esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Carbon Nanostructures as Templates for Titania Nanomorphologies
### Graphene, Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)  
The combination of graphene-based materials and titania is perhaps the most investigated nanocarbon-titania combination, and the topic was reviewed in 2017 [185] and 2019 [186]. Therefore, we focus here on the progresses made in the last two years and, given the vast amount of relevant literature, only selected examples are discussed in this section, while more can be found in Table 1.  
Despite the sheet morphology of graphene-based materials, they can be used also to successfully attain elongated nanofibers, as demonstrated by the use of electrospinning techniques. This technique allows continuous nanofibers to be drawn from a liquid, thanks to electrostatic forces in the liquid jet that accelerates through an electric field.  
Figure 6: Schematic illustration of the fabrication of SWCNT/fullerodendron/titania co-axial hybrid nano-wires. Reproduced from [107], published by the Royal Society of Chemistry.  
Figure 7: TEM images at lower (**a**) and higher (**b**) magnification show MWCNTs coated with titania nanocrystals and partially filled with iron inside for the magnetic separation and recovery of the photocatalyst after use. Reprinted from [184], Copyright © 2018, with permission from Elsevier.  
The inclusion of both rGO and a titania precursor in the dispersion of reagents allowed electrospun nanofibers to be attained that after calcination revealed a shell anatase titania round a core with rGO. The nanofibrous exhibited the efficient photocatalytic degradation of a drug and a dye as model pollutants [171].  
The enhanced photo-activity arises from synergistic effects, and it critically hinges on the covalent bonds between the two phases, which can be confirmed through the spectroscopic characterization of the Ti-O-C signature. To this end, it can be convenient to use titanium tetrachloride as a titania precursor, as the chloride is an excellent leaving group that can be replaced by the oxygen of the hydroxyl groups present on graphene [153].  
Other important parameters that determine the performance of the final materials are clearly the crystallinity and particle size or film thickness of titania [187]. Solvothermal methods have been proven to be appropriate for attaining the complete coverage of graphene oxide flakes by highly homogeneous anatase nanocrystals (approximately 10-20 nm in size) (Figure 8a). In silico investigations confirmed that the presence of oxygen-bearing functional groups on graphene oxide acted as anchoring sites for the nucleation of anatase (Figure 8b-d), which was favored over the growth of larger crystals. Comparison with analogous composites obtained using different nocarbons (i.e., MWCNTs, nanohorns, or graphitized carbon black), revealed that graphene-based material displayed the highest selectivity for phosphopeptides relative to non-phosphorylated peptides. The former could thus be enriched from cancer cell lysates for phosphoproteomics profiling, in a proof-of-concept study for oncological research and potentially for the early detection of cancer [101].
# Influence of Polymer Types on the Mechanical Properties of Polymer-Modified Cement Mortars
## 4 Test Results
### Tensile Bond Strength and Failure Modes  
Table 7 and Figure 5 depict the effects of the polymers on the averaged pull-off bond strengths measured at seven and 28 days. PCM samples ranked SBR, PVA, EVA, and AC in tensile bond strength from high to low at 28 days. The PCM containing SBR showed the highest bond strength at 28 days, and the value was approximately 29% higher than that of the control mortar. The PCM with SBR also showed a higher bond strength than that of the PCM with AC, and this result is consistent with the previous study reported by [PERSON] et al. [7]. The PCM containing EVA exhibited the highest bond strength at seven days, but it had the lowest increase in the rate of bond strength between seven and 28 days. The bond strength of the PCM containing PVA was still high, and the value was 1% lower than compared to that of SBR. The failure modes of each PCM were investigated through the visual inspection of the substrate concrete specimen after finishing the bond strength measurement. Overall, two different failures of the applied PCMs or at the interface between the PCM and the substrate were predominant, and no other types of failure such as failures at the epoxy glue or substrate concrete were observed. Interestingly, the failure mode of the PCMs was transferred from the mortar to the interface failure with an increase in curing time as shown in Figure 6. This can be attributed to the increased tensile strength of the PCMs. The correlations between the measured strength values were analyzed, as illustrated in Figures 7 and 8. Figure 7 shows the relationships between the compressive and bond strength, while Figure 8 depicts the relationships between flexural and bond strength. All  
Figure 4: Relationships between averaged compressive and flexural strengths at seven and 28 days.  
