## 3 Research Framework of Internet of Emergency Services
### Components and Devices of Internet of Emergency Services  
#### 3.2.1 Sensors  
Sensors play a crucial role in collecting data for IoES to help manage and respond to emergency situations. They can be used to gather various types of information such as temperature, humidity, air quality, radiation levels, and more. This information is then used to make decisions, monitor the situation, and take appropriate actions. In this discussion, we will explore some of the various types of sensors used in IoES and provide examples of their uses in emergency management and response.  
* Environmental sensors can measure various aspects of the environment, such as temperature, humidity, air quality, and radiation levels. These sensors can provide valuable information for emergency responders to assess the situation and take appropriate actions. For example, during a natural disaster such as a hurricane or flood, environmental sensors can be used to monitor the water levels, air quality, and other environmental conditions.
* Motion sensors are used to detect movement or changes in movement. These sensors can be used to detect human presence, vehicle movement, or even the movement of debris after a disaster. They are particularly useful in detecting survivors in collapsed buildings or landslides, as they can detect the smallest of movements and vibrations.
* Gas sensors are used to detect the presence of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, methane, and sulfur dioxide. These sensors can be used to detect gas leaks or toxic gases in the environment. They are particularly useful in industrial accidents, where toxic gases can pose a significant risk to human health and safety.
* Sound sensors are used to detect the presence of sound or changes in sound. These sensors can be used to detect the sounds of distress signals, such as someone shouting for help or the sound of an explosion. They can also be used to detect changes in sound patterns, such as the sound of a building collapsing.
* Pressure sensors can be used to detect changes in pressure or force. They can be used to detect changes in air pressure or water pressure, which can indicate a leak or rupture. They are particularly useful in detecting underground leaks or changes in water pressure during a flood. Real-world examples of the use of sensors in emergency management and response include:
* Earthquake monitoring [16; 64]: During an earthquake, sensors are used to monitor the ground motion and seismic activity. This information is then used to issue alerts and warnings to the public and emergency responders.
* Air quality monitoring [32; 65]: In areas affected by wildfires, sensors are used to monitor the air quality and detect the presence of harmful gases and particulate matter. This information is used to issue health warnings and advise people to take appropriate precautions.
* Flood monitoring [27; 28; 58]: During floods, sensors are used to monitor the water levels and detect changes in water pressure. This information is used to issue alerts and warnings to the public and emergency responders.
* Chemical spill detection [66; 67]: Sensors are used to detect the presence of hazardous chemicals and toxic gases in the environment. In the event of a chemical spill, sensors can be used to monitor the concentration of chemicals in the air and water.  
In conclusion, sensors play a crucial role in IoES by providing real-time data to emergency responders. They are used to monitor the environment, detect changes in movement, detect the presence of harmful gases, and detect changes in pressure. Real-world examples of sensor use in emergency management and response include earthquake monitoring, air quality monitoring, flood monitoring, and chemical spill detection (see a list of papers presented in Table 2).