# Chemical Constituents, Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Potential of _Klasea centauroides_ Leaves
## 3 Results
### Evaluation of the Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Potential of K. centauroides Leaf Extract
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Animal** & **ATP, \(\mu\)mol/g** & **Complex I,** & **Complex II,** & **Pyruvate Kinase,** & **Pyruvate,** & **Lactate,** & **Lactate,** \\
**Groups** & **Tissue** & **mmol/min/mg** & **mmol/min/mg** & **mmol/min/mg** & **mmol/g Tissue** & **mmol/g Tissue** & **mmol/g Tissue** \\  & & **Protein** & **Protein** & **Protein** & & \\ \hline Intact & 1.7 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 4.7 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 16.0 \(\pm\) 0.77 & 4.0 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.013 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 7.3 \(\pm\) 0.94 \\ Control & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 2.3 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 8.7 \(\pm\) 0.84 & 3.0 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.009 & 2.5 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 17.6 \(\pm\) 0.88 \\ _K. centauroides_ & 1.4 \(\pm\) 0.10 * & 3.9 \(\pm\) 0.22 * & 15.8 \(\pm\) 1.36 * & 4.0 \(\pm\) 0.16 * & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 1.6 \(\pm\) 0.18 * & 8.3 \(\pm\) 0.74 * \\ _G. biloba_ & 1.2 \(\pm\) 0.11 * & 4.3 \(\pm\) 0.24 * & 10.4 \(\pm\) 0.46 & 3.2 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.007 & 1.9 \(\pm\) 0.14 * & 11.4 \(\pm\) 0.73 * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: ATP content, of mitochondrial complexes I and II activity and of glycolysis indicators in the rats’ brain with prolonged scopolamine exposure. Figure 3: Cerebral cortex (**a–d**) and hippocampus (**e–h**) in rats with long-term scopolamine exposure: intact group (**a,e**), control group (**b,f**), _K. centauroides_ (100 mg/kg; (**c,g**)) and _G. biloba_ (100 mg/g; (**d,h**)). Stained with cresyl violet. Magnification \(\times 200\). Solid yellow arrow—pycnotic neurons; white arrow—cytolysis of neurons; yellow dotted arrow—satellite; in insets–thinning dendrites. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Intact Group** & **Control Group** & _K. centauroides_ **Group** & _G. biloba_ **Group** \\ \hline Malonic dialdehyde, \(\mu\)mol/g tissue & 8.4 \(\pm\) 0.55 & 18.7 \(\pm\) 0.97 & 14.6 \(\pm\) 1.66 & 13.0 \(\pm\) 1.19 * \\ Catalase, \(\mu\)mol H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)/min/g protein & 11.0 \(\pm\) 0.70 & 6.4 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 8.6 \(\pm\) 0.17 * & 10.7 \(\pm\) 0.30 * \\ Glutathione peroxidase, nmol & 49.2 \(\pm\) 2.50 & 16.4 \(\pm\) 1.10 & 30.2 \(\pm\) 1.52 * & 27.5 \(\pm\) 2.10 * \\ NADPH/min/mg protein & 63.1 \(\pm\) 12.36 & 30.2 \(\pm\) 5.00 & 43.2 \(\pm\) 2.10 * & 40.4 \(\pm\) 2.40 \\ Reduced glutathione, \(\mu\)mol/mg tissue & 523.3 \(\pm\) 21.08 & 199.2 \(\pm\) 22.91 & 318.3 \(\pm\) 17.63 * & 363.2 \(\pm\) 11.72 * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Malonic dialdehyde level, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase actions and reduced glutathione level in the rats’ brain with prolonged scopolamine exposure. against the homogeneous cytoplasm background. Hyperchromic pycnotic cells were detected mainly in layers II and III, and \"shadow cells\" were located diffusely in all layers of the cerebral cortex (Figure 3). There was perivascular edema as well as the phenomena of neuronophagia and satellite disease. Single neuropil vacuolization, hyperchromatic and wrinkled nuclei, as well as an altered shape of the apical dendrites in a \"corkscrew\" form were observed in the neurons. In animals treated with _K. centauroides_ extract, hyperchromic (pycnotic) neurons were much less common, in most cases, in layers III and V; \"shadow cells\" were located diffusely in all layers of the cerebral cortex (Figure 3). Single neurons were observed with neuropil vacuolization, hyperchromatic nuclei, and \"corkscrew-like\" altered apical dendrites. At the site of destructive neurons, satellitosis phenomena and neuronophagia were noted but much less frequently than in the control. _K. centauroides_ extract reduced the number of hyperchromic neurons (by 55%), hypochromic neurons (by 17%), and \"shadow cells\" (by 11%) compared to the control, and _G. biloba_ extract reduced the number of regressive forms of neurons by 50, 15, and 14%, respectively (Table 3).