esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
The soil samples collected from Zheng'an County revealed total Se contents ranging from 0.49 mg/kg to 3.87 mg/kg, with an average of 1.22 mg/kg, classifying the region as Se-rich. However, the distribution of Se forms indicated a relatively low proportion of effective Se being available for plant absorption and utilization, with residue Se being the predominant form (53.1%). The _G. elata_ samples exhibited an average Se content of 0.094 mg/kg, with an enrichment coefficient of 0.11 and an enrichment index of 0.176, demonstrating significant Se enrichment capacity. In the studied karst areas, moderately acidic soils (pH: 5.98-6.60) promote the conversion of effective Se into less available forms, hindering plant absorption. Additionally, a higher OM content (ranging from 21.92 to 127.66 g/kg) and clay content (ranging from 50.73% to 76.19%) contribute to Se binding, retention, and adsorption, further reducing its availability for plant uptake.  
In summary, the results of this study elucidate the distribution characteristics of Se in subtropical karst soils and its relationship with soil-plant interactions. Despite the abundant total Se content in the soil, the proportion of effective Se is low, limiting plant absorption and utilization. Therefore, future research could focus on elucidating the formation and transformation mechanisms of effective Se in soil, as well as strategies to enhance plants' Se uptake efficiency, thereby providing a scientific basis for soil management and ecological restoration in karst areas.  
J.B.: Supervision, Writing--Review and Editing, Conceptualization, and Investigation. Z.H.: Methodology, Writing--Original Draft, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, and Visualization. C.X.: Software, Resources, Visualization, and Data Curation. J.Z.: Software,Resources, Visualization, and Data Curation. X.X.: Investigation, Writing--Review and Editing, Funding acquisition, and Project administration. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundations of Guizhou Province (ZK-2022-227), Geological Mineral Exploration and Development Funds of Guizhou Province (QDKKH2021-15), National Natural Science Foundations of China (41907177), and the Open Research Program of Groundwater Remediation Technology Transformation Pilot Base of Hubei Province (GRTT202003).  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors thank the 106 Geological Brigade of Guizhou Provincial Bureau of Geology and Minerals for their assistance in collecting geological and geochemical data and facilitating field investigation and sample collection.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx); reduced glutathione (GSH); oxidized glutathione (GSSG); Gastrodin (4-hydroxymethylphenyl-\(\beta\)-D-glucopyranoside); certified reference materials (CRMs); relative standard deviation (RSD); bioconcentration coefficient (BCF); organic matter (OM); reduction partition index (\(I_{R}\)).
## 4 Image Processing
### Centroid of Camellia oleifera Fruit  
_Camellia oleifera_ fruit image processing after morphological processing is median filtered to remove noise; we smooth the edges of the binary image, and make its contour fitting effect better [34]. The mask operation extracts the _Camellia oleifera_ fruit part of the target region. Therefore, the mask extraction operation is performed via a binary image obtained after morphological processing and an image with a 10-pixel expansion of image preprocessing. Edge detection is the process of locating the edge pixels of the _Camellia oleifera_ fruit, so the Canny operator is used to detect the edge of the masked image to obtain the outline edge of the _Camellia oleifera_ fruit.  
After edge detection, we need to use BLOBs to find the centroid of _Camellia oleifera_ fruit. BLOB is a group of connected pixels with the same attributes in the image. The moment is used to calculate the center of gravity, area, and other shape features of the shape. The calculation of the image's geometric moment is  
\[M_{ji}=\sum_{x,y}I(x,y)x^{j}y^{j} \tag{21}\]  
Equation (21) represents the pixel value at the pixel. Use moments in OpenCV to find the center of BLOB, that is, the centroid of the _Camellia oleifera_ fruit, as shown in Figure 8. The centroid calculation includes Equations (22) and (23):  
\[\overline{x}=\frac{m_{10}}{m_{00}} \tag{22}\]  
\[\overline{y}=\frac{m_{01}}{m_{00}} \tag{23}\]  
where \(\overline{x}\) and \(\overline{y}\) are the centroid coordinate, \(m_{00}\) is the zero-order moment, \(m_{10}\) and \(m_{01}\) are the first order moments.  
Figure 7: Morphological processing. (**a**) Close operation, (**b**) Open operation.
