## 2 Present Status of MSW Management in RCC, Bangladesh
WTE can provide a solution to waste disposal in RCC [9]. There are a number of waste management options available, like prevention, reduction, recycling, recovery and disposal. Prevention is the most preferred option, as it is always better than the cure. However, it is not possible to prevent waste generation completely. Disposal is the least preferred method. After prevention, reduction is preferable. By recycling or converting into energy, MSW can be greatly reduced. Table 4 shows the waste management facilities that are available in RCC. Almost all types of garbage trucks have capacities of 5, 3, 2 or 1.5 t, which are used to transport MSW throughout the city. Pushcarts, along with garbage vans, are also used to collect waste, especially in densely populated congested areas. Sometimes, the mismanagement, unskilled handling and transportation of MSW hamper the waste collection procedure and cause environmental pollution. Figure 4 shows the existing MSW management scenario in RCC [9]. Therefore, RCC needs a proper waste management system with possible treatment techniques in order to minimize environmental pollution. Figure 1: Worldwide annual regional waste generation according to World Bank, 2018. Figure 3: Layout of Rajshahi City Corporation [21]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sources** & **Rajshahi** & **Khulna** & **Sylhet** & **Barishal** & **Chattogram** & **Dhaka** \\ \hline Institutional & 1.22 & 1.02 & 1.29 & 1.46 & 1.14 & 1.17 \\ Municipal services & 1.24 & 0.55 & 0.80 & 1.15 & 0.51 & 0.53 \\ Residential & 77.18 & 85.87 & 78.04 & 79.55 & 83.83 & 75.86 \\ Commercial & 18.59 & 11.60 & 18.48 & 15.52 & 13.92 & 22.07 \\ Others & 1.77 & 0.96 & 1.40 & 2.32 & 0.60 & 0.37 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Contribution of different sources to MSW generation in all major cities [23]. Figure 2: Per person MSW generation of South Asian countries. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Means of Transportation** & **Number of Vehicles/Manpower** \\ \hline Truck & 14 \\ Wheel bars & 150 \\ Manpower & 1073 \\ Van & 210 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Waste management facilities in RCC (collected from RCC authority, 2018). Figure 4: MSW management scenario of Rajshahi City Corporation [9]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**MSW Composition** & & & & & & & \\
**(wt\%)** & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Paper and paper products & 8.90 & 9.50 & 8.40 & 7.20 & 9.90 & 10.70 & 9.10 \\ Textiles and wood & 1.90 & 1.30 & 2.10 & 1.90 & 2.10 & 2.20 & 1.90 \\ Food and vegetables & 71.10 & 78.90 & 73.80 & 81.10 & 73.60 & 68.30 & 74.50 \\ Rubber and leather & 1.10 & 0.50 & 0.60 & 0.10 & 1.00 & 1.40 & 0.80 \\ Dust, ash and mud products & 6.50 & 3.70 & 5.30 & 3.10 & 5.10 & 6.70 & 5.10 \\ Glass and ceramics & 1.10 & 0.50 & 0.70 & 0.50 & 1.00 & 0.70 & 0.80 \\ Polyethylene & 4.00 & 3.10 & 3.40 & 3.50 & 2.80 & 4.30 & 3.50 \\ Metal & 1.10 & 1.10 & 1.10 & 1.20 & 2.20 & 2.00 & 1.40 \\ Brick, concrete and stone & 2.90 & 0.10 & 1.80 & 0.10 & 1.10 & 1.80 & 1.30 \\ Others & 1.90 & 1.20 & 1.20 & 1.30 & 1.30 & 2.80 & 1.60 \\ Total & 100 & 100 & 100 & 100 & 100 & 100 & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Physical composition of MSW in different cities of Bangladesh [23]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Total Population** & **Urban Population (\% Total)** & **MSW Generation Rate (kg/capita/d)** & **Total MSW Generation (t/d)** \\ \hline
1991 & 20,872,204 & 20.15 & 0.49 & 9873.50 \\
2001 & 28,808,477 & 23.39 & 0.50 & 11,695.00 \\
2004 & 32,765,152 & 25.08 & 0.50 & 16,382.00 \\
2025 & 78,440,000 & 40.00 & 0.60 & 47,064.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Growth rate of MSW in urban cities of Bangladesh in the last few years [24].