esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Switchable Color Filter Barrier for Autostereoscopic Display Design
### Geometric Considerations  
Figure 3 schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of the 3D display shown in Figure 2 for a row of red subpixels and its associated red filter barriers.  
The border rays from the subpixels of width \(SP\) pass the red barrier at distance a. It is shown exemplarily how the projections of the rays from dark red drawn subpixels mark a channel \(T\). For that purpose, the ratio \(R\) between subpixel width \(SP\) and the filter width \(F\), as well as the width of the gap \(s\), has to be well designed. \(R\) indicates whether the presentation of a 3D display converges like for a multiview or two-view display. In these cases, the ratio has to be by \(R>1\)[3]. It can be calculated by distance \(L\) between the opened color filters of identical wavelength and of image strip width \(VP\) or from viewing distance \(D\) and grid distance \(a\).  
\[R=\frac{SP}{F+s}=\frac{VP}{L}=\frac{D+a}{D} \tag{1}\]  
The channel width \(T\), which derives from the viewing distance \(D\), can be calculated with the following Equation (2). This equation describes the width of every stereo zone. Figure 3 shows a single-user 3D display with three bundled subpixels in one stereo channel. Two stereo rhombs are  
Figure 3: Top view, horizontal cross-section of the display design for single-user mode. The left and the right view share always six red subpixels per group \(VP\)[19] (© Fraunhofer HHI).  
Figure 2: Partial view on the setup of the time-sequential wavelength-selective 3D display. The depicted colored light-rays are transmitted through the corresponding color filter stripes. The presentations on the left and right show the two switching states at times \(t_{1}\) and \(t_{2}\).  
created and overlapped by \(1/3\) of their projection width \(T\). The central area of such a stereo-zone has no optical crosstalk.  
\[T=\frac{(a+D)\cdot(F+SP)}{a}-SP \tag{2}\]  
To minimize crosstalk and thus to achieve a better separation gap, \(s\) can be embedded between the filter barriers. These gaps reduce the crosstalk, but also the luminance efficiency [19].
# Hormonal Interactions Underlying Rootstock-Induced Vigor Control in Horticultural Crops
###### Abstract  
Grafting has been utilized to develop horticultural crops to increase plant vigor, yield potential, and tolerance to various environmental stresses. Grafting employs selected rootstocks of the same species or near relatives. Moreover, dwarfing is a desirable feature for intensive cultivation and efficient orchard management. However, information on the regulatory mechanisms of rootstock-induced vigor control remains unclear. Numerous studies comprehend the physiological and molecular mechanism of rootstock control scion vigor, which has significantly improved our understanding regarding vigor control processes in apple, lithti, pear, citrus, etc. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the impact of rootstocks on scion vigor and hormonal mechanisms involved in dwarfing, such as auxin (IAA), cytokins (CK), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acids (GAs), and brassinosteroids (BR). This study will provide fascinating information for future studies on rootstock-induced dwarfing effects and accelerate the breeding of dwarfing rootstocks.  
fruit tree; vigor control; dwarfing mechanism; hormonal signaling +
Footnote †: These authors contributed equally to this work.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  
Plant hormones are essential for controlling plant growth and development. These hormones are important signaling molecules throughout the lifecycle of a plant and function as genetically programmed hormones. Every cell in a plant can produce hormones and transport them to suitable organs and tissues [26; 27; 28; 29]. Even at lower concentrations, these hormones regulate numerous aspects of plant growth and development, such as IAA, GA, CKs, ABA, BR, ethylene, and jasmonic acid (JA) [30]. On the other hand, it is insufficient to comprehend how plant hormones and their complex communication networks are involved in vigor-controlling processes. Besides plant hormones, minerals, phenolic chemicals, and carbohydrates are also essential in rootstock-induced vigor effects. However, the detailed effects of these factors involved in dwarfing mechanisms are poorly understood. This review provides an understanding of the hormonal regulation of the rootstock-induced dwarfing mechanism. An illustration of different plant hormone and their role in plant growth is given in Figure 1.
