esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
* Multi-pass 20 mm welds of superduplex plates were produced with GMAW and FCAW with recommended and higher arc energies accomplishing the impact toughness requirements.
* A new methodology for monitoring the thermal cycles and the microstructural evolution was shown to be successful and was consolidated.
* Reheating by subsequent passes caused a progressive increase in the austenite content of the weld metal.
* The cooling rate and not the time exposed at the critical temperature range is the key factor in the nitrides formation. However, when cooling rates are the same, larger ferrite grains enhanced the precipitation of nitrides, as it implied a longer distance for nitrogen to diffuse until reaching the austenite phase.
* A larger amount and concentration of secondary austenite and \(\sigma\)-phase was found for a larger number of subsequent passes in the immediate vicinity of a specific weld pass.
* Pitting corrosion preferentially initiated in locations with secondary austenite and \(\sigma\)-phase. However, when the weld metal was free from these secondary phases, the nitrides in the HAZ were the weakest location where pitting initiated.
* The results of this work have implications on practical welding for superduplex stainless steels: from the microstructural point of view, the current recommendations on maximum arc energy should be revised for large thickness weldments and the importance, of the welding sequence on the formation of secondary phases should be considered.  
Conceptualization: M.A.V.B. and L.K.; Funding acquisition: M.A.V.B. and L.K.; Investigation: M.A.V.B., K.H., and D.E.; Methodology: K.H. and L.K.; Project administration: M.A.V.B.; Supervision: L.K.; Validation: K.H. and D.E.; Visualization: M.A.V.B.; Writing--original draft: M.A.V.B.; Writing--review & editing: L.K.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by KK-stiffelsen (Stiffelsen for kunkskaps- och kompetensutveckling), grant number 20140046.  
**Acknowledgments:** [PERSON] (Outtokumpu Stainless AB), [PERSON] (Elga AB), [PERSON] (AGA Gas AB), and [PERSON] (Howden Turbo Fans Oy) are gratefully acknowledged. The cooperation from [PERSON] and [PERSON] from the corrosion lab at Avesta R&D Center is sincerely acknowledged. Huge thanks to colleagues [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] at University West for their support in this project.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
# Characterization of Natural Gypsum Materials and Their Composites for Building Applications
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Acoustic Performance  
The average normal incidence absorption coefficient vs. frequency of the two samples is shown in Figure 10; due to the different thickness of the 100 mm and 29 mm samples (about 25 mm and 21 mm, respectively), the large and small tube measurements cannot be combined. In the 100-1600 Hz frequency range (large tube, Figure 10a), the gypsum of Safi was characterized by a peak of absorption  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Transversal** \\ **Speed [m/s]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Longitudinal** \\ **Speed [m/s]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Young Module** \\ **[MPa]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Shear Module** \\ **[MPa]** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Coefficient** \\ **of Poisson** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Vickers** \\ **Hardness** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline AG & 2724.5 & 5066 & 45.8 & 17.7 & 0.29 & 16.6 \\ SG & 2722.1 & 5057 & 42.4 & 16.4 & 0.29 & 12.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Mechanical properties of the two Moroccan gypsum materials.  
Figure 9: Transmission pulse echoes of AG (**a**) and SG (**b**) gypsum samples.  
of 0.1 at about 600 Hz; for the AG sample, the \(\alpha\)-peak decreased to 0.08 at the same frequency. The absorption performance of the samples was a little bit better than the ones of a conventional cement plaster 30 mm thick (dotted line in Figure 10a, \(\alpha\)-peak \(\approx\) 0.05, measured with the same apparatus); as expected, the first peak of the absorption curve moved to lower frequencies (about 400 Hz) due to the higher thickness, according to [34].  
In the overlap frequency range (400-1600 Hz) of the tubes, the absorption coefficients of the large samples were higher, due to their lower density, as expected according to the literature [24]. In the small tube (400-5000 Hz) the absorption curves of the two gypsum samples were very similar (maximum difference of about 0.02 at high frequency), as shown in Figure 10b.  
