# Factors Affecting the Stability of Loess Landslides: A Review
###### Abstract  
The stability of loess landslides affects the production and livelihood of the people in its vicinity. The stability of loess landslides is influenced by various factors, including internal structure, collapsibility, water content, and shear strength. The landslide stability of loesses can be analyzed by several geophysical methods, such as seismic refraction tomography (SRT), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), micro-seismic technology, and ground penetrating radar (GPR). Geotechnical tests (compression and shear tests) and remote sensing techniques (Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and airborne 3D laser technology) are used for studying the landslide stability of loessess as well. Some of the methods above can measure parameters (e.g., fractures, water content, shear strength, creep) which influence the stability of loess landslides, while other methods qualitatively indicate the influencing factors. Integrating parameters measured by different methods, minimizing disturbances to landslides, and assessing landslide stability are important steps in studying landslide hazards. This paper comprehensively introduces the methods used in recent studies on the landslide stability of loesses and summarizes the factors which affect the landslide stability. Furthermore, the relationships between different parameters and methods are examined. This paper enhances comprehension of the underlying mechanisms of the stability of loess landslides to diminish disastrous consequences. landside stability; loess; geophysical methods; geotechnical test +
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reduced effective stress and reduced shear strength [16; 17; 18; 19; 20]. Vertical liquefaction during landslide shearing is a major cause of landslides according to Coulomb mechanics [21; 22; 23]. Remote sensing satellite technology is a valuable tool for monitoring landslide characteristics. There are some studies that have utilized topographic maps, remote sensing data, and InSAR technology to obtain varying information. High-resolution optical satellite data can be used for landslide monitoring and hazard assessment. Global Positioning Systems (GPSs) can visualize the location and speed of deformation. Robotic velocimeters facilitate remote monitoring [24]. In China, practical satellite remote sensing technology is being used for the monitoring of loess landslides. Restoration of the deformation baseline and cyclic monitoring are carried out by real-time monitoring using real-time kinematic (RTK), precise point positioning (PPP), and static baseline technologies supported by the Beidou positioning system and GPS [25]. Based on Sentinel-1A satellite images, [PERSON] et al. [26] used hotspot analysis to cluster the average line-of-sight deformation rate of hills along the Lanzhou-Urumqi high-speed railroad line between 2017 and 2022 and proposed a framework for the early identification and monitoring of landslides. It is still a big challenge to utilize some parameters that impact landslide stability indirectly. Some progress has been made despite the limited attention given to these parameters. A series of intermediate parameters are used to obtain indirectly measured parameters. These intermediate parameters can be measured directly by the instrument. They can then be derived, transformed, modeled, and inverted to obtain the indirectly measured parameters. Several indirectly measured parameters such as shear strength, matrix suction, and pore water pressure have been identified in China. The collapsibility of loesses is influenced by their granular structure, which can be categorized as self-weight collapsibility and non-self-weight collapsibility under internal and external loads [1; 27]. Matrix suction is correlated with water content, initial dry density, and the hydrodynamic properties of loess samples. This provides valuable information for landslide stability [28; 29].