## 5 Discussion
### Main Trends and Concerns
These can help with a virtual representation of physical assets, enabling better planning and decision making. * Human-Centered Technological Transformation: In any case, technological transformation is human-centered. This means that the technology should be designed to work seamlessly with the existing workforce. * Collaboration and integration: Logistics 4.0 is able to collaborate and integrate with Industry 4.0 processes and systems. This integration can create a common and synergistic relationship between shippers, manufacturers, and end users. * Addressing challenges: The challenges in this case do not stop, as more and more emerge. In addition to the main ones mentioned above, there are also those related to different sustainability indicators, unclear benefits, environmental impacts in the life cycle, issues of inequality and technological maturity, etc. Certainly, understanding the opportunities presented by the new technologies of Industry 4.0 is crucial for logistics companies that want to take full advantage of these possibilities and integrate them internally. When it comes to improving financial performance, cost reduction is certainly a primary goal, where Industry 4.0 technologies such as IoT sensors, AI-based analytics, and automation can optimize business processes, reduce inefficiencies, and minimize costs associated with transportation, inventory management, and labor. At the same time, improved marketability, forecasting accuracy, and customer satisfaction enabled by Industry 4.0 technologies can lead to increased sales, improved offers, and new revenue streams [80; 81]. In terms of environmental performance, the integration of IoT-enabled smart devices and sensors can monitor energy consumption and optimize resource use, leading to reduced carbon emissions and energy costs. In addition, optimization algorithms and route planning tools can minimize fuel consumption and carbon footprint by optimizing transport routes, load consolidation, and vehicle scheduling, which can, in combination with advanced technologies such as RFID and blockchain, enable end-to-end traceability and authentication, facilitating the adoption of sustainable packaging practices and circular supply chain models [80; 82]. In terms of societal impact, robotics and automation can reduce the risk of workplace accidents and injuries by automating hazardous tasks and enhancing workplace safety protocols. At the same time, Industry 4.0 technologies can improve employee productivity, job satisfaction, and skill development by automating repetitive tasks, providing real-time feedback and enabling remote collaboration [81]. System integration facilitates the seamless exchange of data between various hardware and software components within the logistics ecosystem. It enables real-time visibility into critical operational metrics such as inventory levels, shipment statuses, and vehicle locations. By integrating different systems such as TMS, WMS, ERP, and IoT platforms, logistics companies can streamline workflows, automate manual tasks, and optimize resource allocation [83]. Also, integrated systems provide decision makers with access to accurate, timely, and actionable information derived from centralized data sources. This enables informeddecision-making at all levels of the organization, from strategic planning to day-to-day operations [80]. On the other hand, a digital twin is a virtual representation of physical assets, processes, or systems that reflect their behavior and characteristics in the real world. In logistics, digital twins can model warehouses, distribution centers, transportation networks, and even individual products or vehicles. Digital twins allow logistics companies to simulate and model different scenarios, such as changes in demand, disruptions in supply chains, or modifications to operational processes. This allows organizations to anticipate potential challenges, evaluate alternative strategies, and optimize the use of resources.