## 2 Preparation Methods of STSCs  
The chemical solution and direct magnetron sputtering methods are two primary techniques for preparing solar-based selective paintings [32]. In the magnetron sputtering methodology, alumina is typically deposited using radio-frequency sputtering that incurs higher equipment costs and has lower deposition rates compared to direct current sputtering [32], while in the chemical solution method, preparing precursor solutions and disposing of waste liquids often results in environmental pollution [33]. Ensuring the optical and heat characteristics of SSACs is essential, but good preparation and technical feasibility are also critical considerations. All-ceramic STSCs can be fabricated using a scalable and straightforward chemical solution method (Figure 4a) [34]. The antagonistic performance of solution-prepared STSCs, combined with their significantly minimal costs compared to vacuum-deposited STSCs, makes them an economical and efficient option. This versatility and high efficiency are ideal for diversified photothermal convertibility applications. [PERSON] et al. [35] described a chemical solution technique that relies on a displacement reaction to produce STSCs using plasmonic nanoparticles. As illustrated in Figure 4b, Cu plasmonic NP-painted Zn foils were yielded by immersing Zn foil in a dissolvent containing Cu\({}^{2}\) ions, resulting in a replacement reaction. The STSC demonstrated a high absorptance rate of 0.975 and maintains moderate thermal stability at 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Additionally, the chemical solution approach is cost-effective, straightforward, and environmentally friendly, making it a viable alternative to typical electrochemical and vacuum deposition methods for STSC preparation. [PERSON] et al. [29] proposed an Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)-NiCrAlO as an STSC sanitized through magnetron sputtering process. Initially, the coating, composed of NiCrAl/Au/Al tandem layers, was analyzed by varying NiCr concentrations in the NiCrAl sublayers. Afterwards, the coating was boiled in double distilled water and  
Figure 3: Flowchart of framework and organization of the literature review.  
exiscated through vacuum heating. Table 1 outlines key aspects, including technique, advantages, disadvantages, and temperature range, for a brief and concise comparison of different STSC preparation methods.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Technique** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** & **Temperature** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Sputtering} & Physical vapor deposition by bombarding material with ions & High control over thickness and uniformity & Expensive, requires vacuum conditions & Up to 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Electroplating} & Deposition of metal ions onto a substrate via electric current & Cost-effective and scalable for large areas & Limited to conductive substrates, prone to corrosion & Up to 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)} & Chemical reactions in a gas phase deposit a thin film & Produces high-quality, durable coatings & Requires high temperature and toxic gases & Up to 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Sol-Gel} & Solution of metal alkoxides deposited and heat-treated composition & Simple and low-cost, with good control over composition & Long preparation time, cracking during drying process & Up to 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Dip Coating} & Immersion of substrate into a solution of coating material & Simple and suitable for complex shapes & Lower uniformity, potential for layer delamination & \multirow{2}{*}{Up to 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of different preparation methods of STSCs.  
Figure 4: (**a**) Preparation processes of ceramic STSCs [34]; (**b**) schematized diagram of nano-improved chemical solution method [35].