## 3 Results
### Household Adaptation and Coping Strategies and Their Determinants
#### 3.3.2 Determinants of Household Adaptation and Coping Strategies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variables**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SLM**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PSNP**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**LD**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PS**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Coefficient** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Coefficient** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Coefficient** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Coefficient** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline SEX & \(-0.09\) & \(0.111\) & \(0.05\) & \(0.355\) & \(0.04\) & \(0.229\) & \(0.075\) & \(0.937\) \\ AGE & \(0.035\) & \(0.025\)** & \(-0.001\) & \(0.035\)** & \(0.004\) & \(0.816\) & \(-0.048\) & \(0.654\) \\ FAMSZ & \(0.02\) & \(0.116\) & \(-0.01\) & \(0.21\) & \(-0.01\) & \(0.182\) & \(0.008\) & \(0.584\) \\ EDUCH & \(0.04\) & \(0.00\)** & \(0.03\) & \(0.001\)** & \(0.02\) & \(0.001\)** & \(0.02\) & \(0.001\)** \\ CREDT & \(-0.01\) & \(0.786\) & \(-0.05\) & \(0.314\) & \(0.054\) & \(0.049\)** & \(0.06\) & \(0.09\) \\ LIVEST & \(0.025\) & \(0.05\)** & \(-0.00\) & \(0.496\) & \(0.036\) & \(0.008\) & \(-0.084\) & \(0.815\) \\ ASSET & \(-0.045\) & \(0.00\)** & \(0.035\) & \(0.769\) & \(0.180\) & \(0.023\)** & \(0.001\) & \(0.501\) \\ MEDIA & \(-0.02\) & \(0.693\) & \(0.01\) & \(0.925\) & \(0.06\) & \(0.046\) & \(0.03\) & \(0.045\)** \\ ACCT & \(0.16\) & \(0.005\)** & \(-0.12\) & \(0.27\) & \(-0.03\) & \(0.254\) & \(-0.45\) & \(0.925\) \\ DISMA & \(-0.32\) & \(0.542\) & \(0.082\) & \(0.567\) & \(-0.009\) & \(0.00\)** & \(0.007\) & \(0.00\)** \\ RNGLD & \(0.47\) & \(0.00\)** & \(0.37\) & \(0.25\) & \(-0.64\) & \(0.00\)** & \(-0.20\) & \(0.00\)** \\ Constant & \(-0.05\) & \(0.717\) & \(0.22\) & \(0.105\) & \(0.67\) & \(0.00\)** & \(0.16\) & \(0.081\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Source: own computation, ** and * indicate 5% and 1% levels of significance, respectively.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: The results of the multivariate probit analysis. opportunities. Additionally, exposure to various media platforms increases the adoption of seedling planting by 3%. Overall, mass media access strengthens community resilience and adaptive capacity, offering better livelihood options in the face of socio-economic and environmental challenges. The result aligns with [15; 60]. Access to Extension Services (ACCT): This is crucial for pastoralist households, significantly enhancing the adoption of seasonal livestock migration strategies. Having access to these services increases the likelihood of adopting migration by 16%. This indicates that effective use of extension services can improve livelihoods, resilience, and sustainability in evolving rangeland ecosystems. This supports [15]. Distance to Nearest Market (DISMA): Greater distances negatively impact livelihood diversification (by 0.9%) and positively impact the adoption of seedlings planting (by 0.7%), highlighting the importance of market accessibility for pastoralists. This supports [61]. Access to Rangeland (RNGLD): Adequate access to rangeland is essential for adopting seasonal migration (increasing its likelihood by 47%) and reducing reliance on livestock. Limited access can promote livelihood diversification (by 64%) and negatively impact the adoption of sustainable practices. This aligns [52; 62]. Additionally, access to rangeland adversely affects the adoption of seedling planting; a 1% increase in access to rangeland leads to a 20% reduction in the likelihood of planting. This reluctance may stem from land disputes or uncertainty over land ownership, highlighting the challenges pastoralists face in utilizing land resources effectively. This supports [63].