esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Demonstration
### Demonstration of Effectiveness  
In general, the effectiveness of a new MADM method is demonstrated by comparing it with existing methods using the same problem. To this end, the four AM machine selection examples listed above are used in the first demonstration experiment. Specifically, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12], [PERSON] et al. [47], and the proposed approach are compared and analyzed using Example 1. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [14], [PERSON] et al. [22], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28], [PERSON] et al. [29], [PERSON] et al. [47], and the proposed approach are compared and analyzed using Example 2. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28], [PERSON] et al. [47], and the proposed approach are compared and analyzed using Example 3. [PERSON] et al. [42], [PERSON] et al. [47], and the proposed approach are compared and analyzed using Example 4. The experimental results are listed in Table 13.  
The experimental results show that:  
For Example 1, when the user makes an acceptance decision on two alternatives and a rejection decision on two alternatives, the proposed approach has the same decision results as [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12] and [PERSON] et al. [47] in terms of rejection decision, which also shows its effectiveness. However, the decision results of the proposed approach  
Figure 6: Results of the multi-attribute three-way decisions for Example 3.  
Figure 7: Results of the multi-attribute three-way decisions for Example 4.  
are slightly different from the decision results generated by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12] and [PERSON] et al. [47] in terms of acceptance and noncommitment decisions.  
For Example 2, when the user makes an acceptance decision on five alternatives and a rejection decision on zero alternatives, the proposed approach has the same decision results as [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28], and [PERSON] et al. [29], which verifies its effectiveness. However, the decision results of the proposed approach are slightly different from the decision results generated by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [14], [PERSON] et al. [22], and [PERSON] et al. [47].  
For Example 3, when the user an acceptance decision on four alternatives and a rejection decision on one alternative, the proposed approach has the same decision results as [PERSON] et al. [47], which verifies its effectiveness. However, the decision results of the proposed approach are slightly different from the decision results generated by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28].  
For Example 4, when the user makes an acceptance decision on four alternatives and a rejection decision on one alternative, the proposed approach has the same decision results as [PERSON] et al. [42] and [PERSON] et al. [47], which also shows its effectiveness.  
It is worth noting that the main factors that account for the slight differences above include the size of the risk coefficients \(\sigma_{j}\), the calculation method of conditional probability \(Pr(C|A_{i})\), etc.
## 2 Results
### Stability Analysis of the Candidate Reference Genes  
#### 2.4.1 GeNorm Analysis  
GeNorm ver. 3.5 [22] is a software tool utilized for screening reference genes and determining the optimal number of reference genes required for qRT-PCR experiments. This program can be employed to evaluate any number of reference genes within various experimental setups. Ultimately, it selects combinations of two or more reference genes to normalize the data, enhancing the accuracy of relative quantification outcomes. Prior to GeNorm analysis, \(2^{-\Delta\text{CI}}\) values are computed and then imported into the software. GeNorm identifies the reference genes with stable expression by calculating the M value for each reference gene [23]. The rule of thumb is that a lower M value indicates better stability while a higher M value suggests lower stability. An M value below 1.5 signifies stable gene expression. The software also calculates the paired variation (V) value after the inclusion of each new reference gene and employs the \(\text{V}_{\text{n}}/\text{V}_{\text{n+1}}\) ratio to determine the optimal number of reference genes required. The default threshold is set at 0.15. If the value of \(\text{V}_{\text{n}}/\text{V}_{\text{n+1}}\) is less than 0.15, then the optimal number of reference genes is 'n'. If the \(\text{V}_{\text{n}}/\text{V}_{\text{n+1}}\) ratio exceeds 0.15, then the optimal number of reference genes is 'n+1' [24]. If all combination ratios surpass 0.15, then this threshold can be adjusted based on the experimental conditions [25].  
As shown in Figure 4, the M values of all the genes were below 1.5, indicating that the stability of these candidate reference genes. _UBQ_, \(\beta\)-_TUB6_, and _UBQ10_ exhibited better stability across the different developmental periods compared to the different tissues, whereas _His3_, _Act100_, _CHS1_, and \(\alpha\)-_TUB_ demonstrated an opposite trend. The GeNorm analysis results indicated that _Act1_ and _GAPDH_ were the two most stable genes across both scenarios. This is depicted in Figure 5. For both the different developmental periods and the diverse tissues, the \(V_{2/3}\) ratios were less than 0.15, implying that the optimal number of reference genes for normalization was two.  
