esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Tunable Effect of the Calcination of the Silanol Groups of KIT-6 and SBA-15 Mesoporous Materials
## 1 Introduction
The most important parameters in the sol-gel process is the type of silanol group, its concentrations, the pH, the solvent, thermic treatment, aging time, and the additives, such as catalysts and co-solvents [45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50]. SBA-15 and KIT-6 pure silica materials contain two basic types of silicon-oxygen groups. The first is siloxanes, and the second is silanol-type hydroxyls that can be divided into three groups, free silanols, vicinal silanols, and geminal silanols [44], as shown in Figure 1.  
Siloxane groups are more hydrophobic, are the most abundant group, and make up the interior of SBA-15 and KIT-6 MNS. Silanol groups attract the most attention in regard to the functionalization of MNS because hydroxyl groups react more easily with other chemical species [51]. Thus, it is of interest to preserve these silanol groups in the highest concentration possible. For this, it is necessary to use low temperatures in the calcination of MNS, since temperature is the main factor leading to a decrease in the silanol concentration [52]. However, there are boundaries to the temperature used in all SBA-15 and KIT-6 synthesis processes. The use of a high temperature is necessary for the formation of mesoporous materials, through the condensation of hydroxyls, to form siloxane bonds, but several studies have demonstrated the effects on the quality of the temperature-related MNS formation used during a static hydrothermal synthesis of SBA-15 [53; 54; 55] and KIT-6 [5]. Nevertheless, during the calcination process, these bonds are consolidated, giving rise to the desired material when the largest loss of surface silanol groups occurs; however, too great a loss leaves the material unusable for functionalization. This study thus proposes calcining samples of SBA-15 and KIT-6 at different temperatures and different calcination times. To determine the efficiency of these thermal processes, the carbon content  
Figure 1: Silicon–oxygen group types present in SBA-15 and KIT-6. was monitored by thermal analysis, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the mesoporous material were evaluated, the textural properties were assessed by N\({}_{2}\) sorption, and the availability of silanol and siloxane groups were monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) \({}^{29}\)Si(\({}^{1}\)H) cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CP-MAS). The choice of these MNS materials was based on two different factors. On the one hand, the SBA-15 is a heavily studied material, with many articles published on its functionalization [56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 25], and while KIT-6 is a relatively new material, it has already attracted much attention in studies worldwide, with some works about its functionalization [61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68]; on the other hand, the availability of silanol groups in KIT-6 has been less investigated, whereas it has already been reported for SBA-15 [56; 51; 69; 70; 71].
# Manipulation Planning for Large Objects through Pivoting, Tumbling, and Regrasping
## 7 Conclusions  
In this study, we proposed a manipulation plan for moving a general-shaped large object. With superimposed segments, the object model was first analyzed, and the contact between the object and EEFs, as well as that between the object and environment were determined. Utilizing the object's contact with the environment, we realized the manipulation of a bulky object through pivoting, tumbling, and regrasping. In the plan, the object configurations in both SP and USP were considered, enabling the robot to manipulate the object within a limited support area. The proposed approach takes advantage of the kinematic, dynamic, and gait modes of the pivoting gait published in our previous work [3], which is related to motion planning for moving the object in both SP and USP. In this study, this pivoting gait is further improved by combining regrasping and tumbling. The efficiency of the proposed method was demonstrated through experiments in which the robot moved an object to the goal configuration, avoiding the kinematic limits of the robot arms and exhibiting better collision avoidance performing compared to those reported in prior works. The proposed approach can be employed to automate the manipulation of large objects by dual-arm manipulators. In future, we intend to manipulate more complex-shaped objects, using one EEF to perform pivoting, and planning motions in more complex environment for testing the planner's performance. Quantitative analysis based on computational costs, stability, number of gaits, tumbles and regrasps to finish a task will be researched.  
