esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Joint Features Contribution Analysis Results  
The symbiotic bacterial analysis generated different sets of joint feature combinations, providing a combined overview of the model's predictability corresponding to the resistance class. As expected, the aggregated contributions are lower than the individual ones but uncover additional data insights regarding the constitution of the entire trajectory along the algorithm's prediction path. These correlations reveal different genera joint impacts supporting the therapy-resistant effect. The joint feature contributions were calculated and extracted from the same Python-based random forest classifier, selected as the most performant second-phase predictive model. Enterococcus, Blautia, Subloligranulum, and Escherichia-Shigella were mostly observed contributing to the resistant group. Enterococcus is identified in correlation to Haemophilus, Intestinibacter, Ruminococcus, Lachnolostridium, Weissella, Coprococcus, and Senegalmassilia. Blautia is commonly significant with Paraprevotella, Subloligranulum, Oxalobacter, and TM7x genera. Subloligranulum is retrieved as correlated to Escherichia-Shigella, Gemella, Negativibacillus, Blautia, Paraprevotella, and Escherichia-Shigella. Escherichia-Shigella is mostly observed in aggregated relation to Subloligranulum, Coprococcus, Gemella, and Negativibacillus. The detailed aggregated features significances supporting the resistance behavior (contribution to the resistance class prediction) are presented in Table 4.  
Weissella, Eisenbergiella, Escherichia-Shigella, Slackia, Phascolarctobacterium, and Ruminococcus were mostly observed contributing to the not resistant group. Weissella (individual algorithm importance rank of 0.016418) is perceived in aggregated correlation with Slackia (0.015248) and Eisenbergiella (0.017094). Phascolarctobacterium (0.014645) is discovered in relation to Streptococcus (0.023119), Paraprevotella (0.012763), Parasuttrella (0.048950), Eisenbergiella (0.017094), and Barnesiella (0.009232). Escherichia-Shigella (0.033473) is retrieved as correlated to Negativibacillus (0.019078), Subloligranulum (0.039651), Megasphaera (0.022836), and Veillonella (0.019204). Ruminococcus (0.038257) is mostly observed with Coprochallus (0.015379), Turicibacter (0.013747), and Leuconstoc (0.012220). The detailed
###### Abstract  
The recent development of wireless wearable sensor networks offers a spectrum of new applications in fields of healthcare, medicine, activity monitoring, sport, safety, human-machine interfacing and beyond. Successful use of this technology depends on lifetime of the battery-powered sensor nodes. This paper presents a new method for extending the lifetime of the wearable sensor networks by avoiding unnecessary data transmissions. The introduced method is based on embedded classifiers that allow sensor nodes to decide if current sensor readings have to be transmitted to cluster head or not. In order to train the classifiers, a procedure was elaborated, which takes into account the impact of data selection on accuracy of a recognition system. This approach was implemented in a prototype of wearable sensor network for human activity monitoring. Real-world experiments were conducted to evaluate the new method in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption, and accuracy of human activity recognition. Results of the experimental evaluation have confirmed that, the proposed method enables significant prolongation of the network lifetime, while preserving high accuracy of the activity recognition. The experiments have also revealed advantages of the method in comparison with state-of-the-art algorithms for data transmission reduction.  
