esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Recently, free-space optical (FSO) communication systems utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relays have garnered significant attention. Integrating UAV relays into FSO communication and employing cooperative diversity techniques not only fulfill the need for long-distance transmission but also enable flexible adjustments of relay positions based on the actual environment. This paper investigates the performance of a parallel-UAV-relay-based FSO communication system. In the considered system, the channel fadings include atmospheric loss, atmospheric turbulence, pointing errors, and angle-of-arrival fluctuation. Using the established channel model, we derive a tractable expression for the probability density function of the total channel gain. Then, we derive closed-form expressions of the system outage probability (OP) and average bit error rate (ABER). Moreover, we also derive the asymptotic OP and ABER for a high-optical-intensity regime. Our numerical results validate the accuracy of the derived theoretical expressions. Additionally, the effects of the number of relay nodes, the field of view, the direction deviation, the signal-to-noise ratio threshold, the atmospheric turbulence intensity, the transmit power, and the transmission distance on the system's performance are also discussed.  
average bit error rate; FSO communications; outage probability; parallel UAV relays 2025  
10 June 202516 June 202516 June 202516 June 202516 June 202  
As unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology develops rapidly, UAV relay-based FSO communication systems have received increasing amounts of attention [6]. Unlike traditional fixed terrestrial relays, UAV-assisted relays can easily establish LoS links by dynamically adjusting their positions, which can effectively address the challenges associated with relay deployment. Recently, UAV-relay-based FSO communication has become a promising candidate in many research fields, such as emergency communication and military operations [7; 8; 9]. In this paper, we will analyze the key performance indicators of a parallel-UAV-relay-based FSO communication system. This analysis will enable the rapid performance evaluation of such systems without the need for time-consuming simulations.
## 4 Discussion
Future studies should consider conducting measurements from multiple perspectives to better understand how positioning impacts radar accuracy, thereby enhancing the ecological validity of radar-based assessments in sports settings. Furthermore, studies could explore the performance of the Bushnell radar in outdoor environments, across different sports, and with varied participant, demographics to better understand how factors such as age, skill level, and physical condition might influence the accuracy of radar measurements [27]. It would also be valuable to investigate how specific technical factors, such as player technique, equipment variations, and field conditions, may impact radar accuracy. Future research could also benefit from comparing radar guns with alternative technologies, such as high-speed cameras or motion-capture systems, to assess measurement consistency across various devices and expand our understanding of their relative strengths and limitations in sports performance analysis. Variations in technique, like release angles or follow-through in throwing or kicking, could influence radar performance by changing the ball's path or velocity profile. Equipment differences, including the type and condition of the ball or surface used, may also introduce variability, as certain materials or surfaces may interact differently with the radar's detection capabilities [28]. An additional consideration is the manual handling of the Bushnell radar, as one device was handheld during testing. This setup may introduce minor variability due to slight positional shifts or operator stability, potentially affecting the consistency of the measurements. Future studies should consider alternative mounting solutions to reduce these potential sources of variability. Understanding these factors is essential for developing standardized protocols that ensure consistent and accurate measurements across different sports and settings, ultimately improving the reliability and validity of radar-based speed assessments in sports performance.
# Novel Janus Fibrous Membranes with Enhanced Directional Water Vapor Transmission
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Instruments and Characterization  
The microstructures of the membranes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (JSM-6700F, Tokyo, Japan). The diameters of the PU and CA nanofibers were measured according to the SEM images. The water contact angles were tested on an OCA 20 contact-angle system (Databases, Stuttgart, Germany) at room temperature. Deionized water droplets (3 uL) were dropped onto the fibrous membrane surface. Each contact angle value was obtained by measuring at six different positions of the same sample to get the average value. The water adhesion forces were measured using the high-sensitivity micro-electro-mechanical balance system (Data-Physics DCAT11, Stuttgart, Germany). To measure the relationship between water adhesion force and the distance of fiber membranes, the water droplet (5 uL) was suspended with a metal cap and controlled to contact with the surface of the membrane with a constant speed of 0.005 mm\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\), and then controlled to leave. The force-distance curve was recorded at the real-time. To measure the relationship between water adhesion force and time, the water droplet was controlled to contact the membrane surface and keep contacting until it was adsorbed. The force-time curve was recorded. The chemical compositions of fibrous membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) on Nicolet 8700 FT-IR spectrometry (Madison, WI, USA) in the wave range from 400 to 4000 cm\({}^{-1}\). Directional water-transport performance was quantitatively measured by the moisture-management tester (MMT) (SDL ATLAS, Ltd., Beijing, China). The specimen was cut into the size of 8 cm \(\times\) 8 cm and held with sample stages. During the measurement, the membranes were put between two horizontal (top and bottom side) electrical sensors, and saline water (0.21 g \(\pm\) 0.01 g, 0.9% NaCl, based on AATCC TM 195) was dropped onto the top surface of the membranes in 20 s. Thus, the saline water content on the top and bottom surface of the membranes can be calculated based on the corresponding resistance (in the first 120 s since starting dropping the saline water). All samples were put into the conditioned room (21 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C, relative humidity 65 \(\pm\) 2%, refer to ASTM D1776) for at least 24 h prior to testing, horizontally.
