esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Implementing Smart City Technologies to Inspire Change in Consumer Energy Behaviour
## 4 User Consumption Habit Assessment Tool  
### Gamification Tool  
Despite the widespread introduction of smart meters, some countries still deliberately put on hold a mass roll out due to different reasons, for example, data protection. Such decisions do not only complicate the collection of information for decision-making in energy management but also trigger the development of other approaches that could positively influence consumer habits. Studies confirmed that user behaviour has a significant impact on energy consumption and efficiency in residential and commercial buildings and the provided feedback can motivate consumers to use less energy [5; 42]. One of the possible solutions to change user behaviour is creating a mobile ICT tool based on gamification principles. Here, inspired by one of the first examples of gamification usage, i.e., the toy Tamagotchi, and modern approaches [43; 44; 45], we proposed a tool based on a game to collect data that support improvements of the consumption behaviour of users and the prediction of energy demand.  
Multiple aspects shall be considered while developing the mobile gamification tool:* Interaction with the tool--represented by application user and its manager. It incorporates initialization, login and game, groups and social interaction.
* Interaction with the game--represents the main mechanics for user interaction with the game tool.
* Mobile user interface--it is composed of sign in/social login, device setup, localization, chat, challenges, ranking, etc.
* Web-based user interface--utility used by the tool manager to analyse aggregated information.
* Tool database--details the structure and contents of the elements within the database, specifying data field, data type, description, details and data cross-interaction.
* System architecture--architecture for the server that hosts the game tool is given in Figure 1. The architecture is mainly divided into three output branches--web dashboard/reporting, mobile game and notifications.  
Figure 1 shows an overview of the tool server architecture. This structure is divided mainly into three branches:  
* First branch represents the internal structure of the web dashboard/reporting that uses SpagioBI [46] to keep a secure connection to access the data, a load balance mechanism, and all requests are processed in a web flow, which uses a temporary database to create the reports.
* Second branch, the data of game interaction service structure, where through a game server structure of Unity [47], the data are distributed to the users through the mobile game.
* Last branch, notification system that operates using mail server system, sending the notifications to the user by a queuing system like RabbitMQ with a direct type [48].  
Figure 1: Architecture for the server that hosts the game tool.
# Evaluation of 5G Positioning Performance Based on UTDoA, AoA and Base-Station Selective Exclusion
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we show the advantages of using array antennas in combination with a time-delay-based positioning method to significantly improve the positioning accuracy in deep urban environments. We performed simulation based on a deep urban deployment map to assess the improvement compare to the case when UTDoA performs as a stand-alone technology. The combination of angle observables with those of time delay has been shown to already provide an improvement of 27.5% in positioning accuracy towards the UTDoA solutions. Additional accuracy can be obtained with the use of a BS exclusion method that we propose. This method allows us to identify and remove abnormal measurements from BS affected by NLoS and synchronization error. The method manages to remove the malicious BS in the majority of cases. The maximum horizontal position error is reduced by 40% compared to UTDoA solution and 18.15% compared to the case without the BS exclusion mechanism. All in all, the obtained results contribute towards the fulfillment of high-accuracy positioning requirements in challenging environments when using cellular networks. Moreover, they show the value of using advance antennas in 5G positioning.  
[PERSON] proposed the NLoS detection mechanism for positioning with cellular signals, implemented the uplink-based positioning methods and the uplink channel model. [PERSON] implemented the downlink channel model and the downlink-based positioning method. [PERSON] performed the simulation tests and analyzed the results with the supervision of [PERSON]. The paper was mainly written by [PERSON] with the help of [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] on the revision of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation project PID2020-118984 GB-I00, predoctoral fellowship PRE2018-083748, and by the Catalan ICREA Academia Program.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Kinematic Model of the Shoulder Complex Obtained from a Wearable Detection System
## 4 Discussion
### Comparison of the Motion Coupling Characteristics in the Sagittal and Coronal Planes  
Although the constant term of the analytic equation is not equal to zero, the coefficient is small, and we assume that the GH joint displacement variable quantity is zero at the initial time. Therefore, the premise is that the GH joint center displacement variable quantity in different planes is considered to be zero when the elevation angle is zero. Based on the above conditions, \(x^{\prime\!li}\), \(y^{\prime\!li}\), and \(z^{\prime\!li}\) of the GH joint center displacement variable quantity are shown in Figure 13a-c, respectively. For further comparison, the displacement variable quantities \(x^{fli}\), \(y^{fli}\), and \(z^{fli}\) are added.  
The changes in the \(X\)-direction are shown in Figure 13a. During humeral elevation in the coronal plane, the slope of the curve is relatively small in the initial stage, and then increases. When humeral elevation is in the sagittal plane, the slope is small in the initial stage, and then the slope decreases. They intersect in the middle. After that, they basically follow the same slope. Although the movement trends are also the same, the magnitude of the motion is different. The difference in the magnification ratio is 0.074 at the 120\({}^{\circ}\) elevation angle.  