The transmission loss trends for AG and SG are plotted in Figure 11 for the large (100-1700 Hz, Figure 11a) and small (400-5000 Hz, Figure 11b) tube configurations. In general, an increasing value of the transmission loss is observed when the thickness, the surface mass, and the density of the samples raise: the large samples, characterized by a lower density, at a fixed frequency show a TL value slightly lower than the small samples, as expected. However, both the specimens show the same trend of the curve: when comparing the AG and SG samples, in the entire frequency range (400-5000 Hz, small tube), the TL-values of SG are 8-10 dB higher than the ones of AG. In general, both the samples were characterized by good sound insulation performance; TL-values of AG were in the 32-36 dB range, while for SG the transmission loss grew up to 48 dB at 5000 Hz.
# Design of a System for Verification of Automatic Guided Vehicle Routes Using Computer Emulation
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Designing a System for Verification of AGV Routes Using Computer Emulation
#### 2.1.3 Structure of the System Representing the Virtual Part in the Logistics System
The validation of the model took place and took into account the purpose of the simulation model. The data for validation were extracted from the real system and compared with the outputs from the simulation model (Block 3.2.6). If they matched, bottlenecks could be defined (Block 3.2.7). In the case of a conceptual system, i.e., in the absence of a real system, theoretical predictions about the characteristics of the simulated system are used, and hypotheses about its behaviour are formulated. For validation, comparison of simulation model outputs with suitable mathematical models (e.g., analytical or regression models) is often used. An experimental phase followed the verification and validation of the model. The third phase was represented by the preparation of simulation experiments and self-experimentation (Block 3.3.2). By preparing experiments in this case, we mean the planning of experiments, that is, determining the levels of the factors in their combinations and interactions. For each simulation run, this step defined a number of different model parameter options (experiment) (Block 3.3.1). For self-experimentation, it was necessary to determine the initialisation conditions for simulation. These were determined within the pilot simulation runs. The following phase assessed the simulation model's sensitivity to changes in the values of specified components. Self-experimentation involves carrying out appropriate experiments. Appropriate statistics were collected within each simulation run. Each experiment was followed by an analysis of the results obtained in order to evaluate them and possibly modify further experiments. Based on the outputs of simulation runs, the bottlenecks of the modelled system were identified and measures were designed to eliminate them (for example, modification of factor levels, modification of the structure of the simulation model, or of the initiation conditions of the simulation). Following the execution of all scheduled simulation runs and the identification of an acceptable solution to the problem under investigation, simulation experimentation was completed. The fourth stage was the analysis of summary statistics and the interpretation of the results obtained by simulation experimentation (Blocks 3.4.1-3.4.3). Based on the complexity of the obtained results, we could also choose metamodeling to achieve results that could be implemented (Block 3.4.4). The last stage was to apply what we had learned to improve the simulated system's characteristics (Block 3.5.1) and measure the evaluation (Block 3.5.2).
