esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Effective Assessment of Inelastic Torsional Deformation of Plan-Asymmetric Shear Wall Systems
## 2 Current Code Provisions on Torsional Design of Plan-Asymmetric Structures
This suggests that the design force should be computed with the maximum eccentricity value among the four possible combinations calculated by  
\[e_{design}=(1.0\pm 0.5)e\pm 0.1b. \tag{8}\]  
In Eurocode 8, if the lateral stiffness and mass are symmetrically distributed on the plan and the accidental torsion is not considered by a more accurate method, the accidental torsional effect can be accounted for by multiplying the load applied to an individual lateral load resisting element with \(\delta\), which is given by  
\[\delta=1+0.6\frac{x}{L_{e}}, \tag{9}\]  
where \(x\) is the distance between the individual element considered and the center of mass in the perpendicular direction to seismic excitation, and \(L_{e}\) is the distance between the two-outermost lateral load resisting elements measured in the same direction as \(x\). An alternative approximate method to the one above is presented in the annex of Eurocode 8. To consider the dynamic effect of simultaneous lateral and torsional vibrations, two design eccentricity equations, i.e., (10) and (11), are suggested. \[e_{\max}=e_{0}+e_{1}+e_{2}, \tag{10}\]  
\[e_{\min}=e_{0}-e_{1}. \tag{11}\]  
Here, \(e_{0}\) is the static eccentricity defined by Equation (3), \(e_{1}\) the accidental eccentricity corresponding to \(5\%\) of the plan length in the direction perpendicular to seismic excitation, and \(e_{2}\) is the additional eccentricity reflecting the dynamic effect induced by simultaneous lateral and torsional vibrations. The dynamic eccentricity \(e_{2}\) is determined as the smaller of those computed in Equations (12) and (13). \[e_{2}=0.1(L+B)\sqrt{\frac{10e_{0}}{L}}\leq 0.1(L+B), \tag{12}\]  
\[e_{2}=\frac{1}{2e_{0}}\left[{l_{s}}^{2}-{e_{0}}^{2}-r^{2}+\sqrt{\left({l_{s}} ^{2}+{e_{0}}^{2}-r^{2}\right)^{2}+4e_{0}r^{2}}\right], \tag{13}\]  
where \(L\) and \(B\) represent the plan lengths in the directions perpendicular and parallel to seismic excitation, respectively, \(r\) is the ratio of the story torsional and lateral stiffness, and \(l_{s}\) indicates the radius of gyration approximated by  
\[l_{s}=\sqrt{\frac{L^{2}+B^{2}}{12}}. \tag{14}\]  
The inelastic deformation and actual failure mechanism of plan-asymmetric structures are not considered in any of the seismic design codes discussed up to this point. As a consequence, they may require excessive strength and stiffness for lateral force resisting components. A three-dimensional modal or dynamic time-history analysis can be performed for a more accurate evaluation. However, this is highly complicated and too time-consuming for practical design purposes. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a simple and accurate method for assessing inelastic torsional deformation of plan-asymmetric wall structures.
## 3 Energy Efficient Routing
### Cross Layering Optimization  
#### 3.3.1 Cross-layering with the Application Layer  
In this paper, we investigate the use of cross-layering, taking advantage of the information provided by the application layer to reduce the overhead induced by \(Hello\) and \(TC\) messages. The simplest way consists in increasing the \(Hello\) and the \(TC\) periods. However, \(Hello\) messages are used to discover link breakages and link appearances; a higher period would result in an increase of protocol latency and a poor reactivity. A trade-off must be found. Some knowledge of the application can be very useful in selecting the relevant value of \(Hello\) and \(TC\) periods. For instance, we can define different phases for each application. It would be judicious to adapt the periods to each application phase. We can also notice that \(Hellos\) are sent only one-hop away, whereas \(TCs\) are sent all over the network. The use of MPRs allows to optimize broadcasts by reducing the number of \(TC\) retransmissions and usually exhibits better performance than other techniques [60].  
