## 5 Conclusions  
Long-term and successive ERP-driven LUCCs were explored to determine the spatiotemporal distributions of major restoration activities and their effects on GPP dynamics in Southwest China during the period of 2001-2015. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study. (1) Afforestation and grass planting were the major restoration activities that accounted for more than 54% of all LUCCs in Southwest China. Afforestation accounted for approximately 96% of all restoration activities, and the remainder was related to grass planting. (2) BESS GPP performed better than MODIS GPP validated by field observation data. Nevertheless, their annual GPP trends were similar and increased by 12,581 g C m\({}^{-2}\) d\({}^{-1}\) and 13,406 g C m\({}^{-2}\) d\({}^{-1}\) for MODIS and BESS GPPs, respectively. (3) Afforestation and grass planting areas were less than 1% of the total area of Southwest China but contributed to more than 1% of the annual GPP increase in the entire study area. Moreover, 14.94% (BESS GPP) or 24.64% (MODIS GPP) of the annual GPP increase in afforestation and grass planting areas was directly contributed by afforestation and only 0.41% (BESS GPP) or 0.03% (MODIS GPP) of the annual GPP increase was directly contributed by grass planting. However, grass planting contributed a considerable actual GPP increase (38% and 27% for BESS and MODIS GPPs, respectively) in the grass planting area. Restoration activities, such as closed hillside afforestation, for the conservation of forests and nature reserve areas were disregarded in this study. Therefore, the actual contribution of ERPs to GPP increase may be larger than that reported in this work.  
The following are available online at [[https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292](https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292)]([https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292](https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292)) /13/6/1209/s1, Figure S1. Comparison of annual grass planting area and inter-annual GPP change caused by grass planting 2001-2015.  
Figure 12: Area percentage of GPP significantly correlated (\(p<0.05\)) to precipitation and temperature in restoration areas.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**GPP Trend**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Precipitation**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Temperature**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **MODIS** & **BESS** & **MODIS** & **BESS** \\ \hline Increase & 20.42 & 37.70 & 20.42 & 37.80 \\ Decrease & 79.58 & 62.30 & 79.58 & 62.20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Area percentages of increasing and decreasing GPPs significantly correlated (\(p<0.05\)) to precipitation and temperature in restoration areas.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization: [PERSON] and X.T.; data curation: H.Z., Y.L., S.Z., P.Y., and W.S.; formal analysis: Y.L., W.S., and X.T.; investigation: Z.D.; resources: H.Z., S.Z., and P.Y.; writing--original draft: [PERSON]; writing--review and editing: X.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This study was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41830648), the Chongqing Innovation Support Plan Fund for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars (no. CX2019023), the open projects from the State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, the Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (no. GTYR201906), and the Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment (no. Cqk201903).  
**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank all the scientists who provided multisource data, namely, BESS and MODIS GPPs, CCI-LC products (v2.07) and precipitation and temperature maps, from the Data Centre for Resources and Environmental Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.