# Enhancing Space Management through Digital Twin: A Case Study of the Lazio Region Headquarters
## 2 Materials and Methods  
Space management is a multi-stage process that, through data collection and analysis, identifies the optimal layout to meet an organization's needs, taking into account both the needs of the business as a whole and those of individual workers. A variety of space strategies can be employed in hybrid work, with notable benefits for both the business and the employee:  
* Strategy 1: Office first. The majority of employees work in the office, with the option of working remotely for a few days a week (e.g., 3-4 days in the office and 1-2 remotely). * Strategy 2: Virtual first. The majority of employees work remotely, with the option of travelling to the office for specific purposes, such as internal meetings or client-facing activities. * Strategy 3: Total hybrid. Employees are afforded the autonomy to determine the extent of their work in the office or remotely, according to their individual needs. This approach is the most flexible, yet also the most complex to manage in terms of infrastructure and methodology. A reduction in the allocated space for workstations would undoubtedly result in significant cost savings. For instance, if 30% of the company population were to engage in smart working two days a week in shifts, a strategy could be implemented to reduce the proportion of space dedicated to workstations by up to 20% [51]. Considering the high cost of utilities, the need to reduce expenditure on electricity and gas, which are becoming increasingly expensive and unsustainable, has become a significant driver for companies to consider alternative approaches to space management, with a focus on virtual-first and full-hybrid systems [52]. It is possible to achieve savings of up to 30% on costs associated with rent, utilities, maintenance, heating, and telephone services. Nevertheless, contemporary SM strategies are not merely concerned with reducing costs; they also seek to enhance the value of space as a means of supporting the achievement of corporate objectives. These objectives include the attraction and retention of talent, the improvement of collaboration, the optimization of resources, and reducing the risk of errors in resource management. Enterprise space management systems in smart buildings must possess certain fundamental characteristics, which can be further subdivided according to the operator: the facility manager and the users. It is important to note that the system should allow occupants to access it from both fixed and mobile devices, ensuring a high flexibility of use; the interface should be intuitive, allowing for easy and untrained workstation booking; and the platform should also provide indoor navigation and people location systems, allowing users to quickly understand how to locate their colleagues and to reach various company areas/buildings with clear and user-friendly guidance. On the other hand, the facility manager must embody several functions for optimal building management:  
* Enable interoperability with room reservation systems, shared calendars, and room edge systems to monitor reservations. * Enable real-time monitoring of occupancy by tracking occupancy flows. The facility manager can not only plan the reconfiguration of rooms, but also set up customized cleaning and disinfection systems for individual areas. * Provide real-time monitoring of environmental quality in terms of health and comfort conditions (temperature, humidity, lighting, and IAQ). * Provide data correlation analysis through business intelligence (BI) systems to define occupancy strategies aimed at correct space allocation and reducing energy and service costs. In this way, the right combination of user and manager strategies not only optimizes resources and improves results, but also reduces energy costs and environmental impact. In addition to meeting the requisite interoperability criteria, 4.0 systems for SM must provide an intuitive platform for both end users and facility managers.