# Green Extraction of Valuable Compounds from Rubber Seed Trees: A Path to Sustainability
## 6 Valuable Compounds in Rubber Seeds
### Phytochemicals  
Rubber seeds harbor a rich reservoir of phytochemicals that have piqued the interest of researchers and industries alike [31]. Among these phytochemicals, prominent classes include saponins, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, each with distinctive properties and potential applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Saponins are naturally occurring compounds in various plant species, including rubber seeds [32]. These compounds are characterized by their amphiphilic nature, which imparts them the ability to form foamy solutions when agitated, hence the name \"saponin\" derived from the Latin word \"sapo\", meaning soap. Saponins are known for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects [33]. Some saponins have demonstrated cardioprotective and cholesterol-lowering activities, making them valuable for cardiovascular health. Additionally, saponins may have applications in drug delivery systems due to their unique physicochemical properties [34]. Alkaloids are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that exhibit various biological activities [35]. While alkaloids in rubber seeds have been reported, the specific types and their potential applications are subjects of ongoing research [31]. Alkaloids are well-known for their role as bioactive constituents in various medicinal plants. Depending on their chemical structure, they can have analgesic, antispasmodic, and even psychoactive effects [36]. Rubber seed alkaloids hold promise as potential candidates for drug development or as a source of bioactive compounds for nutraceutical applications. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites widely distributed in plants, including rubber seeds [37]. These compounds encompass a broad spectrum of molecules, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, known for their potent antioxidant properties. antioxidants are crucial in neutralizing harmful free radicals in the body, protecting against oxidative stress-related diseases, including cardiovascular disorders and cancer [38]. Phenolic compounds from rubber seeds are being explored for their potential nutraceutical and medicinal applications, contributing to the development of functional foods and dietary supplements. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31]'s study revealed a diverse range of anti-nutrient and phytochemical compositions obtained from rubber seed oil. The variations were observed in phytate levels (ranging from 19.62 to 6.97 mg/100 g), oxalate levels (ranging from 13.26 to 3.36 mg/100 g), tannin levels (ranging from 8.98 to 0.92 mg/100 g), saponin levels (ranging from 4.91 to 1.60 mg/100 g), HCN (hydrogen cyanide) levels (ranging from 12.41 to 1.97 mg/100 g), TI (Trypsin Inhibitor) levels (ranging from 8.43 to 0.97 TiO/mg), alkaloid levels (ranging from 4.54 to 0.97 mg/100 g), phenol levels (ranging from 2.77 to 0.50 mg GAE/g), and flavonoid levels (ranging from 60.00 to 40.00 mg QE/100 g). These findings highlight the variability in the chemical composition of rubber seed oil, providing valuable insights into its nutritional and bioactive content. These phytochemicals in rubber seeds have sparked research into their potential pharmaceutical and nutraceuticaltical applications [31]. Studies are ongoing to elucidate these compounds' precise bioactive properties, mechanisms of action, and potential health benefits. The pharmaceutical industry is particularly interested in harnessing the therapeutic potential of these phytochemicals for drug development. Simultaneously, the nutraceutical sector explores how rubber seed phytochemicals can be incorporated into functional foods and dietary supplements to promote health and well-being. In conclusion, the phytochemicals found in rubber seeds, including saponins, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, represent a promising avenue of research with potential applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticalals.