# Road Safety Management of Uncontrolled Access Points:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Access Points Configuration
#### 3.1.3 Combination of the Entry and Exit Transition Shapes  
The combination of the entry and exit transition shapes results in the definition of a subset of 16 classes (Figure 7). Table 6 shows the characteristic values of the geometric parameters investigated in the study. Tables 7 and 8 provide a comprehensive analysis combining access classification and accident data analysis. T\({}_{\text{2,2}}\) is the most common type (241 access points); most access points with this configuration are located in urban road sections (209 access points). The most interesting observation emerging from the aggregated data was that accesses with a greater interface between the main roadway and the activities they serve, (such as the subset of T4 class e.g., T\({}_{\text{1,4}}\), T\({}_{\text{2,4}}\), T\({}_{\text{3,4}}\), T\({}_{\text{4,1}}\), T\({}_{\text{4,2}}\), T\({}_{\text{4,3}}\), T\({}_{\text{4,4}}\)), are more related to traffic accidents; as a result, for these types, \(F\geq 0.33\) which means that at least one crash occurred for \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristic** & **Min** & **Mean** & **Max** & \(\sigma\) \\ \hline \(\alpha\) [\({}^{\circ}\)] & 7.45 & 91.04 & 173.00 & 26.30 \\ L\({}_{\text{a}}\) [m] & 2.90 & 15.69 & 141.00 & 12.57 \\ R\({}_{\text{i}}\) [m] & 0.20 & 6.98 & 58.87 & 7.86 \\ R\({}_{\text{u}}\) [m] & 0.20 & 2.11 & 94.11 & 6.49 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Characteristic values of the geometrical parameters. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Transition** & **N (T\({}_{\text{i,j}}\))** & **\% *** & **Total Number of** **Accidents** & **F** \\ \hline T\({}_{\text{i,1}}\) & 126 & 18\% & 45 & 0.36 \\ T\({}_{\text{i,2}}\) & 374 & 53\% & 148 & 0.40 \\ T\({}_{\text{i,3}}\) & 126 & 18\% & 49 & 0.39 \\ T\({}_{\text{i,4}}\) & 74 & 11\% & 37 & 0.50 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Aggregate analysis (rural and urban areas) of data related to the transition exit shape. % * is the percentage of access points with the same type of transition exit shape compared to the total number of accesses that were noted. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Rural Area**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Urban Area**} \\ \hline
**Type of** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Total**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Total**} \\
**Transition** & **N (T\({}_{\text{i,j}}\))** & **Number of** **Accidents** & **F** & **N (T\({}_{\text{i,j}}\))** & **Number of** **Accidents** & **F** \\ \hline T\({}_{\text{i,1}}\) & 83 & 27 & 0.33 & 43 & 18 & 0.42 \\ T\({}_{\text{i,2}}\) & 81 & 36 & 0.44 & 293 & 112 & 0.38 \\ T\({}_{\text{i,3}}\) & 29 & 11 & 0.38 & 97 & 38 & 0.39 \\ T\({}_{\text{i,4}}\) & 30 & 18 & 0.60 & 44 & 19 & 0.43 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Analysis related to the transition exit shape for rural and urban areas. every three implementations of this geometry. The disaggregated analysis confirmed these results; except for T1_4 in the rural area and T2_4 and T4_3 in the urban area. Furthermore, significant values for accident density are recorded for access points linked to the T2 class, particularly to the T2_2 subclass. This last result confirms the safety issues linked to the improper users' perception of the side accesses having this geometry. Figure 7: Types of access points: schematic geometry and examples (top view; MR = main roadway; A = access point; aerial images © Google). A wider access is linked to a higher level of risk for pedestrians; this condition requires a greater crossing distance and time of exposure of pedestrians to vehicle movements and conflicts [43]. The analysis of accidents involving pedestrians carried out in this study refers to the type of connection transition shape; according to some studies [34]. Furthermore, this parameter plays an important role in assessing pedestrians' safety. Figure 8 reports the results of this analysis.