esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Integration of Building Services in Modular Construction: A PRISMA Approach
## 1 Introduction
### Overview of Building Services Integration  
The connection between building services and modular construction involves integrating crucial HVAC, electrical, and plumbing systems into prefabricated modules. According to [PERSON] et al. [7], modular construction frequently uses pre-installed utilities or designs that facilitate straightforward connection during assembly. This junction, which focuses on integrating the intricacy of building services with the speed and efficiency of modular construction, is a critical space for innovation. Thermally activated building systems (TABS), for instance, have demonstrated economic viability for building heating and cooling by integrating the building structure as thermal energy storage into the building services concept [18].  
Buildings are among the world's primary energy consumers and contributors to carbon emissions [19]. Thermal comfort and ventilation are provided by building energy and services systems such as HVAC, lighting, and plug-loads [20]. Meanwhile, defining an ideal indoor climate during design is critical to a building's performance since it affects the comfort of its inhabitants and is critical to its energy consumption and sustainability [21]. Most buildings and the HVAC systems installed within them aim to create a suitable climate that does not negatively impact the occupants' performance or health [21]. As [PERSON] et al. [22] pointed out, energy-efficient buildings can save costs. For instance, HVAC systems are an essential component group in buildings since roughly 50% of a building's energy consumption is related to HVAC systems [23]. At the building operation stage, accurate system operation data are crucial for optimizing the HVAC system control strategy and analyzing building energy-saving potential [19]. Similarly, integrating the service systems and their parts into the structural and architectural designs and coordinating them helps prevent major roadblocks before building [24]. Figure 1 illustrates a comprehensive framework for building services engineering, highlighting the key components and their interactions within the operational environment.  
The framework collectively represents a holistic view of building services engineering, where the successful implementation of these systems requires consideration of design principles, legislative compliance, climatic adaptations, life cycle sustainability, and, more recently, technology and methods such as AI, BIM, IoT, and modular construction.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### GC-MS Analysis  
First, a 5 g thawed sample was placed in a 20 mL headspace bottle. Extraction of the flavor in the sample was then carried out by using solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber (50/30 \(\upmu\)m CAR/PDMS/DVB; Merck company, Kenilworth, NJ, USA). GC-MS analysis of the extracts was performed on a SCION SQ 456-GC (Bruker, Birrika, MA, USA) equipped with a DB-Wax column (30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 \(\upmu\)m). The method of extraction of flavor compounds and GC-MS analysis is described in the literature [20]. The retention time of each compound was converted to a retention index (RI) using n-alkanes (C6-C26) as references. Volatile compounds were identified based on comparisons of their mass spectra with those in the NIST08 database and by matching the RI values with those reported in the literature. The peak area normalization method was used for quantitative analyses and the relative contents of volatile substances were obtained.
## 4 Results
### Limitations  
This work focuses on two specific OT protocols: Modbus TCP and DNP3. These are two very widely deployed protocols that are representative of different protocol generations: whereas Modbus TCP reflects legacy constraints, DNP3 offers a more robust and modern behavior. We chose to focus on these two protocols because they share commonalities, but also provide a good contrast of approaches, resulting in divergent behavior despite sharing a common transport mechanism. Other OT protocols, like IEC-61850, PROFINET, and EtherNet/IP, each have distinct architectures, timing models, and fault-handling mechanisms. Since the focus of this study was on two protocols that rely on existing IT protocol stacks, it may not be fully generalizable to all OT communication stacks. Additional protocols will be the future subjects of study in our ongoing efforts into OT protocol cybersecurity.  
The multi-tiered testbed developed for this study included both physical hardware and emulated components, which provided a flexible and cost-effective evaluation platform. However, real-world industrial deployments often involve heterogeneous device configurations, aging infrastructure, and environmental challenges such as electromagnetic interference or extreme operating conditions. It is impractical to fully incorporate these factors into cybersecurity studies. This would require deployments in actual production environments, which for energy sector deployments is highly dangerous and could severely impact energy grid operations. Thus, our studies are all conducted in a lab environment under controlled conditions that mimic real-world conditions as best as possible. As a result, our tests may not reflect edge cases such as cross-vendor integration complexities of equipment aging effects, but we posit that it is nevertheless highly representative and provides valuable insights into OT cybersecurity considerations.
