esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Adapting Satellite Soundings for Operational Forecasting within the Hazardous Weather Testbed
## Materials and Methods
### Datasets
This is where we distinguish the value between quantitative (statistical validation) versus qualitative (meaning in applications) evaluation. Our participation in the HWT addresses the latter. Figure 1: High-level flow chart of the step-wise NOAA-Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System (NUCAPS) retrieval algorithm that outputs temperature (T), moisture (q) and trace gases. In Advanced Weather Interactive Processing Systems (AWIPS), NUCAPS retrievals of T, q and ozone (O3) are color-coded as red, yellow and green to indicate if and when they failed quality control checks. Steps B and D, which are yellow black text, are regression steps, and if they fail they will be flagged as yellow in AWIPS; these retrievals should be used with caution. Steps A, C, and E, which are red with white text, are cloud clearing or retrieval stages of the algorithm. If any of these fails, the retrieval is unlikely to yield meaningful results, and they will be flagged red in AWIPS. The entire algorithm runs regardless if any one step passes or fails.
# Influence of Internal Pressure on Hollow Section Steel Members in Fire
###### Abstract  
Structural steel hollow section members are extensively utilized in civil engineering due to their excellent mechanical performance, favourable geometry for corrosion protection, and aesthetic appeal. Degradation in material properties of steel and thermal expansion at high temperatures must be regarded in designs for fire situations. The closed inner space of hollow sections presents challenges at elevated temperatures. The present study examines the effect of expanding air on the stress state in section walls of hermetically sealed circular and rectangular hollow sections. The effect of the gas pressure is calculated analytically and numerically. The pressure of the expanding air may substantially reduce the capacity of a tubular member. The influence on resistance depends on temperature, volume of the air in the tubular member, and geometry of the hollow section. The results of the study indicate that rectangular hollow sections with relatively large width-to-thickness ratios are more sensitive to internal pressure than circular hollow sections. The temperature range where the adverse effect of internal pressure occurs can include realistic critical temperatures in practical design and therefore deserve special attention to ensure the required safety.  
steel; hollow section; fire resistance; internal pressure +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Material and Methods
### Intervention  
Participants assigned to the experimental groups underwent either eight or twenty-eight immersive VR training sessions using the rhythm-based virtual reality game Beat Saber, with each lasting 15 min. These sessions were conducted using the Valve Index VR headset. In contrast, individuals in the control groups did not engage in any VR training activities. Beat Saber is a fast-paced, rhythm-based VR game that requires players to slice through incoming blocks in time with music using two virtual lightsabers, as shown in Figure 2. The blocks appear in different positions, are color-coded for each hand, and include directional indicators that dictate the required slicing motion. Players must also avoid obstacles by ducking or sidestepping, further engaging spatial awareness and motor coordination. The cognitive demands of Beat Saber make it a compelling tool for training key esports-related skills. Its gameplay fosters rapid decision-making, reaction time, sustained attention, and cognitive flexibility, as players must process dynamic visual and auditory cues in real-time while executing precise movements.  
The key in-game tasks hypothesized to drive cognitive improvements are as follows:  
* Players must quickly recognize and respond to incoming blocks, adjusting their slicing movements in real time. The sequencing and increasing difficulty levels demand continuous cognitive and motor adaptation, reinforcing faster reaction times and decision-making under pressure. Previous research on rhythm-based games, such as Osu!, has demonstrated their effectiveness in improving reaction times, as noted by [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018). Their study found that fast-paced rhythm games require players to process visual stimuli rapidly and execute precise motor responses, making them a valuable tool for enhancing reaction time.
* The game challenges simultaneous visual tracking and precise hand movements, requiring players to synchronize their actions with the block's direction, color, and rhythm. This process strengthens sensorimotor integration and visuomotor processing, leading to enhanced coordination and accuracy.  
To progressively challenge participants, the difficulty level of the game was escalated systematically; in the E8 group, the difficulty increased every two days, whereas in the E28 group, it increased every seven days. The selection of songs was randomized across the sessions to ensure diversity and mitigate any potential learning or performance biases. This regimen using Beat Saber was designed to offer a dynamic and engaging training environment, ideally suited for enhancing both the cognitive and physical capabilities of e- athletes. The rhythm-based gameplay necessitates swift reflexes, heightened concentration,and the rapid shifting of attention, making it a potent tool for cognitive development [50]. Additionally, the variability in song selection required participants to continually adapt to new auditory patterns and sequences, thereby improving their cognitive flexibility and enhancing auditory processing skills.
