# Evaluating the Metabolomic Profile and Anti-Pathogenic Properties of _Cannabis_ Species
###### Abstract
Similarly, among the profiled secondary metabolites with promising therapeutic effects, cannabinoids, terpenes, terpenoids, or flavonoids have been at the center of medicinal research and have been substantially explored, especially for their antimicrobial potential [11]. To date, there is still a pool of _Cannabis_-derived compounds that have not yet been investigated for their anti-microbial properties. These untested compounds may serve as a good source of potential antimicrobial agents with novel modes of mechanisms against various pathogens. Figure 1: _Cannabis_ plants at the flowering stage grown in the greenhouse ([PERSON], February 2024). Regardless of several studies having extensively investigated the antimicrobial properties of _Cannabis_, the antimicrobial properties of _Cannabis_ on phytopathogens and aquatic vertebrate animal pathogens, especially fish pathogens, remain largely unexplored. In many countries, research on the effects and properties of _Cannabis_ could only be carried out in recent years and has focused more on several human microbial pathogens due to their distinctive activities, thus neglecting many other pathogens causing serious economic loss in agriculture. As many claims suggest that _Cannabis_ possesses low toxicity, it could be the best candidate for the control of aquatic pathogens and phytopathogens as an alternative to synthetic chemicals. Claims abound that extracts from the dried leaves and flowers of _Cannabis_ (often used in a variety of formulations) possess repellent and killing potential against various crop pests [12]. For instance, pure cannabinoids are reported to kill or repel mites, insects, nematodes, fungi, and protozoa [13]. However, empirical evidence on specific crop pathogens that possess this effect and the non-phototoxic concentration of these cannabinoids or _Cannabis_ extracts on the plant growth of various crops is often not determined by the computer-generated concept of mean concentration stimulation point (MCSP)--the concentration that would not induce phytotoxicity in the protected plant species while suppressing population densities of crop pathogens [14]. Moreover, most of the scientific literature describes in vitro experiments, and few studies focus on fieldwork. The protection of crop plants from phytopathogens through plant extracts is another form of biocontrol that has long emerged as an alternative to synthetic chemicals. This method has proven to play a pivotal role resulting in better cost-effectiveness as reported by [PERSON] et al. [15] given the high cost of synthetic chemicals and their detrimental effect on the environment and human health. Many studies have shown that nearly all types of _Cannabis_ tissues exhibit antimicrobial activity, including antifungal and antiviral activity. Nevertheless, remarkably, this antimicrobial activity is not as extensively studied and as strongly pronounced as the antibacterial activity. Some published papers have reported that extracts of _Cannabis indica_ leaves, seeds, and stems possess significant antifungal activities against _Aspergillus niger_, _Aspergillus parasiticus_, and _Aspergillus oryzae_[16]. In addition, another study by [PERSON] et al. [17] revealed excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria as well as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). _Cannabis_ seed oil has been shown to possess notable antibacterial activity against _Bacillus subtilis_ and _S. aureus_ and moderate activity against _Escherichia coli_ and _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_[18]. A recent research study discovered the high potency and efficacy of _Cannabis_ inflorescence and root extract against American Foulbrood caused by _Paenibacillus_ larvae, with low toxicity to honeybee larvae [19]. Terpenes are reported to have promising antimicrobial properties against the most investigated methicillin-resistant _S. aureus_, a Gram-positive bacterium [20].