Figure 4: The stability analysis results of the ten reference genes using the GeNorm software. (M) value represents the calculated stable value; usually, when the M value is less than 1.5, the gene can be considered a stable reference gene).
## 5 Reliable Data Forwarding Algorithm
### Feasibility Analysis
In this scenario, the multipath routing utilizes 2 alternative paths with at most 3 retransmission attempts per link. Both paths are equally long and have similar error rates. To evaluate the effect of retransmission attempts to the amount of messages, transport protocol is examined with 2 retransmission attempts in addition to the typical 3 attempts. The transmission count when all links have equal packet error rates is shown in Figure 19. With low error rates, ARQ-\(\infty\) scheme and transport protocol perform equally. As the PER increases, the message count in the transport protocol increases rapidly because packet drop in any part of the route causes retransmission from the beginning of the route. The smaller amount of retries increases the drop probability and thus the total message count. The transmission count with the multipath routing is always high due to the message delivery via several routes. The message count when only one hop is unreliable is shown in \[T_{ARQ-\infty}=\sum_{i=0}^{L-1}a_{i}^{M}, \tag{5}\]0 Multipath routing is not evaluated, as its message count would be highest with all examined PERs. The transport protocol is evaluated separately when the first and the last hop in the routing path from a source to a destination are erroneous, showing that more transmissions are required when the erroneous link is near the destination. Both cases use 3 retransmissions attempts. Again, ARQ-\(\infty\) scheme performs better than the transport protocol. \[T_{ARQ-\infty}=\sum_{i=0}^{L-1}a_{i}^{M}, \tag{5}\]1 Complexity of different routing schemes with a route consisting of 5 hops having equal packet error rate. As a conclusion, ARQ-\(\infty\) based reliable routing algorithm is an efficient method to ensure reliability in a static network. The drawback of the generic ARQ-\(\infty\) scheme is that packet is dropped on a link break or when route to the destination is lost. The reliable routing algorithm corrects this drawback by rerouting the packet locally instead of dropping it. It should be noted, that although the analysis indicates that the multipath routing has the worst energy usage, it has other benefits. As a packet is routed via several paths, the end-to-end latency can be small even when one route experiences problems. Still, unlike a transport protocol and ARQ-\(\infty\), the multipath routing by itself does not guarantee reliability.
## 3 State Estimation Based on Nonlinear Gaussian Systems
### CKF Algorithm
 \tag{25}\]  
Propagate the cubature point:  
\[z_{k+1|k}^{i}=h(x_{k+1|k}^{j}), \tag{26}\]  
Calculate the measured predicted values:  
\[\hat{z}_{k+1}=\frac{1}{2n}\sum_{i=1}^{2n}z_{k+1}^{i}\enspace, \tag{27}\]  
The measurement error covariance and cross-covariance at time \(k\)+1 have the following forms:  
\[ \begin{split}\begin{cases}p_{k+1}^{z}&=\frac{1}{2n}\sum_{i=1} ^{2n}z_{k+1}^{i}(z_{k+1}^{i})^{\text{T}}-z_{k+1}^{i^{\text{\tiny{$\sim$}}}}(z_ {k+1}^{i})^{\text{T}}+R,\\ P_{k+1}^{xz}&=\frac{1}{2n}\sum_{i=1}^{2n}x_{k+1}^{i}(z_{k+1}^{i})^{\text{ T}}-x_{k+1}^{\text{\tiny{$\sim$}}}(z_{k+1}^{\text{\tiny{$\sim$}}})^{\text{T}}, \end{cases}\end{split}  \tag{28}\]  
The Kalman gain, states, and error covariance are expressed as follows:  
\[ \begin{split} K_{k+1}&=P_{k+1}^{xz}(P_{k+1}^{xy})^{-1}, \\ \hat{x}_{k+1}&=\hat{x}_{k+1|k}+K_{k+1}(z_{k+1}-\hat{z}_{k+1}), \\ P_{k+1}&=P_{k+1|k}-K_{k+1}P_{k+1}^{2}K_{k+1}^{\text{T}}, \end{split}  \tag{29}\]
