# Effect of Feed Rate on the Force and Energy in the Cutting Process Using Planar Technical Blades
## 4 Conclusions  
Based on the design, implementation, and research work completed, the following findings were established for the study evaluating the cutting force of planar technical blades used in flatfish processing.  
* In order to carry out the described tests, it was necessary to use a stand that allows adjustment of the cutting speed in the range under study (70-400 mm/s).
* Repeatability of measurements and high sampling rate were guaranteed by using a test bench with numerical control and digital data recording. It was decided to use a system that allowed the export of measurement data and their further analysis.
* Utilizing a wide range of cutting speeds \(v_{f}\) while measuring forces \(F\) at multiple measurement points (12 feed rates and 5 tests for each point) was a unique feature of this experiment.
* Analysis of the results allowed us to identify the most favorable cutting speed (70 mm/s) due to the minimum forces (2.6 N) occurring in the cutting process.
* Calculated work \(W\) and power \(P\) increased with force \(F\). Calculations of the unit energy intensity \(e_{j}\) index were made. The values of the \(e_{j}\) index also maintained an incremental trend with increasing cutting speed, indicating that more energy is consumed in the process as speed increases. The maximum value (242 J/m\({}^{2}\)) of the \(e_{j}\) index at the highest cutting speed \(v_{f}\) (400 mm/s) was equal to 161% of the value of the \(e_{j}\) index (150 J/m\({}^{2}\)) calculated for the lowest tested cutting speed \(v_{f}\) (70 mm/s).
* The slowest tested cutting speed (70 mm/s) was considered the most favorable parameter due to the lowest forces (2.6 N) and the lowest energy expenditure (150 J/m\({}^{2}\)). In industrial conditions, however, process time \(t\) is an equally important factor, which increases with decreasing cutting speed. Thus, further analysis is needed to find the optimum between the smallest forces and process time. Time \(t\) of the process with minimum feed rate \(v_{f}\) (70 mm/s) was equal to 109 ms, while \(t\) for maximum \(v_{f}\) (400 mm/s) was equal to 27 ms. At a minimum cutting speed of 70 mm/s, the process takes four times longer to complete compared to the maximum tested speed (400 mm/s).
* Reducing the cutting speed \(v_{f}\) has a positive effect on reducing the cutting force \(F\) (which is related to the blade wear process) and the energy expenditure in the form of the calculated \(e_{j}\) index. However, excessive reduction of the blade feed rate parameter leads to a significant (fourfold) extension of the process. It is therefore necessary to control the feed parameter in search of a combination of output factors that will ensure stable and safe operation of the blade, with its minimum wear and minimum duration of operation.
* Since the studies presented are of a laboratory nature, it is not possible to replicate under such circumstances the effect of variables that occur in a manufacturing process. As a result, tests performed on the test bench mentioned above must finally be confirmed by experiments carried out in production line conditions for flat fish skinning.
* Extended research is planned to determine the optimal cutting speed \(v_{f}\) that will ensure the occurrence of minimum forces \(F\) and energy expenditure \(e_{j}\) in the cutting process, while not prolonging the process.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, B.Z. and K.N.; methodology, B.Z., T.C. and K.N.; software, B.Z. and T.C.; validation, K.N.; formal analysis, T.C. and K.N.; investigation, T.C.; resources, K.N.; data curation, B.Z. and T.C.; writing--original draft preparation, T.C.; writing--review and editing, K.N.; visualization, T.C.; supervision, K.N.; project administration, K.N.; funding acquisition, B.Z. and K.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.