## 3 Results  
### Maximum and Standard Deviation Fractions of Vegetation, Soil, and Shade  
The annual time-series composites of fraction images were reduced by three maximum fractions and by three standard deviation bands. Figure 6 shows the frequency histogram of each of the LULC classes in these six bands. In terms of vegetation fraction, forestland, cropland, and pastureland \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**This Study** & **MapBiomas Project** \\ \hline Croplands & Annual and perennial crop and semiperennial crop \\ Forestland & Forest formation and forest plantation \\ Water bodies & River, lake and ocean \\ Humid savanna & Mangrove, wetland, and other nonforest natural formation \\ Pastureland & Grassland formation, pasture, and mosaic of agriculture and pasture \\ Dry savanna & Savanna formation \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Legend consistency between this study and the MapBiomas\({}^{\star}\) land use and land cover mapping project. classes presented relatively high responses due to the high absorption of photosynthetically active radiation by leaves and canopies throughout the year. However, these LULC classes differ by their seasonality, which is more evident in croplands and pasturelands than in forests, as noted by the high standard deviation of the vegetation fraction (Figure 6D). The forestland defined here is characterized by semideciduous forest and open or dense tropical forest with no pronounced winter, so the proportion of vegetation is quite constant throughout the year, with a medium proportion of shade in the dry season, as 20-50% of the leaves fall from May to September. The use of the maximum values of vegetation and soil fractions within a year allows a separation between cropland and forestland or between forestland and pastureland. The soil fraction presented the opposite behavior of maximum vegetation fraction in vegetated classes; the proportion of soil increases during the harvesting and seeding period when the soil becomes exposed, and the vegetation proportion decreases. At the end of the crop cycle (January-April), the maximum vegetation proportion occurs in the cropland class and vice versa in the soil fraction (Figure 6A,B). Pastureland and savannas presented behavior similar to that of the maximum and standard deviation of the vegetation and soil fractions, however, with lower levels than those observed from the cropland (Figure 6A,B,D,E). Pastureland and savanna canopies are more heterogeneous than those from cropland, presenting higher levels of mixed vegetation, soil, and shade fractions during the year. Therefore, pastureland can be discriminated from forestland and cropland by the  
Figure 6: Maximum vegetation (**A**), maximum soil (**B**), and maximum shade (**C**) fractions of the one-year composite mosaic of the land use and land cover classes of Mato Grosso state and their corresponding standard deviations of the vegetation (**D**), soil (**E**), and shade (**F**) fractions. intermediate values of the standard deviation of the vegetation and soil fractions (Figure 6C,D). Similarly, the maximum fraction of the shade image was helpful to differentiate pastureland from humid savanna and dry savanna because of the stronger seasonality of the pastureland. Pastureland presented higher seasonality of the soil fraction, as depicted in the standard deviation of the soil fraction in Figure 6E, than that from the humid savanna and dry savanna and lower maximum shade fractions. The humid savanna is differentiated by the relatively high amount of shade in the maximum annual composite. As the water bodies absorb most of the incident radiation in the visible and infrared spectra, they are clearly separated by their maximum shade fraction due to the low reflectance of this target; consequently, the water bodies also presented low proportions of vegetation and soil fractions. Figure 7 shows the RGB (Red-Green-Blue) color composite of the maximum fractions of soil, vegetation, and shade fractions in Mato Grosso state.