# Rapid Restoration Techniques for Software-Defined Networks
## 3 Proposed Path Recovery Methods
### Path Anatomy-Based Approach
#### 3.3.2 PA Example  
A schematic example is provided to clarify the strategy used by the path anatomy approach. We re-use the ERnet topology in Figure 2, however, the coloured layer is discarded. Consider the path between Dublin and Sofia. The least cost path between these two nodes is through the route:  
Dublin-Glasgow-Amsterdam-Hamburg-Berlin-Prague-Budapest-Belgrade-Sofia  
As this path has 8 hops and is of length 9, its middle point is Berlin. Let us assume that the link Hamburg-Berlin fails. The recovery procedure reacts to the failure by assigning the two affected nodes to the failed link set, \(F_{PA}\). The controller then treats the failure using the first or the second PA scheme. In the case of the first scheme, the retrieved alternative sub-path will be:  
Dublin-Glasgow-Amsterdam-Hamburg-Frankfurt-Munich-Berlin  
Note that the change affects only part of the original path, its first half (between Dublin and Berlin), where the failure has occurred. However, using the second scheme, the alternative sub-path returned will instead be:  
Hamburg-Frankfurt-Munich-Berlin  
In the second case, the solution is specific to the two nodes between which the failed link lies, Hamburg and Berlin.
## 2 Background
### Overview of Eco-Materials for Sustainable Building
#### 2.2.2 Hempcrete  
Climate change in recent years has pushed the world to find some vegetal concrete that uses biomass, yielding benefits such as decreasing the carbon effects, renewability, and low embodied energy [61]. One of the most researched bio-based concretes is hemp concrete, or _hempcrete_, which is made of recyclable resources such as lime, water, and hemp shivs mixed together in three stages (spraying, mixing or molding, and tamping) [62]. Hempcrete is not new, as it was used in bridges in Southern France in the 6-\(th\) century, and its modern use in France began in 1990 for the rehabilitation of historic timber-framed buildings [63]. These hempcrete applications demonstrate the durability and suitability of the material [64; 65].  
According to the literature, the compressive strength of hemp-fiber-reinforced concrete can reach up to 35 MPa, which is comparable to that of traditional concrete. However, the strength of the material decreases as the density decreases [66]. Additionally, it has been noted that hemp-fiber-reinforced concrete has less workability compared to traditional concrete [63]. Hempcrete is used as sound and thermal insulation, as a reinforcing shiv for plasters and prefabricated building materials [65], to control the indoor environment [67], and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [64]. However, hempcrete performs as well as conventional building materials in warmer weather, which implies that more energy is required to maintain a comfortable building temperature in cold conditions [68]. Moreover, it holds too much water and absorbs it for a long time [61], requiring an efficient working process to avoid any negative effects from increasing setting and drying times.  
To the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no official standards, guidelines, or procedures for hempcrete [67; 69]. Thus, the on-site installation process of hempcrete would require _ad-hoc_ testing and certification. However, the growing interest in hempcrete will prompt the industry to create new certification processes and open new business opportunities [65], and, as technology advances, the economic and sustainable performance of hempcrete is expected to improve [68]. Figure 2 shows an example of a construction using hempcrete (left panel) and an image of the construction process using hempcrete blocks (right panel).  
Figure 1: Example of rammed earth construction. (**a**) House made of rammed earth in New Mexico. (**b**) The process of building a rammed earth wall.  
Figure 2: Hempcrete construction examples. (**a**) House made of hempcrete in Nevada City, CA, USA. (**b**) The process of building a hempcrete wall. Images taken from www.hempbuildmag.com (accessed on 15 October 2023).
## 3 Experimental Study on the Coefficient of Restitution of Wheat Grains
### Experimental Test Stand  
A specialised test stand was developed to investigate grain impacts by dropping kernels onto a surface and measuring both the impact velocity and the resulting impact force, as illustrated in Figure 5.  
The test stand consisted of the following components:  
* Aluminium support frame;
* Transparent grain guide that ensured precise positioning and release;
* Piezoelectric force sensor (sensitivity 112.41 mV N\({}^{-1}\); range 44.48 N);
* High-speed camera with dedicated lighting for tracking grain motion and velocity;
* HBM measurement amplifier sampling at 1 MHz;
* Computer with acquisition and analysis software.  
This configuration provided controlled release conditions and enabled reproducible, accurate measurements of single-grain impacts.
# Flaw Size Quantification for Cable Flaw Inspection System with Inductive Search Coil Sensor
## 2 Methodology
### Model-Based Principle
Each segment is considered as one unit flaw, which can be substituted with air having a relative permeability of \(\mu_{air}=1\). To quantify the influence of the flaws on the inductance variation, the proportion loss  
Figure 1: Finite element mesh division diagram: (**a**) Cross-sectional mesh diagram; (**b**) Three-dimensional mesh diagram. of area (PLA) is utilized to express the cross-sectional area of the flaw, with each wire representing the smallest unit. Specifically, the position of the flaw is denoted by \(P_{d}\), where \(P_{d}=1\) indicates that the flaw is on the innermost layer of the cable. Accordingly, the variations in the self-inductance of the coil are simulated and recorded. Figure 2 illustrates the simulated signals produced by defects situated on Layer 2, with defects lengths ranging from 5 to 20 mm. Specifically, Figure 2a represents the original simulated signal, while Figure 2b shows the corresponding differential of the original signal. The results demonstrate that the axial length of the flaw can be determined based on the measured coil inductance variation. Additionally, Figure 3 shows the simulation signals generated by defects with varying cross-sectional areas and a length of 20 mm. Figure 3a represents the original simulated signal, and Figure 3b shows the corresponding differential signal. The results indicate that the coil's inductance response is highly correlated with the flaw's cross-sectional area. The aforementioned results effectively reveal the relationships between the coil inductance variation and the axial length as well as the cross-sectional area of the defects. Figure 3: Inductance variation simulation of the self–inductance coil with flaws of different cross-sectional area, with a length of 20 mm, \(P_{d}=2\) (**a**) Original simulated signal (**b**) Differential of the original signal. Figure 2: Inductance variation simulation of the self–inductance coil with flaws of different axial lengths, with PLA = 6/19, \(P_{d}=2\) (**a**) Original simulated signal (**b**) Differential of the original signal.
## 2 Methodology
Since the specular point can be at a substantial distance from the measuring site, the elevation angle will no longer be the complementary angle of incidence. A correction can be calculated according to [16; 18]. The elevation angle also has to be corrected for refraction effects. For this, astronomic refraction models can be used [13]. Therefore, the angle \(\varepsilon\) in Equation (1) must be the elevation angle corrected for both effects.
## 4 Discussion
It is possible that lower plasma concentrations of AEA in CD patients observed by us are simply a result of increased uptake by inflamed cells of the GI tract and not a result of diminished production in the body as a whole. Lower AEA concentrations can also be the result of a complex genetical predisposition; as stated above, this substance has a profound effect on many processes and systems in the human body (including regulation of inflammation) and our findings may indicate the cause of CD in our patients, more than just being merely a sign of a disease. Both of these hypothetical mechanisms of diminishing AEA levels did not influence the final effect of low concentration of AEA on inflammation in CD. The shortage of AEA in CD due to any case is unfavorable. Hypothetical long-term supplementation with exogenous AEA needs to consider the possible side effects. Administering large amounts of this substance with a high degree of probability would induce side effects stemming from AEA uptake by the central nervous system such as impaired memory [56]. Because of that, we rather consider the stimulation of endogenous AEA production or therapeutic monitoring of this agonist; further studies are needed to establish therapeutic ranges in that case. Therefore, it is advisable to develop therapeutic methods to enhance the concentration of endogenous cannabinoids. This type of treatment should be free from numerous side effects associated with exogenous cannabinoid medication, especially addiction, and therefore accepted by doctors and patients. An approach potentially worth considering is the pharmacological lowering of FAA activity. The effect of such a therapy targeted on endocannabinoids should be beneficial and multidirectional--ranging from their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diarrheal, and improving mood effects to enhancing appetite and nutritional status.
