esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Mo-Re-Cr (\(\sigma\) Phase)  
The phase diagram of the Mo-Re-Cr system (Figure 10) seems at first very regular. The \(\sigma\) phase exists in both the Mo-Re and Re-Cr systems at almost the same Re compositions. It extends in the ternary composition field, almost parallel to the Mo-Cr binary border. Additionally, Mo and Cr are iso-electronic elements; both crystallize with the same _bcc_ structure and form a complete solid solution, so that one could anticipate a simple replacement of Mo by Cr atoms in the structure of the \(\sigma\) phase. This would be without taking into account the crystal structures and actual atomic distribution in the binary phases. Indeed, it has been shown [20] that, in the Re-Cr system, Re preferentially occupies the high CN sites, according to its larger atomic radius, while it occupies the low CN sites in the Mo-Re system, again according to the size criterion. The specificity of the Re-Cr system is such that it combines a _bcc_ element with an _hcp_ element, which has a larger atomic radius. This is almost unique since in general _bcc_ elements are larger than _hcp_ or _fcc_ elements; this is due to the fact that Cr is a 3\(d\) and Re a 5\(d\) element. It has been shown that in this case the geometric prevails over the electronic effect and this is one of the rare examples in which the _bcc_ element preferentially occupies the low CN sites. The fact that the \(\sigma\) phase shows up at the same Re composition in both systems is a coincidence. As usual for the \(\sigma\) phase, the phase appears far from its ideal composition, which would be Mo\({}_{2}\)Re and Re\({}_{2}\)Cr (joined by the red dashed line in Figure 10). The consequence of this difference of site preference is a complete site reversal of Re atoms in the ternary system, which has been studied in detail by DFT calculations [22]. This is illustrated in Figure 11, showing the site fractions for the three atoms as a function of composition across the homogeneity domain of the phase. Note that only the binary borders have been studied experimentally due to non-favorable diffraction contrast for the ternary alloys (see Figure 3).  
Figure 9: Isothermal section at 1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C of the Cr–Mn–Si system (redrawn from [21], Copyright 1960, Minerals Metals Materials Soc). The red triangle shows the three ordered stable or metastable compositions of the \(\sigma\) phase, Cr2 Mn, Cr2 Si, and Mn2 Si, as in Figure 2 (solid lines: normal substitution, dashed line: site reversal).
# A Scalable and Consistent Method for Multi-Component Gravity-Gradient Data Processing
## 2 Methodology
### Criterion for Selecting Layer Depth  
There is no analytical criterion in the literature for choosing the depth of the equivalent layer. In our work, the criterion for selecting the layer depth was based on [18]. This criterion asserts that the depth of the layer in relation to the observed data should fall within a range of 2.5 to 6 times the data spacing. Specifically, we first compute the average elevation of the observation points using the \(z\) values. The equivalent layer is then positioned at a depth offset determined by the maximum data spacing, scaled by a factor within the recommended range.
