## 6 Challenges  
The integration of biosensors with multi-hop IoT systems, facilitated by cloud connectivity, introduces a transformative approach to patient monitoring. While this innovative paradigm holds immense potential for delivering real-time and personalized healthcare insights, it is not without its challenges. Addressing the challenges in Figure 12 is essential to ensuring the seamless operation, reliability, and security of such interconnected systems. This section delves into the major challenges associated with the integration of biosensors in a multi-hop IoT network, emphasizing the need for strategic solutions to overcome these hurdles. From energy efficiency to security and privacy concerns, each challenge plays a crucial role in shaping the effectiveness and viability of biosensor-based patient monitoring systems. An in-depth exploration of these challenges sets the stage for devising comprehensive strategies that harness the full potential of biosensors in enhancing patient care through cloud-connected IoT frameworks. * Energy efficiency: Energy efficiency poses a critical challenge in integrating biosensors with multi-hop IoT systems for patient health monitoring through cloud connectivity. The limited power resources inherent in biosensors, especially those for implantation, give rise to this challenge [121]. Ensuring the prolonged battery life of biosensors is crucial, considering their small battery sizes or reliance on harvested energy. Strategic energy management becomes imperative to extending operational life. The optimization of data transmission is another facet, demanding efficient protocols and algorithms to minimize energy consumption during transmission. This optimization ensures biosensors can operate for extended periods without frequent battery replacements [122]. Energy harvesting mechanisms, such as solar or kinetic energy, are often employed in biosensors. However, the intermittent nature of these sources introduces challenges in maintaining a consistent power supply, impacting the reliability of patient monitoring systems. Addressing these energy-efficiency challenges calls for a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating advancements in sensor technology, communication protocols, and energy management strategies. Overcoming these hurdles is pivotal for the sustainability and effectiveness of biosensor-based patient monitoring in multi-hop IoT networks via cloud connectivity. * Reliability and low latency: Ensuring reliability and low latency in biosensors integrated with multi-hop IoT systems for patient health monitoring through cloud connectivity presents significant challenges. Reliability challenges arise due to the vulnerability of wireless communication in multi-hop IoT networks. Signal interference, packet loss, and network congestion can compromise the seamless transmission of health data from biosensors to the cloud. Ensuring a robust communications infrastructure and implementing error correction mechanisms are vital for maintaining data reliability [123]. Low latency is crucial for real-time patient monitoring, especially in critical medical situations. Delays in data transmission can impact timely interventions. Achieving low latency requires optimizing communication protocols, minimizing signal processing time, and ensuring efficient routing in a multi-hop network [124]. Figure 12: Challenges for patient monitoring with multi-hop IoT systems. Moreover, the reliability and low latency challenges are interconnected. Overcoming one often involves addressing aspects of the other. Balancing the need for real-time data with reliable transmission is a complex task that necessitates careful consideration of network design, data processing algorithms, and communications protocols. Successfully tackling these challenges is essential for maximizing the effectiveness of biosensors in multi-hop IoT systems for patient health monitoring via cloud connectivity.