esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results  
### Experimental Platforms  
In this paper, relevant experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method and to evaluate the model performance. The parameters of the LED bulbs used in the transmitter side of the experiment are shown in Table 1. The technical parameters of the illumination used at the receiving end are shown in Table 2.  
Figure 3 shows the experimental platform constructed in this paper, the size of the experimental platform is 1 m \(\times\) 1 m \(\times\) 1 m, and the four LED lights A, B, C, and D are suspended at the top, with the position coordinates of (0.75, 0.25, 1), (0.25, 0.25, 1), (0.25, 0.75, 1), (0.75, 0.75, 1), and (0.75, 0.75, 1), in units of'm', respectively. The illuminance meter is used as a signal receiver and is placed in the positioning area at the bottom of the platform.  
In this paper, the fingerprint database is constructed by selecting a total of 441 reference points of 21 \(\times\) 21 on the receiving plane of 1 m \(\times\) 1 m at the bottom of the localization place, and the positions of the reference points are denoted as (0.75, 0.25, 1), (0.25, 0.25, 1), (0.25, 0.75, 1), and (0.75, 0.75, 1). The feature vectors of the fingerprint database are composed by collecting the light intensity information received from LED lights at different positions on each reference point, forming a piece of fingerprint data and used to construct a fingerprint database.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Voltage/V & 220 \\ Power/W & 3 \\ Initial light effect/(Lm/W) & 70 \\ Luminous flux/Lm & 250 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The technical parameters of LED lights.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Illumination** & **Parameter** \\ \hline Measuring range/Lux & 1–200,000 \\ Working voltage/V & 4.5 \\ Illumination accuracy & \(\pm\)3\% rdg \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The technical parameters of illumination.  
Figure 2: The flowchart of MPA-LSSVM fingerprint locating model.  
We define the error function as follows:  
\[E=\sqrt{\left(x-\hat{x}\right)^{2}+\left(y-\hat{y}\right)^{2}}, \tag{12}\]  
where \(\left(x,y\right)\) are the real coordinates of the localization point and \(\left(\hat{x},\hat{y}\right)\) are the estimated coordinates obtained by MPA-LSSVM modeling.
# Treatment Selection for Early to Intermediate Hepatocellular Carcinoma
## 4 RFA for Intermediate-Stage HCC  
RFA is not recommended for the therapy of intermediate-stage HCC. However, several patients with intermediate-stage HCC were treated with RFA in real-world clinical practices, as seen in the data of the ACTA (see the previous section). This finding indicates that many doctors think that RFA is beneficial for some patients. Although no prospective randomized trial for revealing the effectiveness of RFA has been conducted, several reports demonstrate the effectiveness of RFA for the treatment of intermediate-stage HCC [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20] (Table 1). The application of RFA in each report was slightly different, but all the reports show the beneficial effect of RFA. [PERSON] et al. ablated nodules with poor lipidod retention after TACE and reported better progression-free survival (PFS) and OS than TACE alone [16]. [PERSON] et al. demonstrated the additive effect of RFA for the nodules that were safe to ablate [14], and [PERSON] et al. reported the additive effect of RFA for patients treated with TACE using drug-eluting beads [13]. We also compared OS of intermediate-stage HCC treated with RFA and those treated with TACE after propensity score matching and demonstrated the survival benefit of RFA not only in our institute but also in other collaborative hospitals [17; 21]. Notably, the benefit of RFA was limited to patients with BCLC-B1 and BCLC-B2. It was difficult to achieve a survival benefit in more advanced HCC cases, such as BCLC-B3 and BCLC-B4 [22].
# A Metamaterial Inspired AMC Backed Dual Band Antenna for ISM and RFID Applications
## 1 Introduction
### Purpose of the Design  
In contrast to the typical antennas, metamaterial antennas can reduce the number of elements, size miniaturizing, and enhance their characteristics. As a result, they are widely used in the wireless communication industry to enhance the performance of various applications. Computer software technology (CST) simulated the proposed antenna array configuration. Metamaterials are mainly made up of artificial materials with different characteristics not found in natural materials. As a result, their unique properties have led to their becoming a research focus. Metamaterials are generally called \"Left-handed materials\" or the \"negative-index materials\" [26]. Metamaterials are divided into different classes: negative refractive index, single negative, hyperbolic, band gap, double positive medium, chiral, and Frequency selective surfaces (FSS). The FSS can exhibit subwavelength characteristics, sometimes called Artificial Magnetic Conductor or High Impedance surfaces. Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) implemented on single-layer or stacked printed circuit boards (PCBs) have found multiple applications in the last decade as randoms, absorbers, polarizers, artificial magnetic conductors, spatial filters and shields, dichroic reflectors and reflectors for antenna gain enhancement, etc. [27]. Many researchers have used FSS array unit cells as a reflector by printing them on a dielectric substrate on one side of the sheet to enhance the gain over frequencies with varying enhancements [28].  
