esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Conventional Geolocation Techniques
### Hybrid Technique of Geolocation Measurements
#### 3.7.1 TDOA/AOA  
The hybrid TDOA/AOA measurement model combines the TDOA measurement with the AOA measurement between sensors, as illustrated in Figure 7(a).  
Figure 7: FDOA and DDRequivalent Doppler shift and Doppler rate estimation from real LEO satellites downlink signals: Iridium NEXT Simplex signals of opportunity [57].  
Mathematically, the hybrid TDOA/AOA measurement model is formulated as:  
\[\text{TDOA/AOA}=[\tau^{T},\theta^{T}]^{T} \tag{9}\]  
where \(\tau=[\tau_{21},\tau_{31},\cdots\tau_{11}]^{T}\) and \(\theta=[\theta_{1},\theta_{2},\cdots\theta_{L}]^{T}\)were derived in [64], where E-Systems have utilized hybrid TDOA/AOA measurements for the Cellular Applied to IVHS Tracking and Location (CAPITAL) Beltway Project [65; 66]. The capital system can geolocate the target mobile by monitoring the reverse link voice channel transmitted by the mobile user at the base station. Multiple base stations receive the signal, and the target position is determined by combining AOA estimates from each base station and TDOA estimates between multiple base stations [67; 68]. The arrival time of a signal is measured at each base station that is time-stamped with a GPS reference time to estimate the time reference of arrival estimates. The spatial filtering offered by the highly directional antennas is used for minimizing the impact of the multi-path [69].  
[PERSON] et al. proved that hybrid TDOA/AOA is a more accurate and has the best performance compared to TDOA and AOA individually. In this study, a two-step LS algorithm based on TDOA, AOA and a hybrid TDOA/AOA were applied to optimize  
Figure 8: The geometry and performance verification of the hybrid TDOA/AOA technique. Individual comparisons of the performance scenario of the hybrid TDOA/AOA technique with TDOA and AOA techniques was the main object in this scenario. Authors’ own elaboration.  
geolocation measurements for mobile emitter using multi-sensors. Root-Mean Square Error (RMSE) against Signal to the Noise ratio (SNR) was computed in this simulation [68].
# Real-Time Indoor Positioning Based on BLE Beacons and Pedestrian Dead Reckoning for Smartphones
## 3 Methodology  
### Methodology Architecture  
The basic architecture of the proposed indoor positioning method is shown in Figure 1. It consists of three major components: BLE-based positioning, PDR, and a particle filter. The data inputs include the iBeacon RSS scans and IMU readings. For the BLE-based method, the iBeacon RSS scans are recorded as the weights for the centroid-based localization algorithm. For PDR, IMU readings are used for step detection, step length estimation, and heading direction estimation. The PDR and BLE-based methods are fused in the particle filter framework. Each particle represents a discrete-state hypothesis, which is initially generated using the BLE-based method. Then PDR is used to model the particle movement, and thus the state evolving is achieved. When new observation data is obtained from the BLE-based method, the weights of all particles are updated. Finally, particle resampling is performed according to the weight values, and the location is estimated from new particles. More details are elaborated on in the following sections
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Geopolymers Performance  
The densities of the geopolymer specimens determined by the geometrical method after 28 days of curing are presented in Figure 2. The density of the geopolymer containing WG was slightly lower than that without WG addition. The highest density was determined for the G20 WG composite, which contained 20% of the waste glass. Increasing the WG content in the geopolymer hinders its compaction and increases porosity, consequently lowering the density. The waste glass creates a pozzolanic reaction, producing additional C-S-H and increasing viscosity [47]. Diminishing the waste glass particles and consequently increasing their specific surface area causes the growth of pozzolanic reactivity [48].
