# TACRP: Traffic-Aware Clustering-Based Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Network Performance Based on a Number of Vehicles
The packet loss of the proposed TACRP protocol was only 138 packets for the entire transmission while ECHS and NRHCS protocols produced up to 389 packets and 256 packets, respectively. Due to the traffic management in the proposed TACRP protocol congestion was highly concentrated and controlled. During the process of communication on behalf of low congestion, packets were transmitted from the source to the destination in an elegant way so that the packet loss was very low. Figure 9 demonstrates the calculation of the network overhead with varying number of vehicles where the coverage area of the network was 200 m with speed 50 Km/h. The overhead of the proposed TACRP protocol was 1089 packets for the entire transmission, while the ECHS and NRHCS protocols produced up to 5289 packets and 3567 packets, respectively. High congestion was the major reason for the generation of the overhead in the network. In the proposed TACRP protocol congestion was reduced, reflected in the reduction of the overhead in the network. Figure 8: Packet Loss Calculation. Figure 7: End to End Delay Calculation. Results Discussion Based on a Number of Vehicles  
The overall performance detail of the network is given in Tables 3 and 4. From the results, it is understood that the proposed TACRP routing protocol outperformed the earlier works, such as the ECHS and NRHCS protocols. These results were achieved due to the introduction of a traffic management unit in the VANETs. It monitored the entire traffic of the network even if it contained huge traffic. Additionally, the clustering technique was used and it included the principle of a vehicle leaving the cluster, a vehicle joining the cluster, cluster updates, and inter-cluster communication. Due to the introduction of these techniques, traffic management was greatly enhanced, reflected in the performance analysis. The parameters that were concentrated in the performance analysis were the calculations of energy efficiency, network throughput, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay of the network. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**NO. V** & **ECHS** & **NRHCS** & **TACRP** & **ECHS** & **NRHCS** & **TACRP** \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Packet Loss (packets)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Network Overhead (packets)} \\
25 & 85 & 35 & 17 & 685 & 248 & 56 \\
50 & 101 & 65 & 28 & 1328 & 905 & 128 \\
75 & 147 & 96 & 41 & 2418 & 1437 & 296 \\
100 & 172 & 118 & 52 & 3219 & 1867 & 487 \\
125 & 239 & 142 & 69 & 3813  
The proposed method mainly concentrated on network traffic improvement and energy consumption reduction. In order to reduce the energy consumption of the network, the clustering technique was used. The efficiency of the proposed TACRP routing protocol reached up to 86% which was 10% to 20% higher than the earlier works of ECHS and NRHCS protocols. Due to the improved traffic management system the overhead and delay of the network reduced which provided a way to transfer more data in a specific time, leading to reaching maximum throughput during the process of communication in the network. Hence the proposed TACRP routing protocol reached up to 543.16 Kbps, which was 200 Kbps to 300 Kbps higher than the earlier works of ECHS and NRHCS protocols. In the proposed model, network throughput was maximized and also the delay was low so the packet delivery ratio measured at the end of the simulation was 98.37% which was 5% to 10% higher than the earlier works of ECHS and NRHCS protocols. Finally, due to the use of an improved traffic management system, the data was transmitted from the source to the destination sequentially at the predefined time with a very low delay compared with the earlier works. Hence, the delay produced by the proposed method was 152.71 ms, whereas the ECHS and NRHCS protocol produced up to 359.14 ms and 296.47 ms, which was 150 ms to 200 ms higher than the proposed TACRP routing protocol.