## 4 Discussion  
In this study, the THz-TDS method was first used for studying solutions that contain lactose saturated with HD Abs to IFN-\(\gamma\). The rationale for this work lies in the published results that have characterized the solutions of HD Abs as a self-organizing dispersed system in which nano-scale objects are generated [55]. It was demonstrated that solution of the HD Abs may contain aggregates of original Abs with gas nanobubbles which survived after multiple dilutions due to the flotation effect [44]. These results are in line with the previously shown presence of nanoparticles of the starting material even at a very high dilution level [56]. As THz-TDS method is highly sensitive to the intermolecular interactions of the water molecules, such a procedure could be the assay of choice for the testing of highly diluted samples. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Sample** & **Value** & **Statistically Significant Differences** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(\Delta\varepsilon\)} & HD Abs to IFN-\(\gamma\) & 43.39 \(\pm\) 1.82 & * (\(p\) = 0.031) \\ \cline{2-4}  & Saturation control & 48.33 \(\pm\) 0.95 & \& (p\) = 0.025) \\ \cline{2-4}  & Intact lactose & 48.49 \(\pm\) 1.11 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(\omega_{1}\) (cm\({}^{-1}\))} & HD Abs to IFN-\(\gamma\) & 80.59 \(\pm\) 1.15 & * (\(p\) = 1.7 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\)) \\ \cline{2-4}  & Saturation control & 88.93 \(\pm\) 0.94 & \& (p\) = 0.012) \\ \cline{2-4}  & Intact lactose & 84.63 \(\pm\) 0.77 & \# (\(p\) = 0.007) \\ \cline{2-4}  & HD Abs to IFN-\(\gamma\) & 510.1 \(\pm\) 0.4 & * (\(p\) = 5.9 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)) \\ \cline{2-4}  & Saturation control & 508.24 \(\pm\) 0.25 & \& (p\) = 0.013) \\ \cline{2-4}  & Intact lactose & 508.73 \(\pm\) 0.33 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(\gamma_{2}\) (cm\({}^{-1}\))} & HD Abs to IFN-\(\gamma\) & 228.48 \(\pm\) 9.09 & * (\(p\) = 7.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)) \\ \cline{2-4}  & Saturation control & 189.71 \(\pm\) 7.04 & \& (p\) = 0.007) \\ \cline{2-4}  & Intact lactose & 196.92 \(\pm\) 4.34 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{A\({}_{1}\)/100 (cm\({}^{-2}\))} & HD Abs to IFN-\(\gamma\) & 247.4 \(\pm\) 4.8 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Saturation control & 245.1 \(\pm\) 3.5 & - \\ \cline{2-4}  & Intact lactose & 244.1 \(\pm\) 2.0 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{A\({}_{2}\)/100 (cm\({}^{-2}\))} & HD Abs to IFN-\(\gamma\) & 624.0 \(\pm\) 7.3 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Saturation control & 625.2 \(\pm\) 14.8 & - \\ \cline{2-4}  & Intact lactose & 639.9 \(\pm\) 8.5 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* The data are presented as “M \(\pm\) SEM”. The values of parameters A\({}_{1}\) and A\({}_{2}\) are reduced 100-fold for convenience of data analysis.
* statistically significant difference of “HD Abs to IFN-\(\gamma\)” group versus “Saturation control” group; & statistically significant difference of “HD Abs to IFN-\(\gamma\)” group versus “Intact lactose” group; \# statistically significant difference of “Saturation control” group versus “Intact lactose” group.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Results of FTIR spectroscopy: the position of the maximum of the absorption band of the first overtone of intramolecular stretching vibrations of water molecules 2\(\gamma_{\text{max}}\) in the NIR spectra of aqueous solutions of the analyzed lactose samples 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **2\(\mathbf{v_{max}}\) (cm\({}^{-1}\))** & **Statistically Significant Differences** \\ \hline HD Abs to IFN-\(\gamma\) & 6888.91 \(\pm\) 0.47 & * (\(p\) = 0.035) \\ \hline Saturation control & 6890.39 \(\pm\) 0.41 & \& (p\) = 0.020) \\ \hline Intact lactose & 6890.52 \(\pm\) 0.33 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* The data are presented as “M \(\pm\) SEM”.
* Statistically significant difference of “HD Abs to IFN-\(\gamma\)” group versus “Saturation control” group; & statistically significant difference of “HD Abs to IFN-\(\gamma\)” group versus “Intact lactose” group.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Results of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy data analysis: values of the calculated parameters of model (4) 1.