## 2 Seismicity of the Selected Countries
### Turkiye  
Turkiye is situated within the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt and is among the most seismically active areas in the world [99,100]. The distribution of seismicity is focused on high-strain regions, many of which are major strike-slip faults, such as the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), and the Western Anatolian Graben Zones (WAGZ). The NAFZ is a 1200 km long strike-slip fault zone that connects the East Anatolian convergent zone to the Hellenic subduction zone [101, 102, 103]. The distribution of earthquakes that dominate the seismic pattern of the northern part of Turkiye is mostly parallel to the NAFZ [104, 105, 106]. The NAFZ is a continuous and narrow fault system that cuts the Anatolian Peninsula in an E-W direction from Karlova in the east to the northern Aegean in the west. The NAFZ, which is the northern plate boundary of the Anatolian Plate with the N-S extensional regime of the Aegean region, spreads as a complex fault system in the eastern part of the Marmara region, in contrast to the simple structure of the NAFZ (Figure 7). Distribution of the epicenters (M \(\geq\) 3.0) and main fault zones in Turkiye was given in Figure 8.  
Figure 8: Distribution of epicenters (M \(\geq\) 3.0) and main fault zones in Turkiye. Figure 7: Main tectonics elements for Turkiye [107]. The earthquakes taken into account for Turkiye are the 1992 Erzincan, 1999 Kocaeli, 1999 Duzce, 2003 Bingol, and 2011 Van. The 1992 Erzincan earthquake occurred in the eastern half of the Erzincan basin, and two days after this earthquake, the largest aftershock occurred in Pulumur [108]. After this 6.8 magnitude earthquake, many engineering structures were damaged [109]. The 1999 Golcuk (Kocaeli) earthquake, which was felt in and around the Marmara region, caused different levels of structural damage in these settlements. This earthquake, which occurred on the northern branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), is associated with a 145 km long surface rupture extending from the southwest of Duzce in the east to the west of the Hersek delta in the west [110]. The 1999 Duzce earthquake, which took place three months after the 1999 Golcuk earthquake, was felt in many different settlements and caused huge structural damage [111]. The surface rupture of this earthquake, which occurred on the Duzce Fault, which is an extension of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in the Bolu Basin, was 40 km long and the maximum right lateral deviation was measured as 500 \(\pm\) 5 cm [112]. The 2003 earthquake that occurred in Bingol, one of Turkiye's provinces with high seismicity, occurred approximately 60 km southwest of the triple junction near Karlnova, where the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) and the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) intersect [113]. The earthquake-causing fault is a right-lateral strike-slip fault and it is stated that the earthquake depth is in the range of 5-15 km [114]. The last earthquake considered in the study is the 2011 Van earthquake that happened in the Lake Van Basin. The epicentral depth of this earthquake, which was centered in Tabanh village between Van and Ercis, was measured as 5 km [115]. The large aftershock of 9.11. 2011 (M\({}_{\text{W}}\) = 5.7) was caused by additional damage, especially in the city center of Van, and more than 40 fatalities [116; 117]. The settlements where the epicentres of these five different earthquakes, which are considered for Turkiye, have high seismic risk. The loss of life and property of a total of selected earthquakes and their locations are shown in Table 10. Data on these earthquakes were obtained from the databases of two main institutions that record instrumental earthquakes in Turkiye such as the Republic of Turkiye Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (DEMP) and the Kandilli Observatory Earthquake Research Institute of Bogazici University (KOERI) and [118; 119]. Among the selected earthquakes in this study, the greatest damage occurred in the 1999 Kocai (Golcuk) earthquake.