esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion  
### Crack and Failure  
Crack was observed with visual inspection. Similar flexural cracks appeared in all specimens as shown in Figure 5. The first cracks appeared in TRM at the pure bending section and developed towards both sides. After the occurrence of the crack of the TRM, crack of RC propagated at the same location where the TRM crack appeared. This is because the flexural stress was concentrated on the crack of the TRM and the concrete stress easily reached the tensile strength.  
The number of cracks in RC was shown in Figure 6. The number of cracks in the pure bending section of the TRM specimen appeared more than that of control specimen. Therefore, TRM reinforcement appears beneficial for uniform distribution of cracks [17; 20; 25].  
When the tensile force is applied to the textile and released in the matrix, the compressive force is applied to the matrix, and the initial crack strength of the TRM is increased as much as compressive stress. For a prestressed TRM, for the new crack to occur, the bond stress between textile and matrix must be increased as much as the sum of the initial compressive stress and tensile strength of the matrix. That is, the occurrence of a large crack is essential, and the number of cracks is decreased [20; 26; 27]. The textile of this study did not introduce enough force to cause sufficient elastic deformation of TRM. However, a slight tension of textile was maintained by applying mechanical anchors to T2A and T2 AP. Therefore, it can be seen that the crack width and spacing was increased in the pure bending section as shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 4: Schematic of TRM specimens.  
The T1O applied one layer with lamination of three textile and T3 applied three layers with lamination of three textile. Thus, the bond area between textile and mortar of T1O and T3 was smaller than the other TRM specimens so that ratio of crack numbers of pure bending was low, as shown in Figure 6.  
The failure modes of the TRM were shown as follows: (1) Textile rupture; (2) debonding between concrete substrate and TRM and textile rupture; and (3) textile slippage. After the failure of TRM, nearly the same plastic behavior of the control specimen was shown and, finally, crushing of concrete occurred. The failure modes of all specimens, listed in Table 6 and Figure 7, show three types of failure of the TRM. Figure 7a shows the textile rupture after the test of the T2 AP. Figure 7b shows the debonding of the TRM strengthening layer of T2 after the ultimate load was reached. This debonding was also observed in T1O. Figure 7c shows the textile slippage of the T1M. The slippage of the textile occurred from yield load to crushing of concrete. After the end of the test, the textile had not failed, but showed crimp shape.  
Figure 5: Crack patterns for all specimens at concrete crushing.  
Figure 6: Crack number of all specimens.
# From Genomics to AI: Revolutionizing Precision Medicine in Oncology
## 6 Epigenetics in Cancer: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets
### Epigenetic Therapies: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications  
Epigenetic therapies, often referred to as epi-drugs, aim to reverse abnormal chromatin configurations and restore normal gene expression patterns in cancer cells. These treatments act on key epigenetic regulators that control DNA accessibility and transcriptional activity.  
Some of the most validated targets are DNA methyltransferases (DNNTs), enzymes responsible for adding methyl groups to DNA and silencing gene expression. DNMT inhibitors, such as azacitidine and decitabine, work by demethylating the promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes, thereby reactivating their expression. These agents are currently approved for hematologic malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes [68; 69].  
Another major class of epigenetic targets is the histone deacetylases (HDACs), which remove acetyl groups from histone tails and compact chromatin, leading to gene silencing. Inhibitors like vorinostat, romidepsin, and chidamide promote histone acetylation, resulting in the re-expression of pro-apoptotic genes and those involved in cellular differentiation [70]. HDAC inhibitors have gained approval for T-cell lymphomas and are being actively investigated in breast and ovarian cancers for their potential to overcome resistance and enhance therapeutic efficacy [71].  
The enzyme EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2), a histone methyltransferase, is another critical player in cancer epigenetics. Frequently overexpressed in solid and hematological tumors, EZH2 catalyzes the trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27 me3), a marker associated with transcriptional repression. The EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of refractory or transformed follicular lymphoma (FL) and epithelioid sarcoma, demonstrating the growing clinical relevance of targeting histone methylation [72]. These agents are increasingly being tested in combination with immunotherapy and hormone therapy, as epigenetic reprogramming can upregulate immune checkpoints, enhance antigen presentation, or reverse endocrine resistance in ER+ tumors [64]. Table 5 summarizes major epigenetic targets currently under investigation or in clinical use.  