Figure 3: Flexural strengths for the PCMs and control mortar measured at seven and 28 days.  
averaged strength values are presented on the graphs. The measured bond strength values had a stronger relationship with flexural strength than that of compressive strength. In addition, this result is consistent with the previous research reported by [PERSON] et al. (2018). In addition, stronger relationships with higher \(R^{2}\) values were observed at seven days compared to 28 days.
# Tracking and Monitoring System Based on LoRa Technology for Lightweight Boats
## 2 Related Work
Finally, as stated previously, some recent works have employed LP-WAN technologies in maritime scenarios [23; 24; 25]. The work in [23] proposed a distributed sensors system with the aim of controlling moorings in marinas. Due to the characteristics of the adopted communication technologies, the authors could deploy a system with a relatively large number of nodes simultaneously communicating with a central point. The authors of [24] presented a short paper in which a LoRa-based sailing monitoring system was implemented. In this study, just one LoRa configuration was evaluated, namely, the one with the greatest data-rate. As discussed in Section 3, employing high bit-rates in LP-WAN systems leads to decreasing the radio-link robustness; therefore, a limited transmission range of 2 km was attained in this experiment. In the present work, we have also evaluated another LoRa configuration that provides greater reliability to the wireless transmission, permitting longer transmission ranges as shown later. Finally, the authors of [25] showed good performance of a LoRa transmission system in an open-sea environment by evaluating the transmission range of an end-device on-board a ship with respect to a gateway located in land. Different from this work, we present an end-to-end deployment (from the boat to the remote user) aiming at monitoring sailing activities close to the shore or without leaving the port. Concretely, in our validation test, the communication modules have been placed on-board a number of sailboats with heavy payload and energetic restrictions which may be the main target of application for LP-WAN systems in maritime scenarios. In this line, we have taken into consideration the power consumption of end-devices too. Using this deployment, we have monitored a series of Optimist Class training session with the aim of enabling the visualization through the Internet of a real race with a high number of nodes sending data about their status and location as well as environmental metrics. In the following sections, we explore the different components of this deployment and the benefits of employing an LP-WAN solution in this case of study and other applications.
## 1 Introduction  
With the quickened progress of urbanization, the ground space becomes more and more constrained. Thermal pipelines buried to transport thermal energy are increasingly common. However, in the transportation of hot water and steam, long transmission distance results in thermal energy consumption [1]. Most available thermal pipeline insulation on the market are commonly light calcium silicate, rock wool, aluminium silicate, and polyurethane, and thermal conductivity is about 0.053, 0.052, 0.036, and 0.018-0.024 w/(m\(\cdot\)k) [2]. However, most of these materials are rigid and hard-processable, and mineral fibers are harmful to the human body. Moreover, polyurethane foam has brittle cells, where unstable volume affects the service life and quality of thermal pipeline. Therefore, thermal pipeline insulation materials that are harmless and with high thermal insulation have been focusedon in the studies. Under this background, thermal insulating composites completely made of fibers are proposed.  