## 5 Conclusions  
Our research introduces a robust decision-making framework for multimodal transportation, integrating DEA and MDP based on HMM. Utilizing raw data from the Ministry of Transportation, Iraq, our iterative algorithm refines solutions in the intricate supply chain landscape. The incorporation of DEA efficiency scores provides a holistic performance assessment for DMUs, influencing mode selection based on infrastructure cost, fuel consumption, employee metrics, and environmental impact. The DEA efficiency scores, MDP rewards, and optimal policy decisions can facilitate stakeholders with actionable intelligence for mode selection. Our comparative analysis showcases the superiority of our proposed model against Multicast Routing with Multiple QoS Parameters (MRMQoS) and the Minimum Cost Steiner Tree Model (MCSTM) across key metrics. While our approach presents a total cost approximately 29% higher than MRMQoS, it boasts a nearly 26% reduction in delay compared to MCSTM. However, MRMQoS shows an 8.3% higher profit than our method, whereas our proposed scheme exhibits an 11.7% higher profit compared to MCSTM. Regarding computational time, our method achieves an average CPU time positioned between MCSTM and MRMQoS, with MCSTM showing about a 1.6% better CPU time than our approach, and our method displaying a 9.5% improvement in computational time compared to MRMQoS. Additionally, in terms of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, the proposed model consistently outperforms the other models across various network sizes. The proposed model demonstrated significantly lower CO\({}_{2}\) emissions (2173 units) compared to MRMQoS (3200 units) and MCSTM (4200 units) in a network of size 25. The percentage decrease in CO\({}_{2}\) emissions achieved by the proposed model is 7.26% and 31.25% when compared against MRMQoS and MCSTM for a network size of 25, respectively. Our proposed method excels in addressing QoS constraints, demonstrating resilience and efficiency in multicast tree construction, further underscoring its practicality and effectiveness.
# Absolute Distance Measurement Based on Self-Mixing Interferometry Using Compressed Sensing
## 2 Theoretical Analysis
### SMI Distance Measurement Using CS
Iteration:
1:While\(t<\mathbf{m}\)
2:\(t=t+1\)
3:\(k_{t}=\underset{n=1,2,\ldots,N}{\arg\max}\frac{\lfloor\cdot\mathbf{R}_{t-1}, \ \mathbf{\Theta}_{n>}\rfloor}{\|\mathbf{\Theta}_{n}\|_{2}}\)
4:\(|\mathbf{\Lambda}|_{t}=[\mathbf{\Lambda}_{t-1}\ k_{t}\ k_{t}]\)
5:\(\mathbf{\Lambda}_{t}=[\mathbf{\Omega}_{t-1}\ \mathbf{\Theta}_{k_{t}}\ \mathbf{\Theta}_{k_{t}}\ ]\)
6:\(\mathbf{S}_{t}=\underset{\mathbf{S}}{\arg\min}\|\mathbf{\Omega}_{t}\mathbf{S} -\mathbf{Y}\|_{2}\)
7:\(\mathbf{R}_{t}=\mathbf{Y}-\mathbf{\Omega}_{t}\mathbf{S}_{t}\)
8:endwhile
9:\(\mathbf{\hat{S}}(\ \mathbf{\Lambda}_{t})=\mathbf{S}_{t}\)
10:\(h=\underset{n=1,2,\ldots,N}{\arg\max}\ \|\ \mathbf{\hat{S}}\|_{2}\)
11:if\((h+1)\
otin\mathbf{\Lambda}_{t}\ \sigma\ (h-1)\
otin\mathbf{\Lambda}_{t}\)
12:\(\mathbf{\Lambda}_{t+1}=[\mathbf{\Lambda}_{t}\ h+1]\ \sigma\ \mathbf{\Lambda}_{t+1}=[\ \mathbf{\Lambda}_{t}\ h-1]\)
13:\(\mathbf{\Omega}_{t+1}=[\ \mathbf{\Omega}_{t}\ \mathbf{\Theta}_{h+1}\ ]\ \sigma\ \mathbf{\Omega}_{t+1}=[\ \mathbf{\Omega}_{t}\ \mathbf{\Theta}_{h-1}\ ]\)
14:\(\mathbf{S}_{t+1}=\underset{S}{\arg\min}\ \|\ \mathbf{\Omega}_{t+1}\mathbf{S} \cdot\mathbf{Y}\|_{2}\)
15:endif
16:Output :\(\mathbf{\hat{S}}(\mathbf{\Lambda}_{t+1})=\mathbf{S}_{t+1}\). ```  
**Algorithm 1** The steps of improved OMP  
The improved OMP has the same input and initialization as the original OMP. The index \(k_{t}\) of a column called atom in the sensing matrix \(\mathbf{\Theta}\) that maximizes projections on the residual \(R\) is selected in Step 3. The index of the atom \(k_{t}\) and the atom itself \(\mathbf{\Theta}_{k_{t}}\) are added to the selected index matrix \(\Omega\) and selected atom matrix \(\mathbf{\Lambda}\) separately in Steps 4 and 5. In the improved algorithm, information concerning the symmetric atoms \(\mathbf{\Theta}_{k_{t}}\) in the Fourier domain is also recorded. The recovered coefficient vector \(\mathbf{s}\) is calculated in Step 6 by solving a least-squares problem with the selected atoms, and the residual is calculated in Step 7. The operation from Step 2 to Step 7 repeats until the iteration index \(t\) reaches the maximum number of iterations \(m\). To ensure that the atoms used for interpolated FFT in Equation (5) are all selected, the operations of Step 9 to Step 15 were added to the improved algorithm. The purpose is to judge whether the atom adjacent to the main peak has been selected; if not, it is added to the selected matrix, and the least-squares method is used to calculate the recovery coefficient again.