The authors' contributions are reported as follows: Original concept, A.Z. and K.H.; Methodology, A.Z., K.K., W.W. and K.H.; Software implementation, A.Z. and W.W.; Technical implementation, A.Z.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, A.Z.; Writing--Review and Editing, A.Z. and K.H.; Supervision, K.K., W.W. and K.H.; Project Administration, K.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Performance Analysis and Evaluation
### Network Mobility Model  
Mobility of sensor nodes and the network is the major advantage of IP-WSNs over conventional static wireless sensor networks. In this paper, mobility is the key concern in the design and performance analysis of IP-WSNs. The mobility model plays a key role in studying different mobility management strategies such as registration, handoff, and authentication _etc._ A mobility model with minimum assumptions and simple to analyze is very useful for an IP-WSN. Most of wireless network performance studies assume that the coverage areas are configured as a hexagonal or square shaped. We assume that IP-WSN networks to be configured with hexagonal topology. Sensor nodes for an IP-WSN area are assumed to have identical movement patterns within and across IP-WSN. A 2D hexagonal random walk mobility model can be used to study the movement pattern of the movable sensor nodes. In this paper, we will use a network model subject to some modification for the six-layer personal area network model, with n = 6. In our network model, an IP-WSN consists of a cluster of hexagonal sensor nodes as shown in Figure 7[21].  
The SMAG at the center of the IP-WSN area is sublayer 0. The six-subarea clusters are shown in Figure 7; lines 1-3 divide the cluster into six equal pieces. Exchange of any two pieces has no effect on the structure of the cluster. Sensor nodes in cells of the same type will leave the cells with the same routing pattern. A sensor node can move to any one of its six neighbors with a uniform probability of 1/6. Each sensor node is denoted by \(<\)x, y\(>\), where x indicates that the SMAG is in subarea x, and y is  
Figure 7: Type Classification and State diagram of a six-sublayer PAN area model.  
one of the types of subarea x. States \(<\)5, 0\(>\), \(<\)5, 1\(>\), \(<\)5, 2\(>\), \(<\)5, 3\(>\) and \(<\)5, 4\(>\) are in the boundary of the IP-WSN and therefore called the boundary states. The state transition diagram of the regular Markov chain corresponding to the random walk model for the six-layer IP-WSN area is shown in Figure 7. Movement into any boundary state indicates inter-IP-WSN mobility, which can be used to study binding update costs.
# Dynamic Cooperative MAC Protocol for Navigation Carrier Ad Hoc Networks: A DiffServ-Based Approach
## 4 DiffServ-Based Dynamic Cooperative MAC Protocol
### MAC Sub-Protocol for on-Demand Communication  
The proposed on-demand MAC sub-protocol is mainly based on a CSMA/CA policy, a multi-channel structure, and a DiffServ mechanism. We first introduced a novel multiple priority mechanism, which is a critical part of DiffServ mechanisms.  
**Definition 1**.: _Service Priority, denoted by Pri.Si (\(i\in\{1,2,3\}\)), is defined as the allocation according to QoS requirements and tolerability in terms of average delay (AD) and packet loss (PL). Pri.S1 denotes AD sensitive and PL sensitive services (e.g., tracking data, video). Pri.S2 denotes AD tolerant and PL sensitive service (e.g., command data, and voice). Pri.S3 denotes AD tolerant and PL tolerant service. Note that Pri.S1 \(>\) Pri.S2 \(>\) Pri.S3._  
**Definition 2**.: _Packet Priority, denoted by Pri.Pj, (\(j\in\{1,2,3\}\)), is the allocation based on the order of packet types in data transmission. Pri.P1 denotes DATA/ACK packet, Pri.P2 denotes CTS packet, Pri.P3 denotes RTS packet. Note that Pri.P1 \(>\) Pri.P2 \(>\) Pri.P3._  
The multiple priority mechanism is realized by encoding the related parity bit in packets and setting a lower threshold in CW size for higher priority traffic. The OC sub-protocol mainly consists of two phases, namely the Negotiation phase and Data transmission phase, to satisfy the OC access requests in a variety of scenarios.  
