# An Analysis of the Supply of Open Government Data
## 4 Results  
We estimated our model with a set of different independent variables for a robustness check of our analysis. Our estimation technique used ordinary least squares with heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors [65; 66; 67; 68]. This technique allows having credible estimates of the probability distribution functions of the marginal effects \(\beta_{i}\) associated with the independent variable \(X_{i}\) and, therefore, credible hypothesis testing. Table 1 shows our empirical results, with each column considering different econometric specifications. Model I used our basic set of explanatory variables described in Equation (2). Model II incorporated an interaction term between democracy and Internet penetration, which allowed us to test if the quality of democracy leads to a differentiated response of countries to an increase in the demand of Internet services. Model III expanded Model II by incorporating geographical dummies. Model IV incorporated dummies related to the world's distribution of income, and Model V incorporated geographical and global income distribution dummies. Our estimates showed that cross-country differences in governance and social institutions, such as civil liberties, the quality of democracy, and the degree of government transparency, are statistically significant predictors of cross-country differences in the supply of open government data. To see this (as shown in Table 1), note that all models show that the marginal effect of liberty on the supply of open government data is positive and statistically significant (When we refer to the marginal effects of a change of one variable and the variable of the GODI, this should be interpreted as a probabilistic marginal effect that the increase of one variable is correlated with increases or reductions, depending on the sign of the coefficient, the variable of the GODI. Hence, our analysis does not show causality, but a probabilistic correlation) (at different levels of value \(p\)). In addition, the government's transparency also has a marginal positive and statistically significant effect on the supply of open government data in Models I, II, and III, while the coefficient of the quality of democracy is statistically significant in Models II, III, IV, and V (see Table 1), and the interaction term between democracy and the penetration of users of the Internet is positive and statistically significant in all models in which we considered this interaction term. In addition, our variable that captured changes in the demand of web resources--that is, the variable of penetration of users in our model, or the proportion of Internet users over the country's population--is positively and statistically significant in all of our estimated models. In Models II, III, IV, and V, we included an interaction term to test whether differences in the quality of democracy lead to different responses by governments to changes in the demand of use of the Internet, termed Dem*Penetration. The marginal effect of the interaction term is positive and statistically significant in all of our models in which we used this variable. That is to say, all countries in the sample have a marginal positive response in the supply of open government data when they observe increases in the demand of Internet services, but countries with higher qualities of democracy supply more open government data than countries with weaker democracies. This result confirms that governance is an important determinant of the cross-country differences in the supply of open government data. However, in our models, political participation and the sociodemographic characteristic of citizens (in our models, the average age of citizens) were not statistically significant in any of the estimated models.