###### Abstract
MODIS data are presently one of the primary remote sensing data sources for regional land NPP estimation due to their high temporal resolution and low acquisition cost [20; 21]. MOD17A3 calculates global terrestrial NPP using the Biome-BGC model with a light energy utilization model based on MODIS Terra satellite parameters [22]. It has been validated and applied extensively in global and regional carbon cycle research [3; 23; 24; 25]. The Han River Basin is an important ecological barrier area and a water source for China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project. As the world's largest water transfer project, it is expected to transfer 9.5 billion cubic meters of water annually from the Han River Basin to the North China Plain, benefiting over 120 million people who are experiencing water shortages [26; 27]. In order to ensure high-quality and sustainable water transfer for the project, ecological protection and water security in the water source area are of paramount importance. China has implemented a series of ecological construction projects in the Han River Basin since 1999, including aforestation, reforestation, conversion of farmland to forest or grass, natural forest protection, and soil-water conservation. The vegetation in the basin has changed dramatically in terms of area, distribution, and quality. Much attention has been paid to whether ecological restoration projects are effective in improving ecosystem services in the Han River Basin [28]. In addition, agriculture thrived early in the Han River Basin, with the Jianghan Plain and Hanzhong Basin serving as important agricultural and commercial grain production bases in China [29; 30]. Intensive agricultural activities are concentrated along river systems [28]. Socio-economic development and increasing human exploitation of land resources have led to changes in land structure and degradation of land functions. As a result, the sustainability of land productivity has been disturbed [31; 32; 33]. It is essential to establish a rapid evaluation system that objectively illustrates the trends and sustainability of land productivity changes due to the abovementioned disturbances. Remarkable progress has been made in the estimation methodologies, spatial-temporal changes, and impact mechanisms of land productivity in recent years [4; 6; 34; 35; 36]. Land productivity change and its influencing factors have been investigated at different scales, including global [37; 35], national [20; 21; 38], and ecologically sensitive or fragile areas [34; 35; 36; 37]. These studies have all verified the impact of climate change and human activities on land productivity to varying degrees, as well as the spatial heterogeneity of land productivity responses to these factors. Land productivity in various regions has also been better understood and recognized. Scholars have conducted numerous studies on the dynamics of vegetation/land productivity in the Han River Basin. These studies have played a positive role in ecological construction and environmental protection in the Han River Basin, focusing on the effects of forest vegetation on the water environment [39], vegetation succession during fallow restoration [40], the relationship between land productivity changes and climatic factors [41; 42; 43; 44], and hydrological effects of vegetation change [45] and their impacts on soil erosion [46]. Previous research has mostly concentrated on the relationship between land NPP changes and climatic factors. The spatial-temporal dynamics and sustainability of land NPP change in the Han River Basin under the influence of human activities, as well as on longer time scales, have not been fully studied. There are few quantitative studies that incorporate the effects of climatic factors and human activities on land NPP change in the Han River Basin. As a result, it is difficult to reveal the response mechanisms to land productivity change in the Han River Basin. What is the influence of human exploitation and ecological construction on land productivity in the basin?