# Internet of Things Applications as Energy Internet in Smart Grids and Smart Environments
## 5 Smart Energy Metering and Management Applications Based on IoT  
Metering and monitoring applications of SG are taken into account as one of the first and most important application areas of IoT infrastructure [57]. The SG concept aims to present a cost-effective, more secure and reliable system by combining IoT infrastructures. In order to integrate SG stages with IoT networks, a plenty number of researches have been conducted [22; 26; 58; 59; 70]. Several estimation algorithms, which can be employed to monitor intermittent energy sources, are investigated to present the microgrid model, including the IoT communication method in [22; 71]. A wind energy conversion system (WECS) integrating the SCADA system with the IoT-CPS system is reported in [67]. When the studies related to each stage of the SG systems, such as generation, transmission, and distribution, are clearly indicated, it means that traditional communication methods are still being exploited in the SG applications. The WAN backbones are widely utilized for a large part of SG generation and transmission stages. However, it is expected that the emerging IoT system will take over the communication network structure of the SG in the near future. Context-aware sensor technology is one of the developing topics providing interactive network communication between the whole subsystems of the IoT network. In order to improve DSM efficiency, [PERSON] et al. reported a time-dependent dynamic pricing approach for SG systems in [69], in which authors have taken into account the environmental benefits of renewable energy sources. The SMs have the ability to provide customer and service providers for observing consumed energy values efficiently by the help of the two-way communication feature. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) networks consist of a great number of SMs and a number of gateways that are set up for operating in single or multi-hop networks. The AMI is included in the NAN structure,  
Figure 3: Layers and several applications of IoT for smart environments. where it is adopted as an element of the SG customer side. The self-organization and self-configuration advantages of wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are important inspirations for the creation of NAN structures. According to these characteristics, any node in the NAN network can set up its connection automatically and can communicate with other nodes in a secure and reliable way. One of the most commonly utilized standards for the NAN structures is the IEEE 802.11s, which can develop the single-hop function of IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n standards to the multi-hop function. Moreover, it can improve MAC capacities and internet connection performance [58; 59; 72]. When the studies related to the IoT-based SM systems are analyzed, it is shown that these studies are intensely investigated to develop the performance of SMs by analyzing data acquisition, gateway placement, and implementation, WSN, PLC communication, wireless energy monitoring, real-time pricing, automatic billing, and privacy [74; 48; 58; 66; 72; 73; 76]. An architecture for last-meter SG systems is developed in [58], in which authors considered a consumer-centric approach and reported an implementation embedded into an IoT platform. In this study, several novelties are provided as integrating SG and smart home applications, obtaining data from heterogeneous sensor networks, secure data access. and mapping data to a separated layer. In addition, the TCP/IP server model is utilized to ensure communication between sensor nodes and IoT servers, where sensors convey measurement results over encrypted connection links [58]. Load control and energy efficiency abilities of the SG can be advanced by increasing synergy between DSM and AMI systems. Real-time pricing and smart billing software for managing DSM can be improved by service providers owing to two-way communication features provided by the AMI systems.