## 1 Introduction  
Reinforced concrete undergoes corrosion in environments rich in chloride ions, specifically manifesting as a reduction in the cross-sectional area and length of the rebar [1]. The corrosion of the rebar causes the concrete to expand and crack [2], leading to the premature failure of a structure and reducing the designated service life of buildings and infrastructure [3]. The corrosion of concrete occurs in both typical environments and marine environments, with distinct differences in the sources of chloride ions and the corrosion mechanisms. In typical environments, the chloride ions responsible for concrete corrosion primarily infiltrate the concrete through rainwater or rivers [4]. In contrast, in marine environments, chloride ions mainly originate from seawater and sea salt particles in the air [5]. As a result, concrete in marine environments is exposed to higher and more frequent concentrations of chloride ions, making it more prone to cracking and spalling [6]. Conversely, in general environments, where chloride ion concentrations are lower, localized pitting corrosion is more common [7]. [PERSON] et al. [8] mentioned in their paper that uniform corrosion in reinforced concrete structures leads to the degradation of mechanical properties, which is reflected in stress and strain behaviors. The randomness in the depth and location of localized corrosion causes the mechanical properties of the structure to evolve in a more complex manner. In their study, bridge piers subjected to uniform corrosion exhibited significant spalling of the concrete protective layer and the development of cracks, particularly on the side facing the sea. Similarly, based on the analysis and images presented in the study of [PERSON] et al. [9], the corroded reinforced concrete bridge piers also experienced significant concrete spalling, with a corresponding reduction in the diameter and cross-sectional area of both longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Currently, there is extensive research on the corrosion of reinforced concrete [10; 11; 12]. [PERSON] et al. [13] studied the relationship between the mass loss rate, the corrosion height, and the seismic performance of bridge piers through numerical simulations. [PERSON] et al. [14] proposed a constitutive model based on the modified compression field theory, finding that the shear strength of concrete columns significantly decreases under high corrosion rates and high axial loads. [PERSON] et al. [15] used numerical simulations to investigate the failure mode of longitudinal reinforcement under chloride ion attack, discovering a shift from column failure to beam failure over time. [PERSON] et al. [16] developed a post-corrosion bond-slip model for ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), which showed good agreement with actual results. [PERSON] et al. [17] studied the relationship between the degree of corrosion in recycled concrete and the content of recycled aggregates, with experimental results showing that a higher aggregate content leads to a more pronounced increase in the corrosion rate due to the high water absorption of recycled aggregates. [PERSON] et al. [18] conducted a study on four different corrosion rates of reinforced concrete and found that the bond strength significantly increased at a 5% corrosion rate. However, as the corrosion rate increased and cracks developed, the bond strength rapidly decreased, with cracks forming at a 45-degree angle from the top. [PERSON] et al. [19] used carbon fiber-reinforced polymers to mitigate the adverse effects of steel reinforcement corrosion. The experimental results showed that the restraining effect of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers was evident even at a high corrosion rate of 12%. [PERSON] et al. [20] studied the shear strength of corroded reinforced concrete with steel fiber reinforcement and found that the shear span-to-depth ratio had a more significant impact on the shear strength of the concrete compared to the shear reinforcement ratio.