esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Computational Study  
Density functional theory (DFT) with unrestricted spin using DMol3 as implemented module in Materials Studio software (Accelrys Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) was applied. Generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with the Becke3-Lee-Yang-parr (B3 LYP) level using the 6-311G** basis set were applied. The chemical reactivity parameters computed for AO and HERA, are as follows: S--softness (measurement of molecules' stability), \(\eta\)--hardness (reverse of softness), DM--dipolmoment, chemical potential, \(\chi\)--electronegativity(grabbing-electrons-power), \(\mu-\) and \(\mu\)--electronic affinity transfer and accept, respectively, \(\omega-\) and \(\omega\)+--molecule suitability for providing and gaining an electron, respectively, \(\omega\)--electrophilicity index (evaluating the relative strengths of electron donors and acceptors), \(\Delta\)Nmax = \(\chi\)/2\(\eta\) (highest amount of electrons that can be exchanged in a chemical reaction), I--ionization-potential, and A--electron affinity.
## 4 Conclusions  
Throughout the undertaken research, a novel approach has been devised for the incorporation of nitrogen ions within the walls of nanotubes, which have been deposited onto the surface of a titanium substrate via the spray method. It has been shown that about 1 mg of N-MWCNTs can be obtained from an area of 30 cm\({}^{2}\) in one irradiation cycle, and up to hundreds of milligrams is possible for larger substrates. The outcomes of this study elucidate that, consequent to ion bombardment, all nitrogen is embedded into the nanotube wall structure, primarily adopting the configuration of pyridinic and pyrrolic defects (constituting approximately 80% of the total nitrogen concentration). These specific defects hold significant promise for catalytic applications. Furthermore, it has been ascertained that, beyond the catalytically active nitrogen defects, the irradiated nanotubes are enriched with oxygen-functional groups (hydroxyl and carbonyl). This supplementary feature has the potential to further amplify the catalytic activity of the material. The evolution of this nanotube modification technique stands poised to enable the manipulation of the nitrogen concentration within nanotube walls within desired thresholds, while also elevating the yield of nitrogen-infused nanotubes that exhibit the desired physicochemical attributes. These advancements are anticipated to contribute to the creation of novel materials for applications in cathodic oxygen reduction reactions.  
Conceptualization, P.K. and E.A.; methodology, P.K., E.A. and E.K.; formal analysis, E.K. and K.K.; investigation, P.K., K.K. and E.K.; writing--original draft preparation, P.K.; writing--review and editing, A.V., O.L., E.A. and P.K.; visualization, P.K.; supervision, E.A.; funding acquisition, E.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, grant number 22-13-00035.  
Not applicable.  
The work was performed using the equipment of the St. Petersburg State University Research Park: Centre for Physical Methods of Surface Investigation, Centre for X-ray Diffraction Studies, and Interdisciplinary Resource Centre for Nanotechnology. The authors are grateful to [PERSON] for help in selecting parameters and performing irradiation of CNTs.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Scheduling Scheme for Improving the Performance and Security of MU-MIMO Systems
## 4 Scheduling Schemes  
In this section, two existing suboptimal scheduling schemes are first introduced for comparison purposes. Then, a novel a scheduling scheme is proposed in order to optimize the performance of MU-MIMO systems that employ the ZF detector.
