# Prediction Model for the Performance of Different PV Modules Using Artificial Neural Networks
## 5 Conclusions  
This research proposed a model for comparing the prediction performance (IV curves, efficiency, and FF) of six different PV modules using an ANN. The ANN that is used for this model is a generalized regression neural network (GRNN). The model inputs for the ANN are irradiance, T\({}_{c}\), a product of I\({}_{\text{Sc}}\) and V\({}_{\text{OC}}\), FF, and the technical characteristics of the six PV modules. In this research, 37,144 records for 247 IV curves were collected from the six PV modules under different test conditions. The MATLAB program was used to train and test the data that were extracted from the device. Under the test conditions in Malaysia (solar radiation and ambient temperature), the monocrystalline module had the highest FF and efficiency, while the CIGS module had the lowest FF. As for efficiency, the lowest was the thin-film module. The overall prediction accuracy for the proposed model has an RMSE and MAD of 0.0638 A and 0.237 A, respectively. At the same time, the accuracy of the MAPE is 0.874%. In future, a different device with a higher accuracy for collecting training data sets and more variation in the training data and test conditions could improve the accuracy of the proposed model. These results proved the accuracy of the model for predicting the performance of the six PV modules. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of PV Module** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Iradiance** \\ **(W/m2)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **T\({}_{\text{c}}\) (K)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **MAD** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **MAPE** \\ **RMSE** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Flexible back-contact mono & 547 & 312 & 0.112 & 0.532 & 0.026 \\ CIGS & 716 & 321 & 0.263 & 0.517 & 0.080 \\ Polycrystalline & 550 & 310 & 0.393 & 1.173 & 0.092 \\ Flexible back-contact mono & 695 & 308 & 0.154 & 0.347 & 0.034 \\ Thin film & 401 & 310 & 0.198 & 0.872 & 0.052 \\ Flexible mono & 395 & 314 & 0.232 & 0.985 & 0.064 \\ Flexible back-contact mono & 865 & 315 & 0.196 & 1.069 & 0.035 \\ Monocrystalline & 750 & 327 & 0.34 & 1.186 & 0.098 \\ CIGS & 840 & 315 & 0.237 & 0.953 & 0.075 \\ Polycrystalline & 473 & 311 & 0.248 & 1.065 & 0.082 \\ Thin film & 570 & 313 & 0.174 & 0.775 & 0.041 \\ Monocrystalline & 380 & 308 & 0.291 & 1.024 & 0.087 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Values of MAD, MAPE, and RMSE under different test conditions for the six PV modules. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of PV Module** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Cell** \\ **Temperature (K)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Irradiance** \\ **(W/m2)** \\ \end{tabular} & **FF** & **Efficiency (\%)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{CIGS} & 315 & 650 & 0.667845 & 9.6274 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 310 & 500 & 0.65454 & 8.7328 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Thin film} & 315 & 650 & 0.676499 & 8.083 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 310 & 500 & 0.685678 & 7.223 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Flexible mono} & 315 & 650 & 0.677629 & 8.0899 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 310 & 500 & 0.698835 & 7.323 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Polycrystalline} & 315 & 650 & 0.696921 & 10.9832 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 310 & 500 & 0.702558 & 8.4353 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Monocrystalline} & 315 & 650 & 0.73124 & 11.2789 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 310 & 500 & 0.742875 & 9.3722 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Flexible back-contact mono} & 315 & 650 & 0.71744 & 8.828 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 310 & 500 & 0.725462 & 7.2522 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: FF and efficiency for the six PV modules under the same test conditions. **Author Contributions:** Data curation, M.J.; Supervision, K.S., A.F. and A.I. ; Conceptualization, K.S., A.I. and M.J.; Formal analysis, M.J.; Software, M.J.; Investigation, A.S.A.H., K.S., A.I. and M.J.; Methodology, M.J.; Validation, M.J.; Writing--original draft, M.J.; Writing--review editing, A.S.A.H., A.I., A.F. and K.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.