esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Future Research Directions
### Multi-Source Remote Sensing Image Scene Understanding  
By coupling multi-source data, RSISU can play a more beneficial role in today's society. True and reliable data sources are scarce in the real developing world, so in order to obtain more accurate socio-economic information [98], we sometimes need to combine existing social survey information with remote sensing image information. In [99], satellite images of luminosity at night (\"nightlights\" [100]) and country-level economic production statistics were used to train the deep learning model with the method of \"transfer learning\". Through the method of this article, we were able to properly detect the level of economic development of a certain region, so as to help improve the poverty evaluation.  
In addition to the need for testing in poor areas, human residential areas are still largely affected by natural disasters [101]. It is also essential to find the law of the time and location of natural disasters, and to reasonably predict the place and time of possible disasters in the future so that we can assist the relevant departments when making decisions. As depicted in [102], the multi-kernel learning method is combined with 3D point-cloud data (which is known to be a very precise data source that can extract the geometric information of the objects) to detect natural disasters.  
Nowadays, remote sensing data sources are still a challenge [103] to the understanding of remote sensing image scenes. Thanks to the further development of WIFI, GPS, and other systems [104], users can upload their location information and corresponding geographic data by Twitter or Instagram. Weshould learn how to use \"big data\" or multi-source data [105], such as OpenStreetMap (OSM) and Google Maps to obtain image information, and apply the deep learning geography theory to these kinds of mass data geosciences. In the long run, learning and transfer learning based on social media and multi-source dataset between different data sources is a promising application.
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Crash Analysis of Oromia Region
#### 4.3.4. Crashes by Collision Type  
In Oromia, crashes were more likely to occur with a collision type of 'Ran-Off-Road (ROR)' see Figure 7. A run-off-road (ROR) collision happens when a moving car overturns on impassable ground or goes out of the roadway and strikes an object. From the critical reasons for ROR collisions, over 95% were driver-related factors [72]. Among the significant driver-related factors that contribute to ROR collisions were the internal problem (i.e., heart attack or other health deficiency), too fast for over-compensation, speeding on curves and sleeping or 'fatigued driving', respectively, in a descending manner [72]. However, a thorough investigation into the factors that contribute to the frequency of higher ROR collisions in the Oromia region is needed.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Fatal** & **Serious Injury** & **Slight Injury** & **PDO** & **Total** \\ \hline
2014 & 1310 & 901 & 1100 & 1722 & 5033 \\
2015 & 1356 & 623 & 515 & 1446 & 3940 \\
2016 & 1188 & 568 & 518 & 1626 & 3900 \\
2017 & 1319 & 729 & 532 & 1806 & 4386 \\ Percentage (\%) & 29.97 & 16.35 & 15.44 & 38.24 & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: A four-year number of traffic crashes reported in their respective severity type.  
Figure 5: (**a**) Total lives lost due to RTCs; (**b**) Percentage deaths (Female versus Male).
# Hand Neuropathies and Musculoskeletal Disorders: Complementary Diagnosis Using IR Thermography
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Subject Inclusion  
The process of participant selection for this study is depicted in Figure 2. All clinical data utilised in this investigation were collected exclusively from a single hospital between January and July 2023. The original sample comprised 92 hands, with 52 hands subsequently excluded, resulting in a final sample size of 40 hands.  
The injury group comprised 25 hands with hand neuropathies and/or muskuloskeletal disorders, of which 16 are right hands and 9 are left hands. Among the cases, five hands exhibited a combination of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Cubital Tunnel Syndrome, five were diagnosed with CTS alone, three had CuTS as the primary condition, and two presented hemiparesis. Relatively to orthopaedic conditions, there were four cases of rhizarthrosis, one of which was concurrent with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and one with Dupuytretn's contracture. Additionally, there was one case of tenosynovitis of Quervain and flexor tendinopathy, one case of tenosynovitis of Quervain combined with Cubital Tunnel Syndrome, one case of tenosynovitis of Quervain combined with CTS, one case of partial rupture of the phalangeal insertion of the cubital collateral ligament, one case of distal radius fracture, and two cases of osteoarthritis. Patients with systemic diseases, such as tumors, thyroid disorders, fibromyalgia, and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and hand amputations were excluded from this study.  
