esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Real-Time Interaction for 3D Pixel Human in Virtual Environment
## 3 Pixel-Style Avatar Generation Method
### Matting and Pose Estimation Methods  
When generating a pixel avatar for virtual environments, we require a human-only video stream and a smooth transition between the input video and virtual environment. To achieve this goal, we adopt the real-time auxiliary-free matting method RVM [26] to segment users from backgrounds in input video streams to obtain foreground images containing only humans and alpha mattes. To obtain 3D pose data for partitioning human body parts and visualizing an avatar, we use MediaPipe Pose [29; 33] for real-time pose estimation. MediaPipe Pose is a machine learning solution for high-fidelity body pose tracking, predicting 2D frame relative coordinates normalized to [0.0, 1.0], and representing joint positions on a screen and 3D real-world coordinates in units of meters for 33 human body joints. Figure 2 presents an original input frame and the corresponding results of the RVM and MediaPipe Pose methods.
## 3 Experimental Setup  
Figure 4 shows a schematic diagram of the proposed TFDR system. It consists of an incident signal generation part, a signal measurement part, and a signal processing part. After designing the optimal reference signal, the arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) creates the designed incident signal, and this signal is applied to the cable. Then, the digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) measures the reflected signal from the cable. Finally, the signal processing system receives the measured signal and performs a time-frequency analysis on it.  
Figure 3: Fault detection and classification process with clustering TFDR.  
To verify the performance of the proposed algorithm for multi-core cable fault diagnosis, we simulated four fault scenarios using multi-core cables of varying types and lengths. The cable sample used for the first scenario consisted of four different wires of an automotive multi-wire with UEC connectors. Automotive wires possess the characteristics of lacking a jacket and having a single insulation layer for each core. The total length of the cable was 18 m, and the cable end was connected to another UEC connector. In the scenario, we emulated an open fault in the red line at 7 m of the UEC connector. We conducted the fault location detection and the differentiation of the actual faulty line among automotive wires. In the second scenario, a short fault at one of two terminal blocks (15 m) was emulated in a four-core 20 m length C&I cable of an NPP. In other words, both a normal and faulty cable junction coexist in the same cable. In the third scenario, a combination of an open and short fault was emulated in a seven-core C&I cable. In specific, one line was opened, and two lines were shorted at the terminal block (130 m). In the final scenario, an open fault due to physical stress from one external direction was emulated in the same seven-core C&I cable used in a previous scenario. Here, we detected the faulty lines of the cable and additionally estimated the direction of the external physical stress at the terminal block. The total lengths of the C&I cable samples for scenarios 3 and 4 were both 500 m with a Class 1E. The cable cross sections of the experiments are illustrated in Figure 5. The algorithm was initially applied in long cables when using multi-core C&I cables. However, acknowledging that wires in automotive vehicles are generally installed in limited spaces, the proposed algorithm was targeted at short-length cables for experiments using automotive wires.  
