esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Oxidative Stress-Related Biomarkers  
Antioxidant effects were evaluated by measuring malondialdehydedehyde (MDA) levels as well as catalase and SOD activity. Compared to the db/db control, erythrocyte MDA levels were significantly lower (49.63%, 23.03%, and 37.36% lower) in the FA, RG_30E, and RG_50E group, respectively (Figure 4a, \(p\) < 0.05). Hepatic MDA levels were 83.26% and 38.43% lower in FA and RG_50E mice compared to the db/db controls (Figure 4b, \(p\) < 0.05). FA, RG_30E, and RG_50E mice exhibited a significant increase of 97.86%, 92.04%, and 92.00%, respectively, in hepatic SOD activity (Figure 4d, \(p\) < 0.05). In contrast, hepatic catalase did not increase significantly in FA, RG_30E, or RG_50E mice (Figure 4c, \(p\) < 0.05).  
Figure 2: The effects of fermented rice germ extracts on the glucose tolerance in db/+ mice and db/db mice. **(a)** Fasting blood glucose levels were measured for 120 min after oral administration; **(b)** The area under the curve (AUC) of blood glucose levels. db/+, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and normal diet; db/db, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and normal diet; RG_30E, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and modified diet with RG_30E; RG_50E, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and modified diet with RG_50E; FA, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and modified diet with ferulic acid. Data with letters are significantly different (\(p\) < 0.05) according to [PERSON]’s multiple range test.  
Figure 4: The effects of fermented rice germ extracts on malondialdehydedehyde (MDA) levels and hepatic antioxidant enzymes in db/+ mice and db/db mice. (**a**) Erythrocyte MDA concentration; (**b**) Hepatic MDA concentration; (**c**) Hepatic catalase; (**d**) Hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. db/+, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and normal diet; db/db, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and normal diet; RG_30E, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and modified diet with RG_30E; RG_50E, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and modified diet with RG_50E; FA, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and modified diet with ferulic acid. Data with letters are significantly different (\(p<0.05\)) according to [PERSON]’s multiple range test.  
Figure 3: The effects of fermented rice germ extracts on hepatic lipid profiles in db/+ mice and db/db mice. (**a**) Hepatic triglyceride levels and (**b**) Hepatic total cholesterol levels. db/+, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and normal diet; db/db, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and normal diet; RG_30E, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and modified diet with RG_30E; RG_50E, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and modified diet with RG_50E; FA, C57 BL/6 KsJ-db/+ mice and modified diet with ferulic acid. Data with letters are significantly different (\(p<0.05\)) according to [PERSON]’s multiple range test.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Electrophysiological Model  
The simplified reaction-diffusion Mitchell-Schaeffer (MS) electrophysiological model [43], together with a diffusion term [42], was used at the cellular level. The MS method allowed us to simulate the electrical activation sequence of the swine hearts with an ionic model of the ventricular action potential duration (APD) composed of only two currents: one inward and one outward. The computation of the voltage and depolarization phase over time is performed with the following partial differential equations:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial v}{\partial t}=div(\mathbf{D}\
abla v)+ \frac{wv(1-v)}{\tau_{in}}-\frac{v}{\tau_{out}}+\mathbf{I}_{app}\\ \frac{\partial w}{\partial t}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{1-w}{\tau_{ open}}\text{ifvs.}<v_{gate}\\ \frac{-w}{\tau_{close}}\text{ifvs.}>v_{gate}\end{array}\right.,\end{array}\right. \tag{1}\]  
