## 3 Discussion  
The CCI model is the most widely used animal model for investigating neuropathic pain, described by allodynia and hyperalgesia caused by nerve damage ([PERSON] et al. 2017, [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. 2018). This model mimics human carpal tunnel syndrome, in which the median nerve is compressed as it passes through the carpal tunnel by a swollen ligament or inflammation of the tendons within the tunnel. Additionally, neuropathological pain is  
Figure 5: Effect of caraway oil on CCI-induced rise in TNF-\(\alpha\) level in the sciatic nerve. It is represented as mean \(\pm\) SEM; \(n=6\). \({}^{a}\)\(p\leq 0.05\) against sham control correspondent to the same day. \({}^{b}\)\(p\leq 0.05\) against CCI comparable to same day. \({}^{\star}\) represents \(p\)-value \(\leq 0.05\). Figure 6: The effect of caraway oil on nerve growth factor and substance P in patients with CCI-induced neuropathy. It is represented as mean \(\pm\) SEM; \(n=6\). \({}^{a}\)\(p\leq 0.05\) against sham control correspondent to same day. \({}^{b}\)\(p\leq 0.05\) against CCI comparable to same day. \({}^{c}\)\(p\leq 0.05\) versus caraway oil and anti-NGF in CCI compatible to same day. \({}^{\star}\) represents \(p\)-value \(\leq 0.05\). caused by the encapsulation of the sciatic nerve by four loose ligatures. Furthermore, it has been proposed that this model mimics the pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndromes in people [35]. The results showed that cold allodynia, mechanical allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia, and heat hyperalgesia increased significantly on day 7 after CCI. In the CCI model, significant behavioural changes were observed on day 21 in all treatment groups. Caraway oil was administered orally at 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg in rats for 21 days. As a result, CCI-induced behavioural abnormalities, such as cold allodynia, mechanical allodynia, and mechanical heat hyperalgesia, were considerably reduced. Several pharmacological investigations have established the therapeutic use of caraway oil in various inflammatory circumstances, along with a rat model of chronic ischemia in cerebral palsy, acute lung damage after CCI ligation, and puncture-induced polymicrobial sepsis in rats [31; 36]. However, it has been hypothesized that caraway oil can help with CCI-induced neuropathy in rats. In this study, the therapeutic benefit of caraway oil was demonstrated in the CCI model when it was given to rats for 21 days. The study findings showed that increased TNF-\(\alpha\) levels in the sciatic nerve were related to the neuropathic pain produced by CCI. TNF-\(\alpha\) is the prototypical example of a pro-inflammatory mediator because of its location at the beginning of the cytokine cascade. It is widely recognized that TNF-\(\alpha\) plays a role in neuropathic pain by making nerves in the peripheral and central nervous systems more sensitive. This fact has been demonstrated by an extensive research [35]. The findings of this study, which demonstrate higher levels of TNF-\(\alpha\) in the sciatic nerve on day 21 in rats that had been treated with CCI, align with the findings of other investigations [37]. The decrease in TNF-\(\alpha\) levels could have been caused by suppression of substance P, nerve growth factor, or cytokines. Several studies have shown that cytokines involved in inflammation, such as IL-1\(\beta\), TNF-\(\alpha\), and IL-6, are promoters of NGF synthesis in different cells [38]. Caraway oil has a significant impact on suppressing neuropathic pain in rats. This is likely because it mediates a decrease in cytokine production, especially of TNF-\(\alpha\). Carvone (a significant constituent of caraway oil) decrease the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, prostaglandandins, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-\(\alpha\)) [39]. In this study, a single dose of anti-NGF antibody blocked endogenous NGF, which helped relieve pain in a model of chronic neuropathy. The model was used to study this phenomenon. In rats with CCI, anti-NGF treatment dramatically reduced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia.