Seismic Response of Steel Moment Frames (SMFs) Considering Simultaneous Excitations of Vertical and Horizontal Components, Including Fling-Step Ground Motions  
[PERSON]  
1 TAAT Investment Group, Tehran 18717-13553, Iran; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
2 Department of Civil, Environmental and Land Management Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
34 Institute of Electrical and Computer Engineering, P.O.  
The main purpose of this paper is to develop a study of reference [8]. Kalkan and Kunnath [8] considered only the horizontal component of ground motion, while in this paper the simultaneous excitations of the horizontal and vertical constituents are considered. Besides, the panel zones are modeled in this paper, which were ignored in reference [8]. Among the seismic demands, only inter-story drift has been selected in the study of Kalkan and Kunnath, however in the present paper, in addition to inter-story drift, story displacement, columns' axial force, columns' moment, story shear, velocity and acceleration of story through an extensive post-processing are investigated.  
Numerous studies have sought to clarify the response of buildings to diverse kinds of abbreviated pulses and create a design method for pulse-type records. For instance, references [9; 10; 11] evaluated the response of buildings and predicted the near-field response spectrum. References [12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17] examined the effects of pulse-like motions on building response. Moreover, the impacts on strength reduction factors were assessed in references [9; 15; 18; 19]. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [14] studied the effects of soil classification on the seismic behavior of steel moment frames (SMFs), considering soil structure interactions and near-field ground motions.  
An exclusive sine wave model for fling-step pulse waveforms was recently introduced by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20]. However, a single sine wave cannot fully describe fling-step pulses, as they may consist of more than one frequency. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] presented a number of equations to predict the parameters of their model without the need for producing fling-step pulses.  
Since these techniques take a lot of time, [PERSON] et al. [21] extracted the pulse component of a ground motion by adopting the moving average method. Soil structure interactions (SSIs) can also affect the response of buildings. The seismic evaluation of SMFs subjected to near-field ground motions with a forward directivity, including SSI impacts, were investigated by [PERSON] et al. [22], and the effect of fling-steps were ignored.  
Moment frame systems are simply defined as assemblages of rigidly connected columns and beams [23; 24; 25; 26], with its lateral strength mainly being achieved by the creation of bending moments and shear forces in the members and joints [27; 28; 29; 30]. Owing to their pulse-like properties, near-field earthquakes result in a fast transmission of energy from the ground to the structure. Therefore, the elements in charge of increasing structural ductility fail to optimally perform. Thus, this study selected special steel moment frames, which have high ductility expectations. Moreover, in order to consider more realistic conditions in the modeling process, not only were the horizontal and vertical effects of near- and far-fault records simultaneously applied to the frames (which is the case in real earthquakes), but the effects of panel zone modeling were also incorporated.  
Figure 1: Ground motion depicting fling-step (i.e., static offset) from the YPT-N/S station in the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake. D\({}_{\rm p}\): Displacement amplitude; T\({}_{\rm p}\): Period or duration; T\({}_{1}\): arrival time.