where \(\mathbf{I}_{a}pp\in\mathbb{R}\) describes the initial stimulus of the transmembrane potential \(v\in\mathbb{R}\), \(w\in\mathbb{R}\) controls the depolarization phase, and \(v_{gate}\in\mathbb{R}\) determines where the APD starts. Furthermore, \(\tau_{open}\), \(\tau_{close}\), \(\tau_{in}\), and \(\tau_{out}\in\mathbb{R}\) govern the duration of the four stages of the APD (i.e., initiation, plateau, decay, and recovery). The diffusion term, \(div(\mathbf{D}\
abla v)\), includes cardiomyocyte orientation, with the diffusion tensor, \(\mathbf{D}\in\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3}\), defined as in [44]:  
\[\mathbf{D}=(f\otimes f(1-ar)+I\cdot ar)\cdot d \tag{2}\]  
There are three main parameters in Equation (2) to take into account: the cardiomyocyte-ocyte orientation vector, \(\mathbf{f}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\); the diffusion coefficient, \(d\in\mathbb{R}\), which controls the action potential propagation speed; and the anisotropic ratio, \(ar\in\mathbb{R}\), which determines the relation between conduction velocities and cardiomyocyte orientation (e.g., \(ar=1\) will define an isotropic behavior). We tested different values for \(ar\) (from 0.01 to 0.5), finally fixing to 0.01 (i.e., giving more weight to cardiomyocyte orientation) for all cases. The cardiomyocyte-ocyte orientation was provided in all studied biventricular meshes by the CRT-Epiggy19 organizers from the rule-based model proposed by [PERSON] et al. [41], which is adapted to replicate histological data of both left and right ventricles. Finally, \(\mathbf{I}\in\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3}\) defines the identity matrix and \(\otimes\) the tensor product. Overall, only six parameters are necessary in the MS model, which is convenient for model personalization.
## 4 Discussion
### Layman Participation and Modeling Methods  
In this study, the modeling method is simplified into the placement of a cube that can be manipulated. In previous MAR research, developing the first version of the Urban CoBuilder, the model was constructed by stacking cubes of 3 \(\times\) 3 \(\times\) 3 m dimensions with different facade textures [37; 70]. Users considered this method easy enough to start modeling quite complex and somewhat realistic buildings. However, the method required too many cube blocks to complete a building structure to be used as an urban planning tool, not least due to the processing capacity of the smartphones being too limited for managing such a high number of cube blocks [37; 70]. In the present study, placing just one cube representing each building was lightweight enough for the processing capacity of various devices, but then the stakeholders were limited in creating the more elaborate  
Figure 13: Problematic issues with the 3D mesh model. The vegetation is broken into polygons in close-up detail, and the building volumes are placed on top of the vegetation. The image to the left shows the web-based desktop station, the image in the middle MAR illustrations occlusion issues when the background 3D model is hidden, and the image to the right shows when the background mesh model is projected on-site. The roughness of the vegetation in the model is problematic when zoomed in. Likewise, the projection on MAR shows rough occluded cuts at the bottom (Image in the middle).  
building forms typically needed in the recreation of planning projects. In response, various methods were proposed, such as drawing a polygon and extruding it to create the height of the building, but this needs to be tested further with a broader set of stakeholders. Such a method would also facilitate precision in building localization using MAR by participants walking from corner to corner of a proposed building on site, marking the building's shape and location. Although citizen involvement with support from a 3D modeler would probably benefit from more elaborate modeling methods, the current ambition for multiple stakeholders to create design input using their own devices requires further studies on how to balance simplicity (to satisfy usability and capacity of devices) and minimum necessities for shaping relevant urban forms.
