## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Land Use Changes  
Table 2 lists the land use area and proportion of the total area in each land cover type in 1992, 2003 and 2014. In 1992, agriculture and grassland comprised the largest proportion of the total area, approximately 65.31% of the total area, while the water and other land use types covered less than 5% of the study area by 1992. Figure 3a shows that agriculture and grassland were located mainly in the areas surrounding settlements, except in the southeastern and southern parts of Denpasar. Interestingly, during 2003, the proportion of agriculture and grassland began to equalize with that of settlements, with settlement areas and agriculture and grass areas accounting for approximately 43.49% and 42.03% of the total area, respectively. During this period, the settlement land use type began to spread in all directions from the city centre and clustered in the southeast region. It is noteworthy that compared to the spatial pattern in 1992, agriculture and grassland became more fragmented and scattered between settlements in 2003 (Figure 3b), and a large area of forest began to establish in the southern part of Denpasar. The forest in the southern part of Denpasar is dominated by mangroves, which began to be replanted in the pond area in 1995, although the project itself began in 1992 [70]. Settlement became the most dominant land cover type in Denpasar city during 2014, accounting for 58.57% of the study area by 2014, followed by agriculture and grassland, accounting for 28.21% and 9.68% of the study area, respectively. The two other types of land use covered less than 5% of the total area. The area of settlement expanded broadly and resulted in clear visibility of the agriculture and grass land use type, especially in the southern part of the study area, which is adjacent to the centre of tourism activity (Figure 3c). Tourism centres are not only located in the southeastern part of Denpasar but also in another district neighbouring the southwestern side of Denpasar, namely, the Kuta tourism centre. Land use has changed in the tourism area of Denpasar from 1992 to 2014. Based on the area in 1992, settlement increased by approximately 204.75% in 2014, and the forest and agriculture and grass land cover types decreased to 12.68% and 55.29% ha in 2014, respectively (Tables 2 and 3). The fastest change in land use in Denpasar was found from 1992 to 2003, especially for settlement and agriculture and grassland. Based on the LUEI value, the settlement area increased by approximately 0.69 ha day\({}^{-1}\), and the agriculture and grass land cover type lost an area of approximately 0.60 ha day\({}^{-1}\). Meanwhile, forests decreased by approximately 0.04 ha day\({}^{-1}\) during the first nine years. During the period 2003 to 2014, settlement still showed an expanding pattern with an expansion rate of 0.43 ha day\({}^{-1}\), and agriculture and grass declined with an LUEI rate of 0.39 ha day\({}^{-1}\). In general, the rate of change in the settlement areas in Denpasar over the past two decades increased by approximately 0.67 ha day\({}^{-1}\), and the forest and the agriculture and grass areas decreased by approximately 0.02 ha day\({}^{-1}\) and 0.60 ha day\({}^{-1}\), respectively. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Land use**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**1992**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2003**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2014**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Area (ha)** & **\%** & **Area (ha)** & **\%** & **Area (ha)** & **\%** \\ \hline Settlement & 2396.34 & 19.89\% & 5421.87 & 43.49\% & 7302.78 & 58.57\% \\ Forest & 1382.94 & 11.48\% & 1226.43 & 9.84\% & 1207.53 & 9.68\% \\ Agriculture and grass & 7868.07 & 65.31\% & 5239.98 & 42.03\% & 3517.56 & 28.21\% \\ Others & 62.55 & 0.52\% & 359.55 & 2.88\% & 210.06 & 1.68\% \\ Water & 337.32 & 2.80\% & 220.23 & 1.77\% & 230.13 & 1.85\% \\ Total & 12,047.22 & & 12,468.06 & & 12,468.06 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}