esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# On Reliable and Efficient Data Gathering Based Routing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
## 10 Applications of Proposed Methods  
The proposed model can be used for most of the applications that can tolerate additional delays however, requires lesser average energy consumptions and desires the network to remain operational for longer duration of time e.g., Oceanography, seismic predictions, pollution detection, oil/gas field monitoring and others. Moreover, implementation of our proposed architecture is also feasible for data sensitive applications such as tactical surveillance and navigation, etc.  
Along with all the above mentioned applications our proposed energy consumption optimized version is also cost effective because it performs long term aquatic monitoring and requires lesser replacement and recharging of batteries. Besides that delay optimized method has better applications where data provision at central unit is desired in lesser time while insuring information reliability such as earthquake sensing, tsunami detections, military applications and others.
## 8 Concluding Remarks and Future Potentials  
The progress of NCSs can be termed as the steady progress which was based on evolution of computation and communication technology. The research of NCSs started with decentralized control systems, which later converged to several theories related to the stability analysis of NCSs. Then, many research papers discussed issues, such as sampling, quantization, and time delays. In a recent phase of NCSs development, some new topics, such as controller design for NCSs with event-triggered sampling and cyber-attacks, have received a lot of attention. NCSs have also been implemented for many practical systems, like UAVs, power systems and smart grids, robots, missiles, and manufacturing systems. At present, the components are distributed over long distances, such as in a smart grid, teleoperation control system, etc. Conventional control cannot satisfy the latest challenges, so novel control structures are needed to resolve the newly-presented complex control systems. Even though a lot of advancement has been made in NCSs, their practical applications are very limited. Most of the research works dealt with simple-nodes and simple-system. Multi-sensors (or multi-nodes) and multi-system, in addition to coupling of numerous nodes or subsystems, should be considered in the future research. In accordance with the undeniable fact that the complex NCSs have characteristics of wide area, wide selection, and big data, we ought to combine the network control technology with the computer technology, the cloud storage technology, the data mining technology, and the  
Figure 21: Cloud computing-based NCS.  
wide-area measurement techniques in such a way that more effective control algorithms are developed. The research in NCSs has come a long way since its inception, but, in terms of real-time implementation, there is still a lot of scope. This is definitely going to be taken into account in further research problems.  
**Author Contributions:** Research methodology, M.K.G., A.P., S.K.M., and B.A.; writing--original draft preparation, M.K.G., A.P., and S.K.M.; supervision, E.K., P.T., and N.B.; validation, B.A. and N.B.; writing--review and editing, M.K.G., B.A., N.B., P.T., and E.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was partially supported by the International Research Partnerships: Electrical Engineering Thai-French Research Center (EE-TFRC) between [PERSON]'s University of Technology North Bangkok and University of Lorraine under Grant KMUTNB\(-\)BasicR\(-\)64\(-\)17.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Cooling Turbine Blade: An Integrated Approach with R/ICSM
## 2 Turbine Stage Blade Model  
The structure diagram of a two-stage high-pressure turbine rotor structure is shown in Figure 1. The first-stage rotor blade is a cooling blade, which contains complex air-cooled structures such as partitions, turbulence ribs, internal cooling root segments, and trailing edge holes. Through the performance analysis of the initial scheme, it is known that the first-stage cooling turbine blade has a significant impact on the performance of the high-pressure turbine. Operating at high speeds in high-temperature gas environments, the blade endures complex forces such as centrifugal, aerodynamic, and temperature loads, leading to notable strength challenges. Therefore, the design of the cooling turbine blade needs to comprehensively consider multidisciplinary factors such as cooling efficiency and aerodynamics.  
To enhance turbine performance, the emphasis is on the multidisciplinary design optimization of the cooling blade in the first-stage turbine. The aerodynamic performance of a high-pressure turbine is assessed based on four parameters: mass flow rate \(W_{41}\), total  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of single passage of turbine stage blade.  
expansion ratio \(\pi\), 41-section efficiency \(\eta_{41}\), and outlet flow angle \(\alpha\). Specifically, section 41 efficiency \(\eta_{41}\) is defined as follows:  
\[\eta_{41}=\frac{P_{W}}{W_{41}\frac{k}{k-1}RT_{41}\bigg{(}1-\frac{1}{\pi\frac{k-1 }{k}}\bigg{)}} \tag{1}\]  
In the formula, \(k\) represents the adiabatic index of gas at section 41; \(P_{W}\) represents the total power of the high-pressure turbine, units kW; \(T_{41}\) represents the total gas temperature at the outlet of the first-stage guide vane of the high-pressure turbine, units K; and \(R\) represents the universal gas constant.  
