esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# High-Precision Noncontact Guided Wave Tomographic Imaging of Plate Structures Using a DHB Algorithm
## 5 Conclusions  
The hybrid application of an air-coupled transducer and pulse laser has been adopted in this paper. The FBP algorithm, which is mainly used in radiographic inspection, was applied to ultrasonic testing and tomographic imaging, and the disadvantages of image artifacts were confirmed. The factors affecting image quality, such as image artifacts, were overcome with the DHB algorithm through three projection data processing steps; Hilbert transform of the difference data, distance weight, and back projection. A new DHB algorithm has been successfully applied to give accurate imaging of different kinds of defects in plate-like structures. The imaging results agree very well with the actual defects. Particularly, the detection efficiency has been improved to a large extent by using the automatic scanning system. Further research will focus on the detection of different kinds of specimens with different geometries, such as curved surfaces. The algorithm should be further improved to make high-quality images with fewer detection points. The presented techniques can be applied to structural health monitoring to predict faults by quantitatively imaging the growth status of the faults.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] designed and performed the experiments. [PERSON] conceived the original idea. [PERSON] developed the theory and performed the computations with support from [PERSON] and [PERSON] verified the analytical methods. [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the draft paper, [PERSON] completed the final paper, and [PERSON] made the final review. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 26: Multidefect imaging using the DHB algorithm.  
Figure 25: Image reconstruction of specimen #2: (**a**) Multidefect specimen; (**b**) Multidefect specimen drawing (Unit: mm).  
**Funding:** This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by Korea government (MSIT)(NRF-2020M2D2A1A02069933).  
**Acknowledgments:** Authors appreciate the support from [PERSON] at University of Electronic Science and Technology of China.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Analysis and Visualization of Production Bottlenecks as Part of a Digital Twin in Industrial IoT
## 3 Bottleneck Detection Method by the Active Period Method
### Results  
In Figure 7, an example of the results of the Active Period Method is shown, based on the real production data of one of the industry companies. The graphic shows the data from three different machines, 72908, 72925, 72928. These machines operated for four days. It is clearly shown that machine number 72925 has the highest bottleneck scores, both sole and shifting bottlenecks and, thus, should be examined first when trying to improve the overall efficiency of the production system.  
The results were discussed with local experts familiar with the whole production system. The feedback can be summarized as follows:  
* **General result.** The Active Period Method is an appropriate approach to supervise and measure the overall management of a production system. In addition to the sole/shifting bottleneck probabilities, the time series of active and inactive states constitutes a valuable input for production management. Together, these two results provide meaningful and expressive information to judge production quality. In general, the results mirror the experts' personal opinion and experience on the production system.
* **Expressiveness of results and visualizations.** The results and presented visualizations are judged as expressive and a good foundation for discussions of potential production system improvements.
* **Selection of relevant machines.** It should be evaluated whether it is always the best solution to use all available machines as input to the Active Period Method, or if it is better to use an appropriately defined subset instead.
* **Observation period.** Different observation periods may well affect the results and the quality of the bottleneck prediction of the Active Period Method.
## 4 Classification of Routing Protocols
### Cross-Layered Routing Protocols
#### 4.5.5 Comparative Study of Cross-Layered Routing Protocols  
The Cross-layered approach enhances the coordination between two or more layers without affecting the original functionalities of the layers. It has attracted the interest of researchers and engineers due to its effectiveness in WSNs. Table 5 provides the comparison among different cross-layered protocols for WBSNs in terms of delay, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption.  
WASP [71] increases the packet delivery ratio and decreases the energy consumption as well as end-to-end delay. However, it does not consider the link quality, and does not support two-way communication. Another cross-layered routing protocol for WBSNs is CICADA [72], which is the improved version of WASP [71] and has reduced the energy consumption of sensor nodes by having enough sleep time as compared WASP [71]. TICOSS [73] is a cross-layer protocol designed to improve IEEE 802.15.4 and it performs better in terms of energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, and packet delivery delay. Both Biocomm [75] and Biocomm-D [75] perform better in terms of temperature rise, network throughput, energy consumption of nodes, packet loss percentage due to Time-To-Leave (TTL) expiration and packet loss percentage due to buffer overflow, as compared to HPR [29], but Biocomm-D [75] has slightly high temperature rise as compared to Biocomm. Furthermore, Biocomm [75] has a high average packet delivery delay as compared Biocomm-D [75], HPR [29], while Biocomm-D [75] has low average packet delivery delay as compared HPR [29].  