Figure 3: _Round_ structure in adaptive TDMA schedule.
## 1 Introduction
have conducted a lot of research on the preparation and sintering behavior of nanostructured coatings [19]. Owing to the bimodal microstructure with different sintering rates, the nanostructured coating counteracts the sintering effect. Nevertheless, owing to manufacturing process problems and some inherent shortcomings of the material, these types of TBCs are prone to premature failure. In recent years, on the basis of plasma spraying, scholars have proposed a new TBCs preparation process, that is, the introduction of micro-agglomerated particles (MAPs), so that MAPs are embedded into conventional TBCs. Therefore, the new thermal barrier coatings prepared by this process are referred to as Embedded Micro-Agglomerated Particle TBCs (EMAP TBCs) [20, 21]. Owing to the distinct porous structure of MAPs, EMAP TBCs are more resistant to sintering than conventional TBCs. The EMPA TBCs can be modified by varying the plasma-spraying process parameters, such as powder spraying distance and powder spraying rate, to improve the thermal cycling performance of the coatings. It is of great significance to systematically study the influence of spraying process parameters on the microstructure and thermal cycle life of EMAP TBCs. However, in the process of preparing coatings by the plasma-spraying process, there are many spraying-process parameters. It is not possible to explore all the spraying-process parameter data one by one. At present, the machine learning algorithm has developed maturely and has certain application in the application field of the relationship between TBCs spraying-process parameters and its service performance. [PERSON] et al. used a back propagation (BP) model to predict the microstructure and mechanical properties of thermal barrier coatings, and the prediction accuracy was high [22]. [PERSON] et al. established a machine learning model enhanced by genetic algorithm to predict the stress and strain of TBCs under thermal load conditions, and the prediction effect was significant [23]. Based on the above problems, this study systematically analyzed the effects of APS process parameters on the microstructure and thermal cycle life of EMAP TBCs. Taking the spraying process data as input, the microstructure and thermal cycle life as output, evaluation of the nonlinear relationship between coating process data and EMAP TBCs microstructural data and thermal cycle life by machine learning method. The results of the study can offer a referent for optimizing the thermal cycle life of EMAP TBCs by adjusting the process parameters and providing guidance to further improve the thermal cycle life of TBCs in engineering applications.
# A Truly Second-Order and Unconditionally Stable Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Method
## 2 Simplified Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Method (STLBM) without Evolution of Distribution Functions
### Simplified Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Method (STLBM)
Although it is developed within LBM framework, STLBM directly updates macroscopic variables instead of the distribution functions. In this way, much fewer virtual memories are required in the computation, and physical boundary conditions can be directly and flexibly implemented without transforming into conditions for the distribution functions. Moreover, by performing von Neumann stability analysis, STLBM can be theoretically proven to be unconditionally stable, which makes it suitable for computations at high Reynolds/Rayleigh numbers. Despite of the above merits, a serious flaw in STLBM theory is its accuracy. By performing Taylor-series expansion analysis and conservation laws, it can be proven that Equations (24)-(26) in the predictor step can recover corresponding macroscopic Equations (17)-(19) with the second-order of accuracy both in time and in space. However, in the corrector step, it can be shown that when recovering macroscopic Equations (21) and (22), Equations (28) and (29) maintain the second-order of accuracy in space, but present a Euler scheme in time marching, which is only in the first-order of accuracy (see [12] for detail). Since, in LBM framework, the time interval and the mesh spacing are tied up, low order of accuracy in time may have intrinsic effect on overall accuracy of numerical solution.