# AAGA: A Priori Adaptive Splitting Algorithm for the Split Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem
## 2 Problem Definition and the Proposed Solution
### Proposed Heuristic Algorithm for SDVRP  
A Priori Splitting Rule  
The proposed splitting rule in [30] is inspired by the US coin denominations. The authors propose two splitting options \(20/10/5/1\), and \(25/10/5/1\). The first option replaces customer \(i\), with the demand of \(d_{i}\), by \(m_{20}^{i}\), \(m_{10}^{i}\), \(m_{5}^{i}\) and \(m_{1}^{i}\) customers with the demand values of \(0.2Q\), \(0.1Q\), \(0.05Q\) and \(0.01Q\), respectively. Hence, we have:  
\[m_{20}^{i}=max\{m\in\mathbb{Z}^{+}\cup\{0\}:0.2 Qm\leq d_{i}\}; \tag{1}\]  
\[m_{10}^{i}=max\{m\in\mathbb{Z}^{+}\cup\{0\}:0.1 Qm\leq d_{i}-0.2 Qm_{20}^{i}\}; \tag{2}\]  
\[m_{5}^{i}=max\{m\in\mathbb{Z}^{+}\cup\{0\}:0.05 Qm\leq d_{i}-0.2 Qm_{20}^{i}-0. 1 Qm_{10}^{i}\}; \tag{3}\]  
\[m_{1}^{i}=max\{m\in\mathbb{Z}^{+}\cup\{0\}:0.01 Qm\leq d_{i}-0.2 Qm_{20}^{i}-0. 1 Qm_{10}^{i}-0.05 Qm_{5}^{i}\}. \tag{4}\]  
A similar breakdown can be given for the second splitting rule option. Using the splitting rule \(20/10/5/1\), the demand of customer \(i\) is split into \(m^{i}=m_{20}^{i}+m_{10}^{i}+m_{5}^{i}+m_{1}^{i}\) smaller values. The customer \(i\) is then replaced by \(m^{i}\) customers located at the same position as customer \(i\) and with the demand values resulting from (1)-(4). After applying the splitting rule to all customers, a new graph is constructed with \(m=\sum_{i=1}^{n}m^{i}\) vertices (customers). The new graph is considered as an instance of the CVRP and the VRPH solver is used to solve it. The resulting solution is also a solution to the original SDVRP instance. In the next section, we justify the essence of the adaptation of the splitting rule and propose the AASA algorithm.
# Towards the Quantum Internet: Satellite Control Plane Architectures and Protocol Design
###### Abstract  
The creation of the future quantum Internet requires the development of new systems, architectures, and communications protocols. As a matter of fact, the optical fiber technology is affected by extremely high losses; thus, the deployment of a quantum satellite network (QSN) composed of quantum satellite repeaters (QSRs) in low Earth orbit would make it possible to overcome these attenuation problems. For these reasons, we consider the design of an ad hoc quantum satellite backbone based on the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm with a modular two-tier Control Plane (CP). The first tier of the CP is embedded into a Master Control Station (MCS) on the ground, which coordinates the entire constellation and performs the management of the CP integrated into the constellation itself. This second tier is responsible for entanglement generation and management on the selected path. In addition to defining the SDN architecture in all its components, we present a possible protocol to generate entanglement on the end-to-end (E2E) path. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of the developed protocol in terms of the latency required to establish entanglement between two ground stations connected via the quantum satellite backbone.  
quantum Internet; quantum satellite internetworking protocol; software-defined networking +
Footnote †: journal:
## 2 Model and Method
### Model of DES Optimization  
#### 2.4.1 Objective Function  
The comprehensive evaluation index (CEI) is taken as the objective function. To comprehensively improve the performance of the DES, the saving rate of the annual total cost, the reduction rate of carbon emission, and the improvement rate of energy efficiency of the DES compared with SP are considered as the influencing factors of the objective function. The higher the CEI, the better the DES performance. The equipment capacities of the gas turbine, gas boiler, and electric refrigeration unit are taken as the independent variables of the optimization model. The objective function equation is as follows:  
\[maxCEI\ =\alpha\cdot R_{ATC}\ +\beta\cdot R_{CE}\ +\gamma\cdot R_{EE} \tag{3a}\] \[R_{ATC}=1-ATC_{DES}/ATC_{SP}\] (3b) \[R_{CE}=1-CE_{DES}/CE_{SP}\] (3c) \[R_{EE}=1-EE_{SP}/EE_{DES} \tag{3d}\]  
where \(CEI\) is the comprehensive evaluation index of DES; \(ATC\), \(CE\), and \(EE\) are the annual total cost, carbon emission, and energy efficiency of systems, respectively; and \(R_{ATC}\), \(R_{CE}\), and \(R_{EE}\) are the change rate of \(ATC\), \(CE\), and \(EE\), respectively.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Analytical Methods Used as Reponses in Experimental Design of Extraction Optimization (EO)  
#### 2.2.1 Determination of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) Content  
The TPC content in CS extracts was performed by using the modified version of colorimetric method with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent [47]. A total of 40 \(\upmu\)L of the filtered CS extract sample was mixed with 3.16 mL of distilled water, 200 \(\upmu\)L of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent procured from Chempur (Poland), and 600 \(\upmu\)L 20% (\(w/v\)) sodium carbonate solution. After shaking, the obtained mixture was transferred to a dark place and kept at an ambient temperature for 2 hours' duration. Subsequently, the measurements of the absorbance of the tested samples were performed at 765 nm by using a Shimadzu UV-1280 spectrophotometer (Kyoto, Japan). The gallic acid standard solutions at range 0.29-5.88 mM were applied to plotting a calibration curve. The TPC results were expressed as \(\upmu\)mol of gallic acid equivalent per gram of coffee silverskin dry matter (\(\upmu\)mol GAE/g CS d.m.).