By comparing the cross-layered routing protocols for WBSNs in terms of energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio and average delay, we conclude that CICADA [72] and TICOSS [74] consume less energy as compared to other state-of-the-art schemes. In terms of packet delivery ratio, WASP [71] performs better as compared to others, while to reduce the packet delivery delay, CICADA [72] outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches.
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper carried out ANSYS modeling of the pavement solar collector made from concrete. The modeling purpose was to investigate the pipe outlet temperature by varying the pipe spacing and depth and to examine the effect of traffic load on the surface of the concrete pavement and the effect of traffic load on the embedded pipe at various spacing and depths. In summary, the findings lead to the following conclusions:  
* The deformation increased for traditional pavement compared with integrated pipe under similar conditions and load.
* Deformation increases on both pavement and merged pipe with decreasing depth and spacing of the pipes, and the stress on the pipe increases while decreasing the depth and distance of the pipe.
* A good criterion for a pavement solar collector system is to maximize outlet temperature while minimizing effects on traffic loading.
* The maximum outlet temperature occurs at a depth of 50 mm and a spacing of 100 mm, but the significant impact of traffic load poses a threat to the pavement's structural integrity at this depth.
* Model 4 with a distance of 100 mm and a depth of 85 mm is acceptable for the external temperature as it decreases by only 3.9%, and the effect of the load was less by 51% compared with the model that provides the highest outlet temperature.
* Optimizing pipe depth and spacing for maximum temperature extraction while considering the concrete's structural performance using numerical simulation is essential to prove the feasibility of applying concrete pavement for a solar collector.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Outlet temperature, \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **Stress on Surface, MPa** & **Stress on Pipe, MPa** \\ \hline M1 & 28.9 & 0.6188 & 3.66 \\ \hline M4 & 29.1 & 0.6186 & 4.6 \\ \hline M2 & 29.5 & 0.6007 & 6.56 \\ \hline M5 & 29.7 & 0.606 & 8.13 \\ \hline M3 & 30.3 & 0.594 & 9.49 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Summarize of effect load with outlet temperature, stress on surface, and stress on pipe.  
Figure 13: Outlet temperature with various depths and pipe spacing.  
**Author Contributions:** Writing--original draft preparation, M.A.A.; writing--review and editing, M.I.N. and M.S.A.B.; supervision, Z.I.; investigation, S.M.M.S.A.F. and N.M.Z.; methodology, A.S.; validation, M.H.Z. and N.A.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This publication was funded by BOLD Refresh with support from BOLD HICOE 2020 Grant No. J510050002/HICOE05 sponsored by the Universiti Tenaga National UNITEN.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data are available in a publicly accessible repository that does not issue DOIs.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors gratefully acknowledge IRMC UNITEN and the Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI) for the laboratory facilities.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Automatic Detection of Online Recruitment Frauds: Characteristics, Methods, and a Public Dataset
## 4 Employment Scam Detection & Relevant Problems
### Email Spam  
Email spam is an unsolicited bulk email traffic posted blindly to numerous recipients [25]. Spammers exploit the fact that the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) lacks a reliable mechanism for verifying the identity of the message source, and as a result, craft spam emails that usually contain hyperlinks that redirect to phishing web sites, conceal malicious executable code or transfer attached malware. This practice is also related to several types of online fraud and frequently constitutes the stepping stone for identity theft attacks, wire scam, and employment fraud.  
Spam filtering is a well-studied problem and can be applied in every phase of the email communication starting from transmission routers [26] to recipient's mailbox. It is also driven by the social characteristics of recipients such as their circle of contacts. That is, contacts of a user are less likely to send the user an unwanted message even if that message has advertising content. In addition, technical characteristics that imply abuse of the protocols (e.g., spoof of email addresses) or senders who are responsible for dissemination of large volumes of email can also be utilized.  
The proposed solutions range from various sender authentication protocols [27; 28; 29; 30] to trained classifiers that discriminate between normal and junk emails. The employed features are extracted from the message body and the message headers [31; 32].  
