esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Related Works
### Redundancy-Based Techniques
After that, the procedure re-locates the replacing node to the \"up to fail\" node's position. If the \"up to fail\" node does not find any replacing node among its one hop neighbors, and if it is involved in the routing process of other nodes' data, a rerouting procedure is then invoked by the \"up to fail\" node. Simulation results showed that, depending on the redundancy level threshold, a replacing node can be found or not found in the vicinity of the \"up to fail\" node. In the case that there are no eligible nodes to replace the \"up to fail\" node, the authors proposed a fast rerouting mechanism that outperforms the native routing protocol used in the network in terms of the packet loss rate, especially for the low network density scenarios. [PERSON] et al. [15] proposed a distributed algorithm to detect and isolate faulty sensor nodes in WSNs. In this proposed algorithm, time redundancy is used to tolerate transient faults in sensing and communication. Nodes with malfunctioning sensors are allowed to act as a communication node for routing, but they are logically isolated from the network as far as fault detection is concerned. It employs local comparisons of sensed data between neighbors and the dissemination of the test results to enhance the accuracy of the diagnosis. Transient faults in communication and sensor reading are tolerated by using time redundancy. Faulty nodes are isolated by correctly identifying fault-free nodes. Both the network connectivity and the accuracy of diagnosis are taken into account, as isolated fault-free nodes might be of little or no use, even if they are determined to be fault-free, unless they can participate in the network via intermediate communication nodes with faulty sensors. The algorithm is simple and detects faulty sensor nodes with a high accuracy for a wide range of fault probabilities, while maintaining a low false alarm rate. Moreover, it can tolerate transient faults in sensor reading and communication with negligible performance degradation. A natural extension of the algorithm is to solve the fault-event disambiguation problem. [PERSON] et al. [16] proposed a fault-tolerant load-balancing scheme (FTLBS) to increase the fault tolerability and lifetime of WSNs. The FTLBS organizes the entire sensor network into groups and levels, using a multipath data transmission technique for fault tolerance. A multipath data transmission technique was devised for fault tolerance, and the transmission load was balanced by varying the group size. The method dynamically selects a route based on the fitness of the nodes. The proposed approach delivered data efficiently with a minimum delay, even in the case of a faulty network.
# Influencing Factors of Motion Responses for Large-Diameter Tripod Bucket Foundation
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, the motion responses of LDTBFs supported by an air cushion and a water plug in each bucket foundation were evaluated through a series of laboratory tests (on 1/25 scale) and verified by the models established using the hydrodynamics software MOSES. A comparison between the experimental and simulated results indicates that the presence of an air cushion in the bucket foundation reduces the responses of structures and the technique of air floating transportation for LDTBF can be applied to engineering practices. The effects of three features, draft, water depth, and bucket spacing on LDTBF were evaluated. In this context, the main conclusions of the study are as follows:  
(1) The resonant period for heaving motion increases with an increasing draft.  
(2) The maximum amplitude for heaving and pitching motions decrease with the increase of draft for S=1.5D and S=2.5D, but, first increase and then decrease with an increasing draft for S=2.0D.  
(3) The resonant period for heaving motion increases with an increasing water depth.  
(4) The maximum amplitude for heaving and pitching motions first decrease and then increase with the increase of water depth.  
(5) The maximum amplitude for heaving motion first decreases and then increases with increasing bucket spacing; furthermore, the wider the spacing between bucket foundation, the lower the heaving resonant period.  
(6) The pitch RAOs decrease with the increase of spacing between the bucket foundations; however, the wider the spacing between the bucket foundations, the larger the heave RAOs.  
(7) The optimal motion responses for LDTBFs are achieved at a 4.5 m draft and a 11.25 m water depth when the spacing between the bucket foundations is 2.0D.  
**Author Contributions:** Formal analysis, X.L.; Funding acquisition, H.D.; Methodology, X.L. and P.Z.; Project administration, H.D.; Supervision, M.Z.; Validation, C.L.; Writing--original draft, X.L.; Writing--review & editing, P.Z.  
