# Analysis of Cultivated Land Productivity in Southern China: Stability and Drivers  
[PERSON]  
1 Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Watershed Agricultural Resources and Ecology (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China12 Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Ecological Protection and Restoration in Great Lakes Basin, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Nanchang 330045, China2  
[PERSON]  
1 Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Watershed Agricultural Resources and Ecology (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China12 Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Ecological Protection and Restoration in Great Lakes Basin, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Nanchang 330045, China2  
[PERSON]  
1 Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Watershed Agricultural Resources and Ecology (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China2 Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Ecological Protection and Restoration in Great Lakes Basin, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Nanchang 330045, China2  
[PERSON]  
1 Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Watershed Agricultural Resources and Ecology (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China2 Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Ecological Protection and Restoration in Great Lakes Basin, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Nanchang 330045, China2  
[PERSON]  
1 Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Watershed Agricultural Resources and Ecology (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangxi Agricultural University  
land, poses a major challenge to global food sustainability [5]. Addressing these challenges requires maintaining a stable output of the cultivated land system, and the stability of cultivated land productivity is important for cultivated land system resilience [6]. Stability is consistently the focus of an interdisciplinary complex system, especially ecosystem stability research [7; 8]. Traditionally, the evaluation of cultivated land productivity stability relied on micro-scale indicators, such as soil organic matter (SOM), aggregate stability, and nitrogen (N) content, to detect the micro-feedback mechanism between soil and crops [9; 10; 11]. However, these data are mostly derived from sample observations and are limited by laboratory measurement conditions and temporal resolution [12]. The rapid progress of satellite remote sensing technology provides an opportunity for large-scale, high-precision, and real-time monitoring of regional productivity changes. Vegetation indices, such as the Normalized Vegetation index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and total primary productivity (GPP), have been widely used in environmental and ecosystem studies [13; 14; 15; 16]. Specifically, [PERSON] used GPP to explore ecosystem stability on a global scale, while [PERSON] and [PERSON] used GPP and NDVI to characterize the productivity of drylands [17; 18]. Although these vegetation indices are beneficial in natural ecosystem assessment, their application effects in artificial systems are inconsistent [19]. Therefore, remote sensing indicators used in specific fields are important. Among them, the net primary productivity (NPP), as a superior metric, quantifies the accumulation of photosynthetic organic matter per unit of space and time, effectively avoiding the interference of agricultural structure adjustment, crop variety change, and other factors on crop yield measurement, making it a characteristic index of cultivated land productivity [20]. Improving agricultural productivity and its interannual stability is critical to long-term global food security and environmental sustainability; however, climate change is exacerbating this challenge.