{\
u_{s}}^{2}}{E_{s}}\frac{q}{\sqrt{\lambda^{2}+\omega^{2}}} \tag{27}\]
# Accelerated Charge Dissipation by Gas-Phase Fluorination on Nomex Paper
###### Abstract  
The surface charge and space charge accumulation in paper used in oil-paper insulation system may distort electric field distribution and lead to the flashover and breakdown of insulation system. In this paper, the effect of gas-phase fluorination on the surface charge and space charge characteristics of oil-impregnated Nomex paper was investigated. Nomex T410 was fluorinated at 25\({}^{\circ}\)C using F\({}_{2}\)/N\({}_{2}\) mixtures with 20% F\({}_{2}\) in volume at 0.05 MPa for 15, 30 and 45 min. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) proved that the molecular chain scission and cleavage occurred during gas-phase fluorination. Furthermore, the surface charge and space charge characteristic of the original and fluorinated oil-impregnated paper were measured using an electrostatic voltmeter and Pulsed Electroacoustic (PEA) equipment respectively. Furthermore, the hole and electron trap distribution of the samples were obtained by Isothermal Surface Potential Decay (ISPD) model. The results showed that both the positive and negative charge decay rates were accelerated by gas-phase fluorination and the hole, electron trap energy and density of the fluorinated samples were reduced by fluorination. It is suggested that the space charge dissipation was also accelerated by fluorination, indicating that gas-phase fluorination is an effective approach to modify the charge dynamics of oil-impregnated Nomex paper.  
Keywords:Nomex paper; gas-phase fluorination; surface charge; space charge; trap distribution +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Wideband Channel Characterization for 6G Networks in Industrial Environments
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper investigates the radio channel propagation characteristics in the 107-109 GHz band in three different industrial environments. An overview of the radio propagation studies in the frequency band above 100 GHz for 6G was presented. We also gave an overview of radio propagation studies in indoor industrial environments. Based on wideband measurements conducted in three different industrial settings, several radio channel propagation characteristics, such as the path loss, K-factor, time dispersion, and multipath propagation, were investigated. The CI and FI path loss models were used to examine the large-scale fading. The PLE values were less than the FSPL exponent, indicating that the reflected paths contribute additional energy to the received signal from the direct path. The high K-factor values were observed at the short Tx-Rx separation distances below 2 m in all industrial environments. The RMSDS values ranged from 3 ns to 24 ns, which were more than the MEDs and resulted in a spreading factor value of less than unity. This means that most of the high power MPCs fall in the early delay bins of the PDP. The findings from this work with the extensive overview of the radio propagation studies in 6G networks, as well as the measurement results of 107-109 GHz in three different industrial environments can help engineers and researchers to plan, design, and optimize reliable 6G wireless indoor networks.  
Conceptualization, A.A.-S. and M.M.; data curation, A.A.-S. and M.M.; formal analysis, A.A.-S., M.M., M.C., and A.M.; funding acquisition, A.A.-S. and M.C.; investigation, A.A.-S., M.M., M.C., and A.M.; methodology, A.A.-S. and M.M.; project administration, A.A.-S. and M.C.; resources, A.A.-S. and M.M.; software, A.A.-S. and M.M.; supervision, M.C.; validation, M.M., M.C., and A.M.; visualization, A.A.-S., M.M., M.C., and A.M.; writing, review and editing, A.A.-S., M.M., M.C., and A.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability StatementData available on request from the authors.  
The authors would like to acknowledge the Manu Lab, NTNU, Gjewik for supporting this work. Also, the authors would like to thank Dokka Fasteners AS, Norway for allowing us to conduct the measurements at their facilities and helped us during the measurements.