# Path Planning Based on Obstacle-Dependent Gaussian Model Predictive Control for Autonomous Driving
## 4 Experiment
### Experimental Results  
#### 4.3.1 Experimental Scenario 1  
The results of the ODG MPC, PF, and PF MPC algorithms are displayed in Figure 18. The computation time is listed in Table 4, and the safety metric measurement result is presented in Table 5.  
Figure 16: Mobile Robots 1 and 2 on experimental platforms.  
Figure 17: Scenario map.  
Figure 15: Experimental environment.  
For the computation time, although the PF is the fastest in computation time, PF algorithms have low safety metrics because PF algorithms do not have a dynamic model. The ODG MPC algorithm is slower than the PF but faster than the PF MPC algorithm, which has the same dynamic model as shown in Table 4. Furthermore, \(ST\) exhibited an 18.53% improvement over the PF MPC algorithm as shown in Table 5. Due to the characteristic of the Gaussian function, the ODG risk of lane affects further than the effect of PF. As so, the vehicle tends to go to the middle of the lane. Although the operation speed is slower than that for the PF, the results demonstrate that the ODG MPC algorithm moves closest to the reference path.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Algorithm** & **Computation Time (ms)** \\ \hline ODG MPC & 14.2 \\ \hline PF & 10.1 \\ \hline PF MPC & 15.3 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Results of the computation time.  
Figure 18: Results of the path for Scenario 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Experiment** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Algorithm**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **ODG MPC** & **PF** & **PF MPC** \\ \hline No. 1 & 0.7669 & 0.6427 & 0.7058 \\ \hline No. 2 & 0.6899 & 0.5677 & 0.5738 \\ \hline No. 3 & 0.6785 & 0.6309 & 0.6699 \\ \hline No. 4 & 0.7295 & 0.6066 & 0.5979 \\ \hline No. 5 & 0.7425 & 0.6262 & 0.5995 \\ \hline No. 6 & 0.7409 & 0.5825 & 0.5993 \\ \hline No. 7 & 0.7330 & 0.6064 & 0.5472 \\ \hline No. 8 & 0.6899 & 0.5677 & 0.5738 \\ \hline No. 9 & 0.7
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation of the Self-Healing Performance of the Coatings  
To assess the anticorrosive and self-healing ability of the coatings, salt spray testes were accomplished on the scratched control coating and coatings containing nanocapsules according to ASTM B117. The total exposure time of the coatings was about 72 h. It should be noted that the scratched coatings were kept at room temperature for seven days before testing to provide enough time for the release of the healing agent and healing reaction. In addition, the self-healing ability of the coatings containing nanocapsules was evaluated in the NaCl and HCl solutions through the electrochemical measurements. The corrosion resistance of the coated substrates was determined by EIS tests using an Ivium-potentiostat (Ivium Technologies, Eindhoven, Netherland). A conventional three-electrode arrangement was utilized with a KCl saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as a reference electrode, a platinum sheet as a counter electrode and scratched coatings as the working electrode. Before electrochemical evaluation, the scratched coatings were kept in 3.5%wt. NaCl solution for 8 days separately to be stabilized at open circuit potential (OCP). The EIS measurements were carried out in a frequency range between 100 and 10 mHz with an amplitude of 10 mV rms\({}^{-1}\). The results of the corrosion tests were estimated by extrapolating the polarization curve based on ASTM-G102-89. The obtained EIS data were analyzed in terms of electrical equivalents circuits utilizing the Z-View software. In addition, the EIS tests were also conducted on the scratched coatings immersed in a 0.5 M HCl solution, to evaluate the self-healing performance of the coatings in the acidic media.
