# Competition with the Industrial IoT: A Service-Dominant Logic Approach
## 1 Introduction
### IIoT Challenges and Potential Solutions for Coopetition Enabling  
Drawing from the core principles of the IoT, the IIoT is heralded for elevating operational efficiency, particularly in small- and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. It prioritizes advancing smart, autonomous, and interconnected industrial processes to boost the manufacturing industry's competitive advantage [39]. This approach underscores the transition towards intelligent manufacturing and highlights the IIoT's role in fostering a more connected, efficient, and competitive industrial landscape.  
However, anchoring coopetition networks in the IIoT faces numerous challenges. Success in these networks largely hinges on the presence of key players, with leading companies playing a central role in the survival and profitability of digital networks [40]. This trend towards high failure rates supports the literature's focus on the crucial impact of \"keystone\" members on the viability of ecosystems. Notably, there have been no successful cases of coopetition networks composed solely of SMEs [9].  
These challenges include issues related to data security and ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of shared information in a landscape where entities might also be competitors [41]. Interoperability, or the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together, becomes critical in environments where collaboration is essential for scale but must be balanced against competitive interests [42]. Furthermore, intellectual property management assumes heightened importance as entities navigate the fine line between sharing enough to co-create value while safeguarding their competitive advantages [43].  
In the context of coopetition, the stakes of technological integration are heightened. Entities must navigate the dual objectives of leveraging shared platforms for mutual benefit while maintaining enough competitive edge to survive and thrive. This balancing act requires a strategic approach to technology adoption and collaboration, where the goal is to win or lose deals not just as individual entities but as interconnected parts of a larger ecosystem. In the state of the art, the success of one can contaminate the entire network forward, illustrating the complex but potentially rewarding nature of coopetition facilitated by IIoT artefacts.  
From these challenges grounded in the S-D Logic foundations, to enhance value co-creation in coopetition networks, the IIoT artefact must ensure the actors' expectations by fulfilling, requiring capabilities: (1) operant and operand technological capabilities--the seamless adaptation to coopetition networks' dynamic environments [44]; (2) technical, semantic, and pragmatic interoperability--which ensures that the artefact can not only communicate and operate across diverse technological platforms (technical interoperability) but also interpret and utilize the information meaningfully (semantic interoperability) and support actionable insights and decisions (pragmatic interoperability) [12]; (3) accessibility and usability for network actors--this focus acknowledges the importance of human-centered design principles, ensuring that the system can be effectively utilized by a broad spectrum of users to facilitate collaboration and value co-creation [45]; and (4) facilitation of simultaneous collaboration among competitors--recognizing the inherent complexities of coopetition, the artefact must enable and enhance collaboration among competing entities from the lead to winning or losing the business opportunity [4].