## 5 Overlapped Decoding Scheme for the Proposed QC-LDPC Code
### Overlap Controller  
To achieve high throughput in LDPC decoding, minimizing both intra- and inter-iteration waiting times is crucial [35]. To ensure the correctness of each iteration, it is necessary to update the elements before inputting them. In the proposed PCM, which relies on the uniform distribution of diagonals, all data for the first variable node will have finished updating after the first three row processes. This allows the VNU to continue processing because the elements are saved in shift-registers.
## 3 Validations of the Analytical Approach
### Numerical Bending Tests  
A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model was established for the experimental structure to reproduce the experimental bending tests. As presented in Figure 7, the numerical model of the joint with EG was established by using the software ANSYS. The concrete was simulated by using SOLID 65 elements. The bolt and SG were simulated by using SOLID 45 elements. The EG was simulated by using 3D interface elements (INTER 195), which can only be compressed in the normal direction. The contact interactions, including the interaction between the concrete and bolt, the interaction between the concrete and SG, and the interaction between the segment edges, were simulated by using \"face-to-face\" contacts. In most cases, the concrete friction coefficients ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 [30; 31], and an average value of 0.35 was adopted in the simulation. As shown in Figure 7, to optimize the number of elements, only the elements near the joint were refined. The whole numerical model contains 203,912 elements and 43,148 nodes. To improve the convergence capability, the sparse direct solver was used for these nonlinear problems, and the maximum number of equilibrium iterations of each sub-step was increased to some extent.  
Furthermore, a 3D numerical model for the segmental joint without EG was established for supplementary bending tests. The numerical model of the concrete, bolts, and SG is exactly the same as the model of the segmental joint with EG. The only differences are that it does not contain EG, and the corresponding concrete is compressed by contacts during the loading process.  
Figure 6: Sketch view of the joint rotation angle.
## 2 Theory and Experimental Method
### MR Fluid Power Distribution System
#### 2.1.3 MR Fluid Properties  
Generally, the modes of operation in which the properties of the MR fluid are applied to the clutch mechanism can be divided into two: friction mode and fluid mode. Friction mode transmits power by making contact between the disc and the plate-like dry clutch, whereas fluid mode transmits power through the shear stress of the MR fluid, which changes according to the strength of the external magnetic field, thereby reducing noise and vibration.  
A multi-plate clutch has \(N\) number of friction surfaces; however, its size and weight are different than those of a single-plate clutch. However, it was assumed that these values are the same to simplify the mathematical proof, and the torque modeling of a single-plate clutch was performed to design the MR multi-plate clutch. A single-plate clutch comprises an input shaft and an output shaft, and it is assumed that there is a friction pad between them. Moreover, \(F\) denotes the input value in friction mode.  
The transmitted torque of the clutch can be found through a torque modeling equation, as well as through the axial clamping force that acts on the clutch plate cross-section, as shown in Equation (4):  
\[F=\int_{r_{i}}^{r_{o}}2\pi rpdr=\pi p(r_{o}^{2}-r_{i}^{2}), \tag{4}\]  
where \(p\) denotes the pressure that acts on the friction pad cross-section during clutch contact (this pressure was assumed to act consistently per unit area), and \(r_{i}\) and \(r_{o}\) denote the inner and outer diameter of the clutch friction pad.  
The transmission torque \(T_{M}\) caused by the contact pressure between the plates in a single-plate clutch is shown in Equation (5).  
\[T_{M}=\iint_{r_{i}}^{r_{o}}r\mu\ sgn(\omega)dFdr=\frac{2\pi\mu p}{3}\left(r_{ o}^{3}-r_{i}^{3}\right)sgn(\omega)=\frac{2F\mu\left(r_{o}^{3}-r_{i}^{3} \right)}{3\left(r_{o}^{2}-r_{i}^{2}\right)}sgn(\omega), \tag{5}\]  
where \(\mu\) denotes the friction coefficient of the clutch friction pad, and it is defined as a function of the plate's angular velocity \(\omega\) and pressure \(p\). For more details, refer to the authors' previous study [18].
