esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Preliminary Impact Assessment of the Ad Hoc Separation Minima: A New Separation Mode
## 2 Ad Hoc Separation Conops
### Mode of Operation: ATCO--Ad Hoc Separation Minima Tool (ASMT) Interaction  
The application of different separation minima values in the same volume of airspace means that the ATCO is unable to mentally calculate the variable separation that must be applied between a specific aircraft pair, as opposed to the current fixed value (5 NM). Therefore, ATCOs need a new tool which presents this separation value for each aircraft pair in the airspace that falls under their responsibility. In this separation mode, the monitoring role of the ATCOs become more important and even more complex. Hence, a new tool is necessary when this concept is implemented in a sector, the ASMT.  
ASMT shows the ADSM values for each aircraft pair to the ATCO in real time. In other words, the ATCO remains the agent of separation, but the concept of operation in the control exercise will change somewhat. ADSM values are not calculated in real time by the ASMT but are calculated strategically for a specific sector and specific aircraft pair situation (FL, encounter geometry, aircraft models, etc.) and saved in a database. This is because Ad Hoc separation values must be subjected to a collision risk assessment (ICAO absolute approach for safety assessment [32]) to determine, prior to implementation, whether they are safe. These ADSM are saved in a database for the different possible encounter situations and the ASMT shows the ATCO, in real time, the specific ADSM corresponding to a particular encounter situation, which has been determined strategically.  
The ASMT not only provides ATCOs with Ad Hoc separation values for aircraft pairs but also informs ATCOs with preventive information in a two-step process: by identifying conflicting situations and suggesting maneuvers to resolve them (horizontal maneuvers, i.e., vectors, which are commonly used by ATCOs for solving conflict situations). The main difference from a typical CD&R tool is that ASMT calculates specific Ad Hoc separation values for each aircraft pair and CD&R tasks are performed according to that Ad Hoc value. Therefore, the ASMT includes CD&R functionalities.  
The ASMT was developed for the tactical ATCO (TC), who continuously monitors the state of the aircraft throughout the airspace. It is composed of different modules (red box in Figure 1): trajectory prediction module, situation of interest (SI) detection and characterization module, Ad Hoc separation determination module, conflict detection (CD) module, and conflict resolution (CR) module. Therefore, this tool is intended to mitigate the increased complexity in the system as a result of the different separation minima values to be applied. In this way, the ATCOs will perform their tasks without an increase in their workload (WL). For more information regarding the ASMT, the authors recommend [33], in which the modes of operation of the different modules which comprise the ASMT are explained in depth.
## 6 Conclusions and Outlook  
A new approach for miniaturized encoders was presented, overcoming the current physical limitations in the resolution of common optical encoders, because the solid measure was transformed from the encoder disc onto an opto-ASIC. The encoder achieved a resolution of 10 bits both for absolute and incremental values with a size of only 10 \(\times\) 10 \(\times\) 10 mm\({}^{3}\).  
The encoder has the potential to be manufactured as a low-cost encoder due to the simple but robust design and the reduced number of components. The optical components such as the lens and encoder disc can be manufactured by injection molding, and costs in the single-digit euro range are expected for these components for higher-volume manufacturing. The most expensive component of the encoder is the circular photo detector array, because the silicon area of the opto-ASIC is relatively large with 5 \(\times\) 5 mm\({}^{2}\). Costs in the lower two-digit range are expected here. The other components including the laser diode, bearing, shaft, housing, and connector contain no special parts and, therefore, no cost drivers, because state-of-the-art encoders need such parts too. Cost benefits are expected as a result of the simple structure of the encoder during assembly and the removal of the adjustment process. Thus, production costs <80 \(\upxi\) in total should be achieved easily for the encoder in the case of higher-volume manufacturing.  
Furthermore, the encoder can be integrated into specific miniaturized products; moreover, there is no encoder enclosure necessary, and smaller form factors are possible. The encoder has also the potential as a modular encoder concept for different diameters or hollow-shaft encoders, when the opto-ASIC is located eccentric to the encoder shaft, whereby the same optical module and the same grating can be used. Further investigations will be directed toward increasing the resolution of the presented encoder.  
Conceptualization, J.S., A.B., A.F., and C.S.; methodology, J.S., A.B., A.F., and C.S.; validation, J.S., A.B., A.F., and C.S.; formal analysis, J.S., A.B., A.F., and C.S.; investigation, J.S. and A.F.; resources, A.Z. and J.B.; writing--original draft preparation, J.S., A.B., and A.F.; writing--review and editing, K.-P.F. and C.S.; visualization, J.S.; supervision, A.Z. and J.B.; project administration, J.S. and A.F.; funding acquisition, J.S., A.B., K.-P.F., A.F., and C.S.  