Furthermore, novel modifications, such as histone lactylation, driven by elevated lactate in hypoxic tumors, have recently been identified as potential oncogenic regulators and therapeutic targets. Lactylation may promote stemness, angiogenesis, and immune tolerance, and it is now under preclinical investigation as a modifiable epigenetic marker [67].
# Semantic Matching Based on Semantic Segmentation and Neighborhood Consensus
## 5 Conclusions  
We have proposed a convolutional neural network to achieve dense semantic matching. To remove some potential matching errors, we combined the feature extraction based on semantic segmentation and the neighborhood consensus exploration based on 4D convolution. Quantitative and quantitative experiments demonstrate that our method has higher semantic matching accuracy than other methods, and can establish correct and smooth semantic matching for all points (not only keypoints) in the image. The ablation experiment shows the benefits of semantic segmentation information and 4D convolution on matching accuracy. It indicates that the proposed consideration of semantic segmentation information can enrich the semantic representation at the feature level, thereby reducing mismatches. We have presented the application of semantic matching in label transfer.  
There are two future research directions. One is to study the estimation of dense semantic matching between two images with occlusion or truncation or different perspectives. In these cases, a point may need to combine neighborhood features and matches, or it may need to consider the global representation. Another direction is to study potential applications, such as exemplar-based image translation and enhancement. These applications need to establish semantic matching between the template and the image, so that the image can obtain information from the same semantic region on the template.  
Conceptualization, H.X. and X.C.; methodology, H.X., H.C. and Y.W.; software, H.X.; validation, H.L. ([PERSON]), H.L. ([PERSON]) and H.X.; data curation, H.L. ([PERSON]) and H.L. ([PERSON]); writing--original draft preparation, H.X., X.C. and H.C.; writing--review and editing, H.X., X.C., H.C. and Y.W.; supervision, X.C.; project administration, X.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research was funded by the Tianjin Municipal Transportation Commission Science and Technology Development Plan Project (2019C-05).  
Not applicable.  
Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: [[https://www.di.ens.fr/willow/research/proposalflow/](https://www.di.ens.fr/willow/research/proposalflow/)]([https://www.di.ens.fr/willow/research/proposalflow/](https://www.di.ens.fr/willow/research/proposalflow/)).  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON], [PERSON], et al. for the open-access dataset they provided.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Results and Discussions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Features Extracted** & **Classifiers Used** & **Sensitivity (\%)** & **Specificity (\%)** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2012 [14] & \begin{tabular}{c} Octant and vector features evaluated \\ from VCG signal \\ \end{tabular} & CART & 97.28 & 95 \\ \hline [PERSON], 2011 [15] & \begin{tabular}{c} DWT domain RQA features from VCG \\ Signal \\ \end{tabular} & GDA & 96.50 & 75 \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2017 [28] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Complex wavelet sub-band features \\ from VCG signal \\ \end{tabular} & RVM & 98.40 & 98.66 \\ \hline Proposed work &
\begin{tabular}{c} Multi-channel and multi-scale domain \\ learnable features \\ \end{tabular} & CNN & 99.93 & 99.94 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Comparison of proposed MI detection approach with existing methods obtained using VCG signals (with 10-fold CV). In this work, the proposed approach has considered only 99 VCG recordings from different MI classes in the second stage for MI localization. The approach can be tested using VCG recordings from a huge database containing more subjects. The MVMD based multi-scale approach is used in this study to decompose the VCG signal. The other multi-scale analysis methods, such as multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD) [40], multivariate projection based empirical wavelet transform (MPEWT) [41], and fast and adaptive based MEMD [42] can be used for the decomposition of VCG signals.
