# Effect of Organic and Conventional Production on the Quality of Lemon \"Fino 49\"
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Plant Material  
The assay was carried out on lemons of the \"Fino 49\" variety grafted on _Citrus macrophulla_. \"Fino 49\" is a clone of the \"Fino\" variety and is the one that represents most young plantations (less than 10 years old) in the Mediterranean area. The Fino 49 variety is very early in its production, very productive and has a tendency to bear fruit in clusters. It has stumpy trees and shorter internodes than Fino but has larger thorns. The fruits are larger and heavier (170 g) and have a higher percentage of juice, with the possibility of harvesting in September-October. The rootstock used in the test is very vigorous, tolerant to Exocortis and very resistant to _Phytophotora_, but it is sensitive to _Tristeza_ and _Xyloporosis_. Grafted with lemon trees, it is tolerant to all serious virosis, except _Xyloporosis_. It presents a very good affinity with all varieties. It is resistant to limestone and salinity and is sensitive to root suffocation and very sensitive to frost. The characteristics that stand out the most are the rapid entry into production, high productivity, and early ripening, with average fruit quality. Organic growing was carried out on the \"Lo Vera\" orchard (38\({}^{\circ}\)03\({}^{\prime}\)24.6\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N, 0\({}^{\circ}\)44\({}^{\prime}\)25.0\({}^{\prime\prime}\) W) with an area of 10.28 ha and conventional cultivation was realized on the \"Lo Lorente\" orchard (38\({}^{\circ}\)02\({}^{\prime}\)21.3\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N, 0\({}^{\circ}\)44\({}^{\prime}\)51.3\({}^{\prime\prime}\) W) with an area of 9.11 ha. Both orchards were located in Alicante (Spain), at a distance of \(\sim\)2 km, and the tree spacing was 6.5 \(\times\) 4 m. The trees are 10 years old (both farms were planted in 2011). The climate is characterized by mild winters and hot summers, temperatures ranging between 33 and 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and light rains concentrated in spring and autumn. The organic farming orchard has a clay-textured soil (sand 29.55%, silt 30.00% and clay 40.45%), with an organic matter content of 1.40%. The nitrate content is 62.20 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), the Olsen assimilable phosphorus content is 15.8 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) and potassium in the aqueous extract is 1.07 meq L\({}^{-1}\). The cation exchange capacity is 14.70 meq 100 g\({}^{-1}\). The C/N ratio is 7.84 and the field capacity is 27.60 (% dry soil). The conductivity of the 1:2 aqueous extract at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C is 1.21 dS m\({}^{-1}\). The conventional orchard has a loam-clay-loam texture soil (sand 12.05%, silt 52.50% and clay 35.45%), with an organic matter content of <0.65 %. The nitrate content is 88.10 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), the [PERSON] assimilable phosphorus content is 5.37 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) and potassium in the aqueous extract is 0.39 meq L\({}^{-1}\). The cation exchange capacity is 10.40 meq 100 g\({}^{-1}\). The C/N ratio is 5.93 and the field capacity is 28.40 (% dry soil). The conductivity of the 1:2 aqueous extract at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C is 0.31 dS m\({}^{-1}\). As for the water used, for the orchard destined for organic farming, it had an electrical conductivity of 1.16 dS m\({}^{-1}\) and a pH of 8.4. The cation content expressed in mmol L\({}^{-1}\) was 1.74 for calcium; potassium 0.21; magnesium 1.87 and sodium 4.31. The anion content expressed in mmol L\({}^{-1}\) was <0.02 for nitrates; phosphates <0.01; sulfates 2.44; bicarbonates 3.00 and chlorides 4.37. The water of the conventional orchard had an electrical conductivity of 1.32 dS m\({}^{-1}\) and a pH of 8.1. The cation content expressed in mmol L\({}^{-1}\) was 2.12 for calcium; potassium 0.27; magnesium 1.91 and sodium 4.83. The anion content expressed in mmol L\({}^{-1}\) was <0.02 for nitrates; phosphates 0.05; sulfates 2.98; bicarbonates 3.39 and chlorides 4.54.