## 3 Results
### The Role of Microbiomes
It is safe and useful for patients with IBS to take probiotics, especially if they are used for less than eight weeks. The side effects of probiotics have been found to be less harmful than those of many other contemporary treatment options. It has been demonstrated that using probiotics improves stool consistency, gastrointestinal transit time, and overall stool frequency [62]. Probiotic-rich foods include kefir, yoghurt, and a few other fermented foods. These microorganisms could all help to improve gut health. The most often used microorganisms from these sources are _Lactobacillus bulgaricus_, _Streptococcus thermophilus_, _Bifidobacterium_ strains, _Lactobacillus delbrueckii_ subsp., and _Lactobacillus_ strains. According to studies, they contain anti-inflammatory properties and enhance gut health. In addition to the common _Lactobacillus_ spp. and _Bifidobacterium_ spp., probiotic supplements often include bacteria from _Enterococcus_ spp. and _Streptococcus_ spp. Ten of the twelve most often found fungi are yeasts, according to Suhr and Hallen-Adams [63], and the most prevalent species are Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Given that yeast can ferment food and that a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols has been demonstrated to reduce IBS symptoms both temporarily and over time, this may be pertinent [64]. Crucially, the widespread dietary presence of S. cerevisiae may account for at least some of its high detection frequency, while Candida albicans is thought to be a gut commensal [65]. The idea that intestinal fungi and yeasts may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of IBD is becoming more well recognised [66; 67]. There are numerous probiotic product formulations available, providing a variety of practical choices [68]. The filamentous fungus _Aspergillus oryzae_ is included in these formulations together with other microbes, including _Bacillus_ spp. and yeasts like _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ and _S boulardii_. These probiotics offer versatility and a variety of delivery techniques because they can be easily delivered as capsules, pills, powders, sprays, or pastes. Compared to pharmacotherapeutic drugs, probiotic use is a more natural approach with fewer side effects [69]. Several clinical trials have examined the impact of probiotics on functional bowel disorders (FBDs), with varying degrees of success [70]. Although there is currently no conclusive proof that one probiotic is superior to another, the published data points to a generally beneficial effect of probiotics on IBS symptoms when compared to a placebo [71; 72]. According to findings from animal research, probiotics may have an impact on gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, inflammation and immunological activity, gut barrier integrity, gut microbiota composition, and gut-brain connection in people with IBS [73]. Prokinetic drugs can speed up the transit of intra-luminal contents by increasing the gut's peristaltic movements by the amplification of muscle contractions [74]. Depending on where the receptor targets are located, profinetic drugs can either operate broadly, impacting several gastrointestinal regions, or more specifically, affecting just a few of them [75]. Prokinetics have been suggested as a treatment for IBS-C, gastroparesis, and chronic constipation based on prior clinical trials and meta-analyses [76]. Notably, using specific probiotic products appears to reduce depressed symptoms and change brain activity in IBS [77] and control gut-brain function in humans [78]. This is relevant for IBS and other FBDs where gut-brain interactions are thought to be paramount [79; 80].