The changes in the \(Y\)-direction are shown in Figure 13b. The slope of the curve during humeral elevation in the coronal plane is essentially unchanged in the initial stage and then gradually increases. The slope of the humeral elevation in the sagittal plane is also the same in the initial stage. Subsequently, this slope gradually and rapidly decreases. In the last stage, they gradually maintain the same slope. However, the motion range in the coronal plane is less than that in the sagittal plane. The difference in the magnification ratio is 0.023 at an elevation angle of 120\({}^{\circ}\).  
The changes in the \(Z\)-direction are shown in Figure 13c. The humeral elevation in the coronal plane, the magnification ratio, and the elevation angle are positively correlated during humeral elevation from 0\({}^{\circ}\) to 120\({}^{\circ}\), except for a weak correlation in the initial and last stages. In the sagittal plane, the magnification ratio is also the same as that in the coronal plane of humeral elevation.  
Through the analysis of Figure 13 and because the influences of the detection accuracy and measurement error under the same experimental conditions are similar, their motion trends are not the same, which confirms the different motion characteristics in different planes.  
Figure 13: Comparison of the magnification ratio of the GH joint center displacement variable quantity relative to the thorax coordinate system during humeral elevation in the coronal and sagittal planes: (**a**) X-direction magnification ratio and humeral elevation angle, (**b**) Y-direction magnification ratio and humeral elevation angle, and (**c**) Z-direction magnification ratio and humeral elevation angle.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Rolling Processes: Simulation and Experiment
The discrepancy observed does not affect the result significantly in the examined case. Figure 11: Experimental and simulated displacement patterns across the thickness of asymmetrically rolled sheet. Figure 12: Experimental and simulated displacement patterns across the half-thickness of symmetrically rolled sheet. Similar to the calculations performed for asymmetric rolling, the distribution of the equivalent strain can be calculated for the conventionally rolled material as well. Figure 14 shows the measured strain (based on the displacement fields) and simulated profiles. It has been observed that the experimentally obtained data can be accurately reproduced by FEM calculations. It is important to mention here that the displacement fields cannot be examined in the close vicinity of the surface, since this region is subjected to the complex strain mode and the resulting distortions are quite severe within this thin subsurface layer [31; 32; 47]. The results of both the FEM simulations and measured data, presented in Figures 13 and 14, suggest that an arbitrary deformation process can be modeled with high accuracy under the condition that the proper constitutive law is used, while the model parameters can be derived from a tensile test. The advantage of FEM simulation is that the deformation history for various thickness layers can be analysed. As Figures 15 and 16 show, the strain rate distribution across the thickness of a rolled sheet is unequal, even if the equivalent strain seems to be quite homogeneous (see Figures 13-16). It is also obvious from Figures 15 and 16 that the asymmetrically rolled material experienced more extensive shear. An accurate estimate of the strain rate distribution across the thickness of a rolled sheet enables the simulation of the evolution of the crystallographic texture. As shown elsewhere [36; 41], the crystal plasticity (CP) models are capable of reproducing the experimentally measured textures if the deformation history is known. The latter can be accurately simulated by the FEM, as revealed above. In addition to this, not only can the bulk (overall) texture be computed by the CPs, but the heterogeneity of the textures in various thickness layers might also be explained [36; 41] since various strain paths account for the diverse texture evolution. Figure 14: Distribution of equivalent strain across the thickness of symmetrically rolled sheet. Figure 13: Distribution of equivalent strain across the thickness of asymmetrically rolled sheet.
# Energy-Efficient Hybrid Routing Protocol for IoT Communication Systems in 5G and Beyond
## 2 Related Works
EBCAG divides the networks into unequal diameter cluster and manages the distribution of cluster heads via hop counting. Every sensor in EBCAG holds a gradient value specified as the lowestpossible hop-count to central station. [PERSON] et al. [11] suggested an approach with unequal sized clusters based on LEACH for significantly improved power usage and prolonged network lifetime. Selection of Cluster Head is determined by two factors, namely the energy ratio and the competition distance. Under this approach, depending on the obtained distance matrix from the central station, sensor nodes will change their sending power. Energy-Aware Distributed Unequal Clustering (EADUC) [17] protocol is an uneven hierarchical clustering strategy accommodating both homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. The creation of clusters is categorized into three stages: the stage of obtaining neighboring node information, the Cluster Head selection stage, and cluster formation stage. Cluster heads with greater remaining energy and distance from the central station would have a wider cluster diameter. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18] in their research proposed Energy Balancing Unequal Clustering Protocol (EB-UCP), where sensor node much nearer to the central station are more likely to be chosen as Cluster Head. In EB-UCP protocol, network is divided into layers, and nodes within each layer have their own probability of being selected as a Cluster Head. Table 1 shows the comparison between our proposed method and existing state-of-the-art literature. Accordingly, compared to the existing ones the proposed method has several unique advantages including a much better load balancing capability, lower transmission overhead, and provides a fault tolerance feature.
