## 2 System Model  
In our system, the transmitting (typical) V-N, consisting of a vehicle, a pedestrian, or an RSU, connects a nearby V-N through a direct link or through a shared infrastructure that employs a LOS-LAP, an NLOS-LAP, or an MBS. The UAVs, MBSs, and V-Ns have been represented with stochastic geometry. The MBSs, represented by \(M\), are generated according to a 2D PPP, \(\Phi_{M}\), with a density function, \(\lambda_{M}\). Each MBS, indicated by the \(j\)-th MBS, is situated in a two-dimensional environment with dimensions \((x_{j},y_{j})\), wherein \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline
**Work** & **Main Focus of the System Model** & **Basic Outcome** & **Limitation** \\ \hline
[4] & C-V2X network & Association and coverage probability derivation & Evaluation of millimeter wave connectivity and SE \\ \hline
[5] & C-V2X network & Probability of association of a V-N and user load on the base station & Evaluation of millimeter waves communications and SE \\ \hline
[10] & C-V2X network & Probability of association and coverage of a V-N & Analysis of UAVs employing millimeter waves communications and SE analysis. \\ \hline
[27] & C-V2X network & Analysis of millimeter waves and beam alignment closed-form analysis & Probability of association, coverage analysis, and SE analysis \\ \hline
[7] & V2X network & Analysis of millimeter waves and beam tracking & Vibrating beam width and coverage analysis \\ \hline
[6] & C-V2X network & probability of association, coverage analysis, and SE analysis & UAV-assisted C-V2X analysis \\ \hline
[11] & C-V2X network & Probability of association and coverage of a V-N and SE analysis & Analysis of millimeter waves, UAV-assisted C-V2X, and SE analysis \\ \hline
[1] & C-V2X network & Analysis of jamming, millimeter waves, probability of association, coverage analysis, and SE analysis & UAV-assisted V2X analysis \\ \hline
[21;23;28] & UAV-assisted network & Analysis of millimeter waves, vibrating beam-width modeling, and coverage analysis & U-V2X network and SE analysis \\ \hline
[9] & U-V2X network & Analysis of millimeter waves and beam-tracking & Beam-width vibrations, coverage analysis, and SE analysis \\ \hline
[8] & U-V2X network & Packet delay computation & Vibrating beam width, coverage, and SE analysis \\ \hline
[13] & Cellular network with aerial jammers & Analysis of jamming, millimeter waves analysis, probability of association analysis, and coverage analysis & UAV-assisted V2X analysis \\ \hline
[16] & UAV-assisted network & Probability of association and coverage analysis & Analysis of jamming signals, vibrating beam width, and SE analysis \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont_. \(j=1,2,\ldots,m\) and \(m\) indicates the MBSs. The transmission power of the MBS is \(P_{M}\). The path loss exponent for the MBS connectivity is \(\alpha_{M}\), whereas the extra path loss is \(\eta_{M}\). The MBS's small-scale channel-dependent fading uses Rayleigh fading, which gives the fading gain as \(g_{M}\sim\exp(1)\) (see Figure 1). The Poisson line process (PLP), \(\Phi_{V}\), is used to represent the V-Ns, \(V\). The density of the roads is \(\lambda_{R}\), whereas the density of the V-Ns on each road is \(\lambda_{V}\), where \(\lambda_{V}=\lambda_{pd}+\lambda_{su}+\lambda_{veh}\). Here, \(\lambda_{pd}\) reflects the pedestrian density, \(\lambda_{su}\) reflects the density of RSUs, and \(\lambda_{veh}\) reflects the density of vehicles. The communicating V-Ns, \(\Phi_{t}\), with density \(\lambda_{t}\), transmit with frequency \(\mathbf{p}\); therefore, \(\lambda_{t}=\mathbf{p}\lambda_{V}\). The process considering receiver V-Ns is given as \(\Phi_{r}\) with density \(\lambda_{r}=(1-\mathbf{p})\lambda_{V}\). The transmission power of the V-N is \(P_{V}\). The path loss exponent for the V-N connectivity is \(\alpha_{V}\), whereas the biasing factor is \(\eta\), where \(\eta\in[0,\infty)\).