# Integrating Knowledge Graphs into Distribution Grid Decision Support Systems +
## 7 Conclusions  
Modern distribution grids are complex networks with multiple components. Power utilities collect and store a large amount of information about these components, from transformers to individual poles, in relational databases. To satisfy their planning and operational needs, utilities require quick access to the data describing the components, their locations and connections, and the relations between them.  
In this paper, we propose using KGs as a suitable format to represent grid data. We develop a vocabulary, **powerLOV**, to contain several categories of nodes representing various components of the electrical grid and their properties. A number of relations between these components (the edges connecting the nodes) are also defined.  
The constructed vocabulary, **powerLOV**, is used to build a distribution grid KG. The graph representing a distribution system is created based on data provided to us by a utility. We develop several illustrative examples to demonstrate the usefulness of the distribution grid KG. They include an algorithm for identifying electrical paths in the grid that can determine the length of the downstream path from a specific element. Also, we provided several illustrative queries for identifying a sequence of switches/protective devices satisfying a specific condition on a given upstream path; and generating a list of outage events that occurred downstream from a specific component for a given period. Illustrative examples of determining, based on the available data, degrees of affecting customers by outages at a given location for the grid with and without microgrids are included and described.  
The constructed graph of a distribution system and examples presented in this article exemplify several benefits of graph-based representation of a power grid: integrating different types of data obtained from a variety of heterogeneous (future work) sources; augmenting grid representation (graph) via leveraging connections between graph nodes; and gaining insights into various aspects of the grid, such as identifying elements of specific features and examining changes in elements within the grid.  
A distribution grid KG built using the proposed power vocabulary will become a basis for developing a system for analyzing the grid from different perspectives. It will unlock new ways of accessing and analyzing stored information. The graph could be a central  
Figure 11: Number of affected customer distribution in grid Cells §4 and #5 due to power outages in the blue grid cell considering the micro-grid connection to the PCC points—equipment selection based on historical power outage.  
component of the multilevel knowledge-oriented system to answer various questions about the system, investigate the causality of events, and provide insights to decision makers.  
Conceptualization, M.Z.R. and P.M.; methodology, M.Z.R. and P.M.; formal analysis, Y.K., L.T. and M.Z.R.; investigation, Y.K., L.T. and M.Z.R.; resources, M.Z.R.; data curation, M.Z.R.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.K. and L.T.; writing--review and editing, M.Z.R. and P.M.; visualization, Y.K.; supervision, M.Z.R.; project administration, P.M.; funding acquisition, P.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada grants CRDPI 537808-18 and RGPIN 05866-17, and by ATCO Electric.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.