# Energy Consumption Analysis of ISO/IEC 29192-2 Standard Lightweight Ciphers
## 2 Related Works  
Cryptographic solutions for the IoT should be designed appropriately taking into account the limited resources of devices used in this field. This has caused the emergence of a new branch of cryptography known as lightweight cryptography, which is more efficient for systems with lower energy consumption and smaller capacity. Many lightweight algorithms have been developed to achieve this goal. PRESENT [6] is one of the first lightweight encryption algorithms proposed for constrained hardware environments. Additionally, various algorithms, including CLEFIA [7], PICCOLO [8], PRINCE [9], LBLOCK [10], HIGHT [11], TWINE [12], SIMON&SPECK [13], have been developed to address this issue. Recent studies show that the development of lightweight algorithms for IoT security is increasingly gaining attention. [PERSON] et al. have developed a lightweight cryptographic algorithm designed for resource-constrained IoT devices [14]. Their algorithm is based on the Feistel structure and uses circular shifts, XOR, and key addition for both encryption and decryption of data. They have employed a 128-bit key size and a 64-bit block size, using Linear Feedback Shift Registers for key generation. Another example is the work of [PERSON] and colleagues, who have devised a lightweight encryption method called DRcipher, also aimed at resource-limited IoT devices [15]. It has a 64-bit block size and supports 96-bit or 128-bit key sizes, with a pseudo-random number of encryption rounds determined by the key. DRcipher uses a generalized Feistel network with four branches, mixing in elements like the F-function, the FF-function, and RP permutation, and includes a negative feedback mechanism to enhance security. [PERSON] et al. have developed a low-energy lightweight block cipher, INLEC, to enhance data security in IoT devices while addressing constraints in battery life and energy resources [15]. They have introduced the Structure and Components Involution design, which utilizes two similar round functions to ensure front-back symmetry, improving efficiency in both encryption and decryption. [PERSON] et al. have developed a new lightweight block cipher, RAB, to enhance data security in wireless sensor networks [16]. The algorithm supports variable key lengths and is based on a Feistel and substitution permutation network structure. They have designed a flexible key schedule function that accommodates different key lengths for varying security needs. [PERSON] et al. have developed a lightweight block cipher, LPHD, to enhance security in battery-powered smart door locks while minimizing storage and power consumption [17]. They have designed a low-power S-box and introduced a two-stage permutation layer (TP structure) by filtering 8-bit permutations. To address slow diffusion in the standard Feistel structure, LPHD has implemented an 8-branch generalized Feistel structure (GFS), ensuring that all branch bits are affected in a single encryption round. Consistent with these studies, many algorithms such as LTLBC [18], IoVipher [19], DNA-PRESENT [20], RAZOR [21], GFLE [22], and GSFX [23] were developed in 2024. Moreover, some studies have been conducted to compare algorithms based on various parameters. [PERSON] et al. have conducted a comprehensive analysis of a lightweight block cipher, focusing on its power consumption and security features for IoT applications [24]. Their study examines several algorithms, including PICCOLO, RECTANGLE, PRINT, PRESENT, PUFFIN, ICEBERG, HIGH, and TEA. The results indicate that the ICEBERG and HIGH ciphers exhibit significantly higher power consumption levels. [PERSON] and [PERSON] have conducted a comprehensive study on lightweight block ciphers to address the growing security and privacy concerns in the IoT [25]. Their research introduces and evaluates various lightweight block ciphers based on performance and security criteria. The findings indicate that WARP and Piccolo demonstrate superior throughput, gate equivalent efficiency, and energy consumption in hardware implementations.