## 2 Related Work  
Emergency communication is essential to support victims and first responders in critical disaster scenarios where human lives are on the line. Wireless communication, such as cellular, WiFi, vehicle-to-infrastructure, and mesh networks based on IEEE 802.11 standards [5], are crucial in prioritising emergency communication. These standards ensure that emergency messages are delivered promptly and reliably, enabling first responders to communicate immediately with those requiring assistance. In disaster situations demanding strict quality of service (QoS), IEEE 802.11e provides low-latency communication by prioritising essential traffic through Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA), which is particularly valuable in crowded emergency environments [11]. When network infrastructure is compromised, IEEE 802.11s offers self-healing mesh networking capabilities, allowing devices to relay critical information across multiple nodes, even if some connections fail [12]. For medical emergencies, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) adaptations within IEEE 802.11 facilitate real-time data transmission with minimal latency and jitter, supporting rapid coordination in life-saving interventions [13,14]. IEEE 802.11p, designed explicitly for vehicular communication, supports essential vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) links, helping to prioritise messages like hazard alerts and aiding in effective evacuation and emergency vehicle routing [15; 16]. When low-power, long-range communication is required, IEEE 802.11 ah (WiFi HaLow) extends network reach for IoT-based emergency monitoring, ensuring connectivity with sensors that detect hazardous conditions. This is achieved through protocols like the Registration-based Situation-Aware Access Extension (RSAE), which minimises signal collisions and ensures rapid data delivery from critical sensors in densely populated disaster zones [17; 18]. Additionally, IEEE 802.11 ax (WiFi 6) leverages Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Target Wake Time (TWT) to reduce congestion, effectively managing high-priority traffic in areas dense with emergency responders and equipment [19]. IEEE 802.11 standards collectively establish a robust, life-saving communication framework crucial for prioritising emergency traffic and ensuring uninterrupted transmission of essential data in any disaster response. Many network researchers have developed various techniques to enhance the performance of 802.11e by reducing overheads. Examples of techniques include modified TXOP, block size, and BlockAck. The main problem with small frame sizes is the increased transmission overheads because an STA needs to negotiate each time before transmitting the frame. To overcome the network performance issue due to the small block size, one can form a large frame by combining several short packets in a flow. However, the larger block size increases the error rate and results in a delay for real-time applications [20; 21]. Thus, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22] proposed a new MAC protocol called buffer unit multiple access (BUMA). The proposed BUMA protocol reduces transmission overheads by applying the frame aggregation approach and achieves higher throughput. However, BUMA is only suitable for UDP applications and may not provide a guarantee of service delivery. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [23] developed a MAC scheme called minimised header MAC service data unit (MSDU) aggregation scheme (mA-MSDU) for reducing the transmission overheads by aggregating MSDUs. This scheme optimised the subframe by minimising the header overhead. Furthermore, the researchers in [23] proposed an Implicit Sequence Control (ISC) as a subframe error controller that retransmits only the corrupted subframes. On the other hand, a two-level frame aggregation mechanism is suggested by combining A-MSDU and aggregate-MAC protocol data unit (A-MPDU) schemes [24]. This scheme enhanced the performance of throughput and offered a reduced MAC delay.