## 4 Discussion  
This study examined the anti-inflammatory and immunological ramifications of PEMF stimulation in DNCB-induced allergic reactions and inflammatory skin abnormalities resulting from hyperimmune responses. Building on our previous research that highlighted the histological influence of PEMF on skin tissues and nonspecific lesions, the current investigation focused on the immunological foundations associated with AD. This included a detailed analysis of serum IgE levels, splenomegaly, and total splenocyte count with the aim of integrating histological insights with immunological data. This comprehensive approach offers a more nuanced understanding of AD, illuminating the immunomodulatory capacity of PEMF stimulation via assessing the changes in serum IgE concentration, spleen weight, and splenocyte counts in DNCB-exposed hairless mice. This endeavor not only deepens our understanding of the therapeutic potential of PEMF for AD but also bridges the existing knowledge gap between histological findings and immunological pathways. In the previous research, skin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to observe the inflammation induced by leukocyte infiltration accompanied with keratinization [32]. Similar to the current findings, both the 15 Hz and 75 Hz PEMF groups exhibited a reduction in inflammation and lesion size comparable to the control group, while the sham group displayed significantly greater inflammation thickness and larger lesions. This continuity in results across studies not only reaffirms the anti-inflammatory effects of PEMF treatment but also provides a deeper insight into its mechanism of action. Specifically, the consistent decrease in inflammation and lesion size across different frequencies of PEMF stimulation highlights its potential as a versatile and effective therapeutic tool for managing atopic dermatitis. Furthermore, integrating these histological findings with the current study's immunological data, including serum IgE levels, splenomegaly, and total splenocyte count, offers a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted role PEMF therapy plays in modulating the immune response in atopic dermatitis. This synthesis of histological and immunological perspectives paves the way for a holistic approach  
Figure 5: Comparative analysis of IgE concentration (ng/mL) in each group. All groups were statistically based on the control group. Each bar represents the mean IgE level \(\pm\) standard deviation for each group, showcasing a significant decrease in serum IgE levels in the PEMF-treated groups relative to the sham group (**\(p<0.01\)). to treating atopic dermatitis, underscoring the importance of targeting both the visible manifestations of the disease and its underlying immunological mechanisms. Considering the critical function of the spleen within the lymphatic system, the observed differences in splenomegaly attributable to PEMF stimulation imply an elevation in T- and B-cell activities, which are crucial for immune responses triggered by DNCB sensitization. This suggests that PEMF stimulation may modulate these heightened immune reactions, potentially offering a therapeutic approach for managing excessive immune responses. The findings of this study did not reveal a significant increase in spleen weight or total splenocyte count attributable to splenomegaly in the PEMF group compared with the control, suggesting a potential mitigation of immune dysregulation, which is typically associated with drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions. Conversely, the sham group exhibited a significant enhancement in both spleen size and splenocyte population compared with the other groups, highlighting a pronounced hyperimmune condition in response to allergenic provocations. These observations suggest that PEMF stimulation may potentially be an effective strategy for modulating systemic anomalies in hematopoietic organs or managing inflammatory infectious conditions via restoring immune imbalances.