## 3 Results
### Physical Function Outcomes
#### 3.2.2 Adjusted per Protocol Analysis  
In the adjusted Per Protocol analysis, one variable showed statistically significant interactions between group and time: single-task TUG turn velocity. Both the exercise and usual care groups increased the single-task TUG turn velocity from baseline to 6 months, but the OEP plus usual care group had a greater increase than the usual care group. The OEP plus usual care group showed improved performance from baseline to 6 months,  
Figure 4: Single-task and dual-task timed-up-and-go (TUG) in the Otago Exercise Program (OEP) plus usual care compared to usual care alone groups at baseline and 6 months for (**A**) double limb support, (**B**) mid-swing elevation, (**C**) gait speed, (**D**) stride length, and (**E**) medial-lateral trunk range of motion; \({}^{*}\)\(p<0.05\).  
Figure 5: Functional mobility measures in the Otago Exercise Program (OEP) plus usual care compared to usual care alone groups at baseline and 6 months for (**A**) 360\({}^{\circ}\) turn angle, (**B**) 360\({}^{\circ}\) turn duration, (**C**) 360\({}^{\circ}\) turn velocity, (**D**) 5x sit-to-stand duration, and (**E**) 5x sit-to-stand angle.  
with no change in the usual care group. Only the OEP plus usual care group exhibited a statistically significant increase in stride length during dual-task walking from baseline to 6 months (0.49 m to 0.73 m; +0.24 m, \(p\) = 0.01). The OEP plus usual care group exhibited faster turn velocity during the single- (81.36\({}^{\circ}\)/s to 109.63\({}^{\circ}\)/s; +28.27\({}^{\circ}\)/s, \(p\) = 0.002) and dual-task TUG (70.59\({}^{\circ}\)/s to 88.34\({}^{\circ}\)/s; +17.75\({}^{\circ}\)/s, \(p\) = 0.002) from baseline to 6 months. Single-task gait lower leg gait speed increased from baseline to 6 months in the OEP plus usual care group (0.41 m/s to 0.60 m/s; +0.19 m/s; \(p\) = 0.045). Dual-task gait lower leg double support average was greater at baseline than at 6 months in the OEP plus usual care group (37.39% to 31.60%; -5.79%; \(p\) = 0.047). Dual-task gait lower leg gait speed was faster at 6 months than at baseline in the OEP plus usual care group (0.37 m/s to 0.53 m/s; +0.16 m/s; \(p\) = 0.047). Lastly, the TUG single-task sit-to-stand lean angle was greater at baseline than at 6 months in the OEP plus usual care group (40.82\({}^{\circ}\) to 29.24\({}^{\circ}\); -11.58\({}^{\circ}\); \(p\) = 0.043). Two variables showed similar results in both groups. First, both the exercise (35.72% to 13.68%; -22.04%, \(p\) = 0.01 \(n\) = 9) and usual care groups (33.80% to 14.90%; -18.90%, \(p\) < 0.0001, \(n\) = 21) exhibited a statistically significant decrease in the double-limb support percentage during the 4 m single-task walk from baseline to 6 months. Second, TUG dual-task duration was greater at baseline than at 6 months in the exercise (40.63 s to 28.44 s; -12.19 s; \(p\) = 0.04) and usual care (39.73 s to 30.64 s; \(-\)9.09 s; \(p\) = 0.03) groups. Two variables showed an improvement in the usual care group; specifically, TUG single-task turn velocity increased from baseline to 6 months in the usual care (89.05\({}^{\circ}\)/s to 101.23\({}^{\circ}\)/s; +12.18\({}^{\circ}\)/s; \(p\) = 0.03) group and the single-task gait lower leg elevation mid-swing average was lower at baseline than at 6 months in the usual care group (0.95 cm to 1.37 cm; +0.42 cm; \(p\) = 0.046). The unadjusted and adjusted Per Protocol results are in Appendix A Tables A3 and A4.