It is important to note that certain individuals were intentionally excluded from this study to maintain the specificity of the cohort. Patients with systemic diseases such as tumors, thyroid disorders, fibromyalgia, and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus were excluded. Additionally, individuals with hand amputations were excluded, as the absence of hands prevented the assessment of hand neuropathies and/or musculoskeletal disorders. This rigorous selection process aimed to enhance the internal validity of the study by minimising confounding factors, which may mask a real association or otherwise falsely demonstrate an association between the injury occurrence and the increase of temperature, and allowing a more accurate investigation of the specific conditions.  
The control group consisted of 15 healthy hands. As would be expected, participants with the following characteristics were excluded from this group: central nervous system injury, peripheral nerve lesions, arthritis in the hand or wrist, systemic diseases, and hand amputation.
# State-Of-The-Art and Prospects for Peer-To-Peer Transaction-Based Energy System
## 4 Enabling Technologies for Transaction-Based Energy
### Information Communication Technologies
#### 4.3.3 Multi-Agent System For Inter-Prosumer Communication
Apart from MAS for prosumer communication, it can also be used alongside auction models (based on game theory) in dealing with MG problems emanating from internal trading. In addition, [PERSON]. [8] studied non-cooperative strategies between multi-agent systems for energy-trading in a competitive market between MGs. They used an auction algorithm to formulate a matching game where buyers are matched with sellers. However, in this approach, there must be an equal number of buyers and sellers in the energy market. The authors of [39] developed a particle swarm optimization-based negotiating agent for energy trading. For a full review on MAS for MG control and optimization, interested readers can refer to [61]. In general, lack of well-controlled communication between MG sub-systems can affect the generated energy. In addition, a well-defined communication mechanism is desired among different MG/actors trading energy for the participant to update their energy demand and supply profile and to monitor their energy generation and storage capacity.
## 4 Discussion
### Applications to Monitoring and Management in the Bijagos Archipelago  
The cartography of the intertidal habitats produced in this study can be useful for informing several ongoing research and monitoring efforts in the Bijagos Archipelago. For example, the International Waterbird Census [10,117] has been the source of population estimates and trend assessment for migratory shorebird populations in the EAF (see [11]). In the Bijagos Archipelago, these population estimates are produced by partial counts which are then extrapolated for the entire intertidal area [16]. It is therefore essential to generate supporting knowledge to produce the best possible estimates, as adequate conservation and management decisions rely on them. A detailed map of the distribution of intertidal habitats, which is differentially important to several shorebird species, has the potential to support sampling and extrapolation stratification and thus to deliver more accurate extrapolations by considering the variations in shorebird habitat use.  
This workflow shows the potential to be the basis of a habitat monitoring scheme on wide spatial scales in other key intertidal areas. It can also be applied to satellite images of different dates to assess temporal variations in the extent and distribution of key elements of intertidal habitats, such as the fiddler crab areas or the macroalgae mats. This qualifies as an important tool for aiding the assessment of future changes in the extent and configuration of shorebird habitats at a site level, especially under a scenario of rapid global change. It can also prove to be important for looking at past changes and in helping to understand current shorebird population trends.
## 3 Results and Discussion
Furthermore, the output fiber coupling efficiency of all lasers were found to be 90 \(\pm\) 2% and 88 \(\pm\) 2% at the pump power of 10 W and 40 W by a 50 \(\upmu\)m multi-mode fiber with the focusing lens \(f\) = 15 mm. Figure 3: (**a**) The output power at 559 nm versus the incident pump power. Optical spectra of 559 nm wavelength and corresponding transverse mode patterns in the (**b**) self-Raman Nd:YVO4 laser and (**c**) Nd:YVO4/KGW Raman laser. It is worthwhile to mention that both laser systems have their advantages and disadvantages. For example, although the self-Raman Nd:YVO4 lasers are not competitive to the Nd:YVO4/KGW Raman laser at the high pump power, the lower thresholds and the short resonator are also fulfilled with some applications that do not require such high output power. Consequently, we can flexibly select the way to generate the wavelengths at lime and orange depending on the requirements of applications.
## 3 The New Approach Framework
### Quick Response Product Configuration System Design  
In summary, the new product configuration system consists of backend and frontend operations. The backend operation is contributed by technical experts and marketing experts to maintain the database of configurable parts for all ECs and the effectiveness of the CS-F relationship function. Technical experts need to list the ECs and parts involved in the configuration system, with predefined scores and constraints. Marketing experts need to perform market research to understand the nature of CRs as well as how they can be fulfilled by ECs with technical experts.  
The frontend operation engages the service demanders directly. They could indicate their budget, importance weight for CRs, and additional requests, if any. Once they confirm the information, the optimal solution would be presented to them with the sensitivity analysis. They could make minor adjustments or request technical support from the service provider before they place the orders. Once the orders are placed, the service provider would soon manufacture the products based on the ordered configuration and deliver them to the service demanders. Throughout this process, the product configuration system plays a vital role in bridging the communication gap and accelerating the customization process, earning a competitive edge for the service provider in Industry 4.0.
# Numerical Study of a Polarization Selective Visual Optical Switch
## 3 Results and Discussions
### The Influence of the Number of Metal Strips on the Enhanced Optical Transmission
In Figure 4a, the period \(P\) does not change, so the transmission peak of visible light band does not move significantly. In short, the radius of the hollow circle hole and the angle between the incident light and the normal direction of the material surface only affect the transmittance, but not the position of the transmission peak. In other words, it only affects the color saturation of the material surface, and has no obvious influence on the color types. On the other hand, the length \(L\) and width \(W\) of the metal strip are changed when the number of the metal strip is three in Figure 4b. As shown in Figure 4(b1), when the polarization direction is parallel to or perpendicular to the _X-axis_, the transmission peak shows a slight red-shift as \(L\) increases from 60 nm to 100 nm. In general, when the length of the metal strip increases, the coupling degree between the metal strip and the edge of the hollow circular hole increases; at the same time, the length of the FP cavity increases, resulting in the red-shift of the transmission peak. The difference is that  
Figure 3: The electric field distribution diagrams in the cases of different number of metal strips. (**a–c**) The polarization direction (0\({}^{\circ}\)) of the relative electric field is parallel to the _X-axis_; (**d–f**) The polarization direction (90\({}^{\circ}\)) of the relative electric field is perpendicular to the _X-axis_. when the width increases, the space in the hollow circular hole decreases, which makes the effective refractive index \(n_{\mathit{eff}}\) in the hollow hole increase, leading to the red-shift of the transmission peak, especially when the polarization direction is 90\({}^{\circ}\). Similarly, when \(W\) increases from 10 nm to 30 nm, the red-shift occurs whatever the polarization direction is 0\({}^{\circ}\) or 90\({}^{\circ}\) in Figure 4(b2).
# Compact Full Ka-Band Waveguide Directional Coupler Based on Rectangular Aperture Array with Stairs
###### Abstract  
This article presents a compact 3 dB waveguide directional coupler with full waveguide bandwidth. It consists of a pair of rectangular waveguides with stairs structures in the coupling region. The waveguides are placed parallel to each other along their broad wall, which has a rectangular aperture array. The compact size, broad bandwidth, good in-band coupling flatness, and good return loss are achieved by using the proposed structure. For verification purposes, a prototype of the proposed coupler was designed, manufactured, and measured. The experimental results show that over the full waveguide bandwidth a return loss of input port better than 17.46 dB, coupling strength varying between \(-2.74\) dB and \(-3.80\) dB, power-split unbalance within 0.76 dB, and an isolation better than 20.82 dB were obtained. The length of the coupling region was only 15.82 mm.  
compact directional coupler; microwave coupler; full bandwidth; 3 dB; rectangular aperture
# Rapid Estimation of TVWS: A Probabilistic Approach Based on Sensed Signal Parameters
## 4 Proposed Rapid Estimation Method
### SA and RA Results  
Sub-block SA obtains the \(W(p)\) and \(X(p)\) parameters given by \(\sigma_{W}\) and \(\sigma_{X}\) from the ED block, and with this information, it plots the PDF curves. This is shown in Figure 9,e, where we can observe how \(W(p)\) and \(X(p)\) variate for each case. Additionally, we can infer that \(\sigma_{X_{1}}<\sigma_{X_{6}}\). To have a better idea of the variation in these parameters, Figure 12 illustrates the PDF curves for \(W(p_{i})\) and \(X(p_{i})\) of ten points represented and the value of the \(T\) calculated for each of them. We can observe that \(W(p_{i})\) signals exhibit very low variation of its parameters. In the case of composite signals \(X(p_{i})\), the PDF curves exhibit higher variation. This difference occurs according to the number of energy peaks detected in the ED block.  
With the information compiled from the MSSS, ED, and SA sub-blocks, the \(P_{fa}\) vs. the \(P_{d}\) values are plotted to obtain the ROC corresponding to each point sensed. By comparing the ROC curves for points 1 to 10, we can observe a variation in the patterns, which is due to the different number of PUs detected in each case. This can be seen in Figure 12, where the green arrows identify the variation of the \(P_{d}\) corresponding to a \(P_{fa}=3\%\).  
