esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Developing Analytical Tools for Arabic Sentiment Analysis of COVID-19 Data
## 1 Introduction
Finally, we evaluate the lexicon's performance with two different experiments. One performing lexicon-based SA using the constructed lexicon with different setting, only polarity words, polarity and negation words, polarity and emojis, and polarity along with both negation and emojis. The other experiment was performing machine learning-based SA with a variety of features, including different n-grams, emojis, lexicons, and negation. A summary of the paper's key contributions is as follows:  
* Building of an ArSentiCOVID lexicon, a first lexical resource for Arabic SA about COVID-19. * Developing a lexicon-based sentiment analyzer tool that can properly handle both negation and emoji. * Constructing an extensive list of Arabic negation. * Scraping a large Arabic corpus from Twitter about COVID-19. * Annotating an Arabic sentiment corpus about COVID-19, a new Arabic reference corpus for SA, automatically annotated by based mainly on the constructed lexicon. * Conducting an in-depth study using lexicon-based approach to investigate the usefulness and quality of the ArSentiCOVID lexicon. * Introducing an ensemble method that combines lexicon-based sentiment features (negation, polarity, and emojis) as input features for a ML classifier to generate a more precise Arabic SA procedure. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we present a literature survey of Arabic lexicon construction and Arabic sentiment corpus annotation. In Section 3, we discuss our methodology for the lexicon construction, sentiment analyzer process, and corpus annotation. In Section 4, we present the experimental results and illustrate the conclusion and future work in Section 5.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Influence of Shear Time  
#### 3.3.1 Fluorescence Microscopy Test  
Fluorescence microscopy tests were conducted on samples sheared at 1, 2, and 4 h to determine the morphological characteristics of the asphalt phase and the SBS phase. The results are shown in Figure 7.  
It is seen that with increasing shearing time, the SBS distribution becomes more uniform, and the area ratio gradually increases. It seems extended shearing time facilitates the swelling of SBS-modified asphalt.
## 2 Wastewater Treatment by Microalgae
### Agricultural Wastewater
#### 2.2.2 Pretreatment  
The high suspended particles concentration in agricultural wastewater, similar to domestic wastewater, necessitates the use of a first treatment procedure prior to the cultivation stage. The same pretreatment methods (filtration, autoclaving and centrifugation) as for domestic wastewater were used for agricultural wastewater pretreatment, with other pretreatments such as flocculation, acid precipitation, digestion and stripping, as described in Table 6. Previous research has used the filtering approach to pretreat wastewater, utilizing filters with varying pore sizes depending on the wastewater source and the materials that need to be removed. [PERSON] et al. [78] filtered aquaculture wastewater using a 22 \(\upmu\)m pore size filter, followed by a 1.2 \(\upmu\)m pore size filter. For swine wastewater pretreatment, a recent study used an 8 \(\upmu\)m pore size filter after the centrifugation technique [30]. The centrifugation method was used by the majority of these studies, with different durations and forces, for instance, 8000 rpm for 10 min [79], 7000 rpm (8656\(\times\)_g_) for 5 min [30], 10,000\(\times\)_g_ for 10 min at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C [52], 3000\(\times\)_g_ for 5 min [64] and 3000\(\times\)_g_ for 10 min [65; 69]. However, once more, these methods can only be used at lab-scale. An air-stripping method was used in the study of [PERSON] et al. [66] for decreasing the concentration of free ammonia, that affect the growth of microalgae, from piggery wastewater. The results showed that the concentration was reduced from 644 mg L\({}^{-1}\) to 14.1 mg L\({}^{-1}\)[66]. For chemical oxygen demand reduction, acid precipitation was used by [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al. [42; 80]. [PERSON] et al. [80] discovered that by adjusting the pH of the poultry slaughterhouse from six to four using H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), almost 80% of the COD was eliminated as sludge [80].
# Design of Software-Defined Radio-Based Adaptable Packet Communication System for Small Satellites
## 3 Design and Implementation
### Data Input and Output  
Data are fed into the system using the UDP Message Source block shown in Figure 6. A separate Python script is written to feed this port with a 245-byte string of data. This string is forwarded as the input to the following block.  
