esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Simulation Analysis  
### Model Construction  
To assess the efficacy of the local obstacle-avoidance algorithm, we monitored paths generated by the algorithm on roads exhibiting varied spatial features. Within the Prescan software, we constructed three road types, each distinct in spatial characteristics: straight roads, sharply curved roads, and continuously curved roads. These road categories encompass a broad range of practical driving scenarios, showcasing the algorithm's versatility. Leveraging the Simulink(R2021a)/Prescan 2019.2.0 software, we captured the coordinates of the global path points across these road types. Subsequently, a path-tracking simulation model was established using Simulink(R2021a)/Carsim 2019.0 software.  
For our simulation model, we opted for the B-class rear-wheel-drive electric vehicle from the Carsim dataset. This selection was based on its close alignment with the parameters of the actual tested intelligent driving sightseeing vehicle. All model parameters were tailored to reflect the real vehicle specifications, and the details are presented in Supplementary Materials. Within this simulation framework, the primary input variable for the test vehicle is the front wheel steering angle. Conversely, the key output variables encompass the actual vehicle speed, front wheel steering angle, yaw angle, and yaw rate, among others.
# Image Magnification Based on Bicubic Approximation with Edge as Constraint
## 5 Experimental Results  
The experiment consists of three parts: numerical accuracy (PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), the most common and widely used image objective evaluation index based on error-sensitive image-quality evaluation, and SSIM (Structural Similarity), a measure of the similarity of two images measuring image similarity from three aspects: brightness, contrast, and structure), visual effects, and runtime. The low-resolution image (LR) is obtained by averaging downsampling ofthe high-resolution image (HR), and the magnified images of the LR images are compared with the HR images. The images used for comparison are 12 typical images, BSD200, Urban100, and the aliasing image set (AIS) [30]. These 12 typical images are commonly used in the experiment of image magnification. In order, they are Barbara, Baboon, Boat, Chest, Couple, Crowd, Dollar, Goldhill, Kod, Lake, Lenna, and Peppers, as shown in Figure 3. The size of each typical image is \(512\times 512\) pixels (HR). BSD200 uses only 100 images for learning, denoted as BSD100. AIS is from the website with [[http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/csk/projects/alias/](http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/csk/projects/alias/)]([http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/csk/projects/alias/](http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/csk/projects/alias/)). The 8 methods used for comparison are bicubic, DCCI [7], ICBI [8], SelfxSR [15], NARM [13], SISRRFI [23], LPRGSS [24], and the method (New).
# Physical and Chemical Methods to Assess Performance of TPO-Modified Asphalt Binder
## 3 Results
### Blending Homogeneity
#### 3.1.2 Chemical Testing (FTIR) on Blending Homogeneity  
The data in Figure 3 show the FTIR results from the samples obtained during blending at 1, 60, and 120 min. Adding TPO to asphalt binder did not drastically change the functional chemistry of the binder. There were not many differences in the spectra apart from some alteration in the fingerprint region and the C=O peak of the 4% TPO at 120 min. The similarity of the FTIR spectra indicated that no additional IR-sensitive functional groups were formed during the blending process. Due to the relatively large alkane peaks, the binder blends were mostly made of C-H groups. There was noise present in the region of 1800-2500 cm\({}^{-1}\) for all samples, and the 8% 120 min sample was exaggerated due to the normalization used. Considering the peaks of the noise were small, they were most likely artifacts rather than authentic peaks, thus they were disregarded. Similar to the aforementioned noise, the noise towards the end of the spectra (400 cm\({}^{-1}\)) could also be disregarded, as there was no relevant peak information contained in it [32; 33].  
Figure 2: Physical DSR blending variability in (**a**) 2%, (**b**) 4%, and (**c**) 8% TPO samples.  
Figure 3: FTIR blending variability in (**a**) 2%, (**b**) 4%, and (**c**) 8% TPO samples.
