# Phtyoremediation and Bioremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil
## 7 Remediation of Pesticides
### In Situ Bioremediation and Phtoremediation
#### 7.3.1 Biodegradation of DDT
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Samples**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Soil or Vegetation**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Mass. kg**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Concentration. \(\mu\)g kg\({}^{-1}\)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Total**} \\ \cline{5-8}  & & & **4\(A^{\prime}\)-DDE** & **2\(A^{\prime}\)-DDD** & **4\(A^{\prime}\)-DDT** & **Extraction \(\mu\)g** \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{_M. giganteus_} \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{2 MAC} & Soil & 3 & \(146\pm 22\) & \(3\pm 1\) & \(92\pm 21\) & 723 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Above ground & 0.031 & \(0.2\pm 0.1\) & \(18.3\pm 6.1\) & \(98.4\pm 27.1\) & 3.6 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Root & 0.035 & \(35.2\pm 6.5\) & \(352.3\pm 32.2\) & \(1810.4\pm 126.3\) & 76.9 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Soil & 3 & \(105\pm 18\) & \(2\pm 1\) & \(83\pm 12\) & 572 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{Dying sprouts of _M. giganteus_} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{6 MAC} & Above ground & 0.015 & \(50.2\pm 14.2\) & \(15.3\pm 6.2\) & \(36.3\pm 12.5\) & 1.5 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Root & 0.026 & \(158.1\pm 87.5\) & \(134.3\pm 25.1\) & \(139.8\pm 23.6\) & 11.2 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{13 MAC} & Above ground & 0.010 & \(41.4\pm 21.2\) & \(17.3\pm 11.5\) & \(36.7\pm 15.7\) & 0.9 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Root & 0.022 & \(246.3\pm 123.3\) & \(135.5\pm 27.1\) & \(191.1\pm 55.1\) & 8.8 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{33 MAC} & Above ground & 0.008 & \(22.2\pm 9.2\) & \(36.1\pm 18.2\) & \(32.0\pm 16.0\) & 7.2 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Root & 0.020 & \(267.4\pm 42.1\) & \(60.4\pm 19.1\) & \(212.6\pm 27.1\) & 10.8 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{45 MAC} & Above ground & 0.007 & \(36.1\pm 27.2\) & \(112.3\pm 20.5\) & \(27.9\pm 9.9\) & 1.2 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Root & 0.021 & \(453.3\pm 30.1\) & \(113.4\pm 15.2\) & \(52.1\pm 11.1\) & 13.0 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{62 MAC} & Above ground & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & Root & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{_M. sinensis_} \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{62 MAC} & Soil & 3 & \(2750\pm 88\) & \(933\pm 48\) & \(2498\pm 45\) & 18,543 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Above ground & 0.014 & \(151.2\pm 45.3\) & \(78.4\pm 29.3\) & \(12.4\pm 7.0\) & 3.4 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Root & 0.009 & \(570.5\pm 53.3\) & \(45.1\pm 22.0\) & \(247.2\pm 76.4\) & 7.8 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Soil & 3 & \(1230\pm 49\) & \(888\pm 79\) & \(1991\pm 221\) & 12,327 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{\({}^{*}\) MAC—maximum acceptable concentrations of metabolites of DDT in the soil 100 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) from reference [172].} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The concentration of DDT (1,1-tichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenylenyl) ethane) and metabolites in soil and miscanthus after phytoremediation during one growing season \({}^{*}\). The soil sample is from a contaminated field site in Kazakhstan that also had metal contamination [172]. The toxicity of the pesticide and the metabolites had a greater impact on _Miscantlus x giganteus_, which is a triploid hybrid, compared to the diploid _Miscantlus sinensis_. For _M.x giganteus_ the concentrations of DDT and DDE in the roots are greater than those in the aboveground biomass for all cases; however the concentration of DDD is larger in the aboveground biomass than in the root for the _M. sinensis_. The average height of the plants was 137.6 cm for the _M.x giganteus_ for 2 MAC and 75.3 cm for _M. sinensis_ for 62 MAC after one growing season [172]. The values for mass include any water that was present. The mass of DDT taken up by the plant was largest for the 2 MAC experiment with _M.x giganteus_. The concentration of DDT in the roots is higher than the average value in the blended soil for 2 MAC. When one blends clean soil and contaminated soil, one would expect to have some soil particles with much higher concentrations of DDT than the average value of 0.2 mg/kg. In Table 1, for each experiment, the top soil sample data has values before the vegetation experiment and the lower soil sample data has values after the growing season. The notation 2 MAC refers to two times the MAC or \(2\times 0.1\) mg/kg = 0.2 mg/kg.