## 4 Conclusions  
The proposed model is particularly applicable for predicting the ratcheting behavior of SA508 and SA333 steel samples subjected to cyclic loading at elevated temperatures. This offers a suitable framework for components used in petrochemical equipment and high-temperature pipelines. The ratcheting behavior of the SA508 and SA333 alloys at elevated temperatures was evaluated under uniaxial asymmetric loading cycles by means of the A-V hardening model and the FE method. The Chaboche hardening rule was employed in ANSYS to study the effect of meshing structure on the cyclic behavior of steel alloys at elevated temperatures. Two element types, nonlinear brick elements with 20 nodes and the quadratic tetrahedron with 10 nodes, were used. Brick elements (9.2% deviation) provided more accurate ratcheting predictions compared to tetrahedral elements (16% deviation). These findings emphasize the critical role of mesh selection and model calibration in enhancing the reliability of numerical ratcheting simulations. In both meshing structures, SA508 possesses higher backstress values than SA333, which relates to its greater resistance to plastic deformation. At elevated temperatures, due to the thermal softening behavior of steels, the samples demonstrate lower resistance to cyclic plastic deformation. However, within a specific temperature range of 473-873 K, the DSA phenomenon occurred, resulted in enhanced material strength. Through comparison of the effect of different element types on the cyclic response of steel samples, it was revealed that the simulated ratcheting strain obtained from nonlinear brick elements showed slightly less deviation from the measured values. Although thermal softening effects were present at elevated temperatures beyond the DSA domain, SA333 still demonstrated higher ratcheting levels, indicating its lower resistance to cyclic plastic deformation. The predicted and simulated ratcheting curves obtained through the A-V and Chaboche hardening frameworks closely agreed with those of experimental values. The model has been promising in the assessment of ratcheting of steel samples undergoing uniaxial loading cycles at elevated temperatures. Under complex multiaxial loading or for steels with significantly different microstructural features, more investigation is required to evaluate the capability of the framework and its algorithm.  
Conceptualization, M.K. and A.V.-F; methodology, M.K. and A.V.-F; software, M.K. and A.V.-F.; validation, M.K. and A.V.-F; formal analysis, M.K.; investigation, M.K. and A.V.-F.; data curation, M.K. and A.V.-F.; writing--original draft preparation, M.K. and A.V.-F.; writing--review and editing, M.K. and A.V.-F.; visualization, M.K. and A.V.-F.; supervision, A.V.-F.; project administration, A.V.-F.; funding acquisition, A.V.-F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), through A.V.-F. (RGPIN-2021-03047).  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors wish to acknowledge financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) to [PERSON] (RGPIN-2021-03047).  
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.