Recall that \(TCs\) are sent to build the topology and the routing tables. We can mention that in some applications, like data gathering, it is useless to maintain a route to any node in the network. It is sufficient to maintain a route to the sink. That is why in EOLSR, two modes are distinguished: the general mode when no knowledge of the potential destinations is provided and the strategic mode when a few number of nodes is identified as potential destinations. These nodes are called strategic. A specific case is provided by data gathering applications with sink nodes.  
In the strategic mode, only strategic nodes periodically generate a \(TC\) message that is broadcast. A node receiving such a message will use the sender of this message as the next hop to the strategic node having generated this \(TC\), if the energy dissipated to reach the strategic node (energy cost of the route) is less than the one recorded in its routing table. If so, the \(TC\) message is propagated. It follows that in a data gathering application, a sensor node needs to maintain only one route: the route to the sink. There is only one node generating \(TC\): the sink. Figure 5 compares the number of TCs generated by EOLSR  
Figure 5: Number of TCs generated in the network.  
in the generic mode and EOLSR in the strategic mode, assuming 1 strategic node, 10 strategic nodes or 20 strategic nodes. It appears that as long as the number of strategic nodes is less than the number of EMPRs, the strategic mode should be used. Notice that this is the usual case. With the strategic mode, the overhead is considerably reduced while meeting the application requirement: each node knows a route to reach any strategic node. In other words, this overhead reduction does not induce a degradation of the services provided to the application, but on the contrary improves the services by increasing the bandwidth part left to the application as well as the amount of energy left to application transmissions.
## 5 Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols (E2 RPs) for UWSNs
### Reinforcement Learning Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols (RL-Based E2 RPs)
#### 5.4.6 Energy-Efficient Depth-Based Routing Protocol (E2D-bRP)  
In [157] the author presented a free localization E2 RP (E2D-bRP), which is based on depth. The E2D-bRP increases the lifetime of the network by decreasing the amount of network's transmissions. This proposed protocol is the enhanced version of depth-based routing protocol (D-bRP) discussed in [159]. There are two different phases of the whole communication scenario: (i), The phase of acquiring knowledge, (ii) The data packet  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  
forwarding phase. In the first phase, the sensor Rx nodes communicate with their nearby nodes by broadcasting a hello message. It also includes their remaining energy levels and depth. Furthermore, during the second phase, using the data in the hello message, communicating, data packets are forwarded in the direction of the sink node. To reduce the amount of communicating data transmissions, out of its neighbors, the Tx anchor node chooses a group of forwarding nodes whose depth is less than its own. Since those communicating nodes which have lower depths are considered the neighboring nodes of the sink node.  
For increased energy balancing between the communicating nodes in the network, a communicating node which have a large number of remaining energies could hold the communicating data packets for a smaller time to the comparison with the communicating nodes which have the remaining energy. The holding network time is calculated using a priority value to differentiate among the communicating nodes, which have the same level of energy and avoid multiple forwarding. Due to the hello message inclusion of the number of remaining energies, by choosing a group of communicating nodes for communicating data packet forwarding and avoiding redundant data packet transfer, E2D-bRP could minimize the energy consumption. E2D-bRP is extra efficient when compare with existing routing protocol DBR in [159], which are based on depth, in terms of end-to-end delay of the network and energy consumption. Efficient data packet transmission is needed for data about the nearby nodes, such as remaining energy and the depth, to be changed periodically. The lifetime of the network in E2D-bRP is increased to 40% which is greater than the existing routing protocol DBR for UWSNs.
# Extended Photoionization Cross Section Calculations for C III
###### Abstract  
Spectral features of photoionization of various levels of C III are reported. These include characteristics of Rydberg and Seaton resonances, low and high excited levels, lifetimes, and total and partial cross sections. Calculations are performed in the relativistic Breit-Pauli R-matrix method with close-coupling approximation, including damping effects on the resonance structure associated with the core-excited states produced by the electron excitation of C IV and photoionization of C III. For bound channel contribution, the close-coupling wavefunction expansion for photoionization includes ground and 14 excited states of the target ion CIV and 105 states configurations of C III. Extensive sets of atomic data for bound fine-structure levels, resulting in 762 dipole-allowed transitions, radiative probabilities, and photoionization cross sections out of \(\int^{\pi}=0^{\pm}-4^{\pm}\) fine-structure levels are obtained. The ground-level photoionization cross section smoothly decreases with increasing energy, showing a very narrow, strong Rydberg resonance converging to the CIV 1s\({}^{2}\)2p threshold. The work shows that prominent Seaton resonances for 2s\(\hbar\)s states with \(n\geq 5\), caused by photoexcitation of the core electron below the 2p threshold, visibly contribute to photoabsorption from excited states of C III. The present results provide highly accurate parameters of various model applications in plasma spectroscopy.  
