## 4 Spectrum of Heterogenous Services for Transport Means and the Communication of Information
### The Information Flows and Modelling for the Context of Tracking
#### 4.3.2 Tracking the Cargo
The exchange of messages and documents is the key to the management of cargo transportation processes. There are internal and external needs. Among internal needs, there is route construction and identification of transit countries, also, the control of route fulfilment. During cargo transportation, the shipping company controls a driver by checking the route data and trip time. This information is mandatory for revising driving and rest time, fulfilments of shipping instructions, getting information about vehicle accidents or inspections; identifying cargo units missed during the accident and taking post-delivery actions (i.e., archiving information and reporting statistical data). Among obvious needs, there is a necessity to know about cargo loading and the finalisation of formalities by the sender, to plan cargo arrival to warehouse or custom declaration point and setup related actions. In case of full load delivery, the cargo recipient could track the vehicle. However, in the case of part load delivery, the cargo recipient could track the cargo [38]. In the case of governmental needs, vehicle registration number could also be used for defining cabotage cases, for the evaluation of customs performance and waiting time or the identification of paid road charges. Additionally, each vehicle could be weighted, and its weight could be linked with the vehicle registration number. However, these needs are essential to further on authors focus on business-business (B2B) needs. In general, many documents are being used in the context of the cargo transportation process. Some of them focus on cargo-related content (consignment note, ADR or live animal transport document, if applicable), others--to the means of transport (vehicle registration, insurance) or drivers (driver license, European health insurance card). Among the cargo transportation service buyer and carrier, there is the circulation of documents, which defines cargo and requirements for its delivery (i.e., shipping instructions: temperature, volume, weight, danger, etc. settings), pickup and delivery point, loading and delivery time. They also agree in which form the status of cargo transportation will be reported in the provision of transport service time frame. To follow the above-specified needs, information flow is modelled in a sustainable manner. The modelling of information flow is analysed by authors [39] and defined as significant to the management of Cargo transportation processes (Table 6). First, the carrier gets the places of loading and delivery, and by using the network, data checks the possible route. Together carrier looks for shipping instructions and after the revision of vehicle park data assigns vehicle that matches specified requirements. Before the route start time, it is essential to track vehicle arrival to loading place on a specified date. When route starts on loading date, it is important to monitor both vehicle and cargo and revise the network conditions (traffic jumps and accidents). The carrier must follow the time limit for transit and bring cargo on-time to the place of delivery. Most of the data is defined in the agreement of between cargo sender/recipient and carrier. This data is transferred to the main carrier documents. Two main documents are used in Cargo transportation processes: \"Transports Internationaux Routiers\" or \"International Road Transports\" (TIR) and the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR). Most of this information is replicated in carrier documents which have paper or electronic form. Places of loading and delivery are stated in CMR, together with shipping instructions and the date of upload. Additionally, the date of departure and the time limit for transit are specified in TIR. The information about successive carriers is presented in CMR. There is also the registration number(s) of road vehicle(s) which is/are stated in both documents (TIR and CMR).