esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Discussion  
In this paper, experiments conducted under the conditions of a real tunnel and artificial disconnection of GNSS signal achieved the expected results. Due to the low accuracy of the MEMS inertial devices used, the positioning error of P-INS algorithm diverged quickly in a long tunnel without GNSS signal. TMC-INS reduced the positioning error to one quarter of the original. Based on the TMC-INS algorithm, the CIAMC-INS algorithm considering the MIMU installation angles improved the accuracy of TMC-INS by about 40%. It was shown that it is necessary to consider the installation angles of MIMU when using motion constraints, and that the method of estimating the installation angles online is feasible. However, the CIAMC-INS algorithm does not meet the requirements of meter-level positioning accuracy for long tunnels. The MIMU/ODO/MC method combined with the odometer used to measure the forward speed of the train satisfied the requirements of meter-level positioning accuracy in along tunnel, and the effect of three-dimensional speed constraints was obviously better than that of two-dimensional speed constraints.
# Event-Based Probabilistic Embedding for POI Recommendation
## 4 Experiments
### Performance Analysis  
In this part, we present the effectiveness of the recommendation methods with well-tuned parameters. Figure 3 show the performance under _Accuracy@k_ and _MAP@k_ on the Gowalla, Yelp and Foursquare datasets, respectively.  
Although the relative performance among the baselines varies across different datasets and metrics, TARE outperforms other competitor models significantly. Compared with the strongest baseline, TARE yields approximately a 12.39% relative improvement in terms of _Accuracy@10_ and 10.14% relative improvement in terms of _MAP@10_. Such consistent improvements clearly demonstrate the strength of TARE over the baseline methods. Taking a closer look at the results, several observations are made: (1) Both LRT and GeoMF are based on the MF model, but the performances vary greatly. The result shows that temporal influence is more critical than geographical property for POI recommendation. (2) The experimental results show that the methods (TARE, TRM, JIM) which consider query time and query location are much better than other methods. Therefore, query time and query location are crucial to the accuracy of recommendation. (3) The embedded method PACE which considers geographic and social factors has a better performance than Geo-Teaser, which only considers geographical factors. The result shows that embedded methods which effectively consider a large number of factors are superior to those only considering a small number of factors. (4) Although TARE and TRM consider the same factors, TARE takes into account the intrinsic link between time and other factors (POI category and POI location). So, TARE can achieve better performance compared to TRM.  
The main reasons why TARE is superior to other methods can be concluded as follows. First, the objects embedded in TARE are events. TARE takes full advantage of all the information in an event. Compared to TARE, other embedding methods only take advantage of a small portion of the information in an event. Second, TARE considers the intrinsic link between multiple factors. TARE explores the intrinsic link between time factors and POI category and the intrinsic relationship between time factors and geographic factors.  
Figure 3: Performance compared.
## Results
### Effect of MEST on the Joint Structure  
Gross observation of the knee joint on day 56 (Figure 6A) revealed a smooth and shiny articular surface of the femoral condyles and tibial plateau in the Naive group. In the MIA-injected knee, the cartilage surface almost disappeared, and the damaged subchondral bone was exposed. The MIA-MEST group showed fewer lesions in some cases on the articular surface than the MIA group (Figure 6A); however, the observations were not consistent across individual animals. Representative micro-CT images (Figure 6B) show joint deformation and destruction in the MIA group on day 56 compared to Naive group. Similar images were acquired for the MIA-MEST group. Micro-CT analysis of the proximal  
Figure 4: MEST restores MIA-induced decrease in collagen and IGF-1 levels. Local collagen level (**A**). Local IGF-1 levels in RFM on days 56 and 87 (**B**). *** \(p\) < 0.01, *** \(p\) < 0.001. # \(p\) < 0.05, ## \(p\) < 0.01, ### \(p\) < 0.001. Data are presented as mean \(\pm\) 95% confidence intervals.  
