esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Methods
### The Structure of I-Net  
It should be noted that I-net attains automatic segmentation and interactive segmentation depending on the form of the input data. When the image is first fed into the network, neither the initial segmentation nor distance maps exist, so I-net provides an output of automatic segmentation. Compared with two-stage interactive segmentation methods or refined segmentation methods, such as DeepIGeoS [7], our method does not need an additional CNN to obtain an initial segmentation, making our model lighter and easy to train.  
Figure 1 also shows details of I-net in our method. The network received a four-channel data as input to predict the segmentation result. As shown in Figure 1, I-net is designed based on U-net [18] with an encoder-decoder architecture.  
I-net improved U-net [18] in several parts to fit our segmentation tasks. We used group normalization [19] to replace batch normalization [20] to make normalization free from the dependence on batch size. In addition, we used the leaky ReLu [21] layer instead of the ReLu [22] layer to solve the problem of dead neuron while retaining the advantages of ReLu function. Leaky ReLu is defined as follows:  
\[\text{Leaky ReLU}(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}x,&\text{if }x\geq 0\\ \alpha x,&\text{if }x<0\end{array}\right., \tag{1}\]  
where the \(\alpha\) was set to 0.2 in this work.  
To avoid the noise in the input image introduced by the shallow layers' skip connection to affect the segmentation results, I-net retained only two middle skip connections compared to U-net. These two skip connections aimed to utilize the combination of low-level features and high-level information to achieve better segmentation of tumor margins. At the last stage of the decoder, a convolution layer with one filer was used to attain the final segmentation.
# Long-Wavelength VCSELs: Status and Prospects
## 7 VCSELs Fabricated by Wafer Fusion
To further increase the modulation bandwidth, the photon lifetime can be reduced by evaporating thin SiN layers with large precision [10; 173; 174] and/or the differential gain can be increased, either by increasing the strain in the active region or by reducing the mode volume. In contrast to short-cavity concepts applied for hybrid VCSELs, the minimal cavity length of our WF VCSELs is about \(\sim\)2.5\(\lambda\). Thus, the mode volume of WF VCSELs can be adjusted just by changing the BTJ size. However, for small BTJ sizes, a saturable absorber, formed in the unpumped peripheral parts of the active region, must be taken into account [10]. For MBE-grown WF VCSELs, effective surface planarization cannot be realized for TJ overgrowth [3; 10; 69; 127; 175; 176; 177]. This enhances the effect of saturable absorption since, to implement the single-mode operation, it is necessary to decrease the etching depth of the TJ layers. These optical losses in unpumped parts of the active region can be reduced by a larger mismatch of the gain spectrum and resonance wavelength (GCD value) [10]. Data rates for FW VCSELs can be increased further by decreasing the parasitic capacitance, e.g., by optimizing the top n-InP intra-cavity layer doping profile [10], photon lifetime adjustment (by changing the top DBR reflectivity) [168; 169; 173], and suppressing saturable absorption (by large GCD).
# Physiological Control Law for Rotary Blood Pumps with Full-State Feedback Method
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### A Model of Cardiovascular System Environment with a Left Ventricular Assist Device  
A software model incorporating a lumped-parameter model of the cardiovascular system (CVS) in conjunction with an RBP model under examination was used to study the physiological interactions of RBPs. As indicated in the literature [11; 22], the CVS model consisted of twelve compartments, including the left and right side of the heart, pulmonary, and systemic circulations, and allowed the establishment of ventricular communication through the inter-ventricular septum and pericardium. The model used the hydraulic and electrical features of the pump, as described by the following three differential equations:  
1. Electrical equation of motor winding: \[V=k_{e}\omega_{e}+RI+L\frac{dl}{dt},\] (1) where \(V\) is the motor terminal voltage, \(\omega_{e}\) is the electrical speed, \(R\) is the motor winding resistance, \(I\) is the motor phase current, \(L\) is the motor winding inductance, and \(k_{e}\) is the constant.
2. Electromagnetic torque equation: \[T_{e}=j\frac{d\omega}{dt}+f(Q,\omega),\] (2) where \(T_{e}\) is the input electromagnetic torque, \(Q\) is the pump flow rate; and \(j\) is the moment of inertia of the impeller.
3. Pump hydraulic equation: \[\Delta P=e+fQ^{3}+g\omega^{2},\] (3) where \(\Delta P\) is the differential pressure across the pump, and \(e\), \(f\), and \(g\) are constant.