# Performance and Scalability Analysis of SDN-Based Large-Scale Wi-Fi Networks
## 3 Background Knowledge
### Mininet-Wi-Fi  
The Mininet network emulator expanded its capabilities by adding support for virtual Wi-Fi stations. The \"standard Linux wireless driver\" and the 80211 hwsim wireless emulation driver are the foundations upon which Mininet's connection points are constructed [11]. The purpose of Mininet-Wi-Fi is to advance research on both wireless and SDWN by offering high-fidelity simulations of wireless networks that have been tested in real networks within an environment that is completely under control [5]. An experimental platform known as Mininet-Wi-Fi gives its customers the ability to build a network at any time using only a computer and no other hardware [15]. This presents a significant convenience for the users of the platform. Additionally, real software and network protocol codes can be executed by Mininet-Wi-Fi so that a variety of protocols can be tested and the performance of devices and signals can be analyzed [21]. The Mininet-Wi-Fi is unique in that it gives devices in a particular location the ability to communicate with one another  
Figure 1: The differences between an SDN switch and a traditional switch [17,20,39].  
wirelessly. Users are able to test and measure node mobility and signal propagation thanks to the availability of a number of different types of radio signal propagation [15; 41].
###### Abstract  
The Cd hyperaccumulator _Solanum nigrum_ L. exhibits a cosmopolitan character and proven high and differentiated efficiency. This suggests the possibility of optimizing its Cd phytoremediation capacity and applicability through searching among remote ecotypes/genotypes. However, the extensive studies on this hyperaccumulator have been limited to Far East (Asian) regions. Pioneer pot experiments on the Middle European ecotype of _S. nigrum_ within a concentration range of 0-50 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) Cd in soil revealed its Cd phytoremediation capacity to be comparable to Asian ecotypes but with a fundamentally different Cd tolerance threshold. While biomass of the Asian ecotypes declined sharply at \(\mathrm{C_{soil}}\approx 10\) mg kg\({}^{-1}\) Cd, in the Middle European ecotype, a gradual mild biomass decrease occurred within the whole \(\mathrm{C_{soil}}\approx 0\)-50 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) Cd range with no toxic symptoms. Its adapted A50 variety was obtained from the seeds of first-generation plants grown in soil with \(\mathrm{C_{soil}}\approx 50\) mg kg\({}^{-1}\) Cd. In this variety, Cd tolerance, accumulation performance, and all physiological parameters (chlorophyll, carotenoids, RuBisCO, and first- and second-line defense anti-oxidant activity) were significantly enhanced, while cell damage by ROS was considerably lesser. This makes the Middle European ecotype and its adapted variety A50 particularly useful to sustainable decontamination of heavily polluted \"hot spots\" in degraded post-industrial areas.  
cadmium phytoremediation; _Solanum nigrum_ L.; Middle European vs. Asian ecotypes; Cd hyperaccumulative properties; hyperaccumulation mechanism differentiation; adapted variety efficiency; physiological parameter response; ecotype stress tolerance; heavily polluted soil decontamination
# Minimized Triple-Band Eight-Element Antenna Array for 5G Metal-frame Smartphone Applications
## 3 Antenna Analysis  
In order to understand the mechanism of the proposed MIMO antenna system, the design evolution, simulated surface current distribution, and the optimal parameter analysis of the antenna element have been studied.  
In Figure 2, Case 1 is a simple monopole. By cutting two rectangle slots on the strips of antenna of Case 1, the antenna of Case 2 is obtained. By adding an L-shaped radiation strip on the frame of antenna of Case 1, the antenna of Case 3 is formed that has the character of single band at 3.8 GHz. By cutting a rectangle slot of the antenna of Case 3, the antenna of Case 4 is produced, which gets a better performance compared to that of Case 3. While cutting another rectangle slot of antenna of Case 3, the antenna of Case 5 is formed. By combining the superiority of antennas of Case 4 and Case 5, the proposed antenna element is proposed, which has two resonance points that can fully cover 3.3-3.8 GHz in the lower frequency band and 4.8-5.925 GHz in the higher frequency band.  
Figure 3 show the surface current distribution simulated at 3.5 GHz, 4.9 GHz, and 5.5 GHz. The distribution of the surface current at 3.5 GHz is mainly concentrated at the right side of the frame. On the contrary, the surface current at 4.9 GHz is focused on the left  
Figure 1: Geometry and dimensions of the proposed triple-band eight-element antenna array in millimeters: (**a**) Prospective view; (**b**) Side view.  