atomic data; techniques; atomic processes; spectroscopic 202515809
# Implementation and Evaluation of Nodal Distribution and Movement in a 5G Mobile Network
## 3 Review of NS3 Modules
It is supposed that this solution will have flexibility and scalability when other networks interact with the 5G mobile network. The load on this module was checked using the loaded traffic obtained by executing simulation scenarios in the NS3 simulator. Additionally, the NS3 network simulator is applied for satellite systems development when interacting with wireless networks, including mobile. The proposing solution within the development of the SANSA project is based on the satellite component integrating into the terrestrial network under requirements of traffic received with this network simulator. Additionally, weather conditions influence the transmission process when using satellite equipment in new generation networks. The study of this influence on satellite communications was carried out by creating scenarios for modeling and generating traffic using the NS3 network simulator [41; 42; 43]. When carrying out a study on the subject of noise immunity in a wireless network, a detailed consideration of the calculation of the interaction between signals plays an important role. Therefore, based on the studied projects in NS-3, it was decided to use the mmWave project to create a 5G network model. This project is focused on building 5 th generation networks and has functionality with detailed implementation of the physical channel. The implementation makes it possible to sufficiently fully consider the interaction of signals, in particular, their interference. Interference, in turn, affects the quality of the transmission channel. This is an important aspect when considering networks from an information security point of view.
## 1 Introduction
Currently, there is a substantial body of mature research on the carbonation reaction of steel slag, which has revealed the effects of various conditions such as particle size, temperature, CO\({}_{2}\) pressure, and carbonation time on the carbonation results [21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. For instance, [PERSON] et al. improved the carbonation efficiency of steel slag by optimizing the three parameters of CO\({}_{2}\) pressure, temperature, and water-solid ratio [26]. [PERSON] et al. increased the carbon sequestration efficiency of steel slag to 16.65% by increasing the CO\({}_{2}\) pressure [27]. The study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [28] concluded that temperature is the primary determinant influencing the direct gas-solid carbonation reaction of steel slag. However, it appears that the researchers overlooked the significance of moisture control in specimen preparation prior to carbonation. Steel slag not only needs water for Ca\({}^{2+}\) dissolution and particle cementation during carbonation, but the carbonation reaction process also consumes a certain amount of water. Furthermore, numerous unresolved issues persist in the investigation of the carbonation reaction mechanism of steel slag. For instance, there is a lack of synergistic studies on the water content and pore structure of specimens prior to carbonation. The alteration in pore structure during carbonation significantly impacts the compressive strength of specimens [14; 29]. Secondly, existing research primarily focuses on pressed steel slag and lacks investigation into pouring molding commonly employed in cement-molding processes. Pouring molding can yield higher initial porosity compared to pressing molding, which theoretically results in higher carbon sequestration. The initial porosity of cast-molded specimens can be significantly controlled by manipulating the water-solid ratio, while the pore structure and porosity play a pivotal role in facilitating CO\({}_{2}\) diffusion. Thirdly, some researchers have observed that the center of the specimen has lower levels of carbonation than the surface part [30; 31], but the mechanism underlying the microscopic effect remains elusive. Considering the aforementioned issues, this study aims to utilize small poured cubic blocks of steel slag and manipulate different water-solid ratios to control their initial porosity. The water content is simultaneously regulated through air-drying of the steel slag. Initially, the impact of various water-solid ratios and water contents on the properties of steel slag is investigated, while microscopic analysis is employed to examine the carbonation products and pore structure of these. Consequently, a mechanism involving CO2 diffusion and particle cementation is proposed by integrating the analytical findings with previous research studies. Notably, this research introduces a novel approach by employing three-dimensional pore structure analysis to explore the relationship between CO2 diffusion and pore structure.
