## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Research Process  
The study is divided into eight steps, which will be detailed below:  
Step 1: Six parks in Taichung City, Taiwan, were selected, varying in size from 0.1 to 6 hectares. These parks include Xindu Ecological Park, Lixin Park, Maple Garden, Yongquan Park, Litchi Old Tree Park, and Dayuan Park. Among these, only the first four include water bodies, enabling a comparison between park types. The locations of the parks are shown in Figure 1. By selecting parks with diverse characteristics, it is possible to compare the performance of different types of parks in terms of CN, ensuring that the study results are representative and scientifically valid. Step 2: The orthophoto images of each park were obtained using drones and Landsat 8-OLI satellite imagery. This step significantly influences the selection of study sites, as the choice of parks is largely constrained by the availability of construction budget documents and design plans, which are essential for carbon footprint calculations. Due to the difficulty in obtaining such documents, the study is currently limited to analyzing and processing data from the six parks for which these materials were available. Effectively utilizing tools to obtain orthophotos ensures the provision of precise geographic information and detailed surface features, which are crucial for subsequent carbon footprint and NDVI calculations. Additionally, selecting parks with complete construction budgets and design plans ensures the accuracy of carbon footprint calculations, as these documents form the foundation for conducting carbon footprint analysis. Figure 1: Location Map of Six Parks. Step 3: Carbon footprints were determined based on construction materials and elements outlined in the compiled Parks Project Estimates, incorporating cited references for CN calculations. The calculation of the carbon footprint is a crucial step in assessing carbon neutrality efficiency. By conducting an in-depth analysis of the various construction activities involved in park development, the total carbon emissions of the park can be accurately quantified, providing a solid data foundation for subsequent correlation analysis. Step 4: NDVI values for each park were computed using ENVI 5.3 software between March and April 2023. Calculating NDVI is an indispensable step in assessing a park's ecological benefits and carbon neutrality potential, as it directly illustrates the critical role of vegetation in the carbon neutrality process. Step 5: This step is based on the park resilience indicators established in [PERSON] et al. 's study on park resilience [24]. The study divides the indicators into two categories: flood resilience indicators (ratio of lawn to water permeability, drainage capacity grade of different soil types, detention basin grade, and permeable pavement grade) and wind resilience indicators (bearing capacity grade of trunk and root systems, tree height and wind resistance grade, wind resistance grade of tree species, and configuration level of multilayer planting). This park resilience evaluation system is used to assess the resilience levels of the parks. A park's ability to adapt and withstand floods and windstorms has a profound impact on its long-term carbon neutrality efficiency. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the park's ecological stability and disaster resilience. Step 6: LEP percentages for each park were determined, offering insights into the most effective components for achieving carbon-neutral parks. The purpose of calculating LEP is to quantify the contribution of different landscape elements to carbon neutrality efficiency. This provides a basis for optimizing park design and enhancing carbon neutrality performance. Step 7: Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to confirm interrelationships among LEP, NDVI, and CN variables within the parks. This step helps identify key factors that significantly influence carbon neutrality efficiency, offering guidance for optimizing park design.