Figure 5: MEST does not affect the local amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Representative band images on day 87 (**A**). IL-6 and TNF-\(\alpha\) levels in RFM on days 56 and 87 (**B**,**C**). N = 3 per group. Data are presented as mean \(\pm\) 95% confidence intervals.  
tibial epiphysis on day 56 (Figure 6C-G) revealed decreased BV, BV/TV, Tb.N, and BMD and increased Tb.Sp in the MIA group compared to the Naive group (Naive, MIA; BV, 9.856 \(\pm\) 1.334, 3.189 \(\pm\) 0.826, \(p\) < 0.0001; BV/TV, 51.533 \(\pm\) 8.019, 27.631 \(\pm\) 5.794, \(p\) < 0.0001; Tb.N, 2.741 \(\pm\) 0.308, 1.590 \(\pm\) 0.334, \(p\) < 0.0001; Tb.Sp, 0.285 \(\pm\) 0.050, 0.416 \(\pm\) 0.089, \(p\) = 0.0067; BMD, 621.547 \(\pm\) 99.075, 332.997 \(\pm\) 71.003, \(p\) < 0.0001). Compared to animals in the MIA group, MEST on day 21 had no effects on BV, BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb.Sp, and BMD in MIA-injected animals on day 56 (BV, \(p\) = 0.4868; BV/TV, \(p\) = 0.8019; Tb.N, \(p\) = 0.6860; Tb.Sp, \(p\) = 0.6515, BMD, \(p\) = 0.7657).
# Data Augmentation Method Using Room Transfer Function for Monitoring of Domestic Activities
## 3 Proposed Data Augmentation Method
### Statistical Properties of Ratio of the Two Room Transfer Functions
```
1:Input: Dataset of extracted features (Mel-spectrogram) \(\mathcal{D}\), number of iterations \(I\)
2:for\(i=1\) to \(I\)do
3: Randomly select a sample \(\mathbf{Y}_{orig}\) from dataset \(\mathcal{D}\)
4: Get dimensions of \(\mathbf{Y}_{orig}\): time frames \(T\) and frequency bins \(F\)
5:for\(n=1\) to \(T\)do\(\triangleright\) Iterate over time steps
6:for\(k=1\) to \(F\)do\(\triangleright\) Iterate over frequency bins
7: Generate a uniform random value \(u\sim U(0,1)\)
8: Calculate \(\alpha(k,n)=F_{R}^{-1}(u)\)\(\triangleright\) Calculate \(\alpha(k,n)\) using inverse CDF of Ratio of Rayleigh (11)
9:endfor
10:endfor
11: Form matrix \(\mathbf{A}\) with elements \(\alpha(k,n)\) for all \(F\) and \(T\)
12: Compute augmented sample \(\mathbf{\tilde{Y}}_{aug}=\mathbf{Y}_{orig}\circ\mathbf{A}\)\(\triangleright\) Element-wise multiplication
13: Add \(\mathbf{\tilde{Y}}_{aug}\) to the augmented dataset
14:endfor
15:Output: Augmented Mel-spectrogram dataset
```  
**Algorithm 1** Data Augmentation Using CDF of Ratio of Rayleigh
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Tracking Performance of an SDC System Running in Different Regions under Azimuth Axis Tilt Error
certain area can guarantee a low longitude and latitude, then the tracking performance and tracking performance stability of an SDC system in this area will be guaranteed. This has guiding significance for the site selection of large-scale dish power stations.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Analysis
#### 2.7.2 Additional Statistical Analysis  
All data were assessed for normality and equal variances prior to statistical analysis. In our study, diet and NR were the two main effect factors for analysis. For data under normal distribution, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the main effects of diet (HFD vs. CD, _P-diet_) and supplementation with NR (yes vs. no, _P-NR_), and diet*NR interaction (_P-diet*NR_) was used to determine differences among groups, followed by multiple comparisons determined using the method as described previously [32]. If data were skewed, log or square root transformation was undertaken prior to analysis. For data that were not under normal distribution with or without transformation, a Scheirer-Ray-Hare test followed by a Kruskal-Wallis post hoc test was used for group comparisons. Correlations between the relative abundance of gut microbiota at phylum to genus levels with other parameters were conducted using a Pearson or Spearman correlation. Values that exceeded the mean by two standard deviations were identified as outliers and were excluded from the final analysis. All data were presented as mean \(\pm\) standard error of the mean (SEM). All analyses were conducted and all figures were depicted with GraphPad Prism 9.0 software (GraphPad Software; La Jolla, CA, USA) and IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 software (SPSS; Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was accepted at the \(P\) < 0.05 level.
