esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Molecular Changes in PVH Secondary to MMVD
### Serotonin  
Serotonin (SRT) is a hormone well known for its activity in the central nervous system. Its biosynthesis takes place in the nervous system, it is also accumulated in thrombocytes [115]. SRT, similar to ET-1, has vasoconstritive effects in dogs [116; 117; 118; 119]. The effect of SRT on blood vessels is demonstrated by the use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in dogs, as in the case of fenfluramine, which leads to vasoconstriction and PAH [120]. In another study, chronic treatment of dogs with fenfluramine resulted in increased activation of protein kinase C, which is one of the main factors in smooth muscle contractility in blood vessels [121]. The correlation between increased SRT concentrations in the circulation and increased activity of the PLC/IP3 pathway, which activates protein kinase C, signals that SRT and ET-1 may act in a synergistic manner, which is also involved in protein kinase C activation [122]. Elevated serum SRT levels were detected in dogs with MMVD which, depending on the severity of the disease, may suffer from PVH [123]. SRT secreted from platelets has a direct mitogenic effect on vascular smooth muscle cells, which may be one of the factors stimulating hyperplasia and hypertrophy of vessel walls [124; 125], and a decrease in the number of SRT granules in platelets is associated with an increase in PVH or an increase in MMVD [126; 127; 128; 96]. In PVH, there is increased expression of proteins such as the serotonin transporter (SERT), tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), extracellularregulated kinase 12 (ERK1/2), and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) [44]. In addition, pERK1/2 was only noted in the PH state [44]. These changes were recorded mainly in the middle layer of the canine artery, which is similar to processes in humans [44; 130]. A negative correlation between thrombocytic SRT and increasing plasma and serum SRT levels has also been described in humans. Due to the evidenced effects of SRT, most authors consider SRT to be one of the factors causing the development of MMVD [131; 132; 133; 134], however, recent studies have not shown a clear role of SRT pathway gene expression in the development of PH in dogs, but have indicated increased protein synthesis of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH-1) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2a (5-HTR2A) in the MMVD and MMVD + PH states relative to the control group [97].  
In conclusion, the high activity of SRT pathway proteins and increased expression of serotonin receptors suggests that it may be one of the factors enhancing PVH pathogenesis, but not one critical to it. An obstacle to realistically determining the role of SRT in PVH pathogenesis is the interracial differences in its reference level [135].
# Mechanical Integrity Analysis of a Printed Circuit Heat exchanger with Channel Misalignment
###### Abstract  
Printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs), which are used for thermal heat storage and power generation, are often subject to severe pressure and temperature differences between primary and secondary channels, which causes mechanical integrity problems. PCHE operation may result in discontinuity, such as channel misalignment, due to non-uniform thermal fields in the diffusion bonding process. The present paper analyzes the mechanical integrity, including the utilization factors of stress and deformation under various channel misalignment conditions. The pressure difference of the target PCHE is 19.5 MPa due to the high pressure (19.7 MPa) of the steam channel in the Rankine cycle and the low pressure (0.5 MPa) of molten salt or liquid metal in the primary channel. Additionally, the temperature difference between channels is around 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, however the average temperature is around 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The PCHE has a relatively large primary channel measuring approximately 3 x 3 mm, and a steam channel measuring 2 x 1.5 mm. The finite element method (FEM) is applied to determine the stress by changing the misalignment to below 30% of the primary channel width. It was found that the current PCHE is operable up to 700 \({}^{\circ}\)C in terms of the ASME code under these design conditions. Additionally, the change of utilization factor due to the misalignment increases, but is still under the ASME acceptance criteria of 700 \({}^{\circ}\)C; however, it violates the criteria at 725 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is the allowable temperature condition. Therefore, the mechanical integrity of the PCHE with low-pressure molten salt or liquid metal and a high-pressure steam channel is acceptable in terms of utilization factor.  
