esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Runtime Construction of Large-Scale Spiking Neuronal Network Models on GPU Devices
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Structures Used for Connections  
In order to efficiently manage the spike transmission in the presence of delays, the connections must be organized in an appropriate way. To this end, the algorithm divides the connections into groups so that connections from the same group share the same source node and the same delay. This arrangement is needed for the spike delivery algorithm, which is described in the next section. The algorithm achieves this by hierarchically using two sorting keys: the index of the source node as the first key and the delay as the second. Since the connections are created dynamically, their initial order is arbitrary. Therefore, we order connections in a stage that follows network construction and that precedes the simulation called _calibration_ phase (for a definition of the simulation phases, see Section 2.6). The sorting algorithm is an extension of radix sort [23] applied to an array organized in blocks based on the implementation available in the CUB library ([[https://nvlabs.github.io/cub](https://nvlabs.github.io/cub)]([https://nvlabs.github.io/cub](https://nvlabs.github.io/cub)), accessed on 14 August 2023). Once the connections are sorted, their groups must be adequately indexed so that when a neuron emits a spike, the code has quick access to the groups of connections outgoing from this neuron and to their delays. This indexing is carried out in parallel using CUDA kernels on connection blocks with one CUDA thread for each connection. The connection index extracts the source node index and the connection delay. If one of these two values differs from those of the previous connection, it means that the current connection is the first of a connection group. We use this criterion to count the number of connection groups per source node, \(G_{i}\), and to find the position of each connection group in the connection blocks. The next step constructs for each source node an array of size equal to the number of groups of outgoing connections containing the global indexes of the first connections of each group. Since allocating a separate array for each node would be a time-consuming operation, we concatenate all arrays into a single one-dimensional array. The starting position \(p_{i}\) of the sub-array corresponding to a given source node \(i\) can be evaluated using the cumulative sum of \(G_{i}\) as follows:  
\[p_{i}=\sum_{j=0}^{i-1}G_{j}\qquad i=1,\ldots,N_{\text{nodes}}\qquad\text{and} \qquad p_{0}=0 \tag{14}\]  
where \(N_{\text{nodes}}\) is the total number of nodes in the network.
## 7 Approaches to Prevent and Manage Infections Caused by Biofilms
### Therapeutic Strategies
#### 7.1.4 Bacteriophages  
Phages, also known as bacteriophages, contain enzymes crucial for breaking down the EPS found in biofilms. This allows them to penetrate and modify the structure of the biofilm. The enzymes VAPGHs, endolysins, and depolymerases are recognized as powerful agents in phages' ability to combat biofilms [262]. [PERSON] et al. (2021) have highlighted the potential of phages to produce enzymes that break down the polysaccharide matrix and proteins in biofilms, offering an alternative approach to controlling bacterial biofilms [263]. Studies have shown that bacteriophage depolymerases facilitate the infiltration of phages into biofilms by breaking down the EPS substrate, ultimately leading to the destruction of bacterial cells [264]. Furthermore, it has been discovered that phages equipped with virion-associated depolymerases can overcome the challenge of biofilm matrix viscosity, allowing them to penetrate the biofilm and destroy EPS [265]. In addition, some phages have been found to prompt their hosts to produce EPS-degrading enzymes, which are subsequently released during phage replication to enhance the penetration of virions into the biofilm [266]. This mechanism highlights the diverse tactics employed by phages to overcome the challenges presented by biofilms.  
Recent research has indicated that utilizing phage cocktails, which are blends of phages, is a superior approach to combatting harmful bacterial biofilms compared to using individual phages [267]. However, it is crucial to recognize that creating phage cocktails requires careful consideration, as the selection and assessment of phage combinations are critical in avoiding any unforeseen negative interactions within the cocktail. These interactions could trigger bacterial stress responses or encourage biofilm formation [268].  
Integrating phage treatment and antibiotics represents a significant advancement in this field. Research has revealed that the combined use of phages and antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, significantly enhances the elimination of biofilms [269; 270]. The synergistic application of phage cocktails in tandem with antibiotics has demonstrated a marked improvement in reducing mature biofilms compared to using phages or antibiotics alone. This multi-dimensional approach highlights the evolving nature of biofilm treatment, leveraging the benefits of both phages and traditional antibiotics.
