# Enhancing Tactile Internet Reliability: AI-Driven Resilience in NG-EPON Networks
## 2 Related Work
SEBA is based on Software-Defined-Networking (SDN) principles, offering simpler, flexible, and easily customizable networks. Moreover, SEBA promotes interoperability between OLTs and ONUs from different manufacturers. SEBA is open-source, giving operators unprecedented flexibility in customizing SEBA for their access network, integrating it with the rest of their backend systems, implementing only the features they require, adding application programming interfaces (APIs) themselves, and not being bound by the timelines and prices of a traditional vendor [29]. Network Fault Detection and LocalizationCommonly, to detect anomalies in the ODN, engineers are using OTDR, which is a technique based on the Rayleigh backscattering [12]. The concept is like a radar, so the OTDR will send a series of optical pulses into the ODN. Afterward, the backscattered signals will be recorded as a function of time that can be translated to the position of the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l l} \hline \hline
**References** & **Contributions** & **Approach** & **Gap Addressed** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[14]} & Uses Reference Reflector & \multirow{4}{*}{OTDR detection,} & Does not cover \\  & (RR) and Optical-Time- & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & OTR detection, & Al-enabled resilience \\  & (OTDR) for fault & & reflectance estimation & mechanisms or \\  & detection in ODN & & & automatic fault \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[15; 16; 17; 18]} & Embedded OTDR in & \multirow{4}{*}{Miniaturized OTDR} & Focuses on detection \\  & Optical Network Units & & but lacks resilience \\  & (ONUs) for monitoring & & and recovery \\  & fiber faults & & mechanisms \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[19]} & Trunk and tree protection & Protection for OLT, & High cost and \\  & mechanisms in EPON & feeder fiber, and & inefficient resource \\  & networks & entire area & utilization \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[20; 21; 22]} & Ring topology for & Cost-effective & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & redundancy in EPON & redundant path & with AI or dynamic \\  & networks & establishment & adaptation \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[23]} & Hybrid topologies to & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & improve EPON & & \\  & redundancy & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[24]} & SDN-based protection & \multirow{4}{*}{SDN} & Does not incorporate \\  & lines to enhance EPON & & AI for intelligent fault \\  & resilience & & recovery \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[25]} & AI-based techniques for & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & network control and & & \\  & performance monitoring & & \\  & networks & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[12; 14; 26; 27]} & Machine Learning (ML) & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & techniques for fiber fault & & ML-based anomaly & \\  & detection & & automatic network \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Proposed & \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & AI-enabled unified & \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & platform (SEBA) for & & SDNA, automation, & \\ \cline{1-1}  & smart resilience in & & and AI-based fault & \\ \cline{1-1}  & NG-EPON & & detection and & recovery, ensuring \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._optical fiber components such as the splitter, ONUs, and end connectors. This information is used for event analysis. Figure 1 illustrates the example of OTDR trace. As shown in Figure 1, we can see that the initial drop at the beginning of the figure represents the launch condition level of around 25 dB. Afterward, the downward-sloped line indicates the attenuation of the fiber (feeder fiber). At the end of the linear attenuation, a small peak signifies the splitter, connectors, ONUs, or other reflective events. The dense scattering at the end marks the termination of the fiber. OTDR traces are usually difficult to interpret even for experienced engineers due to the noise that affects the signals.