esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Medical Imaging-Based Kinematics  
Early attempts to use medical imaging to assess the stiffness of blood vessels relied on the measurement of the luminal area change between diastolic and systolic configurations. This area change is used in several clinical risk markers, such as the \(\beta\)-index, that have shown a good correlation with the occurrence of certain cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerotic damage, hypertension, diabetes, and Marfan syndrome, as well as to tobacco exposure, obesity, aging, and other risk factors [142; 143; 144]. However, the predictive capabilities of these factors are inconsistent among different arterial locations and pathologies, most likely due to the oversimplification of the problem without any account of vascular mechanics [142].  
Multiple previous studies have considered inverse problems applied to in vitro marker-tracking kinematics of surgical and cadaveric tissue samples [145; 146]. In these works, direct or fluid-driven mechanical loads are applied to the tissue sample to induce controlled deformation through an in vitro experiment setup. Physical or digital markers are fixed to the samples, and their displacement is captured by high-speed, high-resolution cameras. These studies are less affected by resolution limitations and noise than in vivo studies and can be applied to structures that are difficult to capture with medical imaging such as heart valve leaflets [147]. Some notable drawbacks of in vitro testing of explanted tissue include neglecting active contractility, loss of in vivo boundary conditions, potential tissue damage during excision, experimental setup and marker placement, and degradation of the living tissue after extraction.  
In vivo medical imaging has evolved to provide not only anatomical geometric information but also detailed kinematics measurements. The accuracy and availability of these techniques are limited by image resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the occurrence of artifacts, and practical obstacles related to testing costs and health hazards [148; 149; 150; 151; 122]. In the following subsections, we review the available techniques for assessing in vivo image-based kinematics for tissue deformation (Table 4) and blood flow (Table 5), fundamental principles, typical image resolution, and some specific applications.
# Image Deblurring under Impulse Noise via Total Generalized Variation and Non-Convex Shrinkage
## 3 Model Proposal and Solution Method
### Solution Method
\begin{array}{ll}\overline{J}_{\mathbf{F}}&=\frac{\beta_{0}}{2}\| \overline{\mathbf{X}}_{\mathbf{0}}^{(k)}-(\overline{H}\circ\overline{F}-\overline{G})- \overline{\mathbf{\Lambda}}_{\mathbf{0}}^{(k)}\|_{2}^{2}\\ &+\frac{\beta_{1}}{2}\|\overline{\mathbf{X}}_{\mathbf{1}}^{(k)}-(\overline{K}_{h} \circ\overline{F}-\overline{\mathbf{V}}_{h})-\overline{\mathbf{\Lambda}}_{\mathbf{1}}^{(k) }\|_{2}^{2}+\|\overline{\mathbf{X}}_{\mathbf{2}}^{(k)}-(\overline{K}_{\mathrm{p}} \circ\overline{F}-\overline{\mathbf{V}}_{\mathrm{p}})-\overline{\mathbf{\Lambda}}_\mathbf{{2}}^{(k)}\|_{2}^{2}\\ \overline{J}_{\mathbf{V_{h}}}&=\frac{\beta_{1}}{2}\|\overline{\mathbf{X}}_{\mathbf{1}}^{(k )}-(\overline{K}_{h}\circ\overline{F}-\overline{\mathbf{V}}_{h})-\overline{\mathbf{ \Lambda}}_{\mathbf{1}}^{(k)}\|_{2}^{2}\\ &+\frac{\beta_{2}}{2}\|\overline{\mathbf{X}}_{\mathbf{3}}^{(k)}-\overline{\mathbf{K}}_{h} \circ\overline{V}_{h}-\overline{\mathbf{\Lambda}}_{\mathbf{3}}^{(k)}\|_{2}^{2}+\| \overline{\mathbf{X}}_{\mathbf{5}}^{(k)}-(\overline{K}_{\mathrm{p}}\circ\overline{ \mathbf{V}}_{h}+\overline{K}_{h}\circ\overline{V}_{\mathrm{p}})-\overline{\mathbf{ \Lambda}}_{\mathbf{5}}^{(k)}\|_{2}^{2}\\ \overline{J}_{\mathbf{V_{v}}}&=\frac{\beta_{1}}{2}\|\overline{\mathbf{X}}_{\mathbf{2}}^{(k )}-(\overline{K}_{\mathrm{p}}\circ\overline{F}-\overline{\mathbf{V}}_{\mathrm{p}} )-\overline{\mathbf{\Lambda}}_{\mathbf{2}}^{(k)}\|_{2}^{2}\\ &+\frac{\beta_{2}}{2}\bigg{[}\|\overline{\mathbf{X}}_{\mathbf{4}}^{(k)}-\overline{K}_{ \mathrm{p}}\circ\overline{V}_{\mathrm{p}}-\overline{\mathbf{\Lambda}}_{\mathbf{4}}^{(k )}\|_{2}^{2}+\|\overline{\mathbf{X}}_{\mathbf{5}}^{(k)}-(\overline{K}_{\mathrm{p}} \circ\overline{V}_{h}+\overline{K}_{h}\circ\overline{V}_{\mathrm{p}})-\overline {\mathbf{\Lambda}}_{\mathbf{5}}^{(k)}\|_{2}^{2}\bigg{)}\end{array} \right., \tag{10}\]  
where \(\overline{\mathbf{X}}\) denotes the frequency spectrum of \(\mathbf{X}\), and \(\circ\) denotes the element-wise matrix multiplication operator. The right side of the equation is a smooth convex function. To seek the optimal solution of Equation (10), the partial differentiation of \(\overline{J}_{F}\),\(\overline{J}_{V_{h}}\),\(\overline{J}_{V_{v}}\) with respect to \(\overline{F}\), \(\overline{\mathbf{V}}_{h}\), \(\overline{V}_{v}\) is set to zero as follows:  
\[\left\{
## 1 Introduction
Either a magnet or electromagnet can be used as the ferrofluidic piston. A pitfall of such a lens is that the focal length of the lens is difficult to adjust precisely. This is because the lens part and the piston part are separated; the effective area of the lens is small, and the lens cell is bulky. Using an electromagnet as the piston will noticeably consume the electric power because the generated magnetic force is through an electric current rather than voltage. Recently, soft electroactive actuators have attracted great attention for preparing adaptive lenses. Various electroactive actuators such as a photo-polymer [24; 36; 37], hydrogel gel [22; 23], conducting polymer artificial muscle [38], ionic polymer-petal composite artificial muscle [39], carbon nanotube artificial muscle [40], dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) artificial muscle [26; 27], and plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel [41; 42], have been developed. These actuators can respond to external stimuli such as pH, temperature, light, magnetic field, or electric field. Due to their fascinating properties, such as their compactness, ability for miniaturization, and ease of manufacturability, they have found promising applications in artificial muscles, sensors, micro-electromechanical systems, and microlenses. Among them, dielectric elastomer actuators and PVC gels are especially attractive for fabricating adaptive lenses because they are highly transparent and their shape can be deformed effectively with an outstanding durability in an electric field. Moreover, they do not need any solvent during actuation. In this review paper, we focus on the adaptive lenses based on DEA materials and PVC gels. We first describe the underlying operation mechanisms, and then present some recent progress in the macro-sized lenses and microlens arrays (MLAs). Finally, future perspectives of PVC gel lenses are analyzed.
# Carbon Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications
## 11 Stents, Biocompatible Coating of Prosthetics, Special Cardiac Devices, Tooth Reparation  
Biocompatibility is an important factor in materials developed for medical applications and can be improved by coating stents, cardiovascular grafts, and prosthetics with nanomaterials. This modification can change the physiochemical properties of materials, improve mechanical strength, hemocompatibility, and anti-thrombogenic properties (reduce platelet adhesion), enhance reepithelial and regeneration, protect against restenosis of stents, and reduce the risk of infection and biofilm formation [113].  
The 316 L stainless steel material has good properties for use in cardiovascular medicine (stent production). However, there is a risk of thrombosis and restenosis. Coating the 316 L stent with graphene layers markedly improves its properties [113]. The 316 L stents coated with graphene were not toxic to endothelial cells, supporting their adhesion, proliferation, and metabolic activity; additionally, graphene reduced platelet adhesion and, thus, may inhibit thrombus formation and support vessel wall regeneration [114].  
CNPs can also be used for the fabrication of heart valves. Hastalex is a material made from functionalized graphene oxide and poly(carbonate-urea)urethane, which, in studies, showed superior mechanical, hemocompatibility, and calcific resistance properties compared with GOTE-TEX. Modification of valves made of polyurethane and nanotubes with heparin further increases their usability by reducing coagulation [115; 116].  
In addition to cardiac stents and grafts, orthopedic replacements or implants can also be coated with carbon nanoparticles. They might improve regeneration, osteoblast attachment, and proliferation. They also protect implants against damage and in the years after surgery [117]. Interestingly, GOs, in combination with poly(vinylidene fluoride), can be used as polymer-based nanogenerators in self-powered cardiac pacemakers. [PERSON] et al. implanted this pacemaker in dogs and found that PNG harvested 0.487 uJ from every heartbeat. This value is higher than the threshold energy required to stimulate the human heart [118].  
