esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion  
In this study, we conducted an in-depth analysis of lightweight speech denoising models with fewer than 100K parameters and reproduced the performance of the GRTCN module. Experimental results indicate that, among lightweight models, GRTCN tends to focus more on vocal extraction rather than comprehensive denoising. However, in real-world applications such as hearing aids, users typically desire to perceive the richness of the entire acoustic environment, not just isolated speech. Through practical evaluations in multilingual conversations, television and film scenarios, and live sports broadcasts, we identified a critical limitation: the model not only suppresses background noise but also removes many important auditory details. For instance, languages with sharp phonetic features are sometimes mistakenly treated as noise and eliminated. Similarly, background music, action sound effects (e.g., explosions, combat, shouting), and crowd responses (e.g., cheering, clapping, whistles) are often suppressed, resulting in monotonous speech output. For individuals with hearing impairments, this over-simplified approach significantly reduces the realism and richness of their auditory experience. To address this issue, our proposed model no longer pursues aggressive noise suppression. Instead, it adopts new approaches similar to those described in [33], which focus solely on reducing background noise, aiming to preserve more contextually relevant acoustic information. This design improves overall auditory perception for hearing aid users. Although this method may slightly compromise denoising performance, it offers a more natural and immersive listening experience.  
Additionally, we propose an adaptive framework for future development, in which models are fine-tuned according to specific environmental conditions. For example, three distinct models could be trained and optimized for indoor conversations, media consumption, and outdoor environments, respectively. These models can be stored in external SPI NOR Flash memory and switched manually or automatically via an environment-aware selection algorithm. Future work will further explore this concept to enhance the real-world usability and comfort of ultra-low-power hearing aid devices.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Doctor Vida Pocket Test  
For POC testing and preliminary testing of the POC-suitable assay in the lab, the Doctor Vida Pocket device was used. Real-time fluorescence and temperature parameters were created with the assay creator at stabvida.com and scanned with the Dr Vida app in R&D mode prior to assay start. The freeze-dried reaction mixtures were reconditioned with sample according to Section 2.5 and 50 \(\mu\)L mineral oil (8042-47-5, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) was added to prevent evaporation. Reactions were carried out for 30 min at 68 \({}^{\circ}\)C (GFP) or at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for Bst 3.0 (NEB). If necessary, a baseline correction was applied by subtraction of a linear function, as the LAMP reaction is prone to a linear baseline shift due to cumulation of unspecific amplicons [9].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Species** & **Target** & **Primer Binding Side** & **Sequence (5\({}^{\prime}\)-3\({}^{\prime}\))** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{_Carthamus tinctrius_[32]} & & Tin\_F3 & GCCTTAGCCCTACGATGC \\  & & Tin\_F2 & CGGGTTGTTTTTTTGTGTGCGC \\  & & Tin\_F1c & CATGCGTGCAAGGTCTT \\  & & Tin\_B3 & TTTCATCATGCGTGTAGCC \\  & & Tin\_B2 & GGTTGCTCTGCGTGTGTCCC \\  & & Tin\_B1c & GCTTGCGCGAAGTCGTTTTA \\  & & Tin\_LF & GACGTCACGATGCCTAGAGAT \\  & & Tin\_LB & TTGCGGTGTGCACACCGG \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{_Pleuronetces platessa_[31]} & & Plat\_F3 & GCTTCGCAGTCCTCCTC \\  & & Plat\_F2 & CTGCACTGCGTTCACTCG \\  & & Plat\_F1c & AGGCTGGAAGTGTGTGTCGGT \\  & & Plat\_B3 & GCCAAGCTTTTTTGGATG \\  & & Plat\_B2 & AGCGGAAGTGGGGCTAG \\  & & Plat\_B1c & GTCACGCCGCCAACACATCAA \\  & & Plat\_LB & GCCAGTGATACTTCCTCTTTG \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: LAMP primer sequences [31; 32].
