# Review of GIS-Based Applications for Mining: Planning, Operation, and Environmental Management
## 4 Mine Operation Using GIS
### Mine Ventilation/Safety/Drainage System Design and Management  
GIS can contribute to the design of an underground ventilation network model and management of drainage systems to promote safety and prevent mine accidents during mine operations. Spatial database construction and GIS-based spatial analysis have often been applied for this purpose. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [44] constructed a GIS-based mine ventilation network model for the ventilation route and quantity planning using network analysis. This study generated all types of ventilation network components, such as underground tunnels, points of intersection (nodes), and ventilation facilities (air door, wall, and window), and established a spatial database related to the ventilation network and excavation. GIS-based network analysis was conducted to analyze the optimal ventilation route and the best rescue route in fire accidents by assigning resistance values to the specific ventilation network. [PERSON] et al. [45] proposed a ventilation management system to analyze and visualize environmental data obtained from an underground ventilation network within the GIS environment. The investigation has focused on a Spanish mine, and the ventilation network was constructed using two perspectives: principal and auxiliary circuits. The network database parameters consisted of coordinates, date of the measure, air velocity, dry and wet temperature, and noxious gas concentrations for principal and auxiliary ventilation. The results showed that variations in air velocity and gas concentration along the principal circuit were obtained using 753 historical data records. Moreover, the most adverse working faces were analyzed by considering effective temperatures and gas concentrations. Using the same GIS-based database of the ventilation network, [PERSON] et al. [46] estimated the air recirculation over time and investigated the effect of air recirculation on the underground environmental conditions in the Spanish mine. It was found that changes in the environmental conditions due to air recirculation, especially in the CO and NO\({}_{\rm x}\) values, depend on the ventilation layout. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [47] developed a prototype GIS, called CoalMan, to manage surface and underground fires in coal mining areas. This system monitors the fire region based on remote sensing data processing functions, such as pre-processing, enhancement, and classification, provided in the GIS software package ILWIS. In addition, using spatial analysis, coal fire risk maps were generated by considering the presence or absence of mining activity, access to air, and propensity of the coal. [PERSON] et al. [48] examined quantitative visible areas to select optimal viewpoints near an open-pit mine and analyzed hazardous sections for dump truck drivers with limited sight distance. Viewshed analysis was adopted to calculate the visibility index for all points in a DEM by considering the inter-visibility between the viewpoint and target points. The application at Pasir coal mine, Indonesia, showed that the proposed methodology could be used to select the optimal viewpoints by analyzing the ratio of the pit to the viewshed area. In addition, the potential truck collision area could be identified by conducting viewshed analysis through the centerline of a haulage route. This finding could assist in improving the safety of mining operations by considering visibility effects. [PERSON] et al. [49] developed an emergency rescue command information system to design and simulate an emergency escape plan within the web-GIS environment. The architecture of the system consisted of (1) emergent incident management, (2) incident display, (3) historical accident management, and (4) emergency escape simulation to show the shortest escape path for each type of accident in a coal mine. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50] suggested a new GIS-based modeling technique to design in-pit stormwater ponds in large-scale open-pit mines.