## 2 Literature Review  
### Vernacular Architecture in the Modern Context  
VA is increasingly recognized as a vital source of inspiration for developing sustainable design solutions and preserving cultural identity within contemporary architectural practice. Research highlights that VA not only reflects adaptations to local climates, materials, and community lifestyles, but also embodies ecological and sustainability principles that remain profoundly relevant in the context of globalization [30]. [PERSON] [31] asserted that vernacular structures emerge from environmental, economic, material, and social factors, resulting in a practical construction model that harmonizes with the natural world. [PERSON] [2], who popularized the term \"vernacular\" within architecture in the 1960s, emphasized its role as a balanced response to natural and human-made settings, paving the way for contemporary sustainability studies. Complementing this view, [PERSON] [32] added that VA addresses specific needs while reflecting communities' cultural and economic values through traditional technologies and locally sourced materials. Collectively, these perspectives have established a robust foundation for exploring VA as a catalyst for modern architectural trends. In the current era, academic discourse increasingly advocates for the integration of VA within sustainable planning and architectural processes [33]. [PERSON] noted that the homogenization driven by globalization has intensified the erosion of heritage values, heightening the urgency to revive traditional construction values [34]. Characterized by the use of regionally available materials, such as earth, bamboo, and timber, and executed through artisanal construction techniques [33, 35], vernacular buildings are acknowledged for their resource efficiency and reduced environmental footprint [36]. Investigations by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [35] into vernacular huts in Bangladesh revealed notable resilience to seismic and landslide events, attributable to traditional construction systems, while [PERSON] [37] documented the enduring stability of Nepal's rammed-earth monasteries post the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. These findings affirm VA's adaptability to natural hazards, an increasingly critical consideration in modern architectural resilience. Furthermore, field theory, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of space, culture, and society, offers a theoretical framework for interpreting and applying VA in contemporary contexts, thereby fostering synergy between sustainable innovation and local cultural identity [38; 39]. Despite its potential, the integration of VA into contemporary practice faces significant challenges, primarily the decline of traditional craftsmanship and the growing preference for industrialized materials, such as concrete and steel, fueled by the \"international style\" movement [40]. [PERSON] [32] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [41] observed that the perception of VA as \"outdated\" has diminished interest in indigenous practices, despite their proven efficacy over centuries. To address this, recent studies advocate a hybrid approach, merging traditional knowledge with modern innovations, such as passive design and eco-friendly materials, to enhance sustainability while retaining cultural authenticity [36; 42]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [43] argued that architectural culture remains inherently regional, grounded in a dialectical synthesis of heritage and modernity. Consequently, VA should not be viewed merely as a heritage to preserve, but as a progressive model for future architectural solutions, offering valuable contributions to environmentally responsible and sustainable development. In Vietnam, where a rich vernacular tradition reflects diverse regional identities, this hybrid approach holds particular promise for bridging traditional practices with contemporary architectural demands.