# Intercalating Sn/Fe Nanoparticles in Compact Carbon Monolith for Enhanced Lithium Ion Storage
## 5 Conclusions
& Non & 230 & 30 & [41] \\ Sn\({}_{3}\)SrO\({}_{3}\)/C nanocomposites & 0.25 & 57.1\% & 500 & 70 & [100] \\ Mesoporous SnO\({}_{3}\)Sr\({}_{3}\)/SnO\({}_{3}\),qC\({}_{3}\)-nosphere & 0.4 & 77\% & 733 & 200 & [101] \\ Double-shell microbe cube assembled by nanosized Co\({}_{3}\)Sn\({}_{2}\)/SnO\({}_{2}\) heterostructures with amorphous carbon layers wrapped in 3D & 0.1 & 69.6\% & 605 & 300 & [102] \\ Graphene & & & & & \\ Centrifugally spun \(\alpha\)-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/TiO\({}_{3}\)/carbon composite fibers & 0.1 & Non & 340 & 100 & [103] \\ Nanometric sulfur \({}_{2}\)Co\({}_{3}\)-shell powder & 0.1C & Non & 450 & 100 & [104] \\ Intermediate Ni-Ni-Sn-based composite & 0.1 & 68\% & 615 & 100 & [105] \\ Pomegranate-like porous carbon coated Cu\({}_{3}\)Sn\({}_{3}\)/Sn/SnO\({}_{2}\) & 0.1 & Non & 605 & 150 & [106] \\ submicronospheres & 0.1 & 82.3\% & 401 & 50 & [107] \\ SnO\({}_{3}\)Sn hybrid hollow spheres & 0.1 & 58.8\% & 580 & 100 & [108] \\
1D SnO\({}_{3}\)/SnO\({}_{3}\) nanocoad array & 0.1 & 58.8\% & 580 & 100 & [108] \\
8 nm SnO coated on Ni & 0.5 & Non & 500 & 100 & [109] \\
1D V\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{3}\)/SnO\({}_{2}\) & open-shell nanowire array & 0.2 & Non & 140 & 100 & [110] \\ Branched a-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/SrO\({}_{3}\) nano-heterobstructures & 1 & 69.4\% & 230 & 90 & [41] \\ SiO\({}_{2}\)/Au/KNO\({}_{3}\)/KNi\({}_{2}\) & 0.1 & 64.7\% & 483 & 100 & [111] \\ Multilayered hollow TiO\({}_{2}\)/Cu\({}_{3}\)/Cu\({}_{3}\)/Al\({}_{2}\)/Al\({}_{2}\) & 0.2 & 69.4\% & 484 & 300 & [112] \\ Ultrathin So\({}_{3}\)/O\({}_{3}\) on carbon nanotubes & 0.1 & Non & 516 & 100 & [113] \\ Soft\({}_{2}\)/Bovine structures & 0.1 & 65\% & 457 & 50 & [114] \\ Hierarchical voll-shell Li\({}_{4}\)In\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{2}\)/SnO\({}_{2}\) composite & 1 & Non & 253.2 & 200 & [115] \\ WO\({}_{3}\)/SrO\({}_{3}\) hollow nanoribbons & 1 & Non & 351 & 500 & [1 coarsening/aggregation is endured to ensure mechanical integrity, and reversibility of conversion reactions between SnO\({}_{2}\) and Li\({}_{x}\)Sn is boosted to induce a fast kinetics during Li\({}^{+}\) uptake/release. Thus, the optimal hybrid affords good Li\({}^{+}\) ion storage properties in terms of the elevated reversible capacity of 726 mAh/g at 0.2 A g\({}^{-1}\), good rate capability of 40% from 0.2 to 3.2 A g\({}^{-1}\), stable capacity retention of 84% after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g\({}^{-1}\), stable cycle life of 466 mAh g\({}^{-1}\) over 200 cycles at 1 A g\({}^{-1}\) (without no discernable capacity decay), and high initial coulombic efficiency of 67.3%. This bulk-like structure composed of the carbon-protected nanocrystals describes a fresh approach to assemble efficient anode materials with the anti-pulverization properties and quickened reaction kinetics. Our recipe to prepare the SnO\({}_{2}\)/carbon composites is scalable and compatible with the industrial manufacturing standards, which prospectively enables a massive generation toward the pragmatic deployments, not only in LIBs but also other nascent energy areas. Significantly, the techniques may be universally adaptive to many other alloy/conversion-type anode materials (like Sb and Ge) for the next generation high-performance rechargeable batteries, which likewise undergo a giant-volume-variation-triggered capacity decay during discharging/charging. Conceptualization, J.D. and Y.D. ; methodology, J.D. and Y.D. ; investigation, J.D. and Y.D; writing--original draft preparation, J.D. ; writing--review and editing, J.D., Y.D., and H.D. ; supervision, L.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21806015). The authors declare no conflict of interest.