# Evaluation and Current State of Primary and Secondary Zinc Production--A Review
## 2 Zinc Production, Demand and Applications
### Zinc Production
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Year** & **1871** & **1881** & **1891** & **1901** & **1911** & **1921** & **1925** & **1927** \\ \hline Production, thousand tons & 153.07 & 287.9 & 400.7 & 562.6 & 987.1 & 520.4 & 1247.0 & 1444.1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The volume of global zinc production in the years 1871-1927, worked based on [17]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Year** & **2016** & **2017** & **2018** & **2019** & **2020** & **2021** & **January–September** 2022** \\ \hline Mine production, million tons & 12.66 & 12.654 & 12.723 & 12.799 & 12.253 & 12.789 & 9.479 & 9.206 \\ Refined zinc metal & 13.56 & 13.538 & 13.142 & 13.546 & 13.780 & 13.858 & 10.362 & 10.111 \\ production, million tons & 13.67 & 13.998 & 13.722 & 13.788 & 13.286 & 14.048 & 10.463 & 10.154 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: World zinc production and usage in years 2016-2022, working out based on [28]. Figure 1: World reserves of zinc ore deposits in 2020, figure worked out based on data from [19]. Figure 2: Zinc mine production in 1995–2020, figures worked out based on data from [19; 29; 30; 31]. Table 4 shows the global producers of refined zinc [19; 29; 30; 31]. In 2020, China's share of total global zinc production was 46.9%. The next places are taken by South Korea with a share of 7% and India with 5% of global production. Refined zinc production in China increased from 550,000 tons in 1990 to 6425 thousand tons in 2020. Zinc production in China has increased by 1168% over the past 30 years. Over several decades, a continuous increase and high volatility of the price of zinc has been observed. Even in the 1970s, the price of zinc was at the level of USD 260-270 per ton, reaching a historical record of USD 4442 per ton in November 2006 (Figure 3). In 2021, the price of zinc was USD 2989 per ton (1 September 2021) [33]. This price was practically half the value from the same period in 2020. It was estimated that the price of zinc in 2022 would fall to approx. USD 2400 per ton, with a slight increase in subsequent years [33]. However, the change in the geopolitical situation in February 2022 and the instability of the global economy meant that in April this year, zinc prices exceeded USD 4500 per ton. At the moment (December 2022), the price of zinc is USD 3200 per ton [34]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Country** & **1990** & **1995** & **2000** & **2005** & **2010** & **2015** & **2017** & **2018** & **2019** & **2020** \\ \hline Australia & 303 & 337 & 489 & 508 & 507 & 490 & 471 & 490 & 437 & 469 \\ Canada & 592 & 720 & 780 & 805 & 691 & 683 & 598 & 620 & 655 & 671 \\ China & 550 & 1050 & 1957 & 2800 & 5209 & 6100 & 6144 & 5607 & 6236 & 6425 \\ Finland & 163 & 170 & 223 & 292 & 307 & 306 & 285 & 295 & 291 & 297 \\ India & 79 & 147 & 176 & 293 & 701 & 822 & 792 & 776 & 691 & 694 \\ Japan & 687 & 717 & 654 & 675 & 574 & 567 & 525 & 521 & 537 & 501 \\ Kazakhstan & - & 200 & 263 & 357 & 319 & 324 & 329 & 329 & 296 & 319 \\ South & 257 & 250 & 473 & 645 & 750 & 935 & 970 & 1099 & 950 & 963 \\ Korea & 199 & 223 & 337 & 360 & 322 & 327 & 327 & 336 & 393 & 365 \\ Peru & 118 & 165 & 200 & 164 & 223 & 335 & 321 & 334 & 357 & 348 \\ Spain & 253 & 325 & 386 & 546 & 517 & 491 & 510 & 511 & 511 & 511 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Refined zinc production by country, thousands of tones, worked out based on data from [19; 29; 30; 31]. Figure 3: Zinc price in 1960–2022, figure prepared based on data from [32; 33].