_applied sciences_  
_Article_  
Tri-Band Bidirectional Antenna for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN and  
Ku-Band Applications  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2,* and [PERSON] 3\({}^{\copyright}\)**  
\begin{tabular}{p{34.1 pt}}
1 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala, University of Technology Isan Kohnkanc Campus, Khonkanc 40000, Thailand; [PERSON]S] (S.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.T.) \\
2 Department of Electronics Engineering Technology, College of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand \\
3 Department of Telecommunications Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladrakang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] \\
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] \\ \end{tabular}  
**Abstract: A compact tri-band, low profile, and lightweight antenna is proposed for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN and Ku-band applications. The antenna geometry was a radiating rectangular patch surrounded by a wide circular slot with an inverted-L strip connected to one side of the slot. It was mounted on a copper layer of a single side FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a height of 1.6 mm. It was fed by a 50-\(\Omega\) coplanar waveguide. This design was very compact (\(40\times 40\times 1.6\) mm\({}^{3}\)). Simulated and actual measurements of an antenna setup in the laboratory verified that the antenna's bidirectional radiation pattern completely covered the three transmission bands: 2.4-2.485 GHz, 5.15-5.825 GHz and 13.4-17.7 GHz with less than 10-dB return loss and maximum gains of 2.35 dBi, 4.41 dBi and 4.71 dBi, respectively. Wireless communication for the self-navigated vehicle, for one example, is fully supported by this single antenna.**  
**Keywords: inverted L-shape strip; multi-band antenna; rectangular patch antenna; tri-band antenna**
## 2 Application of Ribosome Engineering to Increase Antibiotic Production
### Overexpression of Ribosome Recycling Factor  
At the end of protein translation in living cells, ribosome recycling factor encoded by the _frr_ gene participates in ribosome recycling. Overexpression of _frr_ in several _Streptomyces_ strains led to increased production of Act, avermectins (**3** and **4**), and toyocamycin (**16**). By overexpressing the ribosome recycling factor in the avermectin producer, the yield of avermectin increased by 3-3.7 times to over 8 g/L [35]. Similarly, the overexpression of a ribosome recycling factor also increased the yield of toyocamycin (**16**) to about 0.6 g/L due to the increased protein synthesis in the late-growth phase of the _Streptomyces_ mycelium [50].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antimicrobial Activity
Alternatively, a much higher concentration of BC extract was necessary to exert bactericidal effects in both strains, with the MBC being higher than 1 mg/mL (Table 5, Figure S2). Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [50] reported that a higher concentration of _Aronia melanocarpa_ (acetone extract) was required to demonstrate a bactericidal effect against clinical isolates of _S. aureus_, with the reported MBC value of 15.0 mg/mL. In another study, [PERSON] et al. [51] evaluated the antibacterial activity of _Aronia melanocarpa_ anthocyanins against _E. coli_, reporting MIC and MBC values of 0.625 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. The BC extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against _S. aureus_ but showed no inhibitory effect on _L. monocytogenes_, although they are both Gram-positive bacteria. This selective activity could be explained by the differences in their cell wall structure or the efflux pumps' stress response. Although both bacteria possess a thick peptidoglycan layer, some differences have been reported in the cross-linking degree and the composition of teichoic acids [52]. For instance, _L. monocytogenes_ possesses a meso-diaminopimelic acid (m-DAP) at the third position of its peptidoglycan stem peptide (typically composed of L-Ala-D-isoGlyx-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala) instead of L-lysine (L-Lys), while _S. aureus_ has the L-Lys further acylated with five Gly residues [52]. This pentaglycine crossbridge can have important biological implications, particularly in the sensing of peptidoglycan by various phenolic compounds existing in the BC extract. Moreover, _Listeria_ species are known to possess effective stress response systems and efflux pumps (such as MdrL--from the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) efflux pump), contributing to its resistance to different antimicrobial compounds. On the other hand, _S. aureus_ possesses several other efflux pumps, including NorA and TetK from the MFS and Smrr/QacC and EmrE from the small multidrug resistance (SMR) family [53]. The same authors [53] reviewed several studies, highlighting that terpen can inhibit the NorA-mediated efflux pump by inhibiting genes expression or interacting with their membrane-binding sites, respectively. This may support the roles of terpen, not only as NorA efflux pump inhibitors but also as compounds with intrinsic antibacterial activity in _S. aureus_ strains [53; 54].
