# Efficient and Sustainable Cleaning: A Comparative Analysis of Cryogenic Technology
## 1 Introduction
However, they also point out the limitations of the system, including the high energy cost of the required compressors; degradation of the CO\({}_{2}\) pellets with use and storage, especially in lathes with high relative humidity; and the high level of noise emitted during use. This led to the recommendation that, in certain situations, they can be combined with other conventional mechanical cleaning systems [6]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Industrial Sector** & **Need for Cleanliness** & **Object or Surface Treated** & **Type of Dirt or Waste** & **References** \\ \hline Road maintenance & Semi-automated stripping of road markings on highways & Asphalt surfaces and other pavements & Pavement paints & [28] \\ \hline Printers & Cleaning of presses, rotary presses, and other production equipment & Metal surfaces & Ink and adhesive residues & [11] \\ \hline Leather tanning & Shaving or liming and de-shelling of the skin & Leather & Organic and inorganic waste & [8; 29] \\ \hline Food industry & Cleaning of ovens, roasters, packers, wine barrels, coffee roasting chambers, distileries, and other elements in processing and packaging lines & Metal and plastic surfaces & Various natural organic products such as oil, waxes, charcoal, corn, coffee, and other protein wastes & [8; 11; 12; 22; 23; 30] \\  & Disinfection of wine barrels and dairy equipment & Metal and wood surfaces & Organic and microbiological remains & [23; 31; 32] \\ \hline Poultry industry & Cleaning of production channels & Metal and wood surfaces & Removal of organic contamination & [8; 33] \\ \hline  & Graffiti removal & Granite and architectural surfaces & Synthetic spray paint & [34] \\  & Marquetry cleaning & Wood & Environmental dust & [35] \\  & Cleaning of metal surfaces & Aluminium, bronze, steel, brass, and copper & Environmental dusts of organic and mineral nature, corrosion, spray paint, and waxes & [36; 37; 38] \\ Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage & Cleaning of ceramic objects & Ceramics & Environmental dust of organic and mineral nature & [39] \\  & & Polyester and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) & Environmental dust of fingerprints, and surfactant migrations & [40; 41] \\  & & & Environmental dust of organic and mineral nature & [42] \\  & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular} Source: Own analysis based on the publications referred to in each case study.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._Technical data are paramount to optimise costs and ensure operational efficiency in a variety of industrial contexts. Furthermore, maximising the economy in cryo-cleaning not only involves assessing the intrinsic performance of each piece of equipment according to its specific application and needs but also demands the adoption of efficient processes and practices. These must be based on a framework of optimal working conditions derived from meticulous scientific studies using specific methodologies to examine and improve the effectiveness of cryo-cleaning. This evaluation includes detailed analyses of the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the materials to be cleaned. While previous studies have extensively analysed the advantages of dry ice blasting, focusing on its environmental benefits [44] and operational efficiency [23; 25], there is a gap in the literature regarding a standardised comparative evaluation of the currently available cryo-cleaning equipment. Leading manufacturers promote the technology for its numerous benefits, but the diversity of available equipment and their varied applications necessitate a detailed comparative analysis. Several studies confirm the system's versatility [5; 6; 12], allowing adjustments to the main parameters for delicate surfaces and complex geometries. However, these studies also highlight limitations such as high energy costs, degradation of CO2 pellets, and significant noise levels [6], suggesting a need for integration with other cleaning systems.