esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Case Studies
### Reliability Uncertainty Analysis on an AEPS
#### 4.2.2 Calculation and Analysis
This criterion clarifies the corresponding relationship between the number of components to be improved and the degree of system reliability improvement, which helps designers quickly formulate a solution that meets the design reliability requirements; in addition, it can also help decision makers put forward reasonable system reliability improvement requirements to ensure that the proposed system reliability design task is theoretically feasible. For instance, when the importance measure index of component LG BUS is 0.3793, then the uncertainty of system reliability cannot be reduced by 50% only by improving the performance of this component; furthermore, to achieve the goal of 50%, at least component BTB1 should also be improved. Correspondingly, if the design requirement is to reduce the uncertainty of the system reliability to 50% only by improving one component, then the design requirement cannot be achieved theoretically, which should not be put forward. In summary, the above analysis not only verifies the correctness of the proposed index and calculation method, but also indicates the significance of the proposed index and the \"quantity and degree optimization criterion\" for improving system reliability in the design stage.
# DRLLA: Deep Reinforcement Learning for Link Adaptation
## 3 Background
### Tools
#### 3.3.1 GNU Radio  
The open-source software development toolkit GNU Radio is used for signal-processing and software-defined radio. Prebuilt and custom blocks (written in Python or C++) can be connected in a flowgraph to define the flow of information and processing in a communication or signal processing pipeline. We define our communication pipeline and connect it using the GrGym middle-layer built in [11] to OpenAI Gym. Since the flowgraph compiles to Python code, Gym can manipulate the variables and run the flowgraph by using the GrGym middle-layer. State \(S\) and reward \(R\) values are passed from the environment to the RL agent using blocks built for the asynchronous messaging library ZeroMQ. The recommended action \(A\) is set as a variable in GNU Radio, thanks to GrGym.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### A Case Study for the Environmental Performance Indicators in IFC
Based on the results of the use case, some tentative lines for future development are proposed below:  
* **Option 1A and 1B**: Develop BIM authoring tool plugins/add-ons with API capabilities for automatic retrieval and mapping of LCA data from EPDs to IFC. These plugins will not ensure machine interpretability across systems. Therefore, LCA data properties according to EN 15804 or ISO 21930 must be standardized for IFC elements. * **Option 2:** Implement _IfcPropertyListValue_ data type into the BIM authoring tools, IFC viewers, editors and parsers. This implementation cannot ensure machine interpretability across systems. Therefore, LCA data properties according to EN 15804 or ISO 21930 must be standardized for IFC elements. * **Option 3:** Implement _IfcPropertyReferenceValue_ and standardize LCA data properties for IFC elements. The use case illustrates the importance of defining a data structure for EPD information within the IFC schema to ensure machine interpretation across systems. The use case does not fully address the requirements for machine interpretability of LCA data in BIM described in this paper, as certain limitations were not considered during the modelling process. A key issue that was not addressed in the use case analysis is the unique identification of the LCA calculation method used for each impact category. The simplifications were taken to facilitate the testing of the options in the modelled structure. It is therefore recommended that future research includes a more detailed structure to allow for the inclusion of this information.
## 4 Discussion
The surface of metals combines with these carbonaceous species (the technical term is \"adsorption\") which are detected by means of a specific analysis of the surface such as XPS but are not detectable in the more traditional analysis methods which take into consideration the globality of the material. Carbon can also derive from heavier contaminations by way of contact with oils or fats during processing. To discern between \"natural\" and C from contamination, it is necessary to take into consideration the quantitative aspect. Percentages of 30-40% are physiological and can be considered normal. Higher percentages suggest the presence of contamination. Remembering that the maximum percentage of Ti theoretically observable by surface analysis is about 33% (because TiO\({}_{2}\) is present on the surface), the inevitable presence of C, as previously stated, further lowers this theoretical limit. Alongside the established O, Ti, and C, other elements are often observed, such as Ca, Si, N, Cl, and Na, as well as others. They are usually present in low percentages, at most a few units, and may be a result of the washing phases or in any case, from some processing steps. A typical example of acceptable limit values for implant surfaces analyzed using the XPS technique is: C \(<\) 40%, O \(>\) 40%, Ti \(>\) 17% (\(\geq\)15% for grade 5 Ti), N \(<\) 3%, other common elements \(<\) 4. The item \"other common elements\" includes those commonly observed on the surfaces of implants such as Ca, Mg, N, S, P, Na, Cl, Si. Other metals must generally be completely absent (Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, Pb), although traces (\(<\)0.2%) of F and other non-toxic elements due to the surface treatment process can be tolerated.