# Radiation from a Cavity-Backed Circular Aperture Array Antenna Enclosed by an FSS Radome
## 2 Field Analysis
Therefore, our hybrid method provides a more time-efficient method for analyzing the aperture array antenna enclosed by the multi-layer FSS radome than the method using the full-wave analysis only. On the other hand, it is noted that locally flat condition should be satisfied for the accuracy of the ray tracing technique. Since our radome structure has smooth surfaces, the ray tracing technique can be employed. Rough surfaces, ripples, and defects on the surface may decrease the accuracy. Additionally, the ray tracing technique is applicable to the region where the far-field condition is satisfied. In our analysis, each aperture is divided into hundreds of small cells to apply the ray tracing technique. Then, we calculated the radiation field from each small cell, respectively, and summed up all the computed fields based on the superposition principle. In this case, the far-field condition of each aperture is given by \(2\mathrm{D}^{2}/\lambda=0.0267\) m. Our ray tracing technique satisfies the far-field condition because the distance from the aperture center to the radome inner surface is larger than 0.142 m (4.75 \(\lambda\)). Lastly, we calculated the electromagnetic fields and the equivalent electric and magnetic surface currents over the radome's outer surface via using the results from the ray tracing technique. Then, the equivalent currents on the radome's outer surface can be used to calculate the radiation fields in the far-field region.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Biological Evaluation  
According to the SEM images captured after 28 days of immersion in SBF, the PLD-engineered layers present on their surface apatite formations composed of spherical entities with diameters below 200 nm, lightly gathered in favoured areas; occasionally, hollow structures can be identified (Figure 5a-d). These types of appearance are typical of the products that arise during a mineralization process [6, 8, 36, 42]. It is not clear if, apart from these micrometric and undefined agglomerations, a thin and continuous layer of apatite is nucleated on the entire exposed area. SC-Mg and SC-Sr seem to be less prone to mineralization (Figure 5e,f), probably because of the increased calcination temperature (600 \({}^{\circ}\)C) that leads to a more compact material, which is harder to degrade. The amorphous structures have faster dissolution and reprecipitation rates, which implies a better bioactivity than the crystalline ones; however, new bone tissue seems to grow better on crystalline surfaces, maybe due to the stimulation effect exerted by some ordered domains [39]. Anyway, shallow signs of bioactivity can be noticed in the form of lacy regions or quasi-spherical growths; even a discontinuous apatite-forming ability is acceptable for the targeted applications, based on the idea that the bioactive areas will effectively ensure a network of anchoring sites in relation to the surrounding hard tissue. It is likely that the mineralization capacity and rate can be tuned through the processing parameters and, subsequently, through films thickness and crystallinity.  
Figure 5: \(Cont.\)  
Cellular viability and proliferation testing was performed through the LIVE/DEAD assay and fluorescence microscopy after 1 or 4 days of culturing the human fetal osteoblasts in the presence of the developed coatings. The corresponding images are comparatively displayed in Figure 6, where the viable cells are coloured in green and the nuclei of dead cells in red. Reported to the Control (represented here by a bare silicon plate), the deposited interfaces support cellular adhesion and significantly promote osteoblasts proliferation at longer periods. Additionally, the rounded shape turns into an elongated one and the cells cover, in a very compact and organized way, the whole available  
Figure 5: SEM images at different magnifications, after 28 days of immersion in SBF, of: (**a**) PLD-Mg-1, (**b**) PLD-Mg-2, (**c**) PLD-Sr-1, (**d**) PLD-Sr-2, (**e**) SC-Mg and (**f**) SC-Sr interfaces.  
Figure 6: Fluorescence images recorded on human fetal osteoblasts, cultured for 1 (**left**) or 4 days (**right**), on: (**a**) Control, (**b**) PLD-Mg-1, (**c**) PLD-Mg-2, (**d**) PLD-Sr-1, (**e**) PLD-Sr-2, (**f**) SC-Mg and (**g**) SC-Sr interfaces.