**Funding:** The author would like to acknowledge the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51679163), Chongqing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. CSTC2016 CYJA0580), and State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety (Tianjin University) (Grant No. HESS-12).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 2 Dissolution Damage Model  
### Proposed Model for the Evolution of Elastic Modulus  
Concrete is a nonhomogeneous quasi-brittle material [25], and its damage process is often ductile, which is difficult to describe with a specific model or physical parameters. It is usually characterized with the help of changes before and after damage, which is the principal measure of damage [26]. To describe the role of microscopic concrete materials on their macroscopic mechanical properties, it is necessary to define a suitable damage variable [27]. From damage mechanics, it is known that the stress-elastic-strain relationship for undamaged materials is \(\varepsilon_{e}=\sigma/E\). According to the strain equivalence principle, if the material has damage of degree \(D\), the stress-elastic-strain relationship becomes \(\varepsilon_{e}=\sigma/E(1-D)\); \(E\) is the modulus of elasticity of the undamaged material, \(\sigma\) is the stress to which the material is subjected, \(\varepsilon_{e}\) is the elastic strain of the material, and the modulus of elasticity of damaged material is defined by \(\bar{E}=E(1-D)\). The damage degree \(D\) can be obtained as follows.  
\[D=1-\frac{\overline{E}}{E} \tag{3}\]  
[PERSON] [28] et al. investigated the evolution of mechanical properties of concrete with dissolution time by conducting dissolution experiments on concrete with different ratios,which used a concentration of 6 mol/L ammonium nitrate solution to accelerate the dissolution of concrete. The dissolution rate was about 300 times that of concrete in deionized water [29]. Referring to the experimental results [30], the equation of the rate of reduction in the elastic modulus of concrete versus the dissolution time (unaccelerated) is introduced in Equation (4):  
\[\left(1-\frac{\overline{E}}{E}\right)^{2}=0.00000729t \tag{4}\]  
where \(\bar{E}\) indicates the elastic modulus of concrete after dissolution, GPa; \(E\) indicates the initial elastic modulus of concrete, GPa; and \(t\) indicates the calendar time in days.  
From the derivation of Equations (3) and (4), the model equation for the evolution of concrete dissolution damage degree \(D\) with time is obtained in Equation (5), and the model equation for the evolution of concrete elastic modulus with time is obtained in Equation (6):  
\[D=0.0027\sqrt{t} \tag{5}\]  
\[\overline{E}=\left(1-0.0027\sqrt{t}\right)E_{0} \tag{6}\]  
where \(D\) indicates the degree of concrete dissolution damage; \(t\) indicates the calendar time in days; \(E_{0}\) indicates the initial modulus of elasticity of concrete, GPa; and \(E\) indicates the modulus of elasticity of concrete after dissolution, GPa.
## 5 Results: The Roles of ICT in Collective Action
### Increasing Noticeability of Individual Actions  
ICT also plays a role in relation to free riding, which is a common problem of collective action [21] and represents individual behaviours not complying with commonly established norms [28].  
Figure 3: Building new management practices.  
If opportunities for free riding exist, at least some of the actors will be tempted to utilize them and pursue individual benefits while not contributing to the collective efforts [16; 28]. Opportunities for free riding decrease as information asymmetries are reduced, i.e., as transparency of actions taken by individual network members increases. In AECO, such increased noticeability is enabled by ICT, most notably through the monitoring of cruise traffic, the evaluation of impacts, and awareness about other operators' itineraries (see Figure 4). The noticeability of individual network members' actions is increased through real-time monitoring of cruise vessels, and it is possible to report those who do not comply with existing rules, e.g., by accessing restricted areas.  
