esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract
The intensity and difficulty degree can be graded and provides the user with information about the reached objectives in real time [7; 8; 9; 10]. There are different types of VR, including: immersive, in which the patient is fully integrated in the virtual environment and interacts with it through some type of hardware, such as data gloves or VR glasses, semi-immersive, in which the patient is visualised within the virtual environment through a screen and interacts with it through their movements or with some remote controller but without losing contact with the real world, and nonimmersive, in which the patient interacts with the virtual environment through a computer-generated character represented on a screen with a peripheral device controller [8; 11; 12; 13]. Immersive VR systems have shown good results in the treatment of motor deficits, among which are balance and gait alterations, in stroke patients. However, there is no suitable protocol, and these systems are costly and complex to use and maintain, unlike semi-immersive low-cost video game systems [14; 15; 16]. Video games have experienced a technological growth phenomenon which, apart from constituting a leisure activity, are considered an important tool for learning and motor programme training in individuals with motor, cognitive and sensory deficits of a neurological origin. Within the available systems, commercial video games based on motion capture are an alternative way of providing semi-immersive VR for rehabilitation approaches, such as the possibility of practising functional activities in a controlled environment, and an increased adherence to the therapy, as it is highly motivating for the patient. Their low cost, accessibility and user-friendliness allows their use as a rehabilitation tool [17; 18; 19]. Many systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses have been published in recent years analysing the effects of VR on balance and gait in stroke patients. Studies comparing the impacts of VR often include heterogeneous systems or technologies that are customised or noncustomised for stroke treatment, addressing a broad range of disabilities. However, effectiveness can only be investigated if similar systems that rehabilitate the same impairment are contrasted. On the other hand, a clear understanding of the benefits that should make VR interventions effective in promoting recovery is missing. To our knowledge, few studies have specifically analysed the effects of commercial video games in stroke patients [14; 15; 16; 20; 21; 22]. In addition, the appearance on the market of new generation video consoles make it necessary to know the main results provided by these devices used to date in order to propose rehabilitation strategies in patients with stroke using new video consoles. The aim of this paper is to carry out a SR on the effects of video game-based therapy on balance and gait in patients who have suffered a stroke compared to other types of treatment and to analyse the differences between the commercial devices and video games used.
###### Abstract  
The current methods for evaluating the contact condition between concrete and lining were the ground penetrating radar (GPR) and the coring method. The penetration of radar electromagnetic waves was greatly affected by steel reinforcement and water, which often made the detection results of GPR unsatisfactory. A spectral analysis of the surface wave (SASW) method was used to evaluate the concrete-bedrock interface condition for hydraulic tunnel linings in this paper, since the impact elastic wave is less affected by steel bars and water content. An SASW implementation program based on fast Fourier transformation (FFT) was developed to analyze data from numerical simulations and field tests. Various models were studied to investigate the feasibility of using numerical analysis. For the first time, the study was employed to find out the influences of different receiver spacings and impact duration on the efficiency of detecting the existence of a weak layer underneath the concrete using the SASW method. On this basis, in-situ tests were carried out to verify the applicability in the field and results were verified by coring. In the research, the following results were found: (1) The finite element analysis results of different uniform or layered models showed that the SASW method could accurately identify the interface contact condition between the concrete lining and bedrock, especially the existence of voids; (2) when the receiver spacing was 1.0-1.5 times the thickness of the target object to be inspected, the quality of the collected signal data was the best; (3) under a certain reasonable range, the impact duration had an insignificant effect on the phase spectra and dispersion curves of a concrete-weak layer model; (4) in-situ SASW inspection could accurately tell whether the voids exist at the concrete-bedrock interface; and (5) the data processing program of the SASW method based on the MATLAB platform was accurate, convenient, and worth promoting.  
