## 4 Implementation, Results, and Discussions
### Application Evaluation and Analysis  
Following completion of the application design and development phase, the pilot study included a rudimentary user experience and technical evaluation survey that was conducted in order to gather data and feedback from first-year undergraduate volunteer students from several anatomy-related disciplines, including medical bioscience, nursing, sports and exercise science, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, pharmacy, and dentistry. These students were enrolled for anatomy modules offered by the Department of Medical Bioscience. The evaluation focused on the initial user experience of the functionality and usability of the _Anat_Hub_ application. A total of 53 responses were captured and analyzed (as per Google form output) in order to understand user perceptions with a view to improving its future usage. The demographic information of the volunteer participants showed a male-to-female ratio of 19:34, respectively, and a higher response rate from students of the Medical Biosciences discipline (28.3%) (Figure 12). Participants with invalid entries for discipline of study were denoted as \"error\" (approximately 11.3%) (Figure 12), however, any other valid answers to the survey were still taken into account. Figure 11: The changes made to the Help accessory feature, including final UI design and placement, during application development. Prior to using the _Antat_Hub_ application, the most commonly used resources to study anatomy by the participants were lecture notes (96.2%), internet sources (77.4%), videos (75.5%), and textbooks (56.6%). Students seemed to make less use of resources such as mobile applications (24.5%), anatomy atlases (11.3%), and e-learning software (7.5%) (Figure 13). In this survey, students were not specifically asked to indicate the type of software they have used. Furthermore, volunteers indicated that the problems encountered when studying anatomy include the lack of visual resources and their quality (69.81%), followed by too much information (54.72%), lack of understanding of concepts (45.20%), and terminology (13.21%) (Figure 14). As these are some of the challenges anatomy students are currently facing, _Antat_Hub_ seeks to alleviate some of these by providing quality 3D visual resources, reducing and organizing information, and providing a text-to-speech component to assist students in grasping and understanding anatomical concepts. Figure 12: Distribution of participants from various anatomy-related disciplines; “errors” denotes participants with invalid entries for discipline of study. Figure 13: The resources commonly used by students to study anatomy. The survey further revealed that all of the volunteers owned a mobile device using either the Android (83%) or iOS (17%) operating system. It is worth noting that although _Anat_Hub_ was specifically designed for Android users, two iOS users were able to provide feedback, implying that they were somehow able to use this application. For future research it would be beneficial to make the application available for all mobile operating systems. Very few volunteers have used AR applications prior to this study (13.2%), and all, except one volunteer, were able to use the _Anat_Hub_ application. When rating _Anat_Hub_ on a scale of 1 to 5, the majority of volunteers scored the application a 4 or 5 (Figure 15). Problems encountered with the application included mainly faulty or missing features (50.94%), UI and navigation (47.17%), and 3D assets (11.32%) (Figure 16). The problems encountered could possibly be ascribed to (but not limited to) the type of mobile device used, and thus devices that did not meet the deployment device specifications (Android API level 26 to 30 with a mobile screen aspect ratio of 16:9). Nevertheless, these problems have been noted for consideration to improve the application. A positive finding was that about two-thirds of the volunteers had a satisfactory initial user experience with the application. Figure 14: Problems that participants usually encountered when studying anatomy.