## 2 MBR Types and Configuration
### Aerobic Membrane bioreactors in OMPs Removal
Hydrophobic OMPs can easily adsorb on the sludge particles that increases its retention time in the reactor leads to the better biodegradation [68]. [PERSON] et al. (2015b) report that the large pore size of a microfiltration membrane was probably responsible for poor removal of hydrophilic in this study [76]. In another report, [PERSON] et al. (2016) operated pilot scale MBR at very short HRT of 3 h and with very short start-up time. The experimental results revealed the importance of immediate adsorption of the recalcitrant pharmaceutical compounds onto the colloidal particles in supernatant of MBR sludge and subsequently removed by membrane filtration [72]. The removal of diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, gemfibrozil was mostly found to be negative during MBR operation. For example, influent and effluent concentration for diclofenac have been reported as 3.81 mg/L and 5.72 mg/L, showing negative removal of \(-\)50.1%. [PERSON] et al. (2014) report that sulfamethoxazole could be highly eliminated under oxygen free condition due to the presence of electron-withdrawing like sulfonyl group so their biodegradation under aerobic condition would be limited [77]. Carbamazepine, a moderate hydrophobic compound, was found to accumulate in supernatant (adsorption onto colloidal particles) and they were also partially detected in the membrane filtrate resulting in obtaining negative removals during MBR operation [72]. In another study, OMP removal was examined with and without powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition and employing two different membranes--flat sheet and hollowfiber, respectively. Trimethoprim, Carbamazepine and Diazepam achieved good removal by addition of PAC that could be related to the log D of the compound. However, PAC saturation and exhaust capacity is dependent on the ionic charge of the micropollutants [70]. [PERSON] et al. (2017) observed that triclocarban, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and tetracycline showed more affinity towards sludge particles in the bioreactor. However, authors also report that higher biodegradation was also governing mechanism. Moreover, higher removal efficiencies of beta-blockers \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Micropollutants**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**\% Removal**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **A-** & **B-** & **C-** & **D-** & **E-[70]** & **F-** & **G-** & **H-[72]** & **I-** & **J-** \\  & [5] & [68] & [68] & [69] & **MF** & **UF** & **[71]** & **[71]** & **SRT** & **SRT** & **[73]** & **[74]** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{H-[72]} & Real & \multirow{3}{*}{PVDF Hollow fiber membrane, pore size 0.4 μm, total surface area} & \multirow{3}{*}{H-[72]} & \multirow{3}{*}{MBR} & \multirow{3}{*}{PVDF Hollow fiber membrane, pore size 0.4 μm, total surface area} & \multirow{3}{*}{H-[72]} & \multirow{3}{*}{H-[72]} & \multirow{3}{*}{J-} \\  & WWTP & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{4-10}  & Pilot-scale & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{4-10}  & MBR & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{4-10}  & set-up & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{4-10}  & Bangkok, & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{4-10}  & Thailand & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{I-[73]} & Pilot scale & \multirow{3}{*}{Hospital effluent (Marseille, France)} & \multirow{3}{*}{Hollow fiber Polysulfone membrane, 100 kDa MWCO, total surface area 0. 0.4 m2, HRT 16–40 h, SRT \(\infty\) d, temperature 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. MLES 6.8 g/L, DO 2 mg/L, temperature 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.} \\  & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{4-10}  & MBR pilot (Zenon, Zee-Weed® 500 & \multirow{2}{*}{J-[74]} & \multirow{2}{*}{MBR Real wastewater} & \multirow{2}{*}{Hollow-fiber UF membrane module (Zenon, Zee-Weed® 500} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{4-10}  & & Real wastewater & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide-(DEET) \({}^{*}\).  
\end{table}