# Enabling Technologies for Operator 4.0: A Survey
## 2 Framework of Operator 4.0 Solutions
### The Operator 4.0 Concept and Human-Cyber-Physical Systems
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Type of** & **Description** & **Examples** \\ \hline Analytical operator & The application of big data analytics in real-time smart manufacturing. & Discovering useful information and predicting relevant events [30; 31]. \\ \hline Augmented operator & Augmented Reality (AR)-based enrichment of the factory environment. AR improves information transfer from the digital to the physical world. & Smartphones or tablets are used as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) readers and can become key tools of smart manufacturing [32; 33; 34]. \\ \hline Collaborative operator & Collaborative robots (CoBots) are designed to work in direct cooperation with operators to perform repetitive and non-ergonomic tasks. & Spatial AR projectors support automotive manufacturing [35; 36; 37]. \\ \hline Healthy operator & Wearable trackers are designed to measure activity, stress, heart rate and other health-related metrics, as well as GPS location and other personal data. & Rethink-Robotics with Baxter and Sawyer promises low-cost and easy-to-use collaborative robots [38]. \\ \hline Smarter operator & Intelligent Personal Assistant (IPA)-based solutions that utilize artificial intelligence. & Military-based applications can predict potentially problematic situations before they arise [23]. \\ \hline Social operator & Enterprise Social Networking Services (E-SNS) focus on the use of mobile and social collaborative methods to connect smart operators on the shop-floor with smart factory resources. & The Social Internet of Industrial Things interacts, shares and creates information for the purpose of decision-making support [40]. \\ \hline Super-strength operator & Powered exoskeletons are wearable, lightweight and flexible biomechanical systems. & Powered mechanics to increase the strength of a human operator for effortless manual functions [41]. \\ \hline Virtual operator & Virtual Reality (VR) is an immersive, interactive multimedia and computer-simulated reality that can digitally replicate a design, assembly or manufacturing environment and allow the operator to interact with any presence within it. & Provide the users with an environment to explore the outcomes of their decisions without putting themselves or the environment at risk [42]. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Elements of the Operator 4.0 methodology according to [23; 25]. Figure 1: (R)evolution of the tasks of operators in manufacturing systems. With regards to the development of Operator 4.0-based automation systems, attention has to be paid to the design principles of Industry 4.0 solutions, which are decentralization, virtualization, reconfiguration and adaptability [45; 46; 47]. How these principles should be applied during the development process is presented in Table 2.  
The Operator 4.0 concept aims to create Human-Cyber-Physical Production Systems (H-CPPS) that improve the abilities of the operators [23]. The allocation of tasks to machines and operators requires the complex semantic model of the H-CPS. Operator instructions can be programmed into a machine, but handling uncertainty and the stochastic nature are difficult. Adaptive systems are suitable to handle these problems with the help of more frequent monitoring and model adaptation functions [56; 57; 58; 59]. Real-time operator support and performance monitoring require accurate information concerning the activities of operators, which means all data related to operator activities should be measured, converted, analyzed, transformed into actionable knowledge and fed back to the operators. Based on this requirement, the operator should be connected from the bottom (connection) to the top (configuration) levels of the cyber-physical systems [60].