PCHE; FEM; misalignment; stress; channel; utilization factor +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters  
Article
# Lateral Capacity of URM Walls: A Parametric Study Using Macro and Micro Limit Analysis Predictions
## 5 Conclusions  
This research presents a comprehensive parametric analysis to assess the in-plane behaviour and capacity of unreinforced dry-joint masonry walls by varying geometrical (panel aspect ratio, block aspect ratio, bond type) and mechanical (friction coefficient) properties. Simulations were performed using two computational approaches based on micro and macro LA, respectively. The lateral capacity of the walls is represented by the mass-proportional horizontal load multiplier, i.e., the ratio of horizontal and vertical force on the masonry units. Subsequently, the load multipliers were examined via the ANOVA approach.  
The following points summarise the main findings and contributions of the paper:  
* The panel and block aspect ratios significantly affect the horizontal load multipliers, while the friction coefficient has less influence on the results.
* Significant variation in the results is noted for high friction coefficient values (e.g., 0.8), suggesting a careful selection of this parameter in LA.
* Running and quasi-periodic bond patterns only slightly influence the load multiplier prediction.
* Generally, a good agreement between macro and micro LA is observed in one- and two-way factor interactions. Specifically, the most significant difference between the two computational approaches (i.e., macro and micro LA) is obtained for the Flemish bond pattern.  
Future developments will involve: (i) increasing the dataset generation by considering non-periodic masonry patterns, (ii) adoption of the proposed approach for the investigation of more complex masonry prototypes rather than an in-plane wall, (iii) developing an analytical equation based on mechanical assumptions or regression models.  
Conceptualisation, S.S. and M.F.F.; methodology, S.S., M.F.F. and B.P.; software, S.S. and M.F.F.; validation, S.S. and M.F.F. and B.P. formal analysis, S.S. and M.F.F.; investigation, S.S., M.F.F. and B.P.; resources, S.S., M.F.F. and B.P; data curation, S.S. and M.F.F.; writing--original draft preparation, S.S., M.F.F. and B.P.; writing--review and editing, M.F.F. and B.P.; visualisation, S.S., M.F.F. and B.P.; supervision, M.F.F. and P.B.L.; project administration, P.B.L.; funding acquisition, P.B.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was partly financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&D Unit ISISE under reference UIDB/04029/2020. This study has been partly funded by the STANDHERITAGE project that has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant agreement No. 833123), as an Advanced Grant.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement:Data supporting the reported results in the present study are available upon request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# New Menthol-Based Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Tool for Lactic Acid Extraction
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Extraction and Stripping of Lactic Acid
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [51] investigated different DESs composed of TOPO and menthol for the extraction of seven carboxylic acids. The distribution coefficient varied from 0.19 and 3.76 and extraction efficiency from about 16 to 79%. The best results (3.76 and 79%) were obtained for propionic acid. The values of lactic acid are 0.48 and 32.4, respectively. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [33] used DES formed of menthol and tri octyl phosphine oxide for the extraction of nicotinic acid. The highest distribution coefficient of 7.8 and extraction efficiency of 88.33% were observed with 0.01 M acid concentration. From the presented data it is clearly seen that the results obtained with DES menthol and DOA are among the best reported in the literature for the extraction of lactic acid with DES. The stripping of loaded DES was performed with NaOH. The efficiency of striping was between 70 and 95%. The second strip can separate additionally only about 1-2%. The best results for stripping are presented in Table 5. [PERSON] et al. [36] reported stripping efficiency between 35 and 75% for lactic, acetic, and succinic acid with DES formed by amides and geraniol. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**DES** & **Ratio** & **First Stripping, \%** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **First and Second** \\ **Stripping, \%** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline M/DOA & 2:1 & 95 & 97 \\ M/THA & 1:2 & 86 & 86 \\ M/THA & 2:1 & 94 & 95 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Striping of DES loaded with LA.
# Multi-Hop Routing Protocols for Oil Pipeline Leak Detection Systems
## 3 System Architecture, Scenarios of Multi-Hop LoRa, and Results
### Hierarchical Topology calculations
There is a tradeoff involving different issues related to measurement precision, network capacity, network coverage, and energy efficiency; therefore, multi-hop communication may enhance coverage, but it is important to design the network in such a way that balances energy consumption and network traffic volumes.