SASW; hydraulic tunnel; lining; non-destructive inspection +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A New Data Processing Approach for the SHPB Test Based on PSO-TWER
## 4 Hopkinson Stress Balance Effect Index
### Applicability Analysis  
The stress equilibrium effect of granite specimens is shown in Table 4, and the stress balance evaluation indicators range from 0.4884 to 0.6939. Meeting the threshold of the qualified stress equilibrium is set as \(R_{f}=0.5\). As shown in Figure 12, most of the data in the test results meet the stress equilibrium. It is worth noting that it is difficult to reach a value above 0.7. Maintaining stress equilibrium during the entire period in the specimen is difficult. Further, due to microfractures and microporosity in rock, there is hole closure and microcrack expansion, resulting in plastic deformation and irreversible damage to the specimen, and the stress equilibrium state is poor.  
Figure 11: Correction of sampling interval.  
From the results shown in Figure 12, the highest and lowest \(R_{f}\) test results were selected, and the stress equilibrium curves were plotted, as shown in Figure 13. In Figure 13a,b, the stress equilibrium index was near the set threshold of 0.5, and the transmission wave curve and incident + reflection wave curve almost did not coincide during the entire loading process, indicating that the stress equilibrium state of the specimen was poor. In Figure 13c,d, the stress equilibrium index was more significant than 0.65. The difference between the transmitted wave curve and the incident + reflected wave curve was relatively small, with overlapping parts. The stress equilibrium state of the specimen met the test requirements.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Specimen ID** & **Aspect Ratio** & **Air Pressure (MPa)** & **Strain Rate (\({}^{-1}\))** & **Stress Equilibrium Index** \\ \hline
1 & 0.6 & 0.12 & 37.91 & 0.5078 \\
2 & 0.6 & 0.15 & 65.13 & 0.6190 \\
3 & 0.6 & 0.18 & 92.74 & 0.6939 \\
4 & 0.6 & 0.2
# Evaluation of Rice Straw Ash as a Pozzolanic Addition in Cementitious Mixtures
## 2 Materials and Method  
The experimental procedure followed in the present research is summarized in Figure 1.  
RS was supplied by Banc de Palla (Valencia, Spain) and was burned at the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) in a self-made burner (capacity of 3 m\({}^{3}\)), provided with a cover to avoid possible pollution by air agents. The burner (see Figure 2) consists of concrete blocks that form a ring, with holes opening between blocks to supply air during combustion. Two metal plates are placed at a height of 1 m to accommodate biomass.  
RS combustion was rapid and energetic, with about 3 m flames which reduced after 10 min. The combustion temperature reached while burning biomass came close to 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Unburned particles were removed by sieving and the obtained ash was homogenized. The calcination temperature is a critical parameter. Low temperatures (under 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C) may yield ash with many unburned particles, which can give workability problems and low strengths. High calcination temperatures (up 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C) will yield crystalline components in the ash and therefore with lower reactivity.  
Figure 1: General view of the experimental procedure followed in the present research.  
Two grinding types were carried out to reduce the granulometry of the obtained RSA. First, 500 g of RSA were milled for 15 min in a jar mill with 50 large and 60 small alumina balls. The mill was a Gabrielli Roller 1 model. The obtained material had an average particle size of 46.86 \(\upmu\)m. In order to increment the reactivity, the RSA was ground in a model Gabrielli Mill 2 planetary mill with 100 g of RSA and 80 small alumina balls for 10 min. Malvern Instruments Mastersizer 2000 equipment was used for the particle size analysis.  
Lime (Ca(OH)2), called CH in the present paper, was supplied by Panreac S.A (95% purity) and PC type CEM I-52.5 R was supplied by Lafarge-Spain. Sand was provided by Silices Carrion Martinez S.L (Llria-Spain).
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, the use of forest fluxes to understand different management regimes has limitations. Applying models can be the alternative to overcome the spatio-temporal limits of the fluxes. Both satellite-based and process-based ecosystem models were applied to simulate productivities in the Northeast Asian MLE [15; 16; 28; 29; 30]. However, these modeling approaches had limitations in reflecting management details because of different parametrizations and representations of ecological processes and spatio-temporal data limitations. Our synthetic study elucidates the process of applying the BioGeochemistry Management Model (BGC-MAN) in the MLE of Northeast Asia. The BGC-MAN, a modified mechanistic biogeochemical model, extends simulations into forest management options in certain forest stands. The model was tested in European forests but has not yet been tested in the MLE of Northeast Asia [31; 32; 33; 34]. We assessed past changes in NPP and GSV in the MLE under different environmental characteristics, as well as under various current management activities, using the BGC-MAN. We selected representative forest stands in the MLE of Northeast Asia from literature and assessed changes to the ecosystem and model uncertainties from the simulated results.