Figure 4: Network port utilization.  
Figure 5: Thread timing and scheduling.  
The output data is directed to TCP network ports, and the Socket PDU block of GNU Radio shown in Figure 7 is used for this task.
# The RUNE Experiment--A Database of Remote-Sensing Observations of Near-Shore Winds
## 4 Results
### Preliminary Intercomparisons
#### 4.3.3 Dual Setup and PPIs
Furthermore, the standard deviation in all direction bins is larger at \(x=-4994\) m than at \(x=-904\) m, which indicates that the reconstructed wind speeds show larger differences between the PPI and the dual-setup scans at large distances.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Isothermal Aging  
#### 3.2.1 Pretreatment  
The Ti/Mo/Yb\({}_{0.3}\)Co\({}_{4}\)Sb\({}_{12}\) joints were then pretreated by isothermal aging at 550 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Figure 3a,b show the BSE graph with spot testing results and line scan results across the interfaces of the joints after 16 days aging, respectively. Figure 3c shows the distribution of the Ti content in the joint and it clearly reveals that some Ti atoms have penetrated across the Mo layer and reached the Yb\({}_{0.3}\)Co\({}_{4}\)Sb\({}_{12}\) matrix. All the measurement results confirm that the inter-diffusion at the Mo/Yb\({}_{0.3}\)Co\({}_{4}\)Sb\({}_{12}\) interface is neglectable. However, Ti diffuses across the Ti/Mo interface and moves into the Mo layer, consequently forming a new Mo-Ti layer with a content gradient. In the Mo-Ti layer, the content of Ti decreases from about 10 at % Ti at the Ti/Mo-Ti interface to about 5 at % Ti at the Mo-Ti/Yb\({}_{0.3}\)Co\({}_{4}\)Sb\({}_{12}\) interface. The contact resistivity of about 3.8 \(\mu\Omega\cdot\)cm\({}^{2}\) for the pretreated joints is almost the same value as that of the as prepared ones, which indicates that the penetration of the Ti atoms into the Mo layer almost does not affect the apparent contact resistivity of the joints. Furthermore, if one prolongs the pretreatment time, the inter-diffusion between the Ti and Yb\({}_{0.3}\)Co\({}_{4}\)Sb\({}_{12}\) matrix will surely begin.  
Based on the above results, to simplify the study on the interfacial stability, all the following Ti/Mo/Yb\({}_{0.3}\)Co\({}_{4}\)Sb\({}_{12}\) joints were pretreated at 550 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 16 days before they were further isothermally aged. Correspondingly, the structure of the joints after the pretreatments is referred to as Ti/Mo-Ti/Yb\({}_{0.3}\)Co\({}_{4}\)Sb\({}_{12}\) and the end of the pretreatment is set to be the beginning of the isothermal aging.  
Figure 1: Variation of the CTE with temperature for Yb\({}_{0.3}\)Co\({}_{4}\)Sb\({}_{12}\), Ti, Mo, Cu, and Ni, Data for Mo, Cu, and Ni are from references [35; 36; 37] respectively.  
Figure 2: The interfacial microstructure of the Ti/Mo/Yb\({}_{0.3}\)Co\({}_{4}\)Sb\({}_{12}\) joints (**a**), as prepared, a Back Scattering Electron (BSE) graph, (**b**), as prepared, a line scan, and (**c**), after 10 cycles of thermal shocking between 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C, a BSE graph.
# Vehicle Route Planning for Relief Item Distribution under Flood Uncertainty
## 3 The Proposed Model
### EV Fitness Evaluation  
Evaluating solution quality from this perspective differs from general vehicle routing problems. While assessing solution quality based on the shortest distance may expedite reaching the affected individuals, the flood scenario necessitates considering the risk of flooded routes. Hence, this perspective proposes evaluating solution quality using the expected value of the combined results in route selection and the waiting time, as Equation (12) describes.  
\[\textit{Minimize}\sum_{k=1}^{K}\sum_{i=0}^{N-1}\sum_{j=i+1}^{N-1}E_{i,j}^{k}(w _{i,j},p_{i,j})\,, \tag{12}\]  
where \(E_{i,j}^{k}\) represents the expected value of the outcome when selecting a route, considering both waiting time and flood risk factors, from node \(i\) to \(j\) using vehicle \(k\).  