## 4 Experimental Validation
### Case 1
#### 4.1.6 Ablation Study  
To gain a deeper understanding of the impact of each module on the overall performance of the proposed model, ablation experiments were conducted on the CWRU dataset. In these experiments, Method 8 represents the complete proposed method, while Method 1 serves as the baseline method.  
In the table, the \"Image Processing\" module uses \(\checkmark\) to indicate the selection of 0.2 MTF-CWT-0.2 RP as the image input and \(\times\) to indicate the selection of CWT as the image input. In the \"Model Selection\" module, \(\checkmark\) indicates the use of the proposed KAResNet, while \(\times\) indicates the removal of the KABlock, replaced with two regular fully connected layers in a standard residual network. In the \"Domain Adaptation\" module, \(\checkmark\) indicates the use of the TLDAF module, while \(\times\) indicates the absence of any domain adaptation algorithm.  
Based on the experimental results (Table 9), indicate that Method 2, Method 3, and Method 4 each add one module to the baseline method (Method 1). Notably, adding the  
Figure 10: Average accuracy of fault diagnosis for different models on the CWRU dataset.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods** & **0-1** & **0-2** & **0-3** & **1-0** & **1-2** & **1-3** & **2-0** & **2-1** & **2-3** & **3-0** & **3-1** & **3-2** & **Average** \\ \hline MCR-Vgg16-TLDAF & 99.73 & 94.27 & 82.53 & 99.47 & 97.87 & 96.67 & 89.33 & 99.87 & **100** & 91.33 & 87.6 & 96.8 & 94.6225 \\ MCR-ResNet18-TLDAF & **100** & 88 & 89.6 & **100** & **100** & **100** & **98.13** & 97.6 & 99.87 & 78.4 & 89.6 & **100** & 95.1 \\ MCR-2D-CNN-TLDAF & **100** & 89.87 & 75.87 & **100** & **100** & **100** & 90.4 & **100** & **100** & 89.6 & 92 & **100** & 94.81 \\ MCR-KAResNet-TLDAF & **100** & **99.87** & **100** & **100** & **100** & **100** & 97.6 & **100** & **100** & **94.8** & **100** & **100** & **99.36** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Comparative experimental results of different models on the CWRU dataset.  
domain adaptation algorithm module (Method 4) results in a significant improvement in the accuracy. Methods 5, 6, and 7 add two modules compared to Method 1, and each shows an improvement in the accuracy. Method 8, which is the complete proposed method, includes all three modules. The results show that the combination of all three modules achieves the highest accuracy in bearing fault diagnosis, validating the feasibility and superiority of the proposed MIF-KAResNet-TLDAF model.
## 3 The F-Channel Platform
### Relation between the Modules of the Platform  
Before moving on with the ways in which the actions fit into the overall vision of the OneNet project, one additional area of the F-channel platform's Coordination module needs to be briefly mentioned. It is the one that allows the exchange of the critical information regarding the system, allowing the SOs to predict the potentially harmful states of the grid and react accordingly, without delays caused by the lack of communication between the actors in the power sector. To illustrate the relation between these modules and the way in which they can operate together, the flowchart given in Figure 10 was created.  
As can be seen from this diagram, a total of seven main stages were identified for resolving an issue in the grid. Out of these, the first four activities were marked as belonging to the Forecasting module of the F-channel platform. These involve:  
* Obtaining the weather forecast.