# Analysis of Penalty Kick Performance in the Spanish Football League: A Longitudinal Study
## 3 Results
### Traditional Statistical Analysis
Since the introduction of Video Assistant Referee (VAR) technology in the 2018-2019 season and the rule change regarding goalkeeper positioning at the moment of the kicker's impact with the ball, the effectiveness of penalty kickers has increased significantly (an average of 74.7% between the 2012-2013 and 2016-2017 seasons, compared to 82.4% in the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 seasons). Statistically significant differences were found when comparing both periods (X\({}^{2}\) = 6.756; \(p\) = 0.009). Figure 2 shows an analysis of the effectiveness of the penalty takers according to the direction of the penalty kick (without considering the player's laterality), as well as an analysis considering the left- or right-footedness of the player (visually, the figure is presented as if for right-footed kickers; it should be noted that for left-footed kickers, the kicker side and far-side would be reversed (see Figure 1)). Penalties kicked into the upper part of the goal had a high effectiveness, as no shots were saved by the goalkeeper. In the intermediate zone (in relation to the height), there was a decrease in effectiveness, especially in the left-medium zone (83.3%) compared to 93.3% in the other two zones. It was found that the lower zone of the goal is where a greater loss of efficiency occurs, with the goalkeeper saving the most penalties in the right-down zone (75.7%) and the kicker-down zone (74.1%).
# Adaptive Versioning in Transactional Memory Systems +
## 4 Basic Adaptive Versioning
### Time Barrier Requirement and Design  
The ideal scenario in Adaptive is to let each transaction \(T\) run Algorithm 1 and decide which versioning (eager or lazy) to use for it to execute individually based on the parameters obtained at runtime. Let \(S_{j}\) be a set of transactions arrived before \(T\). Suppose current versioning method for executing the transactions in \(S_{j}\) is \(V_{cur}=Lazy\) and the transaction \(T\) satisfies for switching the versioning method to \(V_{new}=Eager\). Suppose the versioning changed to \(Eager\) from \(Lazy\) after the transactions in \(S_{j}\) started execution but before \(T\). If we run \(T\) using \(Eager\) immediately and \(T\) conflicts with any of the transaction \(T_{j}\in S_{j}\), then the conflict detection and resolution mechanisms interfere, hampering consistency. A simple approach to handle this situation is to ask \(T\) to wait until all transactions in \(S_{j}\) finish execution, which we call a _basic time barrier_ (as shown in Figure 4). The pseudocode is given in Algorithm 2. The barrier reduces total number of aborts but due to a time delay before switching, it may increase total execution time [24]. We provide a _better time barrier_ design appropriate for non-persistent TM systems (described in Section 5) that will minimize this overhead.  
```
1\(T\leftarrow\) new transaction arrived for execution;
2\(S_{j}\leftarrow\) set of other transactions arrived before \(T\);
3\(V_{cur}\leftarrow\) versioning method for currently running transactions ;
4\(V_{new}\leftarrow\) new versioning method computed for the transaction \(T\);
5 if(\(V_{new}\
eq V_{cur}\)) then // i.e., \(V_{cur}\) and \(V_{new}\) are complement of each other in the set {\(Eager,Lazy\)}
6 if(there is no transaction \(T_{j}\in S_{j}\) such that \(T_{j}\) is executing using \(V_{cur}\) when \(T\) wants to execute)then
7\(V_{cur}\gets V_{new}\);
8 Start executing \(T\) using \(V_{new}\);
9 else
10 Wait until each transaction \(T_{j}\in S_{j}\) finish execution;
```  
**Algorithm 2**Basic Time Barrier Design
## 5 TB Vaccine Candidates in Clinical Trials
### Whole-Cell Vaccine Candidates
#### 5.1.2 Inactivated Whole-Cell Mycobacteria  
Most of inactivated whole cell mycobacterial TB vaccine candidates have been designed as \"therapeutic vaccines\" seeking to reduce treatment length in people infected with latent TB, or reduce the likelihood of recurrence after the end of a treatment [48].  