Nanodiamond-like CNPs are also suitable for medical applications. Nanodiamond-like layers reduce the risk of thrombus formation (limit platelet adhesion and activation) and inhibit the formation of fibrin deposits. The antimicrobial effects were also confirmed [119].  
CNPs can also be used as part of the material to repair damaged teeth. The addition of nanodiamonds to the repair resin increased the quality of the material, its flexural strength, elastic modulus, and surface roughness. Nanodiamonds incorporated into resin reduced the adherence of _Candida albicans_, which is important for the prevention of denture stomatitis [120; 121; 122].
## 1 Introduction
The study assessed the impact of nano and submicron-sized SiC reinforcements on the compaction behavior and density distribution of Mg-SiC nanocomposites within the Cold Isostatic Pressing. Moreover, simulation results of the CIP process for Mg-SiC composites were analyzed and discussed, including pressure distribution, relative density distribution, and element volumes.
# Development of a Multi-Objective Optimal Design Approach for Combined Water Systems
## 3 Application and Results
### Combined Water System Multi-Objective Optimization  
The stormwater drainage system multi-objective optimization was used to perform the multi-objective optimization of the combined water systems. The minimization of design costs and flood volumes at a 50-year frequency design precipitation intensity were set as the objective functions to perform the optimization. Figure 11 shows the Pareto-optimal solutions of the optimal multi-objective design of the stormwater drainage network.  
The existing stormwater drainage network was designed for a 10-year frequency design precipitation intensity, but the optimal design was created for a 30-year frequency design precipitation intensity to handle the precipitation caused by increasing weather abnormalities. To minimize design costs and allow for resilient operation, minimization of flood volumes at a 50-year frequency design precipitation intensity was set as an objective function. A multi-objective optimization was performed based on 18 optimal designs for the stormwater drainage system to minimize the design cost and maximize the resiliency of the water distribution system. To compare and analyze the plans quantitatively, the largest pipe diameter was selected to be the initial memory from among the pipe diameter candidates.  
Figure 10: Convergence of single-objective harmony search for the optimal design of the combined water system.  
Figure 12 shows the existing WDS design, the multi-objective optimal design of the WDS, and the combined water systems. In the case of the optimal design for the combined water systems, the optimal design was derived based on a flood volume at a 50-year frequency design precipitation in-tensity of 0.413 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) L, which is the median value excluding extreme values (solution \(\bigstar\) in Figure 11).  
The design cost increased by the amount of the design cost of the WRS and that of the UDS. However, the difference between the Pareto-optimal solutions for the WDS and the combined water systems was not as much as the difference. This result can describe that the existing UDS is overdesigned, and the design cost was reduced, and as for the WDS's resiliency, according to the WRS's demand increment, it makes be improved the system water supply performance under abnormal conditions.
## 1 Introduction  
Terrestrial low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) are already massively deployed, enabling several applications that short-range or cellular communications technologies cannot support in an efficient way [1, 2]. New technologies such as LoRaWAN [3] and SigFox [4] are extensively utilized all over the world in a number of different use cases. However, there has been increased interest in enabling truly global connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which can only be achieved with satellite communications. Global, or very wide-area, IoT connectivity can leverage several applications to their full potential, in areas such as environmental monitoring, disaster prevention, smart agriculture and industrial digitalization [5, 6, 7, 8]. Global IoT can be used to map possible environmental disasters such as earthquakes and floods, and to provide connectivity to under-served regions. In particular, it is expected that low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites will play a fundamental role in this scenario, providing direct or indirect satellite communication to a massive number of devices [9, 10].  