# Nonlinear Control Design of a Half-Car Model Using Feedback Linearization and an LQR Controller
## 3 Modelling
### LQR Controller  
the purpose of designing LQR controller is to minimize the cost function  
\[J=\sum_{t=0}^{H-1}(x_{t}^{T}Q_{t}x_{t}+u_{t}^{T}R_{t}u_{t})+x_{H}^{T}P_{H}x_{H} \tag{24}\]and design gain matrix \(K\) for the feedback system to work appropriately.  
\[v=-K\zeta \tag{25}\] \[\dot{\zeta}=(A-BK)\zeta \tag{26}\]  
For computing \(K\), \(A\), \(B\), \(C\), \(D\), \(Q\) and \(R\) matrices are prerequisite. As \(m\) is 2 so, \(A_{1}\) and \(A_{2}\) and in the same manner \(b_{1}\) and \(b_{2}\) are required. \(C\) matrix is found by decomposition of \(z=\phi(x)\) vector in column form \(D\) matrix is 0 as due to absence of either of the input terms (\(f_{f}\) and \(f_{r}\)) in both the outputs. \(Q\) matrix is a positive-definite or positive-semi definite Hermitian or real-symmetric matrix while \(R\) matrix is a positive definite Hermitian or real symmetric matrix. These both matrices \(Q\) and \(R\) are chosen optimally to reduce the cost function \(J\). Feedback control vector \(u\) will be derived as,  
\[u(t)=-K\cdot x \tag{27}\]  
State feedback gain matrix 'K' will be calculated from,  
\[K=R^{-1}B^{T}P \tag{28}\]  
Therefore, \(Q\) is a \(4\times 4\) matrix (size of \(A\)) and \(R\) is an identity matrix of \(2\times 2\) (size of \(C\)). \(v\) matrix is computed by the expression \(v=-K\zeta\). \(\zeta\) is a column matrix of \(x_{1}\), \(x_{2}\), \(x_{3}\) and \(x_{4}\).
## 2 Frequency and Active Power Control Schemes
### Alternative aFRR Participation Methods for BESS
#### 2.2.3 SOC Control with No AGC Communication  
This method is a combination of the \"BAU SOC control\" and the proposed method. The local BESS controller is as in the proposed method (Figure 1), the AGC is identical to the one used in the BAU SOC control scheme (Figure 5), but the regulating parameters of the local BESS controller (\(P^{*}_{bi,soc}\), \(c_{bi,up}\), \(c_{bi,dn}\)) are not fed back to the AGC. The purpose of this method is primarily to demonstrate the importance of communicating battery parameters \(c_{bi}\) and \(P^{*}_{bi,soc}\) to the AGC.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phase 1: Data Quality Control
Moreover, the oil slick polygons imaged with SCNA and SCNB come from 244 RADARSAT-2 scenes imaged between 2008 and 2012--12% (33) fewer images than our earlier investigations (Table 2).
# The Effects of Stress on Second Harmonics in Plate-Like Structures
###### Abstract  
Cumulative second harmonic of ultrasonic guided waves is considered to have great application potential in evaluating internal stress of structures. One difficulty with the application is the diversity and complexity of modal response to the stress change in waveguide. At present, there is a lack of relevant theoretical studies and experimental results to guide the applications. In this article, a method is proposed to characterize the amplitude change of cumulative second harmonic mode in a plate under stress through calculating the amplitude coefficient, which can be acquired based on mode shape analysis. The steel plate is taken as an example to demonstrate the analysis method. Experimental studies are presented with results consistent with the theoretical predictions. The results of this study indicate that the amplitudes of different cumulative second harmonic modes may increase or decrease monotonically with the change of stress. Therefore, when the phenomenon of modes mixing occurs in the waveguide, it is necessary to analyze and predict the amplitude of selected cumulative second harmonic mode with the change of stress in advance; otherwise, wrong results may be obtained. The method and conclusions proposed in this paper can also be applicable to waveguide of arbitrary cross-section and have universality.  