## 5 Conclusions  
The multi-channel multi-scale two-stage deep CNN model is proposed to detect and localize MI using VCG signals. The MVMD is used to decompose the VCG beat into modes along with each orthogonal lead. The multi-channel multi-scale VCG tensor has been formulated and used as input to the deep CNN model to detect and localize MI. For MI detection, the proposed first-stage MMDCNN model obtained an average accuracy value of 99.93% with 10-fold CV. The second-stage MMDCNN model produced an average overall accuracy (OA) value of 99.37% for MI localization. The average OA values are more than 99% for AMI, IMI, ILMI, and ILMI classes. The proposed first-stage MMDCNN classifier obtained a higher accuracy value than the existing VCG based approaches for MI detection. The MMDCNN model can also be explored to detect other cardiac aliments, such as atrial fibrillation, hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, ventricular arrhythmia, and bundle branch block using VCG signals.  
Conceptualization, J.K.; Data curation, R.K.T. and S.K.G.; Formal analysis, J.K. and U.R.A.; Methodology, P.G. and R.K.T.; Project administration, U.R.A.; Resources, R.K.T.; Supervision, R.K.T.; Writing--original draft, R.K.T., P.G.; Writing--review and editing, U.R.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The codes of the work is available at ([[https://github.com/[PERSON]/MI_VCG_DL](https://github.com/[PERSON]/MI_VCG_DL)]([https://github.com/[PERSON]/MI_VCG_DL](https://github.com/[PERSON]/MI_VCG_DL)) (accessed on 20 August 2021)).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Thermal Modeling of the GaN-based Gunn Diode at Terahertz Frequencies
###### Abstract  
In this paper, a comprehensive evaluation of thermal behavior of the GaN vertical n\({}^{+}\)-n\({}^{-}\)-n\({}^{+}\) Gunn diode have been carried out through simulation method. We explore the complex effects of various parameters on the device thermal performance through a microscopic analysis of electron movements. These parameters include operation bias, doping level, and length of the active region. The increase of these parameters aggravates the self-heating effect and degrades the electron domains, which therefore reduces the overall performance output of the diode. However, appropriate increase of the doping level of active region makes the lattice heat distribute more uniformly and improves the device performance. For the first time, we propose the transition domain, which is in between the dipole domain and accumulation layer, and stands for the degradation of the electron domain. We have also demonstrated that dual domains occur in the device with longer active region length and higher doping level under EB (Energy balance) model, which enhances the harmonics component. Electric and thermal behaviors analysis of GaN vertical Gunn diode makes it possible to optimize the device.  
GaN Gunn diode; terahertz oscillator; thermal modelling; self-heating effect; III-V semiconductor devices +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Physicochemical and Structural Properties of Freeze-Dried Lacto-Fermented Peach Snacks
###### Abstract  
The snack market is shifting toward healthier options, leading to a growing interest in organic snacks. Dried fruits are particularly popular due to their long shelf life and convenience. Freeze-drying helps preserve both the taste and nutrients of these fruits. Among them, peaches are noteworthy for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The research assessed the impact of lactic fermentation using _Lactiplantiducillus plantarum_ (P_LP) and _Fructilactobacillus fructivorans_ (P_FF), followed by freeze-drying, on the physicochemical, structural, and sensory properties of peach slices. Fermentation increased acidity (>22 mg/kg), decreased sugars (up to 43.5%), and raised salt content (to ~0.5%), effectively altering the fruit's chemical profile. Dry matter content decreased by 6.0% (P_LP) and 7.2% (P_FF), while water activity remained low (0.13-0.15). Color parameters changed notably: L* values decreased, and a* values increased, with total color differences (\(\Delta\)E) exceeding 15. Structural changes included higher porosity (to 71.4% in P_LP and 72.8% in P_FF) and reduced hardness from 50.1 N (control) to 35.7 N (P_LP) and 28.2 N (P_FF), which may benefit processing. Water sorption isotherms suggested improved stability under elevated humidity. However, sensory analysis showed lower consumer acceptance of the fermented samples due to reduced sweetness, crunchiness, and overall palatability, along with undesirable flavors from _F. fructivorans_. While lactic fermentation holds the potential for creating fruit snacks with better functional value, further optimization is needed to enhance sensory appeal and market potential.  
P rutus persica; pickling; texture; structure; lactic acid fermentation; freeze-dried snacks +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
Article