esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Techniques for Distal Broken Tibial Nail Extraction
### The Fenestration Extraction Method
#### 3.6.2 Tibial Cortical Windowing and Retrograde Levering  
Removal of broken nails may require the use of a window in the tibial cortex to directly reach the broken segment. After performing the fenestration, the broken nail can be either extracted directly or it can be impacted and removed through the proximal incision  
Figure 17: Retrograde 3 mm ball-tipped guide wire through the opening in the medial malleolus. (**a**) Fenestration of the medial malleolus. (**b**) Pushing the wire through the tibial canal until it exits. (**c**) Pulling out of the broken nail.  
(Figure 18). This method can be a solution, especially for the retrieval of short, broken solid tibial nails.  
[PERSON] et al. described a technique in which the short distal fragment of a broken solid femoral intramedullary nail was removed with the use of retrograde levering through a cortical window, just proximal to the articular surface. The window was used for anterograde nail removal with a small Hohmann retractor serving as a guide [37]. The same principle can be applied to the extraction of a tibial nail, solid or cannulated.  
During the tibial cortical windowing and retrograde levering process, there may be challenges such as the risk of damaging surrounding structures during the bone window creation, difficulty in securely removing the broken nail, especially if it is impacted, and the risk of local complications. Additionally, the retrograde levering technique may require a high level of skill and experience and may pose difficulty in positioning the Hohmann retractor properly. Moreover, there may be a risk of damage to the articular surface during the removal of the broken nail.
# Dynamic Performance Analysis for an Absorption Chiller under Different Working Conditions
## 3 Modelling
### Energy Conservation
#### 3.3.2 Condenser  
For the condenser, the heat coming from the refrigerant condensation process is taken away by the cooling water (point 18, 19), and there also exists thermal inertia, as depicted in Figure 3.  
(1) The internal heat exchange between the working fluids and the heat exchanger is:  
\[Q_{c,int}=m_{l,c}\cdot h_{1}+m_{l,c}\cdot h_{2}-MCp_{c}\cdot\frac{dT_{2}}{dt} \tag{22}\]  
\[MCp_{c}=M_{l,c}\cdot Cp_{2}+MCp_{c,con} \tag{23}\]  
\[Q_{c,int}=UA_{int,c}\cdot(T_{2}-T_{ln,c}) \tag{24}\]  
where \(Q_{c,int}\) is the internal heat exchange rate in the condenser, kW; \(MCp_{c}\) is the thermal capacities of the refrigerant storage and the container in the condenser, kJ/K; \(MCp_{c,con}\) is the product of the container mass and its specific heat in the condenser, kJ/K; \(UA_{int,c}\) is the product of the internal heat transfer coefficient and internal heat transfer area in the condenser, kW/K; \(T_{ln,c}\) is the uniform temperature of the heat exchanger in the condenser, \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Because part of the condensation heat is not transferred to the outside, but stored by the refrigerant liquid storage and the container, the symbol of the last item in Equation (22) is minus.  
Figure 3: The energy flow diagram in the condenser.  
(2) The external heat exchange equations are:  
\[Q_{c,ext}=UA_{ext,c}\cdot LMTD_{ext,c} \tag{25}\]  
\[LMTD_{ext,c}=\frac{(T_{hx,c}-T_{18})-(T_{hx,c}-T_{19})}{\ln(\frac{T_{hx,c}-T_{18 }}{T_{hx,c}-T_{19}})} \tag{26}\]  
\[Q_{c,ext}=Vol_{c}\cdot\rho_{wa,c}\cdot C\rho_{wa}\cdot(T_{19}-T_{18}) \tag{27}\]  
where \(Q_{c,ext}\) is the external heat exchange rate in the condenser, kW; \(UA_{ext,c}\) is the product of the external heat transfer coefficient and external heat transfer area in the condenser, kW/K; \(LMTD_{ext,g}\) is the external logarithmic mean temperature difference in the condenser, \({}^{\circ}\)C; \(Vol_{c}\) is the volumetric flow rate of the cooling water in point 18, m\({}^{3}\)/h; \(\rho_{wa,c}\) is the density of the cooling water under its inlet temperature \(T_{18}\), kg/m\({}^{3}\); \(T_{18}\) is the cooling water inlet temperature of the condenser, \({}^{\circ}\)C; \(T_{19}\) is the cooling water outlet temperature of the condenser, \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
(3) The thermal energy stored on the body of the heat exchanger is:  
\[Q_{c,int}-Q_{c,ext}=MC\rho_{hx,c}\cdot\frac{dT_{hx,c}}{dt} \tag{28}\]  
where \(MC\rho_{hx,c}\) is the product of the heat exchanger mass and its specific heat in the condenser, kJ/K.  