# Gaussian-UDSR: Real-Time Unbounded Dynamic Scene Reconstruction with 3D Gaussian Splitting
## 4 Experimental Evaluation
### Applications  
Figure 10 shows the editing operations on the Waymo dataset, including four parts: reconstruct scene, static background, dynamic objects, and deep rendering. The reconstruct scene presents the overall visual effect. The static background and dynamic objects demonstrate the method's ability to separate scene elements, while the deep rendering shows depth information through color-coding. In terms of applications, this research method can conveniently edit the behaviors of dynamic and static objects in autonomous driving scene editing, providing diverse scenarios for algorithm training. In sensor simulation, the deep rendering data help optimize sensor configuration and algorithms. Compared with traditional methods, it has the advantages of high efficiency, accuracy, and data-driven flexibility. In terms of innovation, this research is the first to integrate deep learning and geometric reconstruction techniques. Through the collaborative work of multiple modules, it addresses the deficiencies of existing methods in handling dynamic scenes, offering a new and effective solution for autonomous driving scene simulation and analysis.
# Building Fire Evacuation: An IoT-Aided Perspective in the 5G Era
## 4 Preliminary Design of an IoT-Aided Building Fire Evacuation Control System
### Information Sources and Data Transmission
#### 4.2.3. Evacuation Guiding  
The evacuation guiding system needs to maintain functionality at all times. Therefore, monitoring of the state of various emergency evacuation systems and remote control of the public address system and the \"smart exit signs\" system is needed. Like the fire protection systems, the state monitoring of the emergency evacuation systems can be achieved by detecting the states and transmitting the data through narrowband wireless networks. For the exit and directional sign systems, narrowband wireless communications can be used to directly build the connection between the IoT devices and the system platform due to its low transmission of data. For public address and voice alarm systems, considering that voice messages or later video streaming may even be used to aid the occupants in building fire evacuation, it is suggested to use cables to build the local connectivity and then link  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**People Counting Solutions** & **Application Scenarios** & **Solution Diagrams** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Summary of the people counting solutions for fire evacuation control.  
these systems to the IoT system platform on the cloud through a route or gateway with wired or wireless broadband networks. In this way, the voice or video guidance of the evacuation can be easily delivered by ICs from the exterior of the incident premises.  
As a summary, the overall information sources and means of data transmission for information needs of building fire evacuation control are given in Table 4.
## 5 Forest Fire Risk Prediction in China
### Forest Fire Risk Prediction Based on Satellite Data and GIS  
A forest fire potential model using satellite data and GIS (Geographic Information System) was developed to enhance appropriate fire management plans through identifying areas of high possibility for fire outbreak in China. In the fire risk model framework, the input data includes land cover map, road and village map, forest management map, vegetation water content map, and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) map. Output products include fuel risk sub-model map, fire detection sub-model map, fire response sub-model map and final fire risk model map. For instance, [PERSON] _et al._ used remotely-sensed data and GIS to map the forest fire potential of Baihe forestry bureau in Jilin Province [97]. The satellite images were interpreted and classified to generate vegetation type layer and land use layers (roads, settlements and farmlands); topographic layers (slope, aspect and altitude) were derived from DEM. The forest fire risk zones were delineated by assigning subjective weights to the classes of all the layers (vegetation type, slope, aspect, altitude and distance from roads, farmlands and settlements) according to their sensitivities to the fire or their fire-inducing capability. The mapping results of the study area were found to be in strong agreement with the actual fire-affected sites.  
The principle component analysis (PCA) method is often used to sort out the relationships between forest fire potential and environmental factors. The classifications of the factors generated from the PCA analysis were performed with GIS to generate three maps: a fuel-based fire risk map, a topography-based fire risk map, and an anthropogenic-factor fire risk map. These three maps were then synthesized to generate the final fire risk map. A linear regression method was used to analyze the relationship between an area-weighted value of forest fire risks and the frequency of historical forest fires at each forest farm[98]; the results show that the most important factor contributing to forest fire occurrence is topography, followed by anthropogenic factors.
## 3 Results
### Quality-of-Life Improvement  
Quality of life (QoL) was assessed using patient-reported outcome measures such as the International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-33) and the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS). [PERSON] et al. (2019) [47] found that participants in the trunk stabilization group reported higher QoL scores, which were associated with better pain relief and functional improvements. [PERSON] et al. (2021) [19] reported that patients in the strengthening and functional training group demonstrated significantly better QoL outcomes, as measured by iHOT-33, compared to those in the control group.  
