# Alkali-silica Reaction Elimination Potential of High-Performance Concrete Containing Glass Powder
###### Abstract  
This study is mainly concerned with the assumption that glass powder can eliminate the potential alkali-silica reaction in high performance concrete. Glass is often land filled, produced as a secondary raw material or as a by-product of production. Chemical analyses were carried out, and the ecotoxicity of the material was investigated, serving as a basis for testing a potential alkali-silica reaction. High performance concrete (HPC) containing different types of waste powder (secondary raw material from production (SGP), jewelry production (SGJ), container waste glass (CWG), and glass from used photovoltaic panels (GPP)) are tested according to the international standard ASTM C1260 and the Czech technical condition TP 137. Newly designed mixtures are innocuous from the ASR point of view in the most cases, except SGP HPC. alkali-silica reaction; high-performance concrete; glass powder; recycling +
Footnote †: journal: materials  
0000-0001-9999-4000-0000][PERSON]  
0000-0001-9999-4000-0000][PERSON]  
0000-0002-3199-4000]J.M.M.H.M.H.M.H.M.H.M.H.M.H.M.H.M.H.M.H.M.H.M.H.M.H.M  
production. These materials often have no further use because of insufficient cleanliness, undesirable color, or other. However, glass is natural pozzolan and does not decompose because it is non-degradable in nature [12]. The use of glass powder in concrete can thus hypothetically contribute to reducing the need for landfill sites, saving money and energy resources. Nevertheless, glass ranks among alternative additives to cement, such as supplementary cementitious materials [13]. WM or SRM utilization in concrete increases the need for thorough chemical analysis and overall toxic safety, especially in relation to nature. Ecotoxicological analysis elucidates interactions in biological systems and shows whether alternative concrete mixtures with glass substitutes can reduce the potential toxic effects of glass itself, as both glass and concrete are associated with toxicity that is related to heavy metal leaching or higher pH [2]. These facts often lead to problems with corrosion, dermatitis, or other reactions such as ASR [14]. Ongoing research deals with the ASR mechanism, the conditions affecting this reaction, and the methods that are used for testing. As one of the main degradation processes, ASR damages harden concrete and occurs in concrete under certain conditions. The first identification and initial description of this process was done by [PERSON] in 1930-1940 [15]. Long-term observations brought new attainment--the alkaline environment and the presence of the reactive aggregate in concrete are the initiators of an alkali-silica reaction. By using Portland cement, an alkaline environment is created due to the presence of Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) and although Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) represents about a quarter of all hydration products, it can be said that the alkali content (specifically Na\({}_{2}\)O and K\({}_{2}\)O) is much more important in the ASR issue [16]. The problem arises when the reactive aggregate in the resulting strongly alkaline environment begins to form a gel, which creates tension in the concrete and often leads to the formation of cracks. The chemistry of ASR is a complicated process and was clearly summarized in 2005 by [PERSON] et al. [16]. The effort was to understand the mechanism through simple chemistry and to focus on a simple chemical test method to verify ASR. Factors affecting ASR were extended from humidity, temperature, time, and material to the factors such as diffusivity, source, and concentration of the relevant ions. The measurement and evaluation of the alkali-silica reaction are usually performed according to standards. The American standard [17], the British standard [18], or the Czech standard [19] sets the conditions for laboratory testing--various boundary conditions are given and the main point of interest is the change in the length of the samples, from which the expansion rate is then numerically evaluated.