# Computational and Communication Infrastructure Challenges for Resilient Cloud Services
## 3 Resilience Challenges
### Network Infrastructure
#### 3.1.2 Network Monitoring  
A major function of network monitoring is the early identification of trends and patterns in network traffic and devices. Network administrators use these measures to determine the current state of a network and then implement changes so that the observed condition can be improved [37].  
Accurate and efficient network monitoring is essential for network analysis to detect and correct performance issues. Continuous network monitoring can help to identify potential problems before they occur and therefore ensure that the network operates according to the intended behavior. This means that network administrators can proactively solve problems or enable faster failure recovery in order to improve network resilience.
# Mapping Surface Flow Velocity of Glaciers at Regional Scale Using a Multiple Sensors Approach
## Data and Methods
### Description of the Workflow
#### 2.2.4 Calibration of the Velocity Maps  
Glacier surface velocity maps are automatically calibrated to correct potential biases due to geometric distortions or geolocation errors. To do this, we mask the glacier-covered zones using the latest version of the RGI and calculate the polynomial function best adapted to the average displacement on the ice-free stable ground [28]. This polynomial is then removed from the entire offset map. For the specific case of Sentinel-2, we only used constant values because, until now, we did not observe a ramp due to potentially unnoticed jitter in the displacement maps. Using this methodology, we obtain zero-centered surface velocity fields in ice-free areas [29]. We found that the average correction applied to Sentinel-2 is 0.52 pixels, which corresponds approximately to the absolute geolocation specification (0.3 pixel) for multi-temporal registration required by the Copernicus program. It is important to note that such errors in the geolocation of images can lead to large errors when converted to glacier surface velocity (see Section 3.3.1). For example, uncalibrated speed maps with a 390-day repetition cycle would have a bias of 5 m/year and, with a 5-day repeat cycle, this error could reach several hundred meters per year. Calibration of speed maps is therefore a key step in the processing of glacier surface speed maps. We do not take into account the remaining stereographic effects, which we assume to be minimal for images taken in the same orbit, which is the case in our processing chain with Landsat 8, Sentinel-2 and Venus data. Finally, the offset maps are cleaned of outliers using a median filter 9 \(\times\) 9 pixels [28]. Note that the median filter is used to detect outliers, but not to \"smooth\" the maps. The displacement maps in pixels are then converted to glacier surface velocity in meters per year and geocoded using the Universal Transverse Mercator Projection, with specific zones for each region. The final calibrated maps are produced at a resolution of 50 m. The x and y components of the displacements in meters per year are stored as GeoTiff. We use the GDAL library for all geographical transformations and formatting of final files.
# Information Criteria for Signal Extraction Using Singular Spectrum Analysis: White and Red Noise
## 3 Modifications of Information Criteria for the Case of Hankel Noise
### White Noise  
In this section, we consider the case of a noisy signal, where the noise is Gaussian white with zero mean and variance \(\sigma^{2}\).
# Dual-Channel Mapping-Gas Column Concentration Inversion Method Based on Multispectral Imaging
## 3 Experimental Verification  
In order to achieve the inversion of the gas column concentration, calibration and test experiment platforms were built, the background radiation mapping relationship between the two spectral channels was established, and the corresponding relationship between the absorbance of the target gas and the column concentration was established, and the gas column concentration inversion experiment was carried out.
# An Intelligent TCP Congestion Control Method Based on Deep Q Network
## 5 Results and Discussion
### RTT Comparison  
RTT represents the amount of time it takes for a packet to be sent plus the amount of time it takes for an acknowledgement of that packet to be received, which reflects the network delay. As shown in Figure 6, in general, the RTT values of TCP-DQN and HighSpeed method are lower than that of the other two methods. This is because the TCP- DQN tries to balance the throughput and RTT. Figure 7 shows the comparison of cumulative probability density functions of RTT values. TCP-DQN and HighSpeed have better network latency. In total, 90% RTT of TCP-DQN and HighSpeed are less than  
Figure 4: Throughput performance comparison.  