The solutions or routes obtained through evaluation using this technique demonstrate the ability to handle uncertainty or changes in road conditions. The best route identified will be tested for performance against simulated scenarios with uncertain conditions occurring more than once, as outlined in Section 4.
# Improving Streaming Video with Deep Learning-Based Network Throughput Prediction
## 3 Theoretical Background  
### Video Streaming Model  
We model the video stream as a set of consecutive data segments \(\{c_{i}\}\), where \(c_{i}\) is the amount of data measured in bytes and \(i\in\{1,2,\ldots N\}\). Every segment contains \(L\) seconds of video encoded with a given bit rate; hence, the total length of the video is \(N\times L\) seconds. A video player obtains from a server a video segment \(c_{i}\) encoded with a bit rate \(q_{i}\in\{Q_{\text{min}},\ldots,Q_{\text{max}}\}\) (bit/s), where \(Q_{\text{min}}\) and \(Q_{\text{max}}\) are the lower and upper bound, respectively, of the bit rate levels. A user considers a video with a higher bit rate as having better quality compared to its lower bit rate version.  
A video player downloads video segments and places them in its buffer, where they wait for a playback. At the time \(t_{i}\), the player starts to download the video segment \(c_{i}\). Its downloading time is a function of the bit rate \(q_{i}\) and averaged network throughput \(r_{i}\). At the time \(t_{i+d}\), the video player completes the download of the segment \(c_{i}\). At time \(t_{i+1}\), where \(t_{i+d}\leq t_{i+1}\), the video player starts to download the next segment \(c_{i+1}\). At the time \(t_{i}\), the player's buffer stores \(b_{i}\in[0,B_{\text{full}}]\) time units of video. The maximum buffer capacity \(B_{\text{full}}\) depends on the video player implementation. If \(r_{i}\) (bit/s) is the average network throughput at time \(\Delta t_{i}=t_{i+d}-t_{i}\), then:  
\[t_{i+d}=t_{i}+\frac{Lq_{i}}{r_{i}},\]  
where  
\[r_{i}=\frac{1}{\Delta t_{i}}\int_{t_{i}}^{t_{i+d}}r\,dt. \tag{1}\]  
During the video playback, the amount of data in the player's buffer fluctuates. The buffer increases by \(L\) seconds after a player downloads the segment \(c_{i}\), while it decreases when a user watches the video. Hence, the evolution of the buffer is described as:  
\[b_{i+1}=\text{max}[(b_{i}-t_{i+1}+t_{i}),0]+L.\]  
If \(b_{i}<t_{i+1}-t_{i}\), the buffer becomes empty, which freezes the video.
# Underlay Loosely Coupled Model for Public Safety Networks Based on Device-to-Device Communication
## 4 The D2D Loosely Coupled Model
### Network Update Management  
The geographic mobility of UEs, combined with different obstacles and external sources, can significantly affect the power and quality of the signal. In this context of a permanent change in CQI, it is important to conduct periodic updates to ensure the connectivity of the group. Two strategies are proposed: (1) The \"Less cost\" approach tends to retain the links between UEs as long as they exist. However, as soon as a link from a member of the Gc group is lost, a new link with a UE from the same Gc group will be created. (2) The \"Optimized tree\" approach is a little more expensive, but it has the advantage of guaranteeing a network with optimal links. As soon as a variation in the link with a member of one of the Gc groups is detected, the procedure is triggered to check if a better link is possible within the same group. The two approaches are illustrated in the flowchart in Figure 10.