This research was funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy on the basis of a decision by the German Bundestag, grant number IGF-project 17898 N.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Data Fusion Analysis and Synthesis Framework for Improving Disaster Situation Awareness
## 4 Domain Model for Data Sources
### Data Sources Which Can Be Attached to Physical Objects  
**Collapse Detector:** The purpose of this data source is to determine whether a structure has been broken or not. A motion sensor detects the movement of an object at a given location. A beam sensor can measure whether the surface of a structure is straight or not.  
**Seismic Sensor:** It may detect ground oscillation, and accordingly outputs a signal as a waveform [49]. This sensor can be useful in estimating the effect of earthquakes. It can accurately measure the intensity of an earthquake. However, to determine whether the structure has been damaged or not, one needs precise information about the robustness of the corresponding structure and the ground mechanics of the location.  
**Smart home detectors:** These sensors are commonly used in households for the purpose of protecting the inhabitants from incidents such as water and gas leakage, smoke and fire, and burglary [50]. The usefulness of these data sources depends on the type of smart home detector. For example, consider the following sensors:  
Carbon Monoxide sensor is designed to warn the user of any unusual build-up of CO in where it is located. Smoke sensor measures the presence of smoke and detects fire by sensing small particles in the air. Fire sensor detects fire according to the occurrence of flames by sensing light beams. Motion sensor is used for detecting motion around the sensor. Camera can detect motion, record, and give a warning.  
Motion and camera detectors can be useful in estimating the presence of persons. One important issue with these sensors is that adopting them for disaster detection may interfere with the privacy of the inhabitants. We therefore assume that unless permission is given, these sensors can only be attached to open areas such as schools, shopping centers, hospitals.  
**Optical detectors:** In this context, we consider face recognition systems [51] and people counters [52]. Face recognizer is a way of confirming an individual's identity using an online face image. To this aim, images of the persons to be identified must be pre-recorded by the system. With the help of pattern recognition algorithms, the online image is classified according to the recorded images. These systems may help in estimating the locations of persons. In addition, the camera that is used for face recognition may also function as a disaster detector, if programmed accordingly. People counters are used to count the number of persons entering or leaving a location. This sensor can help in estimating the presence of persons.  
**Utility meters:** In this context, smart electricity, water, and gas meters are considered [53]. These meters record information about the consumption of electrical energy, water, and/or gas. The gathered data can be used to infer the living patterns within a location and as such, they can help in estimating if anyone is present in a location just before the occurrence of an earthquake.
# IoTBystander: A Non-Intrusive Dual-Channel-Based Smart Home Security Monitoring Framework
## 8 Limitations and Ethical Considerations
### Privacy Concerns  
The use of IoT systems for monitoring smart homes inherently raises concerns about privacy. IoTBystander captures audio and network traffic to monitor events that occur within a smart home environment. Although these data are crucial for detecting anomalies and ensuring security, they can inadvertently record sensitive information about household members and their activities. This could include conversations, personal habits, or private interactions, leading to potential surveillance issues.  
To address these concerns, we propose a series of mitigation strategies in future work. Data minimization will be prioritized to ensure that only the data required for anomaly detection are captured. By employing advanced filtering and preprocessing techniques, the system could be designed to focus on identifying relevant event-related signals while minimizing the risk of capturing sensitive content. Furthermore, encryption will be applied to all captured data, ensuring that data transmitted from the system are protected and inaccessible to unauthorized third parties. Furthermore, techniques such as local processing of sensitive data could be explored to ensure that personal information remains within the user's local devices and is not exported to external servers unless explicitly permitted.
###### Abstract  
In order to cope with the ever-increasing traffic demands and stringent latency constraints, next generation, i.e., sixth generation (6G) networks, are expected to leverage Network Function Virtualization (NFV) as an enabler for enhanced network flexibility. In such a setup, in addition to the traditional problems of user association and traffic routing, Virtual Network Function (VNF) placement needs to be jointly considered. To that end, in this paper, we focus on the joint network and computational resource allocation, targeting low network power consumption while satisfying the Service Function Chain (SFC), throughput, and delay requirements. Unlike the State-of-the-Art (SoA), we also take into account the Access Network (AN), while formulating the problem as a general Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP). Due to the high complexity of the proposed optimal solution, we also propose a low-complexity energy-efficient resource allocation algorithm, which was shown to significantly outperform the SoA, by achieving up to 78% of the optimal energy efficiency with up to 742 times lower complexity. Finally, we describe an Orchestration Framework for the automated orchestration of vertical-driven services in Network Slices and describe how it encompasses the proposed algorithm towards optimized provisioning of heterogeneous computation and network resources across multiple network segments.  