## 1 Introduction
This metabolic intermediate is phosphorylated by CDP-ME kinase (CMK) to form CDP-ME 2-phosphate and cyclized after the loss of the cytidyl group, yielding 2-C-methyl-D-erythnitol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (ME-cpp) in a reaction catalyzed by ME-cPP synthase (MECS). The penultimate step of the MEP pathway relies on the synthesis of (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) catalyzed by HMBPP synthase (HDS) while the final step, catalyzed by HMBPP reductase (HDR), involves the reduction of HMBPP to give a 6:1 mixture of IPP and DMAPP [27]. This unbalanced ratio implicates an additional reaction of IPP isomerization catalyzed by type I IPP isomerase (IDI) to optimize the relative amount of the precursors and to fulfill an efficient biosynthesis of isoprenoids [28]. IPP and DMAPP are then condensed to form GPP that is converted into geraniol to initiate the MSI pathway [29]. In _C. roseus_, the MIA biosynthetic pathway also exhibits complex compartmental involving no less than four different cell types and eight distinct subcellular compartments [30; 31]. Interestingly, all the MEP pathway genes characterized so far, up to the antepenultimate step of the MSI pathway, display a cellular coexpression restricted to cells of the internal phloem associated parenchyma (IPAP) of leaves [19; 32; 33; 34; 35]. This specific localization thus involves the translocation of the resulting biosynthetic intermediate towards leaf epidermis that houses the subsequent reactions of the pathway. Such a process may represent a regulatory mechanism and a limiting step in the control of the metabolic flux towards MIAs [30]. At the subcellular level, while plastid localization of many MEP pathway enzymes has been described in numerous plants, a plastid targeting has been reported for only HDS and IDI from _C. roseus_[34; 35; 36]. Interestingly, in addition to plastid stroma localization, these studies also pointed out the localization of both enzymes to stromules. These long protrusions budding from plastids are in close proximity with other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), increasing the putative exchange surface and thus may facilitate transportation of molecules from the main plastid body to other organelles including the ER [37; 38]. Additionally, IDI is also targeted to mitochondria and peroxisomes, highlighting the triple targeting of this enzyme [34]. Importantly, while many corroborative data have been gathered over the years, this view of the MEP pathway organization in _C. roseus_ remains largely incomplete as less than half of the corresponding genes and proteins has been characterized to date. This prompted us to achieve the cloning and characterization of the missing MEP genes to describe the overall compartmental of this pathway in _C. roseus_. We thus first focused on the cloning and the functional characterization of genes encoding CMS, CMK, HDR and possible DXS isoforms. Then, we provided a comprehensive overview of both cellular and subcellular distributions of all MEP pathway gene products except IDI that has been thoroughly characterized using the same sample sets in a previous work [34].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Surface Hardness  
Figure 8 shows the surface hardness of the L-PBF-formed samples. The results show that the surface hardness of the sample combined with the LINE scanning strategy was the highest, and the surface hardness of the LINE&90\({}^{\circ}\) sample was the highest, reaching 409 HV; the surface hardness of the samples combined with the CHESS scanning strategy was the lowest among this scanning strategy. In addition, it was found that the surface hardness was highest under the offset angle of 90\({}^{\circ}\) and the LINE scanning strategy, as shown  
Figure 7: Surface roughness and corresponding cross-sections of L-PBF samples under a single scanning strategy. (**a**) Surface roughness of specimen at angular offset; (**b**) microscopic surface morphology and cross-sectional view of the sample under angular offset; (**c**) schematic diagram of sample surface collapse under angular offset; (**d**) surface roughness of specimen under general scanning strategy; (**e**) microscopic surface topography and cross-sectional view of the sample under the general scanning strategy; (**f**) schematic diagram of sample forming under general scanning strategy.  
in Figure 8a. The surface hardness of the sample was generally at a low level under the CHESS scanning strategy, as shown in Figure 8a,c. The L-PBF samples generally have high residual stress because the forming process has the characteristics of a large temperature gradient and rapid cooling rate [36; 37]. The residual stress provides the surface hardness of the specimen to a certain extent [38]. The CHESS scanning strategy can reduce the heat accumulation and the temperature gradient, which explains why the surface hardness of the L-PBF samples was generally low under the CHESS scanning strategy, as shown in Figure 8a,c. The surface hardness of the sample was maintained between 400-405 HV under the scanning strategy with a single angle offset, which was generally higher than that of the general scanning strategy. The reason was that the laser continuously scans at the same position, leading to a larger temperature gradient resulting in larger residual stress. Because each layer of LPBBF forming will generate residual stress [39], the residual stress will increase with the superposition of forming layers. The repeated action of the laser increases the residual stress of each forming layer and further improves the surface hardness of the formed sample, as shown in Figure 8b.
