# Smart Intersections and Connected Autonomous Vehicles for Sustainable Smart Cities: A Brief Review
## 8 Smart Pavements in Smart Intersections  
This is how people usually imagine Next-Generation Intersections: optimized traffic flow, connected vehicles, and smart signal control. But the intelligence of the intersection will only be as good as the infrastructure that supports it. Therefore, the pavement infrastructure's resilience, adaptability, and sustainability are important for the future of connected and autonomous mobility. Without an advanced pavement monitoring framework, even the most sophisticated adaptive intersections can be inefficient, dangerous, and more costly than needed over their lifetime. One of the emerging research areas in smart intersections is the role of pavement intelligence, which can further enhance connectivity and safety. This includes the following considerations:  
* The unspoken challenge: pavements as a dynamic digital asset. The current practice in pavement monitoring is mostly reactive, that is, through scheduled inspections and post-failure treatments [208]. However, the frequent loads, thermal variations, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Technology/Concept** & **Functionality** & **Benefits** & **Key References** \\ \hline Urban mobility systems & Smart intersections & Coordinates traffic flow, integrated multi-modal transportation, and reduces congestion & Ensures smooth traffic flow, accommodates diverse mobility needs, and minimizes delays & [77, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172] \\ \hline Public transport integration & Transit signal prioritization & Adjusts signal timings to prioritize buses, trans, and public transport vehicles & Reduces delays, enhances service reliability, and supports efficient transit systems & [168, 169, 170, 173, 174] \\ \hline Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) & Real-time data sharing & Enables optimized routing for shared mobility services (e.g., ride sharing, bike sharing, on-demand shuttles) & Improves urban transport efficiency and enhances mobility accessibility & [175, 176] \\ \hline Economic impacts & Cost reduction & Reduces travel times, congestion, and fuel consumption & Lowers transportation costs for commuters and businesses & [177, 204, 205] \\ \hline Social impacts & Accessibility and equity & Ensures fair access to transportation resources for vulnerable populations & Improves mobility for the elderly, disabled, and low-income groups & [178, 179, 180, 206, 207] \\ \hline Environmental impacts & Pollution reduction & Reduces vehicle emissions and enhances air quality monitoring & Contributes to cleaner air, safer streets, and sustainable urban environments & [181, 182, 183] \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Future integration} & \multirow{5}{*}{5G/6G connectivity} & Enables ultra-low-latency and high-speed communication between vehicles and infrastructure & Enhances real-time traffic management and CAV coordination & [6, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 184, 185, 186] \\ \cline{2-5}  & \multirow{5}{*}{Digital twins} & Uses real-time virtual models of intersections for simulation and predictive traffic management & Improves decision-making, congestion control, and smart city planning & [187, 188, 189, 190] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Cybersecurity measures & Protects traffic management systems from cyber threats and data breaches & Ensures public trust and system reliability & [191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196] \\ \cline{2-5}  & \multirow{5}{*}{Stakeholder collaboration} & Requires cooperation among governments, tech providers, and communities & Ensures successful implementation and sustainable smart city integration & [197, 198] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Key technologies, benefits, and challenges in Smart Urban Mobility Systems. and CAVs' operational requirements in traffic control and management at smart intersections require a change from the conventional static road infrastructure to dynamic and self-healing pavement systems.