## 1 Introduction  
The extensive use of fossil fuels is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially carbon dioxide, and is a major contributor to global warming. The main current efforts are devoted to the development of sustainable technologies to reduce CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, even to achieve net zero or negative emissions [1]. The United Nations Paris Climate Agreements, signed in 2016, established a limit for global warming below 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, ideally 1.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C above preindustrial levels [2, 3, 4]. The concept of zero carbon emissions implies that for every amount of CO\({}_{2}\) produced by human activity, the same amount must be removed from the atmosphere, either by preventing its direct emission or compensating for the existing concentration of CO\({}_{2}\) in the atmosphere. In this way, the concentration of CO\({}_{2}\) concentration in the atmosphere and the global average temperature would be prevented from increasing [5]. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), together with carbon capture and utilization (CCU) or a combination of both (carbon capture, utilization and storage, CCUS), are technologies that have a role to play in achieving the objectives outlined above [6]. Geological CO\({}_{2}\) Storage (GCS) underground is one of the ways to contain anthropogenic emissions included in CCS strategies. In GCS, supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) is injected and stored long-term [7, 8]. Before injection, for geological storage to be successful, the storage location must meet three fundamentals: (1) high storage capacity, (2) feasibility for injection, and (3) safe storage over time. Safety is a critical condition because CO\({}_{2}\) leakage poses significant risksto other resources such as drinking groundwater, vegetation, and animal life, as well as to human health, despite the return of CO2 to the atmosphere [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15]. During the CO2 storage process, the CO2 and host and sealing rock interactions should be considered. The main concern in terms of CO2-rock interactions in this storage stage is a possible decrease in permeability around the well that could affect injection rates and generate overpressures in the reservoir [16]. Large gas transfers characterize the injection phase through the pore space under high pressures and potentially large temperature gradients. Large temperature gradients can play a role in the interactions between CO2 and rock, but the presence of moisture must also be considered. In terms of geochemical interactions, some reactions must be considered. These reactions include carbonate minerals, as well as sulphate and evaporite minerals, as their reaction kinetics are intense and equilibrium is reached instantaneously [17; 18]. CO2-rock interactions during storage can be studied by field and laboratory experiments, including computational simulations. Recently, these simulations have been of great interest to the scientific research community. At the beginning of this millennium, [PERSON] and his collaborators [19] developed the first comprehensive approach to validate the simulation of the interactions that result from the injection of CO2 injection into the host rock. In long-term interactions, the brine produced by the dissolution of supercritical CO2 in water plays a significant role. Both CO2 dissolved in brine and its acidification cause chemical interactions with the host rock, and in some proportion in the sealing rock. The importance of studying long-term interactions is to predict the reservoir's ability to permanently trap CO2 as a mineral phase (known as mineral trapping or mineral carbonation). In the case of cover rock, the purpose of the analysis is to evaluate changes in the permeability of the induced porosity, especially at the bottom. These geochemical interactions, which affect aluminum-silicate minerals, such as Ca-/Mg-rich silicates, feldspars, or clay minerals, are characterized by prolonged reaction rates, which in some cases require thousands of years to reach equilibrium [20; 21].