###### Abstract
The American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT) has designed a protocol, and it was replicated in various research studies [28; 29; 30]. For the protocols, three repetitions with 15 s of rest between each one are recommended [31]. Although the Jamar dynamometer is considered the gold standard, various technological advances have allowed other instruments aimed at grip strength assessment to exist, including portable, smaller, lighter, and easier-to-grip devices which can be useful in various contexts, such as the K-force grip dynamometer (Kinvent, Montpellier, France), which is lighter (0.2 kg) compared to the Jamar (1.4 kg) [21]. However, although the K-force dynamometer has shown high reliability, various studies have reported lower grip strength evaluations when compared to the Jamar dynamometer [32; 33]. Similarly, the Activ5 instrument, which has a curved pattern to improve control, grip, and force application, has recently been designed. The Activ5 has several sensors that can absorb more than 100 pounds of pressure and can be connected to a smartphone via Bluetooth, displaying real-time data. It assists in isometric strength assessment with different tests, such as lying shoulder flexion, half-knee flexion, hook, triceps French press, front shoulder elevation, and standing chest press, among others. However, to date, no study has reported comparing the reliability and validity of the Activ5 dynamometer with the Jamar dynamometer. In response, Sullivan [34] mentions that reliability refers to whether the same instrument used in the same environment and with the same subjects reproduces the same data; therefore, reliability is an integral part of validity assessment. Validity, on the other hand, refers to the accuracy of the measurement of what is specifically intended to be measured [34]. Other studies have sought to evaluate the validity and reliability of other dynamometers compared to the gold standard, Jamar. Among them, it has been highlighted that the DynEx dynamometer is a reliable and valid instrument when compared to the second handle position of the Jamar dynamometer [35][PERSON] Similarly, the smart dynamometer and hand trainer SqueegTM also demonstrates good concurrent validity and test-retest reliability ranging from good to excellent when compared to the Jamar dynamometer [36][PERSON] However, to date, no study seeking to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Activ5 dynamometer in comparison to the Jamar has been reported[PERSON]  
It has been reported in a study that the Activbody Activ5 load sensor was mechanically tested to evaluate its validity and the reliability of its measurements. It was determined that it has excellent repeatability and agreement when compared to a standard universal testing machine (UTM), Instron ElectroPuls E10000 (Instron, Norwood, MA, USA), which used an Instron Dynacell 2527-202 (Instron, Norwood, MA, USA) load cell (10 kN capacity) [37]. Based on the above discussion, this study aims to examine the reliability and validity of the Activ5 dynamometer for grip strength assessment.
## 3 Preparation
### Connection between Nodes  
As is well known, a graph is composed of entities and their connections, where each entity is represented as a node in the graph, and the relationships between two entities correspond to edges. Based on the similarity or dissimilarity of node attributes, graphs can be classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous; based on the direction of edges, graphs can be categorized as directed or undirected. Considering the data characteristics of the processing center, we construct the task data as an undirected homogeneous graph. Each sensor (or the measurement values from a sensor) corresponds to a node in the undirected graph. During the processing operations, sensors collect data at a specified scanning frequency, sequentially serving as node features while the correlations between measurement values serve as edges. These correlations encompass both physical connections and connections in the actual sensor environment, as well as those determined based on industry experts' and maintenance personnel's experiences.  
When applying Graph Neural Networks to the field of anomaly detection in processing centers, the degree of freedom in the design of sensor network configurations serves as both an opportunity and a challenge. In particular, the significance of empirical knowledge in this domain underscores the importance of limited labels. Effectively utilizing limited data and exploring/expanding new node connections are crucial for achieving the ultimate accuracy in anomaly detection.
# Medium Access Control Protocols for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey
## 4 Discussion
### Spectrum and User Mobility Have to Be Considered Jointly  
Apart from PU appearance or channel quality degradation due to interference, which are the main causes of spectrum mobility, user mobility also results in spectrum mobility, as well. Therefore, in CRAHN, spectrum and user mobility have to be considered jointly. Limiting packet loss and spectrum switching delay is a challenging task. Therefore, to achieve a faster spectrum switching time and to reduce the packet loss and operational overhead among each functionality, spectrum mobility must be designed in a cross-layer approach. Moreover, it is essential to have an accurate estimation of the latency incurred in the handoff of frequencies in order to achieve reliable communication and management. Flexibility in spectrum handoff frameworks is needed to exploit different switching methodologies (proactive and reactive spectrum handoffs), which show a diverse impact on the correspondence execution. Furthermore, the network environment and the requirements of applications may help to deal with spectrum mobility in a more efficient manner. If spectrum holes are used for spectrum mobility, then an efficient system to deliver channel availability information is needed by the CR devices to effectively use them.
