# Monitoring Autonomous Mowers Operative Parameters on Low-Maintenance Warm-Season Turfgrass
## 3 Results  
### Operative Parameters Analysis  
Analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) revealed that the autonomous mower model had a significant effect on the distance traveled (\(p\) = 1.337 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\)) and work efficiency (\(p\) = 2.046 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-13}\)) and on the intersections (\(p\) = 0.012) (Table 3). The trampling level had a significant effect on all dependent variables, which are distance traveled (\(p\) < 2.2 \(\times\)\(10^{-16}\)), area moved (\(p\) < 2.0 \(\times\)\(10^{-16}\)), intersections (\(p\) = 2.67 \(\times\)\(10^{-15}\)), and work efficiency (\(p\) = 2.34 \(\times\)\(10^{-14}\)). Significant interactions were obtained between AM model and trampling level on the number of intersections (\(p\) = 0.045) and on the work efficiency (\(p\) = 4.87 \(\times\)\(10^{-6}\)). The mean value of the work efficiency in the function of AM model and trampling level revealed how the work efficiency decreased when the trampling level increased (LSD: 0.016). Higher work efficiency was detected in plots moved by AM 450 AWD. Regarding the number of intersections, a different trend was detected. The mean value of the number of intersections in the function of the AM model and trampling level revealed how the number of intersections increased when the trampling level increased (LSD: 3169.23). A higher number of intersections was detected in plots moved by AM 535 AWD compared to 450X, with significantly different mean values in the correspondence of the trampling level of 90 min (36,205 vs. 30,163). The results of these analyses are visually presented in Figure 2.  
Analysis of variance (three-way ANOVA) revealed that the independent variables of trampling level (\(p\) < 2.2 \(\times\)\(10^{-16}\)) and position (\(p\) = 2.10 \(\times\)\(10^{-5}\)) and the interaction between trampling level and position significantly affected the number of passages (\(p\) = 0.002), as the interactions between AM model and trampling level (\(p\) = 1.75 \(\times\)\(10^{-6}\)). The independent variables of trampling level (\(p\) < 2.2 \(\times\)\(10^{-16}\)) and position (\(p\) < 2.2 \(\times\)\(10^{-16}\)), the interaction between AM model and trampling level (\(p\) = 1.015 \(\times\)\(10^{-6}\)), and the interaction among AM model, position, and trampling level (\(p\) = 0.009) significantly affected the height of turfgrass. Results are shown in Table 4.  
The mean value of the number of passages in the function of trampling level and position (LSD: 3.40) revealed a homogeneous trend, except for the first 10 min: the highest number of passages was detected always in the edges of the plots for each trampling level. A significant difference in terms of number of passages was observed between the central area and the edge (on average for the Medium level: 18 passages for the edges and 14 in the central area). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Source**} & **Distance** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Area Mowed**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Intersections**} & **Work** \\  & **Traveled** & & & **Efficiency** \\ \hline AM model & *** & NS & * & *** \\ Trampling level & *** & *** & *** & *** \\ AM model \(\times\) Trampling level & NS & NS & * & *** \\ \hline \(p\) < 0.001 \(\times\)***\({}^{*}\); 0.01 \(<p\) < 0.05 \(\times\)***; NS: Not Significant. & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Results of two-way ANOVA testing the effects of AM model, trampling level, and their interaction on the percentage of area moved and the distance traveled by the AM. Figure 2: Mean value of intersections and work efficiency (Efficiency) in function of autonomous mower model (Robot) and trampling level (Level). Standard error is also visualized. The results of these analyses are visually presented in the custom-built software colorimetric maps (Figure 4) from the Control trampling level to the High one. As can be seen, the area shown increased progressively, and as the trampling level increased, the edges were visibly more trampled.