## 1 Introduction
The results demonstrated that texturing the converging region of the bearing clearance space enhances load capacity while reducing the friction coefficient. However, a fully textured bearing surface was found to adversely affect performance metrics. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31] conducted a novel investigation into how surface texturing affects the tribological behavior of hydrodynamic journal bearings operating under turbulent lubrication conditions. Their findings demonstrate that strategically positioned surface textures can significantly improve bearing performance by increasing load capacity, reducing friction coefficients, and expanding the dynamic stability range. Building upon this research, [PERSON] et al. [32] performed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to examine how surface texturing influences journal bearing load capacity. Their study revealed that texture placement critically affects hydrodynamic pressure profile and load-bearing capability, with optimal performance achieved when textures are located in the converging wedge gap region. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [33] conducted a comprehensive review of textured journal bearing performance, concluding that surface texturing consistently enhances tribological properties by simultaneously reducing friction and increasing load capacity. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [34] investigated the thermodynamic behavior of partially slip-textured slider bearings under varying sliding speeds. Their comparative analysis of different texture geometries showed that square-textured slip bearings outperformed other configurations, delivering superior results in key performance metrics including average pressure, friction force, and lubricant temperature distribution. [PERSON] et al. [35] conducted a comprehensive theoretical and experimental investigation of friction behavior in textured journal bearings. Their study developed a modified Reynolds equation incorporating longitudinal surface roughness to analyze both load capacity and frictional properties. They demonstrated that surface roughness effects become particularly significant when the dimple depth approaches the magnitude of the roughness profile. This finding highlights the critical interplay between surface texture geometry and inherent roughness in determining bearing performance characteristics. [PERSON] et al. [36] conducted a CFD study examining how cylindrical surface textures influence journal bearing performance by their internal flow. This analysis revealed that positioning textures downstream of maximum pressure zones achieves an optimal balance between friction reduction and load capacity preservation. The research identified two competing mechanisms, including beneficial micro-hydrodynamic pressure generation and detrimental high-pressure zone disruption, affecting the load capacity of the bearing. [PERSON] et al. [37] investigated the antifriction mechanisms of surface texture, revealing an optimal relationship between texture depth and elliptical bearings performance. Their research demonstrated that bearing capacity initially improves but subsequently declines as micro-texture depth increases, with peak performance occurring at a dimensionless texture depth of 0.03 where friction reaches its minimum while load capacity maximizes. [PERSON] et al. [38] demonstrated that surface texturing enhances journal bearing performance through dual friction-reduction mechanisms. Their comprehensive analysis of laser-textured bearing surfaces revealed that microscopic cavitation effects concurrently lower both lubricant shear stress and effective viscosity, yielding significantly reduced friction coefficients compared to conventional smooth bearings. [PERSON] et al. [39] developed an innovative optimization methodology for designing surface textures in journal bearings. Their study employed a multi-objective grey wolf algorithm to simultaneously optimize multiple texture parameters, creating tailored solutions for varying operational requirements.