Figure 11: Energy Detection (ED) results for points 1 and 6: (**a**) point 1, with 10 used channels, which are 35, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, and 48, means 32.25% usage and (**b**) point 6, with 15 used channels, which are 20, 21, 26, 31, 32, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, and 49, means 46.87% usage.  
Figure 12: Statistical Analysis (SA) results for example points: (**a**) PDFs of ten points that are overlapped. It is easy to observe that each point corresponds to different PDF curves. The shape variation is related to the number of energy peaks detected in the ED block. (**b**) ROC curves overlapped for points 1 to 10, where the horizontal axis scale has been modified to observe the variation in \(P_{d}\) for a \(P_{fa}=3\%\), shown by the green arrows.  
The results of blocks \(ED\), \(SA\), and \(RA\) are presented and summarized on Table 2.
## 4 Experiment
### Main Results
#### 4.2.1 Pruned
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Bus** & **Car** & **Bicycle** & **Pedestrian** & **Truck** & **Driveable Surface** & **mIOU** \\ \hline Camera-LiDAR Fusion & 0.77 & 0.67 & 0.93 & 0.58 & 0.77 & 0.80 & 0.70 \\ MINet [28] & 0.87 & 0.92 & 0.49 & 0.59 & 0.76 & 0.99 & 0.93 \\ \hline MinkUnet42 [16] & 0.99 & 0.97 & 0.37 & 0.94 & 1.00 & 1.00 & 0.99 \\ MinkUnet Pruned & \(1.00\) & \(0.96\) & 0.84 & 0.98 & 0.94 & 0.99 & 0.98 \\  & \((+0.01)\) & \((-0.01)\) & \((+0.47)\) & \((+0.04)\) & \((-0.06)\) & \((-0.01)\) & \((-0.01)\) \\ \hline SPVCNN [26] & 0.97 & 0.97 & 0.94 & 0.99 & 0.95 & 1.00 & 1.00 \\ SPVCNN Pruned & \(0.98\) & 1.00 & 1.00 & 1.00 & 0.98 & 0.99 & 0.98 \\  & \((+0.01)\) & \((+0.03)\) & \((+0.06)\) & \((+0.01)\) & \((+0.03)\) & \((-0.01)\) & \((-0.02)\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison with other methods on nuScenes-LiDARSeg. All the results are normalized. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Car** & **Bicycle** & **Motorcycle** & **Bicyclist** & **Person** & **Road** & **Building** & **mIOU** \\ \hline PolarNet [29] & 0.89 & 0.96 & 0.52 & 0.51 & 0.66 & 0.98 & 1.00 & 0.97 \\ MINet [28] & 0.96 & 1.00 & 0.59 & 0.67 & 0.79 & 0.98 & 0.95 & 0.98 \\ SqueezeSegV3 [30] & 0.98 & 0.93 & 0.63 & 0.59 & 0.70 & 0.99 & 0.99 & 0.99 \\ \hline MinkUnet42 [16] & 1.00 & 0.31 & 0.92 & 0.83 & 0.86 & 1.00 & 0.96 & 0.97 \\ MinkUnet Pruned & \(0.97\) & 0.83 & 1.00 & 0.79 & 0.79 & 0.97 & 0.86 & 0.94 \\  & \((-0.03)\) & \((+0.52)\) & \((+0.08)\) & \((-0.04)\) & \((-0.07)\) & \((-0.03)\) & \((-0.10)\) & \((-0.03)\) \\ \hline SPVCNN [26] & 0.99 & 0.71 & 0.99 & 0.80 & 1.00 & 1.00 & 0.96 & 1.00 \\ SPVCNN Pruned & \(0.99\) & 0.74 & 0.88 & 1.00 & 1.00 & 0.96 & 0.91 & 0.99 \\  & \((0.00)\) & \((+0.03)\) & \((-0.11)\) & \((+0.20)\) & \((0.00)\) & \((-0.04)\) & \((-0.05)\) & \((-0.01)\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison with other methods on SemanticKITTI. All the results are normalized. \(1.19\times\) speedup and \(1.21\times\) speedup to SPVCNN (pruned) compared to their unpruned version. On the nuScenes-LiDARSeg dataset, the speedup is slightly more significant than SemanticKITTI. MinkUnet and SPVCNN achieve \(1.26\times\) and \(1.25\times\) speedup on the nuScenes-LiDARSeg dataset. In general, many redundancies in point clouds can be pruned to obtain higher speeds.
