## 3 Results
### Land Surface Temperature Distribution during El Nino and La Nina in Kuching City from Landsat  
Based on Figure 7, the left side depicts the dates when the Landsat data were recorded during the El Nino event, with ONI values of 1 to 1.1. On the other hand, the right side of Figure 5 displays maps of the temperature distribution during La Nina, with negative ONI values ranging from \(-1\) to \(-1.1\). The temperature distribution map during El Nino illustrates that most study locations in Kuching City, Sarawak, are colored in shades of yellow, indicating higher-than-normal surface temperatures. Conversely, during the La Nina event, the temperature map shows bluish shades, representing lower local temperatures compared to the El Nino event. To gain a clearer understanding of the areas experiencing higher temperatures, the study categorizes them into urban and industrial zones. In Kuching City, Sarawak, there are more clustered heat areas during El Nino compared to La Nina. For instance, during El Nino, almost all of the zones (B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and J) exhibit temperatures above 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C [31], causing discomfort to the population in Kuching City, as shown in Figure 8. Another example is illustrated in Figure 6. During El Nino, there are a total of eight focal point hot zones: B, C, D, E, and F (urban areas) and G, H, and I (industrial areas), while during La Nina, there are seven zones: B, C, D, G, H, I, and J. Figures 5-7 demonstrate the increase in the area of concentrated heat where the temperatures exceed 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, during both La Nina and El Nino events. To further understand the impact of ENSO events on temperature distribution using remote sensing techniques in Kuching City, Sarawak, this study analyzes the statistical values of the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures derived from Landsat satellite data during La Nina and El Nino events. Table 6 provides comprehensive information on the statistical values of the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures during La Nina and El Nino events in Kuching City. These temperature differences are based on cloud-free Landsat satellite data and ONI values exceeding \(-1\) for La Nina and 1 for El Nino in Kuching City, Sarawak. The subsequent paragraph delves into a detailed explanation of the variations in the maximum, minimum, and average temperature statistical values derived from Landsat satellite data during La Nina and El Nino events in Kuching City, Sarawak. Table 6 presents statistical information values for the selected data when the ONI exceeds \(\pm 1\) and there is no cloud coverage at the study location. In Table 6, it is evident that the average, maximum, and minimum temperatures during El Nino are higher than during La Nina. For instance, during ONI 1.1 in April 1998 (El Nino), the average temperature is 27.81 \({}^{\circ}\)C, whereas during ONI \(-1.1\) in November 2011 (La Nina), the average temperature is 24.91 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Similar temperature differences can be observed in July 2015, when the average temperature during ONI 1.1 was 26.90 \({}^{\circ}\)C (El Nino), which was higher than the average temperature of 24.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C during La Nina with an ONI of \(-1\). The same trend applies to the maximum and minimum temperature values. During El Nino, the maximum temperature reached 35.90 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the minimum temperature was 24.29 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while during La Nina, the maximum temperature was 31.39 \({}^{\circ}\)C,and the minimum temperature was 19.10 \({}^{\circ}\)C. These values correspond to ONI 1 in July 2016 (El Nino) and non-October 2017 (La Nina). Figure 7: LST distribution during El Niño and La Nina from Landsat. Table 6 provides further details on the differences in the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures, showing variances ranging from 2.10 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 2.90 \({}^{\circ}\)C for the average, 2.32 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 4.51 \({}^{\circ}\)C for the maximum, and 2.74 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 6.77 \({}^{\circ}\)C for the minimum values.