## 2 Modeling and Simulation Procedure
In the \"Physics\" section of the Sentaurus Device, the parameters of a charge trap were defined for various models at stake (i.e., under consideration). The used transport model considered the influence of the doping level on the carrier mobility, the saturation of carrier velocity, and the influence of the normal field component on the drain current. Since the transistor had nanoscale dimensions, it was also necessary to take into account the quantum confinement effects. The present work employed quantum corrections with respect to the density gradient, which is preferred in the framework of drift-diffusion simulations [29; 30]. The adopted transport model has been calibrated on experimental I\({}_{\text{d}}\)-V\({}_{\text{g}}\) characteristics carried out in [31]. The experimental transistor preparation and measurements details are described in [31]. According to this work, [110]-trigger nanowires with high-k/metal gate stack were fabricated on (100) SOI wafers with a 12 nm top silicon layer and a buried oxide thickness of 145 nm. The SOI layer was thinned down to 10 nm. The silicon layer is patterned to create nanowires by using a mesa isolation technique. The gate stack consists of 2.3 nm CVD HfSiON, 5 nm ALD TiN, and polysilicon (50 nm) layers (equivalent oxide thickness (\(EOT\)) \(\approx\) 1.2 nm). As for the active patterning, photoresist trimming is used to address gate lengths up to 13 nm. The comparison of I\({}_{\text{d}}\)-V\({}_{\text{g}}\) characteristics obtained from both simulation and experiment is shown in Figure 5b. A good calibration between simulation and experimental characteristics in the subthreshold as well as in the superthreshold regions was obtained. Hereby, the trap at the interface of the defect area is modeled by the projection of the spatial defect to the interface surface with an appropriate density of charge. For an adequate comparison of the effect of different defect forms, the volume of different spatial defect forms as well as the area of different forms of interface defects were correspondingly chosen to be equal. The radius of the spherical model of the defect in the oxide layer and that of the circle model at the interface surface were chosen to equal 0.15 nm.
# VPNFilter Malware Analysis on Cyber Threat in Smart Home Network
## 3 VPNFilter Malware in the Smart Home Network
### VPNFilter Attack Vulnerability  
Some analyses of the malware revealed a module- and multi-stage-based malware having the ability to manage data collection activities and the ability to disable devices completely, which allows access for distributed denial of attacks. Router platforms belonging to Linksys, TP-Link, Qmap, Netgear, and MikroTik implement home networks on internet gateways, making them more susceptible to the VPNFilter malware attack. This malware is also regarded as three-stage, since it infects the device responsible for distributing the internet indoors, and it can interfere with the navigation of all connected devices [43]. Figure 3 illustrates the malware penetration stages.  
* Stage 1. Penetration: it attempts to download a picture from either a photobucket or tokonowall, from which it can then extract the IP address of the stage 2 server hidden in image EXIF meta-data. The goal of this stage is simply to survive after the reboot or to determine the IP address of the server once terminated. The core malware code stays in the infected system and does not disappear, even if the device is restarted [27].
* Stage 2. Filtration: the malware will proceed to download a non-persistent module from the attacker's server. This module operates through a local working directory and communicates with the command and control (C&C) server to execute the commands. In particular, it communicates with the command and control server capable of collecting data and running command in the infected unit. This is done by overwriting a section of the device's firmware and rebooting, rendering it unusable.
* Stage 3. Deployment: the installation of a non-persistent packet sniffing module will extend the functionality of the malware. It will intercept the traffic and try to extract HTTP authentication strings as well as a communication plugin to enable remote communication using a secure network called Tor. It works as stage 2 plug-ins and includes a packet sniffer to spy on traffic routed through the device [16]. Researchers estimate that the VPNFilter malware has infected 500,000 routers across 54 nations since 2016. Common household routers make up a significant portion of these compromised routers [44].  
Figure 3: Malware penetration stages.  
During the initial infection vector, no known vulnerabilities have been identified, but many of the infected routers were either old or were left unpatched with generally known vulnerabilities that can be exploited. They also included open source vulnerabilities and often got dispatched with default login credentials.
# Aerospace
## 9 Additional Mission Concepts
### Mars Global Small Lander Network  
The method described in Section 6.2 for delivering multiple SmallSats to various inclination orbits can also be extended to multiple small Mars landers as secondary payloads on a large mission [49]. Instead of performing aerocapture, the ADEPT spacecraft will perform direct entry and deliver landers across the surface. The lander network can spread across various latitudes to provide global coverage (ranging from near-polar to equatorial landing sites) and could be used for coordinated seismic, meteorological, and other investigations.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, the fatigue crack propagation tests of high-strength steel wire used in bridge cables with machine-cut notches were carried out by combining crack front marking technique and AutoCAD software. The influence of depth, width and shape of initial defects on fatigue crack propagation rate of steel wire specimen was quantitatively analyzed through the relationship between fatigue crack length and cyclic loading numbers. Major conclusions from this study can be summarized as follows:  
1. The test device designed in this paper can effectively realize the synchronous pulsation fatigue loading, and simultaneously apply different fatigue stress ranges to multiple steel wires, which greatly reduces the test period.