Keywords:plate; nonlinear guided waves; second harmonic; stress; amplitude coefficient; semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Mechanics and Physics Letters
## 2 Results
### Minimal Inhibitory and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration Determinations (MIC and MBC)  
The antibacterial effects of EOs were also tested in a liquid medium in order to determine their MICs and MBCs (Table 1). In the macrodilution tests, all EOs showed bactericidal effects at different concentrations against all three bacterium species.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_B. thuringiensis_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_D. congolensis_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_K. sedentarius_} \\ \hline  & **MIC** & **MBC** & **MIC** & **MBC** & **MIC** & **MBC** \\ \hline Rosemary & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ \hline Lemongrass & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0 \\ \hline Clove & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\ \hline Salvia & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 \\ \hline Cinnamon & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 \\ \hline Citronella & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.07 \\ \hline Eucalyptus & 1.2 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 1.2 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 2.4 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 2.4 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 1.8 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 2.4 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ \hline Fennel & 4 \(\pm\) 0.39 & 4.8 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 3.3 \(\pm\) 0.05 \\ \hline Spearmint & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0 \\ \hline Peppermint & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0 \\ \hline Lemon & 1.2 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 1.2 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 1.2 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 2 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.45 \(\pm\)0.03 & 1 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ \hline Thyme & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 \\ \hline Clindamycin & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0 \\ \hline Erythromycin & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) of the 12 essential oils on the three bacterium species associated with pitted keratolysis. MIC and MBC values are presented in mg/mL. Clindamycin and erythromycincemic were used as positive standards. Values are presented in mg/mL.  
Figure 1: Drop plate antibacterial test results of the 12 essential oils on the three bacterium species associated with pitted keratolysis. Values represent the inhibition zones in diameters, determined around the drops. Clindamycin and erythromycincemic were used as positive standards (applied concentrations were 2 mg/mL).
## 4 Discussion
The _Mj-HSP60_ expression was downregulated in most crabs after 7 days of DEHP exposure due to reducing cellular immune protection, although expressions of the detoxifying _Mj-HSP67B2_ gene [51] were continuously upregulated in DEHP-treated groups compared to the control. _HSP67B2_ is significant both in detoxification and in anti-oxidative stress systems, as well as immune protection [26; 27; 51]. For instance, in _P. trittuberculatus_, an important marine and aquaculture species, _Mj-HSP60_ displays differential expression patterns in response to environmental salinity stress and exhibits upregulation in the gills [52]. Likewise, _L. vannamei HSP60_ mRNA is regulated between 4 and 32 h after the injection of bacteria [53]. _HSP70_ is upregulated 24 h after copper exposure in the zebra mussel _Dehesena polymorpha_ and midge larvae _Chironomus tentans_[54; 55]. In addition, _HSP70_ expression is dramatically induced, owing to microbial pathogens in the Chinese shrimp _Fenneropenaeus chinensis_[56]. However, little is known regarding the response of _HSP60_ to xenobiotics and stresses in invertebrates such as the sea anemone (_Anemonia viridis_) [29], _D. polymorpha_[54], and the white shrimp (_Litopenaeus vannamei_) [57]. The limited study reported that HSP67B2 acts like a rhodanese homolog with a single RHOD domain, is characterized from the housefly M. domestica, and plays potential roles under oxidative stress conditions [57]. _M. domestica_, and plays potential roles under oxidative stress conditions [51]. In crustaceans, _HSP_ expression studies have been conducted on the Asian paddle crab _Charybdis japonicus_, with exposure to EDCs (bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol) [16; 58]. To date, this is the first nucleotide and protein sequence information reported regarding _Mj-HSP60_ and _Mj-HSP67B2_ in the crab species _M. japonicus_. Our gene expression results revealed the potential involvement of the two HSPs in the immune system of crabs. This study highlights the potential importance of these molecules in crustaceans, protecting cells against pathogens as well as in severe cellular and environmental stress conditions. Conceptualization, K.P., W.-S.K. and I.-S.K; methodology, K.P., W.-S.K. and I.-S.K; formal analysis, K.P., W.-S.K. and I.-S.K; investigation, K.P., W.-S.K. and I.-S.K; resources, K.P., W.-S.K. and I.-S.K; writing--original draft preparation, K.P., W.-S.K. and I.-S.K; supervision, K.P., W.-S.K. and I.-S.K; project administration, I.S.K, funding acquisition, K.P., I.-S.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea, South Korea, which is funded by the Korean Government [NRF-2018-R1A6A1A-03024314] and [NRF-2019-R1I1A1A-01056855]. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
# EUV-Induced Plasma: A Peculiar Phenomenon of a Modern Lithographic Technology
## 3 Bulk Materials Facing EUV Photon Induced Plasma
### Observation of Cleaning and Degradation of Exposed Surfaces  
Under certain conditions Mo/Si multilayers can suffer from carbon (C) deposition or silicon oxidation, as has been shown in the multiple studies using synchrotrons and vacuum UV spectrometers [65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70]. In EUVL, carbon growth is related to the presence of a monolayer of physisorbed (from the volume) hydrocarbon molecules on all of the surfaces. These hydrocarbon molecules are partly dissociated during EUV exposure by direct photon absorption and/or secondary electrons that are emitted from the surface [65; 66; 71]. The radicals that are created during this process, react with the mirror's surface, which leads to a fast build-up of carbon. The relevance of this case for EUVL is due to the relative reflectance loss \(\Delta R/R\) due to either carbon contamination or additional oxygen presence during oxidation.  
