## 5 Conclusions  
In order to investigate the dynamic electrical signals generated by rocks, compression tests were conducted on samples of four different rock types under varying load levels. The resulting changes in dynamic physical parameters, including voltage, current, frequency, and impedance, due to particle structure reorganization under load were studied. Additionally, an electrical model for analyzing particle organization structure reorganization was developed and a theoretical analysis of the circuit system governing signal changes was conducted based on experimental results. The following conclusions were drawn:  
(1) By transforming the deformation and damage analysis of the specimen under compressive load into an analysis of the circuit's physical parameters, an electrical physical model was established for the reorganization of the particle organization structure of rock specimens under compressive load.  
(2) Under compressive loading, the internal structure of the rock specimen undergoes reorganization, resulting in the generation of damped oscillating currents that act as a source of electromagnetic radiation signals. Throughout the loading process, there is a continuous current flow closely associated with both the loading and the reorganized state of the specimen's internal structure. With increasing external compressive loading, there is an overall trend of increased current strength and correspondingly enhanced amplitude of electromagnetic radiation signals generated within the specimen.  
(3) During the loading process, the physical parameters of the specimen, such as \(R_{\sigma}\), the body resistance; C\({}_{\sigma}\), the body capacitance; and \(L_{\sigma}\), the body inductance, are dynamically changing. When the external compressive load increases, the impedance (\(Z_{C\sigma}\)) corresponding to the body resistance (\(R_{\sigma}\)) and the body capacitance (\(C_{\sigma}\)) decrease, while the trend of the impedance (\(Z_{L\sigma}\)) corresponding to the body inductance (La) is not obvious. The changes of \(R_{\sigma}\), \(C_{\sigma}\), and \(L_{\sigma}\) dominate the current (\(I_{\sigma}\)(f)) and are related to the reorganization of particle structures within the specimen.  
(4) A circuit system model was established for analyzing the parallel resistances (\(R_{\sigma}\)), capacitances (\(C_{\sigma}\)), and inductances (\(L_{\sigma}\)) of different rock materials, including granite, sandstone, and cement mortar. The analysis results obtained from the model were in agreement with the actual findings from experimental tests.  
When a rock specimen is subjected to compressive deformation, the internal resistance (\(R_{\sigma}\)), capacitance (\(C_{\sigma}\)), and inductance (\(L_{\sigma}\)) of the specimen will inevitably change, causing fluctuations in energy dissipation. The next step of the study is to develop a mathematical model that represents rock damage using dynamic physical parameters based on the electrical physical model of the rock specimen deformation. This analysis aims to deeply understand the changes in electromagnetic energy dissipation during rock damage.  
Conceptualization, C.O. and B.M.; methodology, C.O. and B.M.; validation, C.O., X.Z. and H.C.; formal analysis, X.Z. and H.C.; investigation, X.Z., B.M. and H.C.; resources, C.O. and H.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Specific Research Project of Guangxi for Research Bases and Talents (Grant No. AD23026103) and the Middle-Aged and Young Teachers' Basic Ability Promotion Project of Guangxi (Grant No. 2023 KY0203).  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the corresponding author on request.  
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could appear to have influenced the work reported in this paper.