multi-access edge computing; virtual network function; service function chaining; mixed integer linear program; network orchestration +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
* [2021] 9 October 2021
* [2021] 9 November 2021
# A Review on Carbon Source and Sink in Arabic Land Ecosystems
## 5 Problems and Prospects of Carbon Source and Sink Research in Arable Land Ecosystems  
### Research Problems of Carbon Source and Sink in Arable Land Ecosystems  
Although many scholars have made significant progress and achieved important results in the research of carbon source and sink in arable land ecosystems, due to the differences of natural and social environment in different regions, there still remains insufficient understanding on mechanisms of carbon cycle in arable land system and the influencing factors of carbon source and sink changes. In particular, due to the difficulty of obtaining statistical data, the change of carbon source and sink at small scales is not well understood, so it cannot provide guidance for carbon sequestration and emission reduction of arable land system. There is still a lot of room for improvement in relevant research. Also, balancing the need for agricultural products and other land use with reducing carbon emissions is a big challenge in developing sustainable management in arable land system.  
In addition, there are some problems in the studies of carbon source and sink of arable land system, such as fuzzy system boundary, incomplete accounting index and parameter inconsistent with reality, making the differences between results, and even making the results are not comparable. The measurement accuracy of carbon absorption and emission is relatively at a low level, mainly because most scholars used the production activities input coefficient or carbon respiration coefficient of different crops published by the IPCC for calculation, and did not take into account the differences caused by climate or soil conditions, inducing larger errors in carbon emission and carbon absorption estimates. Besides, while most studies considered the impacts of agricultural machinery and chemical fertilizer factors on carbon emissions, but did not consider the carbon emissions caused by the power consumption of people engaged in agriculture production; however some studies included the latter factors, providing different estimates.
# SMS Spam Detection System Based on Deep Learning Architectures for Turkish and English Messages
## 1 Introduction
The contributions provided by this article are the following: A dataset consisting of Turkish SMSs labeled as unsolicited or solicited that may assist in conducting studies on Turkish SMS spam was used. A hybrid CNN + GRU algorithm-based model supporting the Turkish and English languages to detect SMS spam in mobile media was proposed. It appears as the first model using a CNN-GRU combination for the classification of short messages in the Turkish language. In the model proposed in the study, it was ensured that the algorithm attained the highest accuracy value by tuning the hyperparameter values. A comparison was performed between the proposed model and other machine learning algorithms. The remainder of the study is structured as follows: Section 2 presents the related work. In Section 3, the model proposed in the study is explained in detail. Section 4 is where the evaluation is presented while Section 5 is where the results obtained in the experimental studies are revealed. In Section 6, the overall results obtained are evaluated. The study concludes with Section 7.
# Optimization of Nonspherical Gold Nanoparticles for Photothermal Therapy
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, the light absorption ability of a gold nanospheroid, nanocylinder, and nanorod was investigated in the near-infrared region. The optimal size parameters of nanoparticles were obtained by maximizing the volume absorption coefficient. Four typical excitation wavelengths (800, 808, 820, and 1064 nm) used in PTT were considered. The results showed that the optimized nanospheroids with an aspect ratio of 5.9 and a length of 94 nm exhibited the best light absorption ability at the excitation wavelength of 1064 nm. In this case, the light absorption ability of optimized nanospheroids was found to be 7.1 times that of optimized nanoshells. Furthermore, the effects of the excitation wavelength and the refractive index of tissue on the optimization results were analyzed. Both the light absorption ability and the size parameters of optimized nanoparticles increased with the increase of the excitation wavelength, while they decreased as the refractive index of tissue increased. Finally, the ranges of the size parameters that maintained the volume absorption coefficient greater than a threshold of 90% of maximum value were calculated. The optimized particles are suitable for continuous wave and pulsed laser illumination because the T-matrix method is independent of the laser output mode. This study offers a purely theoretical treatment of the optimization of gold nanoparticle manufacture for PTT. Undeniably, more systematic explorations are demanded to investigate factors such as particle toxicity, melting threshold, and cellular uptake, which play important roles in the efficiency of PTT techniques. Conceptualization, P.T., X.H. and Y.Y. ; methodology, P.T. and X.Y. ; software, P.T. and X.Y. ; validation, P.T., X.H. and Y.Y. ; formal analysis, P.T. and X.H. ; investigation, P.T. ; resources, X.H. ; data curation, P.T. ; writing--original draft preparation, P.T. and X.Y. ; writing--review and editing, P.T., X.H. and Y.Y. ; visualization, P.T. ; supervision, X.H. and Y.Y. ; project administration, P.T. ; funding acquisition, P.T. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11764042), the University Scientific Research Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Grant No. XJEDU2016I032), the Hundred Young Doctor Introduction Plan of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the Foundation of Xinjiang Normal University Laboratory of Novel Light Source and Micro/Nano-Optics (Grant No. XJNUSYS092017A02). We express our gratitude to [PERSON] (NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies) for use of the free T-matrix code. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Extreme Pressure, Duration of Extreme Pressure and Impact Effects