# Identification and Characterization of Fibronectin-Binding Peptides in Gelatin
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.2.5 HPLC-MS Analysis  
The separated peptides in samples 1 and 2 were analyzed by HPLC-MS [19]. The HPLC-MS system consisted of an Agilent 1100 HPLC and MS (LCQ DecaXP, Thermo Electron, San Jose, CA, USA). The samples were loaded onto an Agilent Zorbax SB C18 column (2.1 mm \(\times\) 150 mm, 5 \(\upmu\)m). Mobile phase A was water (containing 0.1% TFA), and mobile phase B was ACN (containing 0.1% TFA). The HPLC gradient was 5-40% B from 0 to 50 min; 40-80% B from 50 to 80 min. The flow rate was 0.2 mL/min. The outlet of the column was introduced into the ion source of an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. The spray voltage was 4.5 kV, and the capillary was kept at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The data acquisition consisted of three scan events: an MS scan, followed by one zoom scan to determine the charge state of the ion, and an MS/MS scan to generate an MS/MS spectrum. The MS scan range was from \(m/z\) 400 to 2000. The zoom scan and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) functions were performed in data-dependent mode. Dynamic exclusion was adopted to one count and a 0.5 min exclusion duration unit. The collision energy value was installed to 35%.
# State-Of-The-Art and Prospects for Peer-To-Peer Transaction-Based Energy System
## 5 Frameworks for TE
### Classification Based on Optimization Techniques
#### 5.3.2 Classification Based on Cooperative Game Theory  
In a cooperative game, players with similar objective functions are able to communicate amongst themselves to form a coalition. The benefit of such cooperation is shared among themselves. A known problem of DG is its intermittent supply of energy [28; 68]. However, it was shown in [28] that with cooperation among renewable energy sources (RESs) and ESSs owners, the problem could be alleviated. This will further reduce the need for large energy storage systems and provide cost savings for the prosumers participating in the cooperation. In that regard, energy trading through cooperation among microgrids [90; 91; 92; 93; 94; 95] can be motivated through Nash bargaining theory [27]. Furthermore, [PERSON]. [47] proposed a cooperative game theory to reduce customer loads, while [28] investigated a model based on coalition game theory to optimize energy demand and supply of prosumers within a community. In their work, they considered households in different modes; some owned RESs and ESSs; some owned ESSs only; whilst other households were pure consumers.  
From a similar perspective, [PERSON]. [7] proposed a cooperative strategy for MG with the aim to minimize the total cost (generation and transport) whilst each MG satisfied its energy demand. In [84], a coalition algorithm for cooperative strategies for exchanging energy between MGs is studied. The proposed algorithm also allows the MGs to adapt to changes in environmental conditions in order to not affect their energy generation. In addition, by incorporating the algorithms or by using cooperative strategies, MGs can alleviate the dependence of load on the main grid and minimize the costs of power losses associated with distribution lines. Furthermore, Ref. [96] analysed the cooperation between small-scale electricity suppliers and energy users in direct trading based on coalitional game theory. Proceeds are divided following an asymptotic Shapley value to serve as an incentive to remain in the coalition.  