The thermal capacity in the economizer is ignored, and its product of the heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer area \(UA_{X\text{s}}\) is assumed to be constant [16; 25; 26].
## 6 Conclusions  
The SDMT Vs profiles obtained in the L'Aquila area enabled the reconstruction of a reference subsurface model for 1D and 2D seismic response analyses. The site response analysis presented in this study accurately represents the complexity of the geotechnical conditions, including heterogeneous stratifications, granular deposits, and velocity inversion in the \(\rm V_{S}\) profiles. The SDMT Vs profiles effectively capture these variations and serve as a reliable and efficient tool to study aspects such as velocity inversion, which is still under discussion in the field.  
The results show that approximating the Vs profile using the simplified procedures proposed by the 2018 Italian Building Code leads to incorrect estimates of seismic action.  
During the post-event period, it is common to hear the statement, 'the characteristics of the seismic action were unexpected'. However, before an event, it is rarely said that 'the soil properties and a realistic subsurface model played a crucial role in understanding local amplifications and the scattered distribution of seismic effects'. For these reasons, using the subsoil category as a simplified procedure for rapid estimation may be an overly simplistic and not sufficiently rigorous approach to assessing the seismic implications for buildings. As knowledge about potential vulnerabilities continues to evolve with ongoing research and lessons learned from seismic events, hospital and university institutions should regularly reassess the condition of their buildings, taking into account complex issues like those discussed in this study.  
In conclusion, to ensure the continuous performance of essential structures, it is necessary for codes to include an 'inspection' program that monitors their safety and provides structural corrective actions throughout the life of the structure. Such actionsshould be a requirement from the design stage for new projects to maximise operational continuity, thus avoiding prolonged interruptions due to post-seismic inspections.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The author is grateful to the Regional Hospital \"S. Salvatore\" and to the University of L'Aquila for providing the data required to produce this work.  
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
# Theory and Design of Blink Jamming
## 1 Introduction
Formation jamming allows for the creation of these effects while also using existing  
Figure 1: The lobe positions of (**a**) lobe-on-receive-only, and (**b**) conical-scan-receive-only antenna systems [6]. Figure 2: The lobe positions of the individual beams of a monopulse antenna [6]. jamming systems on modern military platforms. This combination of characteristics makes a detailed understanding of formation jamming and how to design effective attacks using it highly desirable. Unfortunately, there is little open literature on the subject of formation jamming outside brief mentions in a few text books, [6] and [8], that the technique exists and several conference papers that are limited to high-level modelling of the technique [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. In order to advance the scientific understanding of formation jamming this paper provides a theoretical analysis of formation jamming in a two source configuration against an amplitude comparison monopulse radar. This engagement scenario is then modelled and the results explored using continuous jamming sources, a blink attack, and an amplitude modulated blink attack. The results were validated using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation of the monopulse receiver in a testbed that emulates the desired jamming signals. The validated results were then used to develop guidance on effective use of these countermeasures.
## 2 Related Work
### Experiment Setup for the Investigation of the Impact of Attenuation on the Packet Error Rate  
Experiments for PER investigation are widely used for the sensitivity measurement of the sensor node, such as in [39], in which the behavior of the AS3933 LFPM was measured using an RF generator to generate the RF wake-up packet (Wupt) pattern, which was directly fed into the hardware to analyze WuRx performance.  
In this work, the hardware of the WuRx node was composed of a SPIRIT1 transceiver that sent the WUC signals to the COTS WuRx with an integrated LFPM AS3933. Both the radio and COTS WuRx hardware were attached to a Texas Instrument microcontroller MSP430G2553, as shown in Figure 7.  
To control the attenuation level, a digital RF attenuator ADAURA was included between the WuTx and the WuRx. This digital attenuator was tested with the continuous wave (CW) mode of the SPIRIT1 transceiver that was attached to a spectrum analyzer, as shown in Figure 8, and it was accurate with a \(\pm 0.25\) dB maximum variation. The configuration specifications of the attenuator are shown in Table 2.  
