## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Convergence Accuracy Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Function** & & **PSO** & **Gold-SA** & **HHO** & **GTO** & **SSA** & **ISSA** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{16}\)} & AVG & \(\mathbf{-1.03}\) & \(-1.03\) & \(-1.03\) & \(\mathbf{-1.03}\) & \(-1.03\) & \(-1.03\) & \(\mathbf{-1.03}\) \\  & STD & \(\mathbf{0.0}\) & \(4.05\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.23\times 10^{-8}\) & \(\mathbf{0.0}\) & \(1.16\times 10^{-8}\) & \(\mathbf{0.0}\) \\  & \(p\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(3.02\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(8.88\times 10^{-1}(-)\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(\mathbf{0.0}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{17}\)} & AVG & \(\mathbf{3.98}\times 10^{-1}\) & \(4.00\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.98\times 10^{-1}\) & \(\mathbf{3.98}\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.98\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.98\times 10^{-1}\) \\  & STD & \(\mathbf{1.11}\times 10^{-16}\) & \(1.28\times 10^{-2}\) & \(4.06\times 10^{-5}\) & \(\mathbf{1.11}\times 10^{-16}\) & \(1.32\times 10^{-8}\) & \(3.72\times 10^{-16}\) \\  & \(p\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(3.02\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(2.77\times 10^{-5}(+)\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(1.72\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(3.35\times 10^{-15}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{18}\)} & AVG & \(3.0\) & \(14.2\) & \(3.0\) & \(\mathbf{3.0}\) & \(3.0\) & \(3.0\) \\  & STD & \(3.96\times 10^{-15}\) & \(13.5\) & \(5.54\times 10^{-7}\) & \(\mathbf{1.78}\times 10^{-15}\) & \(1.34\times 10^{-8}\) & \(3.35\times 10^{-15}\) \\  & \(p\) & \(6.32\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(3.02\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(6.63\times 10^{-1}(-)\) & \(1.72\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(4.08\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(\mathbf{3.36}\times 10^{-15}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{19}\)} & AVG & \(\mathbf{-3.86}\) & \(-3.8\) & \(-3.86\) & \(\mathbf{-3.86}\) & \(-3.0\) & \(\mathbf{-3.86}\) \\  & STD & \(\mathbf{2.66}\times 10^{-15}\) & \(8.01\times 10^{-2}\) & \(3.04\times 10^{-3}\) & \(\mathbf{2.66}\times 10^{-15}\) & \(5.07\times 10^{-5}\) & \(\mathbf{2.66}\times 10^{-15}\) \\  & \(p\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(3.34\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(3.20\times 10^{-9}(+)\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(\mathbf{2.66}\times 10^{-15}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{20}\)} & AVG & \(-3.25\) & \(-2.95\) & \(-3.1\) & \(-3.26\) & \(-3.26\) & \(-3.27\) \\  & STD & \(5.89\times 10^{-2}\) & \(3.71\times 10^{-1}\) & \(9.34\times 10^{-2}\) & \(5.94\times 10^{-2}\) & \(8.00\times 10^{-2}\) & \(\mathbf{5.89}\times 10^{-2}\) \\  & \(p\) & \(1.58\times 10^{-2}(+)\) & \(9.83\times 10^{-8}(+)\) & \(3.52\times 10^{-7}(+)\) & \(3.485\times 10^{-3}(+)\) & \(8.12\times 10^{-4}(+)\) & \(\mathbf{5.89}\times 10^{-2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{21}\)} & AVG & \(-6.31\) & \(-10.2\) & \(-5.19\) & \(\mathbf{-10.2}\) & \(-10.2\) & \(-10.2\) \\  & STD & \(3.46\) & \(5.63\times 10^{-3}\) & \(7.46\times 10^{-1}\) & \(\mathbf{1.78}\times 10^{-15}\) & \(1.12\times 10^{-5}\) & \(\mathbf{1.78}\times 10^{-15}\) \\  & \(p\) & \(5.00\times 10^{-1}(-)\) & \(1.86\times 10^{-9}(+)\) & \(3.02\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(\mathbf{1.78}\times 10^{-15}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{22}\)} & AVG & \(-6.61\) & \(-10.4\) & \(-5.73\) & \(\mathbf{-10.4}\) & \(-10.4\) & \(\mathbf{-10.4}\) \\  & STD & \(3.8\) & \(5.11\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.67\) & \(\mathbf{0.0}\) & \(3.02\times 10^{-4}\) & \(\mathbf{0.0}\) \\  & \(p\) & \(1(-)\) & \(1.96\times 10^{-10}(+)\) & \(3.02\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(+)\) & \(\mathbf{0.0}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{23}\)} & AVG & \(-6.81\) & \(-10.5\) & \(-5.05\) & \(-10.5\) & \(-10.5\) & \(\mathbf{-10.5}\) \\  & STD & \(3.78\) & \(3.19\times 10^{-3}\) & \(4.18\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.93\times 10^{-14}\) &