To enhance turbine performance, this article considers the optimization of the 41-section efficiency \(\eta_{41}\) as the objective function. The emphasis is on the multidisciplinary design optimization of the cooling blade in the first-stage turbine.
###### Abstract  
As global atmospheric methane concentrations surge at an unprecedented rate, the identification of methane super-emitters with significant mitigation potential has become imperative. In this study, we utilize remote sensing satellite data with varying spatiotemporal coverage and resolutions to detect and quantify methane emissions. We exploit the synergistic potential of Sentinel-2, EnMAP, and GF5-02-AHSI for methane plume detection. Employing a matched filtering algorithm based on EnMAP and AHSI, we detect and extract methane plumes within emission hotspots in China and the United States, and estimate the emission flux rates of individual methane point sources using the IME model. We present methane plumes from industries such as oil and gas (O&G) and coal mining, with emission rates ranging from 1 to 40 tons per h, as observed by EnMAP and GF5-02-AHSI. For selected methane emission hotspots in China and the United States, we conduct long-term monitoring and analysis using Sentinel-2. Our findings reveal that the synergy between Sentinel-2, EnMAP, and GF5-02-AHSI enables the precise identification of methane plumes, as well as the quantification and monitoring of their corresponding sources. This methodology is readily applicable to other satellite instruments with coarse SWIR spectral bands, such as Landsat-7 and Landsat-8. The high-frequency satellite-based detection of anomalous methane point sources can facilitate timely corrective actions, contributing to the reduction in global methane emissions. This study underscores the potential of spaceborne multispectral imaging instruments, combining fine pixel resolution with rapid revisit rates, to advance the global high-frequency monitoring of large methane point sources.  
methane; matched filter; Sentinel-2; high-frequency monitoring
## 4 Feasibility Test of the API Protocol via Simulations
### Performance Analysis of the API Protocol  
In this section, we analyze the performance of the API and compare it with that of the FI via simulations. Two performance metrics are considered: (1) initialization delay and (2) message overhead. The initialization delay shows us how much the API can reduce the time needed to initialize the network compared with the FI. The message overhead informs us of how much the API can improve energy efficiency over the FI because the energy spent in transmission mode is much higher than that in reception mode or idle mode. Thus, the more messages that are transmitted, the more energy is spent.
# An Effective Surrogate Ensemble Modeling Method for Satellite Coverage Traffic Volume Prediction
###### Abstract  
The satellite constellation network is a powerful tool to provide ground traffic business services for continuous global coverage. For the resource-limited satellite network, it is necessary to predict satellite coverage traffic volume (SCTV) in advance to properly allocate onboard resources for better task fulfillment. Traditionally, a global SCTV distribution data table is first statistically constructed on the ground according to historical data and uploaded to the satellite. Then SCTV is predicted onboard by a data table lookup. However, the cost of the large data transmission and storage is expensive and prohibitive for satellites. To solve these problems, this paper proposes to distill the data into a surrogate model to be uploaded to the satellite, which can both save the valuable communication link resource and improve the SCTV prediction accuracy compared to the table lookup. An effective surrogate ensemble modeling method is proposed in this paper for better prediction. First, according to prior geographical knowledge of the SCTV distribution, the global earth surface domain is split into multiple sub-domains. Second, on each sub-domain, multiple candidate surrogates are built. To fully exploit these surrogates and combine them into a more accurate ensemble, a partial weighted aggregation method (PWTA) is developed. For each sub-domain, PWTA adaptively selects the candidate surrogates with higher accuracy as the contributing models, based on which the ultimate ensemble is constructed for each sub-domain SCTV prediction. The proposed method is demonstrated and testified with an air traffic SCTV engineering problem. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of PWTA regarding good local and global prediction accuracy and modeling robustness.  
s _Article_  
An Effective Surrogate Ensemble Modeling Method for Satellite Coverage Traffic Volume Prediction
# Optimizing BiLSTM Network Attack Prediction Based on Improved Gray Wolf Algorithm
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) Use IGWO to establish a neighborhood and optimize BiLSTM parameters in the neighborhood. IGWO can solve the problem of poor global optimization ability of GWO. (2) Propose the IGWO-BiLSTM network attack prediction model, DARPA99 and ec_data were used to train the IGWO-BiLSTM prediction model, and then set a reasonable threshold based on the predicted value and the real value. When the predicted network traffic exceeds the threshold, it can be considered that an attack has occurred, otherwise, no attack has occurred.