## 8 Security and Privacy Risk Assessment
### Security and Privacy Risk Assessment at the Requirements Analysis Phase
#### 8.3.1.4 Identify and Document the Adverse Impacts  
An adverse impact of a security breach can be described in terms of loss or degradation of confidentiality, integrity, availability and privacy of data. TIR 57 outlines a set of questions to identify the adverse impact. This framework has extended those questions by the addition of point 4 below:  
1. What is the impact if that asset's confidentiality is compromised, and the information it contained is made available to an attacker?
2. What is the impact if that asset's integrity is compromised?
3. What is the impact if that asset is made unavailable?
4. What is the impact if that asset's privacy is compromised?
5. Can the immediate impact of a compromised asset lead to another type of attack or vulnerability?  
The members of the assessor team will review each threat and vulnerability and ask the above questions to identify the adverse impacts. For example, if the attacker launches a DoS attack on the webserver and makes the service unavailable, it will have an impact on the service operation and business mission. Finally, document the adverse impact of each threat and vulnerability in the security risk assessment report.
# Ras Isoforms from Lab Benches to Lives--What Are We Missing and How Far Are We?
## 5 Missing Pieces in the Ras Puzzle
### Ras Isoform-Specific Roles in Embryonic Development  
The differential involvement of Ras isoforms in development is also of prime importance. K-Ras is indispensable for embryonic development, as demonstrated by the embryonic lethality of K-Ras\({}^{-/-}\). H-Ras and N-Ras are unable to functionally compensate for the effects caused due to the knockout of K-Ras in mice [114]. [PERSON] et al. later found that there is a partial overlap in the functioning of Ras isoforms. _N-Ras\({}^{-/-}\)/K-Ras\({}^{+/-}\)_, died neonatally whereas, when compared to _K-Ras\({}^{-/-}\)_, _H-Ras\({}^{-/-}\)/K-Ras\({}^{-/-}\)_ embryos died much earlier during fetal development. Transgene expression of Human H-Ras in various  
Figure 5: Ras is activated not only by receptor tyrosine kinases but also by receptors enriched on immune cells like B cell receptor, T cell receptor, CD40 receptor, and certain Toll-like receptors. On receptor ligation, the signal relay occurs through upstream kinases or adaptor proteins that activate guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Ras isoforms have activator specificities that are context-dependent. Once activated H, K and N-Ras activate specific effectors that contain-Ras-binding domain (RBD). The signal is further relayed downstream via MAPK cascades which leads to activation of transcription factors and hence cellular responses.  