[PERSON] et al. (2018) [5] found no significant differences in QoL between the surgical and physiotherapy groups at the two-year follow-up, suggesting that both interventions lead to comparable long-term patient satisfaction. [PERSON] et al. (2021 [29]) observed that, at twelve months, patients who underwent surgery reported higher QoL scores than those in the physiotherapy group. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. (2019) [48] found that, while the surgical group initially demonstrated greater QoL improvements, the differences between the two treatment groups diminished over time, indicating that structured rehabilitation can achieve comparable long-term outcomes.  
These findings indicate that both surgical and conservative treatments improve QoL, with rehabilitation-based interventions demonstrating sustained benefits. While surgery may provide a faster initial improvement, structured rehabilitation remains a viable alternative for achieving long-term patient satisfaction.
# Event-Triggered MFAILC Bipartite Formation Control for Multi-Agent Systems Under DoS Attacks
## 3 Design of the Controller Scheme
### Design of the Dynamic Event-Triggered Mechanism  
To lessen the strain of communication amongst agents in BFMASs and effectively conserve communication resources, an event-triggered mechanism is used to decrease the update frequency of control inputs. This is an effective approach.  
Considering the effects of both the formation error and tracking error, the DET conditions are designed as follows:  
\[S_{p}(k,i)=\kappa\Pi_{p}(k,i)+\vartheta-\left\|\xi_{ap}(k+1,i-1)-\xi_{ap}(k+1, i_{s})\right\|-\left\|e_{p}(k+1,i-1)\right\| \tag{9}\]  
where \(\xi_{ap}(k+1,i_{s})\) is the formation error of agent \(p\) recorded during the \(i_{s}\) iteration, \(\xi_{ap}\big{(}k+1,i-1\big{)}\) is the formation error from the previous iteration, and \(\kappa>0\), \(\vartheta\) is a small positive constant.  
The dynamic variant \(\Pi_{p}(k,i)\) is defined as follows:  
\[\Pi_{p}(k,i+1)=\kappa\Pi_{p}(k,i)+\vartheta-\left\|\xi_{ap}(k+1,i-1)-\xi_{ap} (k+1,i_{s})\right\|-\left\|e_{p}(k+1,i-1)\right\| \tag{10}\]  
\(i_{s}\) denotes the number of iterations when the event is triggered, which is obtained by the following equation:  
\[i_{s+1}\overset{\Delta}{=}\inf\{i\in Z^{+}\ |\ i>i_{s},S_{p}(k,i)<0\} \tag{11}\]  
The convergence proof of the event-triggered condition is provided below.  
Since \(S_{p}(k,i)\geq 0\), it follows from Equation (9) that  
\[\kappa\Pi_{p}(k,i)+\vartheta\geq\left\|\xi_{ap}(k+1,i-1)-\xi_{ap}(k+1,i_{s}) \right\|+\left\|e_{p}(k+1,i-1)\right\| \tag{12}\]  
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of DoS attack working cycle.  
Taking the norm on both sides of Equation (10), we obtain:  
\[\begin{split}&\big{\|}\Pi_{p}(k,i+1)\big{\|}\leq\kappa\big{\|}\Pi_ {p}(k,i)\big{\|}+\vartheta+\big{\|}\xi_{ap}(k+1,i-1)-\xi_{ap}(k+1,i_{s})\big{\|} +\big{\|}\epsilon_{p}(k+1,i-)\big{\|}\\ &\leq\kappa\big{\|}\Pi_{p}(k,i)\big{\|}+\vartheta+\kappa\big{\|} \Pi_{p}(k,i)\big{\|}+\vartheta\\ &\leq 2\kappa\big{\|}\Pi_{p}(k,i)\big{\|}+2\vartheta\\ &\leq(2\kappa)^{i}\big{\|}\Pi_{p}(k,1)\big{\|}+2\vartheta\frac{1 -\kappa^{i}}{1-\kappa}\end{split} \tag{13}\]  
Let \(\kappa\in(0,0.5)\) and \(S_{p}(k,i)\geq 0\); there exists a constant \(r\in R^{+}\) such that \(\big{\|}\Pi_{p}(k,i+1)\big{\|}<r\). Thus, \(\lim_{i\to\infty}\big{\|}\Pi_{p}(k,i+1)\big{\|}<\frac{2\vartheta}{1-\kappa}\).
