###### Abstract  
Because of the strategic importance of the Abydos archaeological site in Egypt as a source of wealth for Egyptian tourism, this study was concerned with carrying out geophysical measurements to detect subsurface succession and measure variations in the geotechnical engineering features of the soils/rocks in order to protect this significant area. The findings will assist geologists and seismologists in collaborating with archaeologists for future site development, revitalization, and investment. The primary objectives of this work were to determine the subsurface lithology, evaluate the engineering geotechnical properties of soils/rocks, identify the layer thicknesses, and identify the site class by calculating V\({}_{\mathrm{s}}\)[30]. To achieve these goals, seventeen (17) seismic refraction tomography (SRT) P- and S-wave measurements were executed in front of the Osiron location. SeismicMager Software was used for the processing and interpretation of the outcomes. The results were the travel time-distance curves, which were used for building the 2D seismic models that exhibited the velocity and the depth of the layered models. These models were validated by our previous works using electric resistivity tomography and borehole data. The results indicated that this site consisted of three geoseismic subsurface layers. The first layer was the surface that was made up of wadi deposits, which were a mixture of gravel, sand, and silt and were characterized by incompetent to slightly competent materials. The second layer corresponded to the sand and muddy sand deposits of competent rock that was of fair to moderate quality. The third layer (clay deposits) had a higher velocity and was more compact and may be employed as a bedrock layer. The elastic moduli, V\({}_{\mathrm{s}}\)[30], petrophysical, and geotechnical properties of the three geoseismic layers were appraised as essential parameters. Integration of petrophysical and geotechnical parameters and elastic moduli revealed that the third layer was composed of competent clays, which were characterized by low values of porosity, void ratio, Poisson ratio, and stress ratio. It also had a high rigidity, Young's and bulk moduli, concentration and material indexes, N-value, ultimate bearing capacities, and high density values, and vice versa for the first layer. The standard NEHRP site class was B (rocks). These parameters are ordinarily used as key indications and serve as significant inputs for any future work. seismic refraction tomography; archaeological site; site evaluation; elastic moduli; V\({}_{\mathrm{s}}\)[30], NEHRP site class 20233332745 202333  
strategic standpoint, as it is an archaeological site with explored archaeological features and unexplored archaeological ones where new facilities are likely to be established. The main objectives of this work were (1) to determine the subsurface lithology of the subsurface succession, (2) to determine the geotechnical properties of the rocks/soils and their degree of competence for the stability of buildings in this site, and (3) to determine the petrophysical characteristics of the rocks/soils in this important archaeological site. Geophysical approaches as near-surface investigations are used in a wide range of fields, including archaeology [1], geotechnical engineering [2; 3], and civil engineering [4; 5]. One of the vital approaches for complicated structures and geologic sequences investigation near the surface is seismic refraction tomography. This technique has a wide variety of applications in the field of engineering [6]. According to the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program's criteria, the main shallow subsurface feature for the determination of seismic site classes is called Vs [30][7]. The relevance of Vs [30] is attributed to the site amplification sensitivity by the shear wave velocity at the near surface and ground motion intensity [8; 9].