2. The method to identify fatigue crack propagation based on load waveform variation in this paper can directly and accurately judge the moment of fatigue crack propagation, and the limitation of previous empirical method can be solved.
3. The fatigue fracture of the steel wire was analyzed macroscopically and microscopically, and three regions of fatigue fracture were found: slow extending region (Region A), fast extending region (Region B) and instantaneous fracture region (Region C), and the behavior of fatigue crack propagation in each region was investigated.
4. The fatigue crack propagation tests of high-strength steel wire used in bridge cables with different prefabricated defects were carried out in this paper. The influence of depth, width and shape of initial defects on fatigue crack propagation rate of steel wire specimen was quantitatively analyzed through the relationship between fatigue crack length and cyclic loading numbers. The results show that the larger the depth, the smaller the width and the sharper the shape of initial defect, the faster the crack propagation rate and the lower fatigue life of steel wire.  
Figure 27: Variation of a/c with cyclic numbers.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Y.W.; methodology, Y.W.; writing--original draft preparation, W.Z.; writing--review and editing, X.P.; supervision, Y.Z.; project administration, Y.W.; funding acquisition, Y.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51678135); Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20171350); Six Talent Peak Projects in Jiangsu Province (JNHB-007), and the China Scholarship Council (No.201906090261), which are gratefully acknowledged.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
## 4 Experimental Design and Results
### Comparison Algorithms
#### 4.4.1 Encoding Algorithms  
* Huffman Coding Algorithm (HCA) [23]: The Huffman Coding Algorithm is a widely used lossless encoding technique based on variable-length coding. It assigns shorter binary codes to more frequently occurring symbols and longer codes to less frequent ones, ensuring an efficient and compact representation of data. Due to its efficiency and adaptability, the Huffman Coding Algorithm remains a fundamental tool in data compression, enabling faster storage and transmission while preserving data integrity.
* Local Path on Huffman Encoding Algorithm (LPHEA) [30]: The LPHEA is an alternative encoding algorithm designed to address the limitations of Huffman Encoding and arithmetic coding in image compression. While Huffman encoding efficiently represents frequently occurring symbols with short bit sequences, it assigns excessively long bit sequences to less frequent symbols. LPHEA improves this by initially applying Huffman encoding and then introducing flag bits to optimize the representation of low-frequency symbols. Specifically, a flag bit \"1\" is added if the successive symbol remains on the same leaf level in the Huffman tree, while a flag bit \"0\" is inserted otherwise. This method retains the advantages of Huffman encoding while mitigating inefficiencies in handling long bit sequences. The algorithm's effectiveness demonstrating strong performance in image compression, particularly for images with a balanced tree structure, where it achieved competitive results compared to other algorithms.  
* Huffman-Based Lossless Image Encoding Scheme (HBLIES) [29]: The HBLIES is an efficient encoding algorithm designed to improve data compression by leveraging frequency modulation techniques. In this approach, the most frequently occurring symbols following each character are identified and grouped, and Huffman encoding is applied specifically to them, optimizing bit representation. The results indicate that HBLIES outperforms well-known encoding methods, including the Huffman encoding algorithm, arithmetic coding, and LPHEA, achieving superior compression efficiency across all test images.
## 4 Experimental Studies  
### Data Sources  
In order to test the validity and accuracy characteristics of the new algorithm, the representative monitoring data of the water quality automatic monitoring station, which is located in Huayang Lake Group in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, were selected as the test data. The data acquisition time was the latest recorded data from January 2019 to July 2019. The water quality factor parameter information of the algorithm test data is shown in Table 3. It can be seen from the information in Table 3 that the selected water quality parameter factors included conventional physical and chemical factors and biological parameter factors. Among these parameter factors, the recording period of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electronic conductivity (EC), turbidity, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and algal density (AD) water quality factors was every 1 hour, and the length of the sequence was 4723, while the recording period of the permanganate index (COD\({}_{\text{MN}}\)), ammonia-nitrogen (NH\({}_{3}\)-N), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) water quality factors is was 4 hours, and the length of the sequence was 1187. Among these environmental monitoring factors, the factors with large coefficient of variation include NH3-N, AD, turbidity and Chl-a.