In [69], the energy sharing problem follows a convex optimization problem. The objective is to minimize the prosumer cost function with options to purchase/trade energy with direct neighbours and/or utility companies. In addition, they proposed a distributed algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) for the energy sharing and coordination. The authors in [24] designed an algorithm based on dual decomposition that solves the energy trading problem in a distributed manner following a distributed convex optimization framework for energy trading among MGs in an arbitrary topology. These MGs interact to exchange energy to minimize the network operational cost. In terms of privacy, each MG only shares its local energy bid with potential sellers, thereby keeping the local cost function and consumption private.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### PCR Assay and Sequencing  
To target the overall bacterial communities, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the primer set F515/R806 [35], further referred to as V4, that was extended with an Illumina platform-specific 5' tag, as described previously [36]. In short, PCR assay conditions encompassed an initial denaturation step at 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min, succeeded by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 45 s, annealing at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 s, and extension at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 90 s, and a final extension step at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min. To unravel the staphylococcal communities in more detail, a 379-bp region of the _tuf_ gene with sufficient discriminatory power to distinguish different CNS species was amplified using primer set Tuf387/765 (Table 1). This primer set has been designed previously, based on a custom database containing 2556 _tuf_ gene sequences, representing 48 staphylococcal species selected from the European Nucleotide Archive of the European Bioinformatics Institute (ENA/EBI), and allows distinguishing staphylococcal communities to species level [33]. The PCR assay conditions comprised an initial denaturation step at 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 min, 25 cycles of denaturation at 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s, annealing at 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 s, and extension at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 min, and a final extension at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 7 min. Next, the amplicons were purified (Wizard Plus SV gel and PCR clean-up system; Promega, Madison, WI, USA), subjected to size selection (Agencourt AMPure XP PCR purification magnetic beads; Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA), and sequenced (Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform; VUB-ULB BRIGHTCore sequencing facility, Jette, Belgium). A mock community (RM3), containing known ratios of _S. carnosus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. quorum, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus homitis, Staphylococcus tubiformis, Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus succinius_, and _S. xylosus_, was used to check the performance of the PCR assays and subsequent sequencing.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Primer** & **Primer Sequence** & **Amplicon Size (bp)** \\ \hline Tuf387 & 5’-YCCAATGCWCWAACKCGTGA-3’ & \\ Tuf765 & 5’-RAYTTGHCCACGCITCAACAC-3’ & 379 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Sequence and amplicon size of the Tuf387/765 primer set.
# Medical Devices for Tremor Suppression: Current Status and Future Directions
## 4 Wearable Orthoses
### Comparing Active, Semi-Active, and Passive Orthoses for Tremor Suppression  
Unlike semi-active and passive orthoses, active orthoses often rely on actuators coupled to a signal transmission system, resulting in their heavy and unwieldy nature. A reduction in the overall weights to improve their wearability is an important research priority. For example, [PERSON] and [PERSON] recently proposed substituting the traditional actuators with the soft and compliant dielectric elastomer stack actuators to enable an orthosis conforming to the human joints [125; 126]. In lieu of the metallic structure of previous orthoses, the BSN-integrated exoskeleton leveraged plastic materials to reduce the weight [105]. By using an MMS to support multiple output applications with one drive motor, the WTSG has a reduced size and weight [98].  
Wearable orthoses are primarily noninvasive in suppressing tremors. However, their safety profile has not been established, because most wearable orthoses were only assessed in small cohorts of patients or at the testbench with data simulation. Furthermore, the small sample size of these studies may undermine the reliability of the data. It is likely that wearable orthoses will become the most widely used medical devices for tremor suppression, given their promising efficacy. Major challenges include developing orthoses that are lightweight and soft in texture, studying the orthotic placement that will result in maximized tremor suppression, and improving the ergonomic design based on the anatomy of the upper limbs. Addressing these questions with further studies should enhance our understanding of the feasibility and practicality of clinically implementing wearable orthoses to suppress tremor.
# A Novel and Adaptive Angle Diversity-Based Receiver for 6G Underground Mining VLC Systems
The proposed solution allows one to improve the performance of the UM-VLC system without the limitation of the knowledge of the receiver orientation with emphasis on the best efficiency of the basic metrics for the evaluation of 6G technologies. Indeed, the proposed solution is evaluated in an UM scenario through computational simulations. Furthermore, it is compared with the pyramidal and herindodecahedral ADRs of fixed PDs and with the ToA method through the received power, BER, and user data rate metrics. Therefore, the main contributions of this work are presented below:  
1. A theoretical analysis and design of an ADR structure with adaptive orientation is proposed in this work. Furthermore, the methodology to estimate the optimum angle of incidence on the receiver, along with its main mathematical expressions, is derived. 2. A feasible and practical solution to improve the reception of the optical signal based on the adaptive orientation of the PDs in an ADR using an incidence angle estimation method through the RSSR tool. 3. The evaluation and performance comparison of the presented solution with other typical receiver structures in an UM-VLC scenario in terms of important possible metrics for 6G technologies; such as received power, BER, and user data rate. The remainder of this article is organized as follows. In Section 2, a brief contextualization of the UM-VLC channel model used is presented. In Section 3, an analysis of the adaptive orientation receiver, its scenario, and the incidence angle estimation method are presented. In Section 4, an evaluation of the solution and its comparison with other receivers in the UM-VLC scenario based on typical communication metrics are presented and discussed. Finally, relevant conclusions are presented in Section 5.
