# Quantum Leap from Gold and Silver to Aluminum Nanoplasmonics for Enhanced Biomedical Applications
## 5 Translational Applications and Outlook  
The quantum medicine approach may also be used to improve the UV treatment of coronavirus. Effective pathogen inactivation systems based on UV radiation have been developed for West Nile, Zika, hepatitis E, dengue, and other viruses [244; 245; 246; 247; 248; 249; 250; 251]. However, the dosage of the effective UV radiation varies with different viruses and genome types, depending on the size and other factors [252; 253; 254; 255; 256; 257; 258; 259]. The underlying mechanisms of virus inactivation is the degradation of the genome or capsid proteins [260; 261; 262; 263; 264].  
UV irradiation can have synergistic effects in combination with other treatments. Acid and heat stable enteroviruses EV70 and EV71 were treated with UV radiation [265; 266; 267; 268]. A dual wavelength (260 and 280 nm) UVC-LED device was used for the inactivation of human enteroviruses [266].  
Figure 9: Quantum medicine model of wound or cancer treatment using Al NSs irradiated by incoherent UV light and coherent visible or infrared laser. Al NSs in the wound localize the incident UV fields at the surface, leading to faster and more efficient treatment with lower UV dose. (**a**) Schematic picture of Al NSs inside a wound or tumor. (**b**) Zoomed-in schematic of Al nanoshell filled with gain media particles surrounded by biomolecules. (**c**) Energy level diagram showing various states of the Al NS (nanoshell) and gain medium, coupled by UV pump (g) and an additional laser drive (\(\Omega_{\text{a}}\)) field. The quantum coherence generated between states 2 and 3 by the drive field leads to stronger near fields (**d**) and more efficient treatment. (Adapted from [PERSON] et al. [216]).  
Heat, UV radiation, and chemical treatments of viruses have been analyzed [269]. Among the most UV-resistant viruses, adenovirus (AD41) was inactivated using germicidal UV radiation (254 nm) with dosages ranging from 75 to 225 mJ/cm\({}^{2}\)[270]. Viral capsid damage in adenovirus (AD5) by low- (LP) and medium-pressure (MP) UV radiation revealed a more efficient inactivation in the 230-245 nm range [271]. Additional experiments on AD5 and AD41 showed the enhanced effects of UV inactivation followed by chlorine treatment [272]. Comparison of the UVC irradiation of the non-enveloped feline calicivirus (FCV) at 255, 261, 277, and 281 nm revealed a larger absorbance at 255 nm, making it more suitable for the treatment [273].  
The Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been a cause of major concerns and challenges to understand the viral epidemiology and clinical characteristics [274; 275]. A functioning methodology of the virus inactivation has been the urgent research question. The use of UV radiation as a method of SARS-associated virus inactivation has been proposed by clinicians and scientists [276]. For example, the use of germicidal UV (UVGI) radiation for the decontamination of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (N95 FFs) has been reported [277; 278; 279; 280]. Detailed UVGI decontamination of the N95 FFs procedure was also developed, which involves the inactivation of bacterial and viral surrogate organisms [281]. Novel approaches for practical build-at-home UVC disinfection systems for decontamination PPE have also been actively developed [282].  
Previous studies used UV radiation to inactivate coronaviruses, facing successes and challenges. For example, germicidal UVC had low efficiency for the inactivation of canine coronavirus (CCoV), requiring up to 3 days of exposure to achieve viral inactivation [283]. On the other hand, the successful coronavirus inactivation by UV radiation, heat treatment, pH changes, formalin, and glutaraldehyde treatments has been reported [284; 285]. UVC inactivation of SARS-CoV revealed that a 1 min exposure of 254 nm UVC leads to partial inactivation, with a complete inactivation achieved upon 15 min exposure [285]. These challenges need to be addressed to develop effective real-time disinfection devices, and quantum-coherence-enhanced Al NSs provide a promising approach.