## 4 Spectrum of Heterogenous Services for Transport Means and the Communication of Information
### The Information Flows and Modelling for the Context of Tracking
#### 4.3.1 Tracking the Road Vehicle  
The critical aspect of freight transportation is truck tracking, which consists of key elements:  
* Data Identifier,
* Standards,
* Marking forms. The Global Individual Asset Identifier (GIAI) and the automatic identification (AI) (8004) format is used for assets that are not consumed by business. GIAI is a unique code, which cannot be reused for any other fixed assets of a cargo company. The application of Data Identifier helps automatically track assets from acquisition until retirement, and make updates on assets, monitor their repair and maintenance activities. It is possible to install Data Identifier during the asset production process on the name of producer or customer and to represent unique asset world-wide. The vehicle identification number (VIN) can be integrated into the GIAI as a reference to a specific transport unit in the GIAI identifier structure. VIN consists of 17 symbols, where three first symbols are dedicated to the World Manufacturer Identification (WMI). There are two GIAI standards, which are created by a not-for-profit organisation named as GS1, for communication, are widely used for reporting purposes. The GIAI-96 standard's partition value (P) has several alternatives, which means the exact number of digits and bits. The alternative (P = 2) includes company prefix (maximum ten symbols), which is provided for entity managing asset and reference to the individual asset (14 numbers). The first digits of company prefix could include zero values, which are added during the decoding procedure, which are necessary to have a length (L) equal to symbols (as defined in Table 3). However, GIAI-202 has reference to individual asset up to 24 symbols; but there is no need to fill all 24 digits. According to GIAI-96, VIN could be reported under Partition Value (P), which ranges from 2 to 6. In the case of GIAI-202, VIN could be presented under any Partition Value. GIAI marking could be realised in Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags; such is widely used in Finland and Sweden. Asset tracking typically starts at the beginning of the production line then RFID tag is inserted into the vehicle and can thus be tracked both in the production hall, when from it gradually becomes a final product. After delivery to a customer, then the RFID tag on the truck is scanned when passing the readers until it arrives at the destination place. For tracking assets, it is recommended to refer to time intervals to get an actual history of transport mean. Various tags could be used for the vehicle's tracking purpose. The best suits RFID passive tags, i.e., Electronic product code (EPC) Generation (Gen) 2 version 2, which is incorporated into standard \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Partition Value (P)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Company Prefix**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Individual Asset Reference**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Digits (L)** & **Bits (M)** & **Digits** & **Bits (N)** \\ \hline
2 & 10 & 34 & 14 & 48 \\
3 & 9 & 30 & 15 & 52 \\
4 & 8 & 27 & 16 & 55 \\
5 & 7 & 24 & 17 & 58 \\
6 & 6 & 20 & 18 & 62 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Structure of implementation of GIAI-96 standard. provided by International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/ IEC) ISO/ IEC 18000-63 and is used as a write-once tag. The comparison of tags is presented in Table 4.  
For freight transport, the approach of the passive tag is selected. The operating radio frequency range is between 860 to 960 MHz for the 2 nd version of passive tags. Radio waves capture unique identifiers at extremely high speeds and distance greater than 10 m without straight-line contact. The second version includes new features and additional features that help in dealing with increasingly complex transportation challenges, including security aspects.