## 1 Introduction
Flower-like ZnO nanostructures with controllable sizesand higher catalytic activity were fabricated through a solution-phase route in the presence of ascorbate as a shape directing/capping agent [41]. However, these above-mentioned methods require high temperature and introduce impurities in the final products when templates and catalysts are used in the reaction system. Moreover, most organic additives used in these methods were expensive long chain molecules. Recently, ZnO particles attached onto biopolymers have been the subject of increasing interest in the field of composite materials [42,43]. Among them, cellulose and their derivatives were chosen as good candidates for enhancing the physical properties of the ZnO/cellulose composite. Furthermore, using cellulose-based materials is practical because cellulose is the most abundant polymer found in nature, inexpensive, easy to process, renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible [44]. There are several works on the literature concerning the incorporation of ZnO particles in cellulose and its derivatives [45,46]; however, studies in which oxidized nanocellulose has been used as a capping agent to control the morphology of ZnO particles has never been reported. In our study, a flexible TEMPO-oxidized cellulose gel (TOCgel)/ZnO composite film was synthesized through a hydrothermal sol-gel process at room temperature. In this work, nanocellulose gel was obtained through 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation, which is one of the regioselective chemical modifications of primary hydroxyl groups located on the cellulose fibers [47]. The advantage in using TOCgel as a reinforcement agent in the composite film is because TOCgel, considered as a cellulosic nanomaterial (5-20 nm wide single-sized microfibrils), is composed of crystalline and amorphous domains that are generated by the TEMPO-oxidation process [48]. At the same time, carboxyl (COOH) and hydroxyl (OH) moieties mostly present in the amorphous domain make TOCgel highly reactive and consequently, improve the interaction forces (electrostatic, Van der Waals, hydrogen bonding) with Zn\({}^{2+}\) and ZnO species and, consequently, promote the formation of hierarchical flower-like ZnO superstructures during the sol-gel synthesis, which will be discussed in detail later in this study. In this paper, we describe a simple approach for the synthesis of a flexible composite film based on TEMPO-oxidized cellulose gel and zinc oxide particles through a hydrothermal route. Herein, polar moieties of TOCgel (especially carboxyl groups) play an important role in the driving growth mechanism of the formation of ZnO superstructures onto cellulose fibers surfaces and precisely on nucleation-growth processes. Finally, the former TOCgel/ZnO (FL) composite film was characterized by different techniques, and its photocatalytic activity in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) was also performed. A proposed mechanism explaining the formation of ZnO superstructures directly grown onto the oxidized nanocellulose backbone was discussed.
## 3 Frequency Characteristics of Radiation Noise under Various Rotational Speeds
### Changing Patterns of Radiation Noise in Different Frequency Ranges  
As mentioned above, SPLs reach a maximum between 1000 and 2000 Hz. The noise in this range also belongs to the resonant frequency range of the ear cavity and has the greatest impact on people [31], so it is necessary to find out its proportion to overall noise. Therefore, the proportion of radiation noise in different frequency ranges to overall noise is studied quantitatively. The ratio of acoustic energy in the range from 0 to 1000 Hz (\(\varepsilon_{1}\)), 1000 to 2000 Hz (\(\varepsilon_{2}\)), as well as from 2000 to 8000 Hz (\(\varepsilon_{3}\)) to the total acoustic energy (\(\varepsilon_{t}\)) was analyzed under various rotational speeds.  
Figure 5 shows the proportion of the acoustic energy in different frequency ranges to the total acoustic energy under various rotational speeds. In general, the radiation noise between 1000 and 2000 Hz makes the most significant contribution to overall noise, the value of \(\varepsilon_{2}\)/\(\varepsilon_{t}\) is higher than 0.5 and increases by 22.61% when rotational speed increases from 1700 to 2900 rpm. Moreover, the acoustic energy between 0 and 1000 Hz accounts for about 0.30 of the total acoustic energy, however, the proportion decreases by 38.55% when rotational speed increases from 1700 to 2900 rpm. The change in rotational speed affects not only the radiation noise levels at different frequencies, but the proportion of radiation noise in different ranges, specifically, the increase in rotational speed causes an increase in the proportion of radiation noise from 1000 to 2000 Hz and a decrease in the proportion of radiation noise from 0 to 1000 Hz. When the frequency is higher than 2000 Hz, the radiation noise contributes very little to overall noise, but the proportion of this range shows little change with a change in rotational speed and the value of \(\varepsilon_{3}\)/\(\varepsilon_{t}\) fluctuates around 0.12.
# Detail-Preserving Shape Unfolding
## 5 Experimental Details
### Application to Shape Retrieval  
In this section, our algorithm is evaluated on non-rigid shape retrieval application [51; 52] and compared with the state-of-the-art methods. Two 3D shape retrieval algorithms, which are based on the mean squares error of vertex positions after using optimal rigid transformation (ORT) [53] and the Clock Matching Bag-of-Features (CMBOF) [2], on the original shapes and the unfolding shapes obtained by LSMDS, SCF, DPMU, and Ours. For each strategy, we first centre the mesh, normalize its scale and use a combination of principal component analysis (PCA) [54] and rectilinearity [55] to normalize its orientation. Then, a similarity matrix is saved for online searching based on some statistical measures. We use nearest neighbors (NN) [56] for evaluation in this paper, which calculates the percentage of the closest retrieved shapes that belong to the same class as the query.  
