# Chemical Migration from Wine Contact Materials
## 5 Wine Migration Studies on Chemical Contaminants
### Migration Tests  
Table 2 summarizes the migration studies that have been applied for the investigation of the migration of several chemical contaminants in wine or in relevant simulants. It is noted that in all studies, the contact article tested was the cork or plastic top. Figure 1: Classification of migrating substances from wine contact materials [4; 35; 36; 58; 59; 60]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|} \hline
**Wine Contact Article** & **Migration Conditions** & **Sample Preparation** & **Analytical Method Identification/Quantification** & **Migrating Substances** & **Concentration** & **LODs** & **Ref** \\ \hline
**Number of Samples** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** \\
**Samples** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** \\ \hline
**Plastic wine** & 1.5\% ethanol/50 mL & **SPE:** Onsis HLB, elution with 10 mL of _plastic foam_ & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & 17 mg/L (NP) up to **Identification**: 3 ions per compound **Quantification**: & DMP & 155-375 mg/L & 451 mg/L (DHF) \\ (in = 2) & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** & **-** \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Cork agglomerated stoppers** & -12\% ethanol, pH + 3/250 & **Liquid-liquid extraction** & **GC-MS** & **Philulates** & **DHF + 50 (ng/mL)** & not reported & [71] \\  & mL & with 3 mL CH\({}_{2}\)Cl\({}_{2}\) and salt (NaCl) assisted & **Identification:** not reported & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Cork agglomerated stoppers** & -12\% ethanol, pH + 3/250 & **Liquid-liquid extraction** & **GC-MS** & **Phallates** & **DEHP + 50 (ng/mL)** & not reported & [71] \\  & mL & with 3 mL CH\({}_{2}\)Cl\({}_{2}\) and salt (NaCl) assisted & **Identification:** not reported & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Cork agglomerated stoppers** \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|p{42.7 pt}|} \hline
**Write Contact Article** & **Migration Conditions** & **Sample Preparation** & **Analytical Method Identification/Quantification** & **Migrating Substances** & **Concentration** & **LODs** & **Ref** \\
**(Number of Samples)** & **- Migration Method** & & & & & & & \\
**- Temperature \(\circ\) CO** & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Cork** & **A.3\% v/o**, acetic acid B. & 20\% a.g. ethanol & **SPME** & **GC-EI-MS** & **LAS**: & & & & \\ _Plistic_ & 20\% a.g. ethanol & 20\% a.g. ethanol & **polyldimethylsiloxane** & **NIST and WILEY mass spectra libraries. & - BIT (Antisoxidant) & -LDO\(-\)15 (ug/kg) & 0.4 \% a.g./kg & 0.5 \% a.g./kg & \\ _Explore-circled_ & **-** immersion & **(PDMS)** & **Standards for -**BIT** & -2.6-bis(1,-1) & -2.6-bis(1,-1) & -LDO\(-\)6.8 \% a.g./kg & 0.5 \% a.g./kg & \\ _acetate (EAV) & **-**60 \(\circ\)C** & & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2. Cont. Regarding the migration conditions, the tested simulants are mainly aqueous solutions of ethanol at concentrations of 12% [11; 71; 76], 15% [36], and 20% [74; 75; 76], acidified aqueous solution of 12% ethanol at pH equal to 3 [71], acidic aqueous solution 3% \(\
icefrac{{v}}{{v}}\) acetic acid [74; 75], while wine [72] and champagne at 11.5% vol [75] have also been used in migration tests. In most cases, either the whole article of cork with measured surface area or a specified quantity (g) of cork granules or shattered cork was immersed in a specified volume of simulant or wine, ranging between 30 and 250 mL [11; 36; 71; 72; 74; 76]. In one study, the migration test was performed with 200 mL bottles sealed with tested corks horizontally laid [75].