# Evaluation of Viscoelastic and Rotational Friction Dampers for Coupled Shear Wall System
## 2 Element Test of Viscoelastic and Rotational Friction Damper
### Specim Setup  
Figure 5 illustrates the 3D configuration of the experimental test setup, with numbered components representing key elements of the shake table test assembly. Component  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Type of Material** & **Width (mm)** & **Length (mm)** & **Radius (mm)** & **Thickness (mm)** & **No. of Layer** \\ \hline VE layer & 40 & 70 & - & 5 & 2 \\ \hline SUS plate & 156 & 156 & - & 2 & 4 \\ \hline Friction disk & - & - & 75 & 12 & 4 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Damper material list.  
Figure 4: Damper details: **(a)** front view, **(b)** cross-section view.  
(1) denotes the shake table actuator that provides the output force excitation. The damper frame is mounted on the shake table platform (2), which transmits the dynamic loading. A rigid reaction frame (3) is fixed to the laboratory floor to provide structural stability. The test specimen consisting of integrated VE and RF dampers is housed within the damper frame (4). Figure 6 presents the elevation view of the test configuration. The elevation view demonstrates the deformation behavior of the RF damper during cyclic testing, providing insight into its energy dissipation mechanism. In friction dampers, both sides undergo identical angular rotation, whereas VE dampers exhibit primarily vertical displacement. Conducting element tests is crucial for evaluating the performance of individual damper units. For VE dampers, the tests assess energy dissipation, stiffness, and damping characteristics under cyclic loading, varying frequencies, temperatures, and strain levels, ensuring mechanical integrity and quantifying hysteresis behavior. For friction dampers, the tests determine frictional resistance, sliding force, and energy dissipation capacity, evaluate wear and tear, confirm long-term durability, and analyze the sliding mechanism under diverse load and pressure conditions to ensure consistent performance. Element tests for both VE and RF dampers are indispensable for validating their performance, enhancing the safety and reliability of the structure during shake table tests, and providing critical data for numerical modeling and system optimization.
## 4 Test Results and Analyses
### Synergistic Bond Properties of Per Unit Weight Steel Fiber
#### 4.4.3 Pull-Out Works of Per Unit Weight Steel Fibers  
Table 8 presents the pull-out works of per unit weight steel fibers. HF2 has the best pull-out work \(UW_{\text{max}}\) and \(UW_{\text{res}}\). It means that HF2 has a good energy dissipation effect, from normal serviceability to ultimate bearing capacity. Next is HF3 and HFb. \(UW_{\text{de}}\) and \(UW_{\text{max}}\) of HF4, HF5, and HF6 are about half of HF2. These also show the inapplicability of HF4, HF5, and HF6 in the self-compacting SFRC of this test.  
Compared with CF, CF2 has better pull-out work in the whole pull-out process. \(UW_{\text{de}}\), \(UW_{\text{max}}\), and \(UW_{\text{res}}\) of CF2 are about 5.94, 1.93, and 2.98 times that of the CF, successively. CF2 has good restriction of cracking developing, the \(UW_{\text{de}}\) of which is about 1.41 times that of the HF2. The energy dissipation effect of CF2, from normal serviceability to ultimate bearing capacity, is between HFb and HF3. The \(UW_{\text{max}}\) and \(UW_{\text{res}}\) of CF2 are about 65% and 81% of the HF2, due to the reduced wrapping effect of mortar after cracking.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **HFb** & **HF2** & **HF3** & **HF4** & **HF5** & **HF6** \\ \hline \(L_{\text{d}}\) (\(\times 10^{3}\) kN/kg) & 2.102 & 2.136 & 2.164 & 1.244 & 1.323 & 0.950 \\ \(L_{\text{m}}\) (\(\times 10^{3}\) kN/kg) & 3.447 & 3.956 & 3.490 & 1.974 & 2.902 & 1.728 \\ \(L_{\text{r}}\) (\(\times 10^{3}\) kN/kg) & 2.162 & 2.546 & 2.471 & - & - & 1.222 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: The bond loads of per unit weight hooked-end steel fibers.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **CF** & **CF2** & **IF1** & **IF2** & **IF3** & **IF4** & **MF** & **LF** \\ \hline \(L_{\text{dl}}\) (\(\times 10^{3}\) kN/(mm\(\cdot\)kg)) & 0.049 & 0.244 & 0.157 & 0.153 & 0.068 & 0.902 & 0.221 & 0.032 \\ \(L_{\text{ml}}\) (\(\times 10^{3}\) kN/(mm\(\cdot\)kg)) & 0.126 & 0.424 & 0.225 & 0.205 & 0.101 & 0.902 & 0.350 & 0.038 \\ \(L_{\text{rl}}\) (\(\times 10^{3}\) kN/(mm\(\cdot\)kg)) & 0.054 & 0.166 & - & 0.102 & - & - & - & - \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: The bond loads on per embedded length of per unit weight steel fibers.  
