###### Abstract
In this sense, it is necessary to develop measurement campaigns in vehicular propagation channels in order to provide more accurate propagation models that can be used to determine the parameters in the characterization of the propagation channel. Cooperative sensing uses VANET simulators to develop, evaluate, and validate new protocols and system architecture configurations under more realistic propagation conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to propose dual-slope models that allow for more efficient radio planning. Dual-slope models consider a breaking point or critical distance that depends on factors such as the propagation scenario and the frequency band used, among others. This critical distance indicates the end of one wave propagation mechanism and the beginning of another, where more path loss can appear. Dual-slope propagation models allow the generation of results that can be easily incorporated into VANET simulators to optimize the deployment of sensors in the road infrastructure networks. Government standards bodies have identified specific bands for the development of ITS applications. For example, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) issued a report and order adopting rules that repurposed the 5850-5895 MHz to expand unlicensed mid-band operations while continuing to dedicate the 5895-5925 MHz for ITS operations [11]. Also, the FCC has proposed that the transition of ITS operations from DSRC-based technology to cellular V2X (C-V2X)-based technology will occur in accordance with a schedule to be determined in a future report and order. In Europe, the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) has adopted the DSRC band for ITS applications, allocating 50 MHz (5.875 to 5.925 GHz) [12]. The specific characteristics of both applications (safety and non-safety) require the development and implementation of new communication technologies, where the characterization and modeling of the vehicle channel play a very important role [13; 14]. Although progress has been made in the characterization of the V2X radio channel in recent years [15; 16], more research is needed that focuses on future vehicle networks that enable interaction with the 5G IoT ecosystem. Several path loss models have been developed for vehicular network scenarios. These include the one/dual-slope, ray tracing (RT), floating intercept (FI), close-in (CI), free space reference distance, and ABG models. For example, large-scale path loss models for urban environments have been proposed based on the CI, FI, and ABG models under line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions in mmWave frequency bands [17]. In [18], the authors presented a shadow fading model for system simulations based on real measurements in urban and highway scenarios. The measurement data were divided into three categories, namely LOS, obstructed line-of-sight (OLOS) by vehicles, and NLOS, and it was observed that vehicles obstructing the LOS induce an additional average attenuation of about 10 dB in the received signal power. In addition, a connection probability in V2V urban scenarios was analyzed based on a dual-slope path loss model on both LOS and OLOS [19]. In [20], path loss models were proposed considering weather conditions, and RT simulations were performed to verify the accuracy of the proposed expression. In [21], the authors adopted a measurement-based dual-slope path loss model to analyze the channel capacity performance for both direct transmission of inter-vehicle and infrastructure-based cooperative communication in VANETs. On the other hand, [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the effects of antenna height on V2I communication in rural areas. They first classified the V2I communication into LOS and NLOS links and then established two-beam ground reflection and integrated models for LOS and NLOS conditions, respectively [22]. In [23], a two-slope model was proposed by performing path loss measurements in a sports utility vehicle (SUV) at 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz. On the other hand, ref.