## 3 Results  
Twenty-six stroke subjects were enrolled in this study: 8 subjects were assigned to GG (median age = 59.00 years; 8 males; 5 ischemic; 3 left side; median distance from the acute event = 44 days); 8 subjects to EG (median age = 66.00 years; 4 males; 6 ischemic; 7 left side; median distance from the acute event = 112.50 days); and 10 subjects to CG (median age = 63.00 years; 7 males; 6 ischemic; 1 left side; median distance from the acute event = 111.00 days). Detailed demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample are depicted in Table 1. All participants completed the entire treatment without reporting any adverse event. Table 2 shows the clinical outcomes registered at T0 and T1 for each group. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test revealed no significant difference at T0 and T1 (\(p\geq 0.05\)). Within the GG, the Wilcoxon test showed significant pre-post variations in the following outcomes: mBI (\(p\)-value = 0.008), MI-AIL (\(p\)-value = 0.022) TCT (\(p\)-value = 0.036), FAC (\(p\)-value = 0.030), WHS (\(p\)-value = 0.032), TUG (\(p\)-value = 0.022), 6 MWT (\(p\)-value = 0.008). The 10 MWT (\(p\)-value = 0.272), and MAS-AIL (\(p\)-value = 0.242) did not reveal any significant temporal variations. Within the EG, mBI (\(p\)-value = 0.022), MI-AIL (\(p\)-value = 0.022), FAC (\(p\)-value = 0.018), WHS (\(p\)-value = 0.012), and 10 MWT (\(p\)-value = 0.050) significantly changed between T0 and T1. However, the TCT (\(p\)-value = 0.097), MAS-AIL (\(p\)-value = 0.097), TUG (\(p\)-value = 0.312), and 6 MWT (\(p\)-value = 0.107) did not registered significant improvements. Within the CG, significant differences between T0 and T1 were registered in mBI (\(p\)-value = 0.009), MI-AIL (\(p\)-value = 0.009), TCT (\(p\)-value = 0.033), FAC (\(p\)-value = 0.032), WHS (\(p\)-value = 0.010), TUG (\(p\)-value = 0.006), and 10 MWT (\(p\)-value = 0.036). Data did not reveal any significant difference in MAS-AIL (\(p\)-value = 0.346) and 6 MWT (\(p\)-value = 0.343). The between-groups statistical significance was not achieved. However, the clinical significance was obtained in TUG, 10 MWT, and 6 MWT. Specifically, the mean pre-post differences in TUG were: GG = \(-\)6.86 s; EG = \(-\)6.80 s; CG = \(-\)2.98 s. Therefore, considering that the Minimal Clinical Important Difference (MCID) for TUG in stroke subjects is \(-\)2.9 s [16], all groups exceeded this value, with a higher pre-post difference in both robotic groups. Similarly, the mean pre-post differences in 6 MWT (GG = 64.75 m; EG = 50.75 m; CG = 17.60 m) evidenced that only the GG and EG registered values higher than the MCID for 6 MWT (34 m [16]). Conversely, in 10 MWT, only the pre-post difference of EG (0.2 m/s) exceeded the MCID (0.16 m/s [16]), since the variations in velocity in GC (0.09 m/s) and CG (0.05 m/s) were lower indeed. The spatio-temporal gait parameters at T0 and T1 are depicted in Table 3. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests revealed no significant differences (\(p\geq 0.05\)) for all gait outcomes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Characteristics**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**GG (N = 8)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**EG (N = 8)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**CG (N = 10)**} \\ \hline
**Age (years)** & 59.00 (15.57) & 66.00 (14.83) & 63.00 (6.67) \\
**Gender (female/male)** & 2 (20\%)/8 (80\%) & 4 (50\%)/4 (50\%) & 3 (30\%)/7 (70\%) \\
**Aetiology (ischemic/haemorrhagic)** & 5 (62.5\%)/3 (37.5\%) & 6 (75\%)/2 (25\%) & 6 (60\%)/4 (40\%) \\
**Affected side (left/right)** & 3 (37.5\%)/5 (62.5\%) & 7 (70\%)/3 (30\%) & 1 (12.5\%)/7 (87.5\%) \\
**Distance from the acute event (days)** & 44.00 (34.84) & 112.50 (40.77) & 111.00 (65.23) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} N (%); median (median absolute deviation)  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample.