## 1 Introduction  
Nowadays, water quality is a global concern. As a result, clean water is a central focus of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 6, i.e., Clean Water and Sanitation. This goal aims to ensure access to safe drinking water for all, which is essential for public health, environmental sustainability, and economic growth [1]. However, in recent years, the development of the textile industry has been strengthened due to the increase in the so-called fast fashion, which has caused an impact on the environment due to the large amounts of water used in the different stages of production [2]. Many dyes used in textile production contain toxic chemicals such as formaldehyde, phthalates, azo dyes, and alkylphenols, along with heavy metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium. These pollutants contaminate rivers, soils, and ecosystems, posing serious risks to communities. The most common dye in the industry is methylene blue (MB) (3,7-bis(dimethylamino) phenothiazze chloride tetra methylthionine chloride). It is a synthetic cationic dye widely used in the textile, pharmaceutical, plastics, paper printing, and food industries [3]. The MB dye is a very stable molecule soluble in water and alcohol, not degradable under natural conditions; the persistent presence of this dye even in low concentrations (<1 ppm) harms the ecosystem, causing health alterations [4; 5]. MB exposure can lead to serious side effects including eye burns that may cause permanent damage and skin irritation, and its ingestion may induce symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, gastrointestinal irritation, shock, and mental confusion [6]. Given its high toxicity, especially compared to anionic dyes, managing and removing MB from industrial effluents is a critical environmental concern to prevent harm to both humans and aquatic life. Conventional wastewater treatment to remove dyes employs a variety of physical and chemical methods [7]. The physical methods include sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, ion exchange, adsorption, and reverse osmosis [4; 5; 6; 8]. On the other hand, the chemical methods include oxidation, ozonation, photochemical degradation, and electrochemistry [9; 10]. The adsorption method as an alternative for the removal of methylene blue has been widely studied in recent years due to its high yields and accessibility, and the development and functionalization of new materials has improved the capacity to remove contaminants from water and wastewater [3; 5; 6; 11; 12]. The effectiveness of adsorption depends on the strategic selection of precursor materials and the optimized design of the adsorbent. An ideal material should have a high surface area, well-defined porosity, specific functional groups, and a robust structure to maximize its retention capacity. Additionally, it must be abundant, cost-effective, insoluble, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and easily regenerable [6]. In the search for adsorbents with these characteristics, numerous researchers have developed and studied materials such as activated carbon, clays, biomaterials, and zeolites [4; 11; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19]. Zeolites have emerged as crucial players in wastewater dye removal due to their natural abundance, relatively low synthesis cost, unique structural features, and advantageous surface properties. These characteristics closely align with the key requirements of an ideal adsorbent, positioning zeolites as highly effective materials for wastewater treatment [18; 20]. The development of zeolite composites with enhanced adsorption capacity has been the focus of recent studies. Among the materials investigated are zeolite NaA [21], MFI zeolite nanosheets [19], MZA/RGO [22], and M-ZP [23], which have demonstrated improved adsorption and ion exchange properties and, thus, increased effectiveness in removing water contaminants. Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates with a well-defined porous structure, which can be either synthetically produced or naturally mined.