## 3 Structural Model
### Selected Near-Fault Ground Motions  
The near-fault earthquake waves usually mean the distance between the rupture fault and building site is less than 20 km, epicenter intensity is less than 6.5 degrees and peak acceleration is more than 0.15 g [32]. To accurately assess the seismic performance and energy consumption capacity of the novel SCPC frame, 21 near-fault earthquake waves which are collected in the 12 earthquakes from PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center) record database were chosen for the elastoplastic dynamic analysis. The substantial observed seismic data demonstrate the near-fault ground motions are obviously different from the far-field ground motions. Because the rupture is close to building site, high-frequency damping is minimal and the velocity and displacement time-history of near-fault earthquake waves have the large amplitude and short duration. However, the velocity pulse effect of the near-fault earthquake waves means forward-directional effect and fling step effect. The directional effect can be divided into forward directional effect, backward directional effect and neutral directional effect and directional effect mainly refers to forward directional effect. Forward directional effect is the main cause of pulse effect and the damage of structures will be aggravated by forward-directional effect. Directional effect can make seismic energy accumulate in a short time and cause impact ground motion, which is reflected in large peak value, obvious pulse waveform and short duration of earthquake on time-history curve. The fling step effect is generated by the relative movement of two fault rupture, which raises a single direction half pulse or one side pulse form in the velocity time-history curve and generates residual deformation on the ground [33]. Since the earthquake wave records in the PEER database are processed, the displacement is zero at the end of the record, so there is no record reflecting the slip effect. At present, structural damage caused by the fling step effect can only be solved by the method of seismic conceptual design. Near-fault earthquake waves usually only considered the forward directivity effect. The information of 21 ground motions is listed in Table 1, which includes the peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), peak ground displacement (PGD). The distance from the rupture fault to the structure site is less than 11 km and magnitudes \(M_{w}\) ranges from 6.19 to 7.51. The ground acceleration, displacement and velocity time-histories of near-fault ground motions KJM090 and H-E07230 are shown in Figure 9. The adjusted peak ground acceleration of each near-fault ground motion is equivalent to the two seismic levels. From the aforementioned research, the Rayleigh-type 3% damping ratios of the novel SCPC frame is based on the first and second modes of the vibration [34]. The corresponding acceleration response spectrum of each near-fault earthquake wave is shown in Figure 10 and the mean spectrum and the target spectrum are also shown in Figure 10. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Number**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Seismic Name**} & **Ground** & **Magnitude** & **Distance** & **PGA (g)** & **PGV** & **PGD (cm)** \\  & & **Motion Name** & **(Mw)** & **(km)** & **PGA (g)** & **(cm/s)** & **PGD (cm)** \\ \hline
1 & Kocaeli, Turkey 1999 & GBZ000 & 7.51 & 10.92 & 0.244 & 50.3 & 42.74 \\ \hline
2 & Kobe 1995 & TAZ000 & 6.9 & 0.27 & 0.693 & 68.3 & 26.65 \\ \hline
3 & Kobe 1995 & TAZ090 & 6.9 & 0.27 & 0.694 & 85.3 & 16.75 \\ \hline
4 & Kobe 1995 & KJM000 & 6.9 & 0.96 & 0.821 & 81.3 & 17.68 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Information of selected near-fault ground motions.