# A Numerical Study of Blast Resistance of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Laminates
###### Abstract  
In this study, the dynamic responses under blast loading of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminates with different curvature radii, different numbers of layers, and different layer directions of carbon fiber under blast loading were compared numerically. The finite element models were built with ABAQUS/Explicit. To calibrate the numerical models, experiments on curved carbon fiber and curved aluminum alloy were modeled, and the numerical results showed good agreement with the experimental data. The calibrated numerical models were used to simulate the dynamic response of cylindrical panels subject to external explosion loading. The stiffness degradation coefficient was introduced to more accurately simulate the failure mode of the composite structures. The deformation and energy absorption of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminates under different structural parameters were obtained. These simulation findings can guide the theoretical study and optimal design of carbon fiber reinforced structures subject to external blast loading.  
carbon fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminates; fiber layering direction; blast loading; multilayer structure; stiffness degradation coefficient; fiber layering direction +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Design and Kinematic Analysis of Deployable Antenna for Bionic Bird Tail Feather
## 3 Bionic Bird Tail Feather Antenna Configuration Design
### Design for the Second Unfolding Stage  
As inferred from the aforementioned bionic mechanism, the second stage of unfurling in the bird's tail feathers hinges primarily on the extension of the lateral tail muscles and the control exerted by the Bulbi recritiums. By adhering to the bionic concept, the structure detailed in Figure 11 was conceived.  
To replicate the pulling force exerted by the Bulbi recritcium on the distal end of the rudder feather, a shearing unit comprised of guide rails, a slider, and a linkage mechanism was interposed between two adjacent ribs, as shown in Figure 12. This arrangement ensures the synchronized movement of the antenna ribs during the unfolding process, while also allowing control over the movement speed and trajectory.  
Figure 10: Schematic diagram of self-locking hinge.  
Figure 9: Antenna ribs simulate the upright process of the huddle. (**a**) Antenna’s unfolded state; (**b**) antenna’s folded state.  
During the process of tail feather unfolding in birds, the principal driving force behind the unfurling of the tail feathers stems from the pull exerted by the tail Lateralis caudate on both ribs, driving structure of ball screw is illustrated in Figure 13. Following the initial unfolding of the inner ribs to a fixed angle, the two outer ribs come into contact, prompting the locking device affixed to the outer ribs to secure the full extension of the mechanism. The overall mechanism unfolding process is illustrated in Figures 14-16.  
Figure 11: Schematic diagram of bird tail expansion synchronization structure.  
Figure 12: Installation diagram of the guide slide block.  
Figure 13: Driving structure of ball screw.  
In the folded state of the antenna, the second segment rib is tightly secured by the firework device and the first segment rib. In the first stage of unfolding, the middle second segment rib is driven by the motor to pivot around the hinge connected to the first segment rib. The self-locking hinge engages upon the completion of unfolding, facilitating the commencement of the second stage of unfolding. During this phase, the ball screw mechanism located at the base gradually propels the two innermost ribs to unfurl, culminating in the full extension of the mechanism through the concerted action of the synchronization mechanism. The locking devices positioned at the terminus of the outer ribs secure their extended position, marking the completion of the second stage of unfolding.
# Progress of Process Monitoring for the Multi-Mode Process: A Review
## 2 Definition, Data Characteristics and Causes of Multi-Mode Processes
### Causes of the Multi-Mode Process  
1. Changes in raw material properties, the occurrence of chemical reactions, changes in the external environment, and changes in the operational task and production scheme, can cause the normal mode area of the process to drift over time, such as in chemical distillation processes and other multi-mode processes.
2. Changes in the process parameters or loads, equipment reorganization, and equipment aging, can lead to changes in the relationships between process variables, thus showing obvious multi-mode characteristics. For example, reciprocating mechanical steam turbines show variable working modes during startup, shutdown and load changes. During the operation of mills, steel balls are constantly worn, resulting in slow changes in modes [10]. With different loads, an engine can respond using several speeds, or different gears to influence power, resulting in multi-mode processes.
3. The inherent characteristics of a production process mean that it will include multiple operation periods. For example, the injection-molding of plastic products is divided into five operational stages for an injection batch: mold closing, injection, pressure maintenance, cooling and mold opening. It represents a typical batch process [11].
