esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Analysis of the Results
In this context, a positive correlation indicates that when one standard has a high coverage level, the other standard also tends to have a high coverage level. A negative correlation, on the other hand, indicates that when one standard has a high coverage level, the other standard tends to have a low coverage level. Looking at the heatmap, we can see some interesting patterns:  
* Figure 21 shows a correlation coefficient of \(-0.58\), which indicates a moderately negative correlation between the GDPR and ISO/IEC 27001:2022. This means that organizations that are certified to ISO/IEC 27001:2022 are slightly less likely to be compliant with the GDPR. It is important to note that correlation does not equal causation. Just because there is a negative correlation between the GDPR and ISO/IEC 27001:2022 does not mean that ISO/IEC 27001:2022 certification causes organizations to be less compliant with the GDPR. There are a number of other factors that could explain the negative correlation. For example, it is possible that organizations that are certified with ISO/IEC 27001:2022 are more likely to be in industries that are subject to stricter GDPR requirements. This could mean that they are more likely to be audited by GDPR regulators and, as a result, be more likely to be found to be non-compliant. * There is also a strong positive correlation between ISO/IEC 27001:2013 and ISO/IEC 27001:2022, suggesting that these two standards often meet the requirements together as well. * There is a moderate negative correlation between NIS 2 and other standards, such as ISO/IEC 27001:2013, ISO/IEC 27001:2022, and the GDPR. This could suggest that when NIS 2 has a high coverage level, these other standards tend to have a low coverage level, and vice versa. The GDPR has the highest average coverage; other standards also have significant coverage and might be more relevant depending on the context. For example, ISO/IEC 27001:2022 also has high average coverage and might be more suitable for organizations that are more focused on Information Security Management Systems. Finally, it is worth noting that the best approach to ensure compliance is often to adhere to multiple standards, as different standards cover different aspects of security and privacy. A combination of standards can provide a more holistic coverage of the Security Baseline requirements.
# A New Low-Cost Compact Antenna for the 2.45 and 5.8 GHz ISM Bands
## 3 Parameters Study and Simulation Results
### Impact of Circular Ring Radius at Design Step 2  
The antenna structure in step 2 is obtained by inserting the slots on the feed line and then modifying the dimensions and position of the circular ring inserted. It should be noted that the notches had little effect on the frequency bands and reflection coefficients.  
To study the impact of the ring's dimensions on the reflection coefficient and the appearance of the second band observed, we assumed its fixed inner radius (R2) and varied its outer radius (R1) with a step of 0.5 mm. The reflection coefficient curve obtained is shown in Figure 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Steps** & **Frequency (GHz)** & **S11 (dB)** & **Bandwidth (MHz)** \\ \hline  & 2.41 & \(-13.76\) & 90 \\  & 6 & \(-23.25\) & 340 \\ \hline  & 2.44 & \(-12.79\) & 140 \\  & 5.83 & \(-24.81\) & 390 \\ \hline  & 2.45 & \(-13.82\) & 160 \\  & 5.85 & \(-29.73\) & 445 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Dimensions of antenna geometrical.  
Figure 3: Simulated antenna reflection coefficient evaluation at four design steps.  
The insertion of the circular ring has enabled to obtain two frequency bands with a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB. Furthermore, as R1 increases, a frequency shift towards the 2.45 GHz band is observed. Finally, for R1 = 9 mm (which almost represents the outer limit of the ring), the antenna exhibits center frequencies of 2.41 GHz and 6 GHz.  
In the second step, we studied the impact of the ring's vertical position on the reflection coefficient. We fixed the radius of the ring obtained previously (R1 = 9 mm and R2 = 5 mm) and varied the distance L\({}_{\text{P2}}\) in 1 mm increments to determine the best vertical position for the ring. Figure 5 shows the modulus of the reflection coefficient for different vertical positions of the ring. This study shows that, as the distance decreases, there is a shift from high frequency (6 GHz) to low frequencies with a reflection coefficient whose modulus decreases; on the other hand, at low frequency (2.45 GHz), there is a slight shift to high frequencies with an increasing S11. The opposite phenomenon is observed as L\({}_{\text{P2}}\) increases. In other words, as the slot moves closer to the feed line, both frequencies below 2.45 GHz and above 6 GHz appear. Frequencies very close to the desired frequencies are obtained for L\({}_{\text{P2}}\) = 16 mm. In conclusion, modifying the vertical position of a slot on the patch can contribute to improving the antenna's reflection coefficient performance.  