The space industry has been growing exponentially in recent years due to remarkable advances in the manufacturing of satellites and rocket launching technologies, and the development of embedded systems circuits and communication technologies [11]. One of the attractive outcomes under these successive evolutions has been a significant reduction in the cost of communication via LEO satellites. With its relatively low cost compared to geostationary-Earth orbit (GEO) satellites, modular implementation and low latency, this type of satellite has gained considerable attraction for future applications. In this context, LEO orbit satellites would be beneficial due to their smaller propagation signal loss and potential global coverage. Many private sector players are investing massively in the launching of small satellites, as SpaceX [12] and OneWeb [13]. LoRaWAN technology is already being used in IoT networks assisted by LEO satellites--for instance, those of Lacuna Space ([[https://lacuna.space/](https://lacuna.space/)]([https://lacuna.space/](https://lacuna.space/)) (accessed on 14 September 2021)) and Swarm Space ([[https://swarm.space/](https://swarm.space/)]([https://swarm.space/](https://swarm.space/)) (accessed on 14 September 2021)), in which most traffic is from the devices to the LEO satellites. Another example of a successful IoT system using LEO satellites is the ARGOS system ([[https://www.argos-system.org/](https://www.argos-system.org/)]([https://www.argos-system.org/](https://www.argos-system.org/)) (accessed on 14 September 2021)). Moreover, there are ongoing standardization efforts in order to integrate satellites with 5G terrestrial networks, with IoT being one of the use cases [14]. In line with the fact that one LEO is not enough to provide service to a large IoT network, a strong trend for applications in future networks is the deployment of several satellites spread across space, that is, a constellation [15].
# Design and Manufacture of Composite Landing Gear for a Light Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
## 2 Design of Landing Gear  
The forces applied on an aircraft are weight, lift, thrust, and drag. The position of the center of gravity may change slightly as fuel is utilized. The magnitude and direction of the lift, thrust, and drag forces always change when the velocity and attitude of the aircraft change. Figure 1 shows the three loading scenarios for the landing gear when an aircraft takes off or lands; the ideal scenario is shown in Figure 1a. All loads are distributed smoothly on the nose gear and the main landing gears (the orange dot lines). However, not all forces applied on the aircraft keep the attitude ideal. For example, accidents may occur in the scenarios shown in Figure 1b, c when side forces applied by wind disturb the attitude of the aircraft. UAVs use one of three landing gear designs: tail wheel type, tandem type, and tricycle type [15]. The tricycle-type design is used very frequently because it makes the UAV easily maneuverable. Its other advantages include optimal location of center of gravity, evenly distributed weight of UAV, small effect of crosswind, and easy maneuverability. Its disadvantages include increased drag, slightly higher weight, and tendency to damage the nose gear [15]. Nonetheless, the tricycle-type landing gear was chosen in this study. This paper presents the design, simulation, manufacturing, and testing of UAV landing gear with a view to increasing its strength and operational life and decreasing its cost. The safety factor is 3, the aircraft weight is 5 kg, and the payload is 10 kg. First, the landing gear should not have sharp corners to avoid stress concentration and failure during service, as shown in Figure 2. The landing gear is made of CFRP and has 12 zero-degree layers. The maximum principal stress is 136.28 MPa with the corner design, as shown in Figure 2a. The maximum principal stress is 69.7 MPa with the curved design, shown in Figure 2b. Therefore, the stress concentration with the corner design is nearly two times that with the curved design. The span of the landing gear cannot be too large to fit the fuselage and runway. However, it should be large enough to overcome variations in the center of gravity. The wingspan is approximately 3 m. The landing gear has dimensions of 30 \(\times\) 9 \(\times\) 5.5 cm\({}^{3}\), as shown in the three-view plot in Figure 3. Table 1 shows the (x, y, z) coordinates of the designed shape in Figure 3. The first column indicates the group number (GN); the second column, the node number (NN); and the third, fourth, and fifth columns, the x, y, and z coordinates of the landing gear, respectively. This format is used for the coordinate file imported into Ansys. Figure 4 shows the landing gear geometry as simulated in Ansys; the (x, y, z) coordinates are defined in the bottom right corner. Figure 1: Situations of aircrafts’ take-off or landing. Figure 2: Shapes of unmanned aerial vehicle’s (UAV) landing gear. Figure 4: Geometry of UAV landing gear. Figure 3: Three-view plot of UAV landing gear (unit: mm).
