## 3 Results
### Spatiotemporal Parameters  
Spatiotemporal gait parameters were measured before and after the exercise intervention for both groups (Table 3), revealing significant post-intervention differences between groups. Participants in the EG demonstrated a more efficient gait during stair ascent, characterized by reduced stride and step times compared to the CG (\(p<0.05\)). Additionally, the EG exhibited significant increases in stride length (right: \(p<0.05\)) and walking speed (left: \(p<0.05\), right: \(p<0.05\)).  
Within-group comparisons further indicated that EG participants experienced significant improvements in stair ascent performance, including reduced stride and step times, increased stride and step lengths, and enhanced walking speed (\(p<0.01\)). However, no  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **EG (N = 15)** & **CG (N = 15)** & **t** \\ \hline VAS (cm) & Pre & 4.33 \(\pm\) 1.05 & 3.80 \(\pm\) 1.01 & \(-\)1.417 \\ Post & 1.20 \(\pm\) 1.03 & 4.27 \(\pm\) 1.08 & 7.939 *** \\ t & 7.650 *** & \(-\)1.542 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} VAS, visual analog scale; *** \(p<0.001\). t: t-value from the independent \(t\)-test; t: t-value from the paired \(t\)-test.  
\end{table}
Table 2: VAS comparisons within and between groups.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & **Stair Ascent** & **Stair Descent** \\ \hline
**Variables** & & **Training** & **EG** & **CG** & **EG** & **CG** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Stride Time (s)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Non-dominant} & pre & 1.55 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 1.57 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 1.28 \(\pm\) 0.25 & 1.28 \(\pm\) 0.11 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & post & 1.35 \(\pm\) 0.09 **,** & 1.54 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 1.17 \(\pm\) 0.09 *, + & 1.28 \(\pm\) 0.12 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & pre & 1.56 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 1.57 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 1.27 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 1.28 \(\pm\) 0.12 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & post & 1.36 \(\pm\) 0.09 **,** & 1.53 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 1.16 \(\pm\) 0.09 *, + & 1.33 \(\pm\) 0.19 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Step Time (s)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Non-dominant} & pre & 0.79 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.81 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.63 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 0.62 \(\pm\) 0.06 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & post & 0.70 \(\pm\) 0.04 **,** & 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.58 \(\pm\) 0.04\(\dagger\) & 0.62 \(\pm\) 0.06 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & pre & 0.79 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 0.79 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.63 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.62 \(\pm\) 0.06 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & post & 0.69 \(\pm\) 0.06 **,** & 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.58 \(\pm\) 0.05 *, + & 0.63 \(\pm\) 0.05 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Stride Length (m)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Non-dominant} & pre & 0.64 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.64 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & post & 0.64 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.64 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.05 * & 0.76 \(\pm\) 0.07 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & pre & 0.65 \(\pm\) 0.  
significant differences in stride or step length were observed within or between groups for stair descent.  
Compared to the CG, individuals in the EG demonstrated significant improvements in stair descent parameters, including reduced stride time, step time, and increased walking speed (all \(p<0.05\)). Within the EG, stride and step times were significantly reduced (\(p<0.05\)), except for the left-side step time. Additionally, significant increases were observed in stride length, step length, and walking speed (\(p<0.05\)), with the right leg showing more pronounced improvements in walking speed (\(p<0.01\)). In contrast, the CG showed no significant changes in any gait parameters between pre- and post-intervention assessments.