## 3 Results and Analysis
### Data Diversity Analysis  
The PCoA examination of corn straw silage at the class level is shown in Figure 2. Noteworthy contrasts were seen within the microbial community structure between new and silage tests. After 30 and 60 days of ensiling, the microbial community structure of the XE group showed no noteworthy contrasts, showing that the microbial community structure within the XE treatment group remained steady all through the whole aging process. In contrast, the microbial communities in the CK, LP, and CE groups showed significant changes, with the CK group exhibiting the most pronounced shifts. After 60 days of silage, a larger degree of dispersion was observed among the three replicates of the LP  
Figure 1: Impacts of different added substances on \(\alpha\)-diversity of microorganisms in corn stover silage. The figure shows the significant differences between the selected two groups of samples and marks the two groups with significant differences (\(0.01<p\leq 0.05\) marked as \({}^{*}\), \(0.001<p\leq 0.01\) marked as \({}^{**}\), \(p\leq 0.001\) marked as \({}^{***}\)). The \(x\)-axis shows the group names, and the \(y\)-axis shows the values of each group’s pointers. FM: fresh material; CK1: CK aging for 30 days; CK2: CK maturation for 60 days; LP1: LP maturation for 30 days; LP2: LP aging for 60 days; CE1: LPC2 maturation for 30 days; CE2: LPC2 maturation for 60 days; XE1: LPC22 aging for 30 days; XE2: LPC2 maturation for 60 days. These two numbers are the same. (**A**) Microbial diversity (Ace) of corn straw under different treatment groups, (**B**) Microbial diversity (Chao) of corn straw under different treatment groups, (**C**) Microbial diversity (Shannon) of corn straw under different treatment groups, (**D**) Microbial diversity (Simpson) of corn straw under different groups. group, indicating considerable variation in the microbial community structure distribution across different replicates in the LP group after 60 days of fermentation. Effects of Different Additives on Microbial Community Phylum Level and Genus Level of Corn Straw Silage  
Figure 3A,B show the changes within the microbial community structure at the phylum level for different additive-treated groups after corn straw silage. As shown within the figures, the microbial communities in corn straw silage from different aging periods were dominated by the phylum Firmicutes, followed by Proteobacteria, with other phyla showing generally lower bacterial abundance. After 60 days of silage, the relative abundance of Firmicutes had increased within the CK and LP groups compared to 30 days of silage (\(p<0.05\)). Within the CE2 group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was essentially lower than that within the CE1 group (\(p<0.05\)), whereas no significant changes were seen within  
Figure 2: Effects of different additives on \(\beta\)-diversity of corn stalk silage. Note: FM, fresh material; CK1, CK silage fermented for 30 days; CK2, CK silage fermented for 60 days; LP1, LP silage fermented for 30 days; LP2, LP silage fermented for 60 days; CE1, LPC2 silage fermented for 30 days; CE2, LPC2 silage fermented for 60 days; XE1, LPCE2 silage fermented for 30 days; XE2, LPC2 silage fermented for 60 days. he ellipse represents the within-group differences. the XE group (\(p>0.05\)). Figure 3C,D show the changes within the microbial community structure at the class level, which are completely different to the additive-treated groups after corn straw silage. As shown within the figures, after 60 days of silage, _Lactobacillus_ was the foremost class in all treatment groups, except for the CE group. The second most abundant class in these groups was the unclassified_f_Alcaligenaceae_, and the third was _Paenibacillus_. After 60 days of silage, the relative abundance of _Lactobacillus_ within the CK, LP, CE, and XE groups accounted for 97.33%, 76.44%, 50.97%, and 65.63%, respectively.