Figure 5: Comparison of cumulative probability density distribution of throughput.  
58 ms, whereas only 82% RTT of cubic are less than 58 ms; 76% RTT of NewReno are less than 58 ms. The result suggests that the traditional NewReno algorithm not only has poor throughput, but also has poor time latency. The time latency of cubic is better than NewReno, but still can be improved. HighSpeed works well on WAN. TCP-DQN has a same time latency compared with Highspeed.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Mesh Generation and Grid Independence Study  
For the simulations, we employed a structured grid generation approach, utilizing the Trimmed Cell Mesher to create a hexahedral dominant mesh. This mesher is particularly adept at handling complex geometries (e.g., the ground and the interface between the two phases), ensuring that the mesh conforms well to the intricate details of the surf wave structure. The grid generation process involved several steps to refine the mesh and ensure accurate simulation results. Initially, a coarse grid was generated to outline the primary features of the simulation domain. Subsequent refinement steps were applied, particularly around critical regions such as the interface between the two phases of water and air. Boundary layer meshing techniques were employed to ensure that near-wall regions were adequately resolved, allowing for precise modeling of the boundary layer effects. Table 3 shows the different prism layer setups to achieve \(y+\) values between 5 and 220. An exemplary mesh and corresponding \(y+\) values can be found in the Supplementary Materials Section (Supplementary Figures S1 and S2). Please note that we conducted the grid independence study using a simplified channel geometry. The difference lies in replacing the outlet basin with an extension of the concrete channel. This modification allows us to reduce computation time without neglecting the complex structures of the wave module. The decision to conduct the study with this simplified geometry is based on the assumption that the essential flow characteristics and turbulence structures relevant to grid independence are similar in both geometries. Therefore, the results of this study can be applied to the actual simulation volume, as the main flow features and grid resolution requirements determined in the simplified geometry are also applicable to the more complex geometry. The simplified geometry for the grid independence study can also be found in the Supplementary Materials Section (Supplementary Figure S3). Table 4 shows tested grids and run times for the grid independence study. To validate the reliability of the simulation results, a comprehensive grid independence study was conducted. Multiple grids with varying levels of refinement were tested to ensure that the results were not unduly influenced by the grid size. To determine the most suitable grid for this study, the velocity magnitude of the wave at four locations along the wave module and the wave height at a specific position are evaluated as criteria. Figure 5 illustrates the positions of the four probes (indicated by numbers 1-4) and the wave height measurement at Position 5. Table 4 presents the results for the average wave height over time periods of the last 1, 5, and 10 s, along with the average velocity magnitudes at the probe positions. Based on these evaluations, Grid 3 is selected for further simulations as it offers a balanced compromise between accuracy and computational efficiency. The resolution of Grid 3 is sufficient to accurately capture geometric features such as the baffles.
## 2 V2P System Architecture
### Components  
V2P systems can be broadly classified into the following components:  
1. Vehicle device
2. VRU device
3. Infrastructure
4. Information processing unit  
If V2P system relies on direct communication then the system comprises of only two components viz. _Vehicle device_ and _VRU device_. These two components are responsible to carry all three phases of the V2P system. Efforts by [3; 4; 15] are examples of such system. However, if the V2P system relies on indirect communication (i.e., through infrastructure) then an _Information processing unit_ is responsible to carry out _detection_, _tracking and trajectory prediction_ phases. It determines the possibility of a crash based on the trajectory prediction. It then notifies the _Vehicle device_ and _VRU device_ through _Infrastructure_ for necessary action, if required. _Vehicle device_ and _VRU device_ may then carry out the necessary _action_ phase. Efforts by [5; 16] are examples of such a system. Figure 2 depicts examples of different V2P system architectures.  
Figure 1: VRU Fatalities by VRU Type.