Two experiments were launched to test the PER variation in the WuRx and the SPIRIT1 radio transceiver. Because different radio ships were used in the experiment, the link budget varied from one hardware to another; the maximum attenuation range of the RF digital attenuator was \(95\,\mathrm{dB}\).  
SPIRIT1 communication profiles use frequency shift key (FSK) modulation with \(38.4\) kbits\({}^{-1}\). According to [40], the sensitivity limit of SPIRIT1 when the integrated switched mode power supply (SMPS) is off is around \(-109\) dBm. To reach this level of sensitivity, a drop in the transmission power was configured in the SPIRIT1 radio ship, see Table 2. The minimum result link budget was \(LB_{min}=-114\) dBm.  
To reach the lowest power consumption of the LFPM AS3933, an internal RC oscillator was used with an 18.72 kHz frequency; typical AS3933 sensitivity is 80 \(\mu\)V\({}_{\rm RMS}\). Theoretically, the sensitivity level can reach \(-\)65 dBm; according to Table 2, \(LB_{min}=-\)69 dBm.  
Figure 8: Attenuation accuracy test using continuous wave mode in SPIRIT1 transceiver.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Specifications** & **Value** \\ \hline
**Attenuation step size (dB)** & 0.5 \\
**Operating frequency (MHz)** & 868 \\
**WuRx attenuation range (dB)** & from 53 to 80 \\
**SPIRIT1 attenuation range (dB)** & from 62 to 80 \\
**SPIRIT1 Tx power using WuRx** (dBm) & 11 \\
**SPIRIT1 Tx power without using WuRx** & \(-\)34 \\
**(dBm)** & 50 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Configuration parameters of the ADAURA radio frequency digital attenuator.  
Figure 7: Photograph of WuRx node RF shield on the bottom and MSP430 launchpad on the top.
# Risk-Based Cybersecurity Compliance Assessment System (RC2 AS)
## 3 Background and Related Work
### Saudi Arabia Security, Frameworks Maturity, and Standards
Table 1 presents a comparative analysis of related studies for cybersecurity compliance and the maturity model, for both international and national standards, in terms of the general idea and the technique used; the focus areas were both international or national, the followed standard, and if the proposed solution included ECC. This enabled the organization to measure the maturity level of cybersecurity among the international and Saudi standards using a user self-assessment tool. Part of the presented maturity models was based on international standards, for instance, those [9; 18; 20; 23; 24]. To improve cybersecurity in Saudi Arabia other approaches were presented [39; 41; 42]. The table shows the rest of the comparisons. Although there are many existing attempts to propose compliance assessment tools and maturity models, there is an apparent absence of studies that highlight the compliance assessment process of the NCA-ECC. Therefore, due to the shortage in the related literature and the importance for organizations to comply with the security regulations in Saudi Arabia, this research takes the existing ECC cybersecurity compliance process as a baseline to build a comprehensive and customized risk-based cybersecurity compliance assessment system (RC2 AS). As a result, RC2 AS provides an accurate cybersecurity assessment that reflects the organization's current status considering its domain and risk ranges. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref. ** & **General Idea** & **Approach Used** & **Focus Area** & **Standards** & **NCA-ECC? ** \\ \hline \hline  & Present a five-level maturity model that assesses twenty-three areas, which include the twenty-two categories of & Compared the scales and domains evaluated by different maturity models to identify the gap in NIST CSF. & International & NIST CSF & \\
[9] & NIST CSF and the compliance & Compared the scales and domains evaluated by different maturity models to identify the gap in NIST CSF. & International & ISO27001 & No \\  & &
## 3 Experimental Results
### Measurement Results
The top curve shows the junction response to an RF signal at 155 GHz, demonstrating a critical current \(I_{c}\approx\) 1.52 mA. The estimated electrical NEP for the detector is \(\sim\)1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-12}\) W\(\cdot\)Hz\({}^{-1/2}\). The RF current, \(I_{RF}\),  
Figure 14: I-V **(top figure)** and dI/dV **(bottom figure)** characteristics measured at 60 K for antenna with a 4.6 \(\upmu\)m wide matching strip, without a lens. can be estimated to be \(\sim\)0.1 mA, thus the voltage responsivity \(\eta(V)\approx\) 40 kV\(\cdot\)W\({}^{-1}\). The Shapiro step at 0.32 mV indicates the presence of electromagnetic radiation at \(\sim\)155 GHz. The dI/dV characteristics (bottom curve Figure 16) show the junction RF response for signals at various frequency values. The high peak at 155 GHz demonstrates the high correlation between simulation and experimental results. It is clear that the performance of the antenna with 5.4 \(\upmu\)m wide matching strips is inferior to the performances of the first antenna. This is most likely due to a combination of two reasons: the 4.6 \(\upmu\)m width is the optimal design for minimal reflection coefficient, as seen in Figure 11, and the quality of the Josephson junction is not as high as the previous one. This results also in low quality data measured without a lens for this antenna. Figure 15: I-V (**top figure**) and dI/dV (**bottom figure**) characteristics measured at 60 K for an antenna with a 4.6 \(\upmu\)m wide matching strip, with a Si lens.
