###### Abstract
Current research on substrate materials seeks to identify and enhance materials that optimize antenna performance and promote sustainable design practices. The incorporation of novel materials and the improvement of current ones will be essential in improving antenna performance. Researchers and engineers must balance performance, affordability, and environmental effects to build antennas that satisfy the requirements of contemporary communication systems [18]. The ongoing investigation of substrate materials will provide novel advancements, augmenting the performance and adaptability of antennas in many applications. The selection of substrate material is a critical element in antenna design that influences several performance metrics. The dielectric constant, mechanical qualities, and environmental impact of the substrate material all influence an antenna's efficacy. By meticulously choosing the suitable substrate material, designers may enhance antenna performance and guarantee compliance with its intended use specifications [19]. Advancements in technology and materials science will perpetuate the discovery and development of novel substrates, fostering innovation in antenna technology and yielding more efficient and sustainable communication systems [20]. A recent study has focused on the influence of building materials on internet signal strength. Where the construction materials substantially diminish signal strength, revealing that plastics considerably contribute to signal degradation, but hollow plywood walls have less influence. This indicates that selecting construction materials significantly influences the preservation of robust internet signals inside a structure [21]. A \"Wi-Fi-friendly building\" was proposed to improve Wi-Fi signal dispersion by considering signal propagation and obstructions inside the structure. The research suggested ornament-mounted reflectors and wall-embedded apertures to enhance Wi-Fi signal efficacy. This underscores the significance of architectural design in enhancing internet signal strength [22]. There are determinants affecting LoRa signal coverage within wireless communication technology in urban and suburban settings [23]. The research emphasized the significance of variables like spreading factor and antenna orientation in assessing signal quality for Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. This underscores the need to include environmental considerations in the design of wireless communication systems. The research indicates that construction materials may substantially influence internet signal strength, impacting the design and optimization of wireless communication systems in buildings. Future studies may investigate the correlation between building materials and signal deterioration to propose techniques for enhancing signal quality in diverse building contexts. Epoxy resin composites have been thoroughly investigated for their electromagnetic uses. Epoxy/carbon nanotube composites can be used as microwave absorbers for up to 25 GHz, leveraging the material's strong conductivity [24]. Peak frequency of microwave absorption in carbonyl iron/epoxy resin composites is more than 25 GHz [25]. Flame-retardant electromagnetic absorption composites, including graphene nanosheets and manganese oxides inside modified epoxy resin, were investigated to mitigate over-charring [26; 27]. Lightweight silver-plated foam and carbon nanotube-hybridized epoxy composite foams were created for superior conductivity and electromagnetic shielding capabilities [28; 29]. Epoxy resin composites using nanocarbon-coated glass fiber and fabric were used for electromagnetic interference shielding [28]. The synergistic effects of micro-BN and nano-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) in micro-nano composites were used to improve the thermal conductivity of insulating epoxy resin [30; 31]. A flexible Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/nanocarbon hybrid for microwave absorption was used in composite materials [32; 33]. A bee-comb-shaped left-handed metamaterial was introduced for terahertz frequency applications [34; 35].