# Application of 3D Imaging for Analyzing the Chip Groove Shapes of Cutting Inserts
## 1 Introduction
The chips formed retain heat in the cutting zone and create problems with chip removal. For better performance and chip control, chip grooves are used on the rake face of the drill [10]. In addition to the above-mentioned solutions, the use of convexities has also been analyzed, as well as various types of texturing of the rake surface. An example would be a high-speed steel tool with convexity shaped by additive technology [11]. Experimental tests of the use of this type of tool in the machining of the AlCu4 Mg1 aluminum alloy have shown a positive effect of convexity on chip breaking aimed at improving tribological characteristics at the tool-chip interface by texturing the surface of cutting tools. Another way to influence the direction of chip flow is to apply texture to the rake face of the tools. The authors of one paper [12] presented an analysis of the turning process with tools made of WC/Co carbide with a texture obtained by laser processing. The influence of texture laying directions in relation to the cutting edge and chip flow was investigated. The results showed that textures can better modify the adhesion of the workpiece to the rake face and help reduce cutting forces compared to a conventional tool. Chip-breaker geometries are the basic and widely used methods of chip breaking. However, despite the benefits of using them, the development and manufacture of a breakable tool are expensive, as it requires additional treatments and processes such as forming, sintering, grinding, and coating. The use of 3D-vision measurement methods and imaging is present in many areas of industrial production [13]. These types of non-contact measuring systems are used in the processing of plastics, wood, metals, or composite materials [14; 15]. In the area of machining, 3D measurement techniques are most widely used to measure the dimensions and wear of cutting tools and to measure the dimensional accuracy and surface quality of workpieces. Currently, the aim is to measure workpieces and cutting tools directly on numerically controlled machine tools, as well as to integrate measuring systems with CAD/CAM/CAE systems (computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing, computer-aided engineering) [16]. An overview of the topic concerning the determination of measurement uncertainty on machine tools and sources of error has been presented previously [17]. For the control and evaluation of the quality of products after the end of the production process, the role of vision systems is most often related to the indication of parameters and the quality features of the analyzed items. The choice of measurement method and system, as well as the type of sensors used, depends on the manufacturing industry. For example, some authors described the inspection of the dimensions and material defects on the surface of the wood using 3D images [18]. Other authors have described using 3D surface images in the field of flatness control of welded parts made of aluminum [19]. Additionally, the analysis of the use of 3D scanning for dimensional control of details obtained in the cutting process is presented in [20]. With regard to cutting tools, the issues that researchers address are most often related to measuring cutting-edge wear. A new methodology for measuring insert wear in turning 1C45 steel and an analysis of errors made by researchers during measurements are presented in [21]. In [22], an innovative measurement procedure is presented for direct spatial measurement of cutting-tool wear using a laser profile sensor. A special system for mounting the measuring device on the turret of the machine tool was designed, and the influence of the orientation of the measuring head on the accuracy and quantity of the obtained measurement data was investigated. In addition, the problem of using 3D images in the task of automated measurement and evaluation of the degree of wear of Qubitron II grinding wheels is presented in [23].