esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Athletic Performance  
Between-group analysis showed that the Low-ModVL group produced a greater effect on sprint (ES = 0.17, \(p\) = 0.12, Figure 7) and jump (ES = 0.18, \(p\) = 0.23, Figure 8) abilities compared with Mod-HighVL. Similarly, within-group analyses revealed a superior efficacy of the Low-ModVL group to increase sprint (Low-ModVL, ES = 0.35, \(p\) = 0.001; Mod-HighVL, ES = 0.05, \(p\) = 0.67) and jump (Low-ModVL, ES = 0.59, \(p\) < 0.0001; Mod-HighVL, ES = 0.36, \(p\) = 0.03) (Table 4). The ES decreased as the VL threshold increased, especially for the sprint ability (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.61, \(p\) = 0.06, Figure 6E).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Outcome or VL** & \(k\) & **ES** & **95\% CI** & \(p\)**-Value** & **I\({}^{2}\) (\%)** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **X\({}^{2}\)** \\ **(\(p\)-Value)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \(1 RM\) & & & & & & \\ Low-ModVL & 13 & 0.79 & [0.56 to 1.01] & \textless{}0.00001 & 0 & 0.87 \\ Mod-HighVL & 11 & 0.59 & [0.35 to 0.83] & \textless{}0.00001 & 0 & 0.88 \\ Mod/highVL & _Mod/high_ & & & & & \\ Low-ModVL & 11 & 2.39 & [1.97 to 2.81] & \textless{}0.00001 & 43 & 0.06 \\ Mod-HighVL & 9 & 1.91 & [1.59 to 2.23] & \textless{}0.00001 & 0 & 0.59 \\ _Low loads_ & & & & & & \\ Low-ModVL & 11 & 1.33 & [1.07 to 1.58] & \textless{}0.00001 & 0 & 0.89 \\ Mod-HighVL & 9 & 0.59 & [0.28 to 0.90] & 0.0002 & 26 & 0.22 \\ _Local endurance_ & & & & & & \\ Low-ModVL & 7 & 1.50 & [1.08 to 1.93] & \textless{}0.00001 & 39 & 0.13 \\ Mod-HighVL & 6 & 1.14 & [0.65 to 1.64] & \textless{}0.00001 & 51 & 0.07 \\ _Sprint_ & & & & & & \\ Low-ModVL & 14 & 0.35 & [0.14 to 0.57] & 0.001 & 0 & 0.74 \\ Mod-HighVL & 12 & 0.05 & [\textless{}-0.18 to 0.29] & 0.67 & 0 & 1.00 \\ _Jump_ & & & & & & \\ Low-ModVL & 9 & 0.59 & [0.31 to 0.86] & \textless{}0.0001 & 0 & 1.00 \\ Mod-HighVL & 7 & 0.36 & [0.05 to 0.68] & 0.03 & 0 & 0.83 \\ \hline Low-ModVL & (\(\leq\)25\% intra-set VL): Mod-HighVL (-25\% intra-set VL): \(k\) number of groups. Low loads: absolute loads lifted faster than 1.00 m-s\({}^{-1}\) (squat) and 0.80 m-s\({}^{-1}\) (bench press) at pre-training, \(\leq\)60\% 1 RM [35; 36]; mod/high loads: absolute loads lifted slower than 1.00 m-s\({}^{-1}\) (squat) and 0.80 m-s\({}^{-1}\) (bench press) at pre-training, \(>\)60\% 1 RM [35; 36]. & \(>\)60\% 1 RM [35; 36]. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Within-group analysis showing the pre-post training effects of Low-ModVL and Mod-HighVL thresholds.  
Figure 6: Bubble plots showing the relationship between individual VL thresholds and their respective effect size (ES) in each outcome. The size (area) of the bubbles represents the number of experimental groups (\(k\)) included in each VL threshold. A minimum of two groups (\(k\geq 2\)) training the same individual VL threshold was required to include it in the relationship analysis.
