## 2 Literature Review
### DCOR Model  
In 1996, Pittiglio Rabin Todd & McGrath, Inc. (PRTM), Advanced Manufacturing Research, Inc. (AMR), and more than 65 enterprises cofounded the SCC and developed the enterprise supply chain operations reference (SCOR) model [15], which includes DCOR and the customer chain operations reference model (CCOR). For example, [PERSON] et al. [29] suggested the performance management framework, which was one of the pillars of the SCOR model, and provided practitioners with step-by-step guidelines for the implementation of performance management in outsourcing projects. [PERSON] et al. [30] examined how a standardized and widely accepted model, like the SCOR, could be applied despite the different circumstances. [PERSON] et al. [31] argued the framework and relations of DCOR processes are threefold: the design process reference model (DPRM), the service component reference model (SCRM), and the technology and standard reference model (TSRM). The SCRM and TSRM correspond with each other. The SCRM needs to specify the technology standards, and technology standards and service components are associated with and assist each other.  
In 2004, the SCC first proposed the concept of the DCOR model, which is a specific model dedicated to the design chain. For the complexity of the conventional design language, the DCOR model constructed a complete design language for the designer to achieve flawless communications and design. The SCC released the DCOR model and published the revised DCOR model version 2.0 in 2009 [15]. The DCOR model is an integrated design language and a design chain model, which can gradually create design elements in a top-down manner and correlate them. [PERSON] et al. [32] presented a multi-agent system (MAS) framework developed on the DCOR model to support cooperation between the original design manufacturer (ODM) company and its suppliers. [PERSON] et al. [33] found that DCOR and SCOR models could be extended to model the sourcing process and demonstrated the possibility to extend the SCOR model to the rest of the early supply chain processes of the mineral raw material industry. [PERSON] et al. [34] adapted the SCOR model to demonstrate an approach to supporting the configuration of supply chain business processes for dedicated supply chains. The approach was also applied to define and model the Level 4 processes that were beyond the scope of the SCOR model, and scarce relevant literature has been published in many sectors.  
In short, the DCOR model is a specified model defined for design chains regulated by the SCC. Currently, the SCC is confined to only Level 1 through Level 3 of the DCOR model. Level 4 of the DCOR model is constructed by enterprises when they introduce their design processes or extend the processes' items that caught their attention. Because the DCOR model is a gradually developed and analyzed framework, during the analysis, it is suitable to deduct and diagnose the problem points of a design chain process. The enterprise then achieves the improvement of the design processes by taking appropriate actions. The design process frameworks of the cases studied by this research better match the DPRM proposed by [31]. Therefore, this research substitutes \"design\" from the DCOR model in [PERSON] et al. [31] DPRM. This research uses conceptualize (CP), design (DS), and deploy (DP) from DPRM as foundations to extend and build a specific design chain model.