As an inorganic fiber, basalt fiber has good strength, modulus, better strain to failure, high thermal insulation, good chemical resistance, are easily processed, eco-friendly, and inexpensive [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8]. Moreover, nonwoven technology produces a fibrous porous structure that stores static air and also can form a more compact structure by carrying the surficial fibers into the interlayers. All these can be beneficial to increment in thermal insulation. As reported by researchers, fibrous thermal insulating nonwovens can be affected by fiber diameter, volume fraction, fiber conductivity, and fiber radiation [9; 10; 11]. [PERSON] et al. indicated that affecting parameters of the thermal insulation model include fabric weight, thickness, porosity, and structure, along with the applied temperature [12]. Based on these, thermal-bonded temperature and time of low-melting point affected the porosity and structure of the resultant composites. Besides this, thermal pipeline insulation materials are also subjected to sharp-objected damages when buried in the soil. Therefore, the sandwich composites structure proposed in this study has superiority in low cost, thermal insulating, and resisting against the diversified mechanical failures from knife, spike, and burst-shaped weapons. In this study, we will focus on discussing the influences of hot-baking temperature and time on quasi-static knife resistance, spike resistance, and burst strength of sandwich composites, which are made by low-melting PET nonwoven as well as basalt fabric, and reinforced by needle punching and thermal bonding. Moreover, the reason for enhancement of stab resistance is interpreted by yarn pull-out test [13; 14; 15]. Thermal insulating performance of sandwich composites is also explored.
## 5 System Engineering Analyses
### Power Budget  
This study recommends an EPS configuration that satisfies mission criteria and maintains nanosatellite functionality throughout the mission. It will be more than enough for the mission, if the EPS nanosatellite can adequately power the aforementioned subsystems, such as:  
On-Board Computer (OBC);  
Communication system (Transceiver (Tx) and Receiver (Rx));  
Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS);  
Payload (AIS and VHF receiver for SN).  
The power consumption of these above-defined subsystems is shown in Table 12.  
Table 13 presents the power consumption of the different mission modes (see Section 4). In this table, the power magnitudes of each subsystem are categorized as minimum or maximum.  
After many iterations, the worst-case power consumption will be considered for the rest of the analysis for mission feasibility. According to ECSS standards and SMAD, a margin from 5% to 20% or 25% has to be applied to meet the mission power budget used for sizing, depending on the level of the design maturity [39; 55]. Based on the different power  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Nodes** & **Minimum Power** & **Maximum Power** \\ \hline
**Common mode** & 520 mW & 560 mW & 68.4 min \\ \hline
**Mission mode** & 2025 mW & 2065 mW & 8 min \\ \hline
**Communication mode** & 2025 mW & 4520 mW & 8 min \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 13: Consumed power according to the different operation modes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline
**EIRP (dBW)** & 21.76 \\ \hline
**Rcvd. Frequency (GHz)** & 0.16 \\ \hline
**Rcvd. Iso. Power (dBW)** & \(-\)128.88 \\ \hline
**Flux Density (dBW/m\({}^{2}\))** & \(-\)123.23 \\ \hline
**g/T (dB/K)** & \(-\)25.88 \\ \hline
**C/No (dB\({}^{*}\)Hz)** & 73.7 \\ \hline
**Bandwidth (kHz)** & 3.0 \\ \hline
**C/N (dB)** & 38.93 \\ \hline
**Eb/No (dB)** & 33.88 \\ \hline
**BER** & \(1.0\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 11: Uplink budget of AIS.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Subsystems** & **Minimum Power** & **Maximum Power** \\ \hline
**EPS** & 120 mW & 160 mW \\ \hline
**OBC** & - & 400 mW \\ \hline
**TT and C** & 480 mW & 4000 mW \\ \hline
**ADCS** & 1005 mW & 1125 mW \\ \hline
**Payload** & - & 480 mW \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 12: Power consumption of the subsystems.  
consumption modes of the nanosatellite, Figure 19 shows, during one orbit, the simulated baseline scenario of the power consumption with 20% of the margin, power generation, and capacity profiles. In this simulation, the mission mode and the two different communication modes (Tx and Rx) are considered, which means a worst-case orbit scenario.  