* Forecasting the system state.
* Identifying the possible issues (by implementing the forecast into the unified grid model).
* Determining the needed services.  
If one would now compare these activities with the established scope of operation of this module, they could see that those, indeed, match each other quite well. Three activities were assigned to the Coordination module and include:  
* Setting up the auction.
* Collecting the required bids.
* Choosing the optimal bids.  
Figure 10: F-channel platform: Activities of modules.
## 3 Optical Receiver Filter Equation-MGF Optimisation Procedure
### MGF-Based Model for Time-Invariant Rx System
#### 3.2.3 Use Case III: \(r_{\text{sig}}\)(t) with Colored AGTN Noise and ISI  
However, let us try one step further, considering a \(r_{\text{sig}}\) with a colored AGTN. For this use case, we need to use the full LMGF in Equation (10). By applying the same stepsfrom Equations (11)-(13), the equalizer/filter equation in Equation (17) changes to the following form:  
\[-\lambda_{1}Exp[-h_{f}]+\lambda_{0}Exp[h_{f}]-(\lambda_{1}-\lambda_{0})+\frac{N_{ 0}}{2}\left(\text{h}_{f}^{2}+\frac{{h^{\prime}_{f}}^{2}}{w_{0}^{2}}\right)=0. \tag{19}\]  
The solution for Equation (19) is a nonlinear differential equation with a numerical solution corresponding to the filter impulse response. It includes all the essential signal processes encountered in typical optical communications receivers: quantum noise, dark current noise, colored AGTN noise, and ISI. Equation (19) can be tailored to any particular use case depending on the specified optical communication attributes: \(\
u\), \(h_{p}(t)\), transmitted pulse width, the set of amplitudes associated with the binary OOK, \(h_{c}(t)\), \(\eta\), \(\varphi_{dd}\), \(N_{0}\), and \(w_{0}\). Equation (19) can be reduced to Equation (14) by setting \(N_{0}\) to zero. Also, it reduces to Equation (17) once we set \(h^{\prime}_{f}\) to zero.
## Results
### Possible Reasons for the Differences Among the OCO-2, GOME-2 and Flux Tower GPPs
#### 3.3.2 Effects of the Viewing Zenith Angle (VZA) on the Relationship Between SIF and Tower GPP
The correlations of SIF\({}_{740}\) with APAR and APAR \(\times\) T\({}_{\rm scalar}\)\(\times\) W\({}_{\rm scalar}\) were higher at the A'rou site than that at the Daman site, which was similar to the results of OCO-2 SIF. In contrast, the correlation of SIF\({}_{740}\) with APAR \(\times\) T\({}_{\rm scalar}\)\(\times\) W\({}_{\rm scalar}\) was higher than the correlation with APAR alone. These results indicated that SIF\({}_{740}\) was also affected by APAR and relevant to the two environmental scaling factors (T\({}_{\rm scalar}\)\(\times\) W\({}_{\rm scalar}\)). Figure 9: Relationships of the OCO-2 SIF with APAR and the product of APAR with two environmental scalars (APAR \(\times\) T\({}_{\rm scalar}\)\(\times\) W\({}_{\rm scalar}\)) at a daily timescale: **(a)** OCO-2 SIF versus APAR at the Daman site; **(b)** OCO-2 SIF versus APAR with two environmental scalars at the Daman site; **(c)** OCO-2 SIF versus APAR at the A’rou site; **(d)** OCO-2 SIF versus APAR with two environmental scalars at the A’rou site.
# Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of Metal Gates for CMOS
###### Abstract  
The continuous down-scaling of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field effect transistors (FETs) had been suffering two fateful technical issues, one relative to the thinning of gate dielectric and the other to the aggressive shortening of channel in last 20 years. To solve the first issue, the high-\(\kappa\) dielectric and metal gate technology had been induced to replace the conventional gate stack of silicon dioxide layer and poly-silicon. To suppress the short channel effects, device architecture had changed from planar bulk Si device to fully depleted silicon on insulator (FDSOI) and FinFETs, and will transit to gate all-around FETs (GAA-FETs). Different from the planar devices, the FinFETs and GAA-FETs have a 3D channel. The conventional high-\(\kappa\)/metal gate process using sputtering faces conformality difficulty, and all atomic layer deposition (ALD) of gate stack become necessary. This review covers both scientific and technological parts related to the ALD of metal gates including the concept of effect work function, the material selection, the precursors for the deposition, the threshold voltage (\(V_{t}\)) tuning of the metal gate in contact with H\(\mathrm{O}_{2}\)/\(\mathrm{SiO}_{2}\)/Si. The ALD of n-type metal gate will be detailed systematically, based mainly on the authors' works in last five years, and the all ALD gate stacks will be proposed for the future generations based on the learning.  
