# Energy-Efficient Mixtures Suitable for 3D Technologies
## 4 Conclusions  
1. In this paper, we investigated the comparative effect of dispersed mineral products of technogenic origin on the properties of mixtures suitable for 3D printing.
2. A comparison was made of the test results of the properties of samples printed on a 3D printer with samples made according to the same recipes on a vibrating platform.
3. The initial setting time or \"printing window\" is most significant when using limestone. The smallest initial setting time observed for the slag-alkaline binder.
4. The structural strength of mixtures for 3D printers 20 and 40 min after mixing is the highest when using limestone and slag-alkaline binder, respectively, and the lowest when using fly ash.
5. The highest values of bending, splitting, and compressive strength were obtained when using fly ash and blast furnace granulated slag, and the lowest for the slag-alkaline binder.
6. Samples of the same material composition made on a vibrating platform have slightly higher compressive strength than those made using a 3D printer, which is explained  
by the lack of compaction of the mixtures. The slightest drop in strength is shown when using fly ash.
* Compensation for insufficient compaction of mixtures on a 3D printer is possible due to the introduction of additives of a hardening activator, NaOH (up to 4% of the binder weight), and superplasticizers (0.2...0.5%) into the composition of such concretes, as well as with their complex use.
* Use of industrial waste in 3D printing should help to manage waste that occurs locally, i.e., waste that does not require the transport of ingredients, or this transport will be significantly limited. Therefore, it is important to adjust the composition and design mixtures appropriate for local waste sources.  
Conceptualization, L.D. and V.M.; methodology, V.M.; software, V.M. and M.M.; validation, L.D., I.H. and K.M.; formal analysis, V.M. and M.M.; investigation, L.D. and V.M.; resources, I.H.; data curation, V.M. and M.M.; writing--original draft preparation, L.D. and V.M.; writing--review and editing, M.M., I.H. and K.M.; visualization, M.M. and K.M.; supervision, L.D. and I.H.; project administration, K.M.; funding acquisition, K.M. and I.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research was supported by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange under the complementary activities to those undertaken by the University as part of the University Alliance European entitled STARS EU academic cooperation with Ukrainian universities, grant no. BNI-UE-2023-8. This research was co-funded by Polish National Centre for Research and Development in Poland, under the M-ERA.NET 3 program, grant number M-ERA.NET3/2021/144/3D-FOAM/2022.  
Raw data were generated at the National University of Water and Environmental Engineering in Ukraine and Cracow University of Technology. Derived data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on request.  
Author [PERSON] is supported by the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP). We would like to acknowledge support by the Ministry of Education and Science within the program \"Implementation Doctorate\".  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.