# Can _Hediste diversicolor_ Speed Up the Breakdown of Cigarette Butts in Marine Sediments?
## 3 Results  
### Physicochemical Parameters  
The seawater parameters and mean values for the different treatments at both temperatures (15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C) are presented in Table 1.  
All toxicant concentrations showed significant differences in the sediments of the tested treatments, and there was an interaction between temperature and the concentration of CB. Regarding temperature, only Zn concentrations were different between those sediments exposed to 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C (winter temperature) compared with those exposed to 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C (summer temperature) (Table 2). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline  & & **pH** & **Temperature** & **Salinity** & **DO** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Cu} & Control & 8.13 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 14.99 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 35.38 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 131.79 \(\pm\) 7.6 \\  & 0.25 CBL\({}^{-1}\) & 8.13 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 14.97 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 35.39 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 131.64 \(\pm\) 9.3 \\  & 1 CBL\({}^{-1}\) & 8.12 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 14.96 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 35.39 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 134.10 \(\pm\)6.7 \\  & D-0.25 CBL\({}^{-1}\) & 8.14 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 14.94\(\pm\) 0.16 & 35.47 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 129.75 \(\pm\) 6.6 \\  & D-1 CBL\({}^{-1}\) & 8.15 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 14.96 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 35.44 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 130.64 \(\pm\) 6.5 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Zn} & Control & 8.11 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 23.15 \(\pm\) 0.31 & 35.42 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 126.62 \(\pm\) 11.4 \\  & 0.25 CBL\({}^{-1}\) & 8.12 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 23.15 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 35.45 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 125.60 \(\pm\) 10.1 \\  & 1 CBL\({}^{-1}\) & 8.11 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 23.15 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 35.44 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 127.29 \(\pm\) 10.6 \\  & D-0.25 CBL\({}^{-1}\) & 8.11 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 23.17 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 35.50 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 128.36 \(\pm\) 10.4 \\  & D-1 CBL\({}^{-1}\) & 8.13 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 23.15 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 35.49 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 129.40 \(\pm\) 9.8 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Artificial seawater (ASW) conditions (mean \(\pm\) SD) at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C during the 30 days of the experiment in each treatment. Average pH (NBS), salinity (PSU), temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C), dissolved oxygen (DO %). D, treatments without _H. diversicolor_. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline  & & **df** & **SS** & **MS** & **Pseudo-F** & \(p\) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Cu} & CB & 4 & 30.41 & 7.62 & 31.86 & 0.001 \\  & Temperature & 1 & 0.30 & 0.30 & 1.26 & ns \\  & CB \(\times\) Temperature & 4 & 23.77 & 5.94 & 24.81 & 0.001 \\  & Res & 62 & 14.82 & 0.24 & & \\  & Total & 71 & 71 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Zn} & CB & 4 & 38.78 & 9.69 & 253.2 & 0.001 \\  & Temperature & 1 & 6.88 & 6.88 & 179.7 & 0.001 \\ \cline{1-1}  & CB \(\times\) Temperature & 4 & 25.41 & 6.35 & 165.91 & 0.001 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Res & 62 & 2.37 & 3.828 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Total & 71 & 71 & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: PERMANOVA results for the Cu, Zn, naphthalene and nicotine concentrations in the sediments exposed to different CB concentrations (0 CBL\({}^{-1}\), 0.25 CBL\({}^{-1}\), 1 CBL\({}^{-1}\) with _Hediste diversicolor_, and 0.25 CBL\({}^{-1}\), 1 CBL\({}^{-1}\) without polychaetes) at the two temperatures studied (15 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C) for 28 days. Sum square (SS); mean square (MS); degrees of freedom (df); ns = nonsignificant. Sediments of the two CB concentrations tested without _Hediste diveriscolor_ (0.25 and 1 CBL\({}^{-1}\) D treatments) had similar concentrations of heavy metals (Cu and Zn) and naphthalene at both temperatures, but Cu and Zn sediment concentrations at 0.25 CBL\({}^{-1}\) were higher at 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C than at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 1). Similarly, the Zn concentration from the sediment without _H. diveriscolor_ at 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C was also higher from that at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C. These treatments also had similar nicotine concentrations at 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C but not at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Nicotine concentrations in sediments exposed to 0.25 CBL\({}^{-1}\) were lower at the winter temperature than at the summer temperature (Figure 1C).