# Exploring Visual Perceptions of Spatial Information for Wayfinding in Virtual Reality Environments
## 4 Results
### Analysis of Conscious Gaze and the Visual Understanding of Data  
To analyze the data of perceptual process, a time range of one visual movement was considered. The VR gaze tracking equipment recorded participant gaze data at 250 Hz per second, and the gaze time for each datum was 0.004 s--that is, one visual movement per 0.004 s was recorded and extracted at 250 Hz.  
As seen in previous studies, the minimum time to consciously grasp an object in front of the eyes is 200 ms; it is understood that eyes perceive an object and consciously observe it when the gaze is fixed in one place. Therefore, to ensure a fixed gaze time of 0.2 s or more, at least 50 of the gaze data obtained in this experiment had to be continuous. However, less than 50 of the non-contiguous fixation data were also included in the gaze data recorded at 250 Hz. Using the above results, the raw gaze fixation data from the AOIs were analyzed by dividing the total experiment time (60 s) into six ten-second sections (see Figure 6). All fixation data were recorded regardless of dwelling time. The visual perception process was analyzed by extracting 50 or more 200 ms continuous gaze fixation data for \"conscious attention\" and 300 ms continuous gaze fixation data for \"visual understanding\" (see Figure 7).  
The data for the participants' gaze movement that passed the validity rate test indicates the value of gaze fixation in the AOI areas. The AOIs were classified into FAP, FAS, and FAB. Each AOI region allowed for the extraction of gaze data from the FAS to understand the spatial information as well as gaze data from the FAP to understand the direction of wayfinding within a target space. FAB accountedfor the remaining areas beyond FAP and FAS and was interpreted as searching gaze. In Time Sequence 1 (0 \(\sim\) 10 s) shown in Figure 6, the FAS value for gaze fixation was the highest, thus a conscious gaze fixation in the cognition of spatial information appeared. In Time Sequence 3 (20 \(\sim\) 30 s), the value of the FAS was the lowest, indicating that the search by the cognitive gaze for the \"sign\" was over at the beginning of the experiment. As the FAP value increased in Time Sequence 3, it continued until the end of the experiment. When analyzing the participants' perception of information about the space, it is understood participants used their gazes to search for 10 to 20 s at the beginning of the experiment, and then, after 30 s, with a greater understanding of the space, they proceeded to observe the direction of the destination. In the gaze movement analysis, there was a difference in the visual fixation data of the AOIs according to the time sequence (see Figure 6a).  
A frequency of 200 ms when 50 or more gazes were fixed in succession was extracted from the data and analyzed as \"conscious gaze\" data. Figure 6c shows the analysis of more than 75 gaze fixation data at 300 ms as a \"cognitive gaze\" beyond consciousness (see Figure 6b). The 200 ms FAS (200-FAS) appears to have had a higher frequency than the other AOIs in Time Sequence 1 (0 \(\sim\) 10 s). Time Sequence 2 (10 \(\sim\) 20 s) revealed a decrease in raw data after the commencement of the experiment; however, it is understood that the \"sign\" area was perceived more consciously than the other AOI areas. The 300 ms FAP (300-FAP) increased in frequency from Time Sequence 2 (10 \(\sim\) 20 s) to Time Sequence 6 (50 \(\sim\) 60 s). It is conjectured that the spatial information was recognized in the \"sign\" during the initial Time Sequence 1.  
Figure 6: Fixation data analysis in the AOIs from the time series. (**a**) Participants’ data from the AOIs. (**b**) 200 ms of visual fixation frequency; (**c**) 300 ms of visual fixation frequency.