# Study on the Ash Deposition Characteristics for Co-Combustion of Zhundong Coal with Cotton Stalk
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Tangential Circle Diameter on the Ash Fusion Process
When the tangential circle diameter was reduced to 1200 mm, the ash particle deposition shifted to a spot-like pattern, which was mainly localized near the burner nozzle area. With the further reduction in the tangential circle diameter, the primary deposition areas remained near the burner nozzles, but both the deposition rate and coverage range decreased significantly. This demonstrates that reducing the tangential circle diameter effectively mitigates wall slagging issues. Figure 8: Temperature distribution at different heights of the furnace under different tangential circle diameters. Figure 9: Particle motion trajectory under different tangential circle diameters. Figure 11 shows the average ash deposition rate on the walls of the main combustion zone under different tangential circle diameters. The average ash deposition rate on the walls gradually decreases with the reduction in the tangential circle diameter. At a tangential circle diameter of 400 mm, the ash deposition rate was 0.00207 kg/(m\({}^{2}\)-s), representing a 37.6% reduction. This further confirms that reducing the tangential circle diameter significantly alleviates ash deposition and slagging issues on the furnace's walls. However, as the tangential circle diameter decreased, the residence time of pulverized coal within the furnace was reduced. This may lead to incomplete combustion and consequently result in a decline in boiler thermal efficiency. This trade-off highlights the need to balance ash deposition mitigation and combustion optimization when adjusting the tangential circle diameter in practical furnace operations.
## 5 Numerical Simulations and Analysis of Results  
### BER Performance of Polar-Coded Cooperation Transmission over Fading Channels  
To verify the effectiveness of our scheme, polar coded cooperation transmissions with channel fading factor and design-SNR selection are carried out in simulations. The main simulation parameters are set as follows: \(N=512\), \(R=0.5\), \(\alpha=0.2\), and \(M=32\). The BER performance of polar codes using different design-SNR settings are shown in Figure 5. In Figure 5, the BER curves represent the polar codes constructed at different design-SNRs. At high design-SNRs, the BER performance degrades with increasing design-SNR. For instance, there is a performance gain of about 1.3 dB in the scheme from 1 dB to 10 dB design-SNR at BER of \(10^{-2}\).  
Design-SNR plays an important role in polar codeword construction. The proper design-SNR can improve the code performance significantly. In Figure 5, the code performance decreases with increasing design-SNR. This can be explained as follows. A proper design-SNR is suited to the requirements of polar code construction. Therefore, the channel polarization is improved by the matched design-SNR, and the code performance is optimized.  
The BER performance of polar codes with different constructions is shown in Figure 6, presenting the BER performances of original and new constructions using an optimal design-SNR or not, respectively. As a result, an optimal design-SNR is critical for all construction schemes to ensure that good polar codes are generated. The BER performance is greatly improved by our code construction approach. Even without optimal design-SNR selection, the proposed scheme outperforms the original one by about 0.5 dB at a BER of \(10^{-3}\). In addition, it further improves BER performance by about 0.6 dB when using the optimal design-SNR. The performance gain mainly results from the use of the optimal design-SNR in the construction of the polar codes. Then, an optimized design-SNR can be calculated and suited to the requirements of polar code construction for better performance.  
Figure 5: BER performance under different design-SNRs.  
Figure 6: BER performance of the proposed polar codes over fading channels.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Changes in Pore Connectivity  
The data on incremental intrusion volume were collected for each sample, as shown in Figure 3. The cumulative intrusion and extrusion volumes of the samples before and after the Sc-CO\({}_{2}\) extraction are presented in Figure 5. As shown in Figure 5, hysteresis was observed between the intrusion and extrusion in each sample. The phenomenon could be attributed to contact angle hysteresis [31], and can be interpreted using the ink bottle theory or connectivity model [32]. Hence, certain pores remain filled with mercury after the test.  
The cumulative intrusion volume for a sample after the Sc-CO\({}_{2}\) extraction is always larger than that of the sample before the Sc-CO\({}_{2}\) extraction. Comparison of the cumulative intrusion and extrusion volumes (Figure 5) reveals that: (1) when small organic matters are in open pores or pore throats, the extraction of Sc-CO\({}_{2}\) can dissolve them and flush them away, leading to mercury migration. This phenomenon enhances gas migration and CO\({}_{2}\) sequestration in the coal seam; (2) when small organic matters are sealed pores or in ink bottle-shaped pores, they are not as easy to dissolve as those in open pores. In this condition, some pores could be opened or converted into new ink bottle-shaped pores. And when the sealed pores are opened, this leads to the reduction of mercury trapped in coal during the extrusion process, which is also better for gas migration and CO\({}_{2}\) sequestration. When the sealed pores are converted into new ink bottle-shaped pores, this leads to an increase in mercury trapped in coal, which is better for CO\({}_{2}\) sequestration but not better for migration. The cumulative intrusion volume for all of the samples increases more quickly at the pore diameter around 30 nm, implying that pores were compressed [7; 26].  
