## 1 Introduction  
The consumption of insects, formally known as entomophagy, is not a new eating habit. Such habits are linked to culture and religion, and the consumption of insects can be encountered in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. For example, locust (_Schistocera gregaria_) is referred to as food in the Book of Levitticus. The first mention of entomophagy in Europe comes from _Historia Animalium_, written by [PERSON] (384-322 AD), which indicates which stage of cicada is the tastiest and that the adult females taste best after fertilization, when they are full of eggs [1]. Today, the consumption of insects is a trend driven by ecological concerns. The European Union has set a target to reduce emissions by 55% by 2030 compared to the 1990 level and reduce the degradation of the natural environment caused by pollution. As a source of animal protein, insects are significantly less harmful to the environment than cattle as their production requires less land and water, and generates less greenhouse gases [2]. According to the UN, the global population will reach approximately 9.7 billion people by 2050 [3]. This means that food production will need to increase to meet the higher food demand, while the available arable land area will be limited. On the African continent, many insects are important sources of nutrition, with their consumption increasing usually in the rainy season, when the availability of game and fish decreases. In Asian countries, entomophagy has changed because of population migration. More than 50 species of insects are eaten in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka), and 39 species in Papua New Guinea and the rest of the Pacific islands [4]. At the same time, consumers in the Western world are reluctant to consume insects, mainly as a result of prejudices. Their other concerns include the potential presence of allergens, pesticides, or heavy metals. In the coming years, however, the species of insects allowed for consumption by the new regulations are prognosed to become an increasingly important source of alternative proteins. This will contribute to the achievement of the goals of the \"farm to table\" strategy for a sustainable food system in the EU and in the world [5]. Numerous beneficial substances found in edible insects are potent to improve human health. These include steroidal materials, interferons, cordycepin, polysaccharides, microelements, chitin/chitosan, sex-attractive hormones, antimicrobial peptides, lecithin, and other nutrients. These specific functional substances may aid individuals in boosting immunity, battling tumours, controlling and regulating intestinal function, relieving fatigue, combating oxidation, preventing colds, promoting growth and development, and lowering blood sugar and blood pressure, among other advantages [5; 6; 7; 8]. Edible insects are used as an ingredient in bakery products for different purposes, the majority of which are to increase protein and fibre levels in reformulated products or to provide protein support in gluten-free products. In wheat bread, the addition of insect powder can lead to increased crumb compression values (as a result of the modified gluten-network formation). Overall, the addition of insect powder (10%) has no detrimental effects on the technical properties of bread [9]. Driven by the necessity to alter the composition of bakery products, powdered insects have gained more attention as ingredients of bread, cookies, muffins, cakes, or extruded products [6]. [PERSON] et al. [7] observed an increase in the content of protein and essential amino acids, as well as fat in cookies made of wheat flour with a 2% cricket powder addition. These authors also reported higher levels of mineral compounds, such as Ca, Zn, Mn, Fe, K and Mg, which demonstrates a remarkable nutritional effect of insect powder addition even in a relatively modest quantity. Protein isolates from insects are low in fats and rich in essential amino acids. Both these properties make them suitable for improving the quality of enriched products. [PERSON] et al.