## 2 Survey of Commercial Small Platforms
### Passive Microwave
#### 3.1.4 Receiver: Automatic Identification System (AIS)  
Although not an EO technique, Automatic identification systems (AIS) could also be a potential technology for emergency and management for the Copernicus services. AIS is an automatic tracking system used by ships and vessel traffic services. The AIS is a standardized receiver using two channels in the maritime VHF band. It has a positioning system with electronic navigation sensors such as a gyrocompass or rate of turn indicator. The main advantages of this system are the accuracy of the position, course, and speed information. Additionally, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has normative guidelines to put AIS on board for all passenger ships larger than 300 GT. Additionally, the latency can be reduced thanks to an update rate of \(\sim\)3 min. In addition, it is suitable for nano-satellites [58] (low size, low power, low weight, and these can be translated into low system cost) (Table 15).
# Analysis of the Channel Influence to Power Line Communications Based on ITU-T G.9904 (PRIME)
## 1 Introduction
At the same time research is ongoing at a number of locations, but the knowledge about this frequency range remains limited.\" Report [14] (p. 72) requires further investigation: \"Further investigations on EMI in the frequency range 2-150 kHz appear as being of interest.\"  
The need for further investigations and the scarcity of studies in the frequency range where PRIME is used lead to a research line in which many channel characteristics are analyzed and their effects on standard PLC technologies are evaluated. This research has a broader scope than other studies found in the literature, not being limited to a single type of channel distortion as compared to [9]. On the contrary, it encloses simultaneously different channel responses and different noise patterns, which are analyzed, compared and related in the same study environment, and their influence on LV PLC performance is assessed. Moreover, unlike previous research about periodic impulsive noise [9; 10], the parameters that define the characteristics of the noise are configurable and this way, the obtained results can be applied to a wider casuistic. Finally, the simulations are based on a realistic fully PRIME compliant software (SW) platform that includes the same physical layer available in commercial hardware (HW) devices, which gives the study a point of view closer to practical implementations as compared to [11].
# Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids: A Review on Prediction Models, Controversies and Challenges
## 3 Parameters That Affect Thermal Conductivity
### Nanoparticles (NPs)
#### 3.1.3 Shape  
Different shapes of NPs were tested in theoretical and experimental studies with NFs: spherical, cylindrical, rod, banana-shaped, nearly rectangular, brick, platelet, and blade shapes. The results obtained indicate that particles with larger aspect ratios contribute to the enhancement of the thermal conductivity, since thermal penetration increases and the adverse effects of interfacial thermal resistance on heat transfer are reduced. On the other hand, when the particles have a small sphericity factor, the thermal conductivity is not enhanced [5; 26]. [PERSON] et al. [34] observed a greater increase in the thermal conductivity values of water-based TiO\({}_{2}\) NFs when using rod-shape NPs than when using spherical NPs. [PERSON] et al. [35] obtained similar results when comparing spherical and nearly rectangular-shaped ZnO NPs. [PERSON] et al. [36] compared NFs with four different shapes of Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)NPs and concluded that the NF with higher thermal conductivity value was the one with cylindrical NPs, followed by the one with brick shape NPs. In addition, the NFs with blade shape and platelet shape particles presented similar values and were also the lower ones among the testing group. [PERSON] et al. [37] investigated the increase of the thermal conductivity using Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT)of different lengths, obtaining greater values for the NFs with the longest nanotubes.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Fish Maintenance and Exposures  
Pairs of adult zebrafish (AB strain) were cultured in an aquarium tank under a constant photoperiod (14:10 h light/dark) and temperature (28 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C). Zebrafish were fed twice daily with a fixed amount of newly hatched brine shrimp (_Artemia nauplin_) and mosquito larvae. Zebrafish eggs were collected from adult zebrafish pair (five female and five male fish per tank with five replicates). Fertilized eggs were sterilized with 0.3% hydrogen peroxide, one of the methods to prevent fungal and bacterial egg infection [24], and rinsedthoroughly with dechlorinated tap water. Once these fertilized eggs reached the blastula stage (2 h post fertilization), they were exposed to Vegetable HD (0%, 0.0006%, 0.0006%, 0.06%, and 0.6% [\(v\)/\(v\)]) and PHMG-H (0, 0.004, 0.04, 4, and 40 mg/L) for 7 d following OECD test guideline 236 with minor modification [25]. Twenty embryos were placed in each well of a 24-well plate, and there were four replicate plates for each exposure concentration. The highest concentration of PHMG-H (40 mg/L) was based on the amount of PHMG-H contained in Vegetable HD (6920 ug/mL), as reported in previous studies [9]. During the experimental period, the dead organisms were removed as soon as possible, and the remaining solution was renewed every 24 h.  