wireless sensor network; wearable sensors; activity recognition; lifetime; energy consumption; transmission suppression; embedded machine learning +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors  
os
# Recombination of Poly(Acrylic Acid) Radicals in Acidic Aqueous Solutions: A Pulse Radiolysis Study
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Physicochemical Properties of the Studied Systems
#### 3.1.3 Critical Hydrodynamic Concentrations  
Since our aim was to study the recombination reactions in the dilute regime, where the polymer coils do not interpenetrate, it was necessary to check at which concentration ranges were the above conditions fulfilled for our PAA and OAA samples. The upper limit of concentration has been determined as the critical hydrodynamic concentration, \(c^{*}\), using viscometry, as described in Section 2.3.3. Values of \(c^{*}\) for PAA and OAA are shown in Figure 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **PAA, Nominal \(M_{w}\) 450 kDa** & **OAA, Nominal \(M_{w}\) 1.8 kDa** \\ \hline \(M_{w}\) [kDa] & 555 & 3.073 \\ \(M_{n}\) [kDa] & 182 & 0.844 \\ \(M_{w}/M_{n}\) & 3.05 & 3.64 \\ Z-average \(R_{g}\) [nm] & 99 & \textless{}10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Physicochemical parameters of PAA and OAA used in this study, measured by GPC/SEC method, buffer of 0.1 mol dm\({}^{-3}\) Na\({}_{2}\)HPO\({}_{4}\), pH 9.4.  
It is evident that the concentration at which the macromolecules start to overlap decreased strongly with increasing pH. This is expected since, due to increasing linear charge density with raising degree of dissociation, the conformation of chains changes from relatively compact coils that occupy a small space to extended, rigid rods. For our kinetic study the values at pH 2 are of importance. We see that, in order to work on a system where coils do not interpenetrate, one cannot exceed around 140 mmol dm\({}^{-3}\) for PAA and 3.5 mol dm\({}^{-3}\) for the much smaller molecules of OAA. To fulfill this condition, in our experiments PAA and OAA concentrations up to 50 mmol dm\({}^{-3}\) were used.
## 3 Experimental Setup
### Setup for the ESG-Cowl Pair  
The ESG used in this study is shaped cylindrically with the specification, as summarized in Table 1, and is capable of vibrating a plate where it is attached to generate sound. It was attached to the cowl panel of the car, as shown in Figure 3. The cowl panel was a welded steel plate as a structural wall under the windshield between the engine room and the cabin of the test car, as shown in Figure 2, and was not for sound radiation. The size of the cowl panel of the test car in this study was length \(\times\) width \(\times\) thickness = about 1500 \(\times\) 100 \(\times\) 2 mm.  
The cowl panel was just one of the candidate plates in the car that was appropriate to generate sound as a secondary actuator. In the selection process, the acoustic response of the combined pair of the ESG and each candidate plate was assessed using Equations (1)-(3). The ESG was assumed to be located at the center of each plate. The sound pressure output  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Values** \\ \hline Dimensions & \(\varnothing\)65 \(\times\) 40 mm \\ \hline Max. force & 5 N (at 300 Hz) \\ \hline Frequency range & 100 to 1500 Hz \\ \hline Force rate & 0.6 N/V \\ \hline Weight & 250 g \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Specifications of the ESG.  
and the path property of the ESG-cowl pair were the most relevant to the proposed ARNC approach for suppressing the road noise in the cabin. The ESG was chosen with the cowl panel in the process at the same time as its specification satisfies the requirement to tackle road noise at 60 kph.  
Then, the ESG was finally installed near the center of the cowl panel after some trials that can provide the most relevant secondary path property for the ARNC approach, as well as a sufficiently large sound pressure to suppress the road noise in the cabin.  
Figure 4 shows the comparison of the measured sound pressure levels (SPLs) (at the driver's ear position) between the road noise (dashed line) at 60 kph and the practically maximum radiated sound (solid line) from the ESG-cowl pair with white noise input at the driver's ear. It was found that the ESG-cowl pair can make a high enough anti-sound to suppress road noise above about 100 Hz. Especially, the A-weighted SPLs of the anti-sound by the pair were about 5-12 dB higher than the road noise at 60 kph for the 3 dominant resonances in the frequency range of 100-250 Hz.