Increased noticeability enables a network to assess to what extent their norms, as well as governmental regulations, are complied with, which makes free riding less attractive, provided unwanted behaviours can be sanctioned either explicitly or implicitly. Increased noticeability also builds a knowledge base about the individual actions, which can assist in decision-making, e.g., with regard to adjusting existing visitation limits or developing new visitation guidelines. Conversely, increased transparency about cruise itineraries may potentially increase opportunities for free riding as it enables operators to see which landing sites are unutilized at what times and could be accessed without anyone else noticing. Thus, social capital plays a crucial role in terms of creating relationships of trust and peer pressure which can help ensuring that norms are followed.  
Further, effective monitoring of cruising activities requires the network to be comprehensive and all resource users to be involved. Challenges arise if one or more resource users are not the part of the network, which is an issue that is also lamented by AECO members: _\"I see a problem, though, with people, big ships, that are not member of AECO. They still can do the same as we, but they don't pay anything and they don't have to keep to the rules of AECO\"_ (research participant 4). Currently, the monitoring of tourism sites in Svalbard only relates to network members and ignores the actions of other resource users. Similarly, social control is limited to the network members, as there is no obligation for external actors to comply with the network's norms.  
Figure 4: Increasing noticeability of individual actions.
# The Use of the Internet of Things in the Distribution Logistics of Consumables
## 3 Results
### Design of a Machine for Dispensing Consumables with IoT Technology
A separate important part was securing the system and data against various forms of cyberattacks, which we described in the previous parts of the study. Together with the development engineers, a risk methodology for cybersecurity for vending machines was developed. Unfortunately, as it is an internal document related to security, this methodology could not be published in the study. However, it is based on the methodology shown in Figure 3. Security against various forms of attacks mainly consists of the security firewall used, which monitors and controls the network data flow to and from the vending machine. The firewall thus prevents unauthorized access and protects it from various forms of attack. Another form of security used is antivirus software, which was also installed in the industrial computer of the vending machine. This software helps to detect and subsequently remove various malware software threats that could compromise system security. The operating system and individual software parts of the vending machine are regularly updated, which contributes to the removal of known security errors and vulnerabilities. The data itself are encrypted on the disk to prevent their misuse. Two-factor authentication of the administrator is required for access to the data, using a password and subsequent mobile authentication. The last element of security is the decentralized backup of data using a random key so that it is impossible to predict this backup. With the help of the backup, the possibility of data recovery in the event of an attack is ensured. The security proposal against physical attack is ensured by the proposed camera system and the installation of the vending machine on the floor of the building. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Employee ID:** & **Item Delivered:** & **Date:** & **Time:** \\ \hline
001 & Cutting gloves A4587 size: 6 & 3 March 2024 & 8:02:00 \\ \hline
002 & ESD gloves C 1283 size: 8 & 3 March 2024 & 8:32:00 \\ \hline
001 & Respiratory 9322+ & 3 March 2024 & 8:37:00 \\ \hline
004 & Cutting gloves A4587 size: 6 & 3 March 2024 & 8:38:00 \\
065 & Cutting gloves A4587 size: 6 & 3 March 2024 & 8:45:00 \\ \hline
006 & Marker pen (red) & 3 March 2024 & 9:15:00 \\ \hline
034 & ESD gloves C 1283 size: 10 & 3 March 2024 & 9:21:00 \\ \hline
008 & ESD gloves C 1283 size: 10 & 3 March 2024 & 9:32:00 \\ \hline
112 & ESD gloves C 1283 size: 10 & 3 March 2024 & 9:37:00 \\ \hline
010 & Cutting gloves A4587 size: 6 & 3 March 2024 & 9:38:00 \\ \hline
012 & ESD gloves C 1283 size: 8 & 3 March 2024 & 10:17:00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Output of data stored in vending machines. Figure 10: Vending machine with IoT technology.