_M. vaccine_tm vaccine is a lysate comprised of inactivated _Mycobacterium vaccine_ (non-tuberculous mycobacteria) developed as an immunotherapeutic agent to help shorten TB treatment for patients with drug-susceptible TB and licensed by the China Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A Phase III study of efficacy has been recently published [2; 62] (Figures 2 and 3).  
MIP Immuvac is a heat-killed _Mycobacterium indicus pranii_ vaccine, approved by the drug controller general of India and FDA as an immune-therapeutic and immunoprophylactic strategy for use in multibacillary leprosy patients (as an adjunct to standard multidrug therapy), and for preventing the development of leprosy among close contacts of leprosy patients. A Phase III efficacy and safety trial for preventing pulmonary TB among healthy house-hold contacts of sputum smear-positive TB patients is underway in India [2] (Figure 2).  
DAR-901 is based on a heat-inactivated non-tuberculous bacterium _M. vaccae_ renamed as _Mycobacterium obtense_ which was produced by former Aeras (Rockville, MD, USA) [63] for use as booster vaccine in BCG vaccines (Figure 3). It is the scalable manufacturing version of candidate vaccine SRL172, which showed efficacy in a Phase III trial among HIV-infected adults in Tanzania. DAR-901 is in a Phase IIb prevention of infection trial among BCG-primed adolescents, also in the United Republic of Tanzania. The trial is scheduled for completion in 2020 [2] (Figure 2).  
RUTI@is a liposomal formulation containing fragmented, detoxified _Mtb_ grown under stress conceived conditions, as a potential therapeutic vaccine (Figure 3). RUTI is sponsored by the Archived Farma (Spain), and is currently in a Phase IIa of clinical trials [64; 65] (Figure 2). When administered one month after isoniazid treatment, RUTI showed safety and immunogenicity in individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI). Plans for evaluation in a POD trial among HIV-infected and uninfected patients with LTBI are underway [47].
## 6 Simulation and Analysis  
### Test System under Study  
To test the performance of the proposed protection scheme, a 10 kV distribution network with IBDGs simulation model was built using PSCAD/EMTDC, as shown in Figure 7. According to the China National Standard [35], the test system has three voltage levels: 35 kV (GRID), 10 kV (medium-voltage distribution network) and 0.38 kV (IBDGs). In Figure 7, GRID is the grid source; B1, B2, and B3 represent system buses; L1, L2, and L3 represent loads; R1, R2, R3, and R4 represent protective relays; and points \(f_{1}\) and \(f_{2}\) are located at the midpoints of feeder sections B1B2 and B2B3. The IBDGs in the test system adopt the PQ control strategy in Section 2 and have a low-voltage ride-through function. When asymmetric faults occur, the IBDGs can suppress the output of negative-sequence currents. In addition, the maximum output currents of IBDGs are 1.5 times the rated currents. The parameters of this simulation model are given in Table 1.
# A Real-Time Detection of Pilot Workload Using Low-Interference Devices
## 4 Experimental Setup
### Model Training and Testing  
After data cleaning and indicator extraction, the dataset contains a total of 1073 entries. By applying data augmentation based on CTGAN, it is effectively expanded to 6000 entries structured into 12 dimensions, including 10 eye movement indicators, 1 seat cushion indicator, and 1 workload-level label.  
To assess the reliability of the model, the leave-one-subject-out cross-validation method is used to divide the training and test sets. For the data of 20 subjects, the data from 19 subjects are used as the training set, and the remaining one is used as the testing set each time. In this way, the model's accuracy on new individuals is tested, ensuring the model's generalizability.  
