# Advances in the Study of Bioactive Compounds and
## 4 Health Benefits and Nutraceutical Properties
These compounds have been shown to modulate various inflammatory pathways and mediators. For instance, in vitro studies using macrophage cell lines have demonstrated that goji berry polysaccharides can suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-\(\alpha\) (TNF-\(\alpha\)) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [84]. The mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of goji berries appear to involve multiple pathways. These include inhibition of nuclear factor-\(\kappa\)B (NF-\(\kappa\)B) activation, a key regulator of inflammatory gene expression, and modulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity, an enzyme involved in the production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandandins [85]. While human studies on the anti-inflammatory effects of goji berries are limited, some preliminary data suggest potential benefits. For example, a small clinical trial in older adults found that daily consumption of goji berry juice for 30 days led to a reduction in serum levels of C-reactive protein, a marker of systemic inflammation [86]. **Immunomodulatory properties. ** The immunomododulatory properties of goji berries, particularly their polysaccharides, have been a subject of considerable research interest. These effects are characterized by the ability to enhance various aspects of immune function, potentially contributing to improved defense against infections and certain chronic diseases [87]. In vitro studies have demonstrated that goji berry polysaccharides can stimulate the proliferation and activity of various immune cells, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells. These polysaccharides have also been shown to enhance the production of immunoglobulins and cytokines involved in immune regulation [88]. The mechanisms underlying the immunomododulatory effects of goji berries are complex and not fully elucidated. However, they are thought to involve the activation of various signaling pathways, including the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. **Neuroprotective effects. ** The potential neuroprotective effects of goji berries have garnered significant attention, particularly in the context of age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases [89]. Research suggests that LBPs can promote neural regeneration and repair. They have been found to increase the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, which are crucial for maintaining and repairing the nervous system. This property could be particularly beneficial in cases of neurodegeneration or stroke-induced neural injury [90]. LBPs interact with various signaling pathways, including VEGF, Rho/ROCK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Nrf2/HO-1, and AGEs/RAGE. These interactions contribute to reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis while promoting neuroprotection [91]. Goji berries could also influence cellular processes such as autophagy and apoptosis, which are crucial for maintaining neuronal health and function. While the potential neuroprotective effects of goji berries are promising, it is important to note that many studies have been conducted in vitro or in animal models. More human clinical trials are needed to fully understand the extent and mechanisms of these effects in the human brain. The bioavailability of LBPs in the body is relatively low, which has led to research into novel delivery methods to enhance their effectiveness. These include multicompartment delivery systems and scaffolds, which may improve the absorption and utilization of these beneficial compounds. **Anticancer potential. ** The high antioxidant capacity of goji fruit plays a crucial role in neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a significant factor in cancer development as it can lead to DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein alteration. By mitigating these effects, goji berries help protect cells from malignant transformation [92; 93].