## 3 Selected Case Study Buildings
### Case Study C  
The building in Case C is a new building where the construction was finished in 2019 and since then has been in full use. The building is located in the Jutland region of Denmark. It houses a large portion of the hospitals bed wards, divided into several floors, with associated functionalities. It also houses the hospital's blood bank, auditorium, and technical rooms. It is built in compliance with the low energy class of 2020, as well as indoor climate class A based on the latest Danish regulation for buildings [36]. For this case, a large sum of information was collected from documents and specifications, and the rest was informed by the building technical managers and users. The heating demand in the building is provided by district heating and controlled individually for each room, being able to deviate a couple of degrees from the automatic central control. The distribution pumps are multi-stage, and the heat distribution is automatic with start/stop. Control of the generators are dependent on the outside temperature, affecting the setpoint of the generator. The reporting of the heating includes current data, historical data, and forecasting, while less than 50% of the relevant heating loads are covered by meters. There is no storage of domestic hot water, and therefore no control of the storage or storage temperature. The circulation pump is demand-controlled, while the generators are run based on a fixed priority list. The reporting of the heating includes current data, historical data, and forecasts. There is no reported thermal energy storage (TES) in this building. This is typical for such hospital buildings to avoid the growth of legionella bacteria in the water supply. Regarding the cooling system, the supply is controlled for the individual room, with communication between the controllers and the BACS system, and the supply temperature is controlled by demand. The pump has variable speeds, and there is no cooling storage in the building. The control of the cooling generator is dependent on demand, and the generators are on a fixed priority list. The information is reported with fault detection and predictive maintenance capabilities, while more than 50% of the relevant cooling loads are monitored. Ventilation is controlled on a room/zone level, with automatic flow based on pressure control in the air handling units, including protection against overheating andicing. The exhaust airflow rate and the supply temperature have variable control, including load compensation. The reporting of air quality is in real-time, and the ventilation system performance is equipped with fault detection and predictive maintenance capabilities. There is occupancy-based control for the lighting system, including scheduled off times, and the light intensity adjusts according to the daylight in the specific room. The dynamic envelope includes blind control combined with light/HVAC control, but there are no automatic operable windows or skylights, no smart windows, and no reporting of the opening/position. There is the on-site generation of electricity from an integrated PV system on the roof, where the excess production is fed into the grid. Current and historical electricity production data are reported, where the general electricity consumption is reported with real-time feedback. It is possible to charge EVs in the facility, but there is no reported information to occupants. The submetering is installed on more than 50% of the relevant electric loads, and the interaction with the grid has optimized controls, based on external grid signals and local predictions. In terms of the overall monitoring and control in the building, there is partial building fault detection process, and occupancy detection is used for individual functions, such as lighting. It is not possible to simultaneously heat and cool the rooms, and both the heating and the cooling setpoints are managed from a central location, taking periods of no occupancy into account.