## 3 Results
### Fluoride Release
#### 3.1.1 Statistical Analyses for Total Fluoride Release over a 60 Day Period:  
Four samples were fabricated for each of the investigated materials and their behavior regarding fluoride release was observed over a 60 days period and it showed statistically significant differences (\(p<0.05\)).  
For the cumulative fluoride release, the conclusion was that there are statistically significant differences among all analyzed groups (\(p<0.05\)) on each day. The Tukey test highlighted the differences between: B-F00 and B-F02 and B-F03 over the entire period, whereas B-F02 and B-F03 presented no statistically significant differences over the first 7 days of investigation, but they became noticeable starting with day 14. No statistically significant differences were noted between G and B-F03 over the entire 60 days period, also G-B-F00 had no statistically significant differences over the first 3 days, G and B-F02 had no statistically significant differences in the last 4 days of the investigation, with all other days the differences between G-B-F00 and G-B-F03 being statistically significant.  
When analyzing the mean values of fluoride quantity released in the 2 nd day, (Figure 2), they are lower than the first day, with the experimental gomer G releasing 0.908 ppm, similar to F02, 0.936 ppm. B-F03 registered mean values of 0.801 ppm, and B-F00, 0.199 ppm fluoride.  
Figure 1: Total fluoride release over the 60 days investigation period.  
Mean values of fluoride release for G and B-F02 on the 7 th day of the investigation are around 0.7 ppm; for B-F03, 0.44 ppm and for B-F00, 0.19 ppm.  
The highest mean value of fluoride release, compared to the other giomers, was registered on the 14 th day, for G (0.69 ppm). The average values of fluoride released by the experimental giomer during the rest of the investigation period were: 0.54 ppm (on the 21 day), 0.30 ppm (on the 30 day) and 0.14 ppm on the 60 th day.  
Material B-F02 released the highest fluoride mean values during days 21 st, 30 and 60 (0.58 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.38 ppm respectively). In Figure 2 we can observe that although B-F00 released around 2 ppm fluoride during the first day, in the later days, mean values decreased (0.19 ppm on the 2 nd day, 0.19 ppm day 7, 0.07 ppm day 30 and 0.01 ppm the 60 th day).  
Although the daily amount of fluoride released by the experimental giomer on the first day and at the end of the investigation period approaches the value of the B-F00 giomer, during 21 days of investigation it is quite constant, being closer in value to the of the giomer B-F02.
## 3 Data Processing
### Data Analysis  
#### 3.2.1 Gaze-Target Distancing: Condition Type Influence over Eye Position  
After data pre-processing, the effect of the independent variable, condition type, was investigated over the dependant variable, the median distance between the gaze and the centre of the target. The normality of the sample was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test (\(p<0.001\)). Given the absence of a normal distribution in our data, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used. These results were further compared with an FWER test (Dunn-Sidak).
# Research on Vehicle-to-Vehicle MIMO Wireless Channels in Various Tunnels
## 2 Geometrical Tunnel Propagation Model
In order to simulate the V2V communication for tunnel scenarios, we mainly make the following assumptions: (1) The scatters distribute on the tunnel inter-surfaces, and the number of scatters approaches infinity, that is \(M,N,O\rightarrow+\infty\), ignoring the interference of other scatterers in or out of the tunnel, which can be considered as the omnidirectional radiation element, and both have the same reflection coefficient, so it will not cause reflection LoSs. (2) Transceivers \(M_{T}\) and \(M_{R}\) are in the same horizontal plane, and only the influence of scatters from the transceiver is considered. According to the geometric relationships in Figures 2-4, the angular parameters of the propagation links in the azimuth and elevation planes can be, respectively, expressed as  