# A Quantum-Resistant FHE Framework for Privacy-Preserving Image Processing in the Cloud
## 1 Introduction
To this end, we focus on the CKKS scheme's slot-packing capabilities, which, when combined with SIMD processing, transform the performance of homomorphic image processing by encrypting entire images as vectors within single ciphertexts. The primary contributions of this paper are as follows:  
1. We introduce a comprehensive architecture that effectively combines SIMD-optimized CKKS homomorphic encryption with CRYSTALS-Kyber. Our method solves a long-standing problem in secure cloud computing by showing that quantum-resistant privacy-preserving computation may be accomplished without compromising performance. 2. We construct and validate a multi-layered security system that surpasses the fundamentals of cryptography. Our method offers strong protection against both quantum and classical adversaries while preserving practical efficiency by fusing post-quantum key exchange with authenticated encryption and a client-controlled FHE key hierarchy. 3. We provide a comprehensive performance characterization of the entire framework. Our analysis quantifies the setup costs, data overhead, and operational latencies, with a specific focus on how the system's performance scales with increasing image sizes under the SIMD paradigm. 4. The framework's viability is demonstrated through implementation with production-grade libraries. We show that server-side operations and client-side decryption achieve low-millisecond latencies, confirming the practicality of the design. Together, the proposed work presents a new paradigm for safe cloud computing that meets present performance demands while looking ahead to the quantum future. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Our threat model and related security goals are formally defined in Section 2. The architecture and protocols of our suggested framework are described in depth in Section 3. A full implementation and experimental evaluation are presented in Section 4. Finally, we conclude this paper with Section 6 by summarizing our contributions and suggesting future lines of inquiry.
# Special Issue on the Histopathology of Aquatic Animals
## 3 Exposure Studies  
Histopathology is one method of choice in exposure assays, as it could give mechanistic insight into toxicological pathology [9]. Several guidance documents are published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for conducting standardized exposure assays on aquatic animals. The guidelines cover a number of experimental species, different life stages and exposure scenarios, thus giving the possibility of inter-laboratory comparison. Depending on the choice of stressor in exposure assays, researchers will target different organs and assess the change of its micro-architecture.  
One group of authors published two manuscripts in this Special Issue from a single experiment in which an amphibian, _Xenopus laevis_, was exposed to atrazine, a frequently used herbicide (at least in the United States, since the European Union banned it) in a dose-dependent approach. The effects of exposure are evaluated on the histology of the heart and cerebellum [10] and liver and kidney [11]. Immunohistochemistryhistochemical markers were used on the same types of tissue, and the authors opted for caspase-3 in the liver and kidney and Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in the heart and cerebellum. Both studies showed significant adverse effects of the herbicide on the tissues, with a range of different histopathological alterations most frequently observed in the liver and kidney of this frog. Histomorphometrical methods were further employed in order to show changes on a range of different cells and structures in the mentioned tissues. [PERSON] et al. [12] exposed rainbow trout (_Oucorhynchus mykiss_) fingerlings to a bath containing several species of _Aeronomas_ spp. They found several histopathological alterations of nervous tissues (nasal epithelium, telencephalon, and oblongata medulla), which were distinct to the fish infected with _A. lusitama_ and _A. salmonicola_ and with the higher severity grades. Fish infected with other bacterial species had middle-to-less severity and distribution of histopathological alterations.
## 4 Simulation and Results Analysis
### Virtualization Model Evaluation  
In this section, the comparison algorithms are as follows: (1) elastic optical satellite network virtualization based on the traditional two-layer model (EOSNV-TTM) algorithm [32]: In this algorithm, the resource block is searched in the \(P^{V}\) formed by \(G^{V}\). If an available resource block is found, the resource is allocated to the request; if not, resource blocks are searched in the \(G^{S}\); (2) RWA with K-shorts and the first-fit (KSP-FF) algorithm; (3) RWA with the single path and fist-fit (SP-FF) algorithm [33].  
Figure 8 shows that as the traffic load enlarges, the blocking probability and wavelength utilization in the four algorithms present an increasing trend. The resource utilization of SP-FF and KSP-FF algorithms is relatively high, but the blocking rate is much higher than the other two algorithms, resulting in poor algorithm performance. When the traffic load changes from 20 to 200, the blocking probability of the EOSNV-ETL-PE algorithm increases to 0.07, and the wavelength utilization increases by 0.28. Meanwhile, the blocking probability and wavelength utilization in the EOSNV-TTM algorithm increase by 0.1 and 0.21, respectively. Compared with the EOSNV-TTM algorithm, the blocking rate of the EOSNV-ETL-PE algorithm is reduced by 30%, and the wavelength utilization is increased by 33.3%. It uses traffic to scour and evaluate the utilization of nodes and links and transfers the traffic to the links with less resource consumption. Thus, the algorithm has better performance.