## 1 Introduction  
Lung cancer is the main cause of cancer-related deaths in Poland, Europe, and the world [1; 2; 3], and it will continue to be the main cause of cancer-related deaths in both Poland and the world; therefore, the greatest emphasis should be placed on the early detection and quick diagnosis of this cancer [4; 5]. The non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) group consists of various morphological subtypes of lung cancer, including adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous-cell carcinoma (LUSC) as well as large-cell carcinoma and others. Molecular characterization includes the identification of the genetic features of a tumor (\(EGFR\) mutation tests and \(ALK\)/\(ROS1\) rearrangements, which may be extended to search for changes in the \(BRAF\), \(MET\), \(RET\), \(TRK\), \(KRAS\), \(HER2\), and \(NTRK1\)-\(3\) genes) [5; 6] and those useful in targeted drugs such as EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors or PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors [5; 7]. Although the last two decades have brought great progress in the diagnosis of lung cancer and the identification of molecular changes, which has led to the development of new treatment strategies, the diagnosis of lung cancer is most often made in its advanced clinical stage. Generally, the risk of lung cancer increases with age. The average age of lung cancer diagnosis is 70 years old [8]. Men are most likely to be diagnosed between the ages of 80 and 84, while women are most likely to be diagnosed between the ages of 75 and 79 [9]. Men are twice as likely to develop lung cancer, which is associated with higher rates of cigarette smoking. Simultaneously, non-smoking women present a higher incidence of this cancer than men who do not smoke, which may be related to the higher rate of \(EGFR\) mutations observed in women and the pro-cancer effect of estrogen. African American men also have a higher risk of lung cancer [8]. Lung cancer mortality is strongly related to age; however, the 5-year relative survival rate for lung cancer is higher for women than for men. Moreover, black men have a higher lung cancer death rate than white men. It is worth noting that in recent years, this ethnic group has seen a significant decline in mortality. Currently, the lung cancer death rate in African American women is significantly lower compared to women of Caucasian descent [9]. Total lung cancer mortality rates continue to decline, and this is associated with the detection of lung cancer in the earlier stages of the disease. Current statistics suggest that approximately three quarters of patients with stage I NSCLC can expect to live at least 5 years following their diagnosis. Among patients with stage IV NSCLC that has spread regionally, only a third of all patients survive for 5 years or more after diagnosis [10]. The pathomechanism of cancer development is a long-term and very complex process. In cancer cells, mutations or amplifications are initiated, affecting genes such as \(BRAF\), \(EGFR\), and \(MET\) in adenocarcinoma and \(NOTCHI\) and \(GFRI\) in squamous-cell carcinoma, respectively. \(TP53\) mutations are observed regardless of lung cancer subtype. Subsequent mutations, e.g., in the \(PI3 CA\) and \(NF1\) genes, and the acquisition of features of chromosomal instability primarily determine the further survival of cancer cells [11]. The direct cause of the molecular changes in lung tissue cells may be, i.a., a high level of exposure to various toxic compounds [12]. Therefore, human defense mechanisms are of great importance in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, such as the activity of key proteins belonging to the detoxifying metabolic pathway of xenobiotics and other individual characteristics. One mechanism is the action of transporter proteins from the ABC family (ATP-binding cassette transporters), which capture particles/substances entering a cell by passive transport from the extracellular environment.