## 1 Introduction
Figure 1 shows an example of the OpenMP and CAF parallel processing methods using 12 cores. Evidently, in the OpenMP construct all the cores and memory are used for iterative tasks such as do loops, whereas in the CAF method the user exploits as many computer resources as desired, dividing them into images that are independently run units, and the program is run independently for each image. Data transmission and reception between the images can be performed using a simple rule [21]. In this study, CAF was applied to the KIESSI-3D program to optimize the source code such thus reduce the analysis runtime. KIESSI-3D is a frequency domain SSI analysis program based on the finite element and dynamic infinite element methods, as illustrated in Figure 2[22; 23; 24; 25; 26]. To verify the effectiveness of the developed parallel processing technique developed, analysis rate performance was evaluated using computer systems of various specifications. As an analysis example for performance evaluation, a full-scale nuclear power plant containment building was used with both shallow and deep foundation models. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Parallel Method/Language** & **Coarray Fortran (CAF)** & **DO CONCURRENT** & **OpenMP** & **MPI** \\ \hline Fortran standard & Yes & Yes & No & No \\ Shared memory & Yes & Possibly & Yes & Yes \\ Distributed memory & Yes & Possibly & No & Yes \\ Ease of use & Easy & Easy & Easy & Hard \\ Flexibility & High & Poor & Limited & High \\ Incremental improvement & Yes & Yes & Yes & No \\ Performance & High & Poor & Limited & High \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of features of the parallel processing methods [15].
# The Shared Bicycle and Its Network--Internet of Shared Bicycle (IoSB): A Review and Survey
## 2 Background
### Comparisons
#### 2.3.5 Security  
**Details:** The security refers to not only the personal safety of cyclists, but also the information security of their accounts.  
**Ranking:** HZBike (3) > Mobike (2) > OFO (1)  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Brands** & **HZBike** & **OFO** & **Mobile** \\ \hline
**Maintenance** & Fine & Bad & Bad \\
**Materials** & Common iron & Common iron & Aluminum alloy \\
**Cost** & About 450 CNY & About 600 CNY & About 1000 CNY \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Comparison on cost and maintenance of three brands [41; 42].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Brands** & **HZBike** & **OFO** & **Mobile** \\ \hline
**Deposit** & 199 CNY & 199 CNY & 299 CNY \\
**Rent** & Free in first hour; & 1 CNY per hour & 1 CNY per hour \\  & 1 CNY per extra one hour & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Price comparison among three brands.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Brands** & **HZBike** & **OFO** & **Mobile** \\ \hline
**Weight** & \textless{}20 kg & \textless{}20 kg & \textgreater{}20 kg \\
**Pneumatic tire** & Yes & No & No \\
**Adjustable seat** & No & Yes & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Different designs among three brands [41; 42].  
**Reasons:** Most cycling accidents are related to the braking system of bicycle. We have investigated the brake types of 3 brands, as shown in Table 7. Among them, the best braking performance is the Mobike that equipped with disc brake, followed by OFO, and finally HZBike. Furthermore, to avoid children cycling accident, three brands all have a real name registration system. In terms of payment of shared bicycle, the emerging QR-code still has security risks compared with RFID. In China, there is a kind of fraud that a QR code with Trojan virus is stuck on the bike to cover up the real QR code and make the key information of the users'phone stolen, which is more likely to happen on the shared bicycles like OFO and Mobike. Furthermore, HZBike is a part of Hangzhou city traffic and is directly regulated by the HangZhou municipal government, which makes user's deposit and personal information more secure.  
