# Overview of the Research Status of Intelligent Water Conservancy Technology System
## 3 Status Quo of Key Technologies of Smart Water Conservancy  
### \"Sky, Air, Land and Water\" Integrated Monitoring Technology  
The multi-dimensional perception of water conservancy is the basis of realizing the water conservancy digital twin. The construction of an integrated sky, air, earth and water sensor network is expected to solve the problems of integrated spatial information facility construction, multi-observation fusion, protocol interconnection, subject interaction and high perception [28]. Multi-dimensional monitoring technology integrates remote sensing, UAV and sensor technologies to build an integrated monitoring system to collect multi-dimensional data such as the water conservancy system, water resources and environmental parameters in real time [29].  
In space-based monitoring, satellite remote sensing is used as the main monitoring means, such as Fengyun series meteorological satellites and SWOT satellites [30]. Using these satellite data, dynamic monitoring [31] and evolution analysis [32] of water resources can be realized. However, the resolution of some remote sensing data is insufficient to meet the needs of refined water management, especially for small-range and fine-grained monitoring and analysis. In space-based monitoring, UAV technology has the characteristics of current situation, high precision and high efficiency. At present, combined with deep learning image technology, drones can identify and locate specific targets, improving dynamic perception. Ground-based monitoring mainly uses wireless sensor networks to flexibly  
Figure 2: Overall framework of intelligent water conservancy.  
deploy and transmit data through wireless networks (such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, etc.) to adapt to the complexity of water system monitoring requirements. For example, multiple sensors are used for periodic synchronous data acquisition, and, combined with interpolation and grid mapping technology, a data twin system is established to realize real-time water conservancy monitoring [33]. However, wireless sensor networks are subject to energy limitations and have limited service life and performance. Energy-saving clustering protocols and lightweight machine learning technologies can be integrated to improve the effectiveness and accuracy of sensor networks [34]. At the same time, the concept of the virtual sensor service network and multi-platform and multi-sensor flexible observation service method are proposed to address the difficulties of task-driven bidirectional feedback control of sensor networks, so as to realize unified planning and real-time sharing of service [35]. At present, the construction of digital twin basins requires comprehensive basin operation status and accurate digital representation. Therefore, the primary key to creating digital twin basins is to take the water environment array sensor technology of key basins as the data source and multi-source data fusion as the technical means [36]. In water-based monitoring, unmanned survey ships equipped with multi-beam sounding systems are generally used to collect underwater data [37].  
Finally, IoT technology is deployed through sensors at key points in the physical entity, transmitting the necessary information to the digital twin for data interaction. In the intelligent water conservancy basin scheduling, Internet of Things technology has changed the problems of incomplete monitoring information, low transmission efficiency and insufficient computing speed, which has brought major breakthroughs for basin scheduling. A watershed intelligent scheduling technology system based on Internet of Things technology has been proposed [5]. In the next step, a new water conservancy perception system based on intelligent Internet of Things terminals should be strengthened to achieve convenient, thorough and intelligent water conservancy perception, and provide more comprehensive data support for digital twins [38].