## 2 Materials and Methods
### Method  
The four biomass fuels were crushed to a maximum particle size of less than 5 mm and used to replace pulverized coal (C) at mass ratios of 10% and 20%. These were then mixed with coal to prepare eight distinct fuel samples, labeled as C+DG, C+YMX, C+JM, and C+SY. For example, C+DG1 represents a mixture of 90% coal and 10% DG, while C+DG2 represents 80% coal and 20% DG. A specific amount of pulverized coal and mixed fuel samples were weighed and analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) using a thermal analyzer (DZ-TGA103, Dazhan Testing Instrument Co., Ltd. Nanjing, China), with the temperature ramped from room temperature to 1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C at a heating rate of 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min. In accordance with the Chinese national standard GB/T 33304-2016 [39], the relevant combustion indices were determined to evaluate the combustion characteristics of the fuel at varying heating rates, including ignition temperature (T\({}_{i}\)), burnout temperature (T\({}_{f}\)), maximum volatile matter release rate ((d\({}_{\mathrm{w}}\)/d\({}_{\mathrm{t}}\))\({}_{\mathrm{max}}\)), and corresponding temperature (T\({}_{\mathrm{p}}\)), average combustion rate(\(\bar{\mathrm{V}}\)). The cement raw materials were individually ground using a planetary ball mill (QM-3 SP2, NJU-Instrument Co., Ltd. Nanjing, China), followed by drying in an oven at 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C to eliminate moisture. The dried samples were sieved using 200 \(\upmu\)m and 80 \(\upmu\)m square-hole sieves. The particle size distribution of the processed raw materials is presented in Figure 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Materials** & **Moisture** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Ash** \\ **Content** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Volatile** \\ **Matter** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Fixed** \\ **Carbon** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Sulfur** \\ **(KJ/kg)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Coal & 5.87 & 17.06 & 24.94 & 52.13 & 0.48 & 24,260 \\ DG & 10.78 & 16.86 & 58.00 & 14.36 & 0.10 & 13,030 \\ YMX & 6.61 & 2.16 & 75.02 & 16.21 & 0.07 & 15,330 \\ JM & 10.96 & 0.34 & 75.76 & 12.94 & 0.06 & 16,500 \\ SY & 10.36 & 8.30 & 63.34 & 18.00 & 0.14 & 15,770 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Fuel analysis and calorific value determination (wt%). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Materials** & **SiO\({}_{2}\)** & **Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)** & **Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)** & **CaO** & **SO\({}_{3}\)** & **MgO** & **K\({}_{2}\)O** & **Na\({}_{2}\)O** & **Cl\({}^{-}\)** & **LoI** \\ \hline Coal & 42.26 & 30.55 & 6.41 & 9.45 & 5.29 & 0.73 & 1.14 & 0.39 & 0.02 & 1.64 \\ DG & 87.56 & 1.37 & 0.93 & 1.63 & 0.29 & 0.99 & 4.75 & 0.22 & 0.08 & 0 \\ YMX & 29.66 & 1.49 & 0.90 & 2.22 & 1.37 & 4.15 & 50.68 & 0.39 & 0.67 & 0 \\ JM & 8.23 & 1.85 & 1.81 & 56.98 & 2.50 & 7.20 & 8.34 & 1.98 & 0.08 & 0 \\ SY & 35.77 & 1.97 & 1.61 & 49.37 & 1.79 & 3.83 & 1.94 & 0.16 & 0.16 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Analysis of fuel ash composition (wt%). Typically, the modulus of cement clinker in China is regulated by adjusting the limestone saturation ratio (KH [40]: 0.88-0.92), silica ratio (SM [41]: 2.4-2.6), and alumina ratio (IM [42]: 0.9-1.9). The raw meal (i.e., the homogenized and finely ground mixture of raw materials used before clinker production) configuration is determined using EXCEL programming to ensure maximum accuracy. Under the following assumptions: the heat consumption per unit of clinker is 2926 kJ/kg, with the required clinker ratios being KH = 0.9, SM = 2.5, and IM = 1.6. The amount of fuel ash incorporation (Ga) is calculated according to Formula (1). To ensure the raw material fineness of 10%, the raw materials were mixed in the following proportions: 90% of the mass fraction passed through the 80 um sieve, 9% fell within the 80 um-200 um range, and 1% was retained on the 200 um sieve. The sample was mixed thoroughly to ensure uniform water distribution and shaped into a 50 \(\times\) 50 \(\times\) 10 mm specimen.