# Performance Analysis of Quantum Key Distribution Technology for Power Business
## 6 Conclusions  
In view of the complexity of QKD technology in power grid applications, the feasibility of the system was analyzed, from the performance parameters related to the key tier and business tier of the power QKD system. We have proposed a performance evaluation framework from six aspects. The performance simulation test data of quantum key rate were tested and evaluated. On this basis, this study builds a QKD network suitable for different power businesses, based on actual power lines. Moreover, we have carried out feasibility verifications of a QKD networking solution in combination with production business. Meanwhile, a fast polarization feedback algorithm was used to overcome the impact of actual overhead line dancing on key rates. Various business indicators meet actual power production business needs. Among them, the shorter the quantum signal state correction time, the higher the quantum key rate efficiency. Finally, our experiments not only confirm the effectiveness of QKD technology in power environment, but also provide a reference for the practical use of the technology in power.  
Conceptualization, B.Z.; methodology, X.Z.; data curation, Z.C. and R.S.; supervision, D.W.; investigation, T.P.; project administration, L.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in the National Key R & D Program of China (No. 2018 YFB0805005).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Performance Evaluation for China's Planned CO\({}_{2}\)-Ipda
## 3 Results
### Critical Orbit Parameters
In contrast, there is no evidence for clusters of tracks when using an orbit altitude of 705 km. Figure 4: Coverage of the CO\({}_{2}\)-IDPA for one month using different orbit altitudes. Red and yellow spots represent the nadirs collected using orbit altitudes of 450 and 705 km, respectively. The figure shows the base map (**a**), and the global distribution of 450 km (**b**) and 705 km (**c**) samples. (**d,e**) The regional distribution of nadir samples in Beijing and Tianjin. However, a different phenomenon emerges when we expand the observation period, as shown in Figure 5. A uniform distribution pattern of nadir points is acquired using an orbit height of 450 km, as shown in Figure 5a. Using an orbit height of 705 km, there are no evident differences between one-month accumulations and two-month accumulations, as shown in Figure 5b. The number of nadir samples is the same for the two different orbit heights because the laser repetition frequency and the observation period were unchanged. Consequently, more samples were obtained in each track at an orbit height of 705 km. The differences in the observation period influence the distribution pattern of nadir points because different orbit heights yield different revisit periods (c. 26 days for 705 km and c. 41 days for 450 km). An orbit height of 450 km is therefore a better choice for research based on long-period observations. However, for studies looking to infer monthly CO\({}_{2}\) fluxes from global or regional XCO\({}_{2}\) measurements from the CO\({}_{2}\)-IPDA, an orbit height of 705 km might be a better choice.
## Materials and Methods
### Mechanical Properties  
Vickers hardness measurements were made using a Zwick/Roell ZHV 30 (Zwick GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm, Germany) universal micro indentation hardness machine with a 300-g load. For each cross-section, perpendicular and parallel to the scanning direction of the laser/electron beams, an average of 10 measurements was taken. Tensile tests were performed using an MTS QTest/10 material testing machine (MTS Systems, Eden Prairie, MN, USA). The machine was equipped with custom-made holders for the non-standard microsample tests [71]. For accurate deformation measurement, a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method was used. Two sets of 10 micro-samples were cut by Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) from SLM, EBM and wrought material in the _XY_ and _XZ_ planes. The samples' length was 5 mm, and their thickness was 0.6 mm. The Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and elongation at break (A) were calculated from the tensile tests results. Additionally, the fractures' surfaces after tensile tests of SLM, EBM and wrought material were examined using a Hitachi SU8000 (Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) SEM microscope.  
Figure 3: Schematic view of samples fabricated by SLM and EBM; green cuboids are microsamples for tensile tests. In the left-bottom corner, one can see the SLM sample for parameters’ optimization. The distance between exposure points (points distance) applies only to the SLM method.
