## 1 Introduction
In particular, given the fundamental role of transport and its impact on the economy and quality of life, a need for the adoption of energy efficient innovations emerges, innovations that are inclusive of recent technological developments, together with a legislative framework that fosters both energy sustainability and economic growth [31]. From a policy perspective, in Europe, targeted policy actions over the last decade focus on the improvement of mobility and transport. Already in 2011, the European Commission's (EC) White Paper [32] identifies 40 concrete initiatives to build a competitive transport system over the next decade, aiming to increase mobility, remove major barriers in key areas, drive growth and employment, and, to reduce Europe's dependence on imported oil and cut carbon emissions in transport by 60% by 2050. An evaluation of the White Paper took place in 2020, aiming to examine all areas where it made policy proposals. In May 2017, the EC adopted the Strategic Transport Research and Innovation Agenda (STRIA) as part of the 'Europe on the Move' package [33; 34], which highlights main transport R&I areas and priorities for clean, connected and competitive mobility. Seven STRIA roadmaps have been developed covering various thematic areas, namely:  
* Connected and automated transport (CAT);
* Transport electrification (ELT);
* Vehicle design and manufacturing (VDM);
* Low-emission alternative energy for transport (ALT);
* Network and traffic management systems (NTM);
* Smart mobility and services (SMO);
* Transport infrastructure (INF). In May 2018, the EC published the third Mobility Package with the objective to allow citizens to benefit from safer traffic, less polluting vehicles, and more advanced technological solutions, while supporting the competitiveness of the EU industry [35]. The 2019 European Green Deal aims at a 90% reduction in emissions by 2050 [36]. Considering that transport currently accounts for a quarter of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions, and this figure continues to rise as demand grows, considerably increasing the uptake of clean vehicles and alternative fuels and moving to more sustainable transport in general, will help meet this objective. The EU 'Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy' (SSMS) presented in December 2020 and the accompanying action plan of 82 initiatives aims at achieving a modern, green, and more resilient EU transport system [37]. In July 2021, the EC adopted legislative proposals aiming to achieve climate neutrality in the EU by 2050, including the intermediate target of an at least 55% net reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 [38]. All transport modes--road, rail, aviation, and waterborne--will have to contribute to this aim. Going back to STRIA and its roadmaps, they set out common priorities to support and speed up the research, innovation, and deployment process leading to technology changes in transport. Their implementation is supported by the Transport Research and Innovation Monitoring and Information System (TRIMIS), an effective monitoring and information mechanism developed by the authors at the EC's Joint Research Centre (JRC). TRIMIS, funded under the Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2016-2017 on Smart, Green, and Integrated transport [39] provides a holistic assessment of technology trends and transport R&I capacities, publishes information and data on transport R&I, and develops analytical tools on the European transport system. Contrary to other transport policy-support tools, TRIMIS provides an integrated bidirectional monitoring and assessment of transport innovation approach [40], both backward looking using historical data, but also forward looking, through the development of an inventory on new and emerging technologies and trends in transport, complemented by the use of strategic foresight [41; 42]. Building on the TRIMIS groundwork and analyses, this paper identifies and evaluates technologies in transport from European Union-funded projects.