# An In-Depth Survey of Bypassing Buffer Overflow Mitigation Techniques
## 4 OS-Based Mitigation Techniques  
The previous section shows that NX bit can also be bypassed using some advanced methodologies such as Return-oriented programming, which shows that NX feature alone is not enough to prevent BOF and other memory corruption attacks. Several other protection strategies are required to provide guaranteed security for computing systems. Some modifications have been done on the software or Operating system level to provide various security mechanisms in past years. Table 5 shows the summary of those security mechanisms. Ref. [30] proposed a library modification approach named libsafe in which is a dynamically loadable library that invokes the safer versions of functions like strcpy(), strcat(), gets(), scanf(). Its limitation is that it provides security for only dynamically linked programs and a subset of unsafe functions. [PERSON], et al., presented another method, the Proof-carrying code (PCC) [35]. It is a special binary that is produced according to the safety policy provided by the code consumer, and contains a formal proof encoding, which shows that binary is prepared according to consumer's safety rules [36]. Ref. [37] proposed the Program shepherding technique that monitors the transferring of control flow. It also focuses on branch verification and then compares it with a given security policy to verify. It restricts executable code location and determines the location where control will transfer in memory. Ref. [38] presented Address obfuscation, which randomizes code and data sections' addresses of the target application and the relative distance between variables and individual data items. It helps in reducing the probability of successful attacks by making the memory layout hard to predict. Ref. [39] presented a Binary stirring (STIR) technique that provides the x86 code with the ability to self-organize its instruction addresses every time it is launched. It only takes the binary of the application and outputs a new binary with addresses determinable at load-time. Ref. [40] presented [PERSON]'s randomization method that rearranges the code block in the text section of the program's binary whenever it is executed. It makes exploitation difficult for attacks like ROP because shuffling changes the sequence of gadgets that are not useful for attackers. Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) is another OS-based technique that was first designed and implemented as a patch for Linux Kernel [41]. Rest of section how ASLR can be adapted to avoid/protect stack-based buffer overflow and different exploitation mechanisms that can be used to perform a BOF attack with ASLR enabled.  
Figure 13: Python Exploit to Bypass NX bit.
## 2 Background Theory for Yield Functions and Plastic Strain
The variables a, b, c, f, g, and h are material-specific yield function parameters. For an isotropic material, a = b = c = d = f = g = 1, so that deviations of the parameters from unity indicate the presence of anisotropy in the material response (The Barlat yield function reduces to the Von Mises criterion if m = 2, with a = b = c = f = g = h = 1). The Von Mises effective stress (\(\overline{\sigma}=\overline{\sigma}_{vM}\)) for materials undergoing isotropic plasticity can be written. \[\overline{\sigma}=\overline{\sigma}_{vM}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}S_{ij}S_{ij}} \tag{6}\]  
Incremental equivalent plastic strain (\(d\overline{e}^{p}\)) is represented through an isotropic hardening power-law rule for all cases and is modeled as shown in the following equation ([PERSON] et al. [38]);  
\[\overline{\sigma}(\overline{e}^{p})=\sigma_{0}\big{(}\frac{\varepsilon}{ \varepsilon_{0}}\big{)}^{\frac{1}{n}} \tag{7}\]  
\[\frac{\partial\overline{e}^{p}}{\partial\overline{\sigma}}=\frac{n\big{(} \frac{\overline{\sigma}_{0}}{\varepsilon_{0}}\big{)}^{n-1}-1}{E} \tag{8}\]  
where \(n\) is the hardening parameter, \(\sigma_{0}\) is the initial yield stress and \(\varepsilon_{0}\) is the corresponding strain.
