# Assessment of Energy-Saving Practices of the Hospitality Industry in Macau
## Methodology
### Data Collection and Hotel Selection  
We use data relevant to hotel operations and economy from the official statistical materials issued by Macau Statistics and Census Service, such as Macau Yearbook (2015), and Hotels and Similar Establishments Survey (2015); (2015); (2015). The data on energy saving and environmental protection of hospitality industry in Macau are collected from a field visiting survey of the selected hotels carried out by this research group, the official publications, and official website issued by Macau Environmental Protection Agency, such as the 5 th anniversary special edition of Macau Green Hotel Award (2015) and official pages of Macau Green Hotel Award (2015).  
The investigation took place from October 2015 to December 2015. To assess the overall energy efficiency of hotels in Macau, we evaluated the indices for different Star grades of hotels but not individual hotels. In Macau, there are 27 5-star hotels, 14 4-star hotels, 13 3-star hotels, and 12 2-star hotels. We randomly selected hotels from a list provided by the Macau Hotel Association to do this assessment. A total of 28 hotels were randomly selected in this study, accounting for 42.42% of the Macau hospitality industry (2015). The selected hotels are given in Table 2. By this selection, the percentage  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Indices at the Upper Level** & **Indices at the Lower Level** & **Corresponding** & **Characteristic** & **Indices** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Green Leadership and Innovation (GLI)} & GLlc1: the implementation of energy-saving and environmental programs (environmental programs) & EAp3, EAc4 & / \\ \cline{2-4}  & GLlc2: carbon auditing and implementation of energy management (carbon audits) & EAc7 & / \\ \cline{2-4}  & GLlc3: encouragement of staff’s proposals on energy conservation plan, and training of energy conservation to staff members (staff training and proposal adoption) & / & ICc1 \\ \cline{2-4}  & GLlc4: applications for environmental protection \& energy conservation fund (EPEC fund) & / & ICc2 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Green Program and Performance (GPP)} & GPPc1: the usage of shading devices to reduce sunlight (shading devices) & IEQc4 & / \\ \cline{2-4}  & GPPc2: the installation of water-saving showerheads to reduce consumption (water-saving showerheads) & WEp1 & / \\ \cline{2-4}  & GPPc3: the installation of system of waste water recycling (waste water recycling) & WEc2 & / \\ \cline{2-4}  & GPPc4: the adoption of a green roof to increase building heat insulation (green roofs) & / & ICc3 \\ \cline{2-4}  & GPPc5: the usage of energy-saving lighting to reduce power consumption and the utilization rate is more than 50\% (energy-saving lighting) & EAc4, MRc2 & / \\ \cline{2-4}  & GPPc6: the maximal use of natural light inside a hotel (natural light) & IEQc5 & / \\ \cline{2-4}  & GPPc7: the installation of timers or sensors of lighting in corridor or office area (timers of lighting) & EAc4 & / \\ \cline{2-4}  & GPPc8: adjusting air conditioning in low speed in non-occupancy rooms (air conditioning setting) & IEQc3 & / \\ \cline{2-4}  & GPPc9: the installation of motor efficiency controllers for escalators and elevators (green lifts) & EAc4 & / \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Partner Synergy (PS)} & PSc1: the reward to motivate guests to adopt green practices (motivating green practices) & / & ICc4 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & PSc2: mechanisms for suppliers and contractors to adopt environmental strategies (green suppliers) & MRc1, MRc2, MRc3 & / \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & PSc3: participation in local activities of energy conservation (attending green activities) & / & ICc5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The structure of the index set.  
distribution of hotels of different categories within the four star categories is approximately equal. Thus, the samples are considered to be reasonably distributed in different groups and representative.