# Improving Human Ground Control Performance in Unmanned Aerial Systems
## 2 State of the Art  
### Ground Control Station Interfaces  
A survey was carried out on the current state of the GCS user interface for remote control of drones. There are tools supporting the user to set up the system, procedures to ensure correct configuration and correct operation of the related software, the procedure for planning the mission (design of the route that the drone should perform), tools allowing users to monitor flight in real-time and tools to analyze and debug flight mission data [13].  
Some GCS interfaces already communicate to user's crucial information concerning the operation of drones: incompatibility alerts, usage instructions or safety checks, that prevent the user from basic errors. Some apps already provide learning/support material. Most of them appear in mobile apps targeting basic drone users. However, such apps were conceived for use in missions only, focusing on video recording or mapping [14]. In addition to displaying graphs, some apps have rerun mission features that are very interesting for visually representing the data collected during flights [15]. However, they often result in hard-to-use user interfaces for mission planning activities as well as for alerting and recovery actions and for drone flight data analysis. Moreover, most of those interfaces do not support fleet mission management and hence do not properly address issues related to situation awareness and safety.  
Our case study, for detecting an area and transmitting relevant information to the ground control station, builds upon a more complex system especially conceived to support remote control of multiple drones operating synergistically. In addition, the system was designed for use on a MultiTouch wall where multiple users can interact with it simultaneously. Currently, in literature, it is not possible to find this type of system.  
For such a system the design of a usable interface raises even more challenges and becomes paramount for the proper management of a fleet mission.
###### Abstract  
In this study, Al-BiSn composites were synthesized by a combination of microwave sintering and hot extrusion processes. The structural, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties were investigated to elucidate the role of Bi\({}_{60}\)Sn\({}_{40}\) (BiSn) alloy content (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) in modifying the properties of Al-BiSn composites. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the presence of aluminum and BiSn particles. Distribution of BiSn particles in Al-BiSn composites was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy associated with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (FE-SEM-EDX). Results indicated that hot extruded Al-(15 wt.% BiSn) composite exhibits maximum hardness (\(78\pm 4\) Hv) and tensile strength (\(185\pm 3\) MPa), which were 117% and 58% improvements, respectively, compared to pure Al. This improvement in mechanical properties can be attributed to the strengthening effect of BiSn particles. A decline in the values of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) with an increasing amount of BiSn particles reflects the enhanced thermal stability of developed Al-BiSn composites. The promising properties of Al-BiSn composites make them suitable for many industrial applications.  
aluminum; tin-bismuth; composite; powder metallurgy; hot extrusion; mechanical properties 1
## 2 Related Work and Our Contribution in Context
### An Interval-Based CST  
[PERSON] _et al_. [18] prove that bitmap \(H\) in [PERSON]'s CST is compressible as it has at most \(2r\)_runs_ of 0's or 1's, where \(r\) is the number of runs in \(\Psi\) as before.  
Let \(z_{1},z_{2},\ldots,z_{r}\) be the lengths of the runs of 0's and \(o_{1},o_{2},\ldots,o_{r}\) be the lengths of the runs of 1's. [PERSON] _et al_. [18] create arrays \(Z=10^{z_{1}-1}10^{z_{2}-1}\ldots\) and \(O=10^{o_{1}-1}10^{o_{2}-1}\ldots\), with overall \(2r\) 1's out of \(2n\), and thus can be compressed to \(2r\log\frac{n}{r}+O(r)+o(n)\) bits while supporting constant-time _rank_ and _select_[37]. When \(r\) is very small it is better to use other bitmap representations (e.g., [38]) requiring \(2r\log\frac{n}{r}+O(r)\) bits, even if they do not offer constant times for _rank_.  
Their other improvement over [PERSON]'s CST is to get rid of the tree topology and replace it with suffix array ranges. [PERSON] _et al_. show that all the navigation can be simulated by means of three operations: (1) The range minimum query \(\textit{RMQ}(i,j)\) gives the position of the minimum in \(\textit{LCP}[i,j]\); (2) The previous smaller value \(\textit{PSV}(i)\) finds the last value smaller than \(\textit{LCP}[i]\) in \(\textit{LCP}[1,i-1]\); and (3) The next smaller value \(\textit{NSV}(i)\) finds the first value smaller than \(\textit{LCP}[i]\) in \(\textit{LCP}[i+1,n]\). As examples, the parent of node \([i,j]\) can be computed as \([\textit{PSV}(i),\textit{NSV}(i)-1]\); the LCA between nodes \([i,j]\) and \([i^{\prime},j^{\prime}]\) is \([\textit{PSV}(p),\textit{NSV}(p)-1]\), where \(p=\textit{RMQ}(\min(i,i^{\prime}),\,\max(j,j^{\prime}))\); and the suffix link of \([i,j]\) is \([\textit{PSV}(\Psi(i)),\textit{NSV}(\Psi(j))-1]\).  
