# Grape By-Products in Sustainable Cosmetics: Nanoencapsulation and Market Trends
## 7 Future Challenges of Nanotechnology in Cosmetics  
Nanotechnology is a relatively new and promising area that has witnessed tremendous improvements and broad use in cosmetics, dermatology, and biological applications in recent years [80]. The cosmetics industry was one of the pioneers in considering nanotechnology-based products, and it is now a global leader in the inclusion of nanotechnologies in the development of new products [119]. For instance, up to 13% of 1000 registered nano-based products on the global market were referred as cosmetic ones [120]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Nano-Delivery System** & **Material** & **Loaded Compound** & **Advantages/Application** & **Reference Source** \\ \hline Nano Aging Reverse(Inventiva) & \multirow{2}{*}{Grape seed oil} & \multirow{2}{*}{Significant reduction in wrinkles} & \multirow{2}{*}{[104]} \\ Poly(\(\epsilon\)-caprolactone), & & & Improved photostability; & \\ sorbitan monostearate and & & & enhanced resveratrol & \\ grape seed oil & & & penetration and skin & \\  & & & absorption; treatment of & \\  & & & sunburns & \\ \hline Precirol ATO 5 (lipid), & & Encapsulation efficiency of & \\ Tween 20 (Hydroophilic & & 68-89\%; controlled drug & \\ surfactant) and Span 80 (Lipophilic surfactant) & & release up to 24 h; no skin & \\ \hline Nanoparticles & \multirow{2}{*}{Resveratrol} & \multirow{2}{*}{Encapsulation efficiency of \(\  
Despite the growing interest in nanocarriers due to their unique features, they also raise concerns related to consumer's health [119]. We have an incomplete knowledge of its interactions and implications. These problems must be addressed [121] and lead to the need of regulation over the incorporation of nanomaterials/nanotechnologies in cosmetic products. However, this raises another problem, as each country or world region follows its own legislation [119]. In the European Union (EU), the Regulation (EC) n\({}^{\circ}\) 1223/2009 establishes the legal basis for all manufactured or sold cosmetic products [80]. For example, according to this document, each nanomaterial must be properly identified in the list of ingredients, using the word \"nano\" (in brackets) as a suffix to the material's name [119,122], which, due to the misinformation of the general public, may cause some reluctance to purchase products incorporating such materials. A good example of that was the distrust of a significant part of the world population towards the COVID-19 vaccines, which was partly due to the alleged incorporation of nanotechnologies in their formulations. In contrast to the EU, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not require manufacturers to expressly state on the label that their products include nanomaterials since it is believed that particle size is not always connected to the toxicity profile and that labelling may consequently mislead customers. Moreover, in Brazil and India, there are no special regulations concerning the safety of cosmetics that include nanomaterials [119,123]. Thus, there is still a long way to go when it comes to the challenges of using nanotechnologies in cosmetics, to ensure success both in the desired efficacy of the product and in the safety of its use. Furthermore, nanomaterials may also have an adverse effect on the environment. For example, they may be released into water, air, and soil, posing major environmental dangers [122]. On this note, concepts such as \"green nanotechnology\" emerge, where the production of nanomaterials that do not harm the environment or poses questions on human health is prioritised. For instance, green nanotechnology can design and build eco-friendly, safe metal nanoparticles without the use of harmful chemicals in the synthesis process by combining the principles of green chemistry and green engineering [124].