## 8 Simulation Setup and Analysis of Results
### Network Coverage Efficiency  
We conducted several simulation tests from different perspectives but with a particular focus on the network coverage efficiency after deploying 1 to 105 sensor nodes. Network coverage can be regarded as how efficiently WSNs monitor the targeted area of interest. Network coverage can be considered a measure of the quality of service (QoS). Network coverage efficiency is measured in different ways depending on the nature of the applications and what is being monitored. The coverage is also crucial for maintaining the connectivity, which is defined as the capability of the sensor nodes to reach the base station. To measure the network coverage, we have created 15 sessions simultaneously to determine the actual behavior of the network using highly congested network scenarios. The simulations indicated that BN-MAC achieved a network coverage of 99.8%, whereas Z-MAC, A-MAC, Speck-MAC, ADC-SMAC, and LPRT-MAC achieve network coverage of 50%-87%, as shown in Figures 14 and 15.  
short preamble message for accessing the channel without an integrated destination address in each preamble that reduces energy consumption and prolongs the network lifetime. We illustrate the WSN lifetime using BN-MAC and competing hybrid MAC protocols as shown in Table 3.  
Figure 17 presents the average packet delay at different packet generation rates using a fixed mobility of 1 m/s. The average delays of BN-MAC and Z-MAC are considerably less than those of A-MAC, ADC-SMAC, LPRT-MAC, and Speck-MAC. BN-MAC and Z-MAC have a low level of latency due to the use of a short preamble. The sensor nodes in BN-MAC use three directions (down, up, and local) to transmit data to neighbors according to whether the nodes are 1-hop closer, 1-hop farther, or at the same hop distance, respectively. When a sensor node has data to send, the sensor node first senses the channel to confirm whether the channel is free. If the channel is free, the sensor node transmits a short preamble message without a destination address because the destination address consumes the excess network bandwidth and reduces the network connectivity. We include transmission, propagation, and processing delays that help the preamble message to arrive at the required node during the channel polling time that also guarantees delivery of the data packets to the sensor node. The preamble transmission also overcomes the problem associated with small drifts in the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Name of MAC** & **No Traffic** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Unicast Traffic** \\ **(Intra Traffic)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Broadcast Traffic** \\ **(Inter Traffic)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline ADC-SMAC & 308 & 356 & 167 \\ A-MAC & 233 & 302 & 139 \\ BN-MAC & 387 & 493 & 268 \\ LPRT-MAC & 331 & 401 & 187 \\ Speck-MAC & 335 & 412 & 192 \\ Z-MAC & 344 & 437 & 197 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Lifetime of hybrid MAC protocols over WSN. Figure 16: Lifetime of MAC protocols using a different number of sensors. clocks. Packet transmission starts when the transmission of the preamble ends. BN-MAC has automatic buffering because each node waits for the first packet to arrive, after which the remaining packets are buffered automatically to shorten the average packet delivery delay. The semi-synchronous mechanism is one of the most significant characteristics of BN-MAC because the semi-synchronous mechanism reduces the average packet delay. Figure 18 presents the average packet delay of BN-MAC and other participating protocols at different mobility rates. BN-MAC can manage its timeframe, number of random access frames, and rate of transfer frames while maintaining a nearly constant average delay. In contrast, Z-MAC (and other competing hybrid MAC protocols) does not have the mobility support, and thus, the average delay is increased. BN-MAC receives routing support from the EAP protocol at the network layer, which also helps to minimize the time needed for path discovery and route maintenance.