The three primitives could easily be solved in constant time using \(O(n)\) extra bits of space on top of the _LCP_ representation [18] (more recently [PERSON] _et al._[28] showed how to solve them in constant time using \(3n+o(n)\) bits), but [PERSON] _et al_. give sublogarithmic-time algorithms to solve them with only \(o(n)\) extra bits.  
A final observation of interest in that article [18] is that the repetitions found in a differential encoding of the suffix array (_i.e._, the runs in \(\Psi\)) also show up in the differential _LCP_, since if \(A\) values differ by 1 in a range, the _LCP_ areas must also differ by 1. Therefore, Re-Pair compression of the differential _LCP_ should perform similarly as [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s suffix array compression [35].
## 4 Application: Case Study  
The proposed model was applied to Madison Grill, a roast meat restaurant in Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico (www.gob.mx/sectur/articulos/orizaba-veracruz, accessed on 18 February 2022). This branch was part of a chain of restaurants in the country. The city is one of 132 magical towns (www.orizaba.travel/, accessed on 18 February 2022) in the national territory, whose attractions generate great admiration among national and foreign tourists (www.visitmexico.com/en/veracruz/orizaba, accessed on 20 February 2022). The local government had consolidated tourist attractions; therefore, companies in the restaurant sector saw a need to continuously improve their processes and services.  
An exploratory analysis of social networks revealed that the tourist customers of Madison Grill wrote reviews on TripAdvisor (www.tripadvisor.com.mx/ShowUserReviews-g108 2256-d8505941-r641895357-Madison_Grill-Orizaba_Central_Mexico_and_Gulf_Coast.html, accessed on 10 March 2022). Similarly, the restaurant's Facebook (www.facebook.com/MadisonGrillOrizaba/reviews/?ref=page_internal, accessed on 23 March 2022) page had active users and a significant number of comments for performing SA. In contrast, the planning team collected opinions from frequent customers. The latter did not express an opinion on SM to avoid duplicating reviews or creating noise in sentiment. Table 1 lists the characteristics of the datasets used in this study.  
The collected data were exported to a.xls file, generating the primary dataset.
# Design and Implementation of a Mixed IoT LPWAN Network Architecture
## 3 IoT Mixed Architecture  
The network architecture proposed and shown in Figure 7 combines a multiple access level for the information provided by the IoT endpoints. It is feasible to collect data both through the Sigfox network with its own established coverage, and through LoRaWAN networks already established or deployed for this purpose, as well as endpoints placed in locations without coverage of any of the previous networks. In this case, the link is made via intermediary devices that facilitate connectivity using LoRa technology.  
The base stations deployed along a coverage area allow the exchange of information with the endpoints via a specific radio link for IoT. They do not perform any data processing, they just perform the gateway function to an IP network that links them to the network server through the backhaul. Two types are distinguished, those of the Sigfox network, managed by the same operator and our developed base stations to provide LoRaWAN coverage.  
The network server or Core Network performs the functions of device management (registration, authentication and management of data traffic). Depending on the quality of the link, it can ask the devices for readjustments in the speed transmission and bandwidth. Regarding the received frames, it verifies its integrity and discards duplicates. It is also responsible for the management of gateways, maintaining a database with those registered in the network and selecting the most appropriate to transmit the download information according the received signal level. In this mixed architecture, this means that two network servers coexist. The first of them manages the traffic of the LoRaWAN base stations. The second, integrated in Sigfox, manages Sigfox base stations and provides the received payload from endpoints. Finally, all data are forwarded to the IoT SaaS through the broadband link.  
The IoT SaaS (Software as a Service) carries out the management of the database that contains the messages received from all the connected objects. It uses big data techniques and it can also be equipped with business intelligence techniques for the processing of such data. In addition, it contains  
Figure 7: Proposed IoT mixed architecture.  
the necessary backend programming so that users can access information by both desktop and mobile devices in a friendly way.