## 1 Introduction  
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and impulsivity, leading to diminished daily functioning. Although the pathogenesis of the disorder is not fully understood, biological factors and genetic influences have been implicated [1, 2]. Moreover, although controversial, the parenting process and the child's habits are suggested to minimally influence ADHD development [3]. However, according to existing neurology research, genetic factors are the most important pathological factors, with environmental factors accounting for only 20% of cases [4]. The psychological burden of ADHD on patients is substantial, and the associated anxiety about adapting to daily life is often transferred to their caregivers. Children, in particular, require significant time to collaborate with their guardians. Therefore, ADHD is a collection of abnormalities in concentration and behavior due to decreased brain function, including frontal lobe function, due to various causes [5]. Key issues associated with ADHD in children and adolescents are defiance, aggression, and difficulty maintaining peer relationships [6]. Additionally, approximately 20-30% of children with ADHD symptoms have learning disabilities, leading to serious difficulties during their growing years [7]. Moreover, according to existing research, ADHD symptoms persist from childhood to adulthood in 60% of cases [8]. ADHD in adulthood may be associated with difficulties in forming interpersonal relationships, including social deficits and cognitive impairment, and ADHD is associated with depressive symptoms [2]. The prevalence of ADHD in school-age children is approximately 5% [9], with a prevalence of 3-7% in American children [10]. In another study, conducted by the National Institute of Special Education in Korea, the incidence rate was 5.7%, indicating differences in prevalence rates between studies. However, considering this prevalence rate, two to three children in a class containing children can be classified as having ADHD [11]. Given the gravity of ADHD owing to its incidence, early detection and treatment are considered crucial [12]. However, not all patients exhibiting aggressive behavior or poor concentration who seek psychiatric evaluation receive an ADHD diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis requires careful consideration of factors such as intentional defiance, influence from home or environment, and lack of parental attention [13]. No direct ADHD tests or brain tests for ADHD diagnosis have been established [14]. Currently, ADHD diagnosis is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria and intelligence tests, including behavioral observation in children, the clinical global impression scale, the ADHD rating scale, and the Korean-Wechsler intelligence scale for children (K-WISC-V), which employ questionnaires and rely on expert opinions [15]. The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and the differential diagnosis consider the mental condition of the child, general health condition, neurological condition, and environmental factors [16]. Among them is the K-WISC-V, a personal intelligence test created in 1939. It is one of the most widely used intelligence tests administered to children and adolescents aged 6-16 years and 11 months [17]. The WISC can evaluate a child's overall intellectual ability through a full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) test and can comprehensively measure cognitive ability [18]. Objective evaluations, such as the evaluation of symptoms using questionnaires and psychological status, can help with the diagnosis. Presently, established treatments for ADHD are based on medication use. Methylphenidate is considered the first-line drug. Drug treatment has demonstrated effectiveness, with reported improvements in 80% of children and various positive effects, including the restoration of peer relationships and social skills, owing to reduced ADHD symptoms [19].