# Tele-Assessment of Executive Functions in Young Adults with ADHD: A Pilot Study
## 2 Assessment in Adults with ADHD  
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that tends to persist into adulthood, albeit in different forms and modalities [8]. In recent years, various tools have been developed to investigate the presence of ADHD in adults [9]. Specifically, self-report questionnaires are commonly used to assess ADHD in adulthood. At the same time, neuropsychological tests--especially those conducted online--are scarce, and few have been validated in the scientific literature for this clinical population. Regarding self-report tools for the assessment of ADHD symptoms, they predominantly rely on the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV and DSM-5) [10; 11]. Among these, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (AARS) is an 18-item instrument based on the DSM-IV criteria, with a shorter six-item version designed for screening purposes [12; 13]. Another commonly used tool is the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, which consists of 18 items based on the DSM-IV criteria [14]. The Current Symptom Scale (CSS), also based on DSM-IV, is composed of 18 items, of which 9 assess inattention and 9 assess hyperactivity/impulsivity [15]. The Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) offers three versions: a full scale with 66 items, a brief form with 30 items, and a screening version with 28 items [16]. The ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS), based on a structured interview, comprises 18 items, with 9 measuring inattention and 9 assessing hyperactivity/impulsivity [17]. Another tool, the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV), provides a comprehensive evaluation of adult ADHD and is available in both self-report and observer-report formats [18]. The Adult ADHD Symptom Scale for DSM-5 (AASS-5) consists of 21 items and evaluates the presence of the ADHD criteria according to the DSM-5 guidelines [19]. Finally, the primary semi-structured interview used in the assessment of ADHD is the Diagnostic Interview for Adult ADHD (DIVA-5) based on the DSM-5 criteria [20; 21; 22]. This interview assesses the criteria related to inattention (criterion A1 of the DSM-5) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (criterion A2 of the DSM-5), the age of onset, and the impairment caused by ADHD symptoms. The Screening Inventory (IR-ADHD) is a questionnaire containing 119 items, divided into two subscales: one for inattention and one for impulsivity [23]. Lastly, the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) and the Self-Reported Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Scale (SR-WRAADDS) follow the criteria outlined in the Utah model. The WURS includes 61 items [24], while the SR-WRAADDS comprises 30 items [25]. The Utah criteria for ADHD--also referred to as the Wender's Utah Criteria--represent a diagnostic framework specifically used to identify ADHD in adulthood. These criteria underscore the importance of a childhood history of combined-type ADHD, with particular emphasis on the persistence of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity from childhood into adulthood. Some questionnaires are specifically used to evaluate the perception of executive functioning in adults with ADHD.