# Fast Thumbnail Extraction for H.264/AVC, HEVC and VP9
## 4 Conclusions  
The conventional thumbnail extraction method consists of the decoding and downsampling stages for a thumbnail. However, the decoding and down-sampling processes have high computational complexity and memory usage. In this paper, we proposed a partial decoding method and a memory structure for high-speed thumbnail extraction. The proposed partial decoding method replaces the inverse transform and intra prediction in the decoding process with partial inverse transform and partial intra prediction. The computation complexity is reduced by restoring the one-pixel rule per inner \(8\times 8\) sub-block along with the rightmost pixels and the lowermost pixels. In addition, we designed a memory structure suitable for the partial decoding process. The proposed memory structure reduces 98% of the restoration buffer required for 4K videos by replacing the restoration buffer with a low-resolution thumbnail buffer and two reference line buffers for intra prediction. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed fast thumbnail extraction method, we implemented the proposed algorithm with the FFmpeg H.264/AVC, HEVC and VP9 decoders and compared them with the speed of the conventional thumbnail extraction algorithm implemented on FFmpeg. For 4K resolution videos, we compared running times by extracting the thumbnail of the first frame of the test sequences. With the proposed method, we reduced 66% of the process time for H.264/AVC, 52% for HEVC and 48% for VP9. In addition, we reduced the amount of required memory without visual quality loss. The proposed algorithm was commercialized and implemented on an ARM processor for 2019 and 2020 LG televisions.  
Conceptualization, J.L., D.S.; methodology, D.S.; investigation, S.J., J.L.; software, J.B., S.J.; writing--original draft preparation, J.B., D.S.; writing--review and editing, J.B., D.S.; project administration, K.K.; supervision, D.S.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Korea, under the Information Technology Research Center (ITRC) support program (IITP-2020-2016-0-00288)  
Figure 11: Subjective quality performance for the ‘ParkRunning3’ sequence.  
supervised by the Institute for Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) and LG Electronics \"Development of extraction technique of high-speed video thumbnail\".  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Torsional Moment versus Twist Response
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Point**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Results**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**E130-10**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**E65-5**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**E130-5**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **(+)** & **(–)** & **(+)** & **(–)** & **(+)** & **(–)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Initial crack} & \(M_{T}\) (kN-m) & 3.03 & 3.04 & 2.19 & 2.01 & 3.70 & 3.20 \\ \cline{2-8}  & \(\theta_{T}\) (degree) & 0.35 & \(-\)0.40 & 0.15 & \(-\)0.24 & 0.30 & \(-\)0.36 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Shear crack} & \(M_{T}\) (kN-m) & 3.81 & 3.37 & 3.61 & 3.57 & 5.57 & 5.14 \\ \cline{2-8}  & \(\theta_{T}\) (degree) & 0.50 & \(-\)0.46 & 0.37 & \(-\)0.31 & 0.38 & \(-\)0.39 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Maximum} & \(M_{T}\) (kN-m) & 5.66 & 5.46 & 3.70 & 3.76 & 6.19 & 5.99 \\ \cline{2-8}  & \(\theta_{T}\) (degree) & 0.62 & \(-\)0.56 & 0.41 & \(-\)0.34 & 0.51 & \(-\)0.47 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Termination} & \(M_{T}\) (kN-m) & 4.73 & 4.00 & 2.83 & 3.25 & 4.82 & 4.78 \\ \cline{2-8}  & \(\theta_{T}\) (degree) & 0.68 & \(-\)0.84 & 0.51 & \(-\)0.43 & 0.60 & \(-\)0.54 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(M_{T}\): Torsional moment, \(\theta_{T}\): Twist angle.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison of the torsional performance of specimens subjected to eccentric lateral loads. Figure 13: Measurement methods for torsional moment and twist angle of columns. In comparison of torsional moments and twist angles for specimens E130-5 and E130-10 at the same drift ratios, E130-10 exhibited larger twist angles, suggesting a greater torsional load in this specimen. In particular, at the point of flexural crack initiation, the twist angle for E130-5 was 85% of that for E130-10, indicating greater torsion in E130-10, where the steel link did not yet resist the load. After the steel link in E130-5 started resisting the load, the increase in twist angle was restrained. At the maximum point, the twist angle was approximately 34% higher than at the initiation of the shear crack. In E130-10, the twist angle increased by 43% before shear crack initiation and by 24% from shear crack to the maximum value, showing a minimal increase. These findings suggest that the steel link effectively resisted the load and reduced torsion in the reinforced concrete column. The minimal difference in torsional moment and twist angle at the end of the experiment compared to the values just before the final drift ratio in specimens E65-5, E130-5, and E130-10 suggests that retrofitting reinforced concrete columns with the RSL system could prevent brittle failure due to torsion.
