## 1 Introduction  
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are infrastructure-less networks in which self-configured mobile nodes are interconnected via wireless links [1]. Due to their decentralized process, such nodes confide in each other to store and transmit packets. Video-packet transmission over MANETs is a challenging task because of the sudden changes in topology and minimal central administration [2]. Traditional cellular wireless networks demand a high-priced infrastructure for achieving great mobility. However, MANETs cannot require high-priced or wired infrastructure [3]. Also, conventional wireless networks require a constant network infrastructure with access points or base stations that are eligible to be utilized for situations such as military missions and disaster relief [4]. In these cases, a high-speed deployment and self-organized network can be employed for certain purposes and particular periods. In general, ad-hoc networks are self-configured, decentralized, self-organized networks and can generate a communication network without confiding in any constant infrastructure [5]. Advancements in the Internet have changed our way of living by connecting people to the physical world. MANETs are a type of wireless ad-hoc network that allows mobile devices to communicate without relying on infrastructure or control [6]. Each device acts as a node that can forward, receive, or transmit data packets to other nodes in the network. Nodes include mobiles, laptops, or tablets connected to wireless networks for communication [7]. These devices form a network by creating links between nodes that are nearer and relaying data packets to nodes that are out of the range [8]. MANETs are useful in emergencies such as military situations, remote areas, and disaster response circumstances where no other communication exists. The challenges faced by MANETs are battery life, bandwidth, and security threats [9]. Due to limited bandwidth and battery life, the performance and reliability of the network become degraded; also, a lack of centralized control and dynamic nature makes it vulnerable to security threats such as denial-of-service attacks, eavesdropping, and packet drop by malicious nodes [10]. Thus, various types of research are carried out to further improve the MANET environment by using routing, congestion control, and security mechanisms. The energy constraints are a major problem in MANETs due to the lack of power supply to devices, and the mobility of devices causes insecure and low-throughput communication [11]. The packet drop is the reason for low throughput and grey-hole attacks. Thus, network breaches and packet drops are considered malicious misbehaviors [12]. Also, the routing in MANETs is insecure since the nodes are responsible for packet routing, network management, and transmissions. Many protocols are available for achieving the QoS requirements in MANETs and there are two types of routing strategies: proactive and reactive. Reactive routing only generates routes when necessary [13]. Determining the current pathways is not necessary for reactive protocols. Instead, it is done on a demand basis, hence they are considered as on demand routing protocols. Land mobile radio (LMR), temporary ordered routing algorithm (TORA), ad-hoc on demand distance vector routing (AODV), and dynamic source routing (DSR) are a few instances of these reactive routing methods [14]. Processing times in reactive protocols are typically longer while determining routes and transmitting packets [15; 16]. These two procedures take a long time, which prolongs the end-to-end delay. Proactive routing protocols cover many protocols such as the destination sequenced distance vector routing protocol (DSDV), wireless routing protocol (WRP), cluster head gateway switch routing protocol (CGSR), and optimized linked state routing protocol (OLSR) [17; 18]. The OLSR generates a maximum throughput that is scalable and manageable. The fundamental ad-hoc routing solutions are OLSR, AODV, and DSR.