# Metabolic Potential of Halophilic Filamentous Fungi--Current Perspective
## 5 Biomolecules Produced by Halophilic Fungi
### Other Secondary Metabolites  
Microorganisms growing in extreme environments produce unusual secondary metabolites for survival, growth, and communication purposes. It is known that fungi living in solar salterns, coastal saline habitats, deep-sea environments, and inhabiting the marine sponges and mangroves produce new bioactive molecules [113, 114, 115, 116, 117]. Some of them are of industrial and clinical importance demonstrating biological activity--antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant. Examples of such biocompounds derived from halophilic fungi are shown in the Table 5. Halophilic fungi produce diverse bioactive compounds with antibacterial and antifungal activity against human [118] and plant [43] pathogens, but compounds with antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, anticancer, antibiotic, and antiviral activity also have a significant role [56]. Special attention is given to the current major global threats that are cancer and antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics, antivirals, and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Halophilic Fungi** & **Compatible Solutes** & **Salinity Growth Range** & **Reference** \\ \hline _Hortaae werneckii_ B-736 & Glycerol, erythroid, arabitol, & 0–4.28 M NaCl & [34] \\  & mannitol, MAAs & & \\ \hline _Wallemia ichthyophaga_ EXF-994 & Glycerol, arabitol, mannitol & 1.7–4.3 M NaCl & [111] \\ \hline _Asepergillus sydowii_ EXF-12860 & Glycerol, erythroid, mannitol, & 1.0 M and 5.13 M NaCl & [84] \\  & arabitol, trehalose & & \\ \hline _Debaryomyces hansenii_ Y7426 & Glycerol, trehalose & 0.6–3.0 M NaCl or KCl & [112] \\ \hline _Debaryomyces hansenii_ D 18335 & Glycerol & 0.7–2.0 M NaCl & [107] \\ \hline _Phaetheca triangularis_ EXF-206 & & & \\ \hline _Trinmatostroma salinum_ EXF-295 & & & \\ \hline _Hortaae werneckii_ MZKI B-736 & MAAs & 1.7 M NaCl & [52] \\ \hline _Aurebosalium pullans_ EXF-150 & & & \\ \hline _Cladosporium cladosporioides_ EXF-381 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Organic osmolytes from halophilic fungi. antimalarial drugs, and the still not fully explored halophilic fungi may be a source of unique secondary metabolites that will help to solve these problems [20]. An example of such promising compounds are spiromastixones, depsidone-based analogues found in a deep-sea fungi _Spiromastix_ sp. which showed potent inhibitory effects against antibiotic-resistant forms of pathogenic bacteria [116]. One of the found compounds inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MRSA) and _S. epidermidis_ (MRSE) while another one inhibited vancomycin-resistant _Enterococcus faecalis_ and _E. fracium_ (VSE) making them a compound that could possibly be used as a treatment for multi-drug resistant bacterial infections. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Bioactivity** & **Halophilic Fungi** & **Compounds** & **Description** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Alternaria_ sp.} & \multirow{2}{*}{Alterperylenol} & Antibacterial activity against & \\  & & & _Clavibacter__michiganensis_ & [43] \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Stemphyperylenol & Antifungal activity against _Alternaria_ & \\  & & _Brassicicola_ and _Pestallozza__tiheae_ & & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & New ergosterol derivative & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & 7-noregosterolide & Antimicrobial activity against _Candidata_ & \\  & & & _ albicans_, _Enterobacter__areogenes_, and & [119] \\ \cline{3-4}  & & 3b-hydroxyergosta-8, & _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ & \\  & & 24(28)-dien-7-one & & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & _Aspergillus protuberus_ & & \\  & & MUT 3638 & Bisvertinolone & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Cyclo(D-Pro-L-Tyr-L-Pro-L- & \\  & & & Tyr) & Antifungal activity against _Candidata albicans_, & \\  & & & _Fusarium__graminaratum_, _Gacumanomyces_ & \\  & & and _Alternaria_ sp. E33 & Cyclo(Gly-L-Phe-L-Pro-L- & \\  & & Tyr) & _Rrizictonia cereals_ & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Spiromastix_ sp.