## 2 Methods
### Eligibility Criteria  
Two independent reviewers (A.C.U. and P.G.F.) screened the titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles to identify studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Articles with titles and abstracts deemed relevant to the review's objective were further evaluated by accessing or requesting the full text. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) published within the past 10 years; (2) written in English or Spanish; (3) randomized controlled trials with a usual care control group, in which the intervention group received supervised therapeutic exercise (strength training, aerobic/cardiorespiratory training, stretching, or any combination thereof); (4) included patients with breast or prostate cancer who began the exercise program no more than 5 years after completing cancer treatment; (5) cancer stages I-III with no comorbid conditions; (6) exercise interventions not combined with  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Search Strategy** & **Natural Terms and Equations** & **Results Obtained** \\ \hline
**Scielo** & & \\ \#1 & (ab:(“Breast cancer” OR “Prostate cancer”)) & \\  & (ab:(” Supervised exercise” OR ab: “strength” & \\ \#2 & OR ab:”aerobic” OR ab:”resistance” OR & \\  & ab:”stretching”) & \\ \#3 & (ab:(”Fatigue”)) & \\ \#4 & \#1 AND \#2 AND \#3 & 5 \\ \hline
**Web of Science** & & \\ \#1 & (“Breast cancer” OR “Prostate cancer”) & \\  & (“supervised exercise” OR aerobic OR & \\ \#2 & strength OR resistance OR stretching) & \\ \#3 & (“Fatigue”) & \\ \#4 & Tittle/abstract: \#1 AND \#2 AND \#3 & 1215 \\ \hline
**Cochrane** & & \\ \#1 & (“Breast cancer” OR “Prostate cancer”) & \\ \#2 & (“supervised exercise” OR aerobic OR & \\ \#3 & strength OR resistance OR stretching) & \\ \#3 & (“Fatigue”) & \\ \#4 & Tittle/Abstract/Keywords \#1 AND \#2 & 1945 \\ \hline
**Scopus** & & \\ \#1 & (TITLE-ABS-KEY (“breast cancer”) OR & \\  & TITLE-ABS-KEY (“Prostate cancer”)) & \\  & (TITLE-ABS-KEY (“supervised exercise”) OR & \\  & TITLE-ABS-KEY (aerobic) OR & \\ \#2 & TITLE-ABS-KEY(strength) OR & \\  & TITLE-ABS-KEY(resistance) OR & \\  & TITLE-ABS-KEY(stretching)) & \\ \#3 & (TITLE-ABS-KEY(“Fatigue”) & \\ \#4 & \#1 AND \#2 AND \#3 & 2407 \\ \hline
**PEDro** & & \\ Subdiscipline & Oncology & \\ Body Part & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._other treatments (e.g., pharmacological, dietary, psychological, or supplemental therapies), aside from standard oncological care; and (7) outcomes included cancer-related fatigue.  
Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) animal studies, (2) systematic reviews, and (3) non-RCTs (including pilot studies, single-arm trials, non-randomized or uncontrolled studies, retrospective or cross-sectional studies).
## 3 Challenges and Trends in Wireless Sensor Nodes
### Routing and Self-Location Algorithms Acceleration  
Routing and self-location algorithms play a critical role in WSNs. When these algorithms are complex (e.g., large networks), they could be accelerated via FPGA. For instance, in [57], the authors proposed the implementation of the XMesh Routing Layer of Crossbow in a Xilinx CPLD. In this respect, [PERSON] _et al_. implemented a Fuzzy Link Cost Processor (FLCP) in a Spartan-3 (XC3S5O) [58]. As a result, the authors extended a typical WSN gateway functionality in order to compute the link cost among two nodes via fuzzy logic. Once the gateway has computed the cost of all the possible links in the network, the routes can be estimated via the Shortest Path Algorithm. At 28 MHz, the system consumes 38 mW.