## Appendix D Network Design Solution Algorithms  
In order to solve the NDP described in Appendix C, we have used a steepest descent Neighbourhood Search Algorithm (NSA); this algorithm was previously used for solving NDPs as a subroutine of meta-heuristic algorithms, among others, by References [28,29].  
Given a solution, \(\mathbf{y}\), the set of solutions that can be obtained from solution \(\mathbf{y}\) changing only one value of a variable \(y_{i}\), from 0 to 1 or vice versa, is called neighbourhood of \(\mathbf{y}\), \(N(\mathbf{y})\); note that other kinds of neighbourhoods can be defined, depending on the kind of problem and on the dimension of neighbourhood (for instance, changing more than one variable per time). The NSA, starting from a solution, \(\mathbf{y}^{k}\), generates the following solution, \(\mathbf{y}^{k+1}\), so that:  
\[\mathbf{y}^{k+1}\in N(\mathbf{y}^{k}) \tag{12}\]  
and, with the steepest descent approach,  
\[z(\mathbf{y}^{k+1})=\text{Min}\ \{z(\mathbf{y});\ \forall\ \mathbf{y}\in N(\mathbf{y}^{k})\} \tag{13}\]  
where \(z(\mathbf{y})\) formally represents the objective function. The procedure then generates, at each iteration, a solution better than the previous one, choosing, among all solutions belonging to the neighbourhood,the one with the best objective function value. The procedure ends when solution \(y^{k}\) is a local optimum, that is when:  
\[z(y^{k})\leq z(y)\ \forall\ y\in N(y^{k}) \tag{10}\]  
This algorithm is able to find a local optimum, and therefore, is often used inside meta-heuristic algorithms that need local search subroutines. In the test reported in this paper, we use the NSA only one time, starting from the current solution: \(y^{0}=0\).
## 4 LNA Characterization
### EM Simulations and Measurements  
The small signal and noise measurements agree well with the simulations, as can be depicted in Figure 16. The input and output return losses are better than \(-10.8\) dB and \(-12\) dB, respectively. The peak gain of 25 dB is registered at 13 GHz, and the maximum measured NF is 1.6 dB. Any discrepancy between the simulations and the measurements originates from the measurement test bench.  
The EM simulated power and gain response of the designed LNA can be found in Figure 17, while the measured power and gain are illustrated in Figure 18. The input vs. output power levels from the measurements are in good agreement with the EM simulations. The discrepancy between the simulations and the measurements originates from the measurement test bench. Finally, the resulting Power Added Efficiency, PAE, is plotted in Figure 19. From the power measurements, Figure 18a, the \((IP_{1}dB,OP_{1}dB)\) pairs are \((-9,17)\) dBm at 13 GHz, \((-8,16.8)\) dBm at 14 GHz and \((-7.5,16.2)\) dBm at 15 GHz.  
Figure 16: Measured and EM simulated gain, input and output matching, and noise figure for the pHEMT MMIC LNA.  
Figure 15: A picture of the large signal measurements test bench taken in the laboratory used for.  
Figure 19: The resulting Power Added Efficiency, PAE, at 13, 14, and 15 GHz.  
Figure 17: The nonlinear EM simulated response of the three-stage LNA at 13, 14, and 15 GHz. (**a**) Output power (dBm) and (**b**) Gain (dBm).  
Figure 18: The nonlinear measured response of the three-stage LNA at 13, 14, and 15 GHz. (**a**) Output power (dBm) and (**b**) Gain (dB).