To ascertain whether EPS can withstand the mission, it is necessary to consider a rough assumption made when estimating the power budget in a preliminary mission study. However, there may be many adjustments to whatever subsystem is activated, how it will operate (maximum or minimal), and for how long it will be activated, depending on the concept of operations and mission plan.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Multi-Band Visual Feature Extraction and Fusion
#### 3.3.3 Linear Fusion  
Gabor responses effectively capture spatial relationships in textural patterns, particularly in defining boundaries and their extensions [42]. This, in turn, enhances structural arrangement and morphology. However, sinusoidal convolution reduces the prominence of localized chromatic distribution within cells. To address this issue, the input tensor (\(J\)) was defined by a linear combination of the original image \(I\) and its Gabor response with a specific scale and orientation, as expressed by Equation (3).  
\[J(x,y)=\alpha I(x,y)+(1-\alpha)R(x,y) \tag{3}\]  
where \(I\) and \(R\) are the original image and its response, respectively; \(\alpha\in[0,1]\) is the fusion weight.  
Figure 1: WSI involved in this study, showing an original image patch of size 50 \(\times\) 50 pixels (**A**), a set of Gabor responses with \(\lambda\) = 4 at \(\theta\) = 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees (**B**), and the corresponding orientation invariant response \(R_{\mathrm{Mean}}\) and \(R_{\mathrm{Max}}\) (**C**).
## 2 Study Area and Data
### Study Datasets
#### 2.2.2 Aster Gdem  
The ASTER instrument was built by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan and launched onboard NASA's Terra spacecraft in December 1999. Its nadir-infrared subsystem contains nadir-viewing and backward-viewing telescopes, which together enable it to acquire along-track stereo image data. The spatial resolution is 15 m in the horizontal plane. About 1,500,000 scenes of stereoscopic data were acquired during its operation.  
These images were processed by a fully-automated processing chain to generate the ASTER GDEM version 1 (ASTER GDEM1) in 2009. This product covers about 99% of the land surface between 83\({}^{\circ}\) N to 83\({}^{\circ}\) S, and its horizontal resolution is around 30 m at the equator. However, even though the ASTER DEM product at this version used all available original scenes, it still contains artifacts and outliers. The improved ASTER GDEM V2 released in 2011 is an improved ASTER GDEM. It was generated from more ASTER stereo pairs by an improved processing algorithm. ASTER GDEM V2 downloaded from the USGS Earth Explorer site was used in this study.
## 1 Introduction
To this end, two related experiments were performed: (i) a simulation under control conditions (greenhouse experiment) and (ii) a field experiment implementing a progressive vine removal protocol in four steps to check the sensitivity of the satellite images to the loss of vegetative mass within the study area.
# Man-in-the-Middle Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs): Analysis and Evaluation
## 6 Conclusions  
MANET is a fast and deployable wireless network, and it is self-organizing as well as infrastructure-less. Nevertheless, since MANET has the most open channels, it is vulnerable to several assaults, such as MITM assaults. We performed a detailed evaluation of the influence of MITM attackers in MANET. We simulated two types of MITM assaults (delayed messages and dropped messages) in MANET to investigate the impact that these caused. The simulation of MITM assaults was carried out in OMNeT++ with the use of NETA and the INET frameworks. Our results show that these two types of assaults have a huge influence on the network in terms of high E2 ED, delayed messages, dropped messages, and PLR.  
We will expand on this paper's findings in future work by assessing the impact of the MITM assault models in accordance with the nodes' mobility and routing protocols for diverse MANET situations. Additionally, based on the literature analysis, we will expand this research by choosing appropriate landscape areas as well as landscape areas within MANET. Moving forward, our focus will also be on developing a trust-based strategy aimed at defending against MITM attacks in MANET.  
Figure 12: Number of received messages after message-dropped assaults.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, writing--review and editing, M.A.A.-S.; writing--original draft preparation, investigation, supervision, S.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by Vice Chancellor Initiative Allocation, Universiti Sains Malaysia grant number 311/PNAV/4119101.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to report regarding the present study.
