## 4 Discussion  
The investigation revealed that the concentration of calcium ions was more significant at the interface with the bioceramic sealer compared to the intermediate dentin. This phenomenon is because calcium silicate in bioceramic sealers undergoes a reaction with dentin fluids, forming calcium hydroxide. This undergoes a transformation into hydroxyapatite, a naturally occurring calcium apatite mineral found in bone and dental tissues. Hydrox \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **DSI** & **ID** & \\
**Element** & **Weight \%** & **Weight \%** & **\(p\) Value** \\ \hline C & 6.22 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 25.23 \(\pm\) 0.2 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ O & 35.19 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 32.75 \(\pm\) 0.3 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ Na & 5.25 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 2.24 \(\pm\) 0.0 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ Mg & 3.81 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 1.07 \(\pm\) 0.1 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ Si & 2.06 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 0.83 \(\pm\) 0.0 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ P & 19.09 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 12.76 \(\pm\) 0.3 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ Ca & 28.38 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 25.12 \(\pm\) 0.3 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} (*) DSI, dentin–sealer interface, ID, intermediate dentin, chi-square test, statistically significant differences \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 6: The weight percentage (wt%) of bioactive components of dentin at the sealer–dentin interface and of intermediate dentin at both levels. Figure 10: Elemental mapping of Mg (pink) (**A**), Si (dark green) (**B**), P (red) (**C**), using a 2500\(\times\) magnification and an accelerating voltage of 20 kV (dentin–sealer interface at the apical region). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**A**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**C**} \\
**Element** & **DSI** & **ID** & \(p\) Value** & **DSI** & **ID** & \(p\) Value** \\ \hline C & 4.71 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 23.15 \(\pm\) 0.3 & \(\leq\)0.05 * & 7.73 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 27.31 \(\pm\) 0.4 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ O & 33.15 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 36.12 \(\pm\) 0.8 & \(\leq\)0.05 * & 37.23 \(\pm\) 1.0 & 33.66 \(\pm\) 1.2 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ Na & 4.38 \(\pm\) 0.0 & 1.98 \(\pm\) 0.0 & \(\leq\)0.05 * & 6.12 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 2.50 \(\pm\) 0.0 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ Mg & 3.35 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 0.98 \(\pm\) 0.1 & \(\leq\)0.05 * & 4.27 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 1.16 \(\pm\) 0.0 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ Si & 1.87 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 0.76 \(\pm\) 0.2 & \(\leq\)0.05 * & 2.26 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 0.90 \(\pm\) 0.1 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ P & 23.47 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 16.91 \(\pm\) 0.1 & \(\leq\)0.05 * & 14.71 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 10.33 \(\pm\) 0.3 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ Ca & 29.07 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 20.1 \(\pm\) 0.6 & \(\leq\)0.05 * & 27.69 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 24.14 \(\pm\) 0.5 & \(\leq\)0.05 * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} (*) DSI, dentin–sealer interface, ID, intermediate dentin, A, apical level, C, coronal level, chi-square test, * statistically significant differences between the w% of elements at various root levels \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 5: The weight percentage (wt%) of bioactive components in dentin, at dentin–sealer interface area and in intermediate dentin, at both levels: apical and coronal. yapatite forms strong connections with the sealer, enhancing the seal and promoting the restoration of minerals in the dentin. Additionally, calcium ions have a role in the recovery of periapical tissues by promoting the differentiation and proliferation of odontoblast-like cells and other cells involved in the healing process [23]. The release of calcium ions from sealers creates a strong chemical connection and improves bioactivity by precipitating an apatite-like layer on the dentin wall [24]. Furthermore, calcium ions may assist in regenerating periapical tissues [25]. Research on the effectiveness of sealing in various clinical conditions has shown that the sealing ability of root canals can vary depending on the obturation technique, and the long-term impact of bioceramic sealers on the healing of periapical lesions is still under investigation [18; 19]. It has been found that the migration of chemical elements at the sealer-dentin interface, especially silicon, is critical for the material's bioactivity.