mice mutants including triple mutant rescued the mice from lethality [115]. K-Ras4A and K-Ras4B are differentially expressed in mouse embryogenesis and in adult tissues. Although K-Ras4A is expressed early in embryogenesis, both inbred and crossbred mice with heterozygous deletion of exon 4A developed into healthy and fertile adult mice. This shows that K-Ras4A is dispensable for embryo development and the embryonical lethality of complete K-Ras knockout (lacking both splice variants) is due to lack of expression of K-Ras4B [116]. Another experiment showed the importance of H and N-Ras in pulmonary development in C57 Bl/6 mice. Although the double knockouts (DKO) mice for H/N-Ras were viable, the number of DKO animals obtained upon breeding H-Ras knockout (_H-Ras\({}^{-/-}\)-N-Ras\({}^{+/-}\)_) with N-Ras knockout (_H-Ras\({}^{+/-}\)_; _N-Ras\({}^{-/-}\)_) were low in number. The underlying reason for the fatality of DKO offspring immediately after birth was pulmonary distress by the accumulation of ceramide in the lungs. This exemplifies the role of H-Ras and N-Ras in neonatal pulmonary maturation, which cannot be compensated for by K-Ras [117].
# TSCH Multiflow Scheduling with QoS Guarantees:
## 3 Results
### Deadline Satisfaction Ratio  
The low delays obtained by SDN WISE-TSCH and the constant PIAT values demonstrate the determinism of this proposal. This can be seen in Figure 11a, where in all nodes the deadline can be guaranteed for each flow with a rate of 100% in contrast to Orchestra which needs low saturation conditions, as was the case in node 10, to be at 85%. For node 9, which generates the most traffic, Orchestra cannot guarantee the deadlines, obtaining only 2% in the best case. Finally, for node 8, Orchestra obtains only 17%.
# Multi-Device Security Application for Unmanned Surface and Aerial Systems
## 4 Results
### Experiment Limitations  
Due to time constraints and the complexities of coding and implementing robust network controls and message-handling schemes, we opted to use application threading to manage MLS group users for development simplicity. Consequently, we forfeited a more complex design that can dynamically set up, update, and track multiple TCP connections.  
This design decision also affected message handling. Per the error discovered in phase two testing, our application does not have the necessary exception handling and concurrency controls to manage out-of-sequence MLS maintenance messages. Therefore, our application is susceptible to the message receive rate, which can be quite fast in UxS settings. The use of a Delivery Service in combination with concurrency controls can overcome this implementation limitation by blocking the MLS group members from sending new messages until all group members have processed the new group key.
# Sunspot Detection Using YOLOv5 in Spectroheliograph H-Alpha Images
## 3 Related Work
### Hierarchical Method for Quick and Automatic Recognition of Sunspots
Since the dataset did not include the classification for all the sunspots found, two neural networks were created: one only for the detection of sunspots and the other for classifications of the sunspots found. The neural networks used were feed-forward supervised learning networks. The best model developed for the detection of the active regions reached a maximum accuracy of 80.75%, while for the classification algorithm, the best model reached a maximum level of 88%. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Class** & **X-ray Peak Flux in W/m\({}^{2}\) between 1 Å and 8 Å** \\ \hline A & \(<\)10\({}^{-7}\) \\ B & \(\geq\)10\({}^{-7}\) and \(<\)10\({}^{-6}\) \\ C & \(\geq\)10\({}^{-6}\) and \(<\)10\({}^{-5}\) \\ M & \(\geq\)10\({}^{-5}\) and \(<\)10\({}^{-4}\) \\ X & \(\geq\)10\({}^{-4}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Classification of the solar flares according to their peak flux, in \(W/m^{2}\)([PERSON] et al. [28]).
## 2 Method
### Fixed Point Stability Analysis
#### 2.2.2 Fixed Point Stability in the Case of Fourth-Power Link Cost Functions  
Assume now that the travel cost functions of the two routes have the following forms:  
\[K_{1}(F)=K^{0}+\gamma F^{4}\qquad\quad(\gamma>0)\quad 0\leq F\leq 1 \tag{58}\]  
\[K_{2}(F)=K^{0}+\gamma(1-F)^{4}\quad(\gamma>0)\quad 0\leq F\leq 1 \tag{59}\]  
where \(K^{0}\) and \(\gamma\) have the meaning already defined in Section 2.2.1. We note that (58) and (59) have the form of the classical BPR function, which is widely used in traffic assignment applications.  