In the training process, the RF model utilizes 110 decision trees, and the GBT model employs 120 weak learners and uses a multi-class error rate as the evaluation metric. The FCN-Transformer model is set with a learning rate of 0.002, runs for 20 epochs, and processes data in batches of 32, utilizing the Adam optimizer for adjustments during training.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Investigation of Relative Electric Field Intensity and Temperature on Heating System  
The temperature profiles with time during RF heating treatment are investigated using various electric field intensities including 112.5 kV/m, 150 kV/m, 225 kV/m, and 450 kV/m to demonstrate the difference between unsaturated contaminated soil and saturated contaminated soil. For the overall experiment, the contaminated soil sample was treated at a power of 900 W for irradiation times of up to 30 min. Here, the heating time was recorded at each min while the temperature was monitored using the infrared thermography camera (U5857A, Keysight Technologies Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, USA), and was recorded. Figure 4 shows the difference between unsaturated contaminated soil and saturated contaminated soil based on the temperature profiles with time derived from the electric field intensities of 112.5 kV/m, 150 kV/m, 225 kV/m, and 450 kV/m.  
Based on the electric field intensity value of 112.5 kV/m, we can see from Figure 4a that the temperature of the contaminated soil increased quickly at the start of the RF heating treatment. For saturated contaminated soil, the temperature reached a maximum of 128.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while for unsaturated contaminated soil, the maximum temperature was 110 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This is because the ability of the soil to convert RF energy into heat was still high before the evaporation of the commercial grade diesel B7, a trend that has also been observed in other studies (referenced in [30; 31; 32]). Eventually, the temperature decreased from the maximal temperature due to the evaporation of the diesel, which caused the loss factor (\(\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}\)) of the contaminated soil to decrease and reduced its ability to convert RF energy into heat.  
A similar trend to Figure 4a can be seen in Figure 4b-d, where higher electric field intensities cause the temperature to rise more quickly. The reason for this is that a higher electric field intensity value leads to an increased power absorbed per unit volume in the material, a relationship that can be described by Equation (2). From the data, it appears that the highest electric field intensity value of 450 kV/m leads to the shortest time required to reach the maximum temperature for both unsaturated and saturated contaminated soil. These findings suggest that increasing the electric field intensity value has a significant impact on the time required for RF heating treatment of contaminated soil.
# A Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving and Fair Data Transaction Model in IoT
## 5 Verifiable Encrypted Signature
### Transactional Security  
**Lemma 2:**_If any \(t\) members of the arbitration committee are honest, then the verifiable encrypted signature protocol proposed in this paper achieves fair payment._  
**Proof.** There are only four situations in the transaction process: (1) both parties are honest; (2) The data provider \(P_{s}\) is honest, while the data consumer \(P_{c}\) is dishonest; (3) Data consumers \(P_{c}\) are honest, while data providers \(P_{s}\) are dishonest; (4) Both parties in the transaction are dishonest. \(\square\)  
Situation (1). The data provider \(P_{s}\) will provide the data \(G=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}G_{i}\) honestly, and the data consumer \(P_{c}\) will also pay the compensation honestly, which is fair to both parties.  
Situation (2). The data provider \(P_{s}\) and the data consumer \(P_{c}\) have negotiated an agreement regarding payment of compensation. The data provider \(P_{s}\) provides the data \(G\) after verifying the verifiable encrypted signature \(\sigma_{c}^{VES}\) of the data consumer \(P_{c}\), and the data consumer \(P_{c}\) refuses to decrypt the encrypted signature \(\sigma_{c}^{VES}\) after obtaining the dataset \(G\). Any \(t\) members of the arbitration committee will collaborate to generate the arbitration private key \(ASK\), which can directly decrypt the encrypted signature \(\sigma_{c}^{VES}\) to make the payment agreement effective. The implementation of the agreement will be resolved by law. Ensuring fairness.  
Situation (3). The data provider \(P_{s}\) and data consumer \(P_{c}\) negotiate a payment agreement, and the data consumer \(P_{c}\) performs a verifiable encrypted signature \(\sigma_{c}^{VES}\) on the payment agreement, but the data provider \(P_{s}\) refuses to provide the dataset \(G\). The probability of a data provider \(P_{s}\) successfully cracking an encrypted signature without a private key to defraud a reward is negligible. Meanwhile, due to the number of committee members \(t<r\leq 2t-1\), and \(t\) members being honest, it is impossible for \(t\) dishonest members to collude with data providers \(P_{s}\), and dishonest data providers \(P_{s}\) cannot receive any rewards. Ensuring fairness.  
