## 3 Results
### Themes Covered Across the Included Articles
#### 3.3.1 Extreme Weather and Heat  
In response to the increased temperatures and extreme weather events resulting from climate change and the urban heat-island effect, 11 of the 22 articles examined the potential of bus-stop shelters to mitigate these conditions. A study conducted in Edinburgh investigated the potential ecosystem services provided by green roofs (GRs) on bus shelters in urban areas, focusing on their role in mitigating climate change [29]. Relying solely on previous literature and employing the estimation tool Benefits of Extensive Green Roofs for Sustainable Towns (B_EST_), the study analysed the environmental and social advantages of extensive GRs. The social aspect encompassed amenity, education, and health benefits, with an estimated 322,287 residents potentially benefiting from GRs on bus stops. Notably, social benefits were found to have a significantly higher value than environmental benefits. The B_EST_ tool distinguishes between regulating benefits (air quality, carbon sequestration, stormwater runoff, and urban heat island) and supporting benefits (biodiversity); these are collectively categorized as environmental benefits in this study. The analysis revealed that installing extensive GRs on all sheltered bus stops in Edinburgh would result in higher costs than benefits, considering confidence scores (\(-\)_E_3.1 million net present value). However, given the reliance on assumptions and B_EST_ guidance, these findings may be inaccurate. Therefore, an experimental study is recommended to eliminate uncertainties and obtain more precise results. User perceptions of bus stops during extreme weather events, including elevated temperatures, were also an important factor discussed. A study in Austin, Texas [11], investigated the impact of tree canopy shade and shelters at bus stops functioning as a climate change strategy. The findings showed insignificant or modest associations between these strategies and ridership during high-temperature days, with bus stops lacking tree canopy associated with only a 1.7% decrease in boardings per bus on high temperature days compared to other days. However, the study highlighted the moderating effect of trees on temperature and the impact on user perceptions, suggesting a link between tree shade and positive association for bus ridership, particularly in city areas with low socio-economic metrics [11]. Research from Utah in the USA [12] investigated the influence of extreme weather, including high and low temperatures and heavy rainfall, on ridership, and the potential mitigation effects of stop-level amenities. The study found that extreme weather generally decreases daily passenger boardings, with sheltered bus stops experiencing only slightly higher ridership, relative to unsheltered bus stops, during extreme weather conditions. The moderating effects of bus shelters were more pronounced on weekdays than on weekends, suggesting that the transit amenities providing weather protection are more valued by regular commuters and passengers with longer wait times. A study conducted in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, examined the perceptions of heat and heat-coping behaviours at bus stops [9]. Using micrometeorological measurements and rider surveys and conducted during the summer, its findings revealed that over half of participants reported feeling thermally uncomfortable. Shade at stops significantly reduced the physiological equivalent temperature by 19 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The study evaluated various design attributes and discovered that vegetated awnings only provided significant shade reduction in the mornings due to poor maintenance, while opaque canopies were more effective than semi-opaque canopies. Surface temperatures of sun-exposed materials exceeded skin-burn thresholds during the afternoon. However, aesthetically pleasing stops, including those with trees, were rated as cooler than stops rated as less beautiful.