## 3 Overview of IoT System Security Applications in the Industrial Field
### Comparative Analysis in the Case of Worker Safety  
The analysis carried out on the IoT paradigm of safety in smart manufacturing has highlighted the innovative aspects that have significantly improved, on the one hand, the worker's safety during the performance of his activities and, on the other, the data protection from cyber-attacks. In the context of operator protection, many authors have set themselves the objective of verifying physiological parameters such as PPG, accelerometer, body temperature, and position. This last parameter is of fundamental importance as it makes it possible to check anomalous stops made by the operator in high-risk areas of the industrial plant and dialogue with the machines assisting the operator to prevent accidents. This communication is made possible thanks to short- and long-range wireless communication protocols such as BLE, LoRa, WiFi, and GSM platforms that are available via mobile phones. All the data detected by the sensors are then processed by specific algorithms specifically designed by the authors and already known in the literature. All this information is finally sent to a supervisor who monitors the worker's health status and presence in dangerous areas. In particular, this technology prevents workers from staying at high temperatures for long periods in the construction sector. An extremely important real-world application in the case of worker safety is related to the health of workers exposed to high temperatures [64; 87; 88; 89]. As extreme weather worsens due to the climate crisis, increasing heat waves will severely affect workers exposed to high temperatures. To function properly, the human body must regulate its temperature within a narrow range since prolonged heat exposure can lead to heat-related illnesses, including heat cramps, exhaustion, and life-threatening heatstroke. Rising core body temperatures also diminish work capacity, causing discomfort, fatigue, and impaired judgment, which can result in workplace errors and collapses [90]. To address these dangers, companies are seeking innovative solutions to protect their workers. Environmental monitoring  
Figure 14: Representation of the ENISA IIoT high-level reference model adopted by [PERSON] et al. in [81]. has traditionally been used to prevent heat stress, but advancements in physiological monitoring, supported by IoT-based technology, now allow for real-time, personalized safety measures. This shift from a one-size-fits-all approach to a worker-centric model enhances both health and productivity in extreme conditions. One concrete application is the SlateSafety BAND V2 [91]. It uses a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor to monitor heart rate by detecting changes in blood volume through light reflectance on the skin. It, along with other sensors' data, represents the foundation for SlateSafety's metrics, including real-time heart rate, body temperature, and exertion levels [91]. The core temperature algorithm, proven accurate in a peer-reviewed study from the University of Alabama, helps protect workers from heat-related illnesses by reliably monitoring key physiological indicators [92]. Moreover, this band ensures data protection through industry-standard protocols and allows organizations to customize biometric alert thresholds. Its connectivity options, including built-in cellular connectivity and the SlateSafety GATEWAY V2 for areas with limited service, make it highly versatile. The SlateSafety GO mobile app allows local data access even in areas without cell connectivity or power. If connectivity is temporarily unavailable, the device stores data and safety algorithms, which can be uploaded later for historical analysis [91]. Another real-world application has been proposed by Kenzen company [93]. Kenzen offers smart PPE with wearable technology and proprietary algorithms to provide real-time insights to workers, supervisors, and Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) decision-makers [94]. A wearable device worn on the upper arm monitors a worker's physiological responses to heat in real-time.