## 1 Introduction
Reports on the composition of EOs obtained by HD have been published for various _Iris_ species, including _I. persica_ L. [21], _I. germuica_, _I. aurantiaca_ [PERSON], _I. barnumae_ [PERSON], _I. bostensis_ [PERSON] [22], and _I. buleyama_ [PERSON] [23]. Moreover, the compositions of VOCs detected by HS-SPME have been reported for _I. germanica_[24; 25], _I. pallida_ and _I. pumila_ [PERSON]. [25], and _I. lactea_ var. _chinensis_ (Fisch.) [PERSON] in three flowering phases [26]. However, neither the composition of headspace VOCs extracted by HS-SPME nor of EOs obtained by HD of _Iris pseudopallida_ [PERSON], _I. illyrica_ [PERSON], and _I. adriatica_ Trinajstic ex Mitic have been reported so far. _Iris pseudopallida, I. illyrica_. and _I. adriatica_ are rare taxa of herbaceous wild perennials native to Croatia and some neighboring areas [16; 27; 28]. The investigated taxa belong to the so-called \"bearded irises\" (\"Pogoniris\"), whereby _I. adriatica_ is a dwarf species with single yellow or violet flowers, while the other two taxa are tall with several pale or darker blue or violet flowers (Figure 1). _I. adriatica_ is strictly endemic (widespread on the Croatian coast, in the hinterland and on the islands of Central Dalmatia), while _I. illyrica_ (widespread on the mountainous coasts and hinterland and islands of the Northern Adriatic, from Italy and Northern Slovenia and Croatia to the Southern Velebit in Croatia and the Eastern Dinaric area of Bosnia and Hercegovina) and _I. pseudopallida_ (widespread on the coasts, valleys and on the islands of the Southern Adriatic, from the Kozjak mountain in Croatia to the south of Croatia, Montenegro, and Albania) are subendemic taxa [27]. The current study aimed to identify, for the first time, the characteristic VOCs of _Iris pseudopallida, I. illvrica_, and _I. adriatica_ extracted by HS-SPME and HD. The samples were collected from various locations in Croatia, and their VOCs compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Reported results on the EO compositions or VOC profiles of _Iris_ species are usually based on analyses of single populations [21; 22; 23; 24; 26; 29]. Therefore, the novelty of this study is also related to a larger number of samples of investigated _Iris_ taxa (three for _I. pseudopallida_ and two for _I. illvrica_), taking into account possible differences in environmental and geographic conditions, which may affect the production of VOCs [30].
###### Abstract  
Background: Our objective was to evaluate carotenoid accumulation in bell peppers during shelf life under different light conditions. Methods: Fruit stored for 6 d at 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C received a 9 kJ m\({}^{-2}\) UV-B treatment, while non-UV-treated were used as control (CTRL). Subsequently, all peppers were disposed for a retail sale period of 4 d at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a photoperiod of 14 h under fluorescent light (FL) + 10 h under darkness (D), FL, or blue + red LEDs (BR LED). Results: Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was increased by the UV-B treatment and the photoperiods supplemented with FL and BR LED, which was directly related to the carotenoid content. In fact, CTRL peppers (225 mg \(\beta\)-carotene kg\({}^{-1}\)) under FL+BR LED showed an increase of \(\sim\)33% of 13-cis-\(\beta\)-carotene, -24% of all-trans-\(\beta\)-carotene, and -27.5% of 9-cis-\(\beta\)-carotene compared to FL + D and FL + FL. Capsaicinids showed an increase by \(\sim\)22%, \(\sim\)38%, and -27% in the content of capsanthin, capsanthin laurate, and capsanthin esters, respectively, after the UV-B treatment, which was even enhanced after the LED-supplemented photoperiod by \(\sim\)18% compared to FL+D. Conclusions: Illumination with BR LEDs + UV-B during the retail sale period nights is recommended to increase the bioactive content of bell peppers via carotenoid accumulation to 270 mg \(\beta\)-carotene kg\({}^{-1}\).  
C 2021 by the authors. License MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).  
**Featureued Application: Illumination with blue + red LEDs during the nights of retail sale periods is recommended to increase carotenogenesis in bell peppers. This night-time photoperiod combined with a low postharvest UV-B dose in a logistic centre may present a synergistic effect on the carotenoid accumulation in these fruits.**  
**Capsicum amount** L.; ultraviolet; lighting emitting diode; abiotic stress; bioactive compounds; nutraceuticaluids; antioxidants; shelf life
# Effect of the Partitioning of Diffuse and Direct APAR on GPP Estimation
###### Abstract
Therefore, in order to reduce the uncertainty of estimating GPP, the diffuse and direct lights in solar radiation must be partitioned to calculate the absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR). In this paper, we partitioned the diffuse and direct APAR in the GPP estimation. The purpose of this paper is as follows: (i) to analyze the variations of GPP and LUE under diffuse radiation conditions in different temporal scales; (ii) to explore the effects of partitioning diffuse and direct APAR in the GPP estimation at half-hourly scales, and (iii) to validate and compare the proposed DDA method using FLUXNET GPP as well as the total APAR-based GPP.
