# Centralized vs. Decentralized Cloud Computing in Healthcare
## 6 Decentralized Cloud Computing  
Decentralized cloud computing is an advanced and novel approach where computing resources are spread out over several nodes or locations instead of being concentrated in one data center [61]. This revolutionary approach offers a range of benefits that can significantly improve the performance of cloud computing systems. Decentralized cloud computing has the potential to revolutionize the cloud computing industry [62]. This new technology utilizes distributed technologies and collaborative networks to offer increased resilience, transparency, trust, and privacy in cloud services [63]. As research and development in  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Ref** & **Year** & **Proposed Model** & & **Strengths** & **Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[52]} & \multirow{4}{*}{2011} & \multirow{4}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular}  } & \(\bullet\) & Accessible via a mobile app. & \multirow{4}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular}  } \\  & & & Enables faster response times. & & \\  & & & Use healthcare standards ICD-10 & & \\  & & & and HL7. & & \\  & & & Offers a pay-per-use model. & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[58]} & \multirow{4}{*}{2012} & \multirow{4}{*}{\ \begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular}  } & \(\bullet\) & Faster response time. & \multirow{4}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular}  } \\  & & & The cloud can quickly handle many & & \\  & & & The cloud can quickly handle many & & \\  & & & The cloud can quickly handle many & & \\  & & & The cloud can quickly handle many & & \\  & & & The cloud can quickly handle many & & \\  & & & The cloud can quickly handle many & & \\  & & & The cloud computing. this field advances, it is likely that innovative decentralized cloud solutions will arise that reshape how we use and benefit from cloud computing resources [64; 65]. Several previous studies used decentralized cloud computing in their model. For instance, ref. [61] proposed a decentralized model for storing students' health data on a campus health information system. The model distributes information repositories to personalized student pods to help avoid the performance bottleneck of a centralized server, reduce system response time, and allow for parallel processing, improving overall system responsiveness. The model's key advantage is the decentralized storage of student data in personal pods, mitigating the possibility of significant data leaks. In using decentralized authentication and access control methods, students gain autonomous oversight of their medical information while robust safeguards maintain confidentiality and data integrity. The decentralized model can reduce IT costs by distributing the storage burden to individual student devices. This eliminates the need for a centralized server infrastructure and may also eliminate the need for a dedicated data center or cloud service. It leverages existing student devices, reducing the need for additional hardware investments. Student devices may lack the security controls and maintenance of enterprise-grade hardware, making them more vulnerable to security risks and unauthorized access, potentially compromising the confidentiality of personal health data stored in the pods. In the meantime, ref. [66] presented the concept of a wider distributed patient health information exchange framework utilizing smartphone application technology to establish a nationwide health information exchange (NHIE) and a mobile Personal Health Record (mPHR) deployed on the mobile devices of patients for the local storage of health data, leveraging a patient's data and secure access by multiple healthcare systems. The framework utilizes mobile Personal Health Records (mPHRs) stored on the smartphones of patients for local health data storage. This enables quick access without depending on centralized servers. Special interfaces allow real-time data exchange with minimal latency between the mPHR and healthcare provider systems.