## 3 Results
### Themes Covered Across the Included Articles
#### 3.3.1 Extreme Weather and Heat
To investigate the distribution, orientation, and thermal environment of 373 bus shelters in Guangzhou's hot-humid climate, researchers classified bus-shelter characteristics and identified typical styles, while measuring thermal conditions and observing passengercooling behaviours during summer [37]. The findings revealed that the typical bus-shelter style in Guangzhou's core area features a north-south orientation, single station board, two backboards, two opaque green roofs, and a red permeable brick surface. Air temperature and relative humidity under various bus shelters in various tree-shaded areas and in open spaces ranged within 34-37 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 49-56%, respectively. At high-traffic bus shelters, air temperature generally exceeded 35.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, indicating an uncomfortable thermal environment. In the absence of shade from bus shelters or trees, passengers adjusted their positions in response to sun height, azimuth angles, and direct solar radiation intensity to minimize radiation exposure. When only bus shelters provided shade, people congregated in shaded areas, employing additional cooling measures like umbrellas, hats, and small fans to mitigate thermal discomfort. Despite these efforts, overheating persisted, highlighting the importance of integrating auxiliary cooling facilities in bus shelters to improve thermal comfort [37]. In a study examining the local microenvironment and social vulnerability of heat-vulnerable bus stops in Knoxville, Tennessee, researchers utilized publicly available data from multiple sources, including ground and satellite measurements of heat and humidity from the Knoxville Heat Mapping Campaign, land surface characteristics from the National Land Cover Dataset 2019 of the United States Geological Survey, and the 2018 Social Vulnerability Index from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [32]. The study employed a geographic information system and principal component analysis to identify social vulnerability in areas surrounding bus stops. The findings revealed that most heat-vulnerable bus stops lacked trees and shelters, contributing to poor microenvironments. Moreover, the hottest bus stops were concentrated in the densely populated and highly developed areas of Knoxville. These regions exhibited relatively high vulnerability clustering and inadequate public infrastructure. Research on the effectiveness of mist-spraying as a heat mitigation technique at bus stops has yielded mixed results. A study from Japan [34] explored the cooling effects of mist-spraying techniques at semi-open bus stops, aiming to determine the ratio of air temperature decrease and humidity increase where the mist was sprayed. The findings show that the air temperature decreased by 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C and humidity increased by 1 g/kg (DA) under low-wind conditions, only slightly mitigating the solar radiation. Conversely, a study in China [19] focused on a mist spray system to improve outdoor human thermal comfort, using experimental testing and a questionnaire. The results indicated that 74% of participants (N = 50) found the mist spray system acceptable and that it significantly improved thermal comfort and thermal sensation. Three of the studies that focused on heat investigated radiant cooling used to create cool shelters. [PERSON] et al. [30] reported findings on radiant cooling for bus shelters in Iran. The study combined radiative cooling with dynamic radiant cooling technology to develop a \"Cooling Station\" and evaluated the effects of geometry, orientation, and surrounding elements on the station's climate. The results demonstrate that humidity and the surrounding buildings could diminish the performance of the cooling panels. However, by applying non-reciprocal asymmetric transmission windows, this impact could be mitigated. With optimization, the \"Cooling Station\" was capable of a 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C decrease in the Universal Thermal Climate Index, showcasing its potential as an effective solution for the improvement of thermal comfort at bus stops in hot climates.