## 3 Experimental Section  
### Materials and Instrumentation  
HS-(CH\({}_{2}\))\({}_{11}\)-(O-CH\({}_{2}\)-CH\({}_{2}\))\({}_{6}\)-NH\({}_{2}\) (Alkyl-PEG-Amine, APA) was purchased from Prochimia (Gdansk, Poland). HS-(CH\({}_{2}\))\({}_{10}\)-CO-NH-(CH\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)(O-CH\({}_{2}\)-CH\({}_{2}\))\({}_{7}\)-OH (Alkyl-PEG-Hydroxyl, APH) and the crosslinker, maleimidopropionyl-PEG-NHS were purchased from Polypure (Oslo, Norway). [PERSON]'s reagent (2-Iminothiolane hydrochloride), phosphate buffered saline (PBS: 10 \(\mathrm{mM}\) phosphate, 138 \(\mathrm{mM}\) NaCl, 2.7 \(\mathrm{mM}\) KCl, pH 7.4), dimethyl sulfoxide and absolute ethanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tris-buffered saline (TBS) was prepared with 50 \(\mathrm{mM}\) Tris-HCl, 140 \(\mathrm{mM}\) NaCl, pH = 7.4. Immulon 2B 96-well plates were purchased from Fisher and 12 well plates were purchased from Corning. Epotek 377 epoxy was purchased from Promatech (Gloucestershire, UK) or [PERSON] (Marlborough, UK). Silicon \(<\)100\(>\), 500 \(\mathrm{\mu m}\) thick test grade wafers were purchased from Compart Technology (Peterborough, UK), Gold wire (99.99%) was obtained from Advent Research Materials (Oxford, UK) and muscovite mica from Agar Scientific (Essex, UK). Gold coated cantilevers were purchased from Olympus (Biolevers BL-RC150 VB). The GFOGER and GPP peptides were synthesised as described elsewhere [18]. The full sequences of these peptides are: GPC[GPP]\({}_{10}\)GPCG and GPC[GPP]\({}_{5}\)GFOGER[GPP]\({}_{5}\)GPCG. A high affinity form of the I-domain, locked open I-domain (LOI), was prepared as detailed previously [21] but was additionally cleaved of its GST tag to help reduce non-specific interactions (CLOI).  
Figure 5: Force spectroscopy experiments were repeated over a range of different loading rates for the interaction of both GFOGER and GPP with the I-domain. For each loading rate the maximum force of the most dominant peak in the force spectra was chosen and plotted against the loading rate. Data for GFOGER/I-domain (black) and GPP/I-domain (red) interactions are plotted on both a linear x-axis (A) and a logarithmic x-axis (B). Using the Bell-Evans model we find for the GFOGER interaction the kinetic off rate, \(k_{\mathrm{off}}=0.44\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}\) and ground state to transition state distance, \(x_{\beta}=0.7\,\mathrm{nm}\). For the GPP interaction we find \(k_{\mathrm{off}}=11\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}\)  and \(x_{\beta}=0.37\,\mathrm{nm}\).
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Scaffold Preparation  
Calcined HA powder (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, Massachusetts, USA) with an average particle size of 30-40 \(\upmu\)m and PMMA powder (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) with an average particle size of approximately 160 \(\upmu\)m were mixed at different volume ratios; HA/PMMA was 100 vol %/0 vol %, 85/15, 70/30, 55/45, 40/60, and 25/75, respectively. Freeze-gel casting slurries were prepared at 25 vol % solid loading by adding the mixed powders to a premixed TBA (Junsei, Tokyo, Japan) solution containing mono-functional acrylamide (AM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) and di-functional N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) as reactive organic monomer gelators with TBA/AM/MBAM (wt %) = 90/9.6/0.4. Then, 1 wt % citric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) based on the mixed powder content and 0.25 wt % Dynol604 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) based on the TBA solution were added to the slurries. The prepared TBA-based slurry was stirred at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h and then stabilized at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a water bath. For the stabilization in the water bath, an aqueous solution of 40 wt % free-radical initiator, namely, ammonium persulphate (Kanto Chemical, Tokyo, Japan), was slowly dropped into the slurries. Then, the prepared slurries were injected into Teflon cylindrical molds (25 mm in diameter) at the beginning of partial gelation. Subsequently, the molds, whose top and sides were protected with an insulating material, were placed on a plate cooled at a cryogenic temperature, resulting in uniaxial freezing of the TBA from the bottom to the top. The unidirectional TBA solidification provided pore channels throughout the whole cast body for its sublimation. Afterward, the frozen specimens were sublimed and dried for 24 h in a freeze dryer (SFDSF06, 31 Naengyeol, Busan, Korea), causing longitudinal pore channels in a green body. Then, the dried specimens were heated in an electric furnace (Chamber furnace, UAF 15/5, Lenton, Hope Valley, UK) with the temperature set at 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min and maintained at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 h to remove the PMMA and residual organic materials. Next, they were sintered at 1200 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h. The scaffolds were classified as HA0, HA15, HA30, HA45, HA60, and HA75 according to the PMMA addition amount; for example, HA0 had 0 vol % PMMA. The fabrication of the scaffolds is schematically illustrated in Figure 1.
