## 1 Introduction  
Population expansion and rapid urbanization result in larger, more crowded cities, as well as an increasing municipal solid waste output. Every year, sixty-two million tons of debris are produced in India [1, 2]. Plastic materials account for 5.6 million tons of garbage. Annually, around 60% of this is recycled. Furthermore, 11.9 million metric tons of the 43 million tons of solid waste generated are recycled. However, although the figures appear to be encouraging, a key issue in the recycling sector is trash categorization prior to recycling or other effluent treatment operations. In the current scenario, technology has been overwhelmed in several domains where the focus is to develop a smart system that can benefit end users at each step. However, new smart bin technology has radically benefitted the recycling industry [3]. Computer vision could offer an inexpensive means of sustainable classification by identifying, classifying, and separating waste from massive dumps of rubbish and junk [3, 4, 5, 6]. Smart city waste management technology, just like various smart technologies often used to improve municipal services, may employ Internet of Things (IoT) sensors to supply public works personnel with relevant information about garbage and recycling containers around the city. The Environment Protection Act of 1986 empowered the federal government to control all types of trash and to address specific concerns that may exist in every region of India. The state administration has the authority under the Act to ensure precautions are taken to safeguard and protect the natural atmosphere. Such efforts include the creation of manuals, rules, or instructions pertaining to pollution prevention, control, or remediation. It can be said that recycling is a vital activity to maintain a healthy and environmentally friendly milieu and has become a necessary component to maintain a sustainable system. However, there is a significant downside to the entire recycling process associated with the selection, classification, and processing of recyclable products. Even though many people nowadays can sort their own garbage, they may find it difficult to decide which waste category is appropriate when it comes to the disposal of various items. Similarly, the recycling industry is thriving in India as residents become more aware of the benefits of utilizing recycled goods to minimize natural resource depletion as well as for reducing landfill waste. People are eager to utilize more recycled items, as well as to participate in helping the environment through the recycling of their garbage [7]. As a result, additional garbage must be diverted to recycling companies, which can only be accomplished by applying efficient segregation. Non-recyclable debris is handled through procedures such as dumping, burning, and plasma gasification only after the waste sorting process [8; 9]. This sorting process eliminates elements that, when burned or buried, may degrade the quality of the local water bodies, soil, or air. As a means of disposing of solid waste, we mostly use landfilling and incineration as disposal methods. Hand-picking became impossible as the volume of rubbish expanded in tandem with population growth. Although the Indian government and some organizations have made significant attempts to enhance waste management systems, this remains a major issue in every country, especially in urban areas. In recent times, the trend has emerged to develop autonomous recycling methods, which can be particularly beneficial in today's technology-driven and information-based society. It can provide both ecological and fiscal benefits for the end users. Additionally, the recycling process has changed the approach to environmental sustainability and forced researchers to devise new methods to determine the most effective techniques.