# Highly Integrated Wideband Transmit/Receive Module for X-Band SAR Applications
## 1 Introduction
Additionally, a new packaging approach based on a multi-module (quad-pack assembly) employing a new multilayer substrate [33], as well as an integral substrate package (ISP) approach, is proposed; moreover, the quad-pack layout makes the TRM package design suitable for integration on both direct reflect array (DRA) and reflector-type SAR antennas, thus achieving a higher antenna product design flexibility. The proposed innovative solution offers superior RF performances, with the output RF power increased by a factor of two and the bandwidth increased by a factor of three compared to the instrument on board the current flying satellite constellation [28; 29]. Moreover, a reduced footprint, reduced part counts and electrical interfaces allow a more compact solution, helping the heat handling capabilities and a providing a reduced weight system, also enabling a denser packing of radiating elements for improved beam scanning performance, especially in the DRA antenna configuration. The overall performances of the proposed TRM were obtained by following a careful design of the package layout by adopting new solutions and their subsequent optimization for all microwave transitions within the full band of interest.
## 4 Analysis of the Dynamic Response Law of Layered Slopes
### Dynamic Response Analysis of Slopes Characterized by Laminated Joints
#### 4.2.1 Characterization of Blast Wave Propagation on Different Joint Dip Slopes
From this, it can be inferred that for both soft and hard rock slopes at various joint angles, there is a certain degree of increase in PGA within the slope as elevation increases. This is mainly attributed to the reflection of waves caused by the joints, and at the same elevation, the PGA in soft rock is greater than that in hard rock. However, there is a more pronounced phenomenon of acceleration decay with an increasing distance from the blast point within the slope waist and above. Overall, near the blast point, the acceleration amplification effect is stronger with a certain degree of joint amplification effect, while acceleration decay is more pronounced farther from the blast point. Additionally, the maximum PGA values on the slope surface are greater than those within the slope. This is because the slope surface acts as a free surface, causing wave reflection and refraction when the blasting vibration wave reaches the slope surface, resulting in wave superposition and thus amplifying the PGA effect. Similar to the PGA on the slope surface, the PGA within the slope for 30\({}^{\circ}\), 45\({}^{\circ}\), and 60\({}^{\circ}\) jointed slopes in both soft and hard rock formations is greater than that for 0\({}^{\circ}\) jointed slopes in both soft and hard rock formations. Particularly, for 45\({}^{\circ}\), 60\({}^{\circ}\), and 75\({}^{\circ}\) jointed slopes in both soft and hard rock formations, the increase in the PGA with elevation is more pronounced compared to other jointed slopes. Moreover, the elevation range over which the PGA increase persists is greater, and the PGA differences are larger at different elevations. Consequently, under the same blasting vibration, the damage effect is more significant. By analyzing the trend of PGA changes, it can be found that the PGA amplification effect is most significant in the middle of the slope (relative height of 0.5 to 0.7). The reason is that in the central region, due to the geometric characteristics of the slope and the superposition effect of vibration waves, standing waves are easily formed, leading to energy concentration and resulting in higher acceleration values. In practical engineering, this result suggests that the middle area of the slope may be a high-risk area for instability under the blasting vibration. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt strengthened reinforcement measures in this area, such as increasing the density of the anchor rod arrangement, increasing the thickness of sprayed concrete, and even using dynamic energy absorbing structures to alleviate the instability risk caused by amplification effects.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### FEM Model  
Figure 1 shows the FEM model for simulating orthodontic tooth movements. To construct this model, the same method employed in previous articles was used [10, 11, 12]. Only the right side was modeled due to the bilateral symmetry of the dentition. The standard CMA was connected to the maxillary right canine and first molar. The FEM models of the teeth were made based on a dental study model (i21D-40 OC, Nisshin Dental Products Inc., Kyoto, Japan) [11]. The teeth were assumed to be rigid bodies, and their surfaces were meshed into shell elements [11].  
The periodontal ligament (PDL) of 0.2 mm thickness was constructed on the root and meshed into three-dimensional solid elements. The PDL was assumed to be a nonlinear elastic material whose stress-strain curve was approximated by multiple connected lines. By using this elastic property of the PDL, the mobility of the maxillary first premolar could be simulated by the FEM [11]. The alveolar bone was assumed to be a rigid body because Young's modulus (about 10 GPa) was extremely larger than that of the PDL [13]. This assumption allows us to exclude the alveolar bone from the FEM model.  
