## 3 Research Framework of Internet of Emergency Services
### Computation Paradigms
#### 3.6.2 Blockchain  
Blockchain technology has the potential to improve emergency management and response by enabling secure and efficient data sharing, transparency, and trust among multiple stakeholders ([PERSON] et al., 2017). In particular, the use of blockchain can facilitate the management and sharing of critical data such as medical records, disaster response plans, and supply chain information (Table 12). One potential application of blockchain in emergency management is in supply chain management. During a disaster, it is important to ensure the timely delivery of essential supplies and resources to affected areas. However, traditional supply chain systems may be inefficient and prone to errors, resulting in delays or even loss of supplies. Blockchain can provide a secure and transparent supply chain system, allowing all parties involved to track the movement of goods from origin to destination, thereby reducing the risk of fraud or errors. Another potential application of blockchain is in managing medical records during a disaster. In many cases, medical records may be lost or inaccessible during a disaster, making it difficult for healthcare professionals to provide appropriate care. By using blockchain to store and share medical records, healthcare professionals can access critical information about patients quickly and securely, even if traditional communication channels are disrupted. Real-world examples of blockchain use in emergency management and response include the following:  
* Project Bifrost: This project, led by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), aims to use blockchain technology to improve disaster response and supply chain management ([PERSON] et al., 2016). The project is currently being implemented in Vanuatu, where it is being used to track the delivery of essential supplies to disaster-affected communities. * Blockchain for Disaster Relief: This project, launched by the Blockchain Commission for Sustainable Development, aims to create a blockchain-based platform for managing disaster response and relief efforts ([PERSON] et al., 2016). The platform will allow stakeholders to share information and resources in a secure and transparent manner, facilitating faster and more effective response to disasters. * MedRec: This project, led by researchers at MIT, uses blockchain technology to manage medical records in a secure and efficient manner ([PERSON] et al., 2016). The system allows patients to control their own medical records and share them securely with healthcare professionals, even during a disaster when traditional communication channels may be disrupted. Despite its potential benefits, the use of blockchain in emergency management and response also has some limitations and challenges. One of the main challenges is the need \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Context of Use** & **Description of Use** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) & Emergency Situations & Proposed a mobile cloud-assisted architecture that supports multicloud and hybrid-cloud environments for handling emergency situations such as natural calenities. The algorithm offloads data to the most suitable cloud and yields better performance compared to baseline algorithms. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) & Indoor Emergency Response & Designed and developed a cloud-enabled mobile app called IPSOS Assistant for monitoring people’s well-being and managing emergencies in indoor environments. The app increases reliability and safety in indoor workplaces and provides assistance such as showing available escape routes in case of fire. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: _Cont._for interoperability between different blockchain systems, as well as between blockchain and traditional information systems. Another challenge is the need to ensure the security and privacy of sensitive data, while also maintaining transparency and accountability in data sharing.