## 5 Test and Verification  
### Test Platform  
To verify the effectiveness of the method presented in this paper for the analysis of vibration signals from actual measurements, a rolling bearing fault signal of a centrifugal fan is analyzed. Figure 6 shows the centrifugal fan test platform used in this test. Based on a rolling bearing fault in an actual engineering project, a wire-cutting machine is employed to produce tiny dents in the rolling bearing's outer ring, inner ring, and roller in the fan test bed to simulate early stage faults and defects in the outer ring, inner ring, and roller. Details are shown in Figure 7. A PCB MA352A60 accelerometer (PCB MA352A60, PCB Piezotronics Inc., New York, NY, USA) is fixed at the top of the bearing pedestal via a screw to collect vibration signal data in the vertical direction, including the rolling bearing's normal vibration signal and fault signals of the outer ring, inner ring, and roller. The signals are amplified via a sensor signal regulator (PCB ICP Model 480C02, PCB Piezotronics Inc.,New York, NY, USA) and transmitted to a signal recorder (Scope Coder DL750,Yokogawa Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). In the test, the rotation speed is set to 1000 rpm, the sampling frequency \(f_{s}\) is 50 kHz, and the sampling duration is 10 s. The size of the data collected is 2,000,000, and the data length of each state is 500,000. Figure 8 shows the original vibration signal in each state. The bearings that are utilized, the specifications of the test bearing, the size of the faults, and other necessary information are listed in Table 1.  
Figure 8: Vibration signal in each state: (**a**) normal; (**b**) outer ring defect; (**c**) inner ring defect; and (**d**) rolling element defect.  
Figure 6: Centrifugal fan for condition diagnosis: (**a**) illustration of a centrifugal fan; and (**b**) photograph of a centrifugal fan.  
Figure 7: Bearing for condition diagnosis: (**a**) inner ring defect; (**b**) outer ring defect; and (**c**) roller element defect.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Simulation Results
As shown in Figure 7d, the maximum joint velocities were observed for this workpiece placement (0.60). For optimal placement of machining path 2B, the maximum joint velocities were reduced by 33.3%. Similar improvement can also be seen for machining paths 3A and 3B, where the maximum joint velocities were reduced by 29.7% in the case of machining path 3A and 37.9% for machining path 3B. Based on the results, we can confirm that the maximum achievable linear velocity along a path is linked directly to the maximum joint velocities, and, consequently, to the evaluation of feasibility of the robotic task.
# Biosorption Potential of Sargassum for Removal of Aqueous Dye Solutions
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Biosorption Study  
Experiments using different amounts of biomass (0.01-0.4 g) and dye solutions of 10 mg L\({}^{-1}\) (80 mL) were conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks (250 mL) at room temperature (25 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C) while stirring with contact times between 0-120 min. Samples were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 2 min. All experiments were carried out in triplicates. The supernatant was analysed using a UV spectrophotometer (Jenway 6305, Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK) at wavelengths of 664 nm (MB), 554 nm (BB) and 497 nm (CR) to determine the dye concentrations. The removal efficiency (\(\eta\)) was calculated using the initial and residual MB concentrations as follows:  
\[\eta=\frac{C_{0}-C_{e}}{C_{0}}\times 100\% \tag{1}\]  
where \(C_{0}\) is the initial concentration of the dye in solution and \(C_{e}\) is the equilibrium concentration of dye.  
The equilibrium biosorption capacity (\(Q_{e}\)) was calculated according to Equation (2).  
\[Q_{e}=\frac{(C_{0}-C_{e})\times V}{m} \tag{2}\]  
where \(Q_{e}\) (mg g\({}^{-1}\)) is the amount of dye adsorbed by the biomass, \(C_{0}\) and \(C_{e}\) (mg L\({}^{-1}\)) are the initial and equilibrium concentration of the dye solution, and \(m\) (g) is the amount of dried biomass.  