# Design and Experiment of High-Resolution Multispectral Polarization Imaging System
## 3 Research on Polarization Detection Imaging Based on Micro-Polarizer  
Polarized light can be divided into linearly polarized light, circularly polarized light, and elliptically polarized light according to the shape of the end trajectory of the light wave electric vector. There are two quantitative representations: [PERSON] vector representation and Stokes vector representation [6, 7, 8, 9]. Jones vector representation is mainly used to represent completely polarized light, while Stokes vector representation can represent completely polarized light, partially polarized light, and unpolarized light. In the detection of man-made targets and metal targets, the full polarization characteristics of reflected light from targets contain very important characteristic information.  
The Stokes vector method uses a matrix to describe the polarization state of a beam of light. The specific form is:  
\[\mathrm{s}=\begin{bmatrix}\mathrm{I}\\ \mathrm{Q}\\ \mathrm{U}\\ \mathrm{V}\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}\mathrm{I}_{0^{\circ}}+\mathrm{I}_{90^{ \circ}}\\ \mathrm{I}_{0^{\circ}}-\mathrm{I}_{90^{\circ}}\\ \mathrm{I}_{45^{\circ}}-\mathrm{I}_{135^{\circ}}\\ \mathrm{I}_{Right}-\mathrm{I}_{Left}\end{bmatrix} \tag{6}\]  
where \(\mathrm{I}\) is the total light intensity of the incident light; \(\mathrm{Q}\) is the light intensity difference in the directions of \(0^{\circ}\) and \(90^{\circ}\); \(\mathrm{U}\) is the light intensity difference between \(45^{\circ}\) and \(135^{\circ}\) directions; \(\mathrm{V}\) is the light intensity difference between right-handed circularly polarized light and left-handed circularly polarized light.  
The traditional polarization measurement technique requires the acquisition of four images in different directions and the processing of the images, so it is difficult to achieve real-time measurement. As shown in Figure 1,The polarization direction of the micro-polarizer array is \(0^{\circ}\), \(45^{\circ}\), \(90^{\circ}\), and \(135^{\circ}\) for each adjacent \(2\times 2\) unit, so that four images with different directions of polarization detection can be obtained by interpolation averaging in a single frame, thus realizing real-time polarization measurement.
# Free Vibration of a Taut Cable with Two Discrete Inertial Mass Dampers
## 3 Two Opposite IMDs  
### The Wavenumber Equation  
The damper force of the \(j^{th}\) IMD can be expressed as [45]:  
\[F_{\mathrm{IMDj}}(t)=b_{j}\frac{\partial^{2}v(x_{j},t)}{\partial t^{2}}+c_{j} \frac{\partial v(x_{j},t)}{\partial t}\,\mathrm{or}\,\widetilde{F}_{\mathrm{ IMDj}}=-b_{j}\alpha^{2}\overline{\upsilon}_{j}+c_{j}\omega\overline{\upsilon}_{j}. \tag{8}\]  
When two IMDs are installed at different ends of the cable, substituting Equation (8) into Equation (7) and using trigonometric relations, Equation (7) can be rearranged to the form relating to \(x_{1}\) and \(x_{2}^{*}\) as:  
\[\tan\beta L=\frac{A_{1}+iB_{1}}{C_{1}+iD_{1}}, \tag{9}\]  
\[A_{1}=-\chi_{1}\sin^{2}\beta x_{1}-\chi_{2}\sin^{2}\beta x_{2}^{*}+(\chi_{1} \chi_{2}-\eta_{1}\eta_{2})\sin\beta x_{1}\sin\beta x_{2}^{*}\sin\beta(x_{1}+x_ {2}^{*}), \tag{10a}\] \[B_{1}=\eta_{1}\sin^{2}\beta x_{1}+\eta_{2}\sin^{2}\beta x_{2}^{*}-(\chi_{1} \eta_{2}+\chi_{2}\eta_{1})\sin\beta x_{1}\sin\beta x_{2}^{*}\sin\beta(x_{1}+x_ {2}^{*}),\] (10b) \[C_{1}=1-\chi_{1}\sin\beta x_{1}\cos\beta x_{1}-\chi_{2}\sin\beta x _{2}^{*}\cos\beta x_{2}^{*}+\] (10c) \[(\chi_{1}\chi_{2}-\eta_{1}\eta_{2})\sin\beta x_{1}\sin\beta x_{2}^{*} \cos\beta(x_{1}+x_{2}^{*})\] (10d) \[D_{1}=\eta_{1}\sin\beta x_{1}\cos\beta x_{1}+\eta_{2}\sin\beta x _{2}^{*}\cos\beta x_{2}^{*}-\] (10e) \[(\chi_{1}\eta_{2}+\chi_{2}\eta_{1})\sin\beta x_{1}\sin\beta x_{2}^{* }\cos\beta(x_{1}+x_{2}^{*})\]  
where \(\eta_{j}=\frac{c_{j}}{\sqrt{mT}}\) and \(\chi_{j}=\frac{b_{j}\alpha^{2}}{\sqrt{mT}}\) represent the dimensionless damping coefficient and the dimensionless inertial mass of the \(j^{th}\) IMD, respectively.  