IF4 has the best restriction of cracking developing, the \(UW_{\text{de}}\) of which is 1.96 times that of the HF2. Nest is IF2, the \(UW_{\text{de}}\) of which is 1.21 times that of the HF2. However, the indentation steel fibers show a poor energy dissipation from normal serviceability to ultimate bearing capacity; the \(UW_{\text{max}}\) of IF1, IF2, IF3, and IF4 are only about 15%, 18%, 7%, and 14% of the HF2.  
MF has a suitable restriction of cracking developing, the \(UW_{\text{de}}\) of which is 0.78% of the HF2. While LF has the worst pull-out work in the ascending segment of pull-out process among all steel fibers, the \(UW_{\text{de}}\) and \(UW_{\text{max}}\) are only 22% and 3% of the HF2, respectively.
# A Novel Impact Rotary-Linear Motor Based on Decomposed Screw-Type Motion of Piezoelectric Actuator
## 2 Working Principle
### Working Principle of the Impact Rotary-Linear Motor
Moreover, the friction force between coupler and shaft is appropriate for the shaft to move along with the coupler, so the shaft will move together with the coupler to the initial position in axial direction. After one driving cycle, the piezoelectric motor has a net rotary angle of \(\theta_{1}-\theta_{2}\) and a net linear displacement of zero. So the screw-type motion of PA can be changed into the rotary motion of shaft, and the coupler is working as a rotor at this condition. By repeating the driving voltages, the piezoelectric motor will realize continuous rotary motion. By changing the duty ratio, the piezoelectric motor will have different directions of movement. For the linear motion [see Figure 2b]:  
The state 1 and 2 of linear motion are similar to the corresponding states in the above rotary motion. The difference is the values of the friction forces or friction torques between the two friction interfaces. The shaft and the PA have the same torsional angle of \(\theta_{1}\) and the same longitudinal displacement of \(x_{1}\) at the time of \(t_{1}\). In state 3, with the sudden decrease of the driving voltage, the PA moves back to its initial position quickly. The friction torque between the coupler and PA is large enough for the coupler to catch the PA in circumferential direction. Meanwhile, the friction torque between the coupler and shaft is large enough for the shaft to catch the coupler, thus the shaft will rotate back together with the PA to its initial position in circumferential direction. The coupler moves back quickly to its initial axial position under the effect of the restoring force which is produced by the spring in axial direction. However, the shaft cannot catch the coupler through the dynamic friction force between the coupler and shaft in axial direction. Thus, a slip displacement of \(x_{2}\) is generated by the shaft at the time of \(t_{2}\). After one driving cycle, the piezoelectric motor has the net linear displacement of \(x_{1}-x_{2}\) and a net rotary angle of zero. So the screw-type motion of PA can be changed into the linear motion of shaft. In the linear motion, the coupler is working as a stator and the coupler can be regarded as a part of the PA. By repeating the driving voltages, the piezoelectric motor will realize continuous linear motion. By changing the duty ratio, the piezoelectric motor will have different directions of movement. According to the different working principles, by choosing the appropriate snap ring and adjusting the suitable position of the spring, the motor will realize independent rotary and linear motions. With the increase of driving frequency, the slip angle or slip displacement will gradually decrease and the motion of the motor will become smoother.
# Palm Date Leaf Clipping: A New Method to Reduce PAPR in OFDM Systems
## 5 Simulation Results
### Comparative Study
#### 5.3.4 Comparison with other Methods  
From the obtained result in this subsection, we performed a comparison of the PC method with other methods. Taking into account the following features:  
* Destruction (degradation): measures the effect of the method to degrade the BER performance;
* Side information: the additional information needed to ensure the recovery of the signal;
* Iteration: the number of iterations needed to achieve the best PAPR;
* Probabilistic: degree of belief for the method to find its best value to reduce the PARP.  