###### Abstract  
Modern infrastructure heavily relies on robust concrete structures, underscoring the critical need for effective monitoring to ensure their safety and durability. This paper addresses this imperative issue by introducing an innovative automated and wireless system for continuous structural monitoring. By employing embedded electrical resistivity sensors coupled with a wireless-based data transmission mechanism, real-time data collection becomes feasible. We provide a general description of the system's architecture and its application in a pilot study covering the effects of the devices on concrete properties and data transmission. The dielectric properties of concrete specimens were investigated under natural and accelerated curing/degradation and the results were used in the final design of the antenna device. Furthermore, a pilot test comprising four reinforced concrete columns was used to investigate the range of data transmission from inside to outside of the concrete, the effects of the hardware device on the compressive strength and concrete distribution in the columns, and the data transmission quality in real time under realistic exposure conditions.  
Keywords:concrete structures; structural monitoring; resistivity; wireless communication +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Formulas and Calculations
#### 2.5.4 Morris Sensitivity Analysis  
In [PERSON] et al. [24], the Morris screening method was used, meaning that a parameter \(x_{i}\) is selected from the research parameters. The parameter is then randomly distributed within the selected range, the model is run separately under each disturbance parameter condition, and the corresponding output result \(y(x)=y(x_{1},\ x_{2},\ x_{3},\ \cdots,\ x_{n})\) is obtained. The influence value \(e_{i}\) is further used to represent the influence of each parameter on the simulation result:  
\[e_{i}=(y_{i}-y)/\Delta i \tag{10}\]  
where \(y_{i}\) is the output value after the parameter change, \(y\) is the output value before the parameter change, and \(\Delta i\) is the change amplitude of parameter \(i\).  
Moreover, the modified Morris rule is used to obtain multiple sensitivity coefficients of the parameters by perturbing the independent variable parameters with fixed step percentage. The average value of the sensitivity coefficients is then used as the result discrimination factor:  
\[SN=\frac{\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\frac{(Y_{i+1}-Y_{i})/Y_{0}}{(P_{i+1}-P_{i})/100}}{n} \tag{11}\]  
where \(SN\) is sensitivity discriminant factor, \(Y_{i+1}\) is the output value of the target variable for the i + 1 run of the model, \(Y_{i}\) is the output value of the target variable for the i run of the model, \(Y_{0}\) is the output value of the target variable when the parameter takes the reference value, \(P_{i+1}\) is the percentage change of the parameters of the i + 1 run of the model compared to the initial value, \(P_{i}\) is the percentage change of the parameters of the i run of the model compared to the initial value, and \(n\) is the model run times.  
According to the value of parameter \(|SN|\), sensitivity can be divided into four categories: \(|SN|\geq 1\), very sensitive parameter; \(0.2\leq|SN|<1\), high sensitive parameters; \(0.05\leq|SN|<0.2\), medium sensitive parameter; \(0\leq|SN|<0.05\), insensitive parameter.
# Wavelength Conversion Enhancement Achieved by Using Resonance in an Array of Nanocylinders
###### Abstract  
Upconversion (UC) materials are promising for harvesting visual light. However, the efficiency of UC processes is very low when applied to practical devices. Therefore, we propose an array of UC nanocylinders on a gold substrate and induce electric dipole (ED) and magnetic dipole (MD) resonances to increase the UC process efficiency by increasing light-matter interactions via the nanostructures. The nanocylinders not only increase the absorption of infrared light with a wavelength of 980 nm but also enhance the emission of visible light with a wavelength of 660 nm through surface plasmons and electric dipole resonances. The absorbance of the UC material can be enhanced by coupling with the surface plasmons and coupling with the MDs of each nanocylinder. On the other hand, the emission of visible light can be largely enhanced by increasing the spontaneous emission rate of the Purcell effect in electric dipole resonances and tailoring the output efficiency of the emitted light. In summary, we obtained an absorption enhancement of \(\times\)7.3, an average effective upward emission enhancement of \(\times\)21, and an improved total UC process of the proposed nanocylinder of \(\times\)155.  
UC material; nanocylinder; Mie resonance Article