Carbon contamination can successfully be removed by remote plasma cleaning [72] and atomic hydrogen etching [73]. Furthermore, reactive ion etching by surface-facing EUV-induced plasmas in hydrogen has also appeared to be capable of cleaning carbon contamination [64]. On the other hand, oxidation of the silicon layers is permanent. The first step in the reaction mechanism for oxidation of silicon is similar to that initiating carbon deposition, but with adsorbed water instead of hydrocarbons. Irradiation with photons, electrons, or ions causes water molecules to dissociate into atomic oxygen and hydrogen. In ref [67], it was suggested that these atoms diffuse into the silicon layers, where the oxygen reacts with silicon to form silicon-oxide (SiO\({}_{2}\)). The introduction of oxidation-resistant capping layers (often Ru) has improved the oxidation resistance [74; 75]. Another advantage of the use of a Ru capping layer is that Ru-oxidation can be reduced by atomic hydrogen [76].  
Silicon oxidation and carbon deposition are primarily driven by EUV radiation and the adsorbed species and are--in that respect--not caused by the presence of EUV-induced plasma directly. Hence, these processes fall outside the scope of this review. In this distinction, other non-plasma related processes, such as heating due to EUV-irradiation, are also omitted.  
An effect in EUVL that does seem to be driven by EUV-induced plasmas is blister formation on multilayer mirrors caused by delamination of the upper layers [77; 78]. This delamination has been attributed to bombardment of the MLM with high energy hydrogen ions. In the following sections, the focus will be on the currently available knowledge regarding carbon removal and blister formation by EUV-induced plasmas. These plasma-surface interactions are driven by fluxes of atomic and ionic hydrogen. In this view, first, the mechanisms that determine these fluxes are discussed in Section 3.2. Finally, Section 3.3 highlights the interaction of these species with EUVL relevant surfaces.
# WLQRP: A Weighting Link-Quality-Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks
## 3 System Model  
The focus of this article is the 3D underwater acoustic sensor network model, which is described in this section. Furthermore, we present the energy model and the acoustic propagation model, which act as the theoretical foundation for our proposed routing protocol.
# Arbitrary Sampling Fourier Transform and Its Applications in Magnetic Field Forward Modeling
## 1 Introduction
applied the NUFFT algorithm based on Gaussian interpolation to 2D gravity numerical simulation and achieved good results [30]. [PERSON] et al. applied non-uniform Fourier transform to seismic wave field forward modeling and it performed well [31]. [PERSON] et al. used a 1D NUFFT algorithm for 2D magnetic numerical simulation and the effect was relatively good [32]. However, the efficiency and accuracy of the Fourier transform algorithm can still be improved. To sum up, standard-FFT is greatly affected by edge effects and spectrum aliasing [33]. Although Gauss-FFT is less affected by edge effects, the total number of wavenumbers increases due to offset sampling, which reduces the computational efficiency, and both algorithms need uniform sampling [26; 34]. NUFFT algorithm realizes the non-uniform sampling of the Fourier transform, which is an excellent innovation of Fourier transforms but is still greatly affected by edge effects [32]. To solve these problems, we propose an arbitrary sampling Fourier transform (AS-FT) method based on shape-function interpolation. First, the Fourier transform integral is discretized into the sum of multiple elements, and the original function in each element adopts shape-function interpolation to represent the change. Combined with the kernel in the Fourier transform (natural base exponential function), the semi-analytical solution of the element integral is obtained. Then all the element integrals are accumulated to obtain the Fourier transform integral. According to the properties of repeated integrals, the 2D Fourier transform integral is realized integrating the 1D Fourier transform twice, and the 3D Fourier transform integral is realized by integrating the 1D Fourier transform three times. In this method, the element can be divided arbitrarily, and it can be divided flexibly according to the trend of the original function. The semi-analytical solution can be obtained using integral element calculation. Because the integral calculation is accurate, there are no edge effects. Flexible sampling is performed according to the integrated function trend, so fewer wavenumbers are selected and the calculation efficiency is higher. Then, the 2D AS-FT algorithm is applied to the 3D weak magnetic and strong magnetic numerical simulation algorithm, and the algorithm's effectiveness is verified.
