## 2 Literature Review
### Benefits and Challenges of Digital Twins
#### 2.2.2 Challenges of Digital Twins  
The rise of Industry 4.0 has dramatically accelerated the adoption of DTs technology across various industries. As a result, this development supports a shift from conventional, labor-intensive project management approaches to more collaborative, technology-focused methods [18]. However, this shift requires considerable time and effort, particularly in modifying existing organizational structures, which often face resistance to change [19]. For instance, [PERSON] [42] highlights that digital transformation is not solely about implementing new technologies; it also involves a significant transformation in terms of the organizational culture and workforce dynamics. To ensure the successful implementation process of digital transformation, it is crucial to consider factors related to three main categories: human, workplace, and technology [2; 38]. For this reason, several studies have identified these related factors. Furthermore, it is essential to acknowledge the common challenges highlighted in the literature that impede the widespread adoption of DT technology. These include (1) data standardization, (2) data management, (3) data security, (4) the need to update old IT infrastructure, (5) the challenges of connectivity privacy, (6) the security of sensitive data, and (7) the lack of a standardized modeling approach [10; 43] and the lack of skilled professionals [4; 45; 44; 45], as shown in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**No.** & **Benefits** & **References** \\ \hline
1 & Synchronization benefit & [28; 36] \\
2 & Automated monitoring of site progress and reduced & [5; 20] \\  & operational risk of machines & [5; 20] \\
3 & Improved project efficiency & [7; 10] \\
4 & Updated as-built drawings and models & [5; 22] \\
5 & Resource planning and logistics benefits & [5; 10; 21] \\
6 & Safety monitoring & [5; 10; 39] \\
7 & Quality assessment & [5; 10; 39] \\
8 & Optimization of equipment usage & [5; 23] \\
9 & Worker monitoring and tracking & [5; 23] \\
10 & Facilities management and operations & [5; 23] \\
11 & Promotion of sustainable development & [5; 7] \\
12 & Enhanced collaboration among stakeholders & [4; 16] \\
13 & Predictive maintenance and scheduling & [4; 40; 41] \\
14 & Real-time monitoring and control of construction processes & [4; 6] \\
15 & Risk assessment of different scenarios & [4; 8; 39] \\
16 & Support for decision-making processes & [4; 5; 36] \\
17 & Better documentation and communication & [4; 16] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Benefits of implementing DTs in the construction industry.  
In addition to these challenges, the primary barriers expected to restrict the growth of the DT market are the high deployment costs, increased demand for power and storage, integration difficulties with existing systems or proprietary software, and the complexity of its architecture [10; 43]. Furthermore, the process of implementing DT technology is costly, requiring significant investment in technological platforms, e.g., sensors and software, infrastructure development, maintenance, data quality assurance, and security measures. As a result, the high initial costs and the complexity of the required infrastructure are anticipated to slow down the widespread adoption of DT technologies [10; 43].