\[\alpha_{i}(x_{m},y_{n})= \begin{cases}f(x_{m},y_{n}),&y_{n}\geq y_{i}\\ -f(x_{m},y_{n}),&y_{n}\leq y_{i}\,,\end{cases}  \tag{1}\]  
\[\beta_{i}(x_{m},y_{n},z_{o})= \begin{cases}-g(x_{m},y_{n},z_{o}),&z_{o}\geq z_{ i}\\ g(x_{m},y_{n},z_{o}),&z_{o}\leq z_{i}\,,\end{cases}  \tag{2}\]  
where  
\[f(x_{m},y_{n})=\arccos\frac{x_{m}-x_{i}}{\sqrt{(x_{m}-x_{i})^{2}+(y_{n}-y_{i}) ^{2}}}\,, \tag{3}\]  
\[g(x_{m},y_{n},z_{o})=\arccos\frac{\sqrt{(x_{m}-x_{i})^{2}+(y_{n}-y_{i})^{2}}}{ \sqrt{(x_{m}-x_{i})^{2}+(y_{n}-y_{i})^{2}+(z_{o}-z_{i})^{2}}}\,, \tag{4}\]  
where \(i=T\) and \(i=R\) stand for the transmitter and receiver, respectively. It is assumed that the number of the scatterers in the proposed V2V channel model is infinite, which means \(M,N,O\rightarrow+\infty\). The parameters \(x_{m}\), \(y_{n}\), and \(z_{o}\) can be represented by the successive random variables \(x\), \(y\), and \(z\), respectively. Furthermore, we assume that the effective  
Figure 4: Geometrical scattering model for SET. scatters are uniformly distributed on the tunnel inter-surface in the proposed V2V channel model; therefore, we have  
\[P_{x}(x)=\frac{1}{x_{R}-x_{T}},\quad x\in\left[x_{T},x_{R}\right], \tag{5}\]  
\[P_{y}(y)=\frac{1}{W},\quad y\in\left[-\frac{W}{2},\frac{W}{2}\right]. \tag{6}\]  
It can be observed from the geometric channel model that the expression of \(z\) can be derived by \(z=(W\tan\alpha)/2\), where \(\alpha\) is evenly distributed within \(\left[\,0,\arctan(2H/W)\,\right]\). Therefore, the PDF can be expressed as  
\[P_{z}(z)=\frac{2W}{(W^{2}+4z^{2})\arctan\frac{2H}{W}},\quad z\in\left[\,0,H \,\right]. \tag{7}\]  
Based on the expressions of the PDFs of \(x\), \(y\) and \(z\), the joint PDF \(P_{xyz}(x,y,z)\) can be expressed as  
\[P_{xyz}(x,y,z) = \frac{2}{(x_{R}-x_{T})(W^{2}+4z^{2})\arctan(2H/W)}, \tag{8}\] \[x \in \left[\,x_{T},x_{R}\,\right],\,y\in\left[\,-\frac{W}{2},\frac{W}{ 2}\,\right],\,z\in\left[\,0,H\,\right].\]  
Furthermore, the joint PDF \(P_{xy}(x,y)\) can be expressed as  
\[P_{xy}(x,y)=\frac{1}{W(x_{R}-x_{T})},\quad x\in\left[x_{T},x_{R}\right],y\in \left[-\frac{W}{2},\frac{W}{2}\right]. \tag{9}\]
## 4 Performance Analysis and Evaluation  
For analyzing signaling costs, we use a two-dimensional (2D) random walk model [16-18] based on the properties of regular, absorbing Markov chains. Random walk mobility models are designed for  
Figure 11: **(a)** PBU Message Format; **(b)** PBA Message Format.  
Figure 12: **(a)** IP-WSN Router Solicitation (RS) Message Format; **(b)** IP-WSN Router Advertisement (RA) Message Format.  
dynamic location areas (LAs) and are suitable for modeling user movement when mobility is generally confined to a limited geographical area. Such scenarios include homes, vehicles, hospitals, and department stores.
# Fault Parameter Estimation Using Adaptive Fuzzy Fading Kalman Filter
## Appendix A Effect of Large Window Length in AFFK  
The effect of a large window length is studied. In Section 4, the estimation results with the window length 2 and 6 are presented. The window length 6 shows a smoother response than the window length 2. Additional numerical study is performed for the window length 20 and 30 to verify the effect of window length. Figure 11 shows the estimation results using AFFK with the window length 2, 20, and 30, respectively. In contrast to the previous results, estimates with a large window length is unacceptable due to the poor transient response or divergence. Therefore, the selection of a window length is very important.  
Figure 8: Results of estimation of abrupt fault parameter for van der pol model: (**a**) friction coefficient, (**b**) natural frequency.
