## 7 Other Uses of _Lemma minor_  
In addition to its value as feed, _Lemma minor_ could also be used for human consumption, for pharmacological applications, or even for water treatment. _L. minor_, as a source of protein, is considered a novel food, as well as mycobacteria, algae proteins, and bacterial proteins. Through a panel on nutrition and novel food, EFSA has informed that the consumption of a mix of _L. minor_ and _L. gibba_ is safe for health [60]. However, a previ  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt}} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Country**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Type of Poultry**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Level of Inclusion of L. minor in the Diet**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Feed Strategy**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Results**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Recommended**} \\  & & & & & **Level of Inclusion in the Diet** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Iran} & \multirow{2}{*}{Laying hens} & \multirow{4}{*}{7.5\% and 15\%} & Substitution of wheat gluten and soybean meal by dry _L. minor_ & Improvement in the color of egg yolk and a hematoprotective effect (\(p<0.05\)) in hens. & \multirow{4}{*}{15\%} & \multirow{4}{*}{[12]} \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{India} & \multirow{2}{*}{Broiler chicken} & 5 and 10\% with and without & Inclusion of _L. minor_ (flour) plus enzyme & \multicolumn{2}{c}{A final weight in chicken similar to the control group (\(p>0.05\))} & \multirow{4}{*}{5\% plus enzyme} & \multirow{4}{*}{[14]} \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Indonesia} & \multirow{2}{*}{Native hens} & \multirow{2}{*}{10\%, 20\% and 30\%} & Conventional diets including _L. minor_ were prepared & No differences (\(p>0.05\)) with the control group in weight gain nor feed conversion. & \multirow{4}{*}{20\%} & \multirow{4}{*}{[37]} \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Vietnam} & \multirow{2}{*}{Broiler chicken} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Ad libitum_} & Fresh _L. minor_ offered _ad libitum_ restricting de base diet of corn and soybean & Fresh _L. minor_ showed no advantage (\(p>0.05\)) when conventional feed was restricted. & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & \multirow{4}{*}{[56]} \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Summary of the use of _Lemma minor_ as poultry feed.  
ous article had expressed worries concerning the concentration of manganese found in _L. minor_ and ruled that the level of trace elements and contaminants that _L. minor_ may have depends on the cultivation conditions and the fertilization it receives [41]. Proteins have been extracted from _L. minor_ for food products for human consumption. Advances in protein extraction have been made when combining the alkaline extraction method and ultrasound [9]. _L. minor_ has been considered a good candidate for recombinant protein production for pharmacological purposes, and a transgenic _L. minor_ for this purpose has been obtained [61; 62]. In this sense, a phytase from transgenic _L. minor_ has been proven favorable as an additive in experiments with laying hens [63]. _L. minor_ may be also used in an aquaculture system with the intention of improving water quality. This is due to the fact that effluents of aquaculture can be treated with _L. minor_ even in water recirculation systems, which favors water quality and fish development [64; 65; 66; 67]. It was reported that the water where _L. minor_ is combined with aquaculture had less ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, potassium, and phosphates [68]. But in lagoons that had abundant _Lemma_ spp., higher fish mortality was reported, which was attributed to greater eutrophication and lower oxygen levels in water [69].