# Cell Response to Oxidative Stress in Antarctic Filamentous Fungi
## 7 Cold Stress Response of Antarctic Fungi and Adaptation
### Morphological Modification Caused by Cold Stress  
The morphological adaptations of cold-adapted fungi are well-suited for surviving in challenging environmental conditions. The phenomenon of meristematic growth, which \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Strain** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sources**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Response**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**References**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Activation of antioxidant enzyme defence**} \\ \hline Epicoccum nigrum & Livingston Island & SOD, CAT & [43] \\ \hline _Monodictys austrrina_ & Livingston Island & SOD, CAT & [43] \\ \hline _Penicillin aurantiogriseum_ & Livingston Island & SOD, CAT & [43] \\ \hline _Penicillinundierckii_ & Livingston Island & SOD, CAT & [43] \\ \hline _Penicillin italicum_ & Livingston Island & SOD, CAT & [43] \\ \hline _Penicillin olsonii_ & Livingston Island & SOD, CAT & [43] \\ \hline _Penicillin vaksmanii_ & Livingston Island & SOD, CAT & [43] \\ \hline _Pseudogymoascus_ & Livingston Island & SOD, CAT & [43] \\ _pannorum_ & Livingston Island & SOD, CAT & [43] \\ \hline _Rhizopus_ sp. & Livingston Island & SOD, CAT & [43] \\ \hline _Penicillin rubens_ III11-2 & Livingstone Island & CAT & [53] \\ \hline _Penicillin olsonii_ p14 & Terra Nova Bay & SOD, CAT & [52] \\ \hline _Penicillin waksmanii_ m12, & Terra Nova Bay & SOD, CAT & [52] \\ \hline _Aspergillus funigatus_ I-9 & & CAT & [167] \\ \hline _Penicillin cyclopium_ & Spitsbergen & CAT & [195] \\ \hline _Rhodotorula_ sp. & & & \\ USM-PSY62 & Casey Station & CAT & [196] \\ \hline _Volvariella volvacea_ & Cold-adapted & GPx & [197] \\ \hline _Penicillin_ sp. & Not specified Antarctic site & Mn-Peroidase & [198] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Molecules with antioxidant and scavenging properties**} \\ \hline _Aspergillus versicolor_ & Deep-sea sediments & Phenolic compounds & [199] \\ \hline _Penicillin_ & & & \\ _citreonigrum_ SP-6 & Antarctic Great Wall Station & Phenolic compounds & [200] \\ \hline _Cryomyces antarcticus_ & Victoria Land & Melanin & [201] \\ \hline _Knufa petricola_ A95 & Cold adapted & Carotenoids & [202] \\ \hline _Rhodosporidium_ & & & \\ _kratochlorove_ & Cold adapted & Carotenoids & [166] \\ \hline _Penicillin_ & & & \\ _citreonigrum_ SP-6 & Antarctic Great Wall Station & Diketopiperazine & [200] \\ \hline _Geomyces panmorum_ & Terra Nova Bay & Phenolic compounds & [181] \\ \hline _Goffeauzyna gastrica_ & King George Island & Antifreeze proteins & [169] \\ \hline _Goffeauzyna gastrica_ & King George Island & Ergosterolol & [169] \\ \hline _Leucosporidium_ & & & \\ _creantitvorum_ & King George Island & Ergosterolol & [169] \\ \hline _Vishniacozyma victoriae_ & King George Island & Ergosterolol & [169] \\ \hline _Exophila xenobiotica_ & Galindez Island & Pigments & [203] \\ \hline _Rhodotorula mucilaginosa_ & King George Island & Pigments & [203] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._involves a shift toward isodiametric expansion, serves as a specific adaptation to stress, establishing a stable characteristic among fungi that thrive in extreme environments. These fungi demonstrate a high degree of adaptability to significant environmental stressors, particularly low temperatures, through mechanisms such as melaninization and the promotion of meristematic development [185]. Such growth helps maintain an optimal volume-to-surface ratio, effectively limiting their interaction with external stressors [76; 204]. Meristematic development of hyphae has been reported for black yeast-like fungus _Exophilata dermatitis_[204; 205], _Friedmannomyces endolithicus_[185; 206], rock-inhibiting Antarctic fungi [207], etc. Fourteen fungal species isolated from Livingston Island, Antarctica, demonstrated morphological peculiarities growing at low temperatures [47]. The prevalence of melanized species indicates the advantageous function of melanin in their survival in extreme conditions.