Table 3 lists the retrieval accuracy of NN for different methods. From this comparison we can see that our algorithm can achieve comparable shape retrieval performance among the state-of-the-art shape unfolding methods. It is worth noting that only using 3D rigid transformations (ORT) could achieves high accuracy, which is more than 89.5% for all methods. This demonstrates the efficacy of canonical form in shape retrieval.
## 5 Experimental Results  
In order to verify the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm, we conduct simulation experiments on the CloudSim platform [25]. The data center's electricity consumption, resource waste, and SLA violation rate are evaluated under different algorithms. The algorithm and simulation experiments are coded in JAVA, and the hardware configuration is: CPU 3.2 GHz, RAM 8 GB, HDD 1 TB.  
In order to simulate the real data on our considered H-Cloud, the CloudSim simulation platform has been equipped with 100 servers, and the number of virtual machines has been divided into three groups: 80, 200, and 400. The computing power of the server is set to four levels (1500, 2000, 2600, 3000), the unit is MIPS, and the memory size is (2048 MB, 4096 MB, 8192 MB).  
The computing resource request of the virtual machine is [300, 500, 750, 1500], the unit is MIPS, and the memory resource request is [256 MB, 512 MB, 2048 MB]. The peak power of the server is set to 260 W, and the power when idle is 170 W. In the experiment, tasks are set as full-load tasks; that is, task demand is constant, and the data of the data center are simulated for 3 h.  
Different values of the parameters of the FGGA algorithm have different effects on its performance. In Section 4, several important parameters that affect our proposed algorithm are introduced: namely, the population size \(m\), the number of iterations \(G\), crossover probability \(p_{C}\), and mutation probability \(p_{M}\). After extensive experiments, using the ParamILS framework [26], and under different parameters combinations, we have selected the parameters with the best performance, as shown in Table 1.
## 3 Results: Publication Analysis
### Analysis Methodology

Table 6: Contextualization of presence. spatial presence, and three used both simultaneously. Regarding the contextual definitions of \"presence\", one study [21] did not provide specific definitions, while 16 of the remaining (all except [1]) defined it in terms of \"sense of being in the virtual environment, place or space\" or as \"The sense, illusion, experience or feeling of being there\". These definitions are linked to spatial presence [3]. The results indicate that, in most of the analyzed studies, the authors used \"sense of presence\" instead of \"spatial presence\", despite the fact that the definitions proffered relate more to the latter term. This has several implications:  
1. There is a lack of conceptual precision, since a generic term (\"sense of presence\") is used instead of a more specific term (\"spatial presence\") that corresponds more closely to the phenomenon. 2. Confusion is caused to readers and researchers by the failure to clearly distinguish between the general dimension of presence and its spatial subdimension. 3. The failure to make clear whether the same construct is being measured makes it difficult to compare and replicate studies. This may be because the term \"sense of presence\" is better known and has been historically more used in the literature. However, since the development of the concept of \"spatial presence\", it is important to distinguish between them to specify which dimension is being discussed. On the other hand, the results of the analysis showed only five articles share common definitions of presence [1; 20; 31; 32; 70], while the remaining twelve used definitions proposed by different authors. This diversity indicates there is no consensus on the conceptualization of presence, but rather that there are multiple theoretical perspectives and competing definitions. Clearly, the study of this phenomenon is still in a preliminary phase, and there is no consolidated, unified conceptual framework. The variety of definitions makes it difficult to build knowledge about presence, as this situation does not allow direct comparison between studies or systematic replication of results.
## 4 Experimental Validation  
### Ground Simulation Facility  
In order to validate the functionality and performances of the TLE observation system, a ground experimental facility that simulates the mission environment of the low Earth orbit is developed. The key consideration in building the ground simulation facility is choosing a flash UV source that has similar spectral properties to the actual TLE. This can be justified by the amount of current output by the MaPMT detector, as it generates electric charges proportional to the number of photons arrived at its sensing area. In this respect, it is necessary to calculate the number of electrons that will be produced by the MaPMT due to the injected photons. Subsequently, the strength of the imitating TLE source that yields the equivalent amount of electric charges is determined.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Optimization and Model Validation of Experimental Parameters  
After identifying the optimal coagulation conditions, the validation of the regression models was carried out through experiments conducted at this optimal point. The predicted values from the models were then compared with the experimental results, and the relative error was computed. Table 5 summarizes the outcomes for the removal of turbidity, COD, UV254, and phosphate.  
Table 5 presents a comparison between the experimental results and the values predicted by the mathematical models for turbidity, COD, UV254 absorbance, and phosphate residuals in treated wastewater. The close alignment between these values with differences remaining below 3.5 units demonstrates the reliability and robustness of the developed models. Moreover, all the investigated parameters showed significant reductions after treatment (see Figure 9), confirming the effectiveness of the natural coagulant (PSE) combined with the chemical coagulant (FeCl3) under optimal conditions. The final values of the treated water meet acceptable discharge standards, indicating not only improved water quality but also compliance with environmental regulations. These results highlight the potential of the proposed treatment approach for practical application in wastewater management.
