# Review of GIS-Based Applications for Mining: Planning, Operation, and Environmental Management
## 4 Mine Operation Using GIS
### Decision-Support Systems  
GIS functions based on a spatial database and 3D visualization can also be used to manage mine data and make a high-quality mining decision for effective mining operations.  
[PERSON] et al. [39] designed a Longruan GIS platform to control and monitor mine disasters induced by high crustal stress, gas thickness, and seepage water pressure in an underground coal mine. Roadway, 3D geological, and working face modeling were performed based on an irregular triangulated network using a geomechanical parameter database, which was related to hydrogeological, gas distribution, crustal stress, rock mechanical, and rock classification data. Then, rock stability and dynamic disasters were evaluated through the computation program of the application to provide support design and rescue measurements to users.  
Figure 12: Three-dimensional Fresnel index overlay maps for favorable transmitter combination analysis: (**a**) combination of transmitters 6 and 15; (**b**) combination of transmitters 3, 8, and 13; and (**c**) combination of transmitters 3, 6, 8, and 13 [38].  
[PERSON] et al. [40] proposed a GIS-based monitoring and management system for underground coal mining safety. In this system, a database and metadata management system was designed to record details on mine accidents, as well as the working and operating conditions of underground workers and equipment. Various functions, including air velocity distribution analysis, thematic representations, and emergency route analysis, have been provided to users to support decision-making within a web-based GIS environment.  
[PERSON] et al. [41] suggested a dynamic ore-blending management system for effective mine production monitoring and shovel dispatching. In this system, a spatial database is constructed, which includes the coordinate data of the holes, boundaries of muck-piles, ore grade of holes, and shovel data, and the isolines of the ore grade and location of each shovel are displayed on the open-pit mine map. Through the ore weighting and truck dispatching system based on the GPS and GPRS, dispatchers could analyze the amount and average grade of ore produced in real time and control ore productivity by dispatching shovels and trucks according to the daily ore-blending plan.  
[PERSON] et al. [42] developed an enterprise GIS system, which was implemented with distributed desktop applications throughout an entire mining company for active mine data analysis and management. There are three types of use levels in the system: (1) operators can generate and retrieve georeferenced information, mine and civil maps, and employee and equipment databases; (2) users can convert the basic maps into digital formats and generate map features and thematic maps; and (3) company exectives can analyze mining activities through map queries and make decisions concerning mine operation optimization. This study also elaborated on the implementation strategy of this system at each mine development phase.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [43] presented a 3D mine prototype to establish a 3D spatial database and a 3D model of subsurface objects, such as mine structures and ore bodies in Ghana. A GIS-based 3D tetrahedron model was introduced to represent the 3D underground mine model. This study delineated the type of spatial data produced during mine development and operation, and suggested integrating spatial data with a 3D model for a comprehensive understanding of mine operation.