## 2 Methodology and Data
### The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) Data  
The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) is a global network of ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) that measure direct solar spectra in the near-infrared spectral region [43]. TCCON stations are located worldwide, and they use high-resolution spectrometers to measure the spectral signals in the atmosphere. By analyzing the absorption features in these signals, precise column-averaged abundances of atmospheric constituents such as carbon dioxide and methane can be obtained [44]. TCCON monitoring stations provide high-precision XCH4 data and are frequently used to validate satellite XCH4 products. In this study, we collected TCCON monitoring station data across China from 2019 to 2023 to validate both the satellite XCH4 data and the accuracy of the fused multi-source satellite XCH4 data.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of PCA  
Multi-way chemometric analysis based on LF-NMR measurements was used to investigate the relationship of LF-NMR parameters and quality characteristics; PCA were highly considered in aquatic products among those methods [29; 30; 31]. Figure 4 demonstrated the component plot of the first two principal component PC1 and PC2 scores of HTS fillets during storage. In this case, 84.12% and 10.69% of the variability was explained by principal components PC1 and PC2, respectively. It can been seen that pT\({}_{22}\), water content, fat content, and the activity of Ca\({}^{2+}\)-ATPase were located on the positive axis of PC1, which was consistent with the correlation of pT\({}_{22}\) and special physiochemical parameters. Meanwhile, the pT\({}_{23}\), TVB-N, K value, and MDA located on the negative axis of PC1 and also verified the results of linear regression analysis. Above all, the preliminary PCA showed that the pT\({}_{22}\) parameter could be a candidate in characterizing the water and fat losses as well as enzyme activity of HTS fillets, while the pT\({}_{23}\) parameter could replace the traditional TVB-N, K value, and MDA, although with some limitations. These results demonstrated that LF-NMR combined with PCA analysis has great potential in evaluate quality characteristics of HTS fillets during storage, which was confirmed previously [32; 33; 34].
## 3 Early Warning Index System  
### Risk Identification Based on Accident Causation Theory  
Accident causation theory is an accident mechanism and model extracted from the compromise of the essential causes of accidents. The system involves four basic elements, namely the unsafe behavior of men, the unsafe state of machinery, adverse effects from the environment, and the lack of management [23].  
(1) _Unsafe behavior of men_. This mainly refers to the unsafe behavior of people, including people's mistakes in activities, behaviors, and communication [24]. Examples include operation violations, improper emergency treatment, on-site monitoring errors, human error, malicious damage to engineering buildings or equipment by contractors, shortage of standby personnel, etc.  
(2) _Unsafe state of machinery_. Considering the complexity of subway station engineering, in this work, the unsafe state of equipment is defined as the unsafe state of construction machinery and the unsafe state of construction materials. Inadequate investment in construction tools and equipment in subway construction will cause many problems, including outdated production equipment and incomplete or substandard safety protection facilities. These problems will reduce the disaster prevention and resistance ability of subway construction projects, which are the direct causes of many failures of safety protection facilities and poor safety protection ability.  
(3) _Adverse effects from the environment_. Subway station engineering is generally a form of underground engineering, and its environmental impact is complex, including physical, chemical, and biological factors. The common environmental risks in subway station construction include the settlement and horizontal displacement of retaining piles, stratum subsidence and horizontal displacement, the water level of groundwater and rivers, foundation pit rebound, the geological conditions of the construction site, the construction of facilities and pipelines along the line, ground traffic and surrounding ground buildings, harmful substance injury, floods, earthquakes, fires, etc.  
(4) _Lack of management_. The management of subway station construction includes the implementation of national guidelines, clever strategies, laws, regulations, and standards related to subway construction, the establishment of a sound safety production responsibility system, the organization of regular inspections and maintenance, and the carrying out of regular education and training on safety knowledge and skills for employees.  
It should be emphasized that management mistakes cause defects in people, things, and the environment, which leads to the unsafe behaviors of subway constructors, the unsafe state of things, and an unsafe production environment, thus leading to accidents.
# Impacts of Land-Use Change from Primary Forest to Farmland on the Storage of Soil Organic Carbon  
[PERSON]  
1 Fuljan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;xiaochanggui919@sina.  
significant carbon source if not adequately managed. For instance, when primary forests are converted to farmland, a previous meta-analysis showed that soil carbon pools can substantially decrease, leading to significant carbon emissions [5]. However, various factors, such as soil geology and climate conditions, can affect soil organic carbon (SOC), resulting in large regional differences in SOC change [6].  
