## 3 Results and Discussion
### Migration and Risk Assessment
Notably, the study also observed a reaction between the film and the high-fatty food simulant D2, indicating potential sensitivity to food polarity of the food matrix. However, the amount migrants generated remained below the regulatory limits. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No** & **Rt** & **Migrants** & **CAS No.** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Molecular** \\ **Formular** \\ \end{tabular} & **Mass** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Cramer** \\ **Class** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **LOD** \\ **(ug/g)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **LOQ** \\ **(ug/g)** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Specific Migration (mg/kg)**} \\ \hline  & & & & & & & & & & **TPS/PBAT** & **N** & **E** & **T** & **H** & **P** \\ \hline
1 & 10.33 & Glycerin & 56-81-5 & C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{6}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 92.05 & 1 & 0.20 & 0.70 & 1.20 & 1.30 & 1.20 & 1.10 & 1.10 & 1.40 \\ \hline
2 & 18.47 & \begin{tabular}{c} 1.6- \\ 7,12-dione \\ \end{tabular} & 777-95-7 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{10}\)O\({}_{4}\) & 200.10 & 1 & 1.16 & 3.51 & \begin{tabular}{c} 9.08 \(\pm\) \\ 0.77 \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 9.14 \(\pm\) \\ 1.16 \\ \end{tabular} & 4.07 \(\pm\) &
\begin{tabular}{c} 4.07 \(\pm\) \\ 0.06 \\ \end{tabular} & \(<\)3.51 & \(<\)3.51 & \(<\)3.51 & \(<\)3.51 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Specific volatile and semi-volatile migration from active TPS/PBAT with and without food preservatives, namely sodium nitrite (N), sodium erythrobar  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No. **} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Formular**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Component Name**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Generation**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**CAS**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Adduct**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**m  
To determine the migration behavior of TPS/PBAT films, a comparison with conventional petroleum-based plastics, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), is essential. Studies have shown that conventional plastics also release various migrants, including both IAS, like antioxidants (e.g., Irganox 1010, BHT), and NIAS, such as cyclic oligomers and thermal degradation products [5, 7, 17, 27, 34, 40]. For example, PET is known to leach cyclic oligomers (e.g., trimer and tetramer forms of ethylene terephthalate) and acetaldehyde under certain conditions, particularly in high-temperature or fatty food simulants [41, 42]. In contrast, the TPS/PBAT films examined in this study exhibited a lower diversity of migratable substances, primarily consisting of known polymerization by-products and food-approved additives, such as glycerol, triacetin, and BHT. Furthermore, several identified oligomers in TPS/PBAT films were of biodegradable origin, and many were found in lower concentrations compared to those typically reported in PE- or PET-based materials [24, 40, 41, 42]. These results suggest that TPS/PBAT films may offer a simplified and potentially less hazardous chemical profile, especially for applications involving food contact. However, further toxicological evaluations and long-term migration studies are needed to substantiate these preliminary advantages.