# Efficient Management of Power Losses from Renewable Sources Using Removable E.V. Batteries
## 1 Introduction  
Almost a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions come from the transport sector, with urban mobility responsible for 40% of all CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from road transport [1]. According to estimates [1], nine out of ten European citizens are exposed to harmful particulate emissions that exceed acceptable limits. The harmful environmental effects of transport, a vulnerability in terms of power supply disruptions, and price volatility due to its dependence on oil, are challenges to be considered shortly. Thus, growing concerns about the certainty of energy sources, climate change, and health have led to the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy and the implementation of new propulsion systems for vehicles with a higher long-term sustainability potential. Among these propulsion systems are those based on electricity, electric or hybrid electric vehicles currently having a development momentum being supported at the state and interstate level. However, the expansion of electricity-based vehicles is presently limited by the high price of energy-storing batteries, which are larger and heavier to ensure long battery life for vehicles. One solution to lowercosts would be reusable, removable batteries, which can also help balance the energy system. To extract maximum benefits from the use of electric vehicles and to create positive effects on the renewable energy distribution network, energy policymakers should consider optimizing the integration of electric vehicles into the grid [2]. However, although battery costs have decreased [3; 4; 5], no evidence has been provided to date that investments in battery storage are profitable if the current technological level is maintained. Technologies based on the use of renewable energy are a tool that will become essential in mitigating the consequences of climate change in the context of depletion of fossil fuel resources. However, these technologies have some limitations generated by geographical and meteorological factors. For example, electricity production from photovoltaic solar systems or wind turbines is characterized by intermittency and volatility, depending on daytime conditions (photovoltaic cells) or local weather conditions (wind turbines). Currently, a feasible way to make these dissonances compatible is to adjust the energy system by using conventional power plants, (such as modern gas-fired power plants), that can provide power at any time and operate relatively easily and quickly. However, these plants have limited capacities, and the gas used as fuel will run out by the end of the 21 st century. At the same time, an increasing amount of energy is supplied by renewable sources. Renewable energy storage technologies can provide the possibility of compatibility and harmonization of supply and demand. For example, reusable batteries in electric or hybrid vehicles can be a storage technology that can bring economic and environmental benefits. This paper aims to estimate the impact of the paradigm shift in road transport (from fossil fuel-based to electricity-based propulsion) on the energy system in general and on energy from renewable sources. To achieve this, we will estimate the necessary storage capacity to help adjust the energy system, increasingly powered by renewable energy sources. Based on the required storage capacity, we will evaluate the number of electric vehicles needed to take over the excess energy produced by renewable sources when the conventional grid cannot take over this surplus, and compare it with the estimation on vehicles stock. All forecasts are undertaken at the European Union level and consider the proposed targets for 2050 regarding the share of renewable energy in total energy and the percentage of electric vehicles in total vehicles. This paper is structured in six sections. The following two sections expose the research and discussions. After the introduction and review of the literature, the research variables, assumptions, and methodology used are presented.