# A Heterogeneous Multi-Satellite Dynamic Mission Planning Method Based on Metaheuristic Algorithms
## 1 Introduction
Similarly, a survey of task planning algorithms for multi-satellite systems highlighted the growing scale and complexity of such systems, but these studies often lack adaptability to dynamic environments and user-specific demands [7]. Although heuristic algorithms outperform exact and approximate methods in many cases, their applications remain limited. For example, a multi-objective hybrid dynamic mutation Genetic Algorithm proposed for autonomous task re-planning demonstrated advantages in computational efficiency and completion rates, but it did not adequately address the adaptation needed for routine user communication in dynamic environments [8]. [PERSON]'s research on geospatial information acquisition also constructs a multi-objective optimization model using Ant Colony Optimization and Simulated Annealing, but it similarly overlooks the diverse and fluctuating communication needs of everyday users, which is critical in modern satellite communication systems [9]. These studies underscore the complexity and diversity of satellite mission allocation problems, which are often NP-hard, growing exponentially as the number of satellites and user demands increase. Most existing models frame satellite mission allocation as an optimization problem and utilize various algorithms to find solutions. However, while effective in specific observation tasks or time window planning, these models fall short in addressing the continuous, large-scale communication demands of a diverse user base, which is a key focus of our approach. A widely studied multi-satellite structure involves cooperative satellite transmission, where satellites share the same orbital window due to the limited availability of space and spectrum resources in satellite communication systems, particularly in geostationary orbits [10]. Several studies have focused on this method. For instance, in [PERSON]'s system model, selected users simultaneously transmit signals to co-located satellites using the same frequency allocated by the ground control center. The satellites then forward the received signals to the ground control center via a wideband link for processing [11]. Research indicates that establishing orthogonal MIMO channels based on precise positioning information of satellite and user antennas can significantly enhance the capacity of satellite communication systems due to the spatial multiplexing gain generated by the virtual MIMO system formed between satellite antenna arrays and terminal users. [PERSON] extended this concept to collaborative GEO transmission in Rician fading channels [12]. While these studies demonstrate the potential for capacity enhancement, they focus primarily on improving transmission efficiency and spatial multiplexing. However, they fall short in addressing critical aspects, such as dynamic user demands, varying latency requirements, and real-time resource adaptation. These limitations are particularly evident in multi-user scenarios where user communication priorities and preferences fluctuate over time, making static MIMO setups insufficient. Additionally, UAV-aided channel sounders with real-time processing hardware have been developed for highly dynamic and nonstationary air-to-ground channel measurements [13]. Multi-satellite systems performing collaborative transmission between satellites in different orbits have gained interest for overcoming network heterogeneity, thus enabling cross-system information exchange, and improving throughput [14]. In multi-satellite relay transmission, communication satellites link with user terminals through multiple relay satellites, thus expanding coverage and enhancing the resilience of the network to link failures. Although this architecture presents clear advantages in extending coverage and ensuring system robustness, it still poses challenges in optimizing resource allocation to meet users' varying latency requirements and dynamic communication priorities.