## 4 Conclusions  
Since the Lambertian drone VLC paradigm cannot characterize the performance of these potential non-Lambertian LED beam-based drone VLC systems, in this work, the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Side Position**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Corner Position**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Side Position 2**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Receiver** \\ **Altitude of 0.85 m** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Receiver** \\ **Altitude of 2.5 m** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Receiver** \\ **Altitude of 0.85 m** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Receiver** \\ **Altitude of 2.5 m** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Receiver** \\ **Altitude of 0.85 m** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Receiver** \\ **Altitude of 0.85 m** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Maximum energy \\ efficiency (Bits/J/Hz) \\ \end{tabular} & 14.40 & 7.71 & 11.67 & 3.72 & 14.40 & 7.71 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Azimuth rotation of \\ maximum energy \\ efficiency (\({}^{\circ}\)) \\ \end{tabular} & 90 & 90 & 50 & 50 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \
\begin{tabular}{c} Minimum energy \\ efficiency (Bits/J/Hz) \\ \end{tabular} & 11.53 & 3.27 & 8.70 & 0.12 & 11.53 & 3.27 \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Azimuth rotation of \\ minimum energy \\ efficiency (\({}^{\circ}\)) \\ \end{tabular} & 0 & 140 & 140 & 90 & 90 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Results summary of the azimuth rotation effect for NSPW non-Lambertian drone VLC.  
non-Lambertian LED beam-based drone VLC wireless links are studied for the first time. For the typical drone communication scenario with equal emitted power budget, compared with the 8.69 Bits/Hz performance of Lambertian drone VLC, up to 2.62 Bits/Hz gain could be achieved by the proposed non-Lambertian LED beam-based drone VLC. Objectively, the above work presents new research opportunities for 6G aerial vehicular networks. In the near future, the exploration of non-Lambertian LED beam-based drone VLC will be extended to the relevant power resource allocation, 3-D deployment, hybrid radio frequency transmission, and other enabling technique solutions. It must be noted that this work is simulation-based and objectively paves the fundamental and essential way for future real-world prototype experiments or the multi-drone systems for this novel non-Lambertian drone visible light communications. The practical challenges and research opportunities of implementing non-Lambertian beams on drones include, but are not limited to, (1) achieving conformal integration of non-Lambertian LED beams with the drone platform, (2) reducing the weight effect of the non-Lambertian LED with a customized lens, and (3) optimizing and controlling the power consumption of diverse non-Lambertian LED-based drone VLC.  
J.D., Determine the theme and structure of the article, provide professional knowledge in the field of visible light communications, write and modify the article, and reply to comments from editors and reviewers; C.-L.I., Provide theoretical knowledge of mobile communication and wireless communication; J.W., Looking for the literature, participate in the discussion and writing some of the content; H.Y., Looking for the literature, participate in the discussion. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 62061043), Yantai Nanshan University Research and Development Fund Project (Grants No. 2025 KJ01001), Tanshan Cedar Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Grants No. 2020 XS27), and High-level Talents Introduction Project in Autonomous Region (Grants No. 042419004).  
Not applicable.  
Data are contained within the article.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company China Mobile Research Institute. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.