## 3 Hypothesis Development  
### Enjoyment  
It is important to note that, despite the extensive discussion and study of fun and enjoyment in psychology and human-computer interaction [24; 25], these aspects have not been explored in much detail in data journalism and visualization, despite the fact that enjoyment is often cited as a reason to consume visualizations [9]. [PERSON] [26] notes that variation can be utilized to exploit the element of curiosity or surprise. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. maintain that a certain level of unpredictability is crucial to a fun experience [27]. The stimuli provided by novel, interesting, or even exciting divisions of labor, content, presentation, or interaction indirectly facilitate goal attainment [28]. In other words, if people feel pleasant, they will use the visualization more effectively to accomplish their tasks, and they will be more likely to engage in enjoyable activities, which will enhance their reading experience. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that users' goals of fun and enjoyment have research value in the field of data journalism.  
In addition, user control is considered an important aspect of an enjoyable experience. Allowing users to make more decisions about their interactions with technology can enhance their enjoyment. Previous research has indicated that the user-controlled exploration of information can trigger positive emotions like enjoyment or satisfaction [3], especially when the interactive features are designed to support the user's experience naturally and intuitively [29]. The research of [PERSON] [30] demonstrated that perceivedresponsiveness and control, which are dimensions of interactivity, play an important role in news credibility and enjoyment. In defining pleasant technology, [PERSON] et al. [24] suggest that the design should make the user feel in control of the interaction. In order for the user to feel a sense of agency or personal power, it is also essential to be able to see the results of their actions. The key to creating an enjoyable experience is to provide the user with an opportunity to actively participate. [PERSON] et al. [15] also found that higher levels of perceived interactivity would lead to higher levels of user enjoyment. From the above, it can be concluded that users may enjoy news pages more if they feel more in control and have more space for exploration. Based on these related studies, we propose the following hypothesis:  
**H1a:**_Users will enjoy data journalism more if they perceive a higher level of interaction._  
In the context of data journalism, we are not aware of any research that enjoyment has been tested related to user attitude; however, our study has been influenced by other similar studies. [PERSON] and [PERSON] found that interactive forms of transmission and consultation can enhance user enjoyment and foster positive attitudes in general [31]. [PERSON] et al. [32] found enjoyment positively related to attitudes toward the site. Similarly, [PERSON] [33] found that enjoyment was positively related to attitudes toward the website and the frequency with which users intend to visit it. [PERSON] et al. [34] studied consumer interaction with social media platforms and found that a positive social media experience generates positive emotions such as enjoyment, happiness, and self-improvement, which leads to a more positive attitude toward social media. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [35] also found that users who experience positive emotions show more positive interface evaluations and attitudes toward interactive websites. Therefore, we conclude that:  
**H1b:**_Higher enjoyment predicts a more positive attitude toward the news._