esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Antinociceptive Effect of an Aqueous Extract and Essential Oil from _Baccharis heterophylla_
## 2 Results and Discussion  
### Antinociceptive Effect of the Aqueous Extract and Essential Oil  
The use of infusions and poultices of _B. heterophylla_ for treating painful complaints led us to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of an AE and EO obtained from the plant's aerial parts using the formalin test. This test is regarded as a satisfactory laboratory model for the study of nociception as it encompasses inflammatory, neurogenic, and central mechanisms of nociception. The formalin test is also a useful method for assessing the antinociceptive drugs and elucidating their action mechanisms [15]. The first phase reflects centrally mediated pain with the release of substance P and bradykinin, while the second is due to release of histamine, serotonin, nitric oxide, bradykinin, and prostaglandandins [15]. Injection of 2% formalin solution subcutaneously in the hind paw of mice pretreated with vehicle resulted in intense spontaneous liking of the injected paw with a classic biphasic response (Figures S1 and S2, Supplementary Materials). However, oral administration of the infusion (31.6-316 mg/kg) provoked antinociceptive effects in both the first and second phases of formalin-induced nociception; in the first stage (Figure 1A), the effect was only observed at the highest dose (316 mg/kg); the highest responses in the second phase was observed at the doses of 100 and 316 mg/kg, which reduced the liking time significantly. The results were comparable to the action produced by diclofenac (DIC, 50 mg/kg), employed as a positive control drug. On the other hand, intraplantar pretreatment of mice with EO (30-177 mg/paw) also decreased the nociceptive response in both phases of the formalin test (Figure 1B); in the first stage, the highest effect was observed at the concentration of 30 mg/paw, but in the second phase the antinociceptive action was more pronounced at the concentrations of 100 and 177 mg/paw, the results were comparable to the effect produced by positive control (DIC, 100 mg/paw). The overall outcomes suggested that the aqueous extract and essential oil of _B. heterophylla_ exhibited antinociceptive action in both phases of the formalin test.
## 6 Societal and Economic Impacts
### NGO and Charitable Initiatives  
For NGOs distributing clothing to underserved communities, AI-driven sorting systems ensure that donated garments meet usability standards. [PERSON] et al. [17] highlighted the role of automated textile classification in reducing waste and enhancing transparency in donation systems. By efficiently separating reusable items from recycling streams, these systems empower NGOs to focus on their core missions.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Fatigue Tests  
In all fatigue tests performed for this work, a sinusoidal waveform was used, the stress ratio (R) was 0.1, and the frequency (f) was 5 Hz. The experimental campaign was divided into 3 phases: monotonous fatigue, monotonous fatigue with breaks, and Locati tests. The Locati tests were also divided into 4 stages: a reference Locati, analyzing the influence of breaks, analyzing the influence of the number of cycles per step, and analyzing the effect of the load values of each step. These tests were performed in a servo-hydraulic machine with a capacity of 5 kN and a dynamic extensometer with a measuring base of 50 mm and a displacement of 12.5 mm to measure the strain of the specimen.  
In the first phase, monotonic fatigue tests were performed until the specimens broke. These tests were performed with maximum load values between 1400 and 2700 N. The load variation between tests was 100 N. These tests were performed in order to define the Wohler curve and the fatigue limit (\(\Delta\)ore).  
In the second phase, monotone fatigue tests with breaks were performed. In these tests, every 25,000 cycles the test was stopped for one hour. This period of time was enough for the specimen temperature to reset to the room temperature value. These interruptions allow the analysis of the behaviour of materials previously damaged by fatigue.  
In the third phase, Locati accelerated fatigue tests were performed. This methodology consists of applying a fixed number of cycles at a given frequency. The load values of these steps are increased step by step. Figure 2 shows a diagram of the test and Table 1 shows the variables used.  
As previously mentioned, the Locati method tests were carried out in four different stages. The first of these was used as a reference, with 25,000 cycles per step, with a maximum load variation between consecutive steps of 100 N, and without making breaks. The second one was similar to the reference one except that, between steps, a 1 h stop was made. The third was similar to the reference except that the load increase between consecutive steps was reduced to 50 N. Finally, in the fourth stage, the difference from the reference test was that the number of cycles per step was doubled. See Table 2.
## 2 Experimental Setup and Methodology
We employed raster scanning to ensure uniform detection across the image plane and applied averaging and normalization techniques during image processing to enhance consistency. To further mitigate external factors like environmental signal interference, we placed the target object on a radiation absorber  
Figure 3: Experimental Setup and Optical Arrangement: (**a**) Overall lab setup for MMW imaging using the FMCW radar principle, (**b**) GDD mounted on the linear translational stage, and (**c**) Close-up view of the beam splitting optics for the two propagation paths. material and conducted the experiments in a controlled lab environment, ensuring reliable results under minimal external influence.