Keywords:COMS; metal gate; atomic layer deposition; high-\(\kappa\) dielectric; threshold voltage; flatband voltage; effective work function; effective oxide thickness +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 4 Results
### Web Service Implementation  
We now present the implementation results of the data generation module, including the proposed tagging tool, on existing web pages using BERT. The python-based Django web framework is used, and all web pages are implemented to be HTML/CSS compatible. Figure 7 depicts the existing system's interfaces. To receive the user-defined NE annotation information, the user interface for the tagging function depicted in Figure 8 is added to the NER part in Figure 7. All word tokens are converted into individual buttons to enable user interaction, enabling manual selection of desired words and phrases. When the user clicks on the beginning and end of a phrase, the intervening portions are automatically selected,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**System Environments**} \\ \hline CPU & Inter\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) Core\({}^{\text{\text{\tiny TM}}}\) i9-10920X 12-core Processor \\ RAM & 96 GB \\ VGA & NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090 \\ OS & Windows 10 \\ TOOL & Python 3.6.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: System Environments.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Entity Types** & **Pretrained NER Models** & **Precision** & **Recall** & **F1-Score** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Diseasease} & BioBERT [25] & 0.8904 & 0.8969 & 0.8936 \\ \cline{2-5}  & [PERSON] et al. [34] & 0.8641 & 0.8831 & 0.8734 \\ \cline{2-5}  & CollaboNet [35] & 0.8548 & 0.8727 & 0.8636 \\ \cline{2-5}  & LSTM-CRF (iii) of [PERSON] et al. [36] & 0.8531 & 0.8358 & 0.8444 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Gene/Protein} & BioBERT [25] & 0.8516 & 0.8365 & 0.8440 \\ \cline{2-5}  & [PERSON] et al. [34] & 0.8181 & 0.8157 & 0.8169 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & CollaboNet [35] & 0.8049 & 0.7899 & 0.7973 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & LSTM-CRF (iii) of [PERSON] et al. [36] & 0.7750 & 0.7813 & 0.7782 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Performance comparison of NER models for genes/proteins, diseases.  
reducing the need to click on each phrase. The sample article belongs to Alzheimer's disease research, and its PMID is 26707559.
# Low-Loss Active Grid Impedance Cancellation in Grid-Connected Inverters with LCL Filter
## 3 System Control and Modelling with the Proposed Compensator
### Modeling Analysis of the Whole System
With the compensator, not only is the cutoff frequency sustained at 1 kHz, but the phase margin is also maintained at 70 deg, even with wide variation of grid impedance. It reveals that the compensator decouples the effect of grid impedance successfully within the filter resonant frequency. Figure 10: Frequency characteristics of \(G_{\text{\tiny{pl}}}(s)\) for the original and reshaped inductive capacitive–inductive (LCL) filter (\(R_{v}=0\)). Therefore, by adopting the proposed low-loss active compensator and neglecting the effect of digital delay, the reshaped well-damped GC-VSI with the cancellation of both grid impedance and harmonic grid voltage can be presented in Figure 12, where the effect of grid impedance has been counteracted, \(u_{g,0}\) represents the line frequency component of grid voltage, and current regulation of GC-VSI with a well-damped LCL filter is then eased.
## 7 Challenges and Limitations
### Antenna Size and Design Constraints  
Another critical challenge lies in the physical design of antennas optimized for RFEH. Efficient RF energy capture demands high-gain, wideband, or multi-band antennas; however, developing these features often conflicts with the requirements of miniaturization, flexibility, or wearable applications [109]. For instance, at lower frequencies such as 900 MHz, the physical size of an efficient antenna becomes impractically large for compact devices. On the other hand, scaling down antenna size using miniaturization techniques often results in reduced radiation efficiency, a narrow bandwidth, and lower gain [110]. Flexible and wearable applications further complicate the design, as antenna performance can degrade due to bending, stretching, or varying proximity to the human body. These design constraints are primarily caused by the trade-offs between antenna size, resonant frequency, and radiation performance. The wavelength of lower-frequency RF signals directly dictates larger antenna dimensions, which are incompatible with the objectives of compactness or a wearable form. In wearable scenarios, body-induced detuning and absorption can also significantly impair antenna function. To address these issues, researchers have proposed several technical solutions. One approach involves using metamaterial-inspired antennas or fractal geometries that maintain performance while having a smaller physical size. These structures allow multi-band operation and improved gain in a miniaturized footprint. Additionally, reconfigurable and tunable antennas that can dynamically adapt to changing frequency and loading conditions are being developed to sustain efficient harvesting across a range of environments. Material innovation also plays a key role. The adoption of novel conductive materials such as silver nanowires, graphene films, or conductive polymers can improve flexibility while maintaining electrical performance. Moreover, embedding antennas within stretchable substrates or incorporating 3D printing techniques allows better integration into wearable electronics without sacrificing performance [110]. Ongoingresearch is also exploring hybrid antenna systems that combine compact omnidirectional receivers with directional high-gain components for dynamic orientation control, ensuring effective energy capture, even during movement or deformation. New materials such as conductive textiles and graphene composites have shown promise, but they introduce additional manufacturing complexities and costs [111].
## 3 Results
### Comparison of Sampling Techniques and Models
#### 3.3.2. ClusterCentroids Downsampling  
In terms of accuracy, XGBoost is better than other models with a value of 0.728, followed by GBDT with a value of 0.716. In terms of recall, GBDT is better than other models with a value of 0.724, followed by XGBoost model with a value of 0. 721. In terms of precision, XGBoost is better than other models with a value of 0.727, followed by GBDT with a value of 0.714. From the F1 point of view, Random Forest is better than other models with a value of 0.715, followed by GBDT with a value of 0.714. Combining the four evaluation metrics, the XGBoost model performs best among the methods for processing the unbalanced data categories sampled in ClusterCentroids, with a better generalization ability. The following figure shows the confusion matrix for the XGBoost model. As shown in Figure 4 and Table 4.
## 4 Discussion
### Genesis of Amphibole Crystal Population
#### 4.1.2 Crystallization Conditions for Amphibole  
The amphibole physicochemical crystallization conditions calculated using the method proposed by [PERSON] [55] yield reliable temperature and oxygen fugacity [56; 57], though the barometry and water mass fraction are occasionally debated, as noted by [56]. However, despite these uncertainties, the H\({}_{2}\)O variation trend remains a useful reference. In the case of amphibole barometry, although plagioclase and homblende are now observed together in the host magma, they may not have formed simultaneously. The absence of negative Eu anomalies in Type 3 and Type 4 amphiboles, along with the scarcity of plagioclase grains in the cumulate, suggests that plagioclase is likely a late-stage phase. Additionally, the high water content in the basaltic melt suppresses the crystallization of plagioclase [58]. Therefore, pressure calculations based on plagioclase and hornblende [57; 59] may not be applicable here. Pressure is calculated using a single-phase empirical thermobarometer, the extended calibration of the Larocque and Canil [17] barometer, as published by [PERSON] [60] (Supplementary Table S1). The results indicate that the amphiboles typically contain high water content in the melts (H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{\text{melt}}\), 4.4-7.4 wt.%, Table 2). The crystallization conditions for the Type 1 amphibole are significantly different from other types (Figure 10). The crystallization temperature (T) of Type 1 ranges from 847 \(\pm\) 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 881 \(\pm\) 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the pressure (P) ranges from 93 MPa to 176 MPa, and the calculated continental depth is 3.5-6.7 km, with an average depth of 4.8 km, the shallowest among all amphibole types, consistent with the host magma's shallow crustal intrusion. The oxygen fugacity (\(\Delta\)NNO) ranges from 1.0 to 1.3 log units above the nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) buffer, and H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{\text{melt}}\) values range from 5.1 to 5.6 wt.% (Table 2). Figure 9: Amphibole-melt equilibrium diagrams. The curves represent the range where amphibole and melt compositions are in equilibrium, based on iron-magnesium exchange. Whole-rock compositions from [42] were used to calculate the Mg# content of the melt. The inset shows the range of Mg# of the amphiboles.