## 4 Discussion
In the case of fibroblasts, all of the tested concentrations (0.055-5.5 mg/mL) of FPE resulted in an increase in viability compared to control cells. The highest viability (122.1%) was recorded for a concentration of 0.055 mg/mL, while with the increase in concentration, the viability gradually decreased, reaching a value of 108.2% at a concentration of 5.5 mg/mL. However, in the case of PE, concentrations up to 1.196 mg/mL had a positive effect on viability, while higher concentrations caused a cytotoxic effect. Comparing the results obtained in both tests, it can be concluded that FPEs have a more beneficial effect on the viability and activity of the tested cells, for which a stronger pro-proliferative effect and lower cytotoxicity were observed (Figures 3-6). The cytotoxicity activity using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolzolium bromide (MTT) assay against human skin fibroblast 1184 cells was used to determine the relative cell viability of the plant extract from _Syzygium aromaticum_. The highest percentage of relative cell viability for _S. aromaticum_ extract was observed at a concentration of 10 ppm [52]. When considering the use of _S. aromaticum_ L. _Mytraceae_ extracts in topical cosmetic preparations, appropriate concentrations should be used to eliminate their cytotoxic effects [53]. [PERSON] et al. [54] confirmed the cytotoxic effect of essential oil from _S. aromaticum_ L. on dermal fibroblasts [54]. When clove oil was tested on HDF cell lines, it was found to be highly cytotoxic at concentrations as low as 0.03% (\(v/v\)) because it contained eugenol. On the other hand, \(\beta\)-caryophyllene, which is a part of CEO, did not show any cytotoxic activity [54]. Also, eugenol concentrations that were cytotoxic led to less ATP and more glycolytic metabolites and polyamines in both normal oral cells and oral squamous cell carcinoma, which shows that unplanned cell death was triggered. Clove oil should be applied topically, at very low concentrations [53]. Studies of the effects of clove bud oil on skin fibroblasts showed that CEO had cytotoxicity at IC\({}_{50}\) = 0.162 uL/mL [54]. In our study, no cytotoxicity was observed on fibroblasts treated with fermented bud extracts (Figures 3-6), suggesting that FPE from _S. aromaticum_ L. _Myrtaceae_ may improve metabolism and skin cell viability. [PERSON] et al. [55] observed no cytotoxicity on fibroblasts treated with extracts from _S. aromaticum_ L. in the concentration range of 0-200 ug/mL [55]. These results indicate that cytotoxicity is strictly dependent on both the part of the plant and the phytochemicals it contains [49, 50]. So far, there are no literature reports on the cytotoxicity of fermions from _S. aromaticum_ L. _Myrtaceae_, so the present work indicates for the first time their potential execution in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. The initial carbonizate (sample A-0) showed very poor adsorption capacity at 2.3 mg/g. Modification of the carbonizate with sulfuric acid (sample A-1) resulted in a more than 10-fold increase in adsorption capacity to a level of 25 mg/g. Modification of the carbonizate with potassium hydroxide (sample A-2) resulted in a more than 50-fold increase in adsorption capacity to a level of 121 mg/g, while modification of the carbonizate with the KOH impregnation method resulted in an increase in adsorption volume to 165 mg/g. The proposed activation methods effectively developed the specific surface area of the carbonizate and thus influenced the adsorption efficiency. Plant biomass waste subjected to appropriate modifications can be an attractive raw material for the production of adsorbents (Figure 7). These studies are a prelude to further research on the use of FPE and PE from _S. aromaticum_ L. _Myrtaceae_ in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations. In addition to the optimisation performed, it is necessary to extend the analysis of the obtained FPE with regard to the content of individual phenolic acids in order to identify the compounds responsible for the therapeutic effect.