# Citizens' Perception of Smart Cities: A Case Study
## 2 Literature Review
The collaboration between the service designers and creators and the service users (citizens) is a critical condition so that the desired results can be accomplished in smart city initiatives [16]. This collaboration is one of the critical attributes of the co-production of public services. From this aspect, when citizens act like co-producers, they get the chance to participate in smart city initiatives actively and to make the city that they live in \"smarter\". Since in some cases the citizens do not get the chance to evaluate the improvements that take place in their city, the authors in [17] introduce a procedure/model to enhance the citizens' participation in their smart city's development plan. To become smart, a city should develop an approach of services that will mainly focus on citizens so that they could be the primary beneficiaries of the new urban project. In other words, according to the citizens' satisfaction, the city can proceed with the development, which will be focused on its residents. In [17], the authors use [PERSON]'s model (Smart Cities Wheel) as a metric model, which consists of six Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), based on Kano methodology, to determine the level of satisfaction that is generated from the citizens. Through the Kano model, the attributes that provide levels of satisfaction are determined and classified. Generally, the model classifies a service's (or product) characteristics based on the degree of interaction relations of customer satisfaction. The research in [7] shows how smart cities are likely to be developed in India, considering the perspectives of both citizens and city officials (such as governments). It is also indicated in this study how the size of a city can influence the priorities of both citizens and authorities. Since the urban population in India increases year by year, the development of smart cities becomes mandatory. The Indian perspective regarding smart cities was extracted by a citizen survey, which provided how citizens imagine a smart city. In addition, additional smart city vision statements, which provide insights into how the city officials consider a smart city and the most important things for them were analyzed. The citizen survey obtained information about citizens' perspectives on various areas of priority for smart city development and the analysis of the citizens' data revealed the citizens' priority areas, where the size of the cities played a major role in the results. Overall, in terms of importance for the citizens, Smart Living was ranked as the most selected domain (51%), while Smart Mobility ranked second (30%). According to the authors, these results make sense, considering that India faces many deficits in these two domains. The results also revealed that the city officials prioritize Smart Living, followed by Environment and Economy and that the population plays a major role in the influences and the priorities of the citizens. In other words, the population may be a determinant factor for the concept of a smart city in India. As the authors in [18] mention, the citizens can have their roles in smart cities through their participation and interaction in a smart city concept. Citizens' participation consists a significant part of the smart city's development and can be either political or non-political. By taking the above statement into consideration, the authors in [18] present the citizens' political participation, through which the citizens influence political decisions, and the non-political (general) citizen participation, through which citizens aid in finding solutions for the city's problems. The aforementioned study is mostly related to Norwegian smart cities and municipalities and describes the concept of participation as a democracy manifestation. Authors emphasize the fact that citizens can share their knowledge, expertise, and time to improve smart city service. The authors present their model to define the requirements needed for the citizens' electronic participation in a smart city.