## 2 Theoretical Framework
### Biodiversity-Oriented Supply Chain Management Practices  
Biodiversity represents a complex ecological system comprising living organisms, their habitats, and the environmental processes that sustain them [10]. Its significance has been underscored globally since the establishment of Natura 2000 in 1992 [11] and the signing of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) at the Rio de Janeiro Summit. Biodiversity has become a cornerstone of sustainable development, a concept explicitly reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [12]. In particular, SDG 15 (Life on Land) and SDG 14 (Life Below Water) emphasize the urgent need to protect terrestrial and marine ecosystems, aligning closely with biodiversity conservation efforts. Biodiversity research has traditionally centered on several key directions, each with direct relevance to the SDGs. One significant focus is the assessment and monitoring of species and ecosystems, which aligns with SDG 15's targets on halting biodiversity loss. Research efforts in this area often include documenting species, understanding ecosystem dynamics, and monitoring changes in populations and ecosystem health over time (e.g., [13]). By providing the data necessary for informed conservation actions, such studies contribute to SDG 15's emphasis on protecting and restoring life on land. Another essential strand of research explores the causes and dynamics of biodiversity loss, addressing threats such as climate change, habitat destruction, pollution, and invasive species (e.g., [14; 15]). This aligns with SDG 13 (Climate Action), which seeks to mitigate climate change impacts and enhance resilience. Understanding these threats provides critical insights for designing interventions that reduce biodiversity loss and enhance ecosystem resilience, fostering a symbiotic relationship between climate action and biodiversity preservation. Research on ecosystem services--the benefits nature provides to humanity, such as clean air, water, food, and climate regulation--illustrates the link between biodiversity and sustainable development. This area of study supports multiple SDGs, including SDG 6(Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 15. Ecosystem services are fundamental to human well-being, and understanding their dependence on biodiversity is critical for ensuring their sustainability (e.g., [16]). The preservation and restoration of biodiversity through strategies such as establishing protected areas, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and developing innovative conservation solutions also align with SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 15. These efforts ensure that ecosystems can continue to provide essential services, even in the face of growing human demands and environmental pressures (e.g., [17]). Additionally, biodiversity research highlights its connection to human health, a focus that intersects with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being). Studies show that ecosystems with high biodiversity contribute to better health outcomes, including reducing the risk of infectious disease outbreaks, while biodiversity loss can exacerbate health vulnerabilities (e.g., [18]). This underscores the interconnectedness of ecological and human systems within the sustainable development framework. Despite its importance, the relationship between biodiversity and economic activities has been less explored. This gap is particularly significant given the emphasis of SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 12 on sustainable production and consumption patterns. While some studies have examined the economic valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services, highlighting the costs of biodiversity loss (e.g., [19; 20; 21]), there is limited research on the integration of biodiversity considerations into business practices. Modern business trends, including the principles of social responsibility, circular economy, and green logistics, reflect an increasing recognition of biodiversity's value (e.g., [22]).