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of the TFDR system.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Total Polyphenols Content (TPC)
The total polyphenols content can be determined using Equation (5). \[TPC=-0.019005\ T^{2}+4.94311\ T-14.81025\ Fs-0.321281\ t-113.86586 \tag{5}\]  
Figure 2: Polyphenols content for different subcritical extraction parameters (**a**) Polyphenols content as a function of extraction temperature; (**b**) Polyphenols content as a function of raw material fraction size; (**c**) Polyphenols content as a function of process time. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline  & **Sum of** & **df** & **Mean** & **F-Value** & _p-Value_ & \\  & **Squares** & & **Square** & & & \\ \hline Model & 2891.73 & 4 & 722.93 & 12.53 & 0.0007 & significant \\ A—Temperature & 1030.49 & 1 & 1030.49 & 17.86 & 0.0018 & \\ B—Fraction size & 438.69 & 1 & 438.69 & 7.60 & 0.0202 & \\ C—Process time & 330.31 & 1 & 330.31 & 5.73 & 0.0378 & \\ A\({}^{2}\)—Temperature\({}^{2}\) & 1092.25 & 1 & 1092.25 & 18.93 & 0.0014 & \\ \hline Residual & 576.85 & 10 & 57.68 & & & \\ \hline Lack of Fit & 544.81 & 8 & 68.10 & 4.25 & 0.2043 & not significant \\ \hline Pure Error & 32.03 & 2 & 16.02 & & & \\ \hline Cor Total & 3468.58 & 14 & & & & \\ \hline Std. Dev. = 7.60; Mean = 166.17; C.V. \% = 4.57, R\({}^{2}\) = 0.8337; Adjusted R\({}^{2}\) = 0.7672; & & & \\ Predicted R\({}^{2}\) = 0.5864; Adeq Precision = 11.3318 & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The analysis of variance for polyphenols content. where: TPC--total polyphenols content [mg(GAE)/100 g (dry mass)]; T--temperature [\({}^{\circ}\)C]; Fs--fraction size of raw material [mm]; {--process time [min]. There are no studies available on the polyphenols content in the subcritical water extracts of _Iuglans regia_ L. bark. The available data indicate that extraction _of Iuglans regia_ L. bark using ethyl acetate allowed us to obtain polyphenols in the amount of 34.83 mg GAE/g (dry mass) [21]. Other studies indicated the possibility of obtaining 138.5 mg GAE/g (DM) (using ethyl acetate as solvent), 311.5 mg GAE/g (DM) (using diluted acetone), 172.5 mg GAE/g (DM) (using methanol extract), 182 mg GAE/g (DM) (using water extract) [22]. During the research conducted as part of this study, the total polyphenols content extracted from the bark of walnut (_Iuglans regia_ L.) ranged from 128.3 to 192.2 mg(GAE)/100 g (DM). Differences in the content of polyphenols can be caused by factors such as: different extraction method, process parameters, type of solvent, collection time of material for research and raw material pretreatment method. The chemical composition of phytonutrients varies with changes in geographic location, climatic conditions and the nature of the soil [38]. It should also be emphasized that the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of process parameters on the total polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of obtained extracts and the determination of optimal parameters for subcritical water extraction, not to study the maximum yield of polyphenols extraction.
Remote Sens._**2009**, \(1\), 159-183; doi:10.3390/rs1030159  
_Remote Sensing_  
**ISSN 2072-4292**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing  
_Article_  
**Modeling Net Ecosystem Exchange for Grassland in Central Kazakhstan by Combining Remote Sensing and Field Data**  
**[PERSON] * and [PERSON]**  
Department for Cartography, GIS and Remote Sensing, Institute of Geography, Georg-August University / Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077, Gottingen, Germany; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +049-551-397-979; Fax: +049-551-398-020  
_Received: 1 June 2009; in revised form: 7 June 2009 / Accepted: 30 June 2009 / Published: 6 July 2009_  
**Abstract:** Carbon sequestration was estimated in a semi-arid grassland region in Central Kazakhstan using an approach that integrates remote sensing, field measurements and meteorological data. Carbon fluxes for each pixel of 1 \(\times\) 1 km were calculated as a product of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and its fraction absorbed by vegetation (fPAR), the light use efficiency (LUE) and ecosystem respiration (\(R_{e}\)). The PAR is obtained from a mathematical model incorporating Earth-Sun distance, solar inclination, solar elevation angle, geographical position and cloudiness information of localities. The fPAR was measured in field using hemispherical photography and was extrapolated to each pixel by combination with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained by the Vegetation instrument on board the Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terra (SPOT) satellite. Gross Primary Production (GPP) of the aboveground and belowground vegetation of 14 sites along a 230 km west-east transect within the study region were determined at the peak of growing season in different land cover types and linearly related to the amount of PAR absorbed by vegetation (APAR). The product of this relationship is \(\mathrm{LUE}=0.61\) and 0.97 g C/MJ APAR for short grassland and steppe, respectively. The \(R_{e}\) is estimated using complex models driven by climatic data. Growing season carbon sequestration was calculated for the modelling year of 2004. Overall, the short grassland was a net carbon sink, whereas the steppe was carbon neutral. The evaluation of the modelled carbon sequestration against independent reference data sets proved high accuracy of the estimations.  