Figure 4: The changes of incremental pore volume and surface area of coal due to Sc-CO\({}_{2}\) extraction: (**a**) incremental pore volume change with coal rank increasing; (**b**) incremental pore surface area change with coal rank increasing.
# Assessing the Functional Response to Streamside Fencing of Pastoral Waikato Streams, New Zealand
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Functional Indicators  
#### 2.3.1 Organic Matter Retention  
We assessed the retention capacity of stream reaches in April 2011 by using analogues of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) following the methodology of [PERSON], [PERSON] [32]. For this, we used conditioned ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) leaves soaked overnight to make them neutrally buoyant [53], waterproof paper triangles (4.4 cm sides) and pine dowels (30 cm long, 1 cm diameter, after [PERSON] et al. [54] as standard CPOM types. The leaf analogues represented structurally distinct leaf types found naturally in litter fall, including freshly fallen floating leaves (triangles) and litter that had been in the stream long enough to become water saturated (ginkgo). Wood dowels were used to represent small branches.  
We released 30 of each CPOM type at regular intervals across the wetted channel at the upstream end of each reach [55]. Triangles were released first, then ginkgo leaves, followed by dowels to avoid the larger dowels catching smaller analogues. Once it became clear that the analogues had been retained (minimum of 10 min), we recorded the distance travelled for each analogue. We characterised the object it was retained on including streambed type and size, leaf litter and wood, riparian and in-stream vegetation or hydraulic habitat type (pool, riffle, run).  
Retention was calculated for each release of each CPOM type and averaged by type for multiple releases within a site as deposition velocity (Vdep, mm s\({}^{-1}\)), which is a retention measure accounting for the effects of stream size [56]:  
\[\text{Vdep}=\text{mean depth (mm)}\times\text{water velocity (m s$-$1$)/mean travel distance (Sp, m)} \tag{1}\]  
Organic matter retention was measured for all analogues at all sites, except at Waitetuna where triangles could not be retrieved post release due to high water depth and turbidity.
# BVTED: A Specialized Bilingual (Chinese-English) Dataset for Vulnerability Triple Extraction Tasks
## 2 Related Work
### Datasets for Cybersecurity Information Extraction  
For the task of information extraction, substantial efforts have been dedicated to the development of general domain datasets aimed at training and evaluating algorithms. Their extraction goal is to extract entity types that are frequent occurrences of, for example, names of people, places and organizations. [PERSON] et al. [9] released a large-scale manually annotated NER dataset, which contains 8 coarse-grained types and 66 fine-grained types. [PERSON] et al. [10] created a well-defined fine-grained dataset for NER in Chinese, and the entity types are divided into 10 label categories. Similarly in the relationship extraction task, TACRED (TAC Relation Extraction Dataset) [11], which is constructed using newswire and web text, and NYT10 [12], which is constructed using the New York Times as the text and references the Freebase knowledge base for labeling relationships, are both widely used in traditional domains.  
Some studies have demonstrated [13] that the performance of models trained by using only the text of the general domain but not the corpus of the professional domain will decline sharply [14]. Therefore, in order to meet the task of cybersecurity intelligence knowledge extraction, it is necessary to build a cybersecurity intelligence field dataset. At present, NER datasets for the field of CTI can basically cover English scenarios. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [15] redefined entity types according to the STIX2.1 standard and published an English NER dataset APTNER for the CTI field. The final dataset contains 10,984 sentences, 260,134 tokens and 39,565 entities. [PERSON] et al. [5] released a Chinese NER dataset and a Chinese relational extraction dataset, respectively. However, these datasets are based on entity types and relationships designed based on the STIX 2.1 standard. Using such a construction method without a data perspective, it is easy to ignore the important information similar to the affected \"product name\" and \"version\" in the text. Moreover, since the datasets for both the NER and relationship extraction tasks are independent, the cross-promoting effect between the entity extraction and relationship extraction tasks is limited. The new malware dataset released by [PERSON] et al. [16] is the only dataset available for both the RE and NER tasks. Although they are collected and annotated based on a variety of data sources, most of them are generated with an English corpus. On the other hand, much security knowledge is published in multiple languages, often interspersed with English, which requires the creation of a multilingual dataset.
