## 3 Path Loss Models
### UMi Path Loss Models
#### 3.1.1 5 GCM Model  
The large-scale CI with reference distance and ABG models are considered to estimate the PL and RP in LOS and NLOS scenarios. In 5 GCM, urban micro-street canyon (UMi-SC) and urban micro-open square (UMi-OS) environments are considered, and PL and RP for these models under LOS and NLOS scenarios are estimated at a frequency range of 6 GHz to 100 GHz. The PL equations of the 5 GCM model are shown in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Model** & **PL [dB]** &
\begin{tabular}{l} **Shadow** \\ **Fading [dB]** \\ \end{tabular} & **Parameters** \\ \hline
5 GCM SC LOS & \(PL=32.4+21 log_{10}(R_{3D})+20 log_{10}(f)\) & \(\sigma=3.76\) & \(6\)\(\mathrm{GHz}<f<100\)\(\mathrm{GHz}\) \\ \hline
5 GCM SC NLOS & CI Model : \(PL=32.4+31.7 log_{10}(R_{3D})+20 log_{10}(f)\) & \(\sigma=8.09\) & \(6\)\(\mathrm{GHz}<f<100\)\(\mathrm{GHz}\) \\  & ABG Model : \(PL=22.4+35.3 log_{10}(R_{3D})+21.3 log_{10}(f)\) & \(\sigma=7.82\) & \\ \hline
5 GCM OS LOS & \(PL=32.4+18.5 log_{10}(R_{3D})+20 log_{10}(f)\) & \(\sigma=4.2\) & \(6\)\(\mathrm{GHz}<f<100\)\(\mathrm{GHz}\) \\ \hline
5 GCM OS NLOS & CI Model : \(PL=32.4+28.9 log_{10}(R_{3D})+20 log_{10}(f)\) & \(\sigma=7.1\) & \(6\)\(\mathrm{GHz}<f<100\)\(\mathrm{GHz}\) \\  & ABG Model : \(PL=3.66+41.4 log_{10}(R_{3D})+24.3 log_{10}(f)\) & \(\sigma=7.0\) & \\ \hline
3 GPP SC LOS & \(PL-LOS=\begin{cases}PL_{1},&10\ m\leq R\leq d_{BP}\\ PL_{2},&d_{BP}\leq R\leq 5\ km\end{cases}\) & \(\sigma=4.0\) & \(0.5\)\(\mathrm{GHz}<f<100\)\(\mathrm{GHz}\), \\  & \(PL_{1}=32.4+21 log_{10}(R_{3D}+20 log_{10}(f)\) & & \(1.5\)\(\mathrm{m}\leq h_{2}\leq 22.5\)\(\mathrm{m}\) \\  & \(PL_{2}=32.4+40 lg_{10}(R_{3D}+20 log_{10}(f)-9.5 log_{10}((d_{BP})^{2}\) & \\  & \(+(h_{1}-h_{2})^{2}\)) & \\  & where \(d_{BP}\) is a break point distance, which is given by & \\  & Equation (1). & \\ \hline
3 GPP SC NLOS & \(PL=max(PL-LOS,PL-NLOS)\) & \(\sigma=7.82\) & \(0.5\)\(\mathrm{GHz}<f<100\)\(\mathrm{GHz}\) \\  & \(PL-NLOS=22.4+35.3 log_{10}(R_{3D})+21.3 log_{10}(f)\) & & \(10\)\(\mathrm{m}<R<5000\)\(\mathrm{m}\), \\  & \(-0.3(h_{2}-1.5)\) & & \(1.5\)\(\mathrm{m}\leq h_{2}\leq 22.5\)\(\mathrm{m}\), \\  & \(PL-LOS=\begin{cases}PL_{1},&10\ m\leq R\leq d_{BP1}\\ PL_{2},&d_{BP1}\leq R\leq 500\ m\end{cases}\) & \(\sigma=3.1\) & \(0.8\)\(\mathrm{GHz}<f<60\)\(\mathrm{GHz}\), \\  & \(PL_{1}=28.0+22 log_{10}(R_{3D}+20 log_{10}(f)+PL_{0}\) & & \(1.5\)\(\mathrm{m}\leq h_{2}\leq 22.5\)\(\mathrm{m}\) \\  & \(PL_{2}=7.8+40 log_{10}(R_{3D}+2 log_{10}(f)-18 log_{10}(h_{1}h_{2})\) & & \\  & \(+PL_{1}(d_{BP})\) & & \\  & where \(d_{BP1}\) and \(PL_{0}\) are given by Equations (2) and (3) & \\ \hline METIS SC NLOS & \(PL=max(PL-LOS,PL-NLOS)\) & \(\sigma=4.0\) & \(0.45\)\(\mathrm{GHz}\leq f\leq 6\)\(\mathrm{GHz}\) \\  & \(PL-NLOS=23.15+36.7 log_{10}(R_{3D})+26 log_{10}(f)\) & & \(10\)\(\mathrm{m}<R<2000\)\(\mathrm{m}\), \\  & \(-0.3(h_{2})\) & & \(1.5\)\(\mathrm{m}\leq h_{2}\leq 22.5\)\(\mathrm{m}\), \\  & \(h_{1}=10\)\(\mathrm{m}\) & \\ \hline mmMAGIC SC LOS & \(PL=32.9+19.2 log_{10}(R_{3D})+20.8 log_{10}(f)\) & \(\sigma=2.0\) & \(6\)\(\mathrm{GHz}<f<100\)\(\mathrm{GHz}\) \\ \hline mmMAGICSC NLOS & \(PL=31.0+45 log_{10}(R_{3D})+20 log_{10}(f)\) & \(\sigma=7.82\) & \(6\)\(\mathrm{GHz}<f<100\)\(\mathrm{GHz}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: \(R\), \(R_{3D}\), \(h_{1}\) and \(h_{2}\) are in meters, frequency (f) is in GHz and path loss (PL) is in dB.  
\end{table}
Table 2: UMi Path Loss Models.