# Minimizing the Number of Distrustful Nodes on the Path of IP Packet Transmission
## 1 Introduction
Special issues dedicated to Internet Security, Trust, and Privacy are organized [18]. In the modern world of telecommunications, the problem of routing security is becoming more and more urgent [19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24]. The ability to divert targeted traffic via routing attacks is a new threat to Internet applications [19]. Routing attacks occur in the wild and are becoming increasingly prevalent. Among them are Routing Table Poisoning, when incorrect entries are created in the routing table, and Packet Mistreating Attacks, when the router mistreats the packets after being injected with malicious code. The latter case results in network loops, denial-of-service, and congestion. This form of attack is extremely tough to detect and debug. One of the most dangerous attacks is a sinkhole attack, where some fake node advertises a fake routing update. The authors of [20] systematize modern sinkhole attack detection methods in wireless sensor networks. Both sensor networks and the Internet of Things impose additional challenges for the organization of their security. There are certain problems and influencing factors that must be taken into account when developing a protection system for data transmission in these networks. The main ones are limited computational abilities; ensuring requirements for the limited energy consumption, dimensions, and weight of the equipment; provision of data transmission in real time; ensuring the requirements for the cost; problems of encryption on regular transmissions; and a change in environmental conditions that affects the quality of data transmissions such as weather conditions, electromagnetic noise, temperature, etc. [16; 25; 26; 27]. The secure and Quality of Service (QoS) routing in MANETs is presented in [23]. When constructing the path, it is taken into account whether the nodes exhibit various packet forwarding misbehaviors. It is recommended to use intelligent rules to make decisions in routing where the environment is unreliable, unpredictable, and dynamic. Another example of secure and QoS routing in MANET is given in [28]. The authors propose the use of a combined criterion of global and local trust, when choosing the next node for packet transmission. The trust measurement approach is based on information about packets that have previously been routed through the network, as well as the certain properties of a particular node. Since the method is developed for MANETs and relies only on information from the network to classify nodes, it cannot be extended to use in WANs. An extensive literature review on modern secure routing mechanisms for the low-powered IoT network is given in [24]. The paper analyzes the research challenges of the Internet of Things; considers various types of network attacks in WSN-IoT infrastructures; and identifies blockchain, cryptography algorithms, and artificial intelligence as the most trending WSN-IoT security methods. The failure of nodes and channels in communication networks is also a serious problem and requires fast re-routing [29]. Known versions of the modified Dijkstra algorithm are adapted to avoid certain routers or channels (nodes or edges) on the path to the destination. All of these modifications are for when these routers or links are either completely inoperable or their hardware and/or software components are malfunctioning. The innovative approach of our work consists of the fact that the distrustful nodes we consider are able to fully and correctly perform the functions of transmitting packets. However, we suspect that, in terms of their administrative support, they do not guarantee the security of the data transmitted through them. So, this is a new approach to problem formulation and, accordingly, it requires a new approach to its implementation. Common to these two approaches (known and proposed) is that, if a packet can be transmitted without the involvement of a faulty or distrustful node, it will be delivered without its involvement.