# Blockchain-Enabled Secure and Interoperable Authentication Scheme for Metaverse Environments
## 8 Conclusions  
In this paper, we introduced a robust interoperable authentication framework tailored for cross-metaverse platforms, aiming to guarantee secure user and avatar interactions and defend against a wide set of security threats. Our approach leverages blockchain-enabled interoperable metaverse identity, enabling users to assert a uniform identity mechanism across multiple metaverse platforms. This framework is applicable not only to virtual worlds but is applicable to physical users as well. Extensive security analyses, including ROR-oracle-security analyses, AVISPA simulations, and BAN logic analyses, attest to the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Schemes** & **Communication Cost** & **Messages** \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] & 1440 bits & 3 \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [17] & 1728 bits & 2 \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [18] & 1888 bits & 3 \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [19] & 1344 bits & 2 \\ \hline Our proposed scheme & 1256 bits & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Comparison of communication costs of various schemes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Security** & **[PERSON] and** & **[PERSON] et al. [17]** & **[PERSON] et al. [18]** & **[PERSON] et al. [19]** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Our Proposed** \\ **Scheme** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Impersonation & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Avatar Impersonation & X & X & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Mutual authentication & X & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Server Spoofing & ✓ & x & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Replay & ✓ & X & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Stolen Device & X & x & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Offline Password Guessing & ✓ & X & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Insider Attack & ✓ & X & ✓ & X & ✓ \\ \hline Session Key Disclosure & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Perfect Forward Secrecy & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Man-in-the-Middle & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Insider Attack & ✓ & X & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Ephemeral Secret Leakage & X & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Anonymity & ✓ & X & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Privacy Preservation & X & X & X & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Untraceability & ✓ & X & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Denial of Service & X & ✓ & x & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline Lack of Interoperability & X & X & X & X & ✓ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Security-features comparison (X—Security issue not addressed; Tick—Security issue addressed).  
resilience of our scheme against diverse security attacks such as stolen XR devices and impersonation. Notably, our solution exhibits lower computation and communication costs compared to existing metaverse schemes, making it a practical choice for heightened security and privacy preservation. Our future research agenda involves applying and testing the proposed scheme in various use cases.  
Conceptualization, S.P.; Methodology, S.P.; Software, S.P.; Validation, S.P.; Formal analysis, S.P.; Resources, S.P.; Writing--original draft, S.P.; Writing--review & editing, S.P.; Supervision, S.B.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.