The form of Equation (9) is suitable for solutions, either for asymptotic solutions or numerical solutions by iteration.
# Non-Intrusive Load Disaggregation by Linear Classifier Group Considering Multi-Feature Integration
## 2 Appliance Modeling
### Determine the Load Space to be Monitored  
As described in the introduction, it is difficult to identify all appliances by using a single identification approach, so it is essential to build a reasonable load space according to the specific application of NILM.  
Load is classified into three categories according to the state of participating demand response (DR): uncontrollable load (UCL), transferable load (TL) and interruptible load (IL). UCL refers to the load that has no energy storage capacity and may be opened at any time. It has no capacity to transport  
Figure 3: The On-duration and Off-duration of refrigerator in a cycle.  
power consumption basically and its fluctuation range is small. TL is a type of load that can transport the energy consumption, because the using time is flexible and the power consumption is fixed, such as washing machine and electric rice cooker. Consequently, on the premise of the completion of the work requirements, it can participate in DR by changing the running time. An air conditioner and water heater are typical ILs, which can be interrupted temporarily without affecting consumer comfort to reduce the power consumption. On the contrary, the interruption of UCL is likely to affect consumer's comfort, so TL and IL will be treated in different ways in DR, and managed centrally at the control center after the load identification. It is necessary to divide TL and IL into different load spaces in identification.  
The adjustable high-power loads are suitable for participating in DR, so the research mainly focuses on identifying the adjustable high-power loads, while there is no need to track the appliances with small power. The final load space to be monitored is listed in Table 1. In addition, because there are too many UCLs in a family, such as a TV and computer, we use high-power electrical appliances to refer to a large number of loads in Table 1. This does not mean that the number or proportion of UCLs in user families is small. We classify all electrical appliances in the family to achieve the goal of mainly studying IL and TL.
## 4 Characteristics of Different Time Distribution Systems
### Precision Time Protocol
#### 4.2.5 Application  
The PTP power profile enables the use of PTP for power system protection, control, and automation applications [18]. It is recommended for time synchronization at the substation level by the IEC 61850 standard [86]. Due to its high accuracy, it can be implemented in all the applications listed in Section 2. However, considering the cost, critical applications such as PMUs, fault recorders, and protection relays typically adopt PTP.  
Most deployed PMU devices rely on GPS for a synchronizing clock, with the GPS signal typically communicated to power system measurement and control devices using the IRIG-B protocol. However, due to the need for specialized cabling, additional timing requirements, and the increasing number of devices requiring precise time in power system substations, this traditional approach is gradually being replaced by PTP [80].  
As power system applications increasingly depend on measurements from PMUs and faster devices, alternative clock synchronization methods beyond GPS are being explored. Proper deployment of PTP is being considered as a means to integrate GPS and other trusted, precise clock sources into a unified timing architecture. This approach offers backup timing sources and enhances the overall robustness of precision time synchronization, which is essential for accurately measuring power system conditions [80].