# Comparative Analysis of Target Displacements in RC Buildings for 2023 Turkiye Earthquakes
## 4 Comparison of Target Displacements
To accurately represent the stress-strain distribution within the section, an adequate number of fiber elements must be used. For the selected sections, a total of one hundred fiber elements were defined. The chosen plastic-hinge length (L\({}_{\rm p}\)/L) was set at 16.67%. The column boundary conditions were defined to match those of a cantilever, resulting in a fully fixed footing and a free top end. The structural properties of the RC building model are illustrated in Table 8. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameters**} & **Value** \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Entire Structural Models** \\ \hline Concrete & 25 MPa (C25) \\ Reinforcement & 420 MPa (S420) \\ Beams (mm) & 250 \(\times\) 600 \\ Height of floor (mm) & 120 \\ Story heights (mm) & 3000 \\ Concrete cover (mm) & 25 \\ Columns (mm) & 400 \(\times\) 400 \\ Columns longitudinal & Corners & 4\(\Phi\)20 \\ reinforcement & Top bottom & 4\(\Phi\)16 \\ Left Right & 4\(\Phi\)16 \\ Columns transverse reinforcement & \(\Phi\)8/150 \\ Beam transverse reinforcement & \(\Phi\)8/150 \\ Used steel material & Pinto and Menegotto \\ Type of the constraint & Rigid diaphragm \\ Used concrete material & Mander \\ Local soil class & ZC \\ Incremental loads & 5 kN \\ Permanent loads & 5 kN/m \\ The damping ratio & 5\% \\ Importance class & II \\ Maximum displacement (m) (for 5-story) & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Structural properties of the RC structural model. Figure 11: Flowchart of typical pushover analysis [90]. The concrete grade was selected as C25/30 and the reinforcement material grade was selected as S420. Material grades for concrete and reinforcement are taken from the seismic design code in Turkiye. Modeling was done by taking into account the reinforcement and dimensional properties commonly used in mid-rise RC buildings. When the performance limits of particular structural components are reached, it is critical to determine the target displacement for damage estimation in performance-based earthquake engineering. An internationally accepted method for estimating damage, structural analysis, took into account the limit states specified in Eurocode 8-Part 3 [91; 92]. These states are categorized as damage limitation (DL), significant damage (SD), and near collapse (NC). The values for these limit states were calculated for each structural model. Table 9 provides thorough justifications for the limit state values that were considered during this study. The target displacements obtained using the measured and predicted PGA's within the scope of this study are shown on the typical pushover curve in Figure 12.  
In this study, target displacements (m) were first obtained separately for three different PGAs. Initially, target displacements were calculated using the highest measured PGAs from both earthquakes at the earthquake stations located in ele  
Figure 12: Typical pushover and idealized capacity curves. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Limit State** & **Description** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Return Period** \\ **(Year)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Probability of Exceedance** \\ **(in 50 Years)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Damage limitation (DL)} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Only lightly damaged; damage to \\ non-structural components is \\ economically repairable \\ \end{tabular} & 225 & 0.20 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Significant damage (SD)} & Significantly damaged; some residual & & \\  & strength and stiffness; non-structural & & \\  & components damaged; uneconomic & 475 & 0.10 \\  & to repair & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Near-collapse (NC)} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Heavily damaged; very low residual \\ strength and stiffness; large \\ permanent drift but still standing \\ \end{tabular} & 2475 & 0.02 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Limit states in Eurocode [91; 92]. by the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquakes.