esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition Based on Attention and Adversarial Training
###### Abstract  
Named entity recognition aims to extract entities with specific meaning from unstructured text. Currently, deep learning methods have been widely used for this task and have achieved remarkable results, but it is often difficult to achieve better results with less labeled data. To address this problem, this paper proposes a method for cross-lingual entity recognition based on an attention mechanism and adversarial training, using resource-rich language annotation data to migrate to low-resource languages for named entity recognition tasks and outputting changing semantic vectors through the attention mechanism to effectively solve the long-sequence semantic dilution problem. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the method in this paper is applied to the English-Chinese cross-lingual named entity recognition task based on the WeiboNER data set and the People-Daily2004 data set. The obtained F1 value of the optimal model is 53.22% (a 6.29% improvement compared to the baseline). The experimental results show that the cross-lingual adversarial named entity recognition method proposed in this paper can significantly improve the results of named entity recognition in low resource languages.  
named entity recognition; cross-lingual; adversarial training +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
of multilingualism in knowledge expression can be fully utilized to increase the coverage and sharing of degrees of knowledge [2]. Cross-lingual entity recognition can be applied to tasks such as cross-lingual information extraction, relationship extraction, etc. Due to its wide application prospects, cross-lingual named entity recognition is gaining increasing attention from academia and industry.  
In order to solve the above problems and improve the efficiency and accuracy of cross-lingual transfer, this paper combines cross-lingual word vector alignment with cross-lingual named entity recognition tasks, and proposes a named entity recognition framework based on confrontation training in cross-lingual situations. First, the source language and the target language are converted into word vectors through M-BERT [3], and then the self-attention mechanism is reversely fused to convert the information extracted from the English pre-training named entity recognition model into Chinese, strengthen the representation of key information, use the source language to fine-tune the NER model, and use the label data of the source language and the target language to conduct adversarial training, so as to improve the alignment ability of the model between the two languages. Then, the model is used to infer the target language to test the effect of the model on improving the entity recognition in the target language [4]. The experiment shows that the proposed model has achieved good results on WeiboNER and People-Daily2004 data sets, especially on People-Daily2004 data sets with large data volume.
## 3 Results  
### TPPS Aqueous Solution  
Figure 2a shows the DAS of the F-monomer aqueous solution with [NaOH] = 1 mM induced by 532 nm laser irradiation. \(\Delta A\) is the absorbance change of the sample. This result reproduces the previous one [1]. Figure 2b shows the DAS of the F-monomer aqueous solution before and immediately after N\({}_{2}\) bubbling. Immediately after N\({}_{2}\) bubbling for 40 min, the amount of the absorbance change \(|\Delta A|\) at 412 nm increased by 4.6 times and decreased with time. This result suggests that the observed DAS was caused by the triplet state formation. The triplet excited-state absorption and SA effects were enhanced by the extension of the triplet state lifetime due to the decrease in dissolved oxygen. N\({}_{2}\) bubbling did not significantly change the shapes of the absorption spectra and DAS of the sample. \(\Delta A\) at 532 nm was not able to be observed because the probe light was transmitted through the notch filter (532 nm).  
Figure 3a shows the DAS of the F-monomer aqueous solution with [NaOH] = 1 mM with the 808 nm laser irradiation. Figure 3b shows the DAS observed without the 808 nm laser irradiation. Because the DAS observed with laser irradiation was similar in the shape to that observed without the laser, it is presumed that DAS was not induced by the laser irradiation or below the detectable limit. This means that DAS cannot be observed without real excitation of the F-monomer.  
Figure 3: Absorption spectra (red line) and DAS (black line) of F-monomer aqueous solution with [NaOH] = 1 mM. DAS was observed with (**a**) and without (**b**) 808 nm laser. The small steps around 480 nm and 560 nm are artifacts of the 128-channel lock-in amplifier detector (due to the unbalanced base level at the unit boundary of the 128-channel lock-in, which consists of four 32-channel lock-in amplifier units).  
Figure 2: (**a**) Absorption spectrum (red line) and DAS (black line) of F-monomer aqueous solution with [NaOH] = 1 mM. (**b**) DAS of F-monomer aqueous solution before (black line) and immediately after (red line) N\({}_{2}\) bubbling. A 532 nm laser was used as the pump.
# Frequency Selective Surfaces: A Review
## 4 Types of FSSs
### FSSs Based on Structure
#### 4.2.1 Single Layer FSSs  
Single layer FSSs are composed of two-dimensional array of periodic resonant element. As is well known, FSSs act as either passband or stopband filters based on the two characteristics exhibited by the patch or slot elements. Single layer FSSs with such filter response have been used in wide range of applications. However, their potential use is restricted by the limited space available for the unit cell. Hence, arranging a high count of large-sized array elements and creating a better performing finite FSS is exigent. Additionally, large inter-element spacing and element sizes may result in many challenges particularly in realizing curved surfaces [64]. For that reason, the conception of miniaturized array element FSSs is emerged and enhanced the angular stability of the structure. Such miniaturized elements are considered broadly, because they cause the working bands to be separate from the grating lobes region as defined by the period of the array [62; 89]. Recently, FSS miniaturization has been achieved by different elements, such as simple loops, multi-poles, patches, or their complementary structures, convoluted, meandered, and fractal elements.  
A range of two-dimensional single layer FSSs have been proposed with a fast transition from in-band to out-of-band features along with insensitivity to incidence angle [90; 91]. Table 2 outlines some of the single layer FSS utilizing different types of array elements that are used by researchers exhibiting single, dual, or multiband response. Table 3 demonstrates few fractals based single layer FSS working in different frequency bands and exhibiting a range of FBW, depending on the element geometry and FSS size. It can be inferred that single layer FSSs are efficient structures with less mass, volume, and cost and therefore, easily integrable and mountable to many EM structures such as bigger antenna apertures, to be used in multitude applications of advanced and complex communication systems, including radar configurations.
# Ultra-Reliable Link Adaptation for Downlink MISO Transmission in 5G Cellular Networks
## 3 Sources of SINR Variability
### Changes in Wanted Signal Power
In a faded state, when the measured signal power of the desired transmission is \(10\) times smaller than the average, the distribution of the realized signal power is wide, and the probability of dropping into deeper fade increases for the transmission instant at time \(t=\tau\). Hence, the required backoff is significantly larger when the channel (at the time of measurement) is faded, when compared to the situation where it is on an average level (_i.e._, \(S_{0}/S_{\mathrm{ave}}=0\) dB). Note that the auto-correlation coefficient statistically characterizes the level of correlation between the measured and realized channels. When the channel (at a given channel instant) is in faded state, and \(\rho\approx 1\), the probability of getting to a deeper fade is significant. Figure 2, in left half, shows how the required backoff \(b\) (in dB) varies with relative measured signal power \(\frac{S_{0}}{S_{\mathrm{ave}}}\) for three different channel auto-correlation coefficients \(\rho=\{0.97,0.98,0.99\}\). If the measured transmission power is of the same order as the average transmission power, _i.e._, when the measured channel is in a typical fading state, the required backoff is relatively small. However, when the measured signal is in a fade, extreme backoffs are required to provide ultra-reliability. This is a consequence of the Rayleigh fading statistics used here, where arbitrarily deep fades have finite probability. Figure 1: Cumulative distribution of the desired signal power for \(\rho=0.98\), and for three different values of \(S_{0}/S_{\mathrm{ave}}\). Relative realized signal powers \(S/S_{\mathrm{ave}}\) dB are on the \(x\)-axis. The right half of Figure 2 shows the backoff as a function of \(\rho\). With zero correlation, the wanted signal power at outage is \(S_{\rm out}/S_{\rm ave}=-50\) dB, and the backoff is thus directly \(S_{0}/S_{\rm out}\). Here, \(S_{\rm out}\) represents the instantaneous signal power \(S\) at URC outage. When the measured channel was in a typical fading state, with \(S_{0}/S_{\rm ave}=0\) dB, the backoff is \(b=50\) dB at \(\rho=0\), shrinking monotonously to \(b=0\) dB at \(\rho=1\). For smaller \(S_{0}/S_{\rm ave}\), _i.e._, when the measured channel was faded, the backoff first grows with increasing \(\rho\). This is a consequence of the increase in correlation, which makes it more likely that the signal remains in a faded state, and goes into deeper fading. However, after a threshold, the backoff starts shrinking, going to \(b=0\) at \(\rho=1\). For example, for \(S_{0}/S_{\rm ave}=-20\) dB, the backoff at \(\rho=0\) would be \(b=30\) dB, from where it grows to a value of \(b\approx 46\) dB at \(\rho=0.995\), before shrinking to zero.
###### Abstract  
In coal mine roadway support, the arrangement of roadways in areas with high-stress concentrations is a challenging issue. It is crucial to solve this problem in order to ensure the safety and productivity of the mine. In this study, we selected a typical roadway in Zhong Xing Coal Mine, Fen Xi, Shanxi Province, as our research focus. We analyzed the deformation and failure characteristics of the surrounding rock under field mining pressure during roadway excavation through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and on-site measurements. Using the Flac3D numerical simulation technique, we studied the stress distribution characteristics of the roadway in the stress concentration area. To address the significant deformation of the roadway, we proposed a high-pretensioned top beam high-strength dual-anchor truss support system (HBCTS) and carefully studied its control mechanism and structural characteristics. After simulating and comparing its support effectiveness with the original support scheme and conducting on-site industrial tests, we determined the HBCTS support system as the alternative support system for roadway 1409. The test results showed that the convergence of the rib plates and the roof was no more than 79 mm and 191 mm, respectively. The significant influence of the roadway on the control of the surrounding rock also indicated effective control of the surrounding rock's deformation along the 1409 goat. The support control technology system can provide specific reference values for roadways under similar geological production conditions.  
high stress concentration area (HSCA); coal roadway; numerical simulation; high strength cable truss system (HSCTS); surrounding rock control
###### Abstract  
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has widely been used in the last few years. Its applications focus on auto identification, tracking, and data capturing issues. However, RFID suffers from the main problem of tags collision when multiple tags simultaneously respond to the reader request. Many protocols were proposed to solve the collision problems with good identification efficiency and an acceptable time delay, such as the blocking anti-collision protocol (BA). Nevertheless, most of these protocols assumed that the RFID reader could decode the tag's signal only when there was one tag responding to the reader request once each time. Hence, they ignored the phenomenon of the capture effect, which results in identifying the tag with the stronger signal as the multiple tags simultaneously respond. As a result, many tags will not be identified under the capture effect. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to take the capture effect phenomenon into consideration in order to modify the blocking BA protocol to ensure a full read rate, i.e., identifying all the tags in the frame without losing any tag. Moreover, the modifications include distinguishing between collision and interference responses (for the period of staying tags) in the noisy environments, for the purpose of enhancing the efficiency of the identification. Finally, the simulation and analytical results show that our modifications and MBA protocol outperform the previous protocols in the same field, such as generalized query tree protocols (GQT1 and GQT2), general binary tree (GBT), and tweaked binary tree (TBT).  
Keywords:blocking anti-collision protocols; capture effect; interference signals; RFID; tags collision +
Footnote †: journal:
# Efficient CORDIC Iteration Design of LiDAR Sensors' Point-Cloud Map Reconstruction Technology +
## 4 Mobile LiDAR Sensing Circuit and Chip Design
### CORDIC Angle Calculator  
The CORDIC angle calculator is the most occupied part of the hardware, and it also consumes the most power. According to the architecture designed in this paper, it can be divided into a CORDIC horizontal angle calculator and a CORDIC vertical angle calculator. The vertical angle input is a fixed input angle and the horizontal angle input is 360 degrees.