A first-order kinetic equation was fitted to the MB adsorption by Sargassum (Equation (3)) [38] using the nonlinear regression function for parameter estimation in IBM SPSS Statistics (v27) (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA).  
\[q(t)=q_{e}\Big{(}1-e^{-kt}\Big{)} \tag{3}\]  
where \(q(t)\) is the amount of dye adsorbed at time \(t\), \(q_{e}\) is the amount of dye adsorbed at equilibrium and \(k\) is the adsorption rate constant.
# A Literature Review on Caching Transient Contents in Vehicular Named Data Networking
## 3 Transient Contents in VANETs: An Overview  
Even before the advent of VNDN, the transmission of transient contents was considered in vehicular networks, and the majority of attention was devoted to the context of safety applications [23]. Indeed, these latter require the regular exchange of timely information about the state of vehicles, e.g., position and speed, to effectively protect the users on wheels. Sometimes simply referred to as beacons, different status messages that change over time have been standardized over the years. For instance, cooperative awareness messages (CAM) were defined by the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) in the standard EN 302 637-2 [24]. Each CAM includes the current position, speed and direction of the originating vehicle and the transmission triggering conditions depend on the variation of the kinematics parameters. Basically, the vehicle compares its current kinematic measurements with the ones of the last generated CAM and, if the difference is above a pre-defined threshold, the vehicle triggers a new CAM transmission. Therefore, the actual CAM sending rate is generally unpredictable; ETSI only defines lower and upper bounds for the generation period, i.e., respectively, 100 ms and 1000 ms. Of course, time-critical safety applications built on top of CAMs (e.g., for accident warning) are interested in receiving fresh information; otherwise, they cannot work properly.  
In the following, we shortly introduce the main literature dealing with transient contents in vehicular networks, but outside the NDN context. We observe that the majority of research works in this field target the Age of Information (AoI) concept when considering safety applications and routing protocols and only few works were devoted to transient non-safety traffic. We conclude the section by identifying a set of insights for our subsequent analysis in VNDN networks.
# A QR Code-Based Approach to Differentiating the Display of Augmented Reality Content
## 3 Demonstration of the Proposed Approach
### Simulation Results  
We conducted simulations to demonstrate the usability of our system. Figures 6 and 7 are our simulation results in different scenarios. This simulation uses Vutoria Developer [27] to build the AR content with the processed QR code (Figure 5b). After installing the designed AR app, users can obtain these 3D objects by scanning the QR code.  
Figure 6 presents a fashion design store that provides differentiated electronic catalogs based on clients' attributes via the same QR code. The left side of Figure 6 shows the augmented reality results that general users see when scanning the QR code. The right side of Figure 6 offers a recommended product in addition to the standard one for specific users.  
In our system, when a user installs the app, he/she will get an identification (i.e., \(ID\) indicated in Section 2.1) and an authentication code (i.e., \(s_{i}\)) in his/her mobile device. According to the \(ID\), the system \(K\) can automatically calculate where the \(s_{i}\) information should hide in the QR code. That is, in Figure 6, general users' and specific users' authentication information have been hidden in different positions of the QR code, respectively. The app will trigger corresponding 3D objects only when the \(ID\) matches the authentication code.  
On the other hand, Figure 7 shows electronic materials for digital learning. These materials are for language learning for children. The left side of Figure 7 has only one simple model, which lets beginners recognize it quickly. Comparatively, the right side  
Figure 6: The simulation results of the proposed approach in the scenario of fashion design store.  
Figure 7: The simulation results of the proposed approach in the scenario of digital learning.  
presents a complicated set of models, requiring advanced learners to identify each of them. Accordingly, with one QR code, different users can receive what they need, thus saving costs and easing the management of numerous images.
## 3 The Case Study  
The authors reviewed a number of recent fluid tailings management reports from some of the largest Alberta oil sands operators [45; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52] that are publicly available and published in accordance with Directive 085 [1]. These reports include tables containing annual estimations of volumetric values of different slurry components such as fines, sand and water that will be generated in oil sands processing and pumped into the tailings storage facilities. The estimated values will be updated on an annual basis once the actual oil sands production and processing happens. The reports also include satellite maps, cross-sectional and plan views of the tailings storage facilities with the sampling point coordinates marked on the maps, all in PDF format. The spatial data, including the sampling data such as the solid contents, specific gravity and the parameters required for consolidation  
Figure 4: Comparison of settlement and interface height with time for the 1D model—adapted with permission from [30].  
modeling at marked coordinates, cannot be retrieved from the published reports and maps. Therefore, in the absence of publicly available data on the characterization of full-scale tailings deposits, a case study was developed as an analogue for model development that represents a potential real tailings deposit.  