## 4 Analysis and Interpretation of Results
### Regression Analysis of Price Trends
#### 4.5.2 Interpretation of Regression Analysis Results  
In order to evaluate the predictive power of simple linear trends between daily renewable generation and wholesale electricity price, an analysis of the evolution of annual values of the coefficient of determination for R\({}^{2}\) was performed. This metric was calculated for each calendar year and separately for wind, solar, and combined generation, providing insights into the year-to-year variability in model quality.  
The results show significant differences between years and countries. For example, the R\({}^{2}\) for wind generation for Germany in 2025 was 0.351, while in 2018, it was only 0.283. In the case of combined Wind + Solar generation, R\({}^{2}\) rose above 0.5 in some years, indicating an increasing degree of explanation of price variability precisely through the combined impact of both technologies. In contrast, in countries with lower RES penetration, such as Slovakia or Estonia, R\({}^{2}\) remains low in most years (e.g., only 0.075 for solar generation in Slovakia in 2025), confirming the weaker structural link between generation and pricing.  
These results support Hypothesis H3, according to which the predictive power of simple trend models varies over time and is related to structural changes in energy systems and to specific market events.
# Phishing Attacks Survey: Types, Vectors, and Technical Approaches
## 3 Phishing Methods and Techniques
### Phishing Technical Approaches
#### 3.3.10. Wipishing  
Wiphishing (also known as an evil-twin attack) is a method of phishing that utilizes wireless networks as the vector for the attack. The phisher inserts themselves between the victims and the real access point (AP). This is done using a rogue access point, which uses the same SSID and frequency as the genuine network. By placing this access point so that the signal of the rogue AP is stronger than that of the genuine network, the victim's device will be tricked into connecting to the rogue AP. Then, the phisher is able to monitor network traffic and access the information that is transmitted over the rogue AP. This type of attack is common at free Wi-Fi hotspots available in locations such as coffee shops, hotels, or travel hubs. The success of this type of attack is also enhanced because general users of these public hotspots are likely to accept unsigned or incorrectly signed certificates [67].  
An advantage of this approach for the phisher it that special hardware may not be required. It has been found that wireless access points can be established using the hotspot feature on a smartphone or laptop software (for example airbase-ng) [68].
# Urban Logistics through River: A Two-Echelon Distribution Model
## 3 Methodology
Figure 2 shows three nodes in red which are referred to as fluvial satellites and will be served by a barge (Scenario 1), while the nodes colored in  
Figure 1: Represents the decomposition approach applied to solve the 2E-VRP. yellow will be the satellites of Scenario 2, which a delivery van will serve. The satellites are located within the city and will act as centroids to cluster customers in such a way that they are assigned to the closest satellite to make last-mile distribution more efficient. Two scenarios are proposed with the aim of making comparisons through performance indicators such as distance traveled, travel time, CO2e emissions, fixed cost of each vehicle, energy consumption, and land use. These indicators will be explained further in Section 4. The proposed scenarios are described next:  
* Scenario 1: In this scenario, we considered a depot located outside the town and is located near the Seine River. A barge begins its trip in the depot and will attend two previously defined ports inside Paris that will be the satellites of this distribution network (fluvial satellites); from these satellites, e-cargo bikes as second-echelon vehicles can serve the customers. * Scenario 2: In this scenario, the depot is located outside the town but not necessarily near the river. The fleet of the first echelon is composed of delivery vans, and this transportation mode serves a set of satellites located inside the town. The second echelon is like the one proposed in Scenario 1 but with different satellite locations (the number of customers and the transportation mode used in the second-echelon fleet is the same).