## Results
### Human Studies  
A total of five studies were performed associated with implant defects, six articles in the post-extraction alveolar socket, one study on periodontal defects, and five studies on jawbone defects. The follow-up range was from three months to seven years. For all of the studies conducted, histological and histomorphometric assessments on retrieved biopsies were included. Figure 1: Flow diagram (PRISMA format) of the screening and selection process. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Results** & **Experiment** & **Ex-Model** & **N** & **Defect** & **Test** & **Ctr** & **Time** & **Membrane** & **Genes** \\ \hline  & Graphene & & & & & Collagen & & & & Control: \\  & oxide & & & & & & Membrane & & & \(1.9\pm 0.6\) & \\
**[PERSON],** & increased the & & & & & & & & & \\
**et al.** & roughness & Fibroblast & & & & Graphene & & & & \(1,3,7\), & \\
**Biomed. Mat.** & and the total & & Activity & & & Fibroblast & & Membrane & & \(1,3,7\), & \\
**2017**[40] & surface & & & & & Activity & & & \(1.4\pm 0.9\) & \\  & exposed to & & & & & (2 ug vs & & & nm \\  & the cells & & & & & 10 ug) & & & & \\  & Graphene & & & & Graphene & & & & & \\ oxide & & & & & & & & & \\  & membranes & & & & & & Collagen & & & \\  & induce the difficult & & & & & & Mem- & Cells & Day & \(1.4\pm 0.9\) & \\  & _Mater. Res. A._ & 2017 [41] & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & Dental & Graphene & & \\
**2017**[41] & & & & & & & Pulp Stem & Oxide & & & RUM2 \\  & & cells & & & & & Cells & & & and SP7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of the in vitro studies included for the qualitative analysis  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Results** & **Ex-Model** & **N** & **Defect** & **Test** & **Ctr** & **Time** & \begin{tabular}{c} **New Bone** \\ **Formation (NBF)** \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline
**Diomede,** & & & & & & & & No NBF EVO \\
**et al. ** & The combination & & & & & & & & group, \\ _Int. [PERSON]_ & improved the & & & & & & & & partial NBF EVO + \\ _Sci._ & & osteogenic & & & & & & & \\ differentiation & & & & & & & & & \\ _2018_ & & & & & & & & & \\ in vitro & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\
[21] & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON],** & & & & & & & & & \\  & _J. Oral_ & & & & & & & & \\  & _Implantol._ & & & & & & & & \\  & _Implantol._ & & & & & & & \\  & _2015_ & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & [14]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Results** & **Ex-Model** & **N** & **Defect** & **Test** & **Ctr** & **Time** & \begin{tabular}{c} **New Bone** \\ **Formation** \\ **(NBF)** \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline
**[PERSON], et al. ** & \begin{tabular}{c} The copolymer \\ presented good \\ biological \\ _J. Mater. Sci._ \\ _Mater. Med._ \\ **1999** \\ [27] \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Human \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} \(\longrightarrow\) \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Periodontal \\ Defects \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Composites \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} \(\longrightarrow\) \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} \(\longrightarrow\) \\ \end{tabular}  & 6 Months & \begin{tabular}{c} NBF present \\ in innermost \\ parts of the \\ membranes, \\ with NBF \\ trabeculae \\ closely to \\ the graft. \\ \end{tabular}  \\
**[PERSON], et al. ** &
\begin{tabular}{c} No dehiscences \\ were observed. \\ In all cases, the \\ space under the \\ titanium mesh \\ was completely \\ filled by bone. \\ No residual bone \\ defects were \\ observed, and an \\ increase in the \\ alveolar width or \\ height was \\ _J. Oral_ \\ **Implantol.