# Application of Dimension Extending Technique to Unified Hardening Model
## 2 Introduction to the UH Model and Transformed Stress  
### UH Model  
Concerning the framework of the MCC model and the concept of the sub-loading surface, [PERSON] et al. proposed the UH model, which can reflect the gradual weakening trend of the over-consolidation ratio of over-consolidated soil throughout the entire stress change process [7]. It includes two yield surfaces, the reference yield surface and the current yield surface. The reference yield surface, as shown in MCC, takes the plastic volumetric strain as the hardening parameter, and the current yield surface has the same form as the reference yield function, as shown in Figure 1.  
Reference yield surface equation:  
\[\overline{F}=\ln\frac{\overline{p}}{\overline{p}_{x0}}+\ln(1+\frac{\overline{q}^ {2}}{M^{2}\overline{p}^{2}})-\frac{1}{c_{p}}\varepsilon_{v}^{p}=0 \tag{1}\]  
Current yield surface equation:  
\[F=\ln\frac{p}{p_{x0}}+\ln(1+\frac{q^{2}}{M^{2}p^{2}})-\frac{1}{c_{p}}H=0 \tag{2}\]  
Hardening parameter (\(H\)):  
\[H=\int\frac{M_{f}^{4}-\eta^{4}}{M^{4}-\eta^{4}}d\varepsilon_{v}^{p} \tag{3}\]  
with:  
\[M_{f}=6\left[\sqrt{\frac{k}{R}(1+\frac{k}{R})}-\frac{k}{R}\right] \tag{4}\]  
\[R=\frac{p}{\overline{p}_{x0}}(1+\frac{\eta^{2}}{M^{2}})exp(-\frac{\varepsilon _{v}^{p}}{c_{p}}) \tag{5}\]  
\[k=\frac{M^{2}}{12(3-M)} \tag{6}\]  
\[c_{p}=\frac{\lambda-\kappa}{1+e_{0}} \tag{7}\]  
\(M\) is the critical state stress ratio; \(\varepsilon_{v}^{p}\) indicates the plastic volumetric strain; \(\eta=q/p\) is the stress ratio. \(e_{0}\) is the initial void ratio; \(\overline{p}\) and \(\overline{q}\) define the mean stress and generalized shear stress on the reference yield surface. \(\overline{p}_{x0}\) and \(p_{x0}\) are the intersection points of the initial reference yield surface and the initial current yield surface with the \(p\)-axis, respectively. \(\lambda\) is the slope of the normal compression line, and \(\kappa\) is the slope of the unloading line.  
The UH model refers to both normally-consolidated and over-consolidated soils. For normally-consolidated soil, it can degenerate into the MCC model. It can reasonably describe the characteristics of the over-consolidated soil with shear expansion, shear shrinkage, hardening/softening, and stress path dependence [22].
# A Novel OFDM-Based Time Domain Quadrature GSM for Visible Light Communication System
## 4 Detection Methods
### The Traditional ML-MRC Detection Algorithm  
ML-MRC is a kind of two-step detection method. Briefly, the received TD signal vectors and the index vectors are first estimated using ML detection, and then the final estimation of the received TD samples is generated by applying MRC detection. To enhance the reception performance, it is usually necessary to perform the zero forcing (ZF) equalization on the received signal before the ML-MRC detection. More specifically, let \(\mathfrak{k}_{l}=\left[\hat{x}_{l}^{1},\hat{x}_{l}^{2},\ldots,\hat{x}_{l}^{N_{ l}}\right]^{T}\) denote the received signal vector after ZF equalization. Firstly, sort the elements of \(\mathfrak{k}_{l}\) in the descending order to obtain the corresponding sorted index vector, and then take the first \(N\) elements of the sorted index vector to form an abstracted index vector. The final index vector \(\mathfrak{v}_{l}=\left[\vartheta_{l}^{1},\vartheta_{l}^{2},\ldots,\vartheta_{l }^{N}\right]^{T}\) is generated by sorting the abstracted index vector in the ascending order. Employ \(\hat{\mathfrak{x}}_{l}\) and \(\mathfrak{v}_{l}\) to obtain the \(N\) TD signal vectors, and then the final TD samples can be obtained through MRC operation. However, one limitation of the ML-MRC detection is that the errors occurring in the ML detection will have a direct impact on the overall MRC detection performance.