## 3 Development of the ICSPB-IoT Conceptual Framework
### Establishment of the ICSPB-IoT Framework
Besides, before the completion and acceptance of the building, the contractors can establish a two-way interoperability mechanism between digital engineering products and final buildings with the supports of RFID, sensors, AI (Artificial Intelligence) and other IoT technologies. This mechanism can realize the real-time tracking and monitoring of the building status. When faults or quality problems occur, the root cause can be quickly targeted and documented. Given the above discussion of functional requirements and system composition concerning government regulators, contractors and owners, and in the light of the IoT system in other industries [46], the framework of the ICSPB-IoT is proposed as shown in Figure 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Subsystem Owner** & **Subsystem Name** & **Function** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Manufacturer} & \multirow{3}{*}{Component Production Planning Scheduling Subsystem} & Collect the information of resource elements in real-time by using RFID and other sensing technologies, and dynamically track and optimize the production activities. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \multirow{3}{*}{Integrate the information collected by sensing devices into the BIM system in a timely manner and check the parameters of the component production process to control the quality of components.} \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \multirow{3}{*}{Material Supply Management Subsystem} & Collect and analyze the real-time information of material supply and inventory on the construction site to ensure, in a timely manner, that the supply of materials by using the IoT and intelligent algorithm. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Logistics carrier} & Component Transportation Dispatch Management Subsystem & Track and optimize the transport route by using RFID, GPS and geographic information system (GIS). \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Constructor} & \multirow{3}{*}{Project Quality Traceability Subsystem} & \multirow{3}{*}{Upload and analyze the data detected sensors to control the construction quality by using the IoT and intelligent algorithm.} \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \multirow{3}{*}{Collect and analyze the information (e.g., working height, safety facilities, environment) in real-time by the IoT, and make the early warning according the danger level.} \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \multirow{3}{*}{Construction Site Resource Element Management Subsystem} & Track and collect the resource elements by RFID and analyze resource requirements systematically to make optimal resource allocation. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Designer} & \multirow{3}{*}{Integrated Design Subsystem} & According to the real-time information of the IoT-BIM-based database, the problems fed back in the downstream phase are dealt with in a timely manner to realize the collaboration of design–manufacturing–construction. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \multirow{3}{*}{Proofread the authenticity of building data and build the digital engineering product according to the real-time information of IoT-BIM-based database.} \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \multirow{3}{*}{Monitor and control the quality, safety and progress of the construction site by combining RFID, machine vision and other technologies with the IoT.} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & & \multirow{3}{*}{Onitoring and Early Warning Subsystem} & Monitor and control the quality, safety and progress of the construction site by combining RFID, machine vision and other technologies with the IoT. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Subsystem developed by contractors.