# Volatiles in Berries: Biosynthesis, Composition, Bioavailability, and Health Benefits
## 5 Health Benefits of Berry Volatiles
### Diabetes  
In [PERSON] et al., streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg) was injected into Wistar rats to induce type 1 diabetes [187]. Diabetic rats were orally treated with d-limonene (50 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. D-limonene treatment significantly reduced DNA damage and induced the level of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total glutathione). D-limonene also altered hepatic enzyme and lipid profile, suggesting the potential of d-limonene being protective against diabetes in the liver and kidney in rats. D-limonene showed potential antihyperglycemic activities [188,189] and reduced lipid peroxidation with increased antioxidant activity [190]. In [PERSON] et al., geraniol (150 mg/kg) was orally treated in STZ-induced obese rats for 7 weeks [191]. Geraniol significantly reduced systolic cardiac function related to diabetes by alleviating oxidative stress. Geraniol treatment also reduced GLUT 2 transporter [192], hyperglycemia [193], diabetic nephropathy [194], and improved impaired vascular reactivity [195] in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Linalool also exerted a reduction in fasting blood glucose level, insulin resistance, glycation oxidative stress [196], and nephropathic changes in kidneys [197] on STZ-induced diabetic rats. [PERSON] et al. investigated the effect of myrtenol on STZ-induced gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in rats [198]. GDM is diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy. Twenty-five mg/kg of STZ was injected into the pregnant rats to induce GDM. Myrtenol (50 mg/kg) was orally administered for 2 weeks. Myrtenol oral administration helped  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Volatile Compound** & **Obesity Model** & **Effect** & **References** \\ \hline Geraniol & High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice & Aortic NADPH oxidases, ROS production\(\downarrow\) & [182] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(\alpha\)-terpineol} & \multirow{3}{*}{HFD-induced obese rats} & IL-1\(\beta\) and TNF-\(\alpha\)\(\downarrow\) & \\  & & Serum TBARS\(\downarrow\) & [183] \\  & & Insulin sensibility\(\uparrow\) & \\ \hline D-limonene-rich sweet & \multirow{3}{*}{HFD-induced obese rats} & Body weight\(\downarrow\) & \\  & orange essential oil & Relative abundance of _Bifidobacterium\(\uparrow\)_ & [184] \\ \hline Limonene & Mouse preadipocytes 3T3-L1 & Adipocyte browning\(\uparrow\) & [185] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Limonene, \(\alpha\)-terpineol, 1,8-cineole} & Body weight\(\downarrow\) & \\  & High-fat-sucrose diet & Fat deposition\(\downarrow\) & [186] \\ \cline{1-1}  & (HFSD)-fed rats & Serum glucose level\(\downarrow\) & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Triacylglycerol level\(\downarrow\) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* IL-1\(\beta\) = interleukin-1\(\beta\); NADPH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; ROS = reactive oxidative stress; TBARS = thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-\(\alpha\) = tumor necrosis factor-\(\alpha\); \(\uparrow\) = increase; \(\downarrow\) = decrease.  
\end{table}
Table 4: The effect of volatile compounds rich in berries on obesity models.  
decrease blood glucose levels and pro-inflammatory markers. It also increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and antioxidant status in diabetic pregnant rats. The effects of volatile compounds rich in berries against diabetes were summarized in Table 5.