# Urban Vulnerability Assessment of Sea Level Rise in Singapore through the World Avatar
## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, we augmented The World Avatar to provide a multi-perspective vulnerability assessment on sea level rise in Singapore. We developed OntoSeaLevel, an ontology to represent sea level rise, and its key attributes were developed to describe the relationships of sea level rise and its broader impact on other urban elements described by other ontologies, such as road networks described by OpenStreetMap ontology, buildings described by OntoBuiltEnv, land plot and designated land use described by Ontoplt and OntoZoning. We implemented computational agents to synthesise, integrate, and instantiate multiple previously isolated data that exist in various data formats (i.e., GeoJSON, GML, CSV). These data include OpenStreetMap data, cultural sites data, governmental data, and industry data. The building's representation is semantically enriched with integrated information such as property usage, building floor, gross floor area value, and estimated construction cost. A computational agent is applied to identify and instantiate the instances of impacted sites (i.e., vulnerable buildings, land plots, cultural sites, and populations at risk) vulnerable to the sea level rise projection scenario. The sea level rise projection scenario vulnerable area was derived using a simplistic bathtub inundation model from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Global 1 arc second elevation model. The resulting unified representation of vulnerable buildings, road networks, land plots, cultural sites, and populations at risk from sea level rise through ontologies provides a comprehensive, multi-domain perspective, encompassing both tangible infrastructural and cultural aspects of vulnerable assets. This visualisation enables administrators to perform vulnerability assessment at both a country-wide and localised scale, perform resource allocation prioritisation on significant assets (i.e., carrying either more economical value or cultural value), and streamline the integrated spatial planning process considering aspects including population distribution, underlying land use, existing infrastructures, and vulnerable area. Future work includes accounting for population growth and changes due to migration. However, the existing available population distribution projections under various shared socioeconomic pathways still lack the granularity needed for meaningful analysis [67]. The current model for sea level rise modelling-bathtub inundation modelling is critically dependent on the quality of the digital elevation model; therefore, using a more accurate digital elevation model can lead to significantly improved results. In addition, applying a more sophisticated sea level rise modelling approach that considers factors such as high tide scenarios, extreme weather events, and pluvial flooding can yield a more accurate vulnerability assessment analysis. The results shown in this study strongly depend on the quality of input data models. All analysis published in this paper is based on public domain available data; therefore, the findings should be interpreted with caution. In future research, we will collaborate with the National Environment Agency Singapore and the Nanyang Technological University Singapore to enhance the accuracy of our sea level rise models and analysis, as well as to validate the impacts of sea level rise. Conceptualization, S.Z.P., K.F.L., S.G., M.T.N., A.M., B.P.H. and M.K. ; Data curation, S.Z.P., K.F.L., Y.-K.T., J.Y., T.N. and B.P.H. ; Formal analysis, S.Z.P., K.F.L., Y.-K.T., S.G. and J.Y. ; Funding acquisition, M.K. ; Investigation, S.Z.P., K.F.L., Y.-K.T., J.Y. and T.N. ; Methodology, S.Z.P., K.F.L., Y.-K.T., J.Y. and T.N. ; Project administration, S.Z.P., S.G., M.A., M.B.P.H. and M.K. ; Resources, A.M., B.P.H. and M.K. ; Software, S.Z.P., K.F.L., Y.-K.T. and J.Y. ; Supervision, S.M., A.M., B.P.H. and M.K. ; Validation, S.Z.P., K.F.L., Y.-K.T., S.G. and T.N. ; Visualisation, S.Z.P., K.F.L. and Y.-K.T. ; Writing--original draft, S.Z.P., K.F.L., Y.-K.T., S.G. and J.Y.