## 6 Discussion  
This research contributes valuable insights into the field of automotive technology, particularly in training users to interact with complex vehicle systems. Through a carefully and rigorously designed experimental framework, we evaluated the effectiveness of video-based and text-based instructional approaches on user interaction with complex vehicle systems. Our findings indicate that using video-based methods to train on ADAS and AV functions led to faster and more consistent response times compared to using user manuals. These findings are consistent with previous research that highlighted the effectiveness of video-based training for understanding complex tasks [35; 59]. The superiority of video-based training over paper-based instruction is evidenced by measurable improvements in accuracy and reaction time, indicating a more robust mental model among participants. This observation aligns with [27], which asserts that stronger mental models contribute to more effective and efficient user performance. Despite the distinct nature of the functions under study, such as AP-On versus CA or LKA versus ACC, the activation mechanism was uniform across pairs: a straightforward single-button press. This consistent methodology of operation, combined with their comparable placements (either on the steering wheel or the shifter module), ensured a level comparison ground. Thus, even though the functions were distinct, the fundamental process for activation remained consistent. This similarity ensures that our comparisons remain valid, as the primary variable in our experiment was the training method, not the operational complexity or location of the functions. Therefore, our findings offer a credible assessment of the training methods' efficacy, eliminating potential biases arising from varied function complexities or placements. While text-based manuals provide a comprehensive depth of information, they come with inherent challenges. Consistent with existing literature, our results showed that user manuals often require a higher level of pre-existing technical knowledge and can be cumbersome to study effectively [38; 60]. This was reflected in a broader distribution of response times and, in some instances, lower accuracy for the CA and ACC functions. Figure 7: LKA and ACC reaction time comparison between the video vs. user manual training methods. “+” shows the outliners. Statistical rigour was added to these observations through the Mann-Whitney test, as presented in Figures 5 and 6. These statistical findings further emphasise the need for training methods specifically tailored to the complexities and demands of each ADAS function. In the context of the growing adoption of ADAS technologies in modern vehicles, our study highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate training methodologies. The advantages of video-based training, as shown in this research, offer promising avenues for creating more effective and safer user training programs. However, it is important to consider the limitations of this study. The results may be specific to the ADAS functions assessed and the applied experimental conditions. Therefore, future research should focus on establishing the applicability of these findings to other control systems and ADAS functions. Explorations into hybrid, interactive, or artificial intelligence-driven training methodologies could also be beneficial for refining training techniques. Additionally, it is important to consider that our study was conducted under well-lit daytime conditions, which did not consider the potential impacts of fatigue and different lighting conditions, such as those encountered during nighttime driving. These factors are significant in real-world scenarios and merit further investigation. Future studies should aim to investigate a variety of environmental conditions, including those that induce different levels of fatigue, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how these variables affect interactions with ADAS technologies.