## 4 Camphor as a Chiral Starting Material and Auxiliary  
Monoterpenes are ideal for use as chiral synthons, or building blocks, for synthesis of other compounds due to their low cost and abundant availability. Camphor and camphor-derived analogues are used in a myriad of chemical reactions, as chiral auxiliaries in asymmetric synthesis or as catalysts. There are numerous reports on the use of camphor imine as a template to direct enantioselective  
Figure 2: The chemical structure of the (1_R_)-(+) and (1_S_)-(–) enantiomers of camphor.  
alkylation for the synthesis of \(\alpha\)-amino acids, \(\alpha\)-amino phosphonic acids, \(\alpha\)-substituted benzylamines and \(\alpha\)-amino alcohols. Camphenesulfonic acid, a camphor-derived organic acid, is useful for chiral reductions such as the resolution of racemic bases [9]. Other camphor analogues, with the C-8 methyl group replaced by larger and more sterically bulky groups, can significantly increase the stereoselectivity through alkylation resulting in much higher enantiomeric purity of the products [29]. Camphor can be used as the starting material for the synthesis of aromatic steroids. From the readily available (1\(S\))-(-)-camphor, direct functionalisation at the C-9 methyl group was accomplished through three efficient steps to give (-)-\(\pi\)-bromocamphor with complete retention of chirality. The bromo-ketone was converted to the cyanketone by a number of transformations. The ketone followed by POCl\({}_{3}\)-pyridine treatment to give the tricyclenone was then reacted with methyl vinyl ketone, a critical C, D intermediate in aromatic steroid synthesis. At this stage, all the chiral centres in the final product are correctly configured, the tricyclo-ring system is combined with an intermediate in aromatic steroid synthesis and all the chiral centres have the appropriate functionalities to allow completion of the steroid synthesis [30]. Vitcamphor, discovered in the urine of patients taking camphor and then extracted from dogs consuming camphor, has been used in acute heart failure as a cardiotonic drug; however, side-effects were reported as the purity of this product was low. [PERSON] _et al_. [31] chemically synthesised vitaminphor from camphor through bromination, followed by esterification, reduction, hydrolysis and oxidation resulting in a molecule with a purity of greater than 96% and an increased yield of 6% [31]. Camphor and its analogues are versatile molecules which can be used as either templates or starting materials in the synthesis of new molecules, or as catalysts in various chemical reactions.  
**Scheme 2.** The chemical synthesis of camphor.
# Control-Flow Integrity: Attacks and Protections
## 2 Memory Errors
### Heap-Based Buffer Overflow  
A heap overflow fault is a type of buffer overflow where the buffer being overwritten is allocated in the heap portion of memory, generally meaning that the buffer was allocated using a routine such as malloc() [22,23]. Numbered as CWE-122 in the MITRE's CWE list. Listing 2 shows code containing a heap overflow vulnerability. If the length of argv[1] is greater than 256, then the overflow will occur, overwriting heap memory.  
```
intmain(intargc,char*argv[]){ char*buf=malloc(256); strcpy(buf,argv[1]); }
```  
Listing 2: An example of heap-based buffer overflow.  
The only difference with respect to the stack-based overflow is the zone or area of memory where the overflow occurs. The heap is where long term global variables are allocated. While the stack is well defined and follows an invariant layout, the heap is a much more dynamic structure. The content of the heap depends on the data types used by the application (for example, an application written in C++ with a lot of virtual classes will have a heap full of function pointers), also the exact arrangement will depend on the DSA (Dynamic Storage Allocator [24]) that implements the malloc() service. Similarly, the longer the application runs, the more scrambled will be the objects allocated in the heap. Although triggering the error is pretty much the same on the stack as on the heap, all this \"entropy\" makes far more challenging the exploitation.
