# Analysis of Penalty Kick Performance in the Spanish Football League: A Longitudinal Study
## 3 Results  
### Traditional Statistical Analysis  
Table 2 presents the descriptive analysis of the study. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Criteria** & **Category** & **n** & **\%** & **Effectiveness** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **X\({}^{2}\)** \\ **Intra-Criteria** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **X\({}^{2}\)** \\ **Inter-Criteria** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Season & S12–13 & 107 & 11.4 & 84.1 & & \\  & S13–14 & 115 & 12.2 & 69.6 & & \\  & S14–15 & 109 & 11.6 & 78.0 & & \\  & S15–16 & 97 & 10.3 & 72.2 & \(X^{2}\) = 15,217 & \(X^{2}\) = 15,775 \\  & S16–17 & 121 & 12.9 & 72.7 & \(p\) = 0.033 & \(p\) = 0.027 \\  & S17–18 & 113 & 12.0 & 71.7 & & \\  & S18–19 & 130 & 13.8 & 81.5 & & \\  & S19–20 & 149 & 15.8 & 83.2 & & \\ \hline Time & T1 & 88 & 9.4 & 78.4 & & \\  & T2 & 144 & 15.3 & 77.8 & & \\  & T3 & 161 & 17.1 & 77.6 & \(X^{2}\) = 54,152 & \(X^{2}\) = 4397 \\  & T4 & 154 & 16.4 & 79.2 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.000 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.494 \\  & T5 & 184 & 19.6 & 71.2 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.000 & \\  & T6 & 210 & 22.3 & 78.6 & & \\ \hline Result & T & 416 & 44.2 & 77.6 & \(X^{2}\) = 53,027 & \(X^{2}\) = 0.209 \\  & L & 284 & 30.2 & 76.4 & \(X^{2}\) = 53,027 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.901 \\  & W & 241 & 25.6 & 76.3 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.000 & \\ \hline Scoreboard & TIE & 416 & 44.2 & 77.6 & & \\  & L1 & 180 & 191 & 73.9 & & \\  & L2 & 73 & 7.8 & 83.6 & \(X^{2}\) = 830,684 & \(X^{2}\) = 3534 \\  & L3 & 31 & 3.3 & 74.2 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.000 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.739 \\  & W1 & 147 & 15.6 & 74.8 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.000 & \\  & W2 & 61 & 6.5 & 78.7 & & \\  & W3 & 33 & 3.5 & 78.8 & & \\ \hline Stadium & LC & 573 & 60.9 & 75.9 & \(X^{2}\) = 44,660 & \(X^{2}\) = 0.030 \\  & VS & 368 & 39.1 & 78.5 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.000 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.352 \\ \hline Laterality & RF & 696 & 74.0 & 77.3 & \(X^{2}\) = 216,154 & \(X^{2}\) = 0.195 \\  & LF & 245 & 26.0 & 75.9 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.000 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.659 \\ \hline Direction—Goal & LT & 32 & 3.4 & 100 & & \(X^{2}\) = 228,483 \\  & LM & 48 & 5.1 & 83.3 & & \(p\) \(<\) 0.000 \\  & LD & 294 & 31.2 & 76.5 & & \\  & CT & 30 & 3.2 & 100 & & \\  & CM & 60 & 6.4 & 93.3 & \(X^{2}\) = 839,946 & \\  & CD & 77 & 8.2 & 74.0 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.000 & \\  & RT & 44 & 4.7 & 100 & & \\  & RM & 60 & 6.4 & 93.3 & & \\  & RD & 243 & 25.8 & 75.7 & & \\  & PCO & 53 & 5.6 & 0 & & \\ \hline Direction—Laterality & KT & 37 & 3.9 & 100 & \(X^{2}\) = 871,933 & \\  & KM & 58 & 6.2 & 89.7 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.000 & \\  & KD & 317 & 33.7 & 74.1 & & \\  & MT & 30 & 3.2 & 100 & & \\  & MM & 60 & 6.4 & 93.3 & & \(X^{2}\) = 228,644 \\  & MD & 78 & 8.3 & 74.4 & & \(p\) \(<\) 0.000 \\  & FT & 39 & 4.1 & 100 & & \\  & FM & 50 & 5.3 & 88.0 & & \\  & FD & 219 & 23.3 & 79.0 & & \\  & PCO & 53 & 5.6 & 0 & & \\ \hline Effectiveness & SUC & 724 & 76.9 & - & \(X^{2}\) = 273,166 & - \\  & UNS & 217 & 23.1 & - & \(p\) \(<\) 0.000 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Descriptive analysis, chi-square intra-criteria and chi-square inter-criteria test. Statistically significant differences were found between the categories of all the criteria studied (intra-criteria \(\chi^{2}\) test) as well as when relating the variables season, direction-goal and direction-laterality to the effectiveness variable, with no differences for the rest of the criteria analysed (inter-criteria \(\chi^{2}\) test). It was observed that more penalties were awarded in the last 30 min of the match, especially in favour of the home team. In almost half of the cases (44.2%), the match was tied at the moment the penalty was kicked. More than half of the penalties (65.2%) were sent to the low area of the goal (to the centre or towards either side of the goal). Almost one penalty was missed out of every four penalties kicked (23.1%).