# A Comprehensive Literature Review on Hydrogen Tanks: Storage, Safety, and Structural Integrity
## 3 Historical Perspective
### Early 20 th Century  
The 19 th century marked a pivotal era for the understanding and application of hydrogen storage principles, primarily influenced by the groundbreaking work of scientists such as Sir [PERSON] and [PERSON] [6; 68]. [PERSON], often credited as the pioneer of fuel cells, laid the groundwork for hydrogen utilization by demonstrating its ability to produce electricity through chemical reactions [69]. [PERSON]'s discoveries in the 1830s regarding the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide were pivotal in advancing hydrogen generation and storage methods [70; 71]. These early investigations set the stage for subsequent developments in hydrogen storage technologies, as evidenced by subsequent studies cited in the literature [72].  
During the early 20 th century, the growing interest in hydrogen as a potential energy carrier prompted research into effective storage methods [73]. The works of chemists such as [PERSON] and [PERSON] played a significant role in elucidating the thermodynamic principles governing hydrogen storage [74; 75]. [PERSON]'s formulation of the Third Law of Thermodynamics provided invaluable insights into the behavior of gases at low temperatures [76], laying the groundwork for cryogenic hydrogen storage techniques [77]. [PERSON]'s studies on gas reactions and kinetics further advanced our understanding of hydrogen storage processes, contributing to the development of high-capacity storage materials [78].  
In the following decades, research efforts intensified from the 1920s to the 1930s, focusing on enhancing the efficiency and safety of hydrogen storage systems [79]. Notable advancements during this period include the pioneering work of [PERSON], whose invention of the vacuum flask in 1892 revolutionized cryogenic storage methods [80]. [PERSON]'s innovative approach allowed for the long-term preservation of LH\({}_{2}\) at extremely low temperatures, paving the way for its widespread use in scientific research and industrial applications [23]. Concurrently, researchers explored alternative storage technologies, including metal hydrides and chemical storage compounds, aiming to overcome the limitations of cryogenic storage and facilitate practical hydrogen utilization [81; 82; 83].  
During the 1940s and 1950s, considerable progress was made in hydrogen storage technologies, driven by the growing demand for hydrogen as a feedstock for various industrial processes and the emergence of applications in the aerospace and energy sectors [84].  
Researchers concentrated on optimizing storage materials and systems to meet the evolving needs of a diverse range of end-users [85].  
One noteworthy advancement during this period was the refinement of metal hydride-based storage systems [86]. Building upon early experiments conducted by researchers such as [PERSON] and [PERSON] in the mid-20 th century [87; 88], scientists and engineers explored novel metal hydride compositions with improved hydrogen storage capacities and kinetics [89]. The capacity of certain metals, such as titanium and magnesium, to form hydrides with high hydrogen uptake capabilities attracted considerable interest, leading to the development of compact and efficient hydrogen storage solutions for portable and stationary applications [90; 91].