# A Study on Ergonomic Layout of Automotive Electronic Shift Buttons
## 3 Results  
### Effects of Layout on Each of the Seven Dependent Measures  
The ANOVA results showed that the layout affected all seven dependent measures (accuracy, convenience, rapidity, learnability, intuitiveness, safety, and preference), with each \(p\)-value being less than 0.001. For each of these dependent variables, the mean and standard deviation of each layout design are shown in Figure 1, and the asterisks indicated statistical significance in post-hoc multiple comparisons with Bonferroni corrections. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Principle**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pair of Layouts**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Accuracy**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Convenience**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Rapidity**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Learability**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Intuitiveness**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Safety**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Preference**} \\ \cline{3-4} \cline{6-10}  & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Compatibility} & L2-L1 & -0.29 & -0.38 & -0.10 & -1.10 & -0.38 & -0.38 & 0.05 \\ \cline{2-10}  & L4-L3 & -0.57 & -0.71 & -0.24 & -0.90 & -0.43 & -0.33 & -0.38 \\ \cline{2-10}  & L10-L9 & **-1.33 \({}^{**}\) & **-1.24 \({}^{**}\) & **-0.90 \({}^{*}\)** & **-1.90 \({}^{**}\) & **-1.43 \({}^{**}\) & **-1.71 \({}^{**}\)** \\ \cline{2-10}  & L12-L11 & 0.19 & 0.52 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.57 & 0.19 & 0.43 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Functional similarity} & L3-L1 & 0.38 & 0.43 & 0.33 & 0.14 & 0.14 & 0.29 & 0.10 \\ \cline{2-10}  & L4-L2 & 0.10 & 0.10 & 0.19 & 0.33 & 0.10 & 0.33 & -0.33 \\ \cline{2-10}  & L3-L9 & 0.67 & 0.76 & **0.86 \({}^{*}\)** & 0.24 & 0.24 & 0.81 & 0.48 \\ \cline{2-10}  & L4-L10 & **1.43 \({}^{**}\) & **1.29 \({}^{*}\)** & **1.52 \({}^{***}\)** & **1.24 \({}^{**}\)** & **1.71 \({}^{***}\)** & **1.90 \({}^{***}\)** & **1.81 \({}^{***}\)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sterotype} & L6-L5 & 0.90 & 1.00 & 0.67 & **1.05 \({}^{*}\)** & **1.43 \({}^{*}\)** & **0.90 \({}^{*}\)** & 0.81 \\ \cline{2-10}  & L8-L7 & 0.67 & **0.86 \({}^{*}\)** & 0.43 & **0.90 \({}^{*}\)** & **1.52 \({}^{**}\)** & 0.81 & **1.00 \({}^{*}\)** \\ \cline{2-10}  & L9-L11 & **1.24 \({}^{**}\) & **1.86 \({}^{***}\)** & 1.10 & **1.86 \({}^{***}\)** & **2.10 \({}^{***}\)** & **1.00 \({}^{*}\)** & **1.76 \({}^{***}\)** \\ \cline{2-10}  & L10-L12 & -0.29 & 0.10 & 0.19 & -0.05 & -0.38 & -0.62 & -0.38 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}p<0.05\), \({}^{**}p<0.01\), \({}^{***}p<0.001\).  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Mean differences between layouts to which ergonomic principles were applied and layouts to which they were not applied. Across all seven measures, L1, L2, L3, L4, L6, and L9 show scores higher than 4 (\"Neutral\"). The layouts that exhibit statistically significant differences for each of the six layouts are as follows:  
Figure 1: Mean and standard deviation of each subjective rating measure for each layout: (**a**) accuracy, (**b**) convenience, (**c**) rapidity, (**d**) learnability, (**e**) intuitiveness, (**f**) safety, and (**g**) preference. * \(p\) < 0.05, **_**\(p<0.01\), *** \(p\) < 0.001. * L1 displays significantly higher mean scores compared to L5 for learnability; L7 in terms of all seven measures; L10 in terms of learnability, safety, and preference; and L11 in terms of convenience, learnability, intuitiveness, and preference. * L2 exhibits significantly higher mean scores compared to L7 in terms of accuracy, intuitiveness, and preference, and L10 in terms of intuitiveness and preference. * L3 shows significantly higher mean scores compared to L5 in terms of learnability; L7 in terms of all seven measures; L10 in terms of convenience, rapidity, learnability, safety, and preference; L11 in terms of convenience, learnability, intuitiveness, and preference; and L12 in terms of convenience, rapidity, and learnability. * L4 presents significantly higher mean scores compared to L7 in terms of all seven measures; L10 in terms of safety and preference; and L11 in terms of convenience. * L6 shows a significantly higher mean score compared to L7 in terms of intuitiveness.