## 5 Structure
In 1964, Intelsat (International Telecommunications Satellite Organization) was created as an intergovernmental organization to provide and control global satellite telecom services for Western countries. Geostationary communications satellites became popular since the launch of Intelsat I (Early Bird) in 1965, enabling continuous transatlantic telephone and TV broadcasts. As a response to Intelsat, the Intersputnik (Intersputnik International Organization of Space Communications) was founded in 1971 by the USSR and eight other socialist countries. NASA, ESA, and the Soviets controlled satellite design, launch, and operation, with private firms only acting as B2G contractors. On the other hand, satellite communication operations were run by government-backed consortia like Intelsat or Intersputnik. For example, Intelsat sold telecom bandwidth via state-run satellite operators to telecom providers and broadcasters (B2B), starting the era of commercial use of space [63; 64; 65]. On the other hand, the GNSS signal and Earth observation data generated due to the government's investment in the space infrastructure are still, to a large extent, offered freely as public goods. While state-owned monopolies still controlled satellite communication, the U.S. and Western Europe began allowing private players to enter the market. The first private-sector SatCom services appeared in the late 1970s, when the U.S. deregulated domestic satellite services, allowing the leasing of satellite capacity to private businesses [66]. In 1985, SES (Societe Europeenne des Satellites, Luxembourg) was founded as a privately owned satellite operator, breaking the European monopoly model. The 1980s-1990s saw a massive shift from government-run satellite communication to private commercial services, with direct-to-home TV, corporate data networks, and broadband services becoming profitable markets [67]. The most significant structural change came with the privatization of Intelsat (2001), transforming it from an intergovernmental organization into a private, shareholder-owned company [68; 69]. National orbital communications operators were privatized or restructured and started to operate as independent commercial firms. Nowadays, the satellite communication segment still represents a huge portion of the commercial space economy pie. However, the revolutionary change, called New Space, emerged in a different space economy segment. The crucial shift in the space industry, fundamentally transforming the role of private companies as drivers of change, occurred in space transportation--an area traditionally dominated by government agencies and their contractors, usually from the defense industry. This transformation began against the backdrop of a stagnating U.S. government space program at the turn of the 21 st century. One of the key catalysts for the change was the XPrize (then renamed the Ansari XPrize), launched by [PERSON] in 1996. This USD 10 million competition challenged private teams to build a reusable spacecraft capable of twice carrying passengers to suborbital space within two weeks. In 2004, SpaceShipOne, developed by [PERSON]'s Scaled Composites with support from funding (USD 20 million) received from Microsoft co-founder [PERSON] in 2003, won the XPrize. This achievement demonstrated that small, well-funded private teams could relatively quickly and cheaply accomplish what was previously thought to be the domain of big companies supported by national space agencies. The XPrize ignited interest in commercial human spaceflight. Inspired by this success, the bilionaire [PERSON] founded Virgin Galactic in 2004 to develop SpaceShipTwo (based on SpaceShipOne), aimed at commercial suborbital tourism. Virgin Galactic's maiden spaceflight occurred in 2018 [70; 71; 72; 73]. Since then, Virgin Galactic has conducted just about a dozen or so suborbital flights carrying about 60 passengers (including the founder of the firm) and crew.