## 1 Introduction
It is not surprising that facial attractiveness assessments carried out by orthodontists and laypersons vary significantly [25]. Still, patients readily assess their smile and teeth with reasonable accuracy when it comes to symmetry (interestingly, men being more accurate than women), so they should also be consulted and become a partner, rather than a mere subordinate, in the whole diagnosis and treatment process [26; 27]. [PERSON]'s soft tissue paradigm has made the diagnosis even more complex, since the occlusion, although still important, is not the singular driving factor in current treatment concepts anymore [3; 28]. The respect for soft tissues and overall appearance has received attention, which corresponds to people's requirements regarding their appearance. Grasping the difficult concept of human beauty poses a major challenge, not only for artists, but also for orthodontists. It appears, though, that an increase in complex information may facilitate some level of decoding of beauty. However, beauty by definition remains a very human concept, since it primarily focuses on being beautiful to other humans. With the advances in digital technologies, traditional examination methods, such as stone casts and analogue portraiture pictures, have become obsolete. Intraoral and extraoral scanning, CBCT (cone-beam computed tomography), and digital photography enable that all relevant information about a patient is easily stored in a computer, providing the trained professionals with a vast number of ways to process the information further. Digital measurements, automated cephalometric analysis, and virtual reality are just a few of all the features that enable an orthodontist to be more precise as well as more efficient in diagnosis. Recent research concluded that artificial intelligence (AI) has been the most studied digital technology in orthodontics in the past 5 years [29]. AI can help orthodontists in a plethora of ways: automated landmark identification and cephalometric analysis, orthognathic surgery planning, soft-tissue changes prediction and assessment, digital picture classification, treatment duration prediction, medico-dental diagnostics, facial biotype classification, supernumerary teeth diagnosis and management, decision making on tooth extractions, diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders, facial growth prediction, and airway obstruction diagnosis [30; 31; 32]. Using AI to propose an aesthetic result of the orthodontic treatment, however, still remains to be implemented. The foundations of all these new possibilities within dentistry and orthodontics are the spectacular innovations in the field of computer science, data handling, and AI. The computer science behind these advances in AI is rooted in big data analysis, and there have been very significant developments in this field in modern times [53]. These technological advances led to many new, exciting applications in the fields of medicine and more broadly biology and technology--such as image classification based on scene-level semantic content [54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59]. In addition, AI can be used to communicate with patients and provide them with needed information, which saves human resources [60]. Studies have shown that there are parameters which are generally considered attractive, both in women and men. The most salient features of facial attractiveness were symmetry, eyebrow thickness, jawbone prominence, and face height [61; 62; 63]. As opposed to the very frequent general opinion, a study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [64] demonstrated with statistical significance that a smaller mouth was considered more attractive than full, thick lips. Most studies pertaining to face attractiveness use surveys, whereas some others use functional magnetic resonance imaging of specific regions of the brain, such as the caudate nucleus, orbitofrontal cortex, or amygdala. Based on such studies, it appears that facial proportions affect attractiveness assessment in a gender-specific manner [65].