## 5 Conclusions  
In Fengtai County, the mean measures for soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and slow-release potassium are recorded as 6.68, 25.04 g/kg, 1.51 g/kg, 134.51 mg/kg, 26.00 mg/kg, 137.23 mg/kg, and 238.69 mg/kg, in that order. The fluctuation across these nutrients is of a moderate scale. The most suitable modeling fit for the soil pH in Fengtai is the Gaussian model. Conversely, organic matter, total nitrogen, and available potassium align more with the spherical model. The alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and slow-release potassium are most aptly represented by the exponential model. The spatial interconnectness of available potassium is moderate, contrasting with the other nutrients, which exhibit a comparatively weaker spatial correlation. This infers that the spatial diversities of soil nutrients within the study's scope are predominantly governed by human activities, fertilization practices, and other stochastic factors. All nutrient elements within Fengtai County's soil showcase a markedly positive spatial association. The sequence of this spatial correlation unfolds as follows: available phosphorus > alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen > pH > total nitrogen > slow-release potassium > organic matter > available potassium. Distinct nutrients within Fengtai County's soil display different extents of spatial dispersion, each adhering to its distinctive distribution layout. In general, the northern and southern extremes of the study area lean towards lower nutrient levels, while the central part is richer in content. The north is characterized by high nutrient clusters, whereas the south predominantly displays low nutrient concentrations. Notably, the spatial agglomeration of available phosphorus is distinctly evident, with pronounced high-value clusters in the northern zone and clear low-value clusters in the southern segment. The spatial distribution of soil fertility quality in Fengtai County is quite different. The uneven distribution of population and scattered fertilization are the main reasons for the fluctuation of fertility. Organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available potassium are the limiting factors of soil nutrients in the study area. In the future, in order to ensure the soil nutrient accumulation and sustainable development of agriculture in the rice-wheat rotation area of Fengtai County, it is suggested to formulate standardized precise fertilization measures. For the areas with poor soil fertility in the southeast and northwest of the study area, it is necessary to further study and determine the optimal ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers while increasing fertilization. Data Curation: [PERSON] and [PERSON]; Formal Analysis: [PERSON], D.C. and Z.J. ; Funding Acquisition: [PERSON]; Investigation: [PERSON], T.W., [PERSON] ([PERSON]). [PERSON] and W.W.; Methodology: [PERSON], [PERSON] and Y.Z. ([PERSON]); Writing--Original Draft: [PERSON] and Y.Z. ([PERSON]); Writing--Review and Editing: [PERSON] and [PERSON]. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by Key research and development plan of Anhui Province (No. S202104a06020064), The China Geological Survey (Comprehensive Survey of Natural Resources in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River (Shaanxi Section), Grant Nos. DD2020868), the Opening Foundation of Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation (No. KS-2022-002), the Opening Foundation of Anhui Green Mine Engineering Research and Development Center in 2022, the Opening Foundation of Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Resources Comprehensive Utilization and Ecological Protection in High Groundwater Mining Area (No. 2022-WSREPMA-05). The authors express their sincere thanks and gratitude to the anonymous reviewers due to their positive comments and constructive suggestions.