# Survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Mars Exploration: Deployment Use Case
## 2 Space Exploration through Different Methods/Vehicles
### Space Exploration through UAVs
#### 2.1.1 Mars UAVs  
Mars, relative to Earth, has a low density; the concept of UAVs that can fly on this planet has gained a lot of interest due to the importance of Mars science [15]. In article [16], the author has explored the options of the flight system for the construction of a long-term endurance Mars mission by aeroplane. The mission model was designed in the model centre in the design context. The maximum endurance of each configuration is determined by the method of hybrid ad user-driven fixed-point iteration. The propulsion systems surveyed in this paper are: a bi-propellant rocket, battery-powered, direct-methanol fuelcell-powered, beam solar, and microwave-powered. The direct methanol fuel was proved the best onboard power system, and the solar beam has the potential for indefinite flight. As a result of this combination, the aeroplane could cruise for 17.8 h on Mars' surface. The limitation is that the resulting project is too large to be deployed. In article [17], the main objective of the research was to design the requirements of the long-endurance aircraft using solar PV or radioisotope power system so that it can sustain the Mars climate. The idea of the design point is taken from the methodology of designing the HAPP. The results show that the capability of long-endurance aircraft is convincible in Mars exploration. Since this is a viability study; thus, the design solution's problems have not been mentioned. However, the essential attributes that have been the basis of the research can be used to determine what advances in aircraft and technology will be required for future projects. However, the author has not specified the type of radiator system used for both types of aircraft, without which the reader cannot obtain the accurate figure of merit of the system. NASA's Mini-Sniffer aircraft was the first Mars UAV configuration that fulfilled the specifications [18]. In article [18], a tiny, unmanned survey aircraft has been developed by NASA to measure turbulence and atmospheric emissions from ground level to 90,000 ft altitude. The Mini-Sniffer cruises typically for one hour at 70,000 feet with a 25-b air sampling apparatus before being remotely piloted back to Earth. In article [19], a mission and prototype of a Mars UAV were described. The name given to the model is Astro plane. The aircraft was designed to provide outstanding knowledge of Mars' atmosphere in the intermediate resolution range to surface vehicles and orbiters as a research study. The air vehicle was expected to conduct aerial surveys, land instrument sets, collect samples, and perform atmospheric sounding in the specified mission. In study [20], a Mars aeroplane's mission concept was developed from the early concept of synchronous entry of 12 to 14 aeroplanes from two-plane spacecraft to three-plane spacecraft. Each aeroplane carries four aeroplane capsules and one comsat. Several studies by NASA, universities, and industry were carried out from the 1980s to the 1990s to identify new Mars atmosphere missions and design various types of Mars UAVs [21]. Article [21] patterned the construction of Mars aircraft, designated as the Argo VII. The Argo VII's aerodynamic, stability, and control parameters were calculated using analytical and control parameters similar to that of ARES-2. Progress in technical areas, such as propulsion technology, composites, and energy storage systems, has led to more complex Mars UAVs. In article [22], as an affordable means of launching small planetary exploration payloads, the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed the Micro-Mission concept in 1999. The ASAP of the Ariane 5 launch vehicle was used to launch a spacecraft weighing 200 kg into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. Numerous universities have performed a study on Mars aerial vehicles since 2000, such as the University of Colorado at Boulder and Wichita State University. The MAP project was the subject of researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder [23].