# Kilohertz Pixel-Rate Multilayer Terahertz Imaging of Subwavelength Coatings
## 3 Results
### Layer Thickness Measurements with Stationary Sample and Stationary Head  
To demonstrate the stability of the measurement results, we recorded data at 1.6 kHz measurement rate with both the sample at rest and a stationary measurement head. Results for the metallic disk with three layers and the non-metallic one with two layers are shown in Figure 3a,e, respectively. Each plot comprises 1600 data points, equivalent to a sampling time of 1 s. Figure 3b-d as well as Figure 3f,g show the corresponding histograms of the layer thickness results. The bin width of the histograms is 0.2 \(\upmu\)m. The standard deviations of the individual layer thicknesses range from 0.2 \(\upmu\)m to 0.54 \(\upmu\)m. Hence, even at this evaluation speed, the relative error remains well below 1% for all of the individual layers investigated here.
# In Vitro Genotoxicity Assessment from the _Glycyrrhiza_ New Variety Extract
## Materials and Methods
### In Vivo Mouse Bone Marrow Micronucleus Test  
The in vivo micronucleus test was conducted according to OECD TG474 [27]. Oral administration of WG extract (1250-5000 mg/kg/day) for 2 days didn't induce any toxicity total 4 days including treatment periods regardless of gender in the preliminary test. Therefore, 5000 mg/kg/day was selected as a maximum dose of WG extract through the preliminary test. Sterile water (negative control) or WG extract (1250-5000 mg/kg/day) were orally administrated for 2 days in male ICR mice. CPA (70 mg/kg, positive control) was intraperitoneally administered at the second day of experiment. Mice were euthanized with CO\({}_{2}\) 24 h after the last treatment of WG extract or negative/positive control. The femurs were harvested, and then bone marrows were isolated with FBS using 23 gauge needles. The bone marrow cells were centrifuged and dropped on slides. The slides were fixed with methanol (5 min) after being air-dried. Cells were stained with arcidine orange and observed under a fluorescent microscope (Ni-U with B-2A fluorescence filter set, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) at 400\(\times\) magnification. Distinction of micronuclei morphology followed [PERSON]'s method [28]. Red indicates polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs), dark gray with little fluorescence indicates normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs), and a green dot with a red background indicates micronuclei. The number of micronucleleated PCEs (MNPCEs) were calculated in 4000 PCEs per animal. A cytotoxic index was expressed by the ratio of PCEs to RBCs after calculation of more than 500 RBCs and PCE + NCE regardless of the absence of the micronucleus.
## 4 Analysis of Experimental Results  
Test results of the hybrid-CEFT showed that the compressive strength increased as the compressive pressure increased according to the FFRP thickness and standard design strength of concrete, while the increase range was lower when the compressive pressure exceeded 3.5 MPa and the standard design strength of concrete exceeded 30 MPa. Figures 17 and 18 show the average compressive strength of CEFT according to the standard design strength of concrete and the confining pressure of the hybrid-CEFT specimen.  
The relationship between the strength ratio and confinement ratio (45 experimental data) of the hybrid\(-\)CEFT specimen is plotted in Figure 19. The confinement ratio of the hybrid\(-\)CEFT compressed specimen had the same strength ratio as that of the CFT section proposed in the previous study [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. The experimental data showed a linear distribution from which a regression analysis was performed to obtain the linear relationship. As explained above, the confinement ratio and strength ratio are defined from the slope of this straight line, as expressed in Equation (4).  
Figure 17: Average compressive strength of hybrid\(-\)CEFT with respect to the increase in the confinement ratio.  
\[\frac{f_{cc}}{f_{co}}=1.00+3.89\bigg{(}\frac{f_{l}}{f_{co}}\bigg{)}. \tag{4}\]  
The compressive strength of the hybrid\(-\)CFFT with respect to the rate of increase is computed using Equation (5). The first term represents the compressive strength of the concrete confined by the FFRP, while the second term is that of PFRP. The displacements of confined concrete and PFRP are identical, and the increase in compressive strength is 10.3% of the PFRP compressive strength with respect to the parallel relationship that is distributed to be applied [21].  
\[\mathrm{P_{Hybrid-CFFT}}=\mathrm{f_{cc}A_{co}}+1.103\mathrm{f_{ffp}A_{pffp}}. \tag{5}\]  
Here, \(\mathrm{P_{Hybrid-CFFT}}\) is the maximum compressive load of the hybrid\(-\)CFFT, \(\mathrm{A_{Co}}\) is the cross-sectional area of the confined concrete, \(\mathrm{f_{p}}\) is the fracture stress of PFRP, and \(\mathrm{A_{pffp}}\) is the cross-sectional area of PFRP.