## 6 Bending Analysis
### Transmission Coefficient  
Figure 16a,b show the measured and simulated transmission coefficient when the antenna is bent along the X and Y-axis, respectively. Here, it can be observed that the simulated and measured transmission coefficient is very well above 17.5 dB between all the antenna elements.
# Enhancements and Challenges in CoAP--A Survey
## 4 Enhancements in CoAP
### Congestion Control Mechanisms in CoAP
#### 4.1.5 Adaptive Congestion Control  
The issue of ambiguity in the weak estimator values and for setting the appropriate values of constants for VBF and aging mechanism of RTO in order to decide whether and how to take the proper actions, is covered by the adaptive congestion control algorithm proposed in [4]. An option of transmission count is added to the CoAP message header to resolve the issue of weak estimator. In the case of retransmission of CON message, a new copy of the same message with different message ID is encapsulated. This helps in identifying the number of retransmission and therefore, the ambiguity whether an ACK message is from a transmission or a retransmission for weak estimator is resolved.  
For making the VBF values adaptive to actual conditions of network, the algorithm considers RTOstrong as reference. Furthermore, the lower and upper thresholds are replaced by (1/3)*RTOstrong and (5/3)*RTOstrong respectively. The lower bound keeps RTO value to increase from RTOstrong until second retransmission while upper bound enables fast RTO to increase relatively. In case of default RTO value of 2 s, these values almost get back to the default values of 0.7 s and 3.3 s for lower and upper thresholds respectively.  
The range for RTO value is set to (1/3*RTOstrong, 5/3*RTOstrong) in case of RTO aging and is adjusted in a forcing manner for when the value is out of range or not updated for longer periods of time.
# A Target Detection Method of Distributed Passive Radar without Direct-Path Signal
## 1 Introduction
In order to solve the problem of target detection when the direct-path signals cannot be received in practice, this paper proposes a distributed target detection method under the without-direct-path signals system based on the principle of GLRT. This paper first introduces the research status of passive radar and target detection of passive radar and then proposes the corresponding improvement methods. Then, the specific scene of without-direct-path signals is modeled, and the target detection algorithm based on the specific scene is described in detail. Finally, the above algorithms are simulated and processed with the measured data. The effectiveness of the algorithms is verified through simulation and further applied to the measured echo signals.
# Response of Grassland Vegetation Growth to Drought in Inner Mongolia of China from 2002 to 2020
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods  
#### 2.3.1 Theil-Sen Median Trend and M-K Test  
Theil-Sen Median slope and Mann-Kendall (M-K) nonparametric trend analysis methods were used to assess the change trends of NDVI, EVI, GOSIF, and GPP during the period from 2002 to 2020. These methods are favored for their simplicity, computational efficiency, and robustness against data distribution or measurement errors. The calculation of the trend is performed using the following equations [54; 55; 56]:  
\[\beta=\mathit{Median}(\frac{x_{j}-x_{i}}{j-i}),\ \forall i<j \tag{1}\]  
\[S=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\sum_{j=i+1}^{n}\mathrm{sgn}(x_{j}-x_{i}) \tag{2}\]  
\[\mathrm{sgn}(\theta)=\begin{array}{c}-1\,\mathrm{if}(\theta<0)\\ 0\ \ \mathrm{if}(\theta=0)\\ 1\ \ \mathrm{if}(\theta>0)\end{array} \tag{3}\]  
\[\mathit{Var}(S)=\frac{n(n-1)(2n+5)}{18} \tag{4}\]  
\[Z=\begin{cases}(S-1)/\sqrt{\mathit{Var}(S)}&S>0\\ 0&S=0\\ (S+1)/\sqrt{\mathit{Var}(S)}&S<0\end{cases} \tag{5}\]  
where \(\beta\) denotes the change trend; \(n\) denotes the length of the time series of NDVI, EVI, GOSIF, and GPP; sgn is the sign function; \(i\) and \(j\) are serial numbers; \(x_{i}\) and \(x_{j}\) denote the values at moments \(i\) and \(j\), respectively; \(\beta\) > 0 indicates an increasing trend; \(\beta\) < 0 indicates a decreasing trend; and \(\mid Z\mid\) \(\geq\) 1.96 indicates that the change trend is significant at 0.05 confidence level. The spatial distribution and change trend maps were produced using GIS software ArcGIS Desktop (version 10.2).