The insertion of the circular ring slot in step 2 would, therefore, have led to a new distribution and concentration of current at points on the radiating element, resulting in a frequency shift and a frequency very close to the desired second frequency.  
Figure 4: Simulated antenna reflection coefficient evaluation at different outer radius values.  
Figure 5: Simulated antenna reflection coefficient evaluation at different vertical ring positions.
# Effect of Pole Head Profile on Torque Performance of a Disc-Type Multipole Magnetorheological Brake
## 5 Results
### Comparison of Various Pole Head Profiles for Obtained Braking Torque  
Six different pole head profiles of a magnetorheological brake were compared to the shear force value obtained in the analysis to evaluate which profile achieved higher and more effective braking torque. Here, based on the observations, the highest braking torque was obtained using hexagonal pole head geometry and the lowest was obtained using square pole head geometry. An increment of 3.88% for braking torque performance was  
Figure 10: Radial dimensions from MR brake center to midpoint of pole head geometries. The chart illustrates the braking torque at different radii to the midpoint of pole head.  
Figure 9: Different saturation conditions: (**a**) elliptical shank with ellipse pole head, (**b**) circular shank with square pole head.  
obtained. The simulation results of the multipole dual disc design show the advantage of making it a high-yield area that achieves high shear force. For different pole head geometries, electromagnetic analysis was carried out to prevent the occurrence of magnetic saturation near the coil, and it can be seen that the magnetic flow direction in all the pole head profiles is tangible as a loop from one pole through the MR gap across the rotor. It is also noteworthy that the elliptical shape shank where the core winding can be wound directly is also convenient in manufacturing. The torque increases nearly linearly with the increase in the number of turns (N) and applied current (I), significantly determining the magnitude of the magnetic field strength.  
The square pole head geometry obtained 13.45 N-m, the circle pole head profile obtained 15.65 N-m, the pentagon pole head profile obtained 15.36 N-m, the ellipse pole head profile obtained 16.09 N-m, and the trapezoid pole head profile obtained 14.02 N-m. Comparing all pole head profiles, the output braking torque is depicted in Figure 11, showing that a larger corner angle (hexagon) can produce high magnetic flux density, which helps in torque improvement. The obtained braking torque was 16.27 N-m for a hexagonal profile, which is an increment when compared with other pole head geometries.
# Analysis of Land Cover Classification Using Multi-Wavelength LiDAR System
## 1 Introduction
### Need for Further Study  
Multi-wavelength or multispectral LiDAR is an advanced sensor in the development of LiDAR technology. Several researchers studied the capability and benefit of using multispectral LiDAR in different applications, mostly focusing on the features from multi-wavelength LiDAR itself, but the comparison of measurements based on active multispectral LiDAR and passive multispectral image are sparse. This study explores the benefits and limitations of different aspects of land cover classification, including the comparison of single- and multi-wavelength LiDARs, the spectral and geometrical features, and the similarity of NDVI between an active multi-wavelength LiDAR system and a passive multispectral image.
