## 2 Literature Review
### Development of the National-Commercial Interplay
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Feature** & **National-to-Commercial** & **Commercial-to-National** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Goverance} & State-led with centralized decision-making. & Decentralized, with public-private partnerships and ecosystem-driven governance. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Directing Innovation and R\&D to achieve strategic priorities. Limited commercial input.} & The private sector leads innovation, leveraging governments as facilitators, investors, and customers. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Goverment Objectives} & Advancing national strategic capabilities and ensuring state control over key technologies. & Fostering scalable innovation for competitiveness, global economic leadership, and power. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Ownership of Assets} & Primarily owned and controlled by governments. & Owned and operated by private entities, with shared benefits to national systems. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Role of the Private Sector} & Limited to contractors or implementers of state-defined priorities. & Independent innovators and drivers of technological innovation (power). \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Investment Logic} & High government investment due to limited profitability or early-stage development risks. & Profitability and market potential drive private sector investments, with (minimal) state funding. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Goverment-Private Relations} & Dependency of the private sector on state directives and funding. & Collaborative interdependence, where governments create and orchestrate enabling environments. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Innovation flow pathways. facilitating reinvestment that allows defense industries to shift to nondefense production. Consequently, the dual usage of digital technology has evolved from a significant threat to national security into an opportunity, leading to greater commercialization [71]. Thus, digital tech innovation gradually became more aligned with a commercial-to-national pathway and innovation governance of an ecosystem structure. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19] referred to this dynamic as military-civil fusion (MCF), emphasizing that it differs from traditional dual-use civil-military integration, which only aligns defense and civilian industrial bases. MCF is a process of \"integrating the cutting-edge technologies into military products through joint, civil-military technological collaboration, starting at the earliest stages of products' R&D\". Out of this dynamic emerged a \"common 'technology well' to which both the military and civilian R&D bases contribute and from which both can draw\". The rapid pace of technological change in the digital realm required that interested countries institutionally embrace flexibility, openness, and risk-taking in their approaches to innovation, fostering entrepreneur with their private sector to harness the full potential of these transformative technologies beyond state-controlled institutions. The current phase of great power rivalry is often traced back to 2008, when China rose to power, Russia engaged Georgia in war, and the global financial crisis occurred. Since then, the rivalry has gradually intensified, gaining significant expression in the digital technology landscape. National power is strongly associated with countries' capacities in the digital field, including commercial infrastructures developed, operated, and owned by large national corporations that often serve as proxies for the corresponding governments (Huawei, ZTE, Google, SpaceX, etc.). In this context, generative (commercial) AI technologies have been acknowledged as the top of the digital pyramid, responsible for the next industrial and military affairs revolutions [11; 17; 18; 20; 21; 25; 40; 41; 74]. G-technologies based on broad ecosystems and an innovation direction of a commercial-to-national pathway form the basis for developing solutions that support national security interests. Great power rivalries have changed accordingly. They take place between global commercial digital platforms.