# A Comprehensive Approach to Bias Mitigation for Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Data
## 3 Proposed Methodology  
The proposed methodology for bias-aware sentiment analysis incorporates the Jigsaw Unwanted Bias in the Toxicity Classification dataset, BERT embeddings, and user feedback for continuous improvement. The approach includes five major stages:  
1. Data adaptation: adaptation of the Jigsaw Unintended Bias dataset for sentiment analysis by introducing polarity labels based on toxicity scores.
2. Data preprocessing: text cleaning, tokenization, and feature extraction using BERT.
3. Bias-aware sentiment classifier: introduction of a novel classifier, Bias-BERT, designed to mitigate bias in sentiment predictions.
4. Loss function and implicit bias reduction: incorporation of Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence as a bias metric in the loss function.
5. User feedback loop: integration of real-time user feedback for model refinement.  
The following subsections provide detailed insights on the various stages of the proposed method. Figure 1 shows the architecture of the proposed method.  
Figure 1: Architecture of the proposed method.
## 3 Model Formulation and Scheme Design
### Path Optimization  
#### 3.3.1 Path Optimization Model  
This section aims to find the shortest planned flight path of a UAV. To simplify the model, we assume that the points directly above each cluster head are data collection points (DCP). The UAV starts from the take-off point, and then traverses all DCPs at a fixed speed and height, and finally returns to the take-off point.  
The optimization of the UAV path is to minimize the flight distance \(L\), expressed as follows:  
\[L=\min\sum\limits_{i\
eq j}x_{ij}d_{ij} \tag{4}\]  
\[s.t=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n+1}x_{ij}=1,\;i=1,2,\ldots,n+ 1\\ \\ \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n+1}x_{ij}=1,\;j=1,2,\ldots,n+1\\ \\ \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n+1}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n+1}x_{ij}=n+1,\;i,j\in O\\ \\ x_{ij}\in\{0,1\},\;i,j\in O\end{array}\right. \tag{5}\]  
where \(i\) and \(j\) are the number of DCPs, \(i,j\in O\), \(O=\{1,2,\ldots,n+1\}\), \(n\) is the total number of DCPs, \(i=1\) represents the UAV take-off point; \(d_{ij}\) represents the distance from \(i\) to \(j\); \(x_{ij}\) is the decision variable, representing the UAV from \(i\) to \(j\). If \(i\) is not equal to \(j\), \(x_{ij}\) takes 1, otherwise 0. Equation (5) represents the constraint condition, the objective function must meet the requirement that any DCP is traversed and only traversed once, any possible traversal sequence must include all DCPs.  
As a TSP problem, which needs to be addressed by heuristic algorithms, such as particle swarm optimization algorithm [38], ant colony optimization [39], artificial bee colony algorithm [40], fruit fly optimization algorithm [41], tabu search algorithm [42], and simulated annealing algorithm [43], the genetic algorithm (GA) has shown good performance in solving problems such as task assignment and route optimization. The advantages of the GA in real applications have also been demonstrated [21; 22].
# Post-Occupancy Evaluation in High-Rise Apartent Buildings in Vietnam
## 1 Introduction
### Addressing Key POE Methodological Gaps  
In Vietnam, existing POE studies primarily relied on questionnaire surveys or short-term measurements, limiting the depth of analysis regarding energy consumption, indoor comfort, and OB [23; 24], but they were based on household surveys and did not further analyze the indoor environment. Research on building thermal performance is predominantly simulation-based [25; 26], lacking empirical validation through actual measurements. Furthermore, critical OB parameters, such as AC usage patterns, window operation, and occupancy behavior, are rarely integrated into building performance assessments. To address these gaps, this study aims to achieve the following:  
* Comprehensively analyze the building performance and occupant behavior (OB) patterns in high-rise residential buildings through detailed occupant surveys and long-term measurements.
* Investigate different cooling and ventilation behaviors and their impact on the indoor environment to identify potential issues.
* Provide empirical evidence to support the development of energy-efficient buildings in Vietnam, improve indoor environmental quality and occupant well-being, and serve as a foundation for optimizing building design, operation, maintenance, and retrofitting.  
By expanding POE research in hot and humid high-rise residential buildings, this study builds upon and extends existing work by incorporating the comprehensive, long-term monitoring of occupant AC usage behavior and the indoor environment. The findings contribute to developing more accurate predictive models, informing energy policy, and supporting the sustainable urban development of rapidly growing cities in Vietnam and other similar climates.