They are 9.881 kPa/s and \(-10.415\) kPa/s, respectively. In the other sections, the pressure change rate is relatively close, and the average values are calculated as 5.4 kPa/s and \(-5.9\) kPa/s. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sections**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(P_{pmax}\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(P_{pmax}\)} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(T_{d}\) **(s)** & \(\overline{P}\) **(kPa/s)** & \(T_{d}\) **(s)** & \(\overline{P}\) **(kPa/s)** \\ \hline S1 & 0.222 & 9.881 & 0.154 & \(-10.415\) \\ S3 & 1.379 & 3.288 & 0.347 & \(-5.488\)  
Figure 14 compares the ideal aerodynamic pressure of the sections S1, S3, S6, S9 and S11. It shows that the ideal aerodynamic pressures under different sections are significantly different. They are much simpler than the original ones and can be adopted to simulate the structural responses of the housing for sound emission alleviation. However, whether the parameters in the ideal model are reasonable or not needs further study. As previously noted, when extreme pressures appear, the circumferential distribution of the aerodynamic pressure has obvious no uniformity characteristics. To reveal the circumferential distribution characteristics, the aerodynamic pressure on sections S1 and S6 at the instant when positive/negative extreme pressures appear is investigated and shown in Figures 15 and 16. The baseline values in Figure 15a,b are set as 700 Pa and \(-600\) Pa, respectively. The values in Figure 16a,b are set as 800 Pa and \(-1300\) Pa, respectively. The results confirm that the pressure distribution at both sections S1 and S6 is asymmetrical in the circumferential direction. The pressure at the near side is always higher than that at the far side. However, the circumferential distribution of the aerodynamic pressure at both sections is different. Figure 14: Ideal aerodynamic pressure at different sections. (**a**) S1. (**b**) S3. (**c**) S6. (**d**) S9. (**e**) S11. In section S1, aerodynamic pressure keeps decreasing from the near side to the far side. In particular, the positive and negative pressures on the near side are 37.97% and 39.73% higher than those on the far side, respectively. However, in section S6, the highest aerodynamic pressure appears at the top point P3. The positive and negative extreme pressures at P3 are 45.2% and 46.1% higher than those on the far side, respectively. This obvious no uniformity of the aerodynamic pressure should be carefully considered during the structural design of an enclosed housing for sound emission alleviation.
# Analysis of Available Components and Performance Estimation of Optical Multi-Band Systems
###### Abstract  
Optical multi-band (OMB) systems exploit the low-loss spectrum of the single mode fiber (SMF) and are key enablers to increase the transportation capacity and node connectivity of already deployed systems. The realization of OMB systems is mainly based on the technological advances on the component and system level, and for this purpose, a broad gamut of various structural elements, such as transceivers, amplifiers, filters, etc. have been commercialized already or are close to commercialization. This wide range of options, which aid in unlocking the concurrent transmission in all amplification bands, is reviewed here for the first time, whilst their pros and cons as well as their limitations are discussed. Furthermore, the needs for additional components in order to fully exploit the \(\approx\)390 nm low-loss wavelength range of SMF, which spans from 1260 to 1650 nm, are highlighted. Finally, based on a physical layer formalism, which incorporates the impact of the most important physical layer constraints for an OMB system, the attainable capacity and transparent reach of each amplification band are quantified.  
optical multi-band systems; physical layer modeling; fiber-optic communications; commercially available components +
Footnote †: journal: _Engl. Comp._  
0000-0002-00  
expression is closed-form and incorporates the impact of the main transmission impairments of an OMB system, which are the Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) noise accumulation, the Four-Wave-Mixing (FWM) crosstalk, and the Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS). Using this formula, we calculate the attainable capacity and transparent reach for each band and for three different modulation formats, namely polarization multiplexing (PM) quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), PM-16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and 64 QAM, discussing their performance trade-offs.  
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 includes a review of commercially available state-of-the-art components (such as transceivers, amplifiers, and filters), Section 3 attempts a quantification of the capacity and the transparent reach of an OMB system employing commercially available equipment, Section 4 discusses the main findings of our work, and Section 5 concludes the paper.