# Smartphone Sensors in Motion: Advancing Traffic Safety with Mobile Technology
## 1 Introduction
[6] developed a deep neural network that predicts vehicle deceleration during braking, which is crucial for improving regenerative braking systems in electric vehicles and integrating autonomous vehicle control with human driving behavior. [PERSON] et al. [7] investigated the braking distance of vehicles on different road surfaces, demonstrating that smartphones can accurately measure braking parameters, which helps in traffic safety and accident analysis. A study by [PERSON] [8] analyzed the relationship between brake pad quality and braking deceleration, highlighting the better deceleration of more expensive pads, especially in extreme conditions. [PERSON] [9] compared vehicles with and without an anti-lock braking system (ABS), showing that ABS improves safety by allowing faster deceleration and shorter stopping distances. [PERSON] et al. [10] investigated how brake pressure affects component temperature and vehicle performance, finding that higher pressure improves deceleration and shortens stopping distance. Another study [11] looked at the effects of modifying brake disc diameters on a Volkswagen Golf II, highlighting the risks of unauthorized changes and the benefits of adhering to the manufacturer's specifications. Finally, [PERSON] [12] investigated the effect of ABS on braking dynamics and provided data confirming the effectiveness of ABS in improving control and shortening braking distances at higher speeds. Recent studies on braking dynamics and safety under different conditions have significantly advanced our understanding of vehicle behavior and traffic safety. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] developed a vehicle data logger that classifies braking be havior into comfort, discomfort, and hazard levels using a Fuzzy Inference System, thus improving the forensic analysis of traffic accidents and vehicle safety. [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [14] investigated the effect of weight and load distribution on braking deceleration of a Citroen Jumper and found that optimal loading of the load near the rear axle improves braking efficiency. [PERSON] et al. [15] investigated the benefits of trailer-mounted trailer braking systems, demonstrating better matching to the braking deceleration of the autonomous vehicle and improved safety. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] analyzed deceleration patterns on the Nagpur-Mumbai expressway, highlighting the importance of vehicle speed in determining deceleration times and distances for traffic safety and engineering. In addition, a study [17] investigating the mean fully developed deceleration threshold (MFDD) developed a formula that relates the MFDD to the initial braking speed and occupant capacity, thus refining the evaluation of the braking deceleration of vehicles under different driving conditions. Another study [18] proposed a method for online monitoring of vehicle braking deceleration using MFDD that integrates data from gyroscopes, brake pedal sensors, and CAN bus to provide accurate evaluation. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [19] presented a deep learning model to estimate vehicle roll and sideslip angles, demonstrating the potential of artificial intelligence in autonomous vehicle safety systems. In the field of autonomous and intelligent braking systems, recent studies have used advanced artificial intelligence techniques to improve vehicle safety and passenger comfort. [PERSON] and his colleagues [20] developed a back-propagation (BP) neural network to predict vehicle braking deceleration, which effectively models complex driving dynamics. This optimization and validation of the BP neural network demonstrates its potential for integration into intelligent driving systems and autonomous vehicles with a strong emphasis on improving traffic safety. At the same time, [PERSON] et al. [21] presented a comfort regenerative braking system (CRBS) for autonomous vehicles with artificial intelligence that controls braking force to keep acceleration and jerk within certain limits, thus maximizing occupant comfort and energy efficiency.