## 3 Results
### Future Projections of Urban Expansion
#### 3.3.2 Analysis of Urban Land Use Landscape Index Changes  
The landscape pattern changes of urban land use in the 21 districts of the main city of Chongqing were analyzed by utilizing Fragstats 4.2 software. The real land use data for 2010 and 2017, as well as the projected land use data for 2024 and 2031, were inputted into the software. The changes in six types of landscape factors related to urban land use were compared to illustrate the alterations in the landscape pattern.  
We conducted an analysis of the landscape pattern indices for urban sites in the study area from 2010 to 2031 (Table 3). The analysis reveals the following changes:  
1. Number of patches (NP) and patch density (PD) increased from 2010 to 2017 and then gradually decreased from 2017 to 2031. This suggests that urban land development from 2010 to 2017 mainly occurred in multiple isolated patches, while from 2017 to 2031, these patches merged into larger contiguous areas.
2. The landscape shape index (LSI) gradually decreased, indicating a trend of more regular and organized development of urban land in the future.
3. The maximum patch index (LPI) increased over time, indicating the growing importance of urban land in the entire study area.
4. The effective particle size (MESH) and aggregation index (AI) showed an increasing trend. This suggests that while patches became more clustered, the overall fragmentation of urban land, in terms of area, also increased due to the development of additional urban areas.  
Figure 11: Importance of RF-extracted drivers.  
In conclusion, the future development of urban areas is characterized by the gradual connection of patches, synergistic development of multiple areas, and a move towards more intensive land use.
# A Survey of Applications of Deep Learning in Radio Signal Modulation Recognition
## 4 Datasets
### RadioML2016.04c  
This is a dataset composed of 11 modulation modes: 8 digital modulation and 3 analog modulation, which include BPSK, QPSK, 8 PSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM, BFSK, CPFSK and PAM4 for digital modulation, WB-FM, AM-SSB and AM-DSB for analog modulation. The rate of modulated data is about eight samples per symbol. The normalized average transmit power is 0 dB. There are 220,000 samples in each modulation mode. Each signal is sampled into \(2\times 128\) vector data. The tag includes SNR value and modulation type. The SNR of each signal sample ranges from \(-20\) dB to 18 dB. The display parameters of the dataset are described in Table 6.  
Data generation methods are described below. The synthesis of the radio communication signal introduces the same modulation, data carrying, pulse shaping and other good transmission parameters as the real world. Real speech and text datasets are modulated to communication signals. At the same time, in order to ensure that the bit is of equal probability, the block randomizer is used when the signal is digitally modulated. In addition, the robust model is used for the multipath fading of impulse response in time-varying channel, random walk drift of carrier oscillator and sampling clock and additive white Gaussian noise. The synthetic signal set is passed through a rigorous channel model. Unknown scale, translation, dilation and impulse noise are introduced into the model. This makes the infinite band channel better. The generation of datasets is modeled in GNU radio [107] using GNU radio channel model [108]. By using a 128 sample rectangular window process, each time series signal is divided into a test and training set. The total dataset is stored as a Python pickle file. It contains 32-bit floating-point samples and is about 500 Mbytes.