Human activities and economic development have led to the conversion of more forests into agricultural land, resulting in significant differences in soil carbon content between the two types of land [7]. Studies have shown that the average soil carbon density in forest ecosystems is 180 Mg/hm\({}^{2}\), while that of agricultural land is only 116 Mg/hm\({}^{2}\)[8]. Furthermore, the conversion of forests to farmland can result in substantial soil carbon losses. According to [9], on average, soil carbon can decrease by 20% following forest conversion to agricultural land. [PERSON] et al. (2022) [10] summarized several studies on agricultural reclamation after forest cutting, revealing that the change in soil carbon was +1% to \(-\)69%, with an average decrease of 21%. However, some studies have shown that if forests are only temporarily used for farming, soil carbon content may not change much [11]. These conflicting findings suggest that there is a need to better understand the impact of forest land-use change to farmland on soil organic carbon storage [12]. Such an understanding could inform land management practices and improve our understanding of the terrestrial carbon cycle.  
We thereby review and analyze the change of SOC storage after primary forests are changed to farmland using meta-analysis. Meta-analysis is a quantitative method for synthesizing research results, enabling the statistical integration of multiple independent experimental results on the same topic. We collected data from 173 published studies to investigate the change of SOC and its driving factors after conversion from primary forest to farmland. This study underscores the originality and significance of our research, providing reference information and theoretical support for an in-depth understanding of the soil carbon cycle in the forest ecosystem.
## 3 Simulation Modeling and Verification
### Polishing Trajectory Space Optimization and Planning
#### 3.2.2 Simulation of the Material Removal Profile Under Constant Pressure  
To maintain the consistent surface quality of polished marble surfaces of different curvatures, the maximum uniform depth of material removal for different curvatures must be consistent. According to the Preston Equation (Equation (2)), when the contact length is constant and other process parameters remain unchanged, it is essential to ensure a uniform pressure at the center position along the \(x\)-axis on the contact surface (PH path in Figure 6a) of marble surfaces of different curvatures.  
As shown in Figure 9, the distribution slopes of pressure for each curvature are relatively similar at the specified contact length (L). The average slope of the pressure distribution for each curvature at the contact length (L) is calculated and referred to as the  
Figure 8: Node pressure along the PH path direction in the inclined contact region.  
pressure slope (\(kl\)) at the contact length (L). Material removal profiles for marble surfaces of different curvatures were simulated with the specified contact length (L) and tilt angle (\(\theta\)) using MATLAB 2018 b, as shown in Figure 9. It shows that, with a constant contact length (L), the maximum theoretical material removal depth remains relatively constant. Thus, constant-pressure polishing can be achieved by adjusting the polishing force based on surfaces of different curvatures.  
\[dh=k_{p}p_{c}v_{s}dt \tag{2}\]  
Variables:  
\(k_{p}\): Preston wear coefficient.  
\(p_{c}\): Contact pressure at the contact point.  
\(v_{s}\): Relative linear velocity.  
\(dt\): Dwell time.  
\(dh\): Material removal depth within the time \(dt\).
# Chaotic Optical Communication with Wavelength-Hopping Technology Based on Tunable Lasers
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, a wavelength-hopping chaotic communication scheme is proposed in this paper. We have shown how the system works and how to control the wavelength sequence of the tunable lasers. Numerical results show that the system can greatly improve the confidentiality of the original chaotic communication system, and in the following work, we hope to set up a system in the experiment using the scheme of wavelength-hopping chaotic communication so that the security of data transmission can be improved in future communication.  
Writing--original draft preparation, X.Z. and M.L.; writing--review and editing, M.L., Y.Z., Z.S., X.W. and Y.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant BK20201187 and BK20201251, the Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province under Grant KTHY-003, the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2020 YFB2205800, the Science Research Foundation under Grant 2022-N-1034, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61205045.  