## 3 Impact of Cold Plasma on Packaging Properties
### Contact Angle  
Contact angle indicates the tendency of a liquid drop to spread out and adhere to the surface of materials, reflecting its wettability and hydrophilicity [58; 79]. The higher the contact angle values, the higher the tendency of the surface to repel water. In general, the application of cold plasma onto film surfaces decreases the contact angle values indicating an increase in the hydrophilicity and the wettability of the films. The effect of plasma treatment on the contact angle of the different biopolymers is summarized in Table 2. Application of cold plasma onto the film surface generates reactive species and free radicals resulting in the amplification of several polar groups like -COOH, -OH, and CO leading to increased polarity, surface tension, and surface free energy, eventually increasing the hydrophilicity and wettability of the film surface [52; 80; 93]. Another probable reason is the surface roughness caused by the etching effect that aids in the spreading of liquid onto the surface [70; 80; 94]. As reported in the published literature, the water contact angle is the function of plasma treatment time and voltage. Plasma treatment at higher voltages and with longer exposure times increases the surface roughness and polar groups, resulting in hydrophobicity and wettability of the film surface. In contrast to the general trend where the application of cold plasma decreases contact angle, DBD plasma-treated starch film showed an increase in the contact angle values. This could be due to the oxidation of the hydroxyl group into carbonyl groups, resulting in the formation of the new hydrogen bonds. These hydrogen bonds may have decreased the availability of polar groups on the surface, leading to the enhancement in hydrophobicity of the film surface [65]. Similarly, contact angle values increased for corn starch thermoplastic films treated with SF\({}_{6}\) plasma [95]. Overall, it can be concluded that the contact angle is a factor of plasma gas composition, as well as voltage and exposure time. The contact angle of a film is an important criterion to decide its suitability in packaging applications [96; 97]. The wettability of a film affects the coating, printing, absorbance, adhesion, and frictional properties of the film surface [97; 98].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of Different Parameters on the Extraction Yield and Total Carotenoids Content and Recovery
The mathematic model can be described as the second-order polynomial Equation (8):  
\[ \begin{split}\text{TEAC}=-2.85-0.00074\text{-P}+0.036\text{-Co-solvent}-3.3 3\text{E}^{-7}\text{-P}^{2}+0.000032\text{-P}\text{-T}-\\ 0.000012\text{-P}\text{-Co-solvent}-0.0014\text{-T}^{2}+0.00069\text{-T -Co-solvent}-0.0068\text{-Co-solvent}^{2}\end{split}  \tag{8}\]  
Here, several factors important in the TEAC determination such as pressure, presence of co-solvent, and quadratic interaction of temperature and co-solvent in SFE extracts of _I. galbana_. Figure 4B shows the estimated response surface and the obtained TEAC values are described in Table 2. The values were between 0.04 and 0.40 mmol TE/g at SFE condition of 30 MPa, 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 0% co-solvent and 40 MPa, 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 4% co-solvent, respectively. The optimal value was 0.42 mmol TE/g at 40 MPa, 51.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 4.9% co-solvent. Likewise, a study by [PERSON] et al. [44] demonstrated a similar influence of the factors on the TEAC response from _H. pluvialis_. Particularly, our results indicate the influence of the solvent on the yield. Other authors have also described the possibility of using different combinations of ethanol + water as co-solvent for green extraction of bioactive compounds from a diverse natural source [45; 46; 47]. The inclusion of water as co-solvent has been described as advantageous because it influences a fast and quantitative recovery of the phenolic compounds, high anthocyanin concentration, and high antioxidant capacity [48; 46]. Moreover, a reduced percentage of ethanol minimizes the cost and impact on the environment [48]. The antioxidant activity in this study was higher than that reported by other conventional methods. For example, [PERSON] et al. [39] described _Tetraselmis_ sp. with the best antioxidant capacity among 23 microalgae at 69.4 umol TE/g. _I. galbana_ is rich in antioxidant activity because of the presence of carotenoids. The number of double and allelic bonds and the presence of an acetyl functional groups in fucoxanthin are also responsible for the higher antioxidant activities [42; 49]. Fucoxanthin  
Figure 4: Response surface plot showing combined effects of pressure and temperature on (**A**) phenol content (TPC) and (**B**) TEAC method from _I. galbana_. All extractions were done with 8% co-solvent (ethanol, v/v). and its derived metabolites display antioxidant activities comparable to that of \(\alpha\)-tocopherol [43]. Nevertheless, very limited information is available about the phenolic contents and antioxidant activity using SFE in _I. galbana_.
