## 5 Evacuation Modeling Packages
### Microscale  
The simulation models at the microscale are designed to anticipate the detailed traffic behavior of each vehicle or individual in road networks. The vehicles with their own characteristics are moved through the network by micromodels and interact with each other. The fundamental restriction of microscopic models is the lack of computer capacity and the need for significant data on route shape and traffic regulation. Many traffic control organizations use a combination of micro- and macro-level models to better understand each change's effects on service and transport capacity. Today, the microscale models are used to assess novel methods of emergency evacuation management, such as contraflow, in addition to analyzing the bottlenecks and the effects of each vehicle's movement on overall traffic. Microscopic transportation simulation has mostly been used to validate predetermined transportation evacuation plans and procedures.  
Quadstone Paramics ([[http://www.paramics-online.com/index.php](http://www.paramics-online.com/index.php)]([http://www.paramics-online.com/index.php](http://www.paramics-online.com/index.php)), accessed on 1 August 2023) [82] is a collection of microscale simulation modules that work together torepresent various transportation issues. This software can be utilized on different scales, from a single crossroad to a city's traffic simulation. The operator can anticipate the start- and end-point decision patterns and an area to develop useful traffic tools. This software is a fully scaled program for simulating a city's whole traffic system, a crowded motorway, or a single crossroad. The operator does not need any other software to simulate the traffic or generate statistical outputs. Operators may simulate urban, highway, public transit, congested, intelligent transportation system, and high occupancy lanes modes of transportation. Many counties have now identified high-risk zones to assist in enhanced firefighting and evacuation preparations. One goal of this research is to determine how long it would take to remove a residential area during an evacuation. The Mission Canyon Neighborhood was modeled using the Paramics simulation model; this mission was the evacuation due to the wildfire in 1991 in Oakland Hills where 25 people were killed ([PERSON] and [PERSON] 2002) [83]. This package was used to test some traffic simulations at a micro level to design evacuation plans in case of a wildland fire [39].  
vrEXODUS v. 5.1.5 [36] was created to satisfy the requirements of performance-based safety standards. It generates people-people, people-fire, and people-structure interactions using a collection of sub-models. EXODUS was created by the University of Greenwich's Fire Safety Engineering Group. It is a software suite designed for the construction, marine, and aerospace industries. The EXODUS large-scale evacuation modeling system is an agent-based evacuation model that can simulate the evacuation of huge populations--in the hundreds of thousands and in big-scale environments spanning several square kilometers [84]. To let the EXODUS engine more readily depict large-scale urban areas, a desktop interface called urban EXODUS was created [85].  
Based on the descriptions of the software, these simulation packages can be effectively utilized in wildfire evacuation cases to model and analyze different aspects of the evacuation process at various scales.