# Guard Band Protection Scheme to Facilitate Coexistence of 5G Base Stations and Radar Altimeters
## 3 Numerical Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Unit** & **Value** \\ \hline Building height average & m & 5 \\ Body loss & dB & 4 \\ Polarisation loss & dB & 3 \\ Noise temperature & K & 290 \\ Modulation & & QPSK [28] \\ Centre frequency & GHz & 3.95 \\ Front-to-back ratio & dB & 30 \\ Elevation angle & \(\circ\) & \([-90,90]\) \\ Azimuth angle & \(\circ\) & \([-180,180]\) \\ Polarisation & \(\circ\) & 45 \\ Duplexing & & TDD \\ Rural: 3 \\ Mechanical down tilt angle & \(\circ\) & Suburban: 6 \\ Urban: 10 \\ Rural: 1200 \\ Cell radius & m & Suburban: 600 \\ Urban: 300 \\ Rural: 71 [29] \\ Transmitted power & dBm & Suburban: 68 \\ Urban: 68 \\ \multirow{3}{*}{Element gain} & dBi & 6.4 \\ UE antenna height & m & 1.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Unit** & **Value** \\ \hline Nominal centre frequency & GHz & 4.3 \\ Channel bandwidth & MHz & 196 [30] \\ Carrier frequency & GHz & 4.2–4.4 \\ Maximum antenna gain & dB & 10 \\ Noise figure & dB & 6 \\ Cable loss & dB & 6 \\ \(-3\) dB beamwidth & \(\circ\) & 55 \\ Modulation & & FMCW \\ Landing downward angle & \(\circ\) & 15 [31] \\ Landing speed average & m/s & 74.588 [32] \\ Fuselage length & m & 39.5 [33] \\ Interference protection criteria & dB & \(-6\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Parameters of the radar altimeter [4].
# Time-Delay Vibration Reduction Control of 3-DOF Vehicle Model with Vehicle Seat
## 2 Vehicle Model Establishment  
To understand the vibration characteristics of the vehicle under random road excitation, a vehicle model is established. The following assumptions are used to reduce a complex automobile model to a 3-DOF (mass) vibration system. Figure 1 presents a quarter-vehicle active suspension model with time-delay control. The vehicle model is simplified as a three-degree-of-freedom system. The components of the structure include passengers,car body mass, and wheel mass. Because of its simplicity, the quarter vehicle model is usually used to evaluate the performance of active and passive suspension systems.
###### Abstract  
The occurrence of bleeding following dental extraction is a relatively common complication. A history of therapy with oral anticoagulants represents a major favoring factor, both in patients treated with vitamin K-antagonists (especially warfarin) and with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Several local hemostatic measures can be applied to limit the bleeding risk in these patients. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate what measures can be adopted to limit the bleeding risk following dental extractions in patients treated with oral anticoagulants. A literature search was performed, and 116 articles were retrieved. Titles and abstract analyses excluded 91 articles, and three more articles were excluded following full-text analysis. The systematic review was performed on 22 articles. Among the included articles, 20 studies reported on patients treated with warfarin, and two studies on patients treated with DOACs. The agents employed included local intra-alveolar agents, tranexamic acid, and PRF. The included studies were all at moderate/high risk of bias. Moreover, limited evidence is available on hemostasis in patients treated with DOACs. The available evidence hinders stating the superiority of one agent over the others. Further research is advised to increase the level of evidence of the application of hemostatic agents in patients treated with oral anticoagulants.  
s +
Footnote †: journal:  
safety [6]. It appears that a reduced risk of bleeding can be observed in patients treated with DOACs compared with warfarin as a therapeutic regimen, although in some cases monitoring is still advised [7].  
Patients under oral anticoagulant therapy are more prone to bleeding complications and hematoma formation following dental procedures. Tooth extractions are the most frequently performed oral surgical procedures, and bleeding or oozing are frequently occurring complications [8; 9]. The surgical trauma on both hard and soft tissues can be related to the development of post-extraction bleeding, although inflammation and/or infection of the extraction site can be concurrent factors [10]. In patients treated with oral anticoagulants, the bleeding risk is enhanced; therefore, different recommendations have been proposed, including anticoagulant therapy modulation through reduction, suspension, or bridging [11]. However, it has also been suggested that therapy discontinuation may expose the patient to a higher risk of thromboembolism against a modest risk of hemorrhage in patients with an INR within the therapeutic range [12].  
At present, several hemostatic agents find application for the management of post-extractive bleeding in patients treated with oral anticoagulants. The aim of the present systematic review was to analyze the hemostatic agents employed to manage the bleeding risk associated with dental extraction procedures in patients undergoing oral anticoagulant therapy with vitamin K antagonists and DOACs.
