# AR in the Architecture Domain: State of the Art
## 8 Applications
### AR for Architectural Training and Education  
This last section discusses AR as a tool for training different types of skills and users in architecture. What distinguishes the training aspect from the previous sections' informational aspects regards the learning activity of a specific task--repetitive or not--or contextual knowledge, scalable to different examples. The increasing use of AR for learning over the past two decades [205; 206; 207] comes to meet both the growing ability to use and manage digital data and the increasing need for dynamic content. The recent pandemic emergency has forced a sudden acceleration in the \"remote learning\" and \"EdTech\" domains. AR communication methodologies can propose new scenarios of augmented education in a constructive framework [36], verifying the learner's acquisition process (metacognition) through the interaction between the virtual and real environments. Moving to the transmitted AR content, Arduini [208] poses the need to modify it according to the new media. Consider, for example, the _z_Space application, which imposes a reflection on the coherence between content and the way in which skills are transmitted. The implementation of MAR systems has undoubtedly facilitated AR in teaching, avoiding fixed technological infrastructure. Research on MAR in the education domain has increased significantly since 2013, showing the growing potential and performance of student learning. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [209] both addressed AR as a learning tool and explored its educational and pedagogical roles in the classroom. [PERSON] [210] compared AR and non-AR learning performance, listing advantages and disadvantages. In architecture, two main macro-areas of research are reported: education on the built heritage, and training for specific activities in the built domain. The former is required to understand the observed environment and artifact; the latter trains subjects in good construction, maintenance, and restoration practices on a given asset. Heritage education involves all AR visualization of architectural models or, more generally, of cultural heritage, for educational purposes. It emphasizes the greater communicative and enhancement potential in the use of this form of visualization. This kind of in situ AR learning activity can be defined as discovery-based learning [211]. Engaging in this sense is the state of the art in Europe in the use of apps for heritage education, as shown by [PERSON] et al. [212], highlighting that AR remains mostly applied for heritage education instead of modern/contemporary architecture. The state of the art proposed by [PERSON] [213] also compares different projects related to promoting cultural context, highlighting the connections and users' preferences with the cultural heritage analyzed, while [PERSON] et al. [214] focused their attention on learning motivation. The AR for architecture promotion and understanding overlaps and differs for only one purpose: the dissemination and visibility of the artifacts, and their understanding. In this sense, the possibility of visualizing and efficiently managing a 3D architecture through a target exploring its main morphological features favors geometrical and functional learning [18]. This can be extended to architecture that no longer exists, or to projects that have never been realized, where their representation helps further understanding of the logic of construction [215]. On the other hand, education and training in the AEC field present a significant amount of literature related to AR learning in construction, engineering, architecture, and built management [216; 217]. Design education represents a step that develops the knowledge and skills necessary to start a critical operational path on new or existing architectures. The role of tangible AR (tangible user interface (TUI)) can support a remote interactive design by providing a link between tactile action and visualization according to collaborative learning [218].