The hypothetical case includes the essential characteristics of a tailings deposit, such as the deposit size, the grid resolution, the coordinates of the grid points, the initial elevation of the deposit surface and the parameters used in the 1D consolidation model. An example of the hypothesized grid is illustrated in Figure 5. Larger grid cells (lower resolutions) can be considered for more homogeneous deposits. A 1 km\({}^{2}\) deposit size was chosen to reduce model runtime but could easily be scaled to larger deposit sizes. Given the very large lateral extents of the tailings ponds (several km\({}^{2}\)) compared to the depth (50-100 m), boundary effects are expected to be minimal and drainage will predominantly be vertical. In this example, there are a total of 625 grid cells and 25 Defined points in a 1 km by 1 km square deposit.
## 2 Experimental Set-Up
### Selection of Platforms
#### 2.2.2 The Tendermint Blockchain  
Tendermint [5] consists of two core components: (i) a consensus engine and (ii) a generic application interface. The consensus engine, called Tendermint Core, ensures that the same transactions are recorded on every machine in the same order. The Tendermint protocol can be configured to support two groups of nodes that comprise the ledger, namely validators and non-validators. Only the validators participate in consensus and non-validators are restricted to read-only ledger access. Unlike many public blockchains, Tendermint does not have a cryptotoken and provides BFT with a claimed throughput of 14,000 tps [5]. The consensus engine utilises a BFT-based voting algorithm that works similarly to classic BFT algorithms such as Practical BFT (PBFT) [28]. This enforces multiple rounds of voting before data is committed. One main difference between Tendermint's BFT-based algorithm and classical algorithms, such as PBFT, is the introduction of voting power, this allows certain validator nodes to have greater decision-making influence within the network. The generic Tendermint API, called an Application BlockChain Interface (ABCI), allows smart contracts to be implemented in any programming language, provided that language implements the ABCI. Smart contracts deployed on Tendermint run on individual nodes, as opposed to Quorum where all smart contracts are run simultaneously across all nodes via the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), thus smart contracts on Tendermint are not decentralised.
###### Abstract  
To enforce the conservation of mass principle, a pressure Poisson equation arises in the numerical solution of incompressible fluid flow using the pressure-based segregated algorithms such as projection methods. For unsteady flows, the pressure Poisson equation is solved at each time step usually in physical space using iterative solvers, and the resulting pressure gradient is then applied to make the velocity field divergence-free. It is generally accepted that this pressure-correction stage is the most time-consuming part of the flow solver and any meaningful acceleration would contribute significantly to the overall computational efficiency. The objective of the present work was to develop a fast hybrid pressure-correction algorithm for numerical simulation of incompressible flows around obstacles in the context of projection methods. The key idea is to adopt different numerical methods/discretisations in the sub-steps of projection methods. Here, a classical second-order time-marching projection method, which consists of two sub-steps, was chosen for the purposes of demonstration. In the first sub-step, the momentum equations were discretised on unstructured grids and solved by conventional numerical methods, here a meshless method. In the second sub-step (pressure-correction), the proposed algorithm adopts a double-discretisation system and combines the weighted least-squares approximation with the essence of immersed boundary methods. Such a design allowed us to develop an FFT-based solver to speed up the solution of the pressure Poisson equation for flow cases with obstacles, while keeping the implementation of the boundary conditions for the momentum equations as easy as conventional numerical methods do with unstructured grids. The numerical experiments of five test cases were performed to verify and validate the proposed hybrid algorithm and evaluate its computational performance. The results showed that the new FFT-based hybrid algorithm works and is robust, and it was significantly faster than the multigrid-based reference method. The hybrid algorithm opens an avenue for the development of next-generation high-performance parallel computational fluid dynamics solvers for incompressible flows.  
Keywords:incompressible flows; projection methods; fast Poisson solver; fast Fourier transforms; weighted least squares; meshless methods : 65M22; 76D05 : 2023