# Cross-Layer Protocol Based on Directional Reception in Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Proposed CLIC Protocol
### Low-Complexity Routing Protocols for Interference and Congestion Avoidance
\(Inter_{j}^{i}\) is the set of nodes that may cause interference to node \(j\) when receiving packets sent by node \(i\). \[Interf(j)=1-\frac{|Interj|}{|Nei_{j}|}, \tag{12}\]  
\[Nei_{j}=\{j^{\prime}|d(j,j^{\prime})<range\}, \tag{13}\]  
\[Interj=\{j^{\prime}|SNR_{j^{\prime}}=SL-TL_{j^{\prime}}-NL_{j^{\prime}}+G_{j^{ \prime}}\geq DT\}, \tag{14}\]  
where \(SNR_{j^{\prime}}\) is the received signal-to-noise ratio of the signal sent by node \(j^{\prime}\) at node \(j\), and \(DT\) is defined as the detection threshold. \(SL\) is the target source level, \(TL_{j^{\prime}}\) is transmission loss due to water environment, \(NL_{j^{\prime}}\) is the noise level (from the receiver + the environment), and \(G_{j^{\prime}}dn\) is combined gain of the vector hydrophone. The spatial and temporal uncertainty of the underwater acoustic channel leads to a high packet collision probability. Information interaction allows a sending node to know how many nodes in the vicinity of the receiving node may cause interference to a transmission, thus actively avoiding high interference areas and reducing packet collisions. The directional reception technique also reduces the interference range so that the number of interfering nodes is less than or equal to the total number of neighbors. When nodes are to forward packets, the forwarding priority of each neighbor is calculated based on the information in the neighbor table. The evaluation of priority incorporates energy, distance advance, interference, and congestion, where the relay selection is shown in Figure 3. Node 1 transmits packets to the sink node, and Nodes 2, 3, and 4 are candidate relay nodes. Node 4 has more interfering neighbour nodes and does not have a distance advantage, so it has low priority. Node 3 has a similar distance advantage to Node 2, but Node 2 has fewer packets in its buffer, so it has a higher priority than Node 3. Node 1 will choose Node 2 as the best relay. Interference and congestion avoidance is achieved by avoiding high interference and high congestion areas. In summary, the proposed routing solution allows node \(i\) to select node \(j\) as a relay that satisfies the following rules: (1) it is closer to sink than \(i\), (2) it has higher energy, (3) it has lower transmission interference to \(i\), and (4) it has a shorter buffer queue (low congestion).
## 4 Simulation Experiments: Security Analysis and Comparison
### Plaintext Sensitivity Analysis  
Plaintext sensitivity [48] refers to the extent of change in the modified ciphertext compared to the original ciphertext. By modifying one character in the original plaintext, we obtain the modified ciphertext. A cryptographic algorithm is considered to have a better plaintext sensitivity when it is deemed to possess better sensitivity towards plaintext. We performed experiments to evaluate the sensitivity of the suggested cryptographic algorithm towards plaintext by changing the first character of the original plaintext to a space character. The results presented in Table 1 indicate that the plaintext sensitivity of different text sizes, ranging from 30 to 5995, lies in the interval [98; 100]. This indicates that the proposed scheme has a higher sensitivity towards plaintext. In addition, we compared the plaintext sensitivity of the proposed scheme with the state-of-the-art schemes [10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 38]. The results are shown in Figure 5, which depicts that the proposed scheme has better plaintext sensitivity than the other schemes [10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 38].
# BPET: A Unified Blockchain-Based Framework for Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading
## 6 Case Study
### Historical Data Analysis  
AESO provides many public data sets such as merit order lists, pool prices, and marginal prices. To keep the seasonality property of the real data, we select a whole year's historical data of merit orders and marginal prices from September 2021 to August 2022 to statistically analyze the total number of participants and the expected offer and bid submission TPS.  
From the historical merit order data set, we identify 201 unique assets, all of which are energy suppliers or producers. Since AESO does not provide information on individual electricity consumers, we obtained 60 retailers from the _Retailers and Distributors_ website [37] as consumers in the Alberta electricity wholesale market. Therefore, there are 261 participants registered at the initiation stage. Consequently, there are at most 261 token transfer transactions before trading. Both registration and buying of energy tokens require BPET to process transactions asynchronously, which does not necessitate concurrent high performance.  
In the trading stage, offers usually do not have frequent updates after initial submissions. An offer is updated only if it does not appear in the previous hour's offer list but arrives in the current hour. The comparison factors are listed in a tuple (Asset Id, BlockNumber, Price, Size, Available MW). For simplicity, we only submit updated offers in the next hour. Therefore, the offer submission rate equals the offer update rate, which also applies to the bid submission. Throughout the entire year, the most frequent offer updates occur at the first hour of the day, with a maximum of 245, a minimum of 52, and a mean of 106.  