## 1 Introduction
In such cells, electrolytes with high conductivity, based on lanthanum gallate, are typically utilized as the supporting substrate. Additionally, complex oxides based on alkaline earth metal ferrites, which demonstrate stability in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres, are employed as electrodes [48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54]. In [55; 56], a comprehensive study was carried out to elucidate the impact of sintering aids, including barium, bismuth, aluminum, calcium, silicon, zinc, vanadium, lithium, boron, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron and manganese oxides, on the sintering ability, phase composition, and electrical conductivity of the La\({}_{0.8}\)Sr\({}_{0.2}\)Ga\({}_{0.8}\)Mg\({}_{0.2}\)O\({}_{2.8}\) electrolyte. A review paper [57] on sintering aids for gallate electrolytes demonstrated that the use of sintering aids enables the production of denser ceramics or the reduction in the final sintering temperature. There is a paucity of studies that examine the impact of sintering aids on the characteristics of redox-stable electrodes utilized in symmetrical electrochemical cells. In [58], the influence of CuO, MnO\({}_{2}\), and Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) on the properties of Ba\({}_{2}\)FeMoO\({}_{6}\) electrodes was examined, and it was determined that copper oxide represents the most effective sintering aid for ferrite-molybdate. In [59], it was noted that the utilization of copper oxide as a sintering aid for strontium ferrite-based electrodes for symmetrical cells results in enhanced electrochemical activity of the electrodes. In our previous study, we initiated the development of an approach to the chemical design of electrochemical cells with a close ionic composition of the electrolyte and electrodes. To this end, we conducted a series of studies on a gallate-based electrolyte in which part of the gallium cations was replaced by iron cations, bringing it closer to the chemical composition of La\({}_{0.6}\)Sr\({}_{0.4}\)FeO\({}_{3-\delta}\) electrodes [60]. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of an iron oxide as a sintering aid on the transport properties of the electrolyte, specifically on the bulk and grain boundary resistance as a function of the sintering temperature and on the electrochemical activity of La\({}_{0.6}\)Sr\({}_{0.4}\)FeO\({}_{3-\delta}\) electrodes. Inthe context of electrode material research, we also performed a comparative analysis of the efficiency of iron oxide versus the more extensively studied CuO sintering aid.
# Decentralized Storage with Access Control and Data Persistence for e-Book Stores
## 3 Existing Decentralized Storage Systems
### Arweave  
Arweave [24] is a project primarily aimed at persistent data storage and was introduced as \"Archain\" in 2017. In contrast to Filecoin, it allows indefinite data storage for a one-time fee. Arweave employs a blockchain-like data structure known as Blockweave as the content storage, and nodes in Arweave can verify transactions without storing all blocks, which can be realized by synchronizing the block hash list with the wallet list. The data storage incentive structure comprises two elements: proof of access (PoA) and Wildfire. In PoA, older blocks are randomly selected and required for block generation, while in Wildfire, block and transaction dissemination priority is based on the speed of response to requests. These aspects encourage peers to retain as much data as possible.  
The capability of indefinite data storage in Arweave seems well-suited for our use case. However, the lack of an access control function presents a challenge, and implementing such a function is also difficult. Specifically, the system makes it problematic to permit data storage exclusively on nodes that have been granted access rights. This is due to Arweave's requirement that all nodes maintain a complete copy of the transactions referenced in a block within their local transaction pool to validate them. If access rights are granted to only a subset of nodes, it would hinder the ability of other nodes to validate the block.
# Performance Analysis of FSO-UWOC Mixed Dual-Hop Relay System with Decode-and-Forward Protocol
## 6 Conclusions  
This study explores the system performance of a mixed dual-hop FSO-UWOC system with the DF relay protocol for two representative detection techniques (HD and IM/DD). Using the higher transcendental Meijer-G function and the bivariate Fox-H function, theoretical closed-form expressions for average OP, average BER, and average channel capacity are derived. Asymptotic expressions for average OP and BER under high average SNR conditions are also presented. Theoretical and simulation results reveal that atmospheric and oceanic turbulence intensity, pointing error, and transmission distances significantly influence the system performance. The asymptotic expressions further illustrate that OP and BER are mainly affected by the integrated impacts of various parameters characterizing the atmospheric turbulence intensity, oceanic turbulence intensity, and pointing errors in both FSO and UWOC links. Under the same parameter configurations and average SNR, coherent detection (i.e., HD scheme) outperforms non-coherent detection (IM/DD scheme) significantly, owing to its inherent advantages in signal extraction and noise suppression. Finally, the MC simulation results are almost consistent with those of the derived theoretical formulae, validating the accuracy of the proposed closed-form and asymptotic expressions for the average OP, BER, and average channel capacity of the mixed dual-hop FSO-UWOC systems. These findings offer profound insights into the operational mechanism of hybrid FSO-UWOC dual-hop systems.  
