## 5 Discussion  
The construction industry is one of the least automated industries, and its productivity has been stagnant until recently, but digital transformation due to the emergence of new tools such as 3 DCP promises to change the status quo [4]. In this research, we investigated the time and cost impacts of 3 DCP compared to conventional construction methods using multiple different design and supply chain options. The analysis revealed that 3 DCP provides opportunities to execute complex designs without additional costs. Concrete printing allows for multi-purpose construction design, meaning that with the advantage of complex geometries enabled by 3 DCP, a wall can be designed and constructed in a way that makes it not only a space separator but also an insulator, due to its internal shape. In our study, 3 DCP allowed for the construction of geometrically complex designs with significantly lower costs compared to conventional methods. We illustrated that the construction of a round house costs less using 3 DCP than when using traditional construction methods. This was in line with the literature, which found that a 3D-printed model cost less than a model constructed using traditional construction methods [11]. Moreover, unlike conventional construction methods, the cost of constructing a round house with 3 DCP was less than the cost for a rectangular design. This was due to the need for more materials and a larger printing volume in the case of the rectangular design. In terms of schedules, our analysis illustrated that 3 DCP was advantageous compared to the conventional and prefabrication construction methods, especially when the concrete drying times were considered in the calculations. Another interesting point is that concrete printing still requires a significant amount of labor for the management, running, movement, calibration, and alignment of the robot and the other subsystems for successful construction. The operator needs to be on-site monitoring the printing operations, which is a high-end technology-based job [56] requiring extensive training. Thus, this area can benefit from further automation to potentially decrease labor intensity and increase 3 DCP's competitiveness. The construction industry is highly regulated, and this is one of the reasons why 3 DCP has not yet significantly disrupted this industry. Different countries, states, and provinces have their own construction standards. Approval processes also vary depending on the geographic location. The use of 3 DCP in construction is not yet included in the current standards [57], and this poses challenges in terms of regulatory approvals. Most of the building codes and procurement standards do not consider 3 DCP technology [58]; thus, 3 DCP companies follow generic, already established construction standards in their respective locations. This makes the 3 DCP construction approval process longer than that for traditional construction methods. Currently, structural tests are being conducted, and technical recommendations will eventually be made based on such empirical findings [59]. Other 3D printing methods already have established standards, and 3 DCP is now moving in the