Each time the total demand changes, the market calculates a system marginal price (SMP). Thus, we estimate the demand update rate as the number of SMP calculations each hour. It is worth noting that the total demand changes are measured in MWh. By analyzing the historical SMP data set, we find that all hours have a close demand update rate, with a maximum of 17, a minimum of 1, and a mean of around 4. This indicates that the market system calculates a maximum of 17 SMPs in one hour.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Statistical Characteristics of Water Quality in the Wanquan River  
The statistical results of water quality indicators at each sampling point of the Wanquan River are shown in Table 3 and Figure 2. The average value of each water quality indicator in Table 3 is used to characterize the overall level of each water quality indicator in the water, and the coefficient of variation is mainly used to reflect the degree of variation of the indicators and reveal the spatial differences of the indicators in the water.  
Comparing the average values of the indicators of the Wanquan River water quality with the Class III water quality standard in the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-2002) [28], we found that the overall water quality of the Wanquan River basin is good, with the average values of all indicators meeting the Class III water quality standard. Compared with [PERSON]'s research on the water quality of Wanquan River in 2012-2015, the water quality of Wanquan River decreased from Class II to Class III in 2021, which may be closely related to the development of tourism in this area [31]. In terms of the exceedance rate, Hg was the most serious element, reaching 54%, followed by TN and TP (both 17%) and NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\)-N and COD\({}_{\text{Mn}}\) (both 13%). In terms of coefficient of variation, NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\)-N (107%), Cr\({}^{6+}\) (113%), and As (101%) had large coefficients of variation, indicating a large degree of dispersion and an uneven spatial distribution for these three indicators.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Indicator** \\ **(mg/L)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Maximum** \\ **Value** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Minimum** \\ **Value** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Average** \\ **Velocity** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Coefficient** \\ **of Variation** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Class II** \\ **Water** \\ **Standard** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Class III** \\ **Rate** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\)N & 2.60 & 0.12 & 0.56 & 0.59 & 107\% & 0.50 & 1.00 & 13\% \\ TN & 2.82 & 0.33 & 0.85 & 0.61 & 72\% & 0.50 & 1.00 & 17\% \\ TP & 0.34 & 0.06 & 0.13 & 0.08 & 62\% & 0.10 & 0.20 & 17\% \\ COD\({}_{\text{Mn}}\) & 7.30 & 3.70 & 5.49 & 0.72 & 13\% & 4.00 & 6.00 & 13\% \\ COD & 16.00 & 2.50 & 7.81 & 3.54 & 45\% & 15.00 & 20.00 & 0\% \\ BOD5 & 3.60 & 0.25 & 1.66 & 0.94 & 56\% & 3.00 & 4.00 & 0\% \\ Cr\({}^{6+}\) & 0.14 & \(2.00\times 10^{-3}\) & 0.02 & 0.02 & 113\% & 0.05 & 0.05 & 4\% \\ As & \(4.00\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.50\times 10^{-4}\) & \(1.03\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.04\times 10^{-3}\) & 101\% & 0.05 & 0.05 & 0\% \\ Hg & \(3.40\times 10^{-4}\) & \(2.00\times 10^{-5}\) & \(1.30\times 10^{-4}\) & \(1.05\times 10^{-4}\) & 81\% & \(5.00\times 10^{-5}\) & 1.00 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 54\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Statistical results of water quality indicators for the Wanquan River.  
Figure 2: Distribution of various water quality indicators in the Wanquan River.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity  
The total phenolic content (TPC) data showed that Spanish samples scored the highest value (12.70 mg/g DW), followed by Moroccan samples (8.48 mg/g DW), while the Lebanese samples scored the lowest one (5.05 mg/g DW) (Figure 1).  