Situation (4). The data provider \(P_{s}\) will not provide the data honestly, and the data consumer \(P_{c}\) will not make the payment honestly. Both parties have no losses, but both parties will be deducted the deposit due to malicious behavior, which is fair to both parties.
# A Communication-Efficient Secure Routing Protocol for IoT Networks +
## 6 Performance Evaluation  
In this section, we present the respective performance of the proposed and compared methods. We first discuss their security performance. Then, the communication efficiency performance is analyzed in terms of (a) the hop count during route construction and (b) the total byte flow during route construction. Finally, to evaluate the route construction performance of the proposed and compared IoT networks, we perform an emulation-based analysis using a Raspberry Pi.  
The discussion in Sections 6.2-6.4 follow the network model shown in Figure 1, that is, we consider a situation where \(n\) nodes exist between the source and destination nodes.
# Consensus Guided Multi-View Unsupervised Feature Selection with Hybrid Regularization
## 4 Experiments
### Datasets and Experimental Setup  
In this work, we utilize six benchmark multi-view datasets sourced from publicly accessible repositories, covering diverse application scenarios. As summarized in Table 1, these standardized datasets address fundamental machine learning tasks including handwritten digit recognition, object categorization, and web page classification. The diversity of this curated collection facilitates a comprehensive cross-domain evaluation of our methodology's generalization performance.  
Feature selection methodologies fundamentally function via discriminative relevance ranking to retain information-rich feature subsets. This dimensionality reduction mechanism prunes low-saliency attributes, optimizing downstream analytical pipelines while improving computational tractability. Following feature subset optimization, we project data to compressed feature spaces for subsequent k-means clustering. To ensure statistical reliability, we conducted 20 repeated experiments and took the average performance index as the final result. Our evaluation framework adopts two criteria: Normalized Mutual Information (NMI) assessing cluster-to-ground-truth distributional consistency, and Accuracy (ACC) evaluating class-label agreement, formally defined as:  
\[\text{NMI}(X,Y)=\frac{I(X,Y)}{\sqrt{H(X)\times H(Y)}} \tag{13}\]  
\[\text{ACC}=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\mathbf{1}(\hat{y}_{i}=y_{i}) \tag{14}\]  
where \(I(X,Y)\) denotes cross-entropy mutual information, \(H(\cdot)\) represents Shannon entropy, \(n\) indicates sample cardinality, and \(\hat{y}_{i}\) and \(y_{i}\) correspond to predicted/ground-truth labels, respectively, with \(\delta(\cdot)\) being the Kronecker delta function evaluating to 1 for matched labels and 0 otherwise.
# Feed Rate Variation Strategy for Semi-Conical Shell Workpiece in Ball Head End Milling Process
## 1 Introduction
The feed rate is set to maintain the forced vibration response at a user-defined value, and its upper limit is subjected to a user-defined cutting force threshold. Consequently, the optimized feed rate variation is obtained and applied in the practical milling experiment. Considering the feed is the most influential cutting parameter concluded by [PERSON] et al. [32], the surface roughness is also measured to verify the influence of the feed rate variation on the machining quality in the experiment. The main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:  
1. [leftmargin=*]
2. Comparing to the traditional feed rate variation strategy, both cutting force and vibration response are used to design the optimal feed rate variation. This can be more effective for the special thin-walled parts like semi-conical shell workpiece with special stiffness distribution. Figure 1: General flow diagram of the proposed feed rate variation strategy. 2. Combining the cutting force and dynamic performance prediction, the forced vibration response of the semi-conical shell workpiece is obtained and used in the variable feed rate planning. The proposed feed rate variation strategy can be applied to the ball head end milling process with the contour tool path, and nearly a quarter of the consuming time can be saved. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 briefly introduces the basic calculation of the cutting force in the ball head end milling process, the dynamic performance of the semi-conical shell workpiece and the stability of the cutting system. The calculation results are used to determine the stability of the cutting system and calculate the vibration response with the use of the modal analysis. Section 3 proposes the design and simulation results of a continuous feed rate variation strategy and a discrete feed rate variation strategy. The milling experiments are conducted to verify the proposed improved discrete feed rate variation strategy in Section 4. Based on the used methods and obtained results, this paper is discussed in Section 5 and concluded in Section 6.