## 1 Introduction  
Collagen implants play a key role in neurosurgery, primarily as scaffolds for tissue regeneration and wound healing, thanks to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. These implants are used in applications such as dura mater substitutes, nerve guides, and adhesion barriers, providing structural support while promoting cell attachment and proliferation. Their natural origin and similarity to the human extracellular matrix make them ideal for integration with the body, minimizing immunological reactions. Collagen implants are also adapted to degrade over time, accommodating the healing process and reducing the need for surgical removal [1, 2]. Despite their advantages, collagen implants have limitations, particularly in terms of mechanical properties, as they tend to have low tensile strength and are prone to deformation under stress. This makes them less suitable for high-stress areas requiring reinforcement with synthetic materials in some cases. In addition, collagen implants can vary in quality and mechanical behavior due to differences in source (e.g., beef, pork) and manufacturing processes. Their rate of degradation can sometimes be unpredictable, potentially leading to poor healing or adverse effects. Another limitation is their susceptibility to enzymatic degradation in the body, which can compromise their effectiveness in some applications. Additionally, there is a risk of disease transmission from animal collagen, although rigorous processing reduces this risk. Collagen implants are also relatively expensive to manufacture, limiting their widespread use in resource-limited settings. Research continues to address these limitations by improving mechanical properties and controlling the rate of degradation through cross-linking and combining collagen with other materials [3]. The origins of collagen implants used in neurosurgery lie in their origins as biomaterials derived primarily from animal sources, such as bovine or porcine collagen, chosen for their biocompatibility and structural similarity to the human extracellular matrix [4]. These implants are designed with mechanical properties tailored to specific applications, such as flexibility for nerve conductors or higher tensile strength for dura mater substitutes, often achieved through chemical cross-linking or blending with synthetic polymers. Manufacturing innovations such as electrospinning and 3D bioprinting enable precise control of the implant architecture, increasing their mechanical performance and biological functionality [5; 6]. In the context of Industry 4.0, collagen implants benefit from advanced manufacturing technologies such as automation, robotics, and digital twin simulations, ensuring consistent quality and production efficiency. Real-time data monitoring and analysis optimize processing parameters, while machine learning models predict implant performance based on their mechanical and biological properties. Industry 5.0 emphasizes a human-centric approach, supporting collaboration between humans and machines to develop patient-specific implants, leveraging craftsmanship and personalization with the efficiency of automation. Within eHealth, the integration of digital technologies extends the life cycle of collagen implants, from design to post-operative monitoring. Wearable sensors and digital health platforms can track the healing progress of collagen implant patients, providing real-time feedback to clinicians and enabling personalized care. Future perspectives include the use of artificial intelligence to predict patient outcomes and bioinformatics to design collagen implants tailored to individual genetic and physiological profiles. Collagen implants can also incorporate smart materials such as bioresponsive polymers that adjust their mechanical properties in situ to the dynamic needs of healing tissues. Advances in biofabrication techniques within the Industry 4.0 and 5.0 paradigms can further increase the precision and scalability of implant manufacturing [5; 6].