# Enhancing Tactile Internet Reliability: AI-Driven Resilience in NG-EPON Networks
## 3 SEBA Architecture  
This section discusses the concept of SEBA architecture, shown in Figure 2, which consists of Virtual OLT Hardware Abstraction (VOLTHA), a Network Edge Mediator (NEM), and an SDN Controller.
# A Survey: Network Feature Measurement Based on Machine Learning
## 3 Network Measurement Based on ML Method
### Network Delay and RTT  
Network performance measurement is now essential for identifying the root causes of network performance degradation due to the growth in network complexity and scale. A key metric of network performance is packet latency. The accurate measurement of the time delay or its distribution is the current emphasis of time-delay measurement. The amount of data required for the delay measurement may be enormous in an actual network because the measurement may extend for several days, weeks, or even longer. Therefore, a constant issue in the delay measurement is the quick processing of these enormous and high-latitude data. Low latency can enhance service quality, particularly for applications that require quick response times. To address network delays, it is crucial to significantly enhance algorithm selection, modification, and prediction capabilities [61, 62]. Additionally, there is a concern with the lack of testing for network-link congestion or large-scale file transmission in the existing review procedure.  
Among all the features that might be utilized for the experiment, an ML technique was proposed that employs a random forest approach to choose RTT as the most crucial attribute. Several decision trees were then used to assign labels to each input record. This considerably reduces the amount of data (by more than 60%) by minimizing the information loss of the prediction RTT. [PERSON] et al. [63] suggested a path delay change prediction model based on random forest and BP neural networks. Based on the prepared path for the network configuration, the fundamental path features were retrieved. Both the computational work for the interpolation method of non-grid timing and the work characterizing the timing database of each cell has been left out. It can more accurately forecast the change in path delay under a curve that was not simulated when the training set was being created.  
In their papers, [PERSON] et al. [31, 64] provided a precise estimate of the TCP round-trip time using ML technology known as the expert framework. The \"experts\" all provided fixed value estimates. The RTT is the weighted average of these estimates, and the weight is adjusted after each measurement of the RTT by the discrepancy between the estimated and real RTT. The latter employs a retransmission timeout timer, which incorporates TCP error and congestion control but does not routinely assess RTT. Throughput increased while the quantity of retransmitted packets drastically dropped. To forecast the IOT delay, [PERSON] et al. [65] employed the maximum likelihood approach based on the NARX recurrent neural network. MSP and single-step prediction are the two time-series prediction techniques that were suggested. Embracing the root means square error and the lowest root mean square error helped gauge the accuracy of the predictions. An ANN was used to examine the prediction of packet transmission latency in a self-organizing network.
## 4 Experiment Results and Discussion
### Ablation Studies
Lastly, in the surface detail decoder, the HAM module proves to be more effective in improving the model's performance in recovering surface details and ensuring the reconstruction of a correct topological structure compared to CBAM. The proposed ED\({}^{2}\)IF\({}^{2}\)-Net is inherently superior to D\({}^{2}\)IM-Net. Specifically, ED\({}^{2}\)IF\({}^{2}\)-Net significantly improves the network's ability to extract features by using PVT instead of ResNet18. Moreover, ED\({}^{2}\)IF\({}^{2}\)-Net iteratively refines the coarse implicit field via the deformation decoder with \(L_{Def}\) to reconstruct finer topological structure details of the object, and employs HAM to enhance surface details instead of predicting only the coarse implicit field and the ordinary displacement field as in D\({}^{2}\)IM-Net. Finally, when the deformation decoder with \(L_{Def}\) in the standard ED\({}^{2}\)IF\({}^{2}\)-Net are abolished, the quantitative results achieved by the network still outperform D\({}^{2}\)IM-Net.