4. In the start-up and shutdown stages of a process, operation modes, such as mode adjustment and mode switching, inevitably involve a transition mode. The transition mode usually lasts for a short time with less easy access to process data. Therefore, a transition mode will not only require the intervention of many operators but often also results in the production of unassessed products, which can greatly impact both safety of production and product quality [12].
# Efficient Coverage Path Planning for a Drone in an Urban Environment
## 3 System Model and Problem Definition
### Initialization  
The information available prior to the beginning of the landing mission is a Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the explored area, from which the locations of the obstacles at any height can be extracted. The obstacles are approximated by polygons, and their vertices are given in the world coordinate system.  
According to the DSM, an initial probability map is built. As no additional information is available, the values in this probability map are '0' for cells that belong to obstacles and '0.5' otherwise, meaning that, at first, all cells in the free area are equal candidates for a landing site.
# A Novel Approach Proposal for Estimation of Ultimate Being Capacity Based on Pile Loading Test Data
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Method
#### 2.2.2 Indirect Standard Penetration Test Methods for Determining Ultimate Pile Bearing Capacity  
The methods by which shear strength parameters of the soil are included in the pile's ultimate bearing capacity by passing the SPT values from the SPT values with empirical correlations are called indirect SPT calculations. The undrained shear strength of cohesive soils was used in the soil SPT tests and empirical methods suggested in the literature.  
The adhesion factor \"\(\alpha_{u}\)\" for bored piles was proposed by the [PERSON] and Reese method as in Equations (5a) and (5b) [9]. \(c_{u}\): undrained shear strength (kN/m2), \(p_{a}\): atmospheric pressure, and \(\alpha_{u}\): adhesion factor.  
\[c_{u}/p_{a}\leq 1.5\;;\;\alpha_{u}=0.55 \tag{5a}\] \[1.5\leq c_{u}/p_{a}\leq 2.5\;;\;\alpha_{u}=0.55-0.1\cdot(c_{u}/p_{a}-1.5) \tag{5b}\]  
The adhesion factor \"\(\alpha\)\" for drilled piles was determined by the Kulhawy and Jackson method, and the relation is given in Equation 6[10]. \(c_{u}\): undrained shear strength (kN/m2), _pa_: atmospheric pressure (101.3 kN/m2), and \(\alpha\)u: adhesion factor).  
\[\alpha=0.21+0.25\cdot(p_{a}/c_{u})\leq 1.00 \tag{6}\]  
The Focht and Vijayvergiya method developed for clayey soils is given in Equation (7) [8]. \(\lambda\): Adhesion coefficient, \(\sigma^{\prime}\)\({}_{0}\): Average effective stress along the pile (kN/m2), \(c_{u}\): Average undrained shear strength along the pile (kN/m2).  
\[f_{s,ult}=\lambda\cdot(\sigma^{\prime}_{0}+2\cdot c_{u}) \tag{7}\]  
In coarse-grained (cohesionless) soils, the skin frictional resistance is similar to the lateral earth pressure calculation due to the vertical effective stress and as shown in Equation (8). \(f_{s,ult}\): Ultimate surface friction resistance per unit area (kN/m2), \(\sigma^{\prime}\)\({}_{0}\): Average vertical effective stress of the calculated layer (kN/m2), \(K_{s}\): Lateral earth pressure coefficient (Unitless), \(\delta\): angle of friction between the soil and the pile (\({}^{\circ}\): Degrees); \(K_{0}\): the earth pressure at rest. The ratio of the lateral earth pressure coefficient \(K_{s}\) to the earth pressure coefficient at rest \(K_{0}\) was chosen according to the pile construction method suggested by [PERSON]. Depending on the pile construction method [7].  
