## 3 Results  
### Oil and Gas Industry and AI  
Offshore drilling and production exemplify these challenges, demanding a multidisciplinary range of specialties. In addition to the traditional knowledge of mechanical engineering applied to onshore activities, there is a need for expertise in logistics, naval engineering, automation, materials, and chemistry, among others. Logistics, for example, is critical due to the limited space in offshore facilities and the capacity constraints to support heavy loads [16]. Chemical engineering, in turn, seeks to resolve the thermal shock that occurs with fluids with a high concentration of water and gas, extracted from deep and hot reservoirs, which encounter the low temperatures on the seabed [17]. This contrast can lead to the formation of hydrates, solids that block the flow of fluids through pipelines [6]. With the advancement of artificial intelligence, these areas are gaining even more momentum. AI is being applied to predict failures and optimize processes, from drilling  
Figure 1: Initial research: artificial intelligence keywords. to production, analyzing large volumes of data in real time and proposing solutions autonomously [18]. Machine learning technologies are used to improve operational efficiency and predict the useful life of equipment, minimizing downtime [21]. Other advances, such as seismic processing, reservoir simulation and well automation, are trying to be widely integrated with AI to increase accuracy and safety. Oil companies, driven by these innovations, are shaping the industry's technological paths, guiding suppliers and determining the future of market offerings [22]. Innovations, while expensive and risky, are essential to ensuring the industry's longevity and success in an increasingly competitive landscape [23]. Drilling services in the oil and gas sector involve productive, non-productive and time-wasting activities. Productive activities are those that promote progress in the depth of the well, such as drilling. Non-productive operations, although they do not generate direct progress, are necessary for the execution of the well, such as casing, cementing and column testing. Optimizing these activities is essential to minimize operating time, always respecting safety conditions and best market practices [24; 25; 26]. On the other hand, there are activities that result in loss of time, commonly known as \"invisible lost time\" (ILT), which should be avoided. These losses include waiting due to adverse conditions at sea or delays in the arrival of materials and personnel, as well as repairs of equipment and facilities. Among the main problems that cause delays are [27; 28; 29]:  
* Reopening: Occurs when there is a need to reopen intervals that have already been drilled to correct problems with restrictions or reduction in the diameter of the well, which prevents the continuation of operations in a safe manner. * Diversion and re-drilling: When a section of the well is lost, it is necessary to place a plug and divert the route at a point above the incident in order to re-drill to the desired depth. * Loss of circulation: Occurs when the pressure in the well exceeds the resistance of the geological formations, leading to the invasion of drilling fluids. This can compromise the integrity of the well, damage possible reservoirs, and cause the column to jam. * Kick and blowout: The \"kick\" refers to the invasion of the well by formation fluids, which, if not controlled, can evolve into a \"blowout\", a serious accident with risk to the well, the platform and the team. Although rare, these events have the potential to cause great damage. * Fishing: Involves the recovery of parts or materials that have fallen or become trapped in the well, blocking normal operation. The time dedicated to this activity can vary, and in some cases, the fishing operation is not successful, resulting in the loss of parts of the well. In addition to mechanical challenges, production problems also occur throughout the life of the well.