# Joint Power Allocation and Link Selection for Multi-Carrier Buffer Aided Relay Network
###### Abstract  
In this paper, we present a joint power allocation and adaptive link selection protocol for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based network consists of one source node i.e., base station (BS), one destination node i.e., (MU) and a buffer aided decode and forward (DF) relay node. Our objective is to maximize the average throughput of the system via power loading over different subcarriers at source and relay nodes. A separate power budget is assumed at each transmitting node to make the system more practical. In order to form our solution more tractable, a decomposition framework is implemented to solve the mixed integer optimization problem. Further, less complex suboptimal approaches have also been presented and simulation results are provided to endorse the efficiency of our designed algorithms.  
Keywords:OFDM; joint optimization; power allocation; link selection; decode and forward; buffer aided relay; average throughput +
Footnote †: journal: Accepted: 17 June 2019; Published: 18 June 2019
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, ultrasonic elliptical vibration ultra-precision cutting tests of nickel-based high-temperature alloys were carried out, and the effects of cutting speed, feed, cutting depth, ultrasonic amplitude, and tool nose radius on the machined surface morphology and surface roughness were thoroughly investigated. The main conclusions of the study are as follows:  
1. Surface quality improvement: compared to conventional cutting (CC), the surface roughness of ultrasonic elliptical vibratory cutting was reduced by about 55%, 44%,  
Figure 16: Surface morphology at different tool nose radii: (**a**) \(r_{e}\) = 0.2 mm; (**b**) \(r_{e}\) = 0.5 mm; (c) \(r_{e}\) = 0.8 mm.  
Figure 15: Surface roughness change with tool nose radius in UEVC.  
40%, and 40%, respectively, for the same parameters, significantly improving the quality of the machined surface;
2. Effect of cutting parameters: The surface roughness of the ultrasonic elliptical vibratory cutting process decreased and then increased with the increase of cutting speed, indicating that there exists an optimal cutting speed that can achieve the lowest surface roughness. The surface roughness similarly increased with increasing feed and cutting depth, suggesting that higher feed and cut are not conducive to obtaining a smooth surface. Surface roughness increased with ultrasonic amplitude: The smaller the ultrasonic amplitude, the smoother its surface. An increase in the tool nose radius helped to reduce the surface roughness, and a larger radius of the tip circle reduced the residual height in the feed direction, thus improving the flatness of the machined surface;
3. In this experiment, determined the optimal cutting parameters: a cutting speed of 3 m/min, a feed rate of 16 \(\upmu\)m/rev, a cutting depth of 2 \(\upmu\)m, an ultrasonic amplitude of \(A_{y}\) = 3.0 \(\upmu\)m and \(A_{z}\) = 0.8 \(\upmu\)m, and a tool nose radius of 0.8 mm. However, vibration trajectory variation significantly affected the surface quality of the workpiece. The effects of different vibration trajectory settings on surface roughness and topography will be studied in future studies.  
Conceptualization and methodology G.H. and M.Z.; Cutting test and result analysis M.Z.; Design and Control of Elliptical Vibration Cutting Device W.X.; Machining programming and operation S.Z. and Y.L.; Surface morphology testing J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Post-Doctoral Science Foundation of China 2021M692386, Tianjin Science and Technology Project 22 JCYBJC01630, and Tianjin Education Commission Project 2021 KJ028.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Survey on Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Based on Multimetrics
## 4 Routing-Protocol Proposals Based on Metrics
### Multimetric-Routing Proposals
#### 4.2.2 Gpsr  
GPSR [28] is an efficient routing protocol for wireless and mobile networks that exploits the geographical routing idea.  
GPSR is based on two methods to forward data: greedy forwarding and perimeter forwarding. The first algorithm sends packets to the neighbor node closest to the destination, and this is used by default (see Figure 7a); the second method is selected in cases when greedy forwarding cannot be used (there is no closer node than the current one; see Figure 7b). In perimeter mode, GPSR exploits the idea of the right-hand rule to forward packets around voids where no closest neighbor is found.  
In this protocol, the decision is based on the hop-by-hop rule, and it does not need end-to-end full-path establishment [11; 30; 31].  
Figure 7: Greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR) operation. (**a**) greedy-forwarding example. \(b\) is the \(x\)’s closest neighbor to \(D\). (**b**) In perimeter mode, node \(x\) is void with respect to destination \(D\).