# Agricultural Residue Management for Sustainable Power Generation: The Poland Case Study
## 2 Literature Reviews  
Agricultural, municipal, and industrial waste should be recycled. Unprocessed organic waste can be used to generate heat and electricity. It corresponds to circular economy principles. The optimal location of the processing plants is essential. Optimization methodologies are developed to find the optimal allocation of the plants [40]. Optimal waste-to-energy facility location may be assessed by integer linear and non-linear models [41]. Uneven distribution of waste incinerators and landfills impacts the economic efficiency of organic waste utilization. To find an optimal solution to the above problem, [PERSON] et al. [42] modeled the network of waste collection sites and the deployment of waste incinerators in the Slovak Republic. Municipal waste-to-energy plants in Poland and their impact on the national energy security and benefits associated with energy production were studied by [PERSON] et al. [43]. The cluster concept is a promising way to keep biomass utilization competitive [44]. Energy communities in renewable energy utilization are essential components to the successful transition towards a low carbon economy. These renewable energy systems were defined by [PERSON] et al. as \"renewable energy clusters\" [45]. \"Energy communities\" were mentioned in some documents such as the Renewable Energy Directive, the Internal Electricity Market Directive and Regulation [46; 47; 48]. Renewable energy clusters are similar to analogous concepts such as hybrid renewable energy systems [49]; multi-energy systems [50]; autonomous polygeneration systems [51]; and sustainable energy districts [50; 52]. To develop and support renewable energy clusters, it is necessary to have information about the spatial distribution of renewable energy resources and their energy potential. Geographical location impacts the competitiveness of any bioenergy cluster [28]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [53] explained the impact of renewable energy clusters on the economic development of any region. [PERSON] examined the bioenergy cluster synergy effect [54]. Many researchers studied the use of agricultural biomass for energy production. [PERSON] et al. [55] studied the potential of agricultural biomass to be used for energy production in Poland. They divided biomass utilization into three groups such as vehicle fuels, electricity, and heat generation. The economic energy potential of available biomass has been estimated at around 600 PJ. The share of agricultural residues has been determined at 48.17% of the total value [55]. A spatial method for estimating the potential of biomass energy has been developed and used by many scientists [56; 57]. [PERSON] et al. [58], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [59] found that Poland can cover from 90 to 95% of its own energy needs from bioenergy resources. Some researchers believe that due to high production costs, renewable energy will be more expensive than fossil energy carriers [60; 61; 62; 63]. It is believed that there will be co-utilizationof fossil and renewable energy resources [64]. [PERSON] et al. have proven that gross domestic product per capita has a positive impact on the use of renewable energy [65]. [PERSON] et al. studied the production of perennial energy crops for co-firing. They have found that their cultivation on poor land has high production costs and, therefore, their use is not profitable [66]. Biomass direct and co-firing technologies are cheaper compared to gasification, fermentation, and digestion ones. And the co-firing technology is cheaper than the direct burning one. This technology can reach a competitive production cost of electricity [67]. Therefore, co-firing straw with fossil fuels is a promising direction. [PERSON] et al. have used a cost-minimize transport model to optimize crop straw allocations among primary power plants in Poland. The model takes into account their capacities and constraints of co-firing. Its application results in minimizing straw costs (production cost and transportation).