# Architectural Trends in Collaborative Computing: Approaches in the Internet of Everything Era
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Analysis and Findings
#### 4.3.1 Analysis by Collaboration  
Our results show the importance of Communication in collaborative computing, with 25.0% of the reviewed articles emphasizing its importance, as shown in Figure 14 (left). This outcome is expected, given that Communication is fundamental for distributed collaboration. We hypothesize that the remaining articles do not emphasize Communication explicitly due to its foundational nature. Specifically, the Message aspect in six of these articles underscores the need for clear and precise information exchange, a critical factor in reducing misunderstandings across diverse technological contexts such as IoT, Smart Cities, and Blockchain-based systems. This focus reflects the overarching importance of effective communication in various collaborative settings. Coordination is another key theme, with 41.7% of the reviewed articles emphasizing its importance. Among the aspects of Coordination, Efficiency, and Network were found in nine and ten articles, respectively, highlighting the necessity for well-structured and efficient resource management and network organization in collaborative computing environments. This result is expected, since IoT and IoE rely on networked structures that should be as efficient as possible. Other Coordination aspects, such as Order, Roles, and Decisions play a vital role in the operational success of complex systems like intelligent manufacturing. Regarding Cooperation, 33.3% of the articles point to the significance of inclusive systems, particularly through the _Participation_ aspect, found in four articles. Openness and Responsibility, each found in three articles, are highlighted as crucial in environments where active participation and collaborative effort are encouraged, especially in IoT and Smart City contexts. The equilibrium found in Openness [43; 48; 50], Participation [43; 49; 50; 48], and Responsibility [48; 49; 50] suggests a need for environments where idea-sharing and collaborative engagement are fundamental. The review's findings strongly indicate that communication, coordination, and cooperation are interrelated yet distinct elements that are crucial to the operational success of collaborative systems in IoT and IoE environments. The prominence of communication and coordination reflects an architectural need for clarity and efficiency in managing the complex interactions between devices, users, and services. Our findings imply that while communication ensures the transmission of accurate information, coordination guarantees that these messages are effectively acted upon through well-organized structures. The results confirm the 3C model's applicability in IoT/ IoE contexts, particularly in systems characterized by high degrees of heterogeneity, such as Edge Computing, Blockchain-based systems, and Smart Cities. Aspects of communication like _Message_[41; 44; 45; 48; 49; 51] underscore the need for precise information-sharing protocols. Coordination's emphasis on _Efficiency_[41; 44; 45; 44; 46; 47; 48; 52] and _Networks_[41; 42; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 52] suggests a theoretical shift toward decentralized models that leverage distributed systems, such as Fog and Edge Computing, to manage data flows and processing responsibilities. Finally, the review shows that cooperation remains somewhat underexplored. Therefore, further theoretical development is needed to optimize collaborative participation in IoT/ IoE ecosystems. Collaboration could benefit from open-source IoT architectures or collaborative AI models, providing new avenues for decentralized governance. Governments and organizations should prioritize adopting architectures that balance communication efficiency and coordination with scalability and security. When scalability is neglected, even well-designed systems can falter under heavy load, as seen in the case of Healthcare.gov in 2013, where an underestimation of user demand led to repeated outages and a political crisis [53].