Not applicable.  
No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Experimental Tests and Aeroacoustic Simulations of the Control of Cavity Tone by Plasma Actuators
## 3 Comparison and Validation  
### Flow Fields  
Figure 11a shows a visualization of the induced flow in the \(y\)-\(z\) cross-section produced by activating the actuators in the absence of a freestream flow. As shown in the figure, a pair of vortices with a streamwise (\(x\)) axis are induced by each actuator, composed of two upper electrodes and one lower electrode. Figure 11b shows the predicted velocity vectors color-coded by the vertical velocity component under the same conditions. The streamwise vortices measured in the experiments also occur in the present simulation. The predicted maximum induced velocity was roughly 2 m/s.  
Figure 10: Computational domain and boundary conditions.  
The predicted mean velocity profiles at the position \(x/L=0.05\) and \(z=z_{\rm pa}\) for \(U_{0}=30\) m/s, both with and without control are compared with those measured. The time-series velocity, measured by the hot-wire anemometer in our experiment, was given by \(u_{\rm h}=(u^{2}+[0.5v]^{2})^{0.5}\) in the computation, in the same way as in our previous research [26], and the time-averaged values, \(U_{\rm h}\), were computed. Figure 12 shows that the predicted profile agrees well with that measured for cases both with and without control. The free shear layer is moved in the upward direction by the control. This is because the incoming boundary is moved upward due to the streamwise vortices induced by the control.
# Advanced Microbubbles as a Multifunctional Platform Combining Imaging and Therapy
## 2 Advanced Microbubbles for Imaging and Therapy
### Thrombosis  
Thrombotic arterial occlusion is the major cause of acute cardiovascular syndromes such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Exposing the thrombus to MBs in the presence of US mediation can facilitate the thrombus disruption, and thus become a powerful methodology for thromboembolic diseases. Multiple studies have confirmed that US is capable of accelerating thrombolysis. In the 1970s, [PERSON] first suggested applying US to destroy thrombi. Artificial human blood clots were exposed to 170 kHz of US and urokinase, and albumin MBs were introduced to trigger the acceleration of thrombolysis. Follow-up studies were focused on the evaluation of the thrombol efficacy between desmotephase (DSPA) combining with therapeutic US and rt-PA treatment. The results showed that DSPA combined with 2-MHz US significantly accelerated rt-PA lysis (32.8% vs. 26.5%) [80; 81; 82]. [PERSON] determined the effect of BR38 and Sonovue on MB-enhanced sonothrombolysis in a rat stroke model and concluded that it may be a therapeutic strategy for patients with continuous hypoperfusion of the ischemic territory [83]. [PERSON] also investigated the impact of MB-mediated sonothrombolysis on the fibrin network of clots [84]. They showed that the combination rt-PA + US + MB enhanced both the diameter loss (0.77 \(\pm\) 0.07 mm) and fibrin degradation (50.3% \(\pm\) 2.4%) compared to rt-PA alone (0.24 \(\pm\) 0.01 mm and 36.5% \(\pm\) 1.7%), which implied a strong synergistic effect. It was also found that sonothrombolysis with MB greatly improves rt-PA-mediated clot lysis and fibrin degradation. On this basis, [PERSON] injected platelet- or erythrocyte-rich microthrombi in intracarotid artery to induce the acute ischemic stroke rat model. In comparison, the effect of US + MB + rt-PA groups was the highest in cerebal infarction reduction and neurological deficits improvement. All these studies confirmed that MB-mediated sonothrombolysis has high effectiveness and good outcome in microembol-induced acute ischemic strokes through dissolution of the microthrombi [85].  
Rapid dissolution and reduction of thrombus is the principal goal for patients with intermediate- and high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE). By analysis with 53 consecutive patients with intermediate-risk PE treated with US-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis at Brigham and Women's Hospital from 2010 to 2014, there was a reduction of 7.2 and 11.4 mmHg in mean and systolic pulmonary artery pressure after treatments [86].