# Delay-Sensitive Multi-Sensor Routing Scheduling Method for Underground IoT in Mines
## 5 Experimental Analysis
### Experimental Result Analysis
Comparing Figure 5 with Figures 7-9, it is found that, when the Dijkstra algorithm can obtain a better solution, the convergence speed of the genetic algorithm based on the Dijkstra algorithm is relatively slow compared with the greedy algorithm. When the Dijkstra algorithm can obtain a better solution than the greedy algorithm, the genetic algorithm has a relatively fast convergence speed based on the greedy algorithm. The reason is that, when the initial solution is poor, there are more ways to iterate to a better solution; when  
As shown in Figures 10 and 11, the genetic algorithm based on Dijkstra has more advantages in the final result of the completion rate than the genetic algorithm based on the greedy algorithm. At the same time, the convergence speed of the genetic algorithm based on Dijkstra tends to be faster when the total number of packets increases; the advantages of the genetic algorithm based on Dijkstra will be more obvious. In the experiments presented in this paper, the parameters of the genetic algorithm were set based on experimental data and optimized through multiple iterations of testing. After adjusting and selecting the optimal parameter combination, the final settings were chosen. In practical engineering applications, the parameter settings of the genetic algorithm can significantly impact the results. Typically, optimization techniques such as particle swarm optimization are used for parameter tuning. As there is already related work on this topic, we do not elaborate further on this aspect in this paper. Figure 10: Comparison of completion rates when Station is 10 and Package is 200. Figure 9: Comparison of fitness when Station is 15 and Package is 250.
Providing Security for Flash Loan System Using Cryptocurrency Wallets Supported by XSalsa20 in a Blockchain Environment  
[PERSON]  
1  
2
2  
These early steps toward automation made possible the sophisticated lending systems that the world utilizes today [2], which employ state-of-the-art technologies for a genuinely simplified loan experience. Also, this tremendous development in the field of loan systems, in addition to the capabilities, means, and tools that help in development, has emerged a new type of loan that is the subject of research, which is flash loans. Because they let payees borrow large amounts of money without requiring collateral as long as the money is paid back within the same transaction block, flash loans are special. The modern financial system cannot function without loan systems. These can be divided into two main categories: Loan Origination Systems (LOSs) and Loan Management Systems (LMSs) [3]. LOS software helps payers assess applications, obtain payee data, and generate the documentation required to initiate a loan. After the loan is granted, LMS software takes over and automates processes like interest calculations, payment tracking, and even identifying possible defaults. By streamlining the entire loan process, from application to repayment, loan systems benefit both payees and payers. For payers, they improve efficiency, reduce errors, and provide valuable data for informed lending decisions. For payees, they offer a smoother application process, faster approvals, and easier loan management. As long as the data for payers and all the lending system's data are online, this makes them ever vulnerable to the danger of hacking, loss, or even the system lockdown. This is the reason that the security issue is a crucial issue in such systems.  
With the tremendous development of technology, this development carries not only positives but also negatives, as data are exposed to dangers, hacking, and loss. In February 2020, one of the first and most well-known flash loan assaults happened on the decentralized lending protocol bZx. The attacker manipulated the price of Ethereum, a decentralized, open-source blockchain system, in order to profit from it by combining flash loans, price manipulation, and a re-entrancy flaw. A flash loan attack in April 2020 compromised the dForce (decentralized finance) protocol [4], thus allowing about $25 million worth of cryptocurrency to be stolen. By taking advantage of a weakness in the lending protocol, the attackers were able to manipulate balances and borrow and deposit money on a regular basis. As attacks evolve and new varieties appear regularly, as a result, new defense mechanisms and methods must be created, particularly for systems handling funds, client information, and bank reputations. This calls for the ongoing improvement of financial systems, and in our proposal, we have developed a system that protects the rights of payers and payees while simultaneously sending off a variety of contemporary attacks. The next subsection will clarify the traditional technique to secure the lending system.