# Shapley's Value as a Resource Optimization Strategy for Digital Radio Transmission over IBOC FM
###### Abstract  
The hybrid in-band on-channel (IBOC) transmission system, which serves as a digital audio radio scheme, facilitates the simultaneous transmission of analog FM and digital audio. In IBOC systems, broadcasters transmit signals within allocated channel bands, posing a challenge in bandwidth allocation for digital audio transmission. To address this, cooperative game theory, supported by the bankruptcy game and Shapley's value, is proposed as a strategy to optimize bandwidth allocation at each node or station. This approach considers service demand, the number of stations, and radio channel conditions in the FM band. The paper presents a scenario under saturated traffic conditions to evaluate the degree of optimization achievable using the Shapley value under clearly defined traffic and channel conditions. The results indicate that cooperative game theory, with the support of the Shapley value, offers an excellent alternative for optimizing bandwidth in digital broadcasting over IBOC in FM, with potential applicability in other digital radio broadcasting systems. I 2024 14 2  
signal under the traditional radio model. In the fully digital mode, the transmitted signal utilizes the entire bandwidth assigned to the station, and its components are purely digital. IBOC adopts a hierarchical modulation scheme to further enrich Broadband Digital Radio (BDR) services. Hierarchical transmission provides layered services to mobile users within different coverage areas through the same radio channel. For example, a basic layer signal is used to transmit essential information (normal quality audio/video), while the secondary layer, added on top of the basic layer, serves as a transport medium for complementary multimedia services [4]. Therefore, hierarchical streaming offers an attractive solution for terminals with different screen sizes and video display resolutions. However, the advantages of hierarchical streaming come with a cost. Most notably, the secondary layer reduces the effective transmission power of the basic layer, leading to additional performance loss in the reception of the basic layer [5]. In conclusion, while there are several digital radio systems, each with specific advantages, all offer significant benefits compared to analog radio. Digital radio, utilizing perceptual audio coding, can provide better sound quality than AM or FM radio. Based on the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) multi-carrier transmission technique, digital radio can overcome mobile reception distortion caused by multipath propagation and other interference inherent in analog radios. Unlike analog radio, digital radio allows for the inclusion of additional services such as text and/or multimedia information transmission. In fact, nearly anything that can be digitized can be transmitted over a digital radio platform [6]. A crucial aspect is that these systems use MPEG-2 audio coding, facilitating the transmission of up to five programs with near CD quality in a set. Additionally, by synergistically combining Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes, band aggregation, frequency hopping techniques, and an efficient hierarchical modulation scheme, IBOC offers performance and service advantages in various application scenarios, accompanied by a wide range of transmission rates (up to 2.53 Mbps), and the ability to provide high-quality radio and rich multimedia services [7]. Given the above, it is proposed to employ cooperative game theory, supported by the use of the Shapley value, as a strategy for bandwidth allocation to each of the nodes or stations that are part of the broadcasting network over IBOC FM. This aims to improve performance by allowing multiple nodes to transmit simultaneously under clearly defined distribution policies [8].