The comparison results are indicated in Figure 4 below. As can be seen from Figure 4, traditional public bicycles still have advantages in security, stability and user fees. Whereas, in terms of convenience, the emerging sharing bike has an absolute advantage due to the dockless model. By contrast, OFO focuses on cycling comfort and user fees, while Mobike focuses on stability and security. However, the above comparison is only a temporary situation. With the fierce competition in the market of shared bicycle, the three brands are making up for their shortcomings and improving constantly. For example, HZBike will be equipped with a QR-code, solid tire and GPS positioning [44]. OFO and Mobike have also introduced safer NFC payment technology and lighter bodies [45; 46].
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper investigates the interaction of an AE signal with a stiffened cylindrical shell. The following conclusions can be drawn.  
1. The multipath propagation model for the signal propagating in a stiffened cylindrical shell is established, and the constraint conditions for the position of sensors are derived. Numerical simulations and experiments are employed to verify the proposed signal multipath propagation model. The model has the ability to separate and identify the signals of interest in the time domain, which paves the way for further research.
2. The mechanism of the AE signal mainly in L(0,1) mode interacting with the stiffener is summarized. When the incident signal interacts with the stiffener, the signal uses a \"T-shaped\" transformation to produce reflected waves, transmitted waves, and waves propagating alongside the stiffener. Additionally, mode conversion takes place to produce new modes. The first reflected and transmitted waves are dominant, and the mode conversion waves are negligible.
3. The variation in scattering coefficients is calculated for different excitation frequencies and for a range of heights of the stiffener in the simulations. Then, the accuracy of the scattering coefficient is verified by the experiment. The results show the dependence of reflection and transmission coefficients on the stiffener's height and the center frequency of the excitation signal. Additionally, at the same excitation frequency, the transmission coefficient has a higher sensitivity to the variation in the stiffener's height than the reflection coefficient.  
This paper characterizes the characteristics of the AE signal propagating in the stiffened cylindrical shell. The results of this paper lead to a better understanding of the propagation mechanism about the AE signal in a complicated structure. The proposed model provides a reference for guiding and optimizing the installation of sensors in AE monitoring.  
Figure 18: Comparison of scattering coefficients obtained from simulations (solid lines) and experiments (dashed lines): (**a**) reflection; (**b**) transmission.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.Y.; methodology, C.H.; software, C.H. and Z.W.; validation, C.H. and T.L.; formal analysis, G.Y. and Z.W.; investigation, C.H. and T.L.; resources, G.Y.; data curation, C.H.; writing--original draft preparation, C.H.; writing--review and editing, G.Y.; visualization, C.H.; supervision, G.Y. and Z.W.; project administration, G.Y. and Z.W.; funding acquisition, G.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 51575035.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Acknowledgments:** We thank the anonymous reviewers for their careful reading and insightful suggestions to help improve the manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Health
### Remote Sensing of Organization
#### 3.2.2 Structural Traits  
Structural traits including canopy height, LAI, canopy morphology can be derived from optical remote sensing data through empirical relationships with vegetation indices or image texture metrics [118, 119]. Global LAI products have been produced using MODIS and Cyclopes remote sensing data [120]. Nevertheless, more accurate estimation of these structural parameters can be achieved through LiDAR (e.g., [121, 122]) and radar data (e.g., [27, 123]). For example, global tree height has been mapped using the point samples of the spaceborne LiDAR GLAS data, and spatial continuity of tree height was achieved via MODIS reflectance data [124].
## 3 Results  
The time and cycles to fracture and the fracture length of instruments with standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values are listed in Table 1.  
The fracture resistance of the instruments depended on the diameter of the artificial canals. The time and cycles to fracture in the matching canal (+0.02 mm) were significantly shorter compared to all other canals, and the parallel tube created the significantly longest lifetime of instruments (\(p<0.05\)). The 0.05 mm and 0.10 mm tubes did not differ concerning all investigated parameters (\(p>0.05\)).  
The length of the fractured fragments was significantly shorter in the parallel tube (\(p<0.05\)), whereas all other groups did not differ significantly (\(p>0.05\)).  