# Fuzzy-Based Control System for Solar-Powered Bulk Service Queueing Model with Vacation
## 2 Literature Review
Collectively, these studies demonstrate the versatility of fuzzy logic in communication, renewable energy, and control systems, reinforcing its significance in optimizing complex, uncertain environments such as 4G/5G networks. Fuzzy logic continues to advance in various domains, including engineering, artificial intelligence, robotics, and computational mathematics. [PERSON] et al. [16] conducted a comprehensive study on Fuzzy Inference Systems and their applications in engineering, highlighting their role in decision-making and control systems. [PERSON] et al. [17] explored the integration of Fuzzy Inference Systems with explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) for disease diagnosis, emphasizing the importance of interpretable fuzzy rules in medical decision-making. [PERSON] et al. [18] reviewed the application of type-2 fuzzy systems in robotics and discussed the potential of type-3 fuzzy logic, demonstrating its relevance in autonomous and intelligent robotic systems. [PERSON] et al. [19] provided insights into type-1 and interval type-2 fuzzy systems, offering a comparative analysis of their applicability in artificial intelligence and computational intelligence. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] introduced a computational technique for solving imprecisely defined fully fuzzy algebraic systems, contributing to mathematical advancements in fuzzy logic applications. In [21; 22], the intersection of fuzzy logic and mathematics, focuses on its applications in various scientific and engineering problems. Collectively, these studies underscore the growing significance of fuzzy logic in enhancing interpretability, automation, and computational efficiency across multiple disciplines, reinforcing its potential for optimizing complex systems such as 4G/5G networks. In a solar-powered microgrid energy distribution system, energy requests from consumers can be managed using an M/M/c queueing model with bulk service and vacation to optimize power allocation. During periods of high solar energy production, the system operates in High Bulk Service Mode, distributing power in bulk to multiple consumers efficiently. When solar availability is moderate, the system switches to Single Service Mode, prioritizing energy distribution based on predefined priority queues. In low or no solar generation conditions, such as at night or during cloudy weather, the system enters Vacation Mode, where specific grid components shut down, and battery storage provides limited energy until solar generation resumes. This approach ensures efficient energy management, balancing supply and demand dynamically.
# Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Surface Urban Heat Island and Canopy Layer Heat Island in Beijing
## 1 Introduction
For example, [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7] established a heat island capacity model based on MODIS data and found that no obvious heat islands were documented during the season of spring, autumn, and winter. The heat island phenomenon was more significant at night, and it was most pronounced in winter. The effect was weakest in summer; the summer heat island phenomenon was more pronounced during the day than at night. [PERSON] et al. [8] used MODIS data to study SUHIs in Beijing from 2000 to 2012 based on the Gaussian capacity model and analyzed the temporal and spatial variation in the intensity and center of SUHIs over a long time-series. Based on MODIS data, [PERSON] et al. [26] studied CLHIs in Milan during the summer of 2007-2010 and found that the CLHI intensity was 3-4 K at night and weaker during the day, and the authors concluded that vegetation effectively reduced the urban heat island effect. [PERSON] et al. [27] used MODIS data to compare SUHIs and CLHIs in Milan from 2007 to 2010 in terms of heat island intensity, range, and direction. They found that, during the day, the peak of SUHI intensity reached 9-10 K, while CLHI mostly did not. At night, the SUHI and CLHI intensities were both 3-4 K and showed similar features. The distributions of SUHIs and CLHIs were both negatively correlated with Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI), indicating that the urban heat island effect was effectively weakened in areas with high vegetation coverage. Up to now, a lot of studies have focused on estimating canopy heat island and surface heat island on a large scale, but the comparison between canopy and surface islands is relatively scarce. Beijing, as the capital of China, is also one of the cities with the highest level of urbanization in China. The separate studies on canopy heat islands and surface heat islands in Beijing have also experienced a long period of development, but there is still a blank in the field of the comparison of the two types of heat island [28; 29]. Accordingly, this study focuses on Beijing, employing MODIS geo-temperature image data spanning from 2003 to 2020. The Gaussian capacity model was then utilized to meticulously analyze the data, modeling the heat islands. A comprehensive comparison of the model parameters was conducted to assess changes in the intensity, center, direction, and range of both SUHI and CLHI across three timescales: day, month, and year. The objective of this study is threefold. First, the aim is to identify and analyze the temporal characteristics of the SUHI and CLHI in Beijing. Secondly, we attempt to compare and contrast the changes in these heat islands over the period 2003-2020, highlighting any significant trends or differences. Finally, we aim to inform construction strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of urban heat islands and urban development.
