## 2 Related Work  
The existing literature on OPC UA interoperability with other protocols highlights numerous efforts to enable seamless communication in industrial environments. A substantial amount of research has explored the integration of OPC UA with Industry 4.0 reference architecture models, such as the asset administrative shell, relational databases, model-driven software development techniques, like UML, CIM, and QVT, as well as various domain-specific approaches, including smart grids, building automation, and semiconductor manufacturing [24]. Table 1 summarizes only the most relevant related work and the solution proposed in each of those studies.  
The 5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation (5G-ACIA) outlines the necessary capabilities of private 5G network systems for industrial applications. It also details operational use cases that enable factory operators to carry out daily tasks without relying on 5G network operators [30]. In the 5G and Industrial Wireless Conference Stage [31], the expert discussed quality of service (QOS) mapping between OPC UA and 5G user plane traffic from a protocol perspective. The OPC Foundation and 5G-ACIA intend to integrate OPC UA with 5G systems [32]. Without interoperability support, enterprises are required to access various interfaces for network management and manually establish correlations between different interfaces. This research identified a significant gap in the need for interoperability and management of private 5G sensor networks using OPC UA  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Data Model/Protocol** & **Interoperability Solution Proposed** & **Reference** \\ \hline Digital Twin Definitions Language (DTDL) & Introduces the solution of mapping DTDL to OPC UA information, thus allowing each DTDL element to be represented by a corresponding OPC UA element. & [19] \\ One Machine to Machine (OneMZM) & Proposes interworking between OPC UA and OneM2M, thus enabling access to information managed by OneM2M-based & [20] \\ Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF) & Discusses automatically generating the OPC UA information models from high-level OCF design models. & [21] \\ Unified Modeling Language (UML) & Describes an approach for transforming OPC UA to UML, where the authors analyzed the semantics of OPC UA elements and mapped & [25] \\ Automation Markup Language (AutomationML) & Examines the creation of OPC UA information models based on existing AutomationML data, highlighting the analogies between AutomationML and the OPC UA information model. & [26] \\ System Modeling Language (SysML) & Proposes automatically generating OPC UA information models from high-level SysML design models. & [27] \\ Robot Operating System (ROS) & Suggests a local cloud-based approach to achieve interoperability between ROS and OPC UA by integrating them with the eclipse & [28] \\ Common Information Model (CIM) & The smart grid platform was developed to comply with CIM and OPC UA standards and ensures secure interoperability among numerous legacy systems. & [29] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Existing interoperability solutions between OPC UA and other models/protocols.  
systems. To realize these, interoperability between YANG and OPC UA information models is imperative as an interim step towards integration.