# Game Theory-Based Smart Mobile-Data Offloading Scheme in 5G Cellular Networks
## 2 Related Work and Background
[45] proposed a pricing-based interference coordination scheme using a pure non-cooperative game to mitigate the interference from D2D pairs to cellular users through setting a price by BS. The authors [46] modeled the competition among D2D pairs using non-cooperative power control game and proposed a distributed update rule to reach the Nash equilibrium with the interference from D2D transmissions to cellular users is coordinate using a pricing scheme. [PERSON] et al. [47] studied a non-cooperative game model-based energy efficient resource allocation for D2D communication underlaying cellular networks in which each UE decide their respective transmission power over available resource blocks (RBs) with the goal of maximizing the achievable rate per unit power. [PERSON] [48] investigated the joint channel and power allocation for a D2D network by a distributed algorithm which converges to an action profile that maximizes the sum of players' utilities instead of a sub-optimal NE. [PERSON] et al. [49] investigated MAC issues in D2D communication scenarios for wireless content dissemination and propose two energy-aware game theoretic MAC strategies (distributed and coordinated) where players decide if they transmit or not in each slot that estimate the NE transmission probabilities in networks with multiple sources. In works on non-cooperative game model, each player acts selfishly to maximize its own payoff or utility function which based on the concept of a Nash equilibrium (no single agent can gain by unilaterally deviating) is not a very strong solution concept if a group of agents is able to gain by jointly changing their strategies. Moreover, in many instances of insufficient information of accurately model or the available formal procedures for the players during the strategic bargaining process; or the high complex model to offer a practical tool in the real world. In such cases, a cooperative game model allows analysis of the game easier with a simplified approach. Recently, many interests are growing from various research communicates on RF-EH both in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [50] and in D2D communication network [51; 52]. [PERSON] et al. [50] studied the impact of wireless energy harvesting (EH) to exchange successfully messages of nodes locally with their neighbors in large-scale dense network and proposed two scenarios: directly (direct communication (DC) scenario) or through a relay node (cooperative communication (CC) scenario). Although the two scenarios highlighted the importance of WEH in large-scale networks and the CC scenario is more advisable in applications with longevity matters, since it is superior in terms of lifetime. However, in randomly deployed dense networks, communication performance of the DC scenario is better than the CC scenario. In order to solve the EE resource allocation problem in the downlink EH-based D2D communication heterogeneous networks, a joint the EH time slot allocation, power and resource block allocation iterative algorithm based on the Dinkelbach and Lagrangian constrained optimization is proposed in [51]. In this study, a mixed-integer nonlinear constraints optimization problem is formulated, and the goal is to maximize the average EE. [PERSON] et al. [52] proposed two different spectrum access policies for the cellular network, namely random and prioritized access policies for cognitive D2D communication using RF-EH from the ambient interference in a multi-channel downlink-uplink cellular network. For evaluation of network performance, transmission probability and SINR outage probabilities for D2D and cellular users are considered under stochastic geometry. Although both [51; 52] effectively address the issue of EE as well as transmission probability, the potential of coordination between D2D communications as well as network fairness has not been considered.