); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] ([PERSON]); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] ([PERSON]); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.P.-M.) 12 BIOCRAN (Craniofacial Biology: Orthodontics and Denofacial Orthopedics) Research Group, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] 2  
Footnote 5: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (EF-F.-F); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.A.-L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.P.-M.) 12 BIOCRAN (Craniofacial Biology: Orthodontics and Denofacial Orthopedics) Research Group, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] 2  
Footnote 6: email: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (EF-F.-F); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.A.-L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] ([PERSON]); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] ([PERSON]); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] ([PERSON]); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.P.-M.) 12 BIOCRAN (Craniofacial Biology: Orthodontics and Denofacial Orthopedics) Research Group, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] 2  
Footnote 7: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (EF-F.-F); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.A.-L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] ([PERSON]); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] ([PERSON]); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] ([PERSON]); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] ([PERSON]); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.P.-M.) 12 BIOCRAN (Craniofacial Biology: Orthodontics and Denofacial Orthopedics) Research Group, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 the genetic theory. According to their study, there is a strong genetic influence on the development of maxillary canine impaction and the associated dental anomalies. [PERSON] et al. [13] emphasized a local etiology, attributing impaction to the agenesis of the ipsilateral lateral incisor [14]. These authors also describe a familial tendency, even suggesting the presence of a single gene. Palatally displaced canines have been identified as an autosomal dominant trait with low penetrance and variable expressivity [15; 16]. Thus, the etiology of impacted canines is complex, likely influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, with variable presentation. The most common localized factor is the discrepancy between arch length and tooth size [9; 17]. Another local factor is the high position of the canines within the maxillary arch, as well as microdontia of the lateral incisors [15; 18; 19; 20]. Other contributing factors may include the retention of primary canines, crowding in the upper arch, odontomas, and ankylosis of the maxillary canines [2; 21]. Early detection of impacted canines significantly influences the success of their management and aids in the prevention of related complications [22], such as root resorption in neighboring teeth [2; 23]. The diagnosis and localization of impacted canines are carried out through clinical and radiographic examination [2]. Clinical diagnosis is typically one of suspicion and requires radiographic confirmation in order to accurately assess the impaction. Until recently, conventional two-dimensional (2D) radiographic imaging--particularly panoramic radiographs--was commonly used for the localization of impacted canines, as well as for treatment planning and post-treatment outcome evaluation. We can find that much of the existing research has scrutinized the form, dimensions, and structural characteristics of the lateral incisor relating to maxillary canine impaction [24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30], but little attention has been paid to its connection to the root of the lateral incisor [25; 28]. One possible explanation for this gap in literature could be the reliance on two-dimensional radiographs for quantifying incisor root inclination. With the advent and growing use of three-dimensional imaging modalities, we now have the ability to assess the tilt of the upper incisor root and its volumetric characteristics concerning impacted canine [31]. This advancement shows promise for improving our comprehension of the etiology of tooth impaction. Furthermore, in this way, neighboring anatomical structures and their relationships in the three spatial planes can be evaluated, allowing for the detection of possible dental anomalies [32].