## 5 Bioactive Compounds in _C. militaris_  
The antioxidant capabilities of _C. militaris_ are highlighted by its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress, which contributes to aging and chronic diseases. Studies have shown that extracts of _C. militaris_ can enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce lipid peroxidation [78]. The anti-inflammatory properties are significant, with extracts shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-6 in cultured macrophages, which are integral to inflammatory processes [65]. These effects are primarily attributed to cordycepin, which disrupts signaling pathways that trigger inflammation (Table 3). Moreover, _C. militaris_ is celebrated for its anti-cancer properties; cordycepin induces apoptosis in various cancer cell lines and inhibits cell migration and invasion, crucial for cancer metastasis [84]. Ongoing clinical trials aim to harness these properties in cancer therapy by targeting multiple pathways involved in cancer progression. The immunomodulatory effects are equally pivotal, with polysaccharides in _C. militaris_ enhancing immune response by activating macrophages, boosting lymphocyte proliferation, and promoting cytokine production, making it a valuable natural treatment for immune-compromised individuals [85]. The adaptogenic properties of _C. militaris_ support the body's ability to resist stressors and modulate stress response systems, potentially alleviating the impacts of physical and mental stress. This positions _C. militaris_ not just as a therapeutic agent but also as a preventive one, helping to maintain overall health and well-being. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Bioactive** & **Influential Factor** & **Effects** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Polysaccharides} & Cultivation substrate, & Immunomodulating, & [8] \\  & extraction method & antitumor, antioxidant & [79] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Beta-glucan} & Host species, & Enhances immune response, & \\  & extraction method & lowers cholesterol & [79] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Cordycepin} & Host species, & Anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, & \\  & cultivation conditions & potential antiviral & [7] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Adenosine} & Cultivation methods, & Energy metabolism, & \\  & enzyme activity & neurotransmitters, & \\  & & cardiovascular protection & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Sterols} & Host species, & Anti-inflammatory, & \\  & growth stage & cholesterol management & [65] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Saponins} & Cultivation substrate & Antifungal, antitumor, & \\  & & immunomodulatory & [79] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Triterpenoids} & Host species, & Hepatoprotective, & \\  & extraction process & anti-inflammatory, antiviral & [80] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Ergosterol} & Cultivation & Antioxidant, precursor for & \\  & environment & Vitamin D2 synthesis & [81] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Mannitol} & Host nutrient & Diuretic, free & \\  & availability & radical scavenging & \\ \hline \(\gamma\)-Aminobutyric acid & Fermentation & Reduces anxiety, enhances & \\  & conditions & mood, improves sleep & [82] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Ergothionine} & Specific enzymatic & Antioxidant, cellular protector & \\  & pathways & against oxidative stress & [83] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Bioactive compounds in _C. militaris_: influential factors. Despite the promising therapeutic applications, further clinical research is essential to fully understand the mechanisms of action, optimal dosages, and long-term safety of _C. militaris_. Future studies should explore the synergistic effects of _C. militaris_ with other treatments and its efficacy in managing various diseases. Thus, _C. militaris_ presents a compelling blend of traditional uses backed by modern scientific research. Its bioactive compounds provide significant health benefits, positioning it as a potential multifunctional agent in health promotion and disease prevention. As research advances, integrating _C.