Data from the literature showed high variability on this parameter. Several authors reported lower values for two Cypriot carob pod varieties, _Tilliria y Koumbota_, (342.2 and 228.4 mg/100 g DW, respectively) [75]. Moreover, carob pulp samples from Athens and Rethimno in Greece showed lower TPC values (13.6 and 24.8 mg/100 g DW; respectively) [76]. In addition, female and hermaphrodite Portuguese carob varieties scored lower TPC, ranging from 1.6 g/100 g DW to 4.1 g/100 g DW, respectively [77]. On the other hand, studies focused on the ripening stage and reported that the TPC values of three different Algerian carob varieties were affected by the ripening stage [78]. Moreover, similar or even higher TPC results were observed for Cypriot carob samples, being 14.24 mg/g DW in ripe carob pulp [79] and 17.4 mg/g DW in mature pods [80].  
DPPH and ABTS assays for antioxidant activity were used in this study, and the results are depicted in Figure 1. For both tests, the Spanish samples scored the highest values (DPPH = 25.10 mg TE/g DW, ABTS = 18.20 mg TE/g DW), followed by the Moroccan samples (DPPH = 16.70 mg TE/g DW, ABTS = 13.30 mg TE/g DW), while the Lebanese ones scored the lowest values for both techniques (DPPH = 12.40 mg TE/g DW, ABTS = 11.10 mg TE/g DW).  
[PERSON] et al. [62] studied the antioxidant activity using DPPH for Tunisian samples with values of 11.47 mg TE/100 g DW and [PERSON] et al. [78] obtained values of 1.26 mg TE/100 g DW for Algerian samples. The antioxidant activity measured by DPPH and ABTS assays and the TPC using the Folin Ciocalteu assay pursued the same change  
Figure 1: Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity charts for carob pulp samples studied. (Mo = Moroccan; Sp: Spanish; Lb: Lebanese). The letters a and b denote statistically significant differences between groups based on post-hoc analysis.  
pattern for Spanish, Moroccan, and Lebanese samples, which confirms the well-known correlation between the total polyphenol content and the antioxidant capacity assessed. Interestingly, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins are among the polyphenic compounds found in carob plant pulp, seeds, and syrup, which greatly increase the fruit's total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity and may have positive health effects [81]. Phenolic acids like gallic and ellagic acids, along with well-known flavonoids like quercetin and kaempfer, are linked to antioxidant and anti-cancer properties [81; 82; 83]. These substances highlight carob's potential as a natural antioxidant source for medications and functional foods.
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
The objective of this research is to ensure that the cloud storage system is highly secure by developing a trust model system that inhibits reputation attacks of cloud services. On/off attacks are carried out by entities that present themselves as good nodes on an online platform; however, once they have acquired the trust of the system, they become malicious nodes. Nodes that carry out the on/off attacks may give false information or feedback to cause damage to the system's reputation. Another type of security issue that threatens reputation systems are the collusion attacks. These attacks are threats that emerge when a group or groups of malicious entities make attempts to destabilize the system. In the majority of cases, when different malicious entities act together, there is greater danger to the reliability of a reputation system as when every entity exhibits malicious behavior separately. A solution for trust model systems for preventing on/off and collusion attacks will be presented in this study. In this regard, we will put forward strategies that should be considered when developing the trust evaluation process. This paper will try to determine the solution that is most appropriate for trust issues regarding access control approaches and will then present trust models that can be used to increase information security in distributed storage frameworks that use cryptographic access control techniques. It was found during the investigation that accurate results should be offered by a trust model while assessing trustworthiness, which is what our plan for the recommended trust-based distribution storage framework is based on. In the plan, trust prototypes can be organized into a framework that uses the cryptographic access control approach. To ensure its effectiveness, this paper proposes a trust model that offers the following:  
* Ensuring that the greatest security is provided to customers of cloud services because they may be dealing with extremely sensitive data when using trust management services;
* Securing cloud services by effectively detecting malicious and inappropriate behaviors through the use of trust algorithms that can identify on/off and collusion attacks;
* Making sure that trust management service availability is adequate for the dynamic nature of cloud services;
* Providing dependable solutions to avoid reputation attacks and increase the precision of customers' trust values by considering the significance of interaction.