# A Novel Finite Element Method Approach in the Modelling of Edge Trimming of CFRP Laminates
This information can be used to know when the worn tool inserts should be replaced in order to avoid the massive rejection of parts in a manufacturing production system. The most effective and easy-to-obtain indicator that shows the emergence of severe tool wear is the visualisation of an increment in the cutting forces. Therefore, the investigation of the variations of the cutting forces caused by the tool wear during machining is necessary to enhance the final structural quality of the machined components. This paper address this matter, developing a consistent FE study of a characteristic milling operation called edge trimming to analyse the effect of tool wear on the machining forces. For this purpose, the machining of two unidirectional (UD) CFRP laminates with 45\({}^{\circ}\) and 90\({}^{\circ}\) fibre orientations were assessed. Tool wear was accounted for by increasing, in several simulations, the cutter tool edge radius, from 10 \(\upmu\)m to 50 \(\upmu\)m. Laminate behaviour was modelled using a damage algorithm based on a hybrid Puck-Maximum stress failure criteria to determine composite damage onset and subsequently reduce the mechanical properties linearly [43]. The numerical implementation of the spring back phenomenon (partial thickness recovery of the machined surface) was found to be essential to improve the accuracy of the numerical predictions. Numerical results are validated using the experimental data collected in the trials developed by [PERSON] et al. [44]. Interesting conclusions from the evolution of global forces to the spindle axis (\(F_{X}=\) Horizontal force and \(F_{Y}=\) Vertical force) and related forces to the cutting tool tooth (\(F_{T}=\) Tangential force and \(F_{N}=\) Normal force) are collected in this manuscript.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Thermomechanical Properties  
#### 3.3.1 Storage Modulus (E')  
Figure 5a shows the storage modulus variation as a function of temperature for the investigated composites. Storage modulus is a measurement of the material's stiffness. In all the composites studied, loss in stiffness is observed with an increase in temperature due to increased particle mobility leading to a decrease in storage modulus. Sample A2 containing 12% CPH and 88% UPT resin exhibited the highest storage modulus of 2393.39 MPa at 28.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C while the lowest was obtained for A1 1879.02 MPa of 10% CPH and 90% UPT resin at similar temperature reading which corresponds to the elastic modulus values in Figure 3a. This implies that 12% CPH is the optimum amount of CPH to obtain enhanced modulus. This is also similar to the result of fly ash hybrid polyester composite [76] and clay-jute fibre polymer composite [77]. The effect of hybridization with 3% clay on the storage modulus was investigated as presented in Figure 5d. Addition of 3% to the various mix (Figure 5d) led to an increase in modulus for sample C2 which has a mixture of 87% UPT and 10% CPH. This increase is associated with clay acting as toughening agent and lowering the rate of molecular mobility of the polymer chains [78], while also enhancing stress transfer from reinforcement to matrix due to improved interfacial adhesion strength between the fibre reinforcement and matrix [38]. This also means there was an increase in the energy storage ability of the composites and agrees with the elastic modulus graph in Figure 3c. Further increase in the CPH weight fraction shows gradual decrease in the E' value with sample E2 having the lowest value of 1162.37 MPa. This is because the clay content in the composite had formed clusters forming a heterogeneous mix and creating a weak bond between matrix and fibres.  
Figure 5: _Cont._