# Capacity-Operation Collaborative Optimization for Wind-Solar-Hydrogen Multi-Energy Supply System
## 1 Introduction  
The widespread deployment and harnessing of renewable energy sources hold the potential to diversify energy markets, secure long-term energy sustainability, and significantly mitigate both local and global carbon dioxide emissions [1]. Yet, these renewable sources are not without their challenges, including pronounced seasonal fluctuations in wind and hydropower availability [2], as well as the lack of electricity generation during night-time hours for photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) installations [3]. To surmount these limitations, the advancement of integrated multi-energy supply systems and their orchestrated operation emerges as a compelling strategy to enhance energy efficiency, alleviate looming energy crises, and mitigate environmental degradation. Currently, there is extensive research into distributed energy systems that rely on complementary energy time scales of various energy sources. These systems have reached the level of scaled-up applications to some extent [4, 5]. New varieties of CSP-based hybrid renewable energy systems, such as CSP-wind [6] and CSP-PV-wind [7] systems, have been investigated. As wind and solar energy are renewable energy sources withsignificant volatility [8], coupling CSP power generation with wind power (WP) and PV power generation can achieve high-quality power output. This approach leverages the inherent stability, continuity, and dispatchability of CSP to temper the fluctuations of WP and PV [9], while also channeling excess wind and solar energy into thermal storage, thereby minimizing waste [10]. Nevertheless, the finite capacity of thermal energy storage (TES) systems still leaves a considerable amount of unutilized power. Therefore, when excess energy is generated, the parallel production of clean fuels like hydrogen presents an advantageous route. Utilizing renewable energy sources for hydrogen production not only mitigates pollution by reducing dependence on fossil fuel combustion [11] but also enhances system energy efficiency by providing an alternative use for excess wind and solar energy [12]. Therefore, the integration of various subsystems into the hybrid renewable energy configuration can significantly boost overall efficiency. For instance, hydrogen production through proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEME) [13; 14] and power generation using integrated proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) [15; 16] have shown notable results. Specifically, [PERSON] et al. [14] optimized a wind/PV/hydrogen system, achieving a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) as low as 0.226 USD/kWh. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [16] introduced an innovative combination of an organic flash cycle and PEMFC for poly-generation purposes, attaining an energy efficiency of 25.47% after multi-objective optimization. Based on the new developed system, researchers have made significant progress in analyzing the system from various perspectives such as energy, exergy, economy, and environmental (4E) aspects. The 4E analysis has gained substantial attention from academics as a promising analytical method for evaluating the performance of various energy systems [17; 18; 19]. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [20] undertook a comprehensive 4E assessment of a hybrid hydrogen system, revealing energy and exergy efficiencies of 16.42% and 12.76%, respectively. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [21] probed into the feasibility of hydrogen generation from electrolytic water within a hybrid energy system, reporting an average daily hydrogen yield of 1.49 kg/h in the Turkey region. Further enriching the literature, [PERSON] [22] executed rigorous thermodynamic scrutiny, environmental impact assessment, and parametric studies on a solar- and wind-energy-integrated power and hydrogen production system. Complementing these theoretical endeavors, field studies focusing on renewable energy and hydrogen production have also been conducted, offering invaluable insights for policy makers and investors to judiciously evaluate renewable energy adoption and site selection strategies [23].