According to the results presented in Table 6, we observe that the Palm Clipping method is not complex (no iteration required) and does not require side information to reduce the PAPR. However, it destroys some of the performance of the signal, which must be improved later by the integration of channel coding for some clipping ratios less than 5 dB and \(\beta=5\).  
Figure 22: BER performance of PC-OFDM with a High-Power Amplifier (HPA) compared with classical clipping, 16-QAM, Input Back-Off (IBO) = 5 dB, and CR = 10 dB.
# A Survey on the Use of Graph Convolutional Networks for Combating Fake News
## 2 From Graph Embeddings to Graph Convolution Networks
Graph convolutions can be applied in any type of data that can be represented as a graph, including text corpora [25], video or images [26], in an attempt to capture the intrinsic semantic information hidden in the documents or the spatio-temporal information hidden in the consecutive images of a video. In the former case, word and document nodes are connected with each other based on word occurrence in documents (document-word edges) and word co-occurrence in the whole corpus (word-word edges). Edge weights are based either on the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) of the word in the document or in the point-wise mutual information (PMI) of two words in the documents of the collection. The resulting text graph captures both document-word relations and global word-word relations, and the respective GCN model computes the new features of a node (either document or word) as the weighted average of itself and its k-order neighbors [25]. The new node representations can then be fed to a classification or clustering algorithm to solve a respective text task. In the latter case, the nodes of the graph can be images or video scenes, which are originally represented using handcrafted feature vectors. In the case of activity recognition from videos, skeleton-based data are obtained from each frame in a sequence of frames. The resulting spatio-temporal graph comprises the joints as nodes and the natural connections between human body parts as edges. An additional set of edges comprises the connections between each particular joint in consecutive frames, which constitute the joint trajectory over time [26]. The respective node representations that result after applying multiple convolutions on the original node feature matrix capture the joint features across the frames, as well as the features of the neighboring joints, thus perfectly capturing the spatio-temporal variations that occur in neighboring joints during specific activities (e.g., the movement of lower-body joints when walking or running and the movement of upper-body joints when we are performing a standing activity).
## 6 Simulation Results and Discussion
### Discussion
This optimization reduced the number of scans and the total scan time significantly, achieving a mean of 1.01 scans with a variance of 0.10, and a mean scan time of 0.88 s with a variance of 4.49 s. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of adapting scan parameters to vibration conditions to enhance the detection probability and minimize scan gaps. The results collectively emphasize that optimal acquisition performance represents an interplay between these scan parameters and scan paths, where careful tuning of overlap factor and beam divergence is essential. By achieving this balance, the system can maintain a high acquisition accuracy while minimizing scan duration, even in the presence of satellite vibrations. The findings offer practical insights into parameter selection strategies that improve acquisition reliability and efficiency in inter-satellite laser link applications. Figure 18: Impact of fixed and optimized scan parameters on detection scans and total scan time under vibrations. (**a**) Spiral scan path without vibrations. (**b**) Spiral scan path with vibrations. (**c**) Number of scans with fixed scan parameters. (**d**) Total scan time with fixed scan parameters. (**e**) Number of scans with optimized scan parameters. (**f**) Total scan time with optimized scan parameters.
# Zero-Shot Recommendation AI Models for Efficient Job-Candidate Matching in Recruitment Process
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Comparison of Dot Product and Cosine Similarity
#### 2.15.1 Advantages  
* Simplicity: The dot product is straightforward to compute, requiring only the summation of the products of corresponding elements.
* Scalability: It scales linearly with the dimensionality of the vectors, making it computationally efficient for high-dimensional data.
* Sensitivity to Magnitude: The dot product takes into account the magnitude of vectors, making it useful in applications where the size of the vectors is meaningful.
* Cosmic Similarity
* Normalization: Cosine similarity normalizes for vector length, focusing purely on the directionality of vectors. This makes it ideal for comparing documents of different lengths.
* Robustness: It is less sensitive to variations in magnitude, reducing the impact of outliers or large values that might skew the results.
* Intuitive Interpretation: The range of cosine similarity from \(-1\) to \(1\) provides an intuitive scale for measuring similarity, where \(1\) represents identical directionality.