## 1 Introduction  
Nowadays, network communication applications are ubiquitous, causing various security problems. The data receiver wants to get all the data content sent by the sender and wants the data to be complete, authentic, and non-repudiation. At the beginning of the design of the existing network communication methods, the focus is only on data transmission connectivity, while data transmission security is ignored. This design fundamentally lacks endogenous security mechanisms and is also the root cause of security problems such as identity spoofing, address forgery, route hijacking, and denial of service in cyberspace. Moreover, the weak association between each message in the data stream leads to low reliability of the transmission process.  
Traditional network communication methods do not have endogenous security mechanisms such as data integrity verification, making the transmitted content easy to be tampered with and forged, making it difficult to trace the source of the attack and the attacker's identity. To solve such security problems, the IPSec [1] (IP Security) security suite of the network layer is mainly used to perform integrity verification, data encryption, and data source authentication on the transmitted IP datagrams. Nevertheless, IPSec can usually only solve local problems on a regional scale. In particular, implementing IPSec technology is relatively complex, requiring two stages of negotiation before data transmission. The time and computing resources consumed by each step of the negotiation process are rather significant [2], necessarily leading to the problem of poor deployability.  
Reference [3] has proposed an attack method for the first-phase authentication process, and the IKE protocol used in the negotiation also has vulnerabilities such as man-in-the-middle attack [2] denial of service attack [4]. At the same time, the authentication header protocol [5] (Authentication header, AH) and the encapsulating security payload protocol [6] (Encapsulating Security Payload, ESP) are included in IPSec. However, the AH protocol can ensure the integrity of the transmitted messages, data source authentication, and anti-replay protection services. The ESP protocol can also provide data stream encryption services. Both protocols can easily guarantee the non-repudiation of the message, and both communicating parties can effectively synchronize the message and trace the message.  
The latest technologies in vehicular ad hoc networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) provide solutions to traditional networks that lack security and trust mechanisms [7; 8; 9]. These technologies ensure the authenticity, reliability of the information in the network, and the legitimacy of the vehicles disseminating such information. In traditional networks, the authenticity and reliability of packets transmitted between network nodes and the trust between nodes are also crucial. We consider that constructing a \"chain\" of messages communicated between nodes in a traditional network can provide a secure and reliable mechanism for the network. [PERSON] first proposed the concept of a \"hash chain\" to solve the problem of password tampering during transmission [10]. Existing research on the hash chain only constructs various forms of hash chain structures for application-layer data. These studies make hash chains computationally expensive for security reasons. However, none of these schemes use a sequence of network communication messages to construct a hash chain nor a synchronization mechanism for network communication messages. At the same time, these schemes all use a hash chain to encrypt data or keys to achieve higher security for data content while preventing encrypted content from being cracked and tampered with, and none of the solutions is to improve the efficiency of secure data transmission.