# Joint Communication-Motion Planning in Networked Robotic Systems
## 1 Introduction and Related Works
Under these two systems, we designed JCMP algorithms and jointly optimized the power and motion of the relay robot and the power of the sensing robot. 3. Numerical results show that the joint planning method using JCMP can save more power than non-JCMP. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: A conventional relay-assisted system and a CR-relay-assisted system are proposed in Sections 2 and 3, respectively. In Section 2, the energy-saving ratio and the optimal trajectory of the relay robot are presented by numerical simulation. It is verified that, compared with non-JCMP, the JCMP model can significantly save the total energy consumption of the system. On this basis, Section 3 continues to add CR-relay to the communication model and discusses the relationship between the location of the primary user (PU) with the optimal trajectory and energy-saving ratio. Finally, several open problems and research directions are put forward along with the conclusions in Section 4.
# Experimental Performance Analysis of Wi-SUN Channel Modelling Applied to Smart Grid Applications
## 2 AMI Architecture and Last-Mile Communication
### Mr-Oqpsk  
MR-OQPSK has some shared common characteristics with IEEE 802.15.4, except for a PHR (PHY header) format and a multiplexed direct sequence spread spectrum (MDSSS). MDSSS has just been added in IEEE 802.15.4g, which is specified in the 780 MHz, 915 MHz, 917 MHz and 2450 MHz frequency bands only. In addition, MR-OQPSK yields a low complexity in multimode implementation and is more cost-effective with the varying data rates between 6.25 and 500 kbps.  
From the above description, the Wi-SUN mesh network is effective, interoperable and compatible for the AMI last-mile communication standard. MR-FSK has a low complexity implementation with multiple frequency bands and data rates supported, which allows multiple brands of smart meter vendor to cooperate with a Wi-SUN mesh HES.
## 5 Experimental Evaluation
Therefore, any possible TCC attacks can hardly happen in this methodology;
* Low power consumption: one of the most important metrics of any embedded system is power consumption [51]. This is mainly because the increase in power consumption is a significant factor for elevated temperatures. Therefore, low power consumption can affect the systems' temperatures;
* Last, but not least, is easy implementation. Some of the proposed countermeasure methods may need special types of equipment or labs, which may be costly or hard to implement, such as [32; 37; 52]. However, the proposed countermeasure can easily be employed for any device or system. Despite all the benefits, the proposed approach has drawbacks., If the pattern of the main thermal signal is, e.g., 1 1 0 0 1 1 instead of 1 0 1 0 1 0 1, this strategy cannot work very well, as the proposed approach is based on both recording and monitoring the temperatures and then applying countermeasures, as mentioned in Section 4.3. Thus, when the temperature of the current bit (e.g., 1 1 1) is higher than the previous bit (e.g., 1 1), the system cannot decide to apply the selective-noise countermeasure. Hence, the multi-core system will be at risk. Furthermore, the power spectrum of the temperature signals of a core when a normal application (e.g., Blackscholes from PARSEC) runs falls into three bands: band A, which ranges DC to 50 Hz, band B from 50 Hz to 400 Hz, and band C, which is higher than 400 Hz (cut-off frequency), and detection is not performed in band A and band C. The TCC signal in Band A can be easily damaged or disrupted by the thermal signal generated by a typical application [5] and band C is considered unavailable for data transmission. Therefore, in the aspect of countermeasure thermal covert channel attack, only possible TCC channels within band B have been detected [3]. Hence, if the transmission frequency is less than 50 Hz, the system cannot detect the possible attacks. All of these issues are taken into account for future work.