# Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Results of Elemental Analysis Using ICP-MS Technique for Cooked Food  
The raw materials used in preparing the food experiments, including rice, meat, lemon, cloves, black pepper, cardamom, spices, cinnamon, and tomato sauce, were analyzed using the ICP-MS technique before cooking to quantify the elemental concentration in each food ingredient. Three replicates for each raw ingredient were performed, and the average of the elemental concentrations in the raw food ingredients is presented in Table 5. The total elemental concentration in the cooked food can be attributed to two sources: the first is the elemental content derived from the raw food ingredients (see Table 1 for the list of food ingredients), and the second source is the elements that migrated from the cooking pots. The samples obtained from the cooked food in aluminum pots were analyzed using the ICP-MS technique, with six samples examined for each cooking experiment, and the averages are presented in Table 6. The results displayed in Table 6 depict the elements that migrated from the aluminum cooking pots to the cooked food, after subtracting the contribution of elements from the ingredients/raw materials based on the data in Table 5. Additionally, the elements analyzed included the major elements found in the aluminum cooking pots, namely Al and Fe, as determined by the results of the Spectromaxx metal \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Element**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Chemical Composition, Weight Percent (wt.\%)**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Pot Codes**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **AC** & **AS** & **ACP** & **APP** \\ \hline Al & 99.24 & 99.60 & 98.59 & 99.53 \\ \hline Fe & 0.3782 & 0.2483 & 0.6036 & 0.2889 \\ \hline Ni & 0.0029 & 0.0008 & 0.0010 & 0.0011 \\ \hline Mg & 0.0030 & \textless{}0.0005 & \textless{}0.0005 & \textless{}0.0005 \\ \hline P & 0.0040 & 0.0037 & 0.0041 & 0.0039 \\ \hline Cr & 0.0038 & 0.0016 & 0.0085 & 0.0025 \\ \hline Mn & 0.0219 & 0.0012 & 0.6528 & 0.0144 \\ \hline Si & 0.2207 & 0.0859 & 0.0782 & 0.0753 \\ \hline Ti & 0.0267 & 0.0137 & 0.0155 & 0.0091 \\ \hline Cd & 0.0006 & 0.0005 & 0.0006 & 0.0005 \\ \hline Pb & \textless{}0.0065 & \textless{}0.0065 & \textless{}0.0065 & \textless{}0.0065 \\ \hline Sn & \textless{}0.0005 & \textless{}0.0005 & \textless{}0.0005 & \textless{}0.0005 \\ \hline Sr & \textless{}0.0010 & \textless{}0.0010 & \textless{}0.0010 & \textless{}0.0010 \\ \hline Zr & 0.0002 & 0.0001 & 0.0004 & 0.0003 \\ \hline Cu & 0.0045 & \textless{}0.0010 & \textless{}0.0010 & \textless{}0.0010 \\ \hline Zn & 0.0347 & 0.0032 & 0.0089 & 0.0149 \\ \hline V & 0.0105 & 0.0089 & 0.0255 & 0.0143 \\ \hline Sb & 0.0035 & 0.0037 & 0.0021 & 0.0017 \\ \hline B & 0.0026 & 0.0019 & 0.0018 & 0.0016 \\ \hline Co & 0.0008 & \textless{}0.0005 & 0.0006 & \textless{}0.0005 \\ \hline Ca & 0.0007 & 0.0006 & \textless{}0.0005 & \textless{}0.0005 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The average chemical composition of the aluminum cooking pots according to spectromaxx metal analysis. analysis (as presented in Table 4). Furthermore, common toxic elements such as As, Cd, and Pb were analyzed to confirm their presence in the cooked food. Table 6 provides the results for the metals that migrated into the cooked food in aluminum pots under various cooking conditions. It is important to note that the total elemental concentration in food samples is the sum of the elemental concentrations from the food's raw ingredients and the elemental concentrations that migrated from the aluminum pots. Table 6 shows the concentration of elements migrated from cooking pots only after deducting the contribution of elements sourced from raw ingredients. The same results as those presented in Table 6 are depicted in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1a illustrates that the addition of tomato sauce and lemon (AC-2 sample) led to an increase in the content of Al and Fe that migrated to the food compared to the AC-1 sample.