# Mobile LiDAR for Scalable Monitoring of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls with Smooth Panels
###### Abstract  
Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls rely on its weight to resist the destabilizing earth forces acting at the back of the reinforced soil area. MSE walls are a common infrastructure along national and international transportation corridors as they are low-cost and have easy-to-install precast concrete panels. The usability of such transportation corridors depends on the safety and condition of the MSE wall system. Consequently, MSE walls have to be periodically monitored according to prevailing transportation asset management criteria during the construction and serviceability life stages to ensure that their predictable performance measures are met. To date, MSE walls are monitored using qualitative approaches such as visual inspection, which provide limited information. Aside from being time-consuming, visual inspection is susceptible to bias due to human subjectivity. Manual and visual inspection in the field has been traditionally based on the use of a total station, geotechnical field instrumentation, and/or static terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). These instruments can provide highly accurate and reliable performance measures; however, their underlying data acquisition and processing strategies are time-consuming and not scalable. The proposed strategy in this research provides several global and local serviceability measures through efficient processing of point cloud data acquired by a mobile LiDAR system (MLS) for MSE walls with smooth panels without the need for installing any targets. An ultra-high-accuracy vehicle-based LiDAR data acquisition system has been used for the data acquisition. To check the viability of the proposed methodology, a case study has been conducted to evaluate the similarity of the derived serviceability measures from TLS and MLS technologies. The results of that comparison verified that the MLS-based serviceability measures are within 1 cm and 0.3\({}^{\circ}\) of those obtained using TLS and thus confirmed the potential for using MLS to efficiently acquire point clouds while facilitating economical, scalable, and reliable monitoring of MSE walls.  
Keywords:MSE walls; smooth precast concrete panels; mobile mapping systems; mobile LiDAR; static LiDAR; performance/serviceability measures; quality control; direct geo-referencing; transportation infrastructure; registration; segmentation; in-plane/out-of-plane deformations +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft Soft
## 1 Introduction
A lysimeter study revealed that at a low concentration (12 mg L\({}^{-1}\)), NP had no effect on the mobility of atrazine, metabolachlor and metribuzin in sandy soil [25]. Pesticide contamination of water bodies has generated a great deal of concern. Generally, it results from diffuse (non-point) sources such as runoff and leaching from agricultural lands. Triazinones herbicides, such as metribuzin (4-amino-6-_tert_-butyl-4,5-dihydro-3-methyltio-1,2,4-triazin-5-one), are used worldwide to control broadleaf needs in crops such as potatoes (_Solanum tuberosum_ L.), soybeans [_Glycine max_ (L.) Merr.] and other vegetable crops. Highly water soluble (1050 mg L\({}^{-1}\)) and having a low adsorption coefficient (K\({}_{\infty}\) = 60), metribuzin shows moderate persistence in soil. Consequently, it may have the potential to leach into the soil profile and thus contaminate groundwater. Further, metribuzin was detected at the highest concentration of 25 \(\mu\)g L\({}^{-1}\) in Lack Erie tributaries [26] and found to be the most frequently detected herbicide with a maximum concentration of 0.351 \(\mu\)g L\({}^{-1}\) in 20 samples from drinking water wells in Brazil [27]. The half-life of metribuzin in soils ranges from 11 to 46 days in lab and field experiments; however, it was reported to be as long as 60-90 days under winter conditions in Manitoba [28]. In terms of the toxicity to aquatic plants, [PERSON] _et al_. (1998) [29] stated that compared to atrazine, metolachlor and alachlor, metribuzin exhibits the highest level of toxicity. Similarly, metribuzin is highly toxic to freshwater macrophytes and algae under laboratory conditions (at EC\({}_{50}\) = 31 \(\mu\)g L\({}^{-1}\)) [30]. Recently, [PERSON] _et al_. (2012) [31] investigated the effect of metribuzin in surface water on fish and found that the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) is 33 mg L\({}^{-1}\). Studies have shown that metribuzin dissipation is primarily dependent upon degradation by soil microorganisms [32; 33; 34]. Non-ionic surfactants are commonly used in herbicide formulations to enhance the herbicide penetration through the plant cuticle and thus increase its efficiency by reducing the loss of applied herbicide [35]. Since irrigation with wastewater can introduce large amounts of surfactants to soil, this could enhance the mobility of pesticides, such as metribuzin in soil water systems, by increasing their water solubility. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no study has investigated the fate and transport of metribuzin in the presence of rich surfactant irrigation water under field conditions and the potential contamination of ground water. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the presence of the non-ionic surfactant Brij35 in irrigation wastewater at concentration above CMC on the downward movement of metribuzin in the soil profile and leachate.