## 1 Introduction
In this paper, we characterized the real-time positions of ground crew workers and three common situational hazards during active cable operations using coordinates collected by Raveon Atlas PT GNSS-RF devices (Raveon Technologies Corp, San Diego, CA, USA), which feature a VHF data modem combined with a 12-channel GNSS receiver that receives position information from a single constellation, the American NAVSTAR GPS system. It is important to note that the devices do not receive positional information from GLONASS, BeiDou, or Galileo, as some other current GNSS-RF devices do. We summarized safe worker-hazard distances by calculating the amount of time, in one second increments, that workers occupied zones outside (\"safe\") and inside (\"unsafe\") circular geofence boundaries assigned to each hazard. Because forest overstory is known to impact GNSS accuracy [28; 29; 30], we also conducted a designed experiment on the University of Idaho Experimental Forest to quantify canopy impacts on receiver accuracy in both mature and recently clearcut stands. These conditions correspond to the early stages of harvesting operations (canopy intact), transitioning to later stages (canopy removed) that result during typical clearcut operations in the northwestern United States. We then used simulation to re-analyze our operational data, in order to evaluate the extent to which canopy-induced error, as determined in the earlier designed experiment, affected the GNSS-characterized safety status of ground workers over the course of active operations. Our specific objectives were to determine whether the proportion of unsafe time, defined as time spent inside one or more hazard geofences, differed by (1) hazard type (loader, carriage, snag); (2) timber sale; or (3) GNSS environment (observed, mature, clearcut).
# An L-Slot Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Based on MEMS Technology
###### Abstract  
Given the shortage of spectrum resources and the demand for communication systems of diminutive size, multi-function, and adaptive characteristics, this paper proposes an L-slot frequency reconfigurable antenna based on the MEMS switch. The antenna size is 4.07 \(\times\) 5.27 mm\({}^{2}\) and is suitable for the U-band. The antenna structure consists of two RF MEMS switches, a Rogers RT5880 dielectric substrate, an L-slot patch, and a full-coverage ground. The switch is of a series contact structure and is arranged at the corner of an L-slot. By controlling the on and off state of the switch, the antenna can switch between four states of 42.36, 47.65, 53.13, and 56.72 GHz. According to the simulation results in CST STUDIO SUITE 2018, the maximum gain of the antenna is 7.90 dB, the impedance bandwidth of each state is above 1 GHz, and the direction is mainly consistent. The antenna can meet the demand for multi-frequency millimeter wave communication.  
frequency reconfigurable; high-frequency band; patch antenna; RF MEMS switch 2023141945[[https://doi.org/10.3390/mil4101945](https://doi.org/10.3390/mil4101945)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/mil4101945](https://doi.org/10.3390/mil4101945))
# Development of Security Rules and Mechanisms to Protect Data from Assaults
### Cryptography  
Cryptography is derived from two words, i.e., \"_krypto_\" and \"_graphic_\", which are Greek words [12]. \"Krypto\" means hidden, and \"graphein\" means writing. Cryptography is related to encryption [13], which converts readable text to nonreadable form [14,15]. Cryptography is a data encryption mechanism between the sender and the receiver that prevents data from being misused by third parties. Whenever data are transferred between two entities, it should be done in cipher form rather than in its original form [16], in which the third party may misuse the data and send incorrect data to the receiver, as shown in Figure 1.  
Whenever data are transmitted from the sender side, these data are converted with the help of a cryptography algorithm called ciphertext [17]. The ciphertext is a nonreadable text that is difficult for third parties to understand. When ciphertext is sent to the receiver side, converting the text from cipher form to readable form is necessary and is called decryption [18]. Decryption is a mechanism that converts a nonreadable form to a readable form [19].
# A New Lightweight Watchdog-Based Algorithm for Detecting Sybil Nodes in Mobile WSNs
## 5 Simulation Results and Performance Evaluation
### Measures of performance  
Measures of performance commonly used for evaluating the efficiency of detection algorithms are as follows.  