\[f_{s,ult}=\sigma^{\prime}_{0}\cdot K_{s}\cdot tan\delta \tag{8}\]
# The HD-Domain Metalloprotein Superfamily:
### HD-Domain Hydrolases: The Phosphatase Subfamily
#### 1.2.2 Diphosphatases  
YqeK is an Ap\({}_{4}\)A hydrolase that symmetrically cleaves Ap\({}_{4}\)A to two adenosine diphosphates (ADPs) with a k\({}_{\text{cat}}\)/K\({}_{\text{M}}\) of \(34\times 10^{6}\) M\({}^{-1}\)s\({}^{-1}\)[10]. Increased levels of Ap\({}_{4}\)A are linked to temperature sensitivity, stress response, and antibiotic resistance [43]. Other substrates include Ap\({}_{5}\)A, Gp\({}_{4}\)G, Ap\({}_{4}\)G, and Ap\({}_{4}\)U with k\({}_{\text{cat}}\)/K\({}_{\text{M}}\) values of 1.5 \(\times 10^{6}\), 15 \(\times 10^{6}\), 11 \(\times 10^{6}\), and 18\(\times 10^{6}\) M\({}^{-1}\)s\({}^{-1}\), respectively [10]. These catalytic efficiencies are similar to those observed by the ApaH family of Ap\({}_{4}\)A hydrolases, which are thought to be mutually exclusive from YqeK (i.e., _apaH_ and _yqeK_ genes do not co-occur in the same organism) [10].  
YqeK attains a homodimeric configuration, and unlike other known HD-domain phosphatases, it binds a dimetal cofactor that, on the basis of the crystal structure, is diiron (Figure 3). The ligands to the diiron site include the conserved H21, H50, D51, and D127 residues as well as two additional histidines (H83, H109) that help coordinate the second metal ion (Figure 3) [5]. Thus, the ability to coordinate a dinuclear site can be diagnosed on the basis of primary sequence by the presence of six conserved residues making up the extended \"H... HD... H... H... D\" motif. The relevance of the diiron site in catalysis has not yet been explored, and the chemical nature of the active cofactor is presently unknown.  
YpgQ  
YpgQ and its orthologs belong to a smaller subfamily within the HD-domain phosphatases, which is designated as RnaY (IPR017705), that contain the RNase Y N-terminal region. While several of its homologs have been crystallographically characterized, YpgQ is the sole representative that has been biochemically characterized [16]. It is a homodimer that hydrolyzes oxy and deoxy nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs and dNTPs) and preferentially acts on dGTP and dATP with apparent k\({}_{\text{cat}}\)/K\({}_{\text{M}}\) values of 281 and 91 M\({}^{-1}\)s\({}^{-1}\), respectively [16]. It harbors a catalytically essential mononuclear Mn cofactor coordinated by the invariant residues H29, H58, D59, and D124. Four other residues in the vicinity of the active site (R136, H158, F140, and H25) are proposed to contribute to substrate specificity [16]. R136 and H158 make hydrogen bond contacts with the 3' and 2' hydroxyl groups of the ribose sugar, respectively. Additionally, H158 and F140 stabilize the purine base via \(\pi\)-\(\pi\) stacking, while H25 hydrogen bonds to the phosphate group such that the \(\beta\)-phosphate is bound to a metal-activated water molecule (Figure 3).
###### Abstract  
The characterization of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors on a high-scattering fiber, having the core doped with MgO nanoparticles for polarization-dependent temperature sensing is reported. The fiber has a scattering level 37.2 dB higher than a single-mode fiber. FBGs have been inscribed by mean of a near-infrared femtosecond laser and a phase mask, with Bragg wavelength around 1552 nm. The characterization shows a thermal sensitivity of 11.45 pm/\({}^{\circ}\)C. A polarization-selective thermal behavior has been obtained, with sensitivity of 11.53 pm/\({}^{\circ}\)C for the perpendicular polarization (S) and 11.08 pm/\({}^{\circ}\)C for the parallel polarization (P), thus having 4.0% different sensitivity between the two polarizations. The results show the inscription of high-reflectivity FBGs onto a fiber core doped with nanoparticles, with the possibility of having reflectors into a fiber with tailored Rayleigh scattering properties.  