Figure 8: Effect of different link transmission distances on the average channel capacity of the FSO-UWOC system: (**a**) changing the FSO link transmission distance \(Z\); (**b**) changing the UWOC link transmission distance \(d\).  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, [PERSON]; methodology, [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and [PERSON] ([PERSON]); validation, [PERSON] and Y.L. ([PERSON]); formal analysis, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); writing--original draft preparation, [PERSON]; writing--review and editing, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); supervision, [PERSON] ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U23B20144).  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data supporting the findings of this study are presented within the article.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Detecting Urban Mobility Structure and Learning Functional Distribution with Multi-Scale Features
## 2 Related Work
### Network Substructure Partitioning Methods  
Traditional network substructure partitioning methods, represented by Louvain and FastNewman, provide a foundation for detecting urban mobility structures. These methods are based on the concept of modularity optimization [16], assessing the quality of structural division by comparing the internal and external differences between communities. For example, studies using mobile signaling data reveal that the mobility structure across different traffic analysis zones in Beijing exhibits significant spatial differentiation, with dense travel in the central urban area contrasting sharply with radial commuting flows in the suburbs [21]. [PERSON] et al. [22] employed the Leuven community detection method to analyze urban spatial substructures and their temporal evolution patterns. [PERSON] et al. [23] used the FastNewman to identify Tokyo's four-level ring-shaped functional urban structure. [PERSON] et al. [24] characterized the network features of Chinese cities using Baidu migration data. [PERSON] et al. [25] combined POI data and taxi trajectory data to quantitatively analyze the traffic attraction patterns of typical urban functional areas and the strength and direction of their interactions. [PERSON] et al. [26] studied urban mobility structures during different pandemic periods to understand the spatial interaction structure and its dynamics in disease control. However, despite the success of these traditional methods in uncovering urban community structures, their inherent limitations prevent them from effectively handling the highly dynamic and complex nature of urban data.
# Incipient Fault Feature Enhancement of Rolling Bearings Based on CEEMDAN and MCKD
## 2 Theoretical Basis  
### Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise  
CEEMDAN adds a finite amount of adaptive white noise to the signal at each stage to suppress the mode mixing phenomenon when the signal is decomposed by EMD. At the same time, the CEEMDAN algorithm also has the advantages of low reconstruction error and high decomposition efficiency. The detailed algorithm steps of CEEMDAN are as follows:  
Step 1: Let the time series signal of the rolling bearing be \(x(t)\), be the added white noise sequence \(v^{i}(t)\), \(\gamma_{0}\) is the standard deviation of the white noise series, and \(i=1,2,\ldots,N\) is the number of trials, and let \(X^{i}(t)\) be the signal after adding white noise. Then, the construction signal is as follows:  
\[X^{i}(t)=x(t)+\gamma_{0}v^{i}(t) \tag{1}\]  
Step 2: The signal \(X^{i}(t)\) is decomposed by EMD and the set of \(IMF\) components obtained from the decomposition is averaged to obtain \(IMF1\).  
\[IMF_{1}(t)=\frac{1}{N}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}IMF_{1}^{i}(t)} \tag{2}\]  
Step 3: Calculate the first residual component:  
\[r_{1}(t)=x(t)-IMF_{1}(t) \tag{3}\]  
Step 4: By adding white noise \(v^{i}(t)\) to \(r_{1}(t)\), \(i\) tests are carried out and \(r_{1}^{i}(t)=x(t)+\gamma_{1}v^{i}(t)\) is decomposed in each test until it is decomposed into first-order components, and \(IMF2\) is obtained by calculation:  
\[IMF_{2}(t)=\frac{1}{N}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}E_{1}\Big{\{}r_{1}(t)+\gamma_{1}E_ {1}\Big{[}v^{i}(t)\Big{]}\Big{\}}} \tag{4}\]  
where \(E_{j}(\cdot)\) is the jth order component generated by the EMD method.  