Spamcop, a Naive Bayes classifier proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [33] was an early spam filter. Few years later, Naive Bayes became prominent in spam filtering due to [PERSON]'s article \"A Plan for Spam\" [34]. [PERSON] et al. [35], [PERSON] et al. [36], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [37] continued by using sequences of characters obtained through the application of a sliding window (n-gram models). [PERSON] et al. [38] introduced Support Vector Machines (SVM) to tackle spamming. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [39] reduced the computational cost of updating the hypothesis of SVM classifiers by training only on actual errors. [PERSON] et al. [40], and [PERSON] [41] trained classifiers with significant fraudulent behaviors such as incorrect dates in message body or noticeable discrepancies in user's past email activity (behavior-based filtering). [PERSON] [42] focused on adaptive statistical compression models used as probabilistic text classifiers that work on character streams. For a holistic review of the spam filtering countermeasures the reader should refer to the work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [1], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2] and [PERSON] [3].
###### Abstract  
With the advent of cloud computing, outsourced computing has emerged as an increasingly popular strategy to reduce the burden of local computation. Optimal location query (OLQ) is a computationally intensive task in the domain of big data outsourcing, which is designed to determine the optimal placement of a new facility from a set of candidate locations. However, location data are sensitive and cannot be shared with other enterprises, so privacy-preserving optimal location query becomes particularly important. Although some privacy-preserving works have been proposed, they still suffer from other challenges, such as irrevocable query permissions and high communication overhead. To overcome these challenges, we propose a revocable and privacy-preserving optimal location query scheme based on TEE (Trusted Execution Environment). We employ a basic hash structure within the TEE to compute the intersection data of both parties. We use the concept of reverse nearest neighbor (RNN) to assess the impact of candidates, and then select the optimal facility location. In addition, to implement the revocation of query permissions, we introduce a key refresh strategy that adopts identity and timestamp. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme using real datasets, and the experimental results indicate strong practicality.  
TEE; revocation; privacy protection; optimal location query; RNN Article
# PLORC: A Pipelined Lossless Reference-Free Compression Architecture for FASTQ Files
## 5 Conclusions and Future Work  
In this paper, we introduce PLORC, a pipelined resource-efficient, power-efficient, lossless, and reference-free FASTQ compression architecture for streaming genomic data in a FASTQ format, along with its FPGA implementation. Experiments demonstrated that our proposed design can achieve a significantly higher throughput rate than other tested compression algorithms. Additionally, PLORC offers superior resource and power efficiency over other FPGA-based implementations, making it particularly suitable for integration into computational nodes and collaboration with other FPGA-based genomic analysis frameworks. Furthermore, the architecture lends itself well to the parallel deployment of several PLORC blocks, which can further enhance the overall throughput rate. In the future, we will improve our architecture to support more comprehensive mechanisms of error handling and recovery from exceptional situations.  
Conceptualization, H.Z. and F.Y.; methodology, H.Z. and W.C.; software, H.Z. and J.C.; validation, H.Z.; formal analysis, H.Z.; investigation, H.Z. and J.C.; data curation, H.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, H.Z.; writing--review and editing, H.Z., J.C., F.Y. and W.C.; visualization, H.Z.; supervision, W.C.; project administration, W.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The original data presented in this study are openly available in EMBL-EBI [42; 43; 44; 45; 46].  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 7 Engineering Plant-Microbe Interactions for Sustainable Agriculture
### SynComs Studies on Molecular Mechanisms  
In addition to improving drought resilience, engineered SynComs have been shown to influence plant gene expression and hormone signaling pathways, priming the plant for better growth and resistance. For example, transcriptomic analyses in soybean revealed that SynCom application systemically regulates nitrogen and phosphorus signaling networks at the transcriptional level, with significant upregulation of auxin-responsive genes and other growth-related pathways, ultimately leading to increased nutrient acquisition and yield [155]. Advances in high-throughput screening and metagenomics have enabled the functional screening and assembly of SynComs based on their ability to modulate plant signaling and metabolic networks, allowing for the prediction and optimization of microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions [156]. Metabolomics and RNA-seq approaches have further demonstrated that SynComs can induce broad changes in plant hormone signaling, including auxin, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid pathways, which are central to plant stress responses and development [157; 158]. Importantly, these SynComs are often tailored to the host plant genotype and local soil conditions, as shown by the functional assembly of root-associated microbial consortia that consistently promoted growth and nutrient efficiency across different field sites, highlighting their ecological compatibility and effectiveness [155]. Some of these examples are given in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
# Camera-Based Continuous Heart and Respiration Rate Monitoring in the ICU
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Heart Rate Extraction
#### 2.4.1 Face ROI Detection  
For both NIR and RGB video, the face ROI was automatically detected using a face detector [20] every 30 s. The face detector produced ROIs and a corresponding score for all potential faces in the image. The patient's face ROI was selected from the two highest scoring ROIs depending on which was closer to the center of the frame. For all other frames, the face ROI was tracked using a Kernelized Correlation Filter (KCF) tracker [21]. If the face detector or tracker produced a face ROI of which the center jumped more than 50 pixels in either direction between two frames, the face detector was immediately run again to ensure the patient's face was still correctly detected.