## 1 Introduction
### Effect of Steel Fiber on Strength and Toughness of RC Beams in Laboratory Condition  
In term of effect of steel fiber on \(f_{r(\text{RC})}\) and \(T_{(\text{RC})}\), [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] found that by the addition of steel fibers, the \(f_{r(\text{RC})}\) is increased 32-55%. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] investigated that steel fiber increases the maximum load capacity (\(P_{max}\)) of RC T-beams (5-12%). [PERSON] [17] found that by the addition of steel fiber to the RC beam, the mean value of crack width and spacing are decreased 37% and 20%, respectively. [PERSON] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [18; 19] found that steel fibers could increase the \(T_{\text{RC}}\) by useful effects on increasing the bar-to-concrete bond. [PERSON] et al. [20] investigated that \(T_{(\text{R+S})\text{C}}\) is greater than \(T_{\text{RC}}\). They found that by increasing the reinforcement ratio by over 1.6%, \(T_{(\text{R+S})\text{C}}\) becomes significantly more than \(T_{\text{RC}}\). Therefore, the effect of steel fiber in increment of strength and ductility of RC beams in laboratory and standard condition is considerable.  
According to previous studies, the durability of marine RC structures and the improvement of their flexural behavior is very important. Moreover, the positive role of steel fibers in the prevention of crack growth and increasing the flexural toughness of RC beams is considerable. However, it seems that the role of steel fiber is dependent on environmental conditions. Despite much research on the flexural parameters of SFRC and RC, no comprehensive study was performed on the effect of different environments on flexural behavior of (R+S)C beams. To do so, in the present study, by measuring the values from Load-Deflections diagrams, flexural properties of (R+S)C beams, such as maximum load capacity (\(P_{max(\text{R+S})\text{C}}\)), flexural toughness (\(T_{(\text{R+S})\text{C}}\)), and Service Stiffness (\(S.S\)) of (R+S)C beams in marine atmosphere, tidal zone, and fresh water were investigated and analyzed. Experiments were performed on about 100 concrete beams with dimensions of 200 \(\times\) 200 \(\times\) 750 mm, in two modes of un-cracked and pre-cracked beams.
# CMOS Fixed Pattern Noise Removal Based on Low Rank Sparse Variational Method
###### Abstract  
Fixed pattern noise (FPN) has always been an important factor affecting the imaging quality of CMOS image sensor (CIS). However, the current scene-based FPN removal methods mostly focus on the image itself, and seldom consider the structure information of the FPN, resulting in various undesirable noise removal effects. This paper presents a scene-based FPN correction method: the low rank sparse variational method (LRSUTV). It combines not only the continuity of the image itself, but also the structural and statistical characteristics of the stripes. At the same time, the low frequency information of the image is combined to achieve adaptive adjustment of some parameters, which simplifies the process of parameter adjustment, to a certain extent. With the help of adaptive parameter adjustment strategy, LRSUTV shows good performance under different intensity of stripe noise, and has high robustness.  