A monopole antenna was developed and fabricated for ISM and RFID band applications in the proposed work. The antenna was modelled to operate at the dual band and simulated using CST software. Unit cell structure was developed that exhibited negative permittivity and negative permeability characteristics at two frequency bands. An antenna was placed over an AMC structure to enhance gain. The AMC structure consisted of the 3 \(\times\) 3 array periodic unit cell. The antenna with the AMC backing operated at two frequencies. The structural features of the proposed antenna, such as the reflection coefficient, bandwidth, gain, and radiation patterns, were studied for the antenna design.  
Section 2 describes the antenna design, materials used, iterations, and the AMC backing structure design. Section 3 describes the parametric results of the antenna without and with the AMC Backing. Section 4 compares the proposed antenna's performance with the existing literature. Finally, Section 5 describes the conclusion of the work.
# Hybrid Quantum Neural Network Image Anti-Noise Classification Model Combined with Error Mitigation
## 1 Introduction
[32], who proposed a quantum neural network (QNN) with multi-qubit interactions, transforming the quantum perceptron into a nonlinear classifier. The activation function chosen by the author is based on the adiabatic evolution of the system. Experimenting with other forms of activation functions is suggested to potentially enhance the network's performance. [PERSON] et al. [33] proposed leveraging the quantum annealer to address classification tasks. However, overcoming the limitations of the binary nature of variables in quantum computing to handle more complex data types remains a challenge. In [34], a quantum recurrent neural network (QLSTM) is employed to optimize the training process of quantum reinforcement learning. Although the article mentions quantum error correction and noise resistance, practical applications still pose significant challenges in these aspects. Building on the description provided earlier, this paper introduces a novel hybrid quantum network designed to tackle the performance challenges faced by quantum classifiers in the presence of noise interference. The hybrid network seamlessly combines a convolutional autoencoder (CAE) and a quantum neural network (QNN). Initially, the CAE is utilized to extract features from the image, and amplitude coding is introduced for encoding these features. The classification task is then executed using a variational quantum circuit (VQC). Furthermore, we integrate a quantum autoencoder to effectively reduce errors in quantum circuits, with the goal of enhancing the model's performance in the presence of noise interference while optimizing resource utilization. This study investigates the dependability of quantum machine learning technology in image classification tasks under noise interference. It explores the integration of variational quantum circuits with error mitigation techniques to achieve robust image classification. The paper is organized as follows: Part II provides a comprehensive introduction to foundational theories and relevant work on convolutional autoencoders and quantum neural networks. Part III addresses noise-related issues in image classification, discusses the limitations of traditional methods, and proposes a hybrid classical-quantum approach utilizing variational algorithms and error mitigation. Part IV outlines the experimental design and presents the results. The conclusion summarizes research findings and discusses prospects for future studies in the realm of quantum machine learning and image classification.
## 3 Results
### Sts  
Figure 7 displays the STS of BFUSM and BFCSM at varying BF contents with a length of 12 mm after curing for different days. We can find that the STS of BFUSM and BFCSM both increase with curing time and reach the maximum strength after curing for 28 days. As  
Figure 6: Unconfined compressive strength of reinforced silty sand at varying BF contents and curing times with a length of 12 mm: (**a**) BFUSM and (**b**) BFCSM.  
Figure 7a showed, the STS of BFUSM at 28 days decreased from 0.052 Mpa to 0.044 Mpa as the fiber content increased from 0.0% to 0.1%. The maximum STS is 0.074 Mpa obtained at a 0.2% dosage. Thereafter, the STS decreased from 0.074 Mpa to 0.054 Mpa and 0.050 Mpa with the increase in fiber contents. Figure 7b shows that the STS of BFCSM at 28 days increased first and then decreased as fiber contents increased. The STS of BFUSM and BFCSM decreased at the fiber content of 0.3% or more, since with the increasing fiber content, the fiber agglomeration effect is enhanced, resulting in a decrease in strength. The 2% dosage is the tipping point where agglomeration is highlighted. The STS of BFCSM, without the incorporation of fiber, is 0.192 Mpa, the corresponding strength of SM2P0.1B-SM2P0.4B is 1.19 times, 1.30 times, 1.22 times, and 1.08 times that of SM2P0B. From the above, the maximum STS of BFCSM appears at 0.2% dosage, meaning the fiber content of 0.2% is more appropriate to reinforce cemented silty sand.  
When the fiber content is 0.2%, the maximum increasing amplitude of SM0.2B and SM2P0.2B is 74.60% and 41.29%, which are both obtained after curing for 28 days. The corresponding STS of SM2P0.2B at 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days are 4.91 times, 3.91 times, 4.17 times, and 3.36 times that of SM0.2B, indicating that STS of BFCSM is significantly increased compared to that of BFUSM. At the same time, comparing the increasing amplitude of STS and UCS under the same conditions, the increase of STS is greater than UCS under the combined action of fiber and cement and is the reason that fiber has good toughness and tensile ability.