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG); Rayleigh scattering; FBG sensor; enhanced backscattering fiber; polarization-sensitive device
## 3 Flow Control  
Flow control is defined as the process by which the flow configuration in a device, surface, structure, etc., is changed and/or manipulated in order to improve its performance [30]. Through the application of different flow control strategies and procedures, such as how to alter the transition point in the boundary layer, control fluid separation, and a contraction or escalation of the turbulence level of the fluid can be performed. From these changes, it is possible to obtain useful effects such as the alleviation in the dragging value, curtailment in noise indicators, raise in the lift value, as well as an increase in the mix rates and heat transfer. Flow control methods can be active or passive, the difference between the two concepts lies in that passive flow control does not require an external supply source or any feedback system, in comparison to active flow control, which requires the use of the system, supply sources or external controls to be applied [27; 34]. During the last few years, numerous studies have been done [25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35] that are focused on the application of different flow control techniques in order to improve processes and/or industrial equipment, civil or military vehicles (land, air, and maritime), among others, to improve the economy as well as to protect the environment [30]. According to the aforementioned and using the studies published by [25; 29; 30] as a reference, this paper will apply cavity shaped as a passive flow control technique in the surface of the cylindrical section of the three cyclone separator models proposed.  
Each of the aforementioned three models has a particular arrangement or cavity disposition. Therefore, the first cyclone model (model B) will have two circular cavities. The second model (model C) will have five circular cavities in its cylindrical section. And lastly, the third cyclone model (model D) will incorporate two square cavities in its design. Figure 1 and Table 1 show all the details of the newly proposed cyclone separator models.
# CS Measures for Nuclear Power Plant Protection: A Systematic Literature Review
## 5 Discussion  
According to our analysis and the data extraction from the articles selected for this review, CS of NPPs requires three sequential phases: (i) identifying critical digital assets using discovery methods; (ii) establishing and conducting a risk assessment and threat analysis; (iii) installing a layer of protective measures for NPPs' I&C systems against vulnerabilities and attacks.  
An equivalent procedure is described in the current standards and guidelines that define the CS risks, as well as the defensive architectures and security controls necessary to address these risks, as is the case for the RG 5.71 regulatory guide [19].  
The articles discussed in Section 4.1 offered more detailed instruments and methods for identifying CDAs of NPPs, while in Section 4.2, we analyzed the various methods and procedures suggested in the literature for risk assessment and threat analysis for NPPs. Finally, defensive measures for detection and prevention of threats were discussed in Section 4.3.  
One of the main limitations noted during this analysis is that the majority of measures proposed for NPP CS were not developed using this sequential approach. The lack of holistic CS cyber defense based on the interdependences of critical assets, risks, and threats, as well as different layers of protection requirements and results in accordance with the defence-in-depth model, has been established.  
Supplementing software-based security solutions with human competence development and readiness has also been found to be lackluster. These two security components are often developed separately; this limits the complementary aid that each can provide to both the other component and to the security of the system as a whole.  
Limitations to holistic approaches for cyber defense strategies for NPPs were often motivated by the novelty of research specific to the nuclear domain and its intrinsic requirements. Many of the models discussed were, in fact, adapted from the IT CS domain and require further improvement in order to become fully applicable to NPP cyber defense.
# Privately Generated Key Pairs for Post Quantum Cryptography in a Distributed Network
## 4 Experimental Validation
### Security and Reliability  
The security of the protocol heavily depends on the token developed by Castle Shield. However, this hardware is susceptible to side-channel analysis attacks. Due to the multi-factor nature of the protocol, even if the token is compromised, security still relies on the user's password. Without the password, the client cannot extract the correct challenge from the handshake, resulting in incorrect responses from the PUF.  
Even if both the token and password are compromised, there is an additional layer of security. As illustrated in Figure 7, we can incorporate the user's facial biometric information to encapsulate the key generated by the token. Without the actual user and their authentic biometric data, it will be impossible to breach the protocol.  
In summary, the proposed protocol relies on multiple layers of security. We utilized the NIST-approved and recommended post-quantum digital signature scheme, CRYSTALS Dilithium, which is set to replace classical digital signature protocols such as RSAs. Therefore, we assume that Crystals-Dilithium is secure.
# An Energy Centric Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 5 Performance Evaluation  
In this section, the simulations are executed to evaluate the performance of ECCR. Firstly, we study how the parameters setting in ECCR impacts the network performance. Then, we examine the performance in terms of network lifetime. Besides, the steady state of the network has been taken intoconsideration. To validate the performance of ECCR, we compare the network lifetime with existing protocols EADUC, HUCL and IEADUC.