The endpoints related to the acute lethality and the retardation of development, including coagulation of embryo (24 h), non-formation of somite (24 h), absence of active heartbeat (48 h), non-detachment of the tail (48 h), and the presence of malformation (24 h\(\sim\)96 h) were recorded using a stereoscopic microscope. Hatchability (48 h\(\sim\)7 d, every 24 h), time to hatch (48 h\(\sim\)7 d, every 24 h), larval survival (7 d), and body length (7 d) were also observed. All fish were maintained in accordance with the animal care guidelines [26] and treated humanely.  
On the 7 th day of fish exposure, ten zebrafish larvae with four replicates were randomly collected for the measurement of gene transcription. Whole bodies of zebrafish larvae were preserved in 250 \(\mu\)L RNAlater reagent (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) at \(-\)80 \({}^{\circ}\)C until analysis. Additional sets of exposure were performed to measure THs. A total of 600 larvae (150 larvae per treatment with four replicates) were collected and stored at \(-\)80 \({}^{\circ}\)C until analysis.
# Supercapacitor-Based Energy Storage in Elevators to Improve Energy Efficiency of Buildings
## 5 Simulation Results
### Real Traffic Data  
The simulation test was performed with real traffic data obtained during the field measurement at the faculty elevator. The speed setpoint, load, and power consumption were measured for one day. The measured speed setpoint and load profile were the inputs to the simulation model. The simulation results for randomly selected 7 min of traffic data are shown in Figures 15 and 16. The speed setpoint and load profile during the selected 7-min interval are shown in Figure 15a. It can be seen that there were twelve elevator trips with different loads during the selected interval. The initial voltage of the SC was set to 200 V.  
The total energy consumption during the selected 7-min interval of the elevator system without EESS was 895 kJ, while the energy consumption of the elevator system with EESS  
Figure 14: Simulation results for two consecutive regenerative trips. (**a**) DC bus voltage. (**b**) SC bank power and braking resistor power. (**c**) Voltage and current of the SC bank.  
was 581 kJ. Thus, an energy saving of 35% was achieved with the EESS. In addition, the peak power of the elevator system without EESS was 14.7 kW, while the peak power of the elevator system with EESS was 11.5 kW, resulting in a peak power reduction of 22%.  
The input power of the elevator system with and without EESS is shown in Figure (b)b. The use of EESS reduced the power consumption from the grid. From 600 s to 630 s, the SC bank was discharged, so it could not reduce the power consumption from the grid for this particular elevator trip.  
The DC bus voltage is shown in Figure (a)a. It can be observed that, in some cases, the voltage on the DC bus increased to 720 V, which means that the SC bank could not store all the available regenerative energy and there was a power dissipation at the braking resistor.  
The power of the SC bank and the power of the braking resistor are shown in Figure (b)b. It can be seen that the SC bank was not able to store the current regenerative energy at some moments, resulting in power dissipation at the braking resistor. The SC bank was not able to store all the energy due to the low voltage of the SC bank and the current limiting the maximum power value at lower voltages.  
The voltage and current of the SC bank are shown in Figure 16. It can be seen that the SC bank was emptied to the lower limit and its current was, at times, at the limit.  
Figure 15: Simulation results for real traffic data. (**a**) Elevator speed setpoint and mass of the load. (**b**) Input power.