keywords:carbon stocks; net ecosystem exchange; radiation use efficiency; NDVI; steppe; grassland; Kazakhstan
## 4 Results
### EASY Concept Design Details: System Functionality for Different Users
#### 4.4.1.4. Provision of Remotely Sensed Products and Temporal Change Datasets  
Analysis of changes in landscape and resource condition will be a key requirement of future farming enterprises. The ability to publish series of datasets for an area and to provide tools to visualise and report on changes in those datasets will be a key component of many extension activities. In particular, the base package of EASY is anticipated to have functions that allow for the publishing, analysis, visualisation and reporting of key remote sensing based indicators that will be regularly updated over time.
# Integrated Magnetic Management of Stored Angular Momentum in Autonomous Attitude Control Systems
## 2 Attitude Control System  
The attitude control system is designed to control the spacecraft attitude while maintaining the stored angular momentum in the reaction wheels within pre-defined level boundaries. The combined control action of reaction wheels and magnetic torques allows achieving this goal by continuously dumping the angular momentum stored in the actuators. Specifically, the magnetic control is designed to desaturate the reaction wheels, being integrated with a PID three-axis attitude control law. The latter is then actuated by the reaction wheels. The control design and tuning are particularly aimed at maintaining the two controllers' bandwidths well separated, in order to avoid dangerous coupling between the two control loops, which could reduce the stability of the main three-axis attitude control.  
The attitude control system is specifically intended to be applied on autonomous spacecraft and, for this reason, does not require any intervention from the ground in terms of attitude knowledge, guidance, or anomalies management. Ideally, the attitude determination should be performed on-board and should be robust with respect to faults and sensor anomalies [28], the guidance functions should compute the reference attitude state on-board, and the system should be capable of detecting failures in the actuators and eventual anomalies in the angular momentum management functions. For instance, a threshold with respect to the practical actuator's saturation speed should be defined in order to activate an emergency reaction wheels desaturation mode in the case the continuous angular momentum management fails. Note that this is the ideal application of the proposed attitude control system, but the architecture and the control laws described in this paper can also be applied to a generic spacecraft platform with lower autonomy and different features.
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, this study focuses on how SMEs can effectively manage their MSR indoor inventory tracking at a relatively lower cost, with the development of a practical algorithm used in tandem with the proven warehousing technology. To achieve this goal, we propose a passive RFID-based inventory location identification method that involves the introduction of a concept of reference tags, which are used as a reference point in relation to the stock loaded in MSR. To illustrate the efficacy and applicability of the proposed approach, an empirical case study involving an electronics device manufacturing company in South Korea was conducted. The main contribution of this paper is that it demonstrates how passive RFID can be used by SMEs to identify the location of the stock loaded in MSR as part of a low-cost WMS. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no research has been conducted on inventory location recognition using passive RFID in terms of narrow warehousing areas incorporating MSR. Although [PERSON] et al. [17] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18] presented a low-cost indoor location identification and material tracking methodology for large areas, such as construction projects, using passive RFID, the method was unsuitable for identifying inventory items located in narrow areas with MSR. Of note, this research only provides item location information in terms of where an item is located within the MSR and does not cover the exact location coordinates of the item. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 outlines the RFID system and describes the RFID-based location recognition methods. Section 3 introduces the MSR item location awareness using the passive RFID type. Section 4 then presents the findings of our study obtained through the practical experimental results. Finally, Section 5 provides the conclusions.