Step 5: Calculate the second residual component:  
\[r_{2}(t)=r_{1}(t)-IMF_{2}(t) \tag{5}\]  
Step 6: Repeat the above steps until the condition of EMD cannot be satisfied, then terminate the decomposition. At this point, \(k\) components are obtained and the final residual component is denoted as \(R(t)\), and the signal \(x(t)\) can be written as:  
\[x(t)=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{k}IMF_{k}+R(t) \tag{6}\]
## 2 Method
### Fixed Point Stability Analysis  
In order to analyze fixed point local stability, we consider the Jacobian matrix of system (6) and (7):  
\[J= \begin{bmatrix}\frac{\partial Z^{t}}{\partial Z^{t-1}}&\frac{\partial Z^{t} }{\partial F^{t-1}}\\ \frac{\partial F^{t}}{\partial Z^{t-1}}&\frac{\partial F^{t}}{\partial F^{t-1 }}\end{bmatrix}  \tag{23}\]  
whose entries have the following expressions:  
\[\frac{\partial Z^{t}}{\partial Z^{t-1}}=1-\beta \tag{24}\]\[\frac{\partial Z^{t}}{\partial E^{t-1}}=\beta\frac{dV}{dF} \tag{25}\]  
\[\frac{\partial F^{t}}{\partial Z^{t-1}}=\alpha(1-\beta)\frac{dS}{dZ} \tag{26}\]  
\[\frac{\partial F^{t}}{\partial F^{t-1}}=\alpha\frac{dS}{dZ}\beta\frac{dV}{dF}+1-\alpha \tag{27}\]  
with:  
\[\frac{dS}{dZ}=\frac{(2\varphi-1)\mu\text{exp}(\mu Z)}{\left[1+\text{exp}(\mu Z )\right]^{2}} \tag{28}\]  
According to a basic result of nonlinear dynamical systems theory, a fixed point \(\left(\widetilde{Z},\widetilde{F}\right)\) is locally stable if the absolute values of all eigenvalues of matrix \(J\) evaluated at \(\left(\widetilde{Z},\widetilde{F}\right)\) are less than \(1\). Expressions (29)-(31), often referred to as Jury conditions, are known to be necessary and sufficient for this:  
\[D<1 \tag{29}\]  
\[D>T-1 \tag{30}\]  
\[D>-T-1 \tag{31}\]  
where \(D\) is the determinant and \(T\) is the trace of matrix \(J\) evaluated at the fixed point:  
\[D=(1-\alpha)(1-\beta) \tag{32}\]  
\[T=2-\alpha-\beta+\alpha\beta\left(\frac{dS}{dZ}\right)_{Z=\widetilde{Z}}\left( \frac{dV}{dF}\right)_{F=\widetilde{F}} \tag{33}\]  
Introducing (32) and (33) into conditions (29)-(31) yields:  
\[\frac{\partial Z^{t}}{\partial E^{t-1}}=\beta\frac{dV}{dF} \tag{25}\]0  
\[\frac{\partial Z^{t}}{\partial E^{t-1}}=\beta\frac{dV}{dF} \tag{25}\]1  
\[\frac{\partial Z^{t}}{\partial E^{t-1}}=\beta\frac{dV}{dF} \tag{25}\]2  
It can be immediately seen that (34) always holds because \(0<\alpha\leq 1\) and \(0<\beta\leq 1\). In keeping with the main focus of this study, in what follows, we show how (35) and (36) can be converted into conditions on \(\varphi\) which define the range of values of the fraction of contrarian travelers ensuring fixed point stability. To this end, we first evaluate the sign of \(\left(\frac{dV}{dF}\right)\). From the definition of \(V(F)\):  
\[\frac{\partial Z^{t}}{\partial E^{t-1}}=\beta\frac{dV}{dF} \tag{25}\]3  
it follows that:  
\[\frac{\partial Z^{t}}{\partial E^{t-1}}=\beta\frac{dV}{dF} \tag{25}\]4  
under the natural assumption that the travel costs of both links are strictly increasing functions of the respective flows.
# An FPGA-Based Four-Channel 128k-Point FFT Processor Suitable for Spaceborne SAR
## 3 Hardware Implementation of the FFT Processor
The operation of each BF2 in the pipelined processing process is shown in Figure 9. As shown in the figure, since the data that arrive first during a butterfly operation need to wait for the data that arrive later, there is an idle period in each stage of the BF2 when the processor starts working. However, when the processor continuously processes multiple sets of 64-point data, it will only be idle when the first set of data is processed, and it needs to be driven by a zero sequence after the last set of data is input. Figure 8: 64-Point radix-2\({}^{3}\) (R-2\({}^{3}\)) single-path delay feedback (SDF) structure diagram.
