## 5 Conclusions  
This study extends the applicability of TV-HARM to satellite networks by integrating quantitative security assessment metrics and analyzing multisegment attack propagation. Unlike conventional security models that primarily rely on qualitative assessments, the proposed framework enables a structured and comparative evaluation of mitigation strategies. The experimental results demonstrate that a multilayered-defense approach, particularly the combined application of OS and protocol patches, is the most effective in reducing the attack probability and overall risk. By simultaneously mitigating host-based and protocol-based vulnerabilities, this approach effectively limits attack propagation across network segments. However, despite these countermeasures, residual security threats persist, underscoring the need for continuous security updates and proactive threat mitigation strategies.  
Although this study primarily focuses on software and protocol vulnerabilities, future research should address wireless communication threats, including RF jamming and GNSS spoofing, which remain outside the current scope. Furthermore, the integration of AI-driven security mechanisms, such as large language models (LLMs) for anomaly detection, can improve automated threat analysis and response in satellite networks. Nevertheless, this study makes several key contributions to satellite network security. By introducing a structured methodology for threat modeling and security assessment, this study makes a significant contribution to satellite network security. It extends the applicability of TV-HARM beyond traditional SDN environments, demonstrating its effectiveness in satellite-specific threat modeling. Furthermore, the refinement of TV-HARM for multisegment attack analysis, combined with a systematic evaluation of security countermeasures using quantitative metrics, provides a comprehensive assessment of mitigation strategies. These contributions lay the foundation for expanding the framework's applicability in real-world satellite environments and further improving security models to address the complexities of satellite-based communication systems.  
Conceptualization, J.P. (Junbeom Park) and T.E.; methodology, J.P. (Junbeom Park), T.E., and J.P. (Jongsou Park); validation, J.P. (Junbeom Park); formal analysis, H.K. and H.P.; investigation, J.P. (Junbeom Park) and H.P.; resources, H.K. and H.P.; data curation, H.K.; writing--original draft preparation, [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and H.K.; writing--review and editing, Z.Y., H.K., and T.E.; visualization, H.K.; supervision, T.E.; project administration, T.E. and [PERSON]. ([PERSON]); funding acquisition, [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and [PERSON] ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by a grant from the Korea Institute for the Advancement of Technology (KIAT), funded by the Korean Government (MOTIE) (P0017124, Advanced Human Resources Development of Artificial-Intelligence-Based Embedded Systems for New Industry Convergence Ecosystems).  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
We used free vector images from [[https://www.flaticon.com/](https://www.flaticon.com/)]([https://www.flaticon.com/](https://www.flaticon.com/)) in our figures in this paper (accessed on 28 February 2025).  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The affiliations include organizations for authorship purposes only, and there is no financial or commercial influence on this research.