## 3 Analyzing Experimental Phenomena and Results
### Crack Development Pattern  
When the load was increased to about 30% of the ultimate load, numerous transverse small cracks began to appear on the bottom and sides of the ECC of the pure bending moment section. As the load increased, the cracks on the bottom of the pure moment section ECC continued to expand, and small cracks gradually appeared on the bottom surface of the non-pure moment section ECC. When the load was applied to about 70% of the ultimate load, the cracks on the bottom surface of the ECC appeared to expand in width and increase in area, and they were mainly concentrated in the pure moment section. Figure 8 shows the site picture of ECC cracking. As the load continued to be applied, the cracks continued to expand, and, eventually, the large-area cracks crossed the bottom surface of the ECC and the specimens gradually lost their load-bearing capacity. For the negative moment specimens of the steel-ECC composite slab, the damage modes were all crack damage on the ECC bottom slab. The cracks of the ECC bottom slab showed more and smaller widths, which is because the PVE fibers bore most of the tensile stress of the concrete bottom slab through the bridge linkage effect, which redistributes the stress around the cracks and inhibits the crack propagation at the bottom of the ECC. The test cracks and load results are summarized in Table 5.  
As shown in Figure 9, the two groups of variables have different effects on the crack width. The influence of the ECC layer thickness is reflected in the magnitude of the load under the same crack width, the cracking load of the specimen with the ECC layer thickness of 75 mm is twice that of the specimen with a thickness of 50 mm, and the difference of the ultimate load is about 25 KN, which indicates that the thicker ECC layer helps to limit the crack width. The influence of the spacing of the bolts is mainly reflected in the cracking load of the beam, and the difference is about 5 KN. The spacing of the bolts is large, the force is more concentrated, the force on each bolt increases, and the ECC layer is pulled and cracked earlier.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Symbol** & **F\({}_{\text{crack}}\)/KN** & **F\({}_{\text{max}}\)/KN** \\ \hline SE-50-150-1 & 7.4 & 26.2 \\ SE-50-150-2 & 7.2 & 27.4 \\ SE-50-200-1 & 6.4 & 22.5 \\ SE-50-200-2 & 6.7 & 21.3 \\ SE-75-150-1 & 15.2 & 49.1 \\ SE-75-150-2 & 14.6 & 51.6 \\ SE-75-200-1 & 13.4 & 44.5 \\ SE-75-200-2 & 13.5 & 44.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: F\({}_{\text{crack}}\) is the cracking load, F\({}_{\text{max}}\) is the ultimate load.  
\end{table}
Table 5: Summary of test cracks and load results.  
Figure 7: Load-strain curve. (**a**) ECC surface; (**b**) Reinforcement surface.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Benchmarking the Framework with Other CE Assessment Tools or Standards  
To highlight the added value of the framework, a critical assessment was carried out by comparing its features with those of other widely used tools: the Ellen MacArthur Foundation's Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) [57], the World Business Council for Sustainable Development's Circular Transition Indicators (CTI) [58], the Product Circularity Indicator (PCI) [59], and the ISO 59020:2024 Circular Economy Standards [19; 60].  
The comparison was based on the following criteria:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Type**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fertilizer**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Soil Relative Nutrient Content**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Average**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fertilizer Total N**} \\  & & **(N)** & & & **Content (\%)** \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **30\% MWHC** & **60\% MWHC** & & & **Content (\%)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Mineral} & UreaPhos (U-PSG) & 0.020 & 0.014 & 0.0170 & 20.81 \\ \cline{2-5}  & UreaPhos (U-PSf) & 0.012 & 0.011 & 0.0115 & 20.89 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Di-ammonium & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & phosphate (DAP) & 0.282 & 0.213 & 0.2475 & 18.67 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} MWHC: soil maximum water holding capacity. Source: [42].  
\end{table}
Table 4: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Data Accuracy**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Interval as Percent of Mean Value**} \\ \hline High & \(\pm\)5\% \\ \hline Good & \(\pm\)15\% \\ \hline Fair & \(\pm\)30\% \\ \hline Poor & More than 30\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Source: [56].  
\end{table}
Table 5: Data accuracy rating and corresponding intervals used in the GHG protocol and adopted for this study.  
