## 1 Introduction  
An increasing number of territories and engineering works are seriously threatened by a combination of adverse effects related to natural disasters (e.g., landslides, earthquakes) or human-madecauses (such as traffic-induced vibrations, degradation of structures, absence of maintenance). This problem mainly affects the countries characterized by old infrastructures and old towns of historical, artistic, and cultural interest. In this context, it becomes essential to develop Early Warning Systems (EWS) to quickly detect potentially dangerous events which occurred in specific areas or on engineering works [1] to define an appropriate intervention strategy consisting of stabilization works or structural reinforcements. Several studies [2; 3; 4; 5] and analyses exist in the literature that used conventional transducers, among others, for structural and geotechnical EWS or Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). Generally, such procedures used local sensors such as strain gauges, accelerometers, laser sensors, doppler, and reticles with multicore optical fiber. Damaged buildings, monuments, cavities, and infrastructures are significantly increasing due to the broader exposed areas to natural hazards and due to the old age of the civil constructions and require a strong effort for their surveillance and maintenance. In this context, it becomes essential to develop innovative Early-Warning Systems (EWS), as well as Structural Health Monitoring and Reinforcement (SHMR), able to detect any anomalous behavior [6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. These systems contain conventional and unconventional, distributed, and local sensors. These EWSs can collect the information and manage it remotely. In the following report, two experimental approaches have been described. One concerns the development of a New Hybrid Distributed Transducer to be used both for the detection of landslide movements and for structural monitoring and reinforcement. The second approach consists of the development of a smart system of local sensors based on a wired data acquisition system to collect and analyze structural data from different locations in a structure. The measured data are addressed toward a central acquisition unit that can be interrogated remotely. The approach exploits the variety of low-cost sensors included in a smartphone and a set of libraries of protocols and programming tools (API). Regarding the first approach, in the laboratories of Department of Engineering of the University of Campania, \"[PERSON]\" distributed strain and temperature measurement devices have been developed using an optical fiber cable for communications as a sensor. The proposed method is based on a technique described in [12]. The acquisition system is based on the device reported in [13]. The system allows for measuring temperature and strain as high as 10 \(\mu\varepsilon\) along with the fiber with a spatial resolution of about 0.8 m at a low frequency (0.1 Hz). Such a type of distributed strain measurements can be performed in slopes or along with linear infrastructures even over long distances, representing a significant advantage for conventional pointwise strain measurements (topographic measurements, inclinometers, strain gauges, among the others), which can provide only local data, with the risk of missing critical points, [14]. Several applications of optical fiber as strain sensors in the geotechnical field have been performed in recent years. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] used optical fiber embedded in a natural slope subjected to extremely slow movement to locate the boundaries of the sliding mass. Examples of seepage and strain monitoring systems realized by using optical fiber sensors in embankment dams can be found in [16; 17], and other applications are available in geosynthetics and reinforced soil slopes used on artificial and small-scale physical models [18; 19]. Optical fibers have also been used for the measurement of soil displacement profiles based on the principle of the inclinometer tube [20; 21; 22].