The bar was 0.8 mm square in cross-section and made of stainless steel whose Young's modulus was 200 GPa. The bar was meshed into beam elements. A mesial end of the CMA was fixed to the canine crown so as not to rotate. A distal end of the CMA was connected to the molar crown with a pin joint, on which the molar rotated freely. This connection simulated a ball-and-socket joint.  
Contact elements were overlaid on the crown surfaces to prevent penetrations into each other. The frictional coefficient of the crown surface was 0.15.  
Figure 1: Finite element model for simulating tooth movement by CMA.  
A distal retraction force of 1.8 N was applied to the canine from the mandibular first molar.
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, in this study, we proposed to apply multilayered thin plates with viscous lamina tapes to maximize the damping capability, even under a relatively small deformation. The effectiveness of viscoelastic multilayered thin plates in enhancing the damping capability has been investigated in many studies [14; 15; 16; 17]. [PERSON] et al. [14] proposed damping mechanisms of polyimide tape with a viscous lamina to reduce the vibration transmitted to the battery panel of the MUSES-A satellite. The experimental results showed that a five times higher damping performance was obtained when viscous lamina was applied, as compared to that without the lamina. [PERSON] et al. [15] proposed a highly damped deployable solar-panel module using a multilayered stiffener with viscoelastic acrylic tape. The design effectiveness of the solar-panel module was validated through a launch-vibration test. [PERSON] et al. [16] proposed a high damping printed circuit board (PCB) with multilayered viscoelastic acrylic tapes for use in wedge lock applications. This PCB concept was effective in increasing the fatigue life of electronic packages, owing to the highly increased damping capability, as well as minimizing the volume and mass of the electronics. [PERSON] et al. [17] hypothesized that using nanoscale multilayer coatings could significantly increase the fatigue durability. To confirm this hypothesis, cyclic-loading fatigue tests were performed with Cu-coated films and different surface treatments, including a nanoscale Cu-Ni multilayer. The results of the fatigue tests showed that the Cu-Ni multilayer film had a fatigue life more than six times greater than that of the other general films under cyclic-loading conditions because the slip between each layer acted as a stress-energy-dissipation mechanism. In this study, the basic characteristics of the passive WSVI with various number of interlaminated layers on the superplastic SMA blade, designed for vibration isolation of 40 kg class satellite, were obtained through static load tests. In addition, to validate the effectiveness of the design in terms of the launch-load attenuation, sine and random vibration tests were performed using a mass-simulating dummy satellite. These test results demonstrated that the proposed WSVI is effective for achieving a novel design goal of both superelastic and high damping capability.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Sample Collection and Endophytic Fungi Isolation  
Fresh and healthy samples of the rare conifer _A. yunnanensis_ were collected from Quan Ba (23\({}^{\circ}\)8\({}^{\prime}\)16\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N, 105\({}^{\circ}\)0\({}^{\prime}\)44\({}^{\prime\prime}\) E), Ha Giang province, northern Vietnam in March 2020, where there was no specific permission required. All plant samples divided into 3 parts including roots, stems, and leaves were then promptly delivered to the laboratory of the Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology for fungal isolation. The collected plants were authenticated by Dr. [PERSON] from the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. The voucher specimen (DL-141146) of the plant was preserved and deposited at the National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Vietnam.  
The isolation of endophytic fungi was carried out according to the previous procedure [8]. Briefly, surface sterilization was performed with 70% (\(v/v\)) ethanol for 30 s, 3.5% (\(v/v\)) sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, 70% (\(v/v\)) ethanol for 2-5 s, and sterile water. The surface-disinfected samples were chopped and evenly placed onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates supplemented with 100 mg/L streptomycin. Finally, these plates were incubated at 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 7-9 d and were observed daily. The hyphae of fungi that appeared from samples were carefully sub-cultured onto fresh PDA plates to gain pure isolates.