# Parametric PSpice Circuit of Energy Saving Lamp Emulating Current Waveform
## 1 Introduction  
Energy efficiency is a crucial target in view of a sustainable energy future [1], thus, different policies to improve energy efficiency have been internationally introduced [2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. European Council has initially set the target of 27% (that should become 30%) energy savings by 2030. Moreover, the European Union is pushing towards \"nearly zero-energy buildings\" by introducing legal requirement in the construction of new buildings [7]. In this perspective, the European Union has also decided to phase out inefficient light bulbs and, similarly, in the U.S.A., the manufacture of light bulbs that do not meet federal energy-efficiency standards is prohibited according to the Energy Independence and Security Act [8; 9]. Energy-saving lamps (ESLs) are consequently the natural choice for lighting system retrofitting as well as for designing future lighting systems. An ESL is a non-linear load due to the converters adopted in the lamp that draws a very distorted current from the mains. In the Smart Lighting scenario, intelligent lamps present new capabilities and functionality (e.g., continuously flashing to signal an intrusion, use sensors for automatic dimming, and so on) making them more than simple illumination systems [10]. Such additional tasks involve driving algorithms for the converters that may intensify the harmonic distortion. Obviously, the effect of the current drawn from a single lamp is negligible. On the other hand, the effect of the total current harmonics injected on the mains cannot be neglected in large lighting systems in view of the widespread use of ESLs in building and streets. The harmonics negatively affect the power network: reduction of the cable ampacity and life, while the losses and EMI issues increase [11]; premature aging and failures of capacitor banks used for power factor correction and ancillary services [12; 13; 14; 15]; undesired losses in motors and transformers windings with related life expectancy reduction [16; 17]. The large use of ESLs will involve additional issues on future smart grids that use network control and management techniques based on measurements that may be affected by the harmonics [18]. The problem is exacerbated by the ESLs since dealing with the large distorted current due to a very great number of dispersed ESLs is more complex than in case of a single large harmonics source [19]. Therefore, there is a noteworthy need for mitigation of the harmonics due to ESL based lighting systems. The addition of filters, power factor corrector circuits, and other devices in the ESL increase the lamp cost and consequently the economic investment for both retrofitting and new lighting systems [20; 21; 22; 23; 24]. On the other hand, although a single compensation circuit for the whole lighting system may be less expensive [25], it has to be revised each time a new lighting system retrofit is performed. The best choice from cost and flexibility point of view is the harmonic mitigation at lighting system design stage. The optimal lighting system design aiming at mitigation of the distorted current drawn from the whole lighting system requires a tool for estimating such a current when different lamps configurations are adopted (number, type, nominal parameter, and so on). In such a case the best configuration is the one with the greatest harmonic cancellation and lowest THD [25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. The proposed parametric PSpice circuit is suitable to perform this task. More specifically, the current drawn from a given ESL under a variable voltage on the main is emulated by means of a generalized PSpice netlist with parametric components. The parameters of an ESL can be obtained by few simple current measurements to be performed at the lamp terminals. These parameters are the coefficients of the functions obtained by linear interpolation of the _rms_ of the current harmonics.