## 7 Simulation Results
### Performance Assessment
To investigate the capability of cell ID detection, the CDF under different numbers of processed frames and SNRs is illustrated in Figure 11. The results are obtained by using the AWGN, ETU-1 Hz and EPA-1 Hz channel models. Figure 11a-c indicate that a target CDF of 0.9 can be achieved within 36 radio frames under \(-\)15 dB SNR. The solution proposed in [8] can also achieve similar performance. However, since we convert the frame number part into four complex complementary sequences, the number of base NSSS vectors is reduced from 2016 to 126. Moreover, as the frame number is unknown, two identical detectors work simultaneously to generate \(B_{(1)}\) and \(B_{(2)}\). By applying the aforementioned operations, much lower computation complexity and latency is obtained compared with [8]. To give a more direct reflection of our contribution on reducing the initial processing time, Figure 12 displays the probability of correct cell-acquiring vs. the number of processed frames. The simulation SNR is \(-\)5 dB and \(-\)15 dB. The simulation channel of Figure 12a-c is AWGN, ETU-1 Hz and EPA-1 Hz separately. Compared with the latest work [8], our method significantly reduces the number of processed frames under different channel conditions, and the performance gets better with lower SNR. It means that the power which is originally consumed within these frames can be saved by applying our method. Figure 10: Comparison of cumulative distribution function (CDF) for NPSS detection vs. the number of processed frames under normal coverage and extended coverage: (**a**) AWGN; (**b**) ETU-1 Hz; (**c**) EPA-1 Hz. Figure 11: Comparison of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) for cell ID detection vs. the number of processed frames under normal coverage and extended coverage. (**a**) AWGN, (**b**) ETU-1 Hz, (**c**) EPA-1 Hz. Figure 12: Comparison of probability of correct cell-acquiring vs. the number of processed frames under normal coverage and extended coverage. (**a**) AWGN, (**b**) ETU-1 Hz, (**c**) EPA-1 Hz. In the frequency tracking process, our method is the low complexity version of the cross-correlation assistant method. Figure 13 compares the performance of the proposed method and least square method. The SNR condition is \(-5\) dB and \(-15\) dB and we investigate the AWGN channel model. The tracking time window is set as 40 ms which is defined in [7] for UTG and the initial residual frequency error is 200 Hz. The NMSE of residual frequency error vs. \(j_{0}\) is shown in Figure 11. We see that under the same conditions, the two methods have almost the same performance, and the target recovery accuracy of 40 Hz can be achieved by using 56 correlation pairs under extended coverage. However, the proposed method uses one multiplier which replaces the two dividers used by the cross-correlation assistant method to save hardware resources. Furthermore, as the SNR may be different in different transmission processes, we can adjust the number of correlation pairs \(j_{0}\) to make a trade-off between computation complexity and performance.
## 3 Analysis of MRSMC Strategy
### Tracking Behavior with Distorted Grid
Outside the boundary layer, in both Figure 5a,b, the \(\mathbf{x}_{\rm{gep}}\) moves toward to the boundary layer regardless of the dc reference and ac references. Inside the boundary layer, the \(\mathbf{x}_{\rm{gep}}\) deviates from the origin with the ac disturbances in Figure 5a. However, the \(\mathbf{x}_{\rm{gep}}\) achieves the origin with the ac disturbances in Figure 5b. It implies that with the ISMC strategy, it will exist steady state errors under unbalanced, \(5-\) harmonics and \(7+\) harmonics distorted grid voltage conditions. However, the accurate tracking on both dc and ac references at the frequencies of \(2\omega\) and \(6\omega\) of the proposed MRSMC strategy is verified. The analysis on phase plane trajectories of \(\mathbf{x}_{\rm{gep}}\), \(\mathbf{x}_{\rm{rep}}\) and \(\mathbf{x}_{\rm{geq}}\) are similar as \(\mathbf{x}_{\rm{gep}}\), which points out the similar conclusion. Figure 4: Phase plane trajectory with disturbances. (**a**) Phase plane trajectory with disturbances of integral sliding mode control (ISMC); (**b**) Phase plane trajectory with disturbances of multi-resonant-based sliding mode control (MRSMC).