## 3 Results
Figure 11: The ultimate shear stress variation for different values of web slenderness. Figure 10: Variation in the minimum cross-sectional area with slender web under distributed loading in the first 600 harmony search iterations. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & \(b_{f}\)[mm] & \(t_{f}\)[mm] & \(D\)[mm] & \(t_{w}\)[mm] & \(a\)[mm] & \(A\)[mm\({}^{2}\)] \\ \hline Experimental value & 250 & 15 & 800 & 2 & 750 & 9100 \\ Optimised value & 263.83 & 11.26 & 492.21 & 2.66 & 750 & 7250 \\ Difference [\%] & 5.53 & \(-\)25 & \(-\)38 & 33 & 0 & \(-\)20 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Geometric properties of the optimised cross-section with slender web under distributed loading. In addition to slenderness and the moment gradient factor, the effect of changing the angle of the panel diagonal on the ultimate shear stress is also analyzed. The \(\theta_{d}\) values in a wide range that also contains the angles corresponding to the recommended range for the \(a/D\) ratio are used in the calculations for \(\tau_{u}\). The results of this analysis are visualised in Figure 12. This visualisation clearly shows the nonlinear relationship between \(\tau_{u}\) and \(\theta_{d}\). Figure 12 shows that lowering \(\theta_{d}\) has a favourable effect on \(\tau_{u}\) at small angles up to about \(20^{\circ}\). On the other hand, increasing \(\theta_{d}\) beyond this threshold value only slightly increases \(\tau_{u}\).
## 1 Introduction  
Titanium dioxide is one of the most important and widely studied materials because of its unique and excellent properties such as chemical inertness, non-toxicity, photostability, and low cost, as well as its versatile applications in photovoltaic cells, photocatalysis, and sensors [1; 2; 3; 4]. A significant amount of researches on titanium dioxide (TiO\({}_{2}\)) has been performed over the last five decades, and a number of reviews on various aspects of that transition metal oxide have been published to understand and summarize the progress in this field [5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. Titanium dioxide is typically an n-type semiconductor due to oxygen deficiency [12], with a significant direct band gap ranging between 2.96-3.20 eV [13]. It exists as three different polymorphs: anatase, rutile and brookite [14; 15]. The primary source and the most stable form of TiO\({}_{2}\) is rutile. All three polymorphs can be readily synthesized in the laboratory; typically, the metastable anatase and brookite will transform into the thermo-dynamically stable rutile upon calcination at temperatures exceeding 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C [16].  
Various methods have been previously reported on the synthesis of TiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles with improved chemical and physical properties, such as the hydrothermal and one-step dynamic hydrothermal process [17; 18], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [19], physical vapor deposition (PVD) [20], electrode deposition [21], plasma-assisted synthesis [22], microwave [23], micelle and inverse micelle [24], and the sol-gel method [25]. However, most of these methods are difficult to employ in large-scale production due to the complicated procedures involved, long reaction times, high reaction temperatures, and the involvement of toxic reagents and by-products in these synthesis methods.  
The large-scale preparation of nanoparticles with preferred shapes and sizes under modest conditions has been the target of many researchers over the years. Among novel methods, the thermal treatment method portrays the advantages of low cost production, simplicity, a relatively low reaction temperature, and a lack of by-product effluents contaminated in the drainage system. Moreover, this method can produce nanoparticles with constant quality and has the significant capability of amending the physical structure of the material, resulting in desirable properties [26].  
The purpose of the present work was to develop a simple thermal treatment method to synthesize size-controlled Titania nanoparticles at a low cost, over a short period, and at low energy consumption. The effect of calcination temperature on the structural, particle size and optical properties of TiO\({}_{2}\) is also considered using various techniques.