FPN; low rank; sparse; total variation; anisotropy; characteristic +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
###### Abstract
Thus, besides the SOC concentration and density, soil respiration, temperature stability and turnover time in urban soils are important for understanding the underlying mechanisms related to SOC changes [5; 10; 12]. Furthermore, forest SOC has been mostly considered a constant or a null value in evaluating the response to urbanization [13; 14; 15; 16], although some studies have shown possible accumulations [8; 9; 17] or releases [18]. Based on a systematic study and a large dataset in a typical fast-urbanized city, scaling-up of forest SOC changes to a city level will facilitate awareness of underground forest SOC importance in urbanization processes. Reasons for underground SOC changes have been ascribed to land use changes [13], tree species alternation [19] and tree size differences, as well as soil properties [13]. In urban regions of China, a forest is defined as the trees, mainly arbors (groves), in and around the cityscape which reach a certain scale and coverage [20], and forest types are usually classified as roadside forest (RF), ecological welfare forest (EF), landscape forest (LF), and affiliated forest (AF), according to their land use differences [20]. Alternations in land uses possibly contribute to SOC dynamics to some extent [21], while tree species also differ in SOC accumulation and the potential turnover owing to litter quality [19]. Moreover, tree dimensions including diameter, height and crown size are also responsible for SOC variations, owing to tree size being a proxy for forest development (tree age). Also, soil properties themselves including pH, bulk density (BD) [22] and electrical conductivity (EC) could regulate soil microbes and thus SOC dynamics [23; 24]. These factors are the main reasons for changes in forest SOC, soil respiration, temperature stability and turnover during urbanization processes. Furthermore, in a large-scale field survey, a proper statistical method facilitates clarification of the complex interaction of multiple factors on the response function [25]. An integrated approach including correlation analysis and regression analysis [22] can be used to obtain reliable results and explanations of such variations. For addressing the urbanization effects on forest SOC changes, in this study we assessed the influence of urbanization on SOC accumulation, its turnover and temperature stability, and analysed the potential reasons for such variations. Specifically, we addressed the following questions: (1) how much does SOC density (SOCD), soil basal respiration, temperature stability, and carbon turnover change along urban-rural gradients? (2) Did human disturbance time-related gradients and ring road-related gradients produce a similar result? And (3) what is the possible reason for these SOCurban-rural patterns? Are there any implications for future studies and forest management? Under a global urbanization background and especially considering China's fast urbanization in recent years, addressing these questions might allow for evaluating its forests' ecological services.
## 4 Conclusions  
We developed a simple, rapid, and green method for synthesizing Au-Ag alloy NPs. For this, we integrated microwave-assisted technology with MQLE. The observed reduction in the pH and increase in the redox potential of the Ag-Au solution during irradiation highlighted MQLE as a reducing agent. Alterations in the TG curve further supported the role of MQLE as a capping agent in the synthesis of Au-Ag alloy NPs. Successful synthesis of these NPs was also corroborated by their SPR peak at 528 nm, color change, XRD patterns, and EDS results. The uniform distribution of Au and Ag within Au-Ag alloy NPs, along with effective capping by MQLE, may reduce the cytotoxicity and enhance the biological activity of these bimetallic NPs. Au-Ag alloy NPs exhibit significant antimicrobial activity and lower raw material costs compared to Au NPs. Additionally, they demonstrate  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **VBR** & **MG** & **MB** & **RY4G** & **CR** & **MO** & **RhB** \\ \hline AuNPs & 0.712 & 0.492 & 0.413 & 0.463 & 0.384 & 0.517 & 0.361 \\ AgNPs & 0.153 & 0.116 & 0.094 & 0.102 & 0.065 & 0.128 & 0.042 \\ Au-Ag alloy & 0.654 & 0.471 & 0.392 & 0.432 & 0.286 & 0.502 & 0.254 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Apparent rate constants (min\({}^{-1}\)) for the degradation of various dyes by Au, Ag, and Au-Ag alloy NPs.  
superior biosafety, enhanced antioxidant activity, increased anti-inflammatory properties, and improved catalytic activity when contrasted with Ag NPs. Furthermore, the rapid synthesis (60 s) and extended storage stability (8 months) enhance the viability of Au-Ag alloy NPs for industrial applications. The Au-Ag alloy NPs synthesized in this study have various potential applications, such as in health care, cosmeceuticals, biomedicine, agriculture, and environmental protection.  
Conceptualization, [PERSON]-C.C. and [PERSON]-W.L.; methodology, J.-Y.L.; validation, T.-K.L., [PERSON]-T.K. and [PERSON]-L.L.; formal analysis, T.-K.L.; investigation, T.-K.L., [PERSON]-Y.L., [PERSON]-T.K., [PERSON]-L.L. and [PERSON]-W.L.; resources, T.-K.L. and [PERSON]-Y.L.; data curation, [PERSON]-[PERSON] and [PERSON]-L.L.; writing--original draft preparation, [PERSON]-K.L., [PERSON] and [PERSON]-[PERSON], writing--review and editing, [PERSON]-[PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]-[PERSON]; supervision, [PERSON] and [PERSON]-[PERSON]; funding acquisition, [PERSON]-C.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Science and Technology Council, grant number NSTC 113-2622-E-157-001 and NSTC 112-2313-B-157-001-MY3.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data is contained within the article.  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] for providing the authors with partially analytical measurements.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.