## 2 Method  
### Svr  
Support Vector Regression (SVR) fundamentally operates by finding an optimal hyperplane through support vectors within a given dataset, minimizing the deviation between predicted and actual values [24]. SVR's strong generalization capability makes it suitable for handling high-dimensional data and nonlinear regression problems.  
SVR employs an \(\delta\)-insensitive loss function to constrain error ranges, ensuring small errors do not impact model optimization. The following is the specific definition:  
\[L(z,g(x))=\begin{cases}0&\text{if }|z-g(x)\leq\delta|\\ |z-g(x)|&\text{if }|z-g(x)>\delta|\end{cases} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\delta\) represents the allowable error range.  
The optimization objective of SVR is to minimize both model complexity and total loss exceeding the error range:  
\[\min_{v,\sigma,\eta,\eta^{*}}\frac{1}{2}\left\|v\right\|^{2}+D\sum_{j=1}^{m} \left(\eta_{j}+\eta_{j}^{*}\right) \tag{2}\]where \(v\) is the model weight vector; \(\eta_{j}\) and \(\eta_{j}^{*}\) are slack variables representing errors exceeding \(\delta\); and \(D\) is the regularization parameter controlling the trade-off between model complexity and error.  
It is subject to the following constraints:  
\[\left\{\begin{aligned} z_{j}-(v^{T}\psi(x_{j})+c)& \leq\delta+\eta_{j}\\ (v^{T}\psi(x_{j})+c)&-z_{j}&\leq\delta+ \eta_{j}^{*}\\ \eta_{j},\eta_{j}^{*}&\geq 0\end{aligned}\right. \tag{3}\]  
Through the kernel function \(Q(x_{i},x_{k})=\psi(x_{i})^{T}\psi(x_{k})\), the optimization problem can be transformed into its dual form,  
\[\underset{\beta,\beta^{*}}{\text{max}}(-\frac{1}{2}\underset{i,k=1}{\sum}^{m }(\beta_{i}-\beta_{i}^{*})Q(x_{i},x_{k})+\underset{i=1}{\sum}^{m}(\beta_{i}- \beta_{i}^{*})z_{i}-\delta\underset{i=1}{\sum}^{m}(\beta_{i}+\beta_{i}^{*})) \tag{4}\]  
subject to the following constraints:  
\[\left\{\begin{aligned} \underset{i=1}{\sum}^{m}(\beta_{i}-\beta_{i}^{* })&=0\\ 0&\leq\beta_{i},\beta_{i}^{*}&\leq D \end{aligned}\right. \tag{5}\]  
The final regression prediction function is as follows, where the key parameters are determined by the optimization process:  
\[g(x)=\underset{i=1}{\sum}^{m}(\beta_{i}-\beta_{i}^{*})Q(x_{i},x)+c \tag{6}\]  
where \(\beta_{i}\) and \(\beta_{i}^{*}\) are Lagrange multipliers obtained by optimization.
# An Improved Contact Force Model of Polyhedral Elements for the Discrete Element Method
## 4 Comparison between DEM and Experimental Results  
The improved contact force model was then embedded into the DEM code, which consists of four main parts: initial configuration, contact detection, contact force calculation, and updating of the particle motion status. The specific calculation flow chart is shown in Figure 8.  
Figure 8: The calculation process of DEM simulation program.  
Figure 7: The modified fitting curve of dimensionless contact force under different contact modes.  
The measured impact force-time curve was selected as the input load, and the motion process of the polyhedral specimen under six different contact modes was simulated by the designed DEM program. The contact force-time curves obtained by simulation under different contact modes were compared and analyzed with the experiment.
# Relative Positioning in Remote Areas Using a GNSS Dual Frequency Smartphone
## 4 Results
### Ambiguity Resolution Ratio  
Table 6 shows the ratio of solutions with fixed and floating ambiguities. We see that the fixed ratio of solutions decreases with increasing distance from the reference station and also at shorter observation intervals.  
Figure 16: RMS results for Galileo + GPS combination at Test 4.  
Figure 17: RMS results for Galileo + GPS combination at Test 5.  
Figure 18: RMS results for Galileo + GPS combination at Test 6.  
In Table 6, we see that the amount of fix solutions is greater on shorter baselines and in combination with longer survey times. In the long baselines, the number of fixed solutions is residual with almost all floating solutions. In Test 5, CASC and VIGO, two long baselines, 277 and 121 km, we found a good fix solutions ratio, which contributed to a long survey time and also a good number of Galileo satellites. (Figure 5e).