# Deep Neural Network-Based Guidance Law Using Supervised Learning
## 3 Proportional Navigation Guidance Law  
The proportional navigation guidance (PNG) law is used on almost all homing missiles. Recently, it has actively used methods to improve the performances of missiles using modern control theory, but this is basically an extension of the PNG. PNG is based on the principle that the missile's acceleration is generated in proportion to the LOS rate of the target if the LOS is constant when the two objects  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \(R_{0}\) **(m)** & \(\theta_{0}\) **(rad)** & \(\lambda_{0}\) **(rad)** & \(\psi_{0}\) **(rad)** & \(V_{m}\) **(m/s)** \\ \hline \([\ 20,000,30,000\ ]\) & \([\ 0,\ 2\pi\ ]\) & \([\ \theta+\pi\ ]\) & \(\left[\ \lambda_{0}-\frac{\pi}{2},\ \lambda_{0}+\frac{\pi}{2}\ \right]\) & \([\ 170,323\ ]\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Initial conditions of the missile.  
Figure 2: Missile–target engagement scenario.  
approach each other. Since the LOS rate is measured by the seeker of the missile, the performance of the seeker has a significant effect on the missile's motion trajectory.  
In addition, PNG is very useful for missile guidance problems against stationary targets. The characteristic of this guidance law is that if the acceleration is generated such that the LOS rate is zero, it can hit the target without any special maneuvering of the missile. Moreover, the same principle could be applied to moving targets. Figure 3 shows the form of the guidance geometry of the impact triangle, which ensures the look angle is parallel to the moving target. In other words, in order to apply this guidance law, the missile's seeker requires two pieces of information: the speed and LOS rate of the missile. The form of the PNG is as follows:  
\[a_{m}=NV_{m}\Omega \tag{6}\]  
where \(N\) is navigation constant, \(V_{m}\) is the speed of the missile and \(\Omega\) is LOS rate.
# A Method to Improve the Distribution of Observations in GNSS Water Vapor Tomography
## 1 Introduction
The numerical weather prediction system, such as weather research and forecasting (WRF) models, provide meteorological products with only a spatial resolution of 3 km \(\times\) 3 km and a time resolution of 1 h. The time resolution and accuracy of the atmospheric water vapor information obtained by WVR are extremely high, but they are difficult to maintain due to high equipment costs. Therefore, a method to improve the distribution of observations by introducing virtual observations is proposed. The virtual observations are acquired using a specific elevation and azimuth angle, based on the wet mapping function and the wet delay gradient in the east-west and north-south directions. GNSS water vapor tomography is estimated with a different method, which is validated by slant water vapor and radiosonde data. This paper is organized as follows. Tomography theory and methods for improving the distribution of observations are described in Section 2. Section 3 presents the tomography experiments and results analysis. The discussion and conclusion are presented in Sections 4 and 5, respectively.
## 5 \(\phi\)-\(\beta\)-mV Correlation Curve Obtained by Structural Test and FEA  
Using the FEA model for concrete and rebars established in Section 3, the impact of decreased bonding performance due to rebar corrosion of flexural and shear beams on strength-deformation capacity, i.e., the coefficient between bonding factor (\(\beta\)) and performance degradation factor (\(\phi\)), as shown in Figures 14 and 18, respectively, was examined in Section 4. In Section 5, the \(\beta\)-\(\phi\) correlation and that between the average potential difference in voltage quantitatively measured on corroded beam members by HCP and performance degradation factor, as shown in Figures 15 and 19, respectively, i.e., the mV-\(\phi\) correlation, was compared from the engineering aspect, and an mV-\(\beta\)-\(\phi\) correlation curve of flexural and shear beams was ultimately proposed.  
Figures 21 and 22 show the mV-\(\beta\)-\(\phi\) correlation curves of corroded flexural and shear beams, respectively. Using these curves, the bonding factor (\(\beta\)) depending on the degree of corrosion of RC shear and flexural beam members and the performance degradation factor (\(\phi\)) based on the consequent strength-deformation capacity can be evaluated. These results assert that the methodology proposed in this study can be used for quantitatively evaluating the seismic performance of corrosion-damaged RC members.  
Figure 20: Relationship between bonding factor (\(\beta\)) and average potential difference in terms of voltage (mV) of flexural beam specimens.