## 3 Results and Discussion
Thus, to minimize the loss of sitagliptin nanoparticles during cyclone collection, the concentration of albumin polymer solution was increased to form a nanoparticle with a denser structure, resulting in a higher percentage yield. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Albumin Conc. g** & **Inlet Temp. \({}^{\circ}\)C** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Flow Rate** \\ **(Rounded to 0.5) mL/h** \\ \end{tabular} & **Predicted** & **Actual** \\ \hline Suggestion-1 & 2 & 106.65 & 25 & 85.45 & 84.51 \\ Suggestion-2 & 2 & 106.56 & 25 & 85.52 & 85.12 \\ Suggestion-3 & 2 & 106.75 & 25 & 85.37 & 84.91 \\ Suggestion-4 & 2 & 106.56 & 24.71 & 85.46 & 84.60 \\ Suggestion-5 & 1.99 & 106.69 & 25 & 85.35 & 86.1 \\ Suggestion-6 & 1.99 & 106.59 & 25 & 85.42 & 87.1 \\ Suggestion-7 & 2 & 106.73 & 24.44 & 85.27 & 85.12 \\ Suggestion-8 & 1.99 & 106.43 & 25 & 85.49 & 85.46 \\ Suggestion-9 & 2 & 107.71 & 25 & 84.57 & 83.98 \\ Suggestion-10 & 2 & 106.66 & 24.08 & 85.27 & 84.69 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Optimization solutions for sitagliptin nanoparticles. Figure 1: Response surface graph showing the effect on inlet temperature vs albumin on percentage yield. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Sum of Squares** & **df** & **Mean Square** & **\(F\) Value** & **Prob \textgreater{} F** \\ \hline Model & 783.4785 & 6 & 130.5797 & 6.313662 & 0.0027 \\ A-Albumin Conc & 200.704 & 1 & 200.704 & 9.70424 & 0.0082 \\ B-Inlet Temperature & 227.3382 & 1 & 227.3382 & 10.99203 & 0.0056 \\ C-Feed Flow Rate & 84.1 & 1 & 84.1 & 4.066319 & 0.0649 \\ AB & 237.62 & 1 & 237.62 & 11.48917 & 0.0048 \\ AC & 0.91125 & 1 & 0.91125 & 0.04406 & 0.8370 \\ BC & 32.805 & 1 & 32.805 & 1.586155 & 0.2300 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: ANOVA for response surface model. Mucoadhesive nanoparticles of sitagliptin (MNS) had different surface texture and drug loading according to different experimental formulations. A drug loading percentage of 73 \(\pm\) 2% and a nanoparticle percentage yield of 64-92% for 500 mg powder was assessed. Eight out of the 20 experiments indicate the recovery rate of the nanoparticle was higher than 80%. It is predicted that the loss of products during drug loading happened due to the residual nanoparticles being attached to the spraying chamber, or by the loss of nanoparticles from the manual electrode collection. Nanoparticles prepared from the optimized experimental conditions were nearly spherical, and were moving in a continuous and steady stream. Examination using SEM microphotographs did not show any shriveled/surface folding shape (Figure 4). This may be due to the consistency during the drying period of the nanoparticle in the spraying column. Furthermore, the change in the nanoparticle shape during spray drying is possibly related to moisture variation in the material content  
Figure 3: Response surface graph showing the effect on feed flow rate vs inlet temperature on percentage yield. Figure 2: Response surface graph showing the effect on feed flow rate vs albumin on percentage yield. and the spray drying temperature. The small particles may dry faster than the larger ones, and the important step of the crust formation on the surface of the nanoparticles was reached immediately after atomization. This problem was consistent and was overcome from our previous experiments. Our data indicate that the average size of the sitagliptin nanoparticles (Figure 5) is approximately 659 nm, although sizes were spread, from 350 to 950 nm. The reduced and narrowed nanoparticle size can facilitate a near immediate sitagliptin release at the absorption site, and is highly deliberated, thus, with more retention of a larger amount of sitagliptin. This may, in turn, contribute to the hypoglycemic effects of sitagliptin. The percentage of sitagliptin nanoparticles formulation swelling with time was also observed (Figure 6). All nanoparticles formulations swelled rapidly within 0.1 h when immersed in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4).