All fracture surfaces showed typical signs of cyclic fatigue (Figure 6). Areas of fatigue propagation were easily detectable by the shiny lines/areas and the large ripped portions.  
The steady crack growth region presented different sizes (outlined with a dotted line) and origins (yellow arrows) (Figure 6B-D). Stress propagation was visible due to the striations (white arrows) (Figure 6A). Lastly, the cyclic stress reduced instruments core mass and led to catastrophic failure, represented by the rippled areas.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Tube**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Time to**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**SD**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Min**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Max**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Cycles to**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**SD**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Min**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Max**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fracture**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**SD**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Min**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Max**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fracture (s)**} & & & & & & & & & **(mm)** & & \\ \hline Original & 277.0  & 173.14 & 1520 & 2240 & 2.91  & 0.88 & 2.36 & 4.12 \\
0.02 mm & 302.2  & 36.86 & 244 & 361 & 2016.8  & 245.70 & 1626 & 2406 & 2.75  & 0.47 & 1.74 & 3.52 \\
+0.10 mm & 304.6  & 42.29 & 230 & 381 & 2030.7  & 281.91 & 1533 & 2540 & 2.72  & 0.38 & 2.22 & 3.74 \\
+1.2 mm & 393.5  & 42.12 & 293 & 472 & 2622.3  & 280.78 & 1953 & 3147 & 2.09  & 0.32 & 1.58 & 3.11 \\ \hline \(p\)-value & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(<\)0.05} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(<\)0.05} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(<\)0.05} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(<\)0.05} & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Time and cycles to fracture and fracture length of instruments with standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values (\(p<0.05\)). Values sharing the same superscript letters are not statistically different at a 0.05-level.
# Responses of Seasonal Indicators to Extreme Droughs in Southwest China
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Collection and Processing
#### 2.2.3 Meteorological data  
Precipitation, air temperature, solar radiation, evapotranspiration (ET) and PDSI were considered as meteorological data in the current study. Precipitation, air temperature and solar radiation products from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) were integrated multiple satellite monitoring and model simulation results with a temporal resolution of 3 h and a spatial resolution of 0.25\({}^{\circ}\)[60]. ET data came from MODIS Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration product (MOD16A2.V105), which is based on composites of 8 days (pixel value of the ET data is the sum of 8 days), 1 kilometer ET data [61]. The ET value is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the earth's surface to the atmosphere.  
PDSI derived from temperature, precipitation and soil moisture was used in this study to compare with dry or wet conditions performed by seasonal indicators [25; 62]. The gridded PDSI dataset comes from Terra Climate (Monthly Climate and Climatic Water Balance for Global Terrestrial Surfaces) dataset, which is at 0.04\({}^{\circ}\) spatial resolution and monthly time step ([[https://developers.google.com/earthegine/datasets/catalog/IDAHO_EPSCOR_TERRACLIMTAE](https://developers.google.com/earthegine/datasets/catalog/IDAHO_EPSCOR_TERRACLIMTAE)]([https://developers.google.com/earthegine/datasets/catalog/IDAHO_EPSCOR_TERRACLIMTAE](https://developers.google.com/earthegine/datasets/catalog/IDAHO_EPSCOR_TERRACLIMTAE))) [63]. Comprehensive consideration of soil moisture and the total water balance makes PDSI a very robust parameter for analyzing drought [26; 64]. However, the disadvantage of PDSI affected by the selected calibration period may cause problems in the studies of long-term drought and periodicity [65]. As a standardized measure of surface moisture conditions, PDSI ranges from -10 (dry) to +10 (wet), that allows comparison between different regions at the spatiotemporal scale [66].  
Referring to the published classification of moisture conditions [23; 62], PDSI \(<\) -2 was defined as the start of a drought period. Drought developed with the continuous decrease in PDSI and the minimum of PDSI refers to most severe drought in the period, also the start of recovery. After that, PDSI rebounded. When PDSI \(>\) -2 again, the point was defined as the end of a drought period.