* Consideration of circular economy principles, as defined by [PERSON] et al. [17], namely, reducing reliance on fossil resources, using resources efficiently, valorizing waste and residues, and regenerating, recirculating, and extending the high quality of biomass. [PERSON] et al. identified nine specific metrics aligned with these six principles. Accordingly, each framework was evaluated based on how many of these nine metrics it incorporates.
* Coverage of life-cycle stages, as defined in the standard EN 15804 [61], considering 7 life-cycle stages: from product stage (A1-A3), use stage (B1), end-of-life (C3-C4), and benefits and loads beyond the system boundary, including reuse, recovery, and/or recycling potentials (D).
* Specificity for bio-based systems (i.e., consideration of biodegradability, renewable material use, cascading utilization, and carbon storage potential).
* Data complexity, following a 1-5 scale detailed in the Supplementary Material (Table S5).
* Results interpretability, following a 1-5 scale detailed in the Supplementary Material (Table S5).
# Efficient Resource Allocation for Beam-Hopping-Based Multi-Satellite Communication Systems
## 1 Introduction
### Contribution  
The contributions of our paper are summarized as follows:  
1. We present a multi-satellite offline resource allocation algorithm based on beam-hopping technology to address the limited satellite resources and the inability of traditional resource allocation methods to achieve the efficient utilization of resources. We first construct a multi-satellite offline resource allocation model, which divides onboard resources into three dimensions: time, frequency, and power. Subsequently, a heuristic time-frequency resource allocation algorithm is proposed based on the beam interference pattern, and the power resources are allocated using the successive convex approximation (SCA) algorithm [23].
2. In response to the difficulty of implementing the assumption of non-causal channel information in offline algorithm, we propose a multi-satellite online resource allocation algorithm based on dynamic programming (DP) that only requires instant channel information [24; 25]. We first construct a multi-satellite online resource allocation model and propose online optimization problems that evolve over time. Then, starting from the last time-slot, we recursively solve the optimal solution of the Bellmanequation for each time-slot and use this results to solve the optimal solution of the online optimization problem for each time-slot.
3. The final simulation results demonstrate that compared to the traditional average resource-allocation method, our proposed offline and online schemes achieve significant gains in systems and single-beam throughput. Since the online algorithm only relies on causal channel information for resource allocation, and discretization is performed on the power variables, there is a certain performance loss compared with the offline algorithm, but the results show that the loss is acceptable.  
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 establishes a multi-satellite resource allocation model and proposes the system-throughput-maximization problem for the joint optimization of time, frequency, and allocation of power resources. In Section 3, a multi-satellite offline resource allocation algorithm based on beam-hopping technology is proposed. Section 4 proposes a multi-satellite online resource allocation algorithm based on DP. In Section 5, numerical results are given to verify the performance of the proposed algorithms. Section 6 concludes the paper.  
_Notation:_ In this paper, italic letters represent scalars, and boldface letters represent vectors or matrices. \(\mathbb{R}^{m\times n}\) represents a real matrix with \(m\) rows and \(n\) columns. \(\mathbb{E}\{.\}\), \(|\cdot|\), and \(\bigtriangledown(.)\) represent the expectation, modular, and derivation operations. \([x]^{+}\) denotes \(max\{0,x\}\). \(J_{1}(.)\) and \(J_{3}(.)\) correspond to the first-kind Bessel functions of order 1 and 3, and \(\inf(.)\) represents the infimum of function.
# Deep-Learning-Based Stream-Sensing Method for Detecting Asynchronous Multiple Signals
## 6 Evaluation
### Case with the Same SNR for All Mobile Devices
Furthermore, in almost all cases except for \(k=0\), both precision and recall are very small. Therefore, the results confirm that these mathematical schemes cannot be used for the asynchronous scenario, since they were proposed under the assumption that all transmitted signals are well synchronized. In summary, we confirm that, for asynchronously transmitted signals, our ASensNet has remarkable detection performance with high reliability. By using deep-learning networks, our proposal outperforms the existing mathematical schemes.