# Potential Role of Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals Against Foodborne Pathogens
## 5 Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals against Parasites Causing Foodborne Diseases
### Cryptosporidium
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Plant Source** & **Part Used** & **Effective against** & **Mechanism/IC\({}_{\text{S0}}\)** & **Reference** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{_Allium sativum_} & & & 300 \(\mu\)g/mL \\  & & & \(\downarrow\) Parasite motility \\  & & & \(\downarrow\) Flagellar movement \\  & & & \(\uparrow\)Trophozoite swelling \\  & Crude methanolic & \(\downarrow\)Transmembrane & \\  & eextract & & electrochemical gradient \\  & & & \(\downarrow\) Osmoregulation \\  & & & \(\uparrow\) Morphologic changes in \\  & & & the ventral disc \\  & Allyl mercaptan & & 37 \(\mu\)g/mL \\  & Diallyl disulfide & & 100 \(\mu\)g/mL \\  & Allyl alcohol & & 7 \(\mu\)g/mL \\  & Dimethyl disulfide & & 200 \(\mu\)g/mL \\  & Aqueous extract & & \(\downarrow\)Garidasis symptoms \\  & commercial capsule & & \(\downarrow\)Garidai stool content \\  & Allicin & & \(\downarrow\)Cystee proteases \\  & Crude ethanolic extract & & \(\downarrow\)Garidai waste products \\  & and aqueous extract of & & \(\downarrow\)Garidai & 100\(\%\) Lethality \\  & fruit powder & & \(\downarrow\)Trophozoites count \\  & & & 62\%, 79\%, 98\% Parasite \\  & & & \(\uparrow\) Macrophage phagocytic phagocytic \\  & & & & action \\  & Formulation at 225, 450, & _G. lamblia_ & \(\uparrow\)Macrophage migration \\  & 900 mg/kg & & index \\ _Piper longum_ and _Buta_ & & & \(\uparrow\)Host immune system \\ _momosperma_ & & & \(\uparrow\)Clearance of parasite \\  & & & & wastes \\  & & & \(\uparrow\)Giardia inhibition (92\%) \\  & & & \(\downarrow\)Diarrhe frequency \\  & Formulation 1 g T.D.S & & \(\downarrow\)Stool mucous content \\  & & & \(\downarrow\)Leukocyte migration \\  & & & \(\uparrow\)Morphologic changes in \\ _Berberis vulgaris_, & Crude extracts, & & \\ _Berberis aeruginosa_, & & \(\uparrow\)Trophozoites & \\ _Hydnisis caudensis_ & & & \(\uparrow\)Glycogen deposition \\ _Quercus rubur_, & & & \(\downarrow\)Giardia stool content \\ _Hamandis virginiana_, & & & \(\uparrow\)Giardia inhibition \\ _Crotot health_ & & & \\ _Origanum vulgarte_, & & & \\ _Psilium sajazua_, & & & \\ _Mangifera indica_, & & & \\ _Plantago major_ & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of effects of plant extracts and phytochemicals against foodborne parasites. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Plant Source** & **Part Used** & **Effective Against** & **Mechanism/IC\({}_{\text{50}}\)** & **Reference** \\ \hline _Geranium mexicanum,_ & & & & 2.05 \(\upmu\)mol/kg \\ _Helianthemum_ & Kempferol & & & 1.42 \(\upmu\)mol/kg \\ _glomeratum, Cuphaa_ & Tilivoside & _G. lamblia_ & 1.42 \(\upmu\)mol/kg \\ _pinetorum_ and _Rubus_ & Epicatechin & & 0.07 \(\upmu\)mol/kg \\ _corifolius_ & Dichloromethane-methanol & _E. histolytica_ & 79.2 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & extract & _G. lamblia_ & 100.4 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & Ethyl acetate extract & _E. histolytica_ & 66.7 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & G. lamblia & 63.7 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & Aqueous extract & _E. histolytica_ & 221.6 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & G. lamblia & 215.9 \(\upmu\)g/mL. \\ _Gennium mexicanum_ & Epicatechin & _E. histolytica_ & 1.9 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & G. lamblia & 1.6 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & Catechin & _E. histolytica_ & 65.6 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & \(\beta\)-Sitosterol 3-O-\(\beta\)-D- & _E. histolytica_ & 33.9 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & glucopyranoside & _E. histolytica_ & 82.2 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & Tyramine & _G. lamblia_ & 61.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & Dichloromethane-methanol & _E. histolytica_ & 54.2 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & extract & _G. lamblia_ & 68.9 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & Epicatechin & _E. histolytica_ & 11.6 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & Catechin & _E. histolytica_ & 1.9 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & \(\beta\)-Sitosterol 3-O-\(\beta\)-D- & _E. histolytica_ & 81.6 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & glucopyranoside & _E. histolytica_ & 82.16 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & Epicatechin & _E. histolytica_ & 61.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & Catechin & _E. histolytica_ & 220.1 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & \(\beta\)-Sitosterol 3-O-\(\beta\)-D- & _E. histolytica_ & 82.16 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & glucopyranoside & _G. lamblia_ & 61.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL \\  & Hyperin & _E.