_Applied_  
_sciences_  
_Article_  
**Methods to Evaluate the Aging Grades of Reclaimed**  
**Asphalt Binder**  
**[PERSON] 1,2**\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) **[PERSON] 1,2**\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) **[PERSON] 1,2**\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) **[PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2 and [PERSON] 1 Department of Civil Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.K.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.K.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.W.)  
2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, ON, Canada; p2 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.B.)  
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +86-139-052-77934  
Received: 18 October 2017; Accepted: 20 November 2017; Published: 23 November 2017  
**Featured Application: The development of aging grades for reclaimed asphalt binder can be used to guide the design of RAP mixtures.**  
**Abstract:** The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is of great significance for alleviating the problem of resource waste and land space occupation in the context of asphalt pavement. However, the use rate of RAP is still low in many countries because of limited understanding and no unified recycling guidelines, especially in terms of materials classification and aging grades. In this study, reclaimed asphalt pavements from sixteen different sections in southern China were collected, including with base and polymer modified asphalt (PMA). The performance of the reclaimed asphalt binder (RAB) at low, average and high temperatures was tested, using various methods, to find suitable indexes for categorizing aging grades. The viscosity (135 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and penetration (25 \({}^{\circ}\)C) were found to distinguish the aging degree of RAB the most consistently, and served as the indices to classify the RAB into different grades. To simplify the evaluation of aging grades, a comprehensive service life was determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, taking service years and surface levels into account. As a result, a good correlation was found between comprehensive service life and the aging grades.  
**Keywords:** reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP); reclaimed asphalt binder (RAB); aging grade; comprehensive service life
# Performance Prediction and Design of Stratospheric Propeller
###### Abstract  
In this paper, a performance prediction method is proposed for the design of a stratospheric propeller. The Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) model was used to calculate the airfoil performance of FX63, and the polynomial fitting method was utilized to establish the airfoil database of the lift and drag coefficient. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was applied at different altitudes to prove the feasibility of the method. The CFD results were compared with the results of the vortex theory and prediction; the prediction result accuracy was improved compared with that of the vortex theory over a greater range of advance ratios. The airfoil performance data requirements and the number of iterative calculations were reduced. These results indicate that the proposed propeller design meets the requirements of stratospheric airship propulsion systems.  
performance prediction; propeller design; stratospheric propeller
## 3 Application of the Proposed Method to the Fruit Variety Classification
### Results and Discussion
#### 3.4.2 Proposed Fruit Classification Method Using the Certainty Factor
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Value of Max** & **Number of** & **Number of** & **Number of** & **Classifications** & **Totally** & **Number of** & **Number of** & **Number of** \\
**Certainty** & **Correct** & **Incorrect** & **Obtained Based on** & **Number of** & **Unambiguous** & **Ambiguous** & **Certain** \\
**Factor** & **Classification** & **Classification** & **One Image** & **Classifications** & **Classification** & **Classification** & **Classification** \\ \hline \hline (1) & (2) & (3) & (4) & (5) = (2) + & (6) & (7) & (8) \\ (0: 0.5000\(>\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ (0.5000\(>\) & 7 & 0 & 5 & 7 & 0 & 2 & 5 \\ (0.5000\(>\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ (0.5000\(>\) & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ (0.6500\(>\) & 2 & 1 & 0 & 3 & 0 & 3 & 0 \\ (0.7000\(>\) & 7 & 1 & 0 & 8 & 0 & 8 & 0 \\ (0.7501\(>\) & 0.8000\(>\) & 2 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ (0.8000\(>\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ (0.8000\(>\) & 0 & 15 & 0 & 0 & 15 & 15 & 0 & 0 \\ (0.8000\(>\) & 15 & 0 & 0 & 15 & 15 & 0 & 0 \\ (0.9500\(>\) & 875 & 0 & 0 & 875 & 875 & 0 & 0 \\ **Sum** & **924** & **2** & **5** & **926** & **907** & **14** & **5** \\  & & & & & **Sum (\%)** & **97.95\%** & **1.51\%** & **0.54\%** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Results of apple variety classification using the proposed method. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **A** & **B** & **C** & **D** & **E** & **F** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Parameter**} & **A** & **97** & **1** & **5** & & & & \\ \cline{2-10}  & **B** & & & 102 & 7 & 2 & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-10}  & **C** & & & & 144 & 4 & 2 & & 1 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-10}  & **D** & & & & & 148 & 4 & 3 & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-10}  & **E** & & & & & & 90 & 8 & 2 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-10}  & **F** & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Results of apple variety classification related to actual apple varieties. Figure 4: An example of classification using the proposed method: ambiguous classification (based on the original image and ROI images). Figure 3: An example of classification using the proposed method: unambiguous classification (based on the original image and ROI images). To complete the analysis, the execution time (predicting time) of proposed method is presented in Table 9. As can be seen, the execution time depended on the number of objects detected in the original image.
# Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11 ah Networks With High-Throughput Bidirectional Traffic
## 4 Performance Evaluation and Discussion
### Simulation Environment and Setup  
We simulated the network in the ns-3 event-based network simulator that exhibits realistic propagation behavior (e.g., channel errors, capture effect). We used a standard log propagation loss model with values for outdoors scenarios and macro deployment [34]. We extended the IEEE 802.11 ah module implementation [4] in ns-3 version 3.23 with a DTIM implementation, non-CSB operation and downlink frame scheduling at the AP. We updated the module from version 3.23 to version 3.25 and introduced an immediate reply mechanism for reducing the latency of DL frames (responses) that can be transmitted within the same RAW slot as the UL frame that triggered the response. This section presents the realized extensions of the ns-3 module by [PERSON] et al. [4] and improvements in DL scheduling for bidirectional communication.  
In the simulator, we implemented a two-level AID hierarchy. For example, if 100 stations are divided over four TIM groups, stations having AIDs 1-25 will belong to TIM group 0, stations having AIDs between 26-50 will belong to TIM group 1 and so on. Both the AP and stations only have one antenna. All simulations are performed with a beacon interval of 102.4 ms and a single RAW per beacon interval, where the RAW duration is maximized within that interval by maximizing the slot duration with respect to the configured number of RAW slots \(N_{RAW}\). The same RAW configuration is used for all beacon intervals. The maximal slot duration is determined by the maximal possible RAW Slot Count and calculated according to the formula:  
\[C_{max}=\begin{cases}q,&\text{if }(q<256\wedge 8<N_{RAW}\leq 64)\vee(q<2048 \wedge N_{RAW}\leq 8),\\ 255,&\text{if }q\geq 256\wedge 8<N_{RAW}\leq 64,\\ 2047,&\text{if }q\geq 2048\wedge N_{RAW}\leq 8,\end{cases} \tag{3}\]  
where  
\[q=\left\lfloor\frac{\frac{T_{TIM}}{N_{RAW}}-500\ \text{$\mu$s}}{120\ \text{$\mu$s}} \right\rfloor, \tag{4}\]  
and \(0<N_{RAW}\leq 64\) (\(T_{TIM}\) is expressed in \(\text{$\mu$s}\)). Note that, for very long beacon intervals, a single RAW group would not be able to cover the whole beacon interval due to constraints on the maximum number of slots and slot duration. However, multiple RAWs in one RPS could be used if we want RAWs to cover the entire beacon interval. All stations in one TIM group are assigned to the RAW within their corresponding beacon interval and distributed over the RAW slots. Thirty-two TIM groups are supported since we fixed bit-number \(n_{1}\) in the AID field to 5. As such, the DTIM beacon contains a partial virtual bitmap indicating which TIM groups have DL data pending at the AP.
###### Abstract  
Currently, applications in the Internet of Things (IoT) are tightly coupled to the underlying physical devices. As a consequence, upon adding a device, device replacement or user's relocation to a different physical space, application developers have to re-perform installation and configuration processes to reconfigure applications, which bears costs in time and knowledge of low-level details. In the emerging IoT field, this issue is even more challenging due to its current unpredictable growth in term of applications and connected devices. In addition, IoT applications can be personalised to each end user and can be present in different environments. As a result, IoT scenarios are very changeable, presenting a challenge for IoT applications. In this paper we present Appdaptivity, a system that enables the development of portable device-decoupled applications that can be adapted to changing contexts. Through Appdaptivity, application developers can intuitively create portable and personalised applications, disengaging from the underlying physical infrastructure. Results confirms a good scalability of the system in terms of connected users and components involved.  
IoT; CoAP; application portability; 6 LoWPAN; data flow programming +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 1 Introduction
[26] tested the potential of time series merged from multi-source satellite imagery for outdoor crop classification. This paper presents the first attempt to identify greenhouse horticultural crops growing under plastic coverings by applying OBIA and decision tree techniques to multi-temporal remote sensing data. So far, and to the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first research work dealing with the identification of protected cropping. To this end, dense Landsat 8 OLI time series and a single WorldView-2 satellite image have been used as data sources. More specific subjects regarding the greenhouse crop classification method addressed in this work are: (1) to study the influence on the classification results of both the temporal and geometric resolution of satellite imagery; (2) to evaluate the most important and useful features for both crop and greenhouse covering (basic spectral information, textural features and several VIs); and (3) to detect the optimal temporal windows for the satellite imagery time series, as well as crucial time periods.