# Evolution of Technology and Technology Governance
## 4 Discussion and Conclusions  
### Good Governance and Governance Technology  
Is it possible at all to influence the evolution of technologies? Do governments have techniques to initiate or even force technological innovation, or at least modernization of technology and industry? Let us discuss these issues, considering examples from the modern history of the Russian Federation, where the environmental and technological transformation (at the initial stage--modernization) of industry has recently become one of the key priorities of national industrial policy [46]. Collaborating within the framework on projects relating to BAT and low-carbon production since the late 1990s, we will try to consider emerging the governance techniques from the international standpoint.  
Internationally, policy makers and academics agree that good governance matters for economic development. Indicators used to determine how good governance is, include, as it is stated in the Recommendations of the World Bank [47]:  
* \"voice and accountability;
* political stability and absence of violence;
* government effectiveness;
* regulatory quality;
* rule of law;
* control of corruption\".  
High regulatory quality--the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development--is essential to achieve longer-term objectives in the environmental and technological transformation of Russian industry.  
In Slavic languages and technocratic post-Soviet counties, there is a definite tendency to prefer the term 'technology' while discussing 'techniques'. This is true not only for Best Available Techniques, called technologies in Russian, Belorussian, and Ukrainian, but for many other cases--political technologies, training technologies, and governance technologies. However, people speaking Romance languages sometimes also replace 'approaches','methods', and 'techniques' by a more technocratic term-- 'technology' [48].  
Considering this tendency, we will be using the 'governance technology' syntagma to describe the approaches applied to lead the processes of governance undertaken by the government of a state over a system (an industry and its technological state), through laws, norms, and other requirements. In accordance with a statement made in the research of [PERSON], this relates to \"the processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors involved in a collective problem that lead to the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction of social norms and institutions\" [49].  
Nowadays, two Russian authorities aim at a fundamental change of national industry, applying governance technologies to push industry from the current state to the desired one--innovative, competitive, resource- and energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.  
The Ministry for Natural Resources and Environment and its supervisory authority (the Federal Supervisory Natural Resources Management Service or Rosprirodnador) develop and supervise implementation of the national environmental policy (officially described as the national policy in the field of environmental safety). The Ministry for Industry and Trade develops and supports implementation of the national industrial policy aimed at boosting productivity, by backing businessesto apply innovative technologies and create new products, improving their competitiveness, and investing in research, skills, and infrastructure.  
Cleaner (greener) growth is the challenge reflecting the international trend, and both the environmental and industrial policies recognize this fact. Thus, we have two interrelated governance wings that need to be harmonized to achieve objectives of the environmental and industrial policies.