## 4 Discussion
While the overall NPC may vary due to factors like feedstock availability, policy incentives, and system scale, the overarching conclusion remains that hybrid renewable solutions consistently address cost, reliability, and environmental challenges, as demonstrated by multiple case studies. It is important to note that the environmental impacts presented in this study consider only direct emissions from combustion processes. However, a comprehensive environmental evaluation of biomass utilization would require a full Life Cycle Assessment, including emissions associated with feedstock production, transport, conversion processes, and disposal or reuse of by-products. Although such a complete analysis was beyond this study's scope, several previous studies [52; 53; 54] provide detailed assessments of the life cycle emissions of biomass-based energy systems. Future research should integrate comprehensive environmental assessment approaches to obtain a more accurate and holistic understanding of biomass energy's ecological sustainability. The practical implications of these findings are considerable. Local governments and policymakers could use these insights to introduce supportive policies--such as feed-in tariffs or biomass incentives--that encourage renewable energy adoption and reduce grid vulnerabilities. Embracing local biomass and PV can lower operational costs at the community level. It also creates new job opportunities in feedstock supply and system maintenance. Furthermore, this approach fosters greater energy autonomy. Dispatchable biomass power adds flexibility and backup capacity to rural grids, protecting agriculture-dependent areas from the effects of grid outages or fossil fuel price volatility. Moreover, the modeling approach using HOMER is readily transferable to other rural and semi-remote contexts, facilitating the design of tailored hybrid microgrids that harness local resources, address site-specific conditions, and enable more sustainable regional development. In addition to socioeconomic benefits, this study underscores hybrid systems' environmental and social advantages. Scenario II's biogas component reduces reliance on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Livestock waste is efficiently reused rather than left unmanaged, reducing methane emissions and promoting a circular economy. It should be noted that the environmental benefits of biogas depend critically on preventing methane leakage and managing emissions effectively. Cleaner air quality can improve public health outcomes, reducing respiratory illnesses and healthcare costs. Furthermore, involving local stakeholders in planning and operation promotes a sense of ownership, enhancing social acceptance and making it easier to implement and expand similar projects. Hybrid systems encourage responsible environmental stewardship and long-term sustainability by redefining resource flows and adding value to agricultural byproducts. Despite these encouraging results, several limitations must be considered. The study relies on simplified demand profiles and average resource data, which might overlook short-term load fluctuations or seasonal patterns. Technical assumptions regarding generator efficiency and battery degradation may not fully replicate real-world conditions. At the same time, external factors--such as fluctuating biomass prices, solar equipment costs, or policy shifts--can alter long-term economic viability. Moreover, the outcomes are site-specific: the availability of livestock waste, geographical conditions, and regulatory environments all influence feasibility. Expanding or replicating this design in other locations will require additional feasibility assessments tailored to each site's unique constraints. The economic outcomes presented in this study depend significantly on assumptions made for critical variables such as discount rates and system component costs.