# Bloch-Surface-Polariton-Based Hybrid Nanowire Structure for Subwavelength, Low-Loss Waveguiding
## 1 Introduction
To overcome the limitations of the all-dielectric 1D PC guiding structures, hybrid configurations that integrate a thin metal film with the 1D PC structure have been proposed and demonstrated in recent years [39; 44]. In these guiding structures, long-range Bloch surface plasmon polaritons can be supported, showing orders of magnitude longer propagation length than the traditional SPPs. Here in this paper, inspired by these reported schemes and the potential applications in various photonic devices, we explore another type of hybrid Bloch surface plasmon polariton (HBSPP) structure by integrating metallic nanowires with dielectric-ridge-loaded 1D PC multilayer dielectrics. By adding a sandwiched buffer layer, the proposed structure is investigated through the coupling between the Bloch surface polariton (BSP) mode excited in the 1D PC multilayer structure and the SPP mode excited on the curved metallic surface introduced by the metal nanowire. Moreover, the guiding properties of such a hybrid coupling mode are comprehensively studied and compared with the conventional BSP mode as well as the hybrid SPP mode at telecommunication wavelengths. Owing to the strong interaction between the BSP and the SPP modes, a deep subwavelength mode confinement with a much lower propagation loss can be supported in such structures. Our study could be expected to lay a promising foundation for further potential applications in integrated photonic devices.
## 3 Bidirectional Negative Refraction
For example, in Figure 4a,b, the parameters of the PIM slabs are calculated by Equation (3), and the even laser mode and the odd CPA mode are obtained; while in Figure 4c,d, the parameters of PIM slabs are calculated by Equation (4), and the odd laser mode and even the CPA mode are excited. In this process, the illuminated PIM slab works as a coherent perfect absorber, completely absorbing the incident wave, while the other part works in a coherent laser mode, reproducing the incident wave on both sides. The previous section shows how acoustic negative refraction can be achieved using a pair of identical PIM slabs. However, plane waves are an idealization. In practice, waves are non-planar in nature because they are generated by a finite number of sources, such as antennas. Fortunately, non-planar waves can be expanded into plane waves based on the  
Figure 4: The simulated acoustic field patterns for negative using a pair of identical PIMs supporting the coexistence of CPA and laser modes. (**a,b**) are the simulated acoustic field patterns when the waves are incident from the left and right sides, respectively. The relative coefficients are \(\rho_{r}=0.14\) and \(\beta_{r}=1.84\). (**c,d**) are the simulated acoustic field pattern for the incident waves from the left and right sides, respectively. The relative coefficients are \(\rho_{r}=1.01\) and \(\beta_{r}=1.01\). Fourier transform. In the following, we will further implement flat plate focusing based on the negative refraction of plane waves. Take two PIM slabs with a thickness of \(0.3\lambda\) and a spacing of \(12\lambda\) as an example, the focal length is set to \(6\lambda\), then the relationship between the y-coordinate and the incident angle is \(\theta=arc\tan(y/6\lambda)\). In the case of coexistence of CPA and Laser modes, the required material parameters can be acquired by Equation (3) or Equation (4). In Equation (3), we arbitrarily choose to take the \(m\) as zero to obtain a set of material parameters as shown in Figure 1a. The point sources are placed at \((-12r,0)\) and \((12r,0)\), respectively. Figure 5b,d show the simulated pressure field pattern under point sources located at the left and right sides, respectively. As expected, in both cases, two focal points appear between the slabs and on the other side of the source, respectively. The red and black curves in Figure 5c represent the intensity fields in the focal planes shown in Figure 5b,d, respectively. The width of the focal point as well as the field distribution confirm that the proposed structure can ideally focus the propagating spectrum. Bidirectional diffraction-limited planar focusing is possible. It should be noted that the source point and the two image points are coherent. The illuminated PIM slab operates in CPA mode, so the symmetry of the field distribution on both sides of it is determined by the polarity of the CPA mode; while the other PIM slab works in laser mode and its polarity also determines whether the fields on both sides are in-phase or out of phase.
# COALA: A Protocol for the Avoidance and Alleviation of Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Related Work
Specifically, TALONet combines various levels of transmission power in order to relieve existing congestion in data link layer, along with buffer management to avoid congestion in buffer level, and multi-path routing in order to relay congested traffic flows through alternative paths. HTAP [13], proposed by [PERSON] et al., is a scalable protocol aiming to minimize congestion and assure reliable data transmissions in event-based networks through resource control. As soon ascongestion occurrence is detected, alternative paths are created and nodes are hierarchically levelled in these paths and exhausted nodes are bypassