# Overview of the Research Status of Intelligent Water Conservancy Technology System
## 1 Introduction  
With the rapid development of climate change. the economy and society, global extreme hydrological events continue to intensify, and the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources becomes increasingly prominent, and has become the focus of human attention [1]. For example, the European Commission's multi-stakeholder Water Europe platform calls for a move towards a water-smart society [2,3]. This urgently needs a new generation of information technology and traditional water conservancy industry combination. Relying on cutting-edge technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data and artificial intelligence (AI), intelligent water conservancy systems can not only promote high-quality development of water conservancy, and strengthen watershed governance and management, but also effectively address the challenges of climate change [4,5]. Therefore, intelligent water conservancy has gradually become an important means of digital water control. As of 3 June 2024, Web of Science retrieved a total of 1487 journal articles on the topic of \"smart water conservancy\", of which 1172 papers were published in the last five years, showing the increasing research heat in this field. In the context of the rapid development of smart water conservancy, the digital twin, as an emerging technology, came into being, bringing new opportunities for the development of new quality productivityof water conservancy and the improvement of the high-quality management mode of the water conservancy industry [6]. A digital twin is a virtual representation of a physical object or process capable of gathering information from the real environment to demonstrate, verify, and simulate the current and future behavior of a physical entity [7]. Digital twin water conservancy is the application of digital twin theory in the water conservancy industry, which realizes intelligent decision-making and system optimization through real-time data monitoring, simulation analysis and optimization decision-making, and promotes the understanding and management of complex water conservancy systems [8,9]. In recent years, China's Ministry of Water Resources has attached great importance to the development of smart water conservancy and digital twin technology. Key initiatives include the master plan for the construction of smart water conservancy, the formal proposal of the \"digital twin watershed\" and the organization of a conference on digital twin watershed construction. Additionally, a series of water conservancy digital twins has been proposed, along with the promulgation of key points for water conservancy project construction. Finally, guiding opinions have been issued to promote the digital twin construction in water conservancy projects. Figure 1 shows the progress of the smart water digital twin. At present, smart water conservancy has been rapidly developed and widely used in water security, water resources management, water conservancy engineering and other aspects, and the intelligent level of watershed management and governance has been significantly improved. However, smart water conservancy still faces many deficiencies in the development process, and there is still a certain lack in the full application of the new generation of information technology in digital twin water conservancy [8,10]. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects. First, there is a lack of comprehensive monitoring and perception ability. At present, the intelligent monitoring level of all kinds of water conservancy facilities is low. For example, the interconnected sensing system of water conservancy and hydropower projects faces many challenges in the aspects of multi-observation data fusion, protocol interconnection and interactivity, and it is difficult to meet the needs of high intelligence, high precision and high time air-to-ground observation [11,12]. Improving comprehensive monitoring techniques is therefore essential.