# Low-Complexity Hybrid Optical OFDM with High Spectrum Efficiency for Dimming Compatible VLC System
## 3 Proposed Dimming Compatible Hybrid O-OFDM  
Although the spectrum efficiency is improved in HACO-OFDM, the sequential detection operations lead to an increased receiver complexity and process delay, compared to that of the conventional ACO/DCO-OFDM. When dimming control is invoked, additional operation including the detection of PWM signal is necessary before demodulation, which further increases the implementation complexity. To overcome this, in this paper, a novel dimming compatible hybrid O-OFDM (DCHO-OFDM) scheme is conceived with a low-complexity receiver for achieving a high-speed VLC transmission. Moreover, the proposed scheme is insensitive to the different dimming levels, which implies the preliminary of detecting PWM signal can be neglected.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Quantification of Cytokines, Chemokines, and ATP  
For quantification of 12 different murine cytokines or chemokines, bead-based multiplex analysis was performed according to the vendor's instructions (BioLegend). Supernatants were harvested 24 h (monocultures) or 4 h (trans-well co-culture) after plasma treatment, and stored at \(-\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C for one week until final analysis. In preliminary experiments, we could not observe a deteriorating effect on a single target due to storage, and any of such effect would apply as systemic error to all samples of the measurement, keeping the relative differences the same. Targets analyzed were interferon (IFN)-\(\gamma\), interleukin (IL)-2, tumor growth factor (TGF)-\(\beta\), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\(\alpha\), CCL2 (MCP-1), CXCL (MIG), IL-10, IL-6, CCL4 (MIP-1\(\beta\)), IL-4, IL-12p70, and IL-1\(\beta\). Bead fluorescence was quantified on a CytoFlex S flow cytometer (Beckman-Coulter, USA), and target concentration was quantified against a known standard supplied by the manufacturer at a given concentration. The mean fluorescence intensity of each dilution series of the standard aids in generating standard curves that allow the absolute quantification of each target investigated in the cell culture supernatant. For quantification of CXCL1 (KC) in supernatants 6h after plasma treatment, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used (BioLegend) according to the manufacturer's protocol. ATP was measured in supernatants 6h after treatment using the ATP determination kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
## 4 Discussion
### Implementation for Biodiversity Conservation  
The dune stabilization process under a Mediterranean climate in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, with a low drift potential, is characterized by significant geomorphological and ecological changes taking place over a period of 40-60 years [16; 17]. These changes comprise the transition from parabolic dunes to fixed dunes and from perennial and annual plant assemblages composed of psammophile, desert and endemic plant species to assemblages characterized by species with high Eastern Mediterranean affinity [13; 50]. In order to conserve the spatial heterogeneity simultaneously composed of mobile and stabilized dunes, it is necessary to manage the dune ecosystem by the remobilization of a certain part of the stabilized dunes. Principally, the idea sounds simple and coincides with conclusions obtained in numerous studies regarding plant succession in sand dunes (for example, [12]). However, practically, the situation is much more complicated. A study conducted on the dunes studied here for 12 years, tracking plant re-establishment on fixed dunes, from which the perennial plants were removed, showed that treatment had very little effect on the plant community. Stronger response was found in semi-fixed dune treatments, in particular for mobile dune indicator species, which showed evidence of recolonization within a few years following treatment. However, it was concluded that only long and continuous disturbance pressures, such as grazing or even controlled \(4\times 4\) vehicle activity, could lead to the desired impact [20].
## Appendix A Algorithm of \(ksd\) Extraction  
Here we maps the stationary durations (\(sd\)) into a set of key stationary durations (\(ksd\)). All points in the \(ksd\) should have a weight greater than a threshold parameter \(\theta\). Algorithm A1 presents the pseudocode of the key stationary duration extraction. Suppose there are \(n\) stationary durations, there are at most \(2n\) points on the set \(ps\), hence the complexity of the algorithm is \(O(2n+nlog(n))\), where \(nlog(n)\) is the cost of sorting.  
```
Function:extractKeyDuration(\(SD,min,\theta\)) input :\(SD\): set of stationary durations; \(min\): minimal length of \(ksd\); \(\theta\) threshold of weight for \(ksd\) output : a set of key stationary duration: \(KSD\)
1\(ps\)=\(\phi\); \(KSD\)=\(\phi\); /* \(ps\): set of points from the stationary durations */
2 foreach\(sd\) in \(SD\)do
3\(ps\).add(\(sd.t_{m}\)); /* \(t_{m}\): begin point of the stationary duration */
4\(ps\).add(\(sd.t_{n}\)); /* \(t_{n}\): end point of the stationary duration */
5 sort(\(ps\)); /* sort the points in ascending order */
6\(begin=null\), \(end=null\) /* Temp points */
7\(p\)=\(ps\).next(); /* get the next point from the set */
8 while\(p\)!= \(\phi\)do
9 if\(begin==null\)then
10 if\(weight(p)\geq\theta\)then /* get the first wighted point */
11\(begin\)=\(p\);
12
13 else
14 if\(weight(p)<\theta\)then
15 if\(|p-begin|>min\)then /* add a new \(ksd\) */
16\(end=p\);
17\(KSD.add(\textsf{new}\)\(ksd(begin,end)\));
18\(begin=null\); /* search for the next \(ksd\) */
19
20
21
22
23
24 return\(KSD\);
```  
**Algorithm A1** Key stationary duration extraction