## 1 Introduction  
The population of the world is growing rapidly, and demand for food is increasing with the passage of time, which leads to an increase in the productivity of agriculture. Competitiveness between large, regional producers and individual farms has stimulated a concentration on agricultural growth. As a consequence, the production of livestock is concentrated in specific areas, while other areas are concerned with crop production and lack of fertilizers. This intensification regarding farms has been observed worldwide, and has also been discussed in regard to its ecological effect and the potential reintegration of crops and livestock systems [1, 2]. The continuing menace posed by climate change causes carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, which has rekindled steadfast global encouragement against its harmful derivatives. A key challenge to agriculture and food security in the world is climate change because of its impact on production and enforcement sector, which limits global warming [3]. Furthermore, with the prospect of bringing on the failure of the largest market in the world, climate change is considered a serious environmental threat in the 21 st century. The adverse effects of climate change impose additional costs on developing countries in attaining their developmental goals. They also affect the agricultural production and steady economic growth, and cause water and food shortages, an increased loss of forestry, and huge immigration issues [4]. The latest estimates reveal that global CO\({}_{2}\) emissions are unstable and have grown significantly in the last century. Evidently, it is among those factors behind the progress in economic growth. Consideration of greenhouse gas emissions is crucial for economic planning, decision making and environmental development. CO\({}_{2}\) is currently considered the chief contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), CO\({}_{2}\) accounts for about 76.7% of greenhouse gas emissions; 56.6% is from the fossil fuels, about 17.3% is from deforestation, and 2.8% is from the other sources [5]. In emerging economies, CO\({}_{2}\) emission holds a huge share among pollutants in total greenhouse gas emissions. Due to a rapidly growing population, the demand for energy, economic growth, and agricultural production is rising and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions are increasing with the passage of time [6; 7; 8; 9]. With a rapidly growing population, global agricultural production has increased from the mid-20 th century. The global demand for food has doubled, creating a threat to a sustainable environment and agriculture. The agricultural sector is considered the major source of greenhouse gas emissions because agricultural practices are not sustainable enough to improve productivity and enhance food security [10; 11; 12]. It is extensively assumed that agriculture plays a dominant role in achieving the objective of CO\({}_{2}\) emission reduction. Similarly, the agricultural sector is hugely dependent on climate, temperature, rainfall and floods. It affects agricultural production, the food supply, commodity prices and other aspects that eventually decrease economic performance [13; 14]. Globally, agriculture produces 20% of CO\({}_{2}\), methane produces 70% and nitrogen oxide produces about 90% [15]. The agricultural sector plays a key role in the upsurge of economic growth of any country by enhancing economic development. Several studies have highlighted CO\({}_{2}\) emissions and their association with energy consumption, economic growth, agricultural growth, natural gas consumption, renewable and sustainable energy, economic and population growth, forest and agriculture and renewable waste [16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26].