* True Detection Rate (\(TDR\)): the percentage of Sybil nodes detected by a detection algorithm.
* False Detection Rate (\(FDR\)): the percentage of normal nodes detected as Sybil nodes erroneously.
* Memory overhead: the amount of memory consumption for algorithm implementation.
* Communicational overhead: the amount of extra algorithm-specific control-information required for algorithm implementation.
* Computational load: the number of computational operations needed for implementing an algorithm.
# Low-Cost and Easily Fabricated Ultrasound-Guided Breast Phantom for Breast Biopsy Training
## 4 Discussion
Moreover, we only found one in these low-cost breast phantoms that has different layers of breast tissue, but the lack of simulated tumors makes this phantom unsuitable for breast biopsy training [26]. Our gelatin-based breast phantom is a low-cost and multilayered breast phantom embedded with simulated benign tumors, malignant tumors and cysts for breast biopsy simulation training. The total cost of our phantom including the moldfabrication was approximately USD 7. The price of our training phantom is thus extremely low compared with that of the existing methods and commercially available ultrasound-guided breast phantoms. Environmental temperature control is crucial to maintaining the stability of a gelatin-based phantom. The [PERSON]'s modulus of a gelatin-based phantom decreases as the temperature increases. The indentation tests were conducted at 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the results showed that the Young's modulus of the components in the phantom fell reasonably within the reported ranges. The temperature of the breast phantoms used in the validation workshop could not be ideally controlled. Each phantom was kept in a cooler until being offered to a participant to operate. In this scenario, the temperature of each phantom was measured as 19 \({}^{\circ}\)C immediately before the operation. Based on the results of the indentation tests and validation, we recommend that users handle the proposed gelatin-based phantom at 19 \({}^{\circ}\)C-24 \({}^{\circ}\)C. A gelatin sample with a low concentration, such as a fat-tissue-mimicking sample, will start losing its original form when the sample temperature exceeds 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
This study certainly has limitations. Our participants were few and from a single academic center. Moreover, some facets of real-world experience were not reproduced in our simulation. For instance, the orientation of the patient cannot be adjusted as easily as that of the small training phantom during the biopsy procedure. A gap between the improved performance of participants' biopsy skill level after simulation training and that in the clinical setting may therefore appear. However, our findings can serve as a basis for proving that an unmet clinical need exists and training involving our breast phantom is efficient in improving the confidence and skill level of residents at performing needle biopsy. A follow-up evaluation must be performed to determine whether the training outcome is related to the performance of the participants in the real clinical setting.
# Capacitor-Less Low-Power Neuron Circuit with Multi-Gate Feedback Field Effect Transistor
## 3 Capacitor-Less Multiple Input Neuron Circuit  
We designed a neuron circuit using multi-gate FBFET with previous simulation results. This circuit is illustrated in Figure 9. The multi-gate FBFET replaces a membrane capacitor, and it is used for the NMOS position. This neuron circuit completely inhibits leakage until a power spike occurs due to the steep switching characteristics of FBFET and low off-current. However, before the node1 voltage is discharged to the ground, the FBFET is quickly blocked as the drain voltage of the FBFET decreases. Consequently, the FBFET cannot lower the node1 voltage to the ground. To lower the node 1 voltage to the ground, we use N1 (NMOS1). First, the FBFET is turned on, and the node 1 voltage drops rapidly. As the node1 voltage drops, N1 is turned on by INV2, and the node1 voltage is discharged to the ground. Finally, the output spike has occurred, and the accumulated charge of the FBFET is removed by recombination. Additionally, since FBFET suppresses Isc during the accumulation period, node1 voltage is maintained.  
Figure 10 shows the simulation results of the proposed neuron circuit. When the input voltage pulse is continuously applied at 1.1 V, electrons accumulate. When the threshold is exceeded, the number of electrons increases rapidly, and the first inverter output voltage (Vnodel) drops rapidly to 0. Additionally, analog neuron circuits generate short-circuit currents in which current flows before Vth, but the circuit only flows at the moment the FBFET is turned on. Through this, we confirmed that multi-gate FBFET could effectively replace a membrane capacitor, which can reduce area and energy consumption.