# Chemical Migration from Wine Contact Materials
## 7 Discussion on the Findings of Wine Migration and Wine Analysis Studies
### Non-intentionally added substances  
In order to evaluate the safety of the tested wine contact materials or the actual wine samples, all the organic compounds quantified in migration studies and in wine analysis studies, which are intentionally added substances included in Reg EU 10/2011, are listed in Table 4 along with the specific migration limit (SML) where it is established. Their code number used in the regulation (FCM sub no), the CAS no, the molecular formula, the molecular weight, and their function in plastic manufacturing are also given. The data in Table 4 show that all the findings are in compliance with the SMLs, except for the plasticizer DBP, which has been found to exceed the SML in certain cases of wines [78]. In addition, Table 5 presents the corresponding findings for the inorganic elements that are included in Regulation EU 10/2011 obtained from a migration study [76]. It is shown that in all cases where there are reported results, the concentration levels are in compliance with the SMLs. Figure 2: Categories of detected migrating compounds from cork stoppers and tops. (**A**) intentionally added substances authorized for use in the manufacture of plastics according to Reg EU 10/2011, (**B**) intentionally added substances that are not authorized according to Reg EU 10/2011, and (**C**) non-intentionally added substances [72; 74; 75; 76]. However, it should be noted that this study determined quantifiable concentrations of Pb, Cd, As, Se, and Ni, which are given in ug per kilogram of cork. According to Reg 10/2011, salts of these elements are not allowed to be used in the manufacture of plastic materials. As it is already mentioned, it is not easy to identify the source of the occurrence of the inorganic elements since they are naturally occurring elements, environmental pollutants that could have been absorbed in the cork or actually contained in raw materials used in the manufacture of cork. Although the abovementioned studies [35; 77; 78; 79; 80] investigate the occurrence of potential migrating substances by analyzing commercially available wine samples in different packaging and contact materials, they do not include migration experiments but only the analysis of the wine samples. This is a crucial point since during winemaking, starting from the harvesting of grapes to the bottling of the finished product and storage, there are a number of processes involved and a number of pathways that chemical substances could contaminate the product at any stage of the processing. Therefore, when the objective is to study the behavior of a particular packaging material, ideally, migration testing should be performed in order to generate data before and after the contact between the wine or simulant and the tested material. No such studies were found on the migration of chemicals from bottles or other packaging such as PET, cans, or tetrapacks described in Section 2. Moreover, the significance of conducting the migration studies with real food in addition to simulants has been highlighted [75], especially in cases where chemical interactions between the constituents of the contact material and constituents of food are possible, and they can lead to the formation of new unknown substances that would not be observed with the simulants. An example is the reaction between the organic acids contained in the champagne and the residual diisocyanates monomers from polyurethane (PU) adhesives. Furthermore, it has been shown that accelerated migration testing using food simulants may result in overestimated migration findings, especially at high temperatures in ethanolic simulants. Therefore, more realistic and representative testing conditions should be applied in order to show compliance with the specific migration limits [10]. Regarding the migrating organic compounds that are related to the industrial manufacture of packaging or generally the manufacture of wine contact materials, it is demonstrated that they include small compounds like 1,6-hexanedamine and BPA up to bigger compounds like cyclic oligomers.