## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Setup  
#### 2.3.1 Experimental Design  
This study used the driving simulation method to conduct the test. Many previous studies on the effectiveness of traffic-calming measures are based on a large number of measured data analyses, such as Bayesian regression analysis, the SWOT method, the and SPEIR method [22; 23; 24]. Compared with the methods of data analysis, the driving simulator simulation test has the advantages of fast design, convenience, and the presence of more detail in the experimental design itself. In general, the results of field research on drivers' visual perceptions are consistent with results obtained using simulators [25]. Laboratory simulations were conducted under controlled video conditions. The research subject of this study is an intersection located in the suburban area of Kunming City at which there are newly constructed roads but no traffic signals. This unsignalized intersection is located at the intersection of South Jingming Road and Wan Qing Road, Chenggong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province. Figure 3 shows an image captured by Google Earth and an image captured by a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). This specific road is situated in close proximity to Kunming University of Science and Technology. A field survey was carried out at a busy intersection from 5 to 7 p.m. each day for a week. The volume of traffic at this location was relatively limited, with an average flow of 600 vehicles per hour. Since the area is not an industrial zone and is not on the bus line, the vehicles passing through the section are small cars and small trucks, and there are no large buses or large trucks. Nevertheless, there are currently no traffic lights and very few obvious traffic-calming measures in place; consequently, a significant number of vehicles exceeded the speed limit at this intersection. During the field investigation, we discovered that high-speed vehicles frequently veer off the usual left-turn route when driving at excessive speeds, leading to significant disruptions for other vehicles and pedestrians. To address this issue and identify effective deceleration solutions for intersections, we installed various temporary speed-calming measures designed specifically for said intersections. We utilized 3D scene-editing software (VS-Design 2.0) developed independently by the Road Traffic Safety Laboratory of Kunming University of Science and Technology to design a simulated experimental scene that accurately reflects real road conditions. To facilitate the creation of virtual scenarios and driving tasks, we designed road sections with double four-lane configurations and barriers in the form of  
Figure 3: The actual state of the intersection. Figure 2: View XTM HED 4 eye tracker. yellow solid lane markings. Each lane measures 3.5 m wide, and we implemented a speed limit of 40 km/h at junctions. The center of the intersection has dimensions of 50 m \(\times\) 50 m. The straight road section before the intersection is 1 km long. In order to enhance the consistency of our experimental simulation with real-world driving environments, we incorporated buildings and greenery on both sides of the experimental lane based on actual road settings. We established four treatments at the intersection to investigate vehicle deceleration patterns and the movement of drivers' visual focus under five distinct sets of environmental conditions (Figure 4). Temporary speed-calming measures include anti-collision barrels, traffic-channelizing lane markers, speed bumps, and cross-hatched intersection markers. Anti-collision barrels were crafted from a highly elastic and durable modified plastic material with a reflective coating on the surface (making them clearly visible during the day and night). The design uses a small-diameter anti-collision drum, and the size specification is 400 mm \(\times\) 740 mm. The interior is filled with sand to maintain stability. These measures serve primarily as visual warning devices to guide vehicles.