# Development of a Multi-Radio Device for Dry Container Monitoring and Tracking
## 2 Related Works, Enabling Technologies and Standards
Devices can communicate directly with each other, extending the network range without relying on a single central device. They are highly scalable and can handle a large number of connected devices, allowing for the addition of new devices without compromising network functionality. BLE is designed to consume minimal power, allowing battery-powered devices to operate for long periods without frequent recharging. The mesh topology enables each device to act as both a node and a relay, allowing data transmission through multiple nodes and improving coverage and connection reliability. The mesh network offers multiple communication paths, allowing data to find alternative routes in case a node encounters issues or becomes disconnected. The network can adapt to environmental changes, automatically adjusting communication paths to maintain a reliable connection. These characteristics make BLE Mesh networks an attractive solution for various IoT scenarios and applications that require efficient and reliable connectivity for a large number of devices, including dry container monitoring. At the conclusion of this section, we mention the international standardization initiatives that tracking devices for dry containers should adhere to in order to have better chances of success in the highly standardized field of multimodal logistics. ISO 18625 [26] guides the requirements (operational and otherwise) for a system and its enabling devices used to track, monitor and/or report the status of the container, referred to as the Container Tracking and Monitoring System (CTMS). With a tiered approach, the standard specifies (a) a set of requirements for transferring information to and from a container tracking device to/from an automatic data processing system; (b) functional requirements necessary to ensure consistent and reliable operation of the CTMS; (c) features to inhibit malicious or unintentional alteration and/or deletion of the information content of the CTMS; (d) compliance to ISO 18185 [27] regarding the environmental characteristics of operating devices. In September 2020, the DCSA published IoT standards for gateway connectivity interfaces for the global container shipping industry [28]. These standards are designed to enable industry-wide interoperability between IoT devices (including \"smart containers\") and the supporting network infrastructure. The standards in this release align internal radio communication protocols for IoT gateways, addressing the network connectivity requirements for reef containers, dry containers, and the RFID registration of these containers. This publication is intended to serve as the foundational work to enable interoperability at the gateways' internal radio interface level for the defined use cases. It would also be the basis for future IoT standard releases from DCSA, which, however, have not yet occurred although planned. Lastly, intending to standardize the fundamental information provided across the carrier liner domain, DCSA provided the third version interface standard for track and trace in March 2023. This document also intends to facilitate discussions around the exchange of track and trace data between the different counterparts involved in the shipment(s) and should lead to better accountability and traceability of activities concerning the shipment of goods [29].