## 4 Discussion
They suggested that this instability prompts heightened postural corrections, indicating a potential deficiency in sensorimotor control specifically associated with recurrent instability in the dominant shoulder [2]. This difference further indicates that sensorimotor deficiencies may play a particularly critical role when instability affects the dominant side, contrasting with patients experiencing instability on the non-dominant side, for which no comparable differences were observed [2]. In subjects without instability, there were no substantial side-to-side differences in stabilizer parameters, indicating that shoulder proprioception and kinesthesia remain stable across the dominant and non-dominant sides [12; 33]. These observations align with our findings, which also did not reveal any significant differences in stabilizer parameters between the left and right sides in the control subjects. Furthermore, it was also reported that in patients with unilateral recurrent anterior instability, proprioceptive measures on the stable contralateral side were similar to those of the control subjects, reinforcing the idea that healthy shoulders maintain consistent proprioceptive stability, regardless of dominance [2]. The differences in stabilizer parameters among individuals with shoulder instability underscore the value of these metrics in distinguishing between pathological and healthy subjects [2]. In athletes with isolated infraspinatus muscle atrophy (IIMA), a notable reduction in both static and dynamic shoulder stability on the affected side has been shown when compared to the contralateral shoulder and a healthy control group. Importantly, in closed-eye conditions, the shoulder with IIMA demonstrated a marked decrease in static stability, suggesting a likely sensorimotor control deficiency linked to compromised proprioception [15]. In our study, no significant differences were observed between open- and closed-eye conditions; however, our participants were healthy, physically active individuals without any shoulder injuries. This contrasts with the findings in IIMA patients, who displayed a distinct proprioceptive deficit in closed-eye conditions, further highlighting the impact of isolated muscle atrophy on sensorimotor control and stability [15]. In some studies, it has been highlighted that test duration is a critical factor in the reliability of sway assessment [1]. For the lower limbs, a 60 s evaluation is commonly reported as the most reliable duration [6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. However, upper-limb sway tests are considerably more demanding and fatiguing, potentially having influence on consistency. As noted by [PERSON] et al. [1], longer testing durations tend to decrease reliability due to the onset of muscle fatigue, which can distort the results. To address this, they found that a 20 s measurement yielded reliable outcomes [1]. In our study, we opted for a 30 s data acquisition period, analyzing only the central 25 s to ensure both accuracy and reliability while minimizing the effects of fatigue. The limitations of this study include the relatively small sample size; therefore, further research should be conducted on a larger population. Additionally, it is necessary to verify the reliability of the upper limb sway test among athletes from different sports disciplines. Moreover, in the future, it would be essential to establish the validity of this assessment method by comparing results obtained on a force plate with data collected using other research tools. With the advancement of artificial intelligence and machine learning methods, future studies should explore this aspect, especially in physical and rehabilitation medicine, as previously developed studies [34]. Another limitation of this study is the reliance on supporting research that is older than five years, which was necessary due to the lack of more recent studies conducted in this area.