# Hide45: A Method for Optimal Payload Data Hiding in Base45 Encoded Strings
## 3 Related Works
Alphabets with eighty-five printable ASCII characters are used in [36], for the representation of IPv6 addresses, and in Ascii85 [22], for the encoding of binary data mapping groups of four octets in five Base85 characters improving to 5/4 the inflation rate 4/3 of Base64. Base91 [37] presents an efficient method to encode bit strings with an alphabet of ninety-one ASCII printable characters (ten digits, twenty-six English uppercase and lowercase letters, and twenty-nine special characters like ampersand, parentheses, and at sign). Thirteen bits at a time (\(2^{13}\) possible bit strings) are encoded with two Base91 characters (leading to \(91^{2}\) possible pairs) leaving eighty-nine Base91 pairs unused: thus, if the value of the thirteen bits is less than 89 one more bit is encoded for a total of fourteen bits transformed (note that the maximum possible encoded value is \(2^{13}+88\)). Additionally, Ref. [38] encodes data chunks of thirteen bits with pairs of ninety-one printable characters employing twelve of the \(91^{2}-2^{13}=89\) unused configurations to indicate the number of bits to ignore in the last chunk in case the original bit string has a bit length not multiple of thirteen. A Base122 encoding (Base-122 [39]) has been developed to reduce the inflation rate of Base64 from 4/3 to 8/7. Base-122 encodes data using Unicode UTF-8 [40] which represents characters with one to four octets. It saves blocks of seven bits in one UTF-8 octet and, to deal with six characters that will not be allowed by HTML, Base-122 encodes them in two UTF-8 octets having form 110 AAA1B 10 BBBBB, where the three bits AAA define one of the six characters to be encoded and the B bits may be used to represent other bits; care is also taken for the termination of a bit string having length not multiple of seven. Some other references on the printable encoding topic of binary data may be found in [41].
## 3 Virtual Reconstruction Workflow for Sculptal Fragments
### Secondary Data Sources' Collection: Acquisition and Evaluation of Reconstruction Hypotheses  
To reconstruct the virtual geometry of a statue starting from its surviving fragments, in some cases, it may be sufficient to combine the digital SFs' models through 3D modelling techniques. However, due to the gaps of the missing parts, multiple sources of information can contribute to achieving the hypothetical shape of the entire statue thanks to comparisons with known classified originals and copies.  
The research of sources for the hypothetical reconstruction of ancient sculpture is a widely inspected field of study by specialists of Classical sculptures. The philological approach used in tracing the sources makes it possible to obtain stylistic and chronological information about the sculptures, as well as to hypothesise on lost features. Source tracking is fundamental to formulate reconstruction hypotheses more scientifically and to define the degree of uncertainty of virtual reconstruction work. The collected 2D and 3D documents (photos, drawings or 3D models) can be effectively used for virtual sculptural reconstruction not only in the interpretative step but, as described below, also in the modelling step.  
Existing statues iconographically similar to the _Aesculapius_ and _Hygeia_ sculptures from _Lilybaeum_, but almost entirely preserved, are thus identified. Many of these statues date back to the second century A.D and come from the North African area, especially from thermal buildings (due to the symbolism, which identifies the divine couple to the health protection). For each one of these, related 2D and 3D documents were classified as secondary data sources. In particular, two sculptures from the Temple of _[PERSON]_ and _[PERSON]_ in _Lambaesis_, capital of Roman Numidia in Algeria, show the closest similarities to the Lilibetan statues, with the same rotation of the pelvis, the position of the legs and treatment of the pectoral muscles for the male statue, and the same dressing for the female one. For this reason, their images (D. _Ae._ 10, D. _Hy._ 03) were used as the main reference during modelling activities.  
Further comparable 3D models were also identified on web platforms, as reported in Figure 9.  
Figure 8: Three-dimensional models of the _Aesculapius_ and _Hygeia_ statues carried out by means of Stonex F6 3D handheld laser scanner (**a**) and photogrammetric survey (**b**).