Figure 2: Design evolution of antenna element: (**a**) The evolution shapes; (**b**) The reflection coefficient.  
side of the frame. However, the surface current distribution at 5.5 GHz is on the left and top sides.  
Figure 4 shows the simulated reflection coefficient as a function of L1 and L2. The value of L1 can be effectively used to change the resonant frequency of the lower frequency band, while the value of L2 can be utilized to tune the resonant frequencies of both the lower and higher frequency band.  
Figure 4: The simulated reflection coefficient as a function of (a) L1, (b) L2.  
Figure 3: Simulated surface current distribution at (a) 3.5 GHz, (b) 4.9 GHz, and (c) 5.5 GHz.
## 4 Case Study and Analysis  
The wind-solar data used in this study are derived from the projected wind and solar power output from a planned power station in a region in northwestern China for the year 2030. Specifically, data from a photovoltaic (PV) plant (Plant A) and a wind farm (Plant B) located in a desert area are used as examples. Given the limited availability of historical data, the source domain historical dataset consists of actual power generation and meteorological factor data collected over three years. The target domain dataset includes actual power generation and meteorological factor data for the Kubbei (PV) and Hangjin (wind) regions, covering the period from 1 March 2024 to 30 March 2024. The sampling interval is 1 h, and the dataset is split 7:3 for training and testing. The specific TCN-ATT-LSTM hyperparameter settings are shown in Table 1. In this context, the kernel size refers to the dimensions of the convolutional kernel, the stride denotes the step size during the sliding process, and dilation represents the spatial gap between the convolution and the input data [23].
## 5 Discussion
Our research results show that PS-MTI is able to monitor ground-displacements with a high reliability if movements are predominantly linear and no major accelerations occur. Moreover, if some preliminary information on the landslide morphology is available, some basic interpretations of the landslide behavior are possible even if only 1D LOS displacements are known; in this respect, note that this prior or complementary information could be also supplied by a certain number of properly placed low-cost GNSS receivers. Although we have recorded on average a difference of approximately 7.4% between the annual LOS velocities assessed by GPS and PS-MTI, the general movement trends were relatively well represented by the PS-MTI results. In terms of frequency of data delivery and timeliness of result availability, some limitations exist. The delivery of SAR data depends on the satellite constellation used, which in our research was CSK operated by the Italian Space Agency. With this dual-use satellite system (i.e., civil and military use), delivery of SAR data is not guaranteed and images may not be obtainable in some military crisis situation. However, this is different for other satellite constellations, e.g., ESA's Sentinel-1, which follows an open-data policy. The timeliness of result availability strongly depends on the processing and validations carried out. At present, no automatic processing solutions are available that could potentially allow for a quicker availability of deformation data. In conclusion, PS-MTI can be a promising method for stakeholders from the administrative sector. Doubtless, the largest benefits of PS-MTI are on the regional scale and are related to the ability to monitor slow ground deformation over large areas with velocities up to 1.5 cm/month. Still, also slope-scale monitoring using PS-MTI can be beneficial for areas with limited accessibility.
## 2 Amorphous Silicon Waveguides  
Amorphous silicon has been identified as possible solution to overcome the main limitations showed by the SOI platform namely TPA and Free Carrier Absorption (FCA) effects [28; 32; 33; 34] already discussed in the previous section. Indeed, amorphous silicon shows enhanced nonlinear performance with respect to crystalline silicon, exhibiting both an enhanced Kerr response [28; 35; 36; 37] and a reduced TPA effect [28; 38]. Thanks to these properties, a-Si could be used as nonlinear media at higher power levels with respect to silicon, allowing to achieve a \(\pi\) phase shift, even in cm-long waveguide structures. However, material stability issues have been reported [38], which compromise the use of this compound as a nonlinear platform for optical communications. We have recently showed that CMOS compatible hydrogenated amorphous silicon waveguides can be utilized at both low and high power level regimes, showing remarkable performance and stable operation [26; 28]. Nonlinear waveguides were fabricated and used to demonstrate low power all optical processing of phase encoded signals, such as DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) and QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) [26]. In the following sections, we briefly report the optical characteristics of the developed amorphous silicon waveguides, and show the high speed wavelength conversion experiments using phase-encoded signals.