From (58) and (59) it follows that \(V(F)=\gamma\big{(}4F^{3}-6F^{2}+4F-1\big{)}\), so that system (19) and (20) becomes:  
\[Z^{t}=\beta\gamma\left[4\left(F^{t-1}\right)^{3}-6\left(F^{t-1}\right)^{2}+4F^ {t-1}-1\right]+(1-\beta)Z^{t-1} \tag{60}\]  
\[F^{t}=\alpha\left[\frac{1+\varphi\Big{\{}\exp\left(\mu\left[\beta\gamma \left(4\left(F^{t-1}\right)^{3}-6\left(F^{t-1}\right)^{2}+4F^{t-1}-1\right)+(1 -\beta)Z^{t-1}\right]\right)-1\Big{\}}}{1+\exp\left(\mu\left[\beta\gamma \left(4\left(F^{t-1}\right)^{3}-6\left(F^{t-1}\right)^{2}+4F^{t-1}-1\right)+(1 -\beta)Z^{t-1}\right]\right)}\right]+(1-\alpha)F^{t-1} \tag{61}\]  
and the fixed point conditions (21) and (22) can be rewritten as:  
\[\widetilde{Z}=\gamma\left(4\widetilde{F}-6\widetilde{F}^{2}+4\widetilde{F}- 1\right) \tag{62}\]  
\[\widetilde{F}=\frac{1+\varphi\left[\exp\left(\mu\widetilde{Z}\right)-1\right] }{1+\exp\left(\mu\widetilde{Z}\right)} \tag{63}\]  
Again, we can immediately see that \(\left(\widetilde{Z}=0,\widetilde{F}=0.5\right)\) is a solution to (62) and (63). Since in this case \(\frac{dV}{dF}=\gamma\big{(}12F^{2}-12F+4\big{)}\), the local stability condition (44) becomes:  
\[\frac{1}{2}+\frac{4(\alpha+\beta)-2\alpha\beta-8}{\alpha\beta\gamma\mu}<\varphi <\frac{1}{2}+\frac{2}{\gamma\mu} \tag{64}\]  
with the lower and upper limits being effectively binding for:  
\[\frac{4(\alpha+\beta)-2\alpha\beta-8}{\alpha\beta\gamma\mu}\geq-\frac{1}{2} \tag{65}\]  
\[\frac{2}{\gamma\mu}\leq\frac{1}{2} \tag{66}\]  
Finally, in the particular case of a population of memoryless travelers (\(\beta=1\)) completely free of inertia (\(\alpha=1\)), the range of \(\varphi\) values ensuring fixed point stability reduces to the following interval, which is symmetrical around \(\varphi=0.5\):  
\[\frac{1}{2}-\frac{2}{\gamma\mu}<\varphi<\frac{1}{2}+\frac{2}{\gamma\mu} \tag{67}\]  
subject to (66).
### Contribution  
In this paper, we first show that OM-UEA schemes can be implemented using digital signatures and that a weak form of unforgeability is sufficient to achieve security against active adversaries. Furthermore, we instantiate our construction with the lightweight signature scheme recently proposed by [PERSON] et al. [2] and show that it results in a one-message unilateral entity authentication scheme that requires low computational effort, as well as low storage overhead, for the prover. Specifically, to compute each authentication message the prover only needs to perform two modular multiplications and three modular additions. Moreover, the private key in such a scheme is a bit string having a small size.  
Afterwards, we consider the problem of further reducing the computational complexity for the prover, with the goal of offering a different option for implementing secure continuous entity authentication in IoT applications. In particular, we propose a different construction for OM-UEA schemes, whose security relies on the hardness of the discrete-logarithm problem. In such a construction, the prover only needs to perform one modular multiplication and one modular addition for each authentication message.