# Decentralized Public Transport Management System Based on Blockchain Technology +
## 1 Introduction  
The maintenance of corporate machinery, e.g., public transport, is designed to follow well-established country-specific approaches, yet it is heavily pushed forward by research and development progress [1]. These rules are primarily due to the regulations that related public health institutions set to avoid potential injuries in operation [2]. Each vehicle must be qualitatively serviced and not allowed to operate under unacceptable conditions. Moreover, public transport is a conveyor with a fast turnover of vehicles. As a common practice, vehicles travel along established routes with the intention of returning to the vehicle park at night. As this process is continuous, the intervals between the return of the vehicle from the route and its exit to the line are very short; thus, this should be taken into account when organizing the process of maintenance, repair, or the recharging of public transport as part of the ITS ecosystem [3]. The above limitations lead to attempts to maintain public transportation equipment in accordance with the manufacturer's regulations. This involves replacing and checking all technical components of the vehicle with a certain periodicity of mileage or time. Since routes are commonly fixed, this allows one to predict the next maintenance date and make such a maintenance plan. The main disadvantage of this conventional approach is its usability only for periodic maintenance cases, as well as the need to consider a particular vehicle's operating conditions (e.g., weather, geography, road quality, and passenger traffic). Also, this approach does not consider the breakdowns and malfunctions that may occur--these must be eliminated outside the plan [4]. Therefore, equipment may undergo repairs only after a breakdown. Preventive maintenance, unfortunately, is impossible, because the maximum transportation efficiency is squeezed out of one vehicle as a single unit. The presence of an imperfect maintenance system in the manufacturer's regulations, without considering the individual characteristics of transport vehicle operation and repairs after breakdowns, leads to the main problem. Recent studies on distributed systems have highlighted the growing importance of efficient data management and sharing mechanisms. As [PERSON] et al. [5] demonstrate, traditional centralized systems can no longer guarantee the required level of availability and reliability due to the growing number of involved nodes, complicated heterogeneous architectures, and increasing task loads. This makes blockchain-based solutions particularly relevant for transportation systems that require a high availability and reliable data exchange. Therefore, the following set of research questions arise:  
* RQ1: Is it possible to improve the efficiency of public transport maintenance and repair with the help of modern technologies? * RQ2: Could their application effectively ensure the uninterrupted and safe transportation of passengers? * RQ3: Will such a system be an effective management tool for transport organizations? Our approach to blockchain implementation in transportation systems focuses on the following three key aspects: secure data management through a private blockchain architecture, efficient vehicle condition monitoring via tokenization, and optimized data transmission for remote areas. This technical foundation enables automated maintenance decisions while addressing common blockchain implementation challenges. The key contributions of this paper are as follows:  
1. The development of an innovative tokenization approach for vehicle condition monitoring, where each transport unit is represented as a macro-token subdivided into 500,000 micro-tokens, enabling the precise tracking of vehicle resource consumption and maintenance needs. 2. The creation of a mathematical model for vehicle state assessment that incorporates multiple operational factors, including mileage, passenger load, weather conditions, and maintenance history, providing a comprehensive framework for condition monitoring. 3.