## 4 Discussion
These findings are in line with previous studies on the haemostatic potential of ethanol-based plant extracts; however, extracts of _M. memorosum_ herb were investigated in this context for the first time. For instance, ethanol extracts of _Euonymous fortunei_ significantly shortened bleeding and clotting times in animal models, likely due to increased intracellular calcium levels in platelets and enhanced coagulation factor activity [69]. Similarly, _Chromolaena odorata_ ethanol extracts demonstrated potent haemostatic effects in vivo, reducing bleeding time in rabbit ear artery models and promoting wound healing [70]. The superior performance of MN70 may be attributed to the higher extraction efficiency of active polyphenic compounds in 70% ethanol, which is consistent with findings from other plant-based haemostatic agents [71]. Furthermore, the presence of flavonoids and tannins, known to enhance platelet aggregation and vascular constriction, likely contributes to the observed activity [72]. The results of the study (Table 4) confirm that topical application of the liquid extracts from _M. memorosum_ herb (MN40 and MN70) significantly accelerates wound surface healing compared to the control group. The most pronounced effect was observed with the MN70 extract: by day 7, the wound healing area reached 71.85%, by day 11 it increased to 97.78%, and complete wound closure was recorded by day 13. The MN40 extract also promoted tissue regeneration, though its efficacy was slightly lower, with complete healing observed on day 15. The reference drug, Rotokan, demonstrated better wound healing activity than the control but was less effective than both the _M. memorosum_ herb extracts. In Group II (MN70), complete healing occurred by day 13, while in Group I (MN40), the healing rate reached 98.89%, and in Group III (Rotokan), 95.93%. By day 15, all experimental groups achieved 100% wound closure. Thus, the liquid extracts of _M. memorosum_ herb exhibit a pronounced wound-healing effect when applied topically, surpassing the efficacy of the reference drug Rotokan. The MN70 extract demonstrated the highest activity. No signs of irritation or adverse reactions were observed following topical application of either MN40 or MN70 extracts, indicating a favourable safety profile for dermal use. The information was added to the manuscript. These findings are consistent with previous studies on the wound-healing potential of ethanol-based plant extracts; however, extracts of _M. memorosum_ herb were investigated in this context for the first time. For example, ethanol extracts of _Costus speciosus_ leaves and seeds significantly enhanced wound contraction and epithelialization in excision wound models, with leaf extracts showing faster granulation and reepithelialisation than seed extracts [73]. Similarly, _Madhuca longifolia_ leaf and bark ethanol extracts demonstrated wound closure rates comparable to standard treatments like Betadine, supporting the role of polyphenic compounds in tissue regeneration [74]. The superior performance of MN70 may be attributed to the higher extraction efficiency of flavonoids and phenolic acids in 70% ethanol, which are known to promote angiogenesis, collagen synthesis, and modulation of inflammatory mediators involved in wound repair [75; 76]. Furthermore, the synergistic action of compounds such as rutin, apigenin, and caffe acid, identified in _M. nemorosum_, likely contributes to the enhanced healing response observed in the MN70 group. Both _M. nemorosum_ herb extracts MN40 and MN70 demonstrated antimicrobial properties. The comparative analysis of MN40 and MN70 extracts reveals a clear enhancement in antimicrobial efficacy associated with MN70, particularly against resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant _S. aureus_ (MRSA) and _Candida albicans_. The inhibition zone for MRSA increased from 10.57 \(\pm\) 0.50 mm with MN40 to 23.99 \(\pm\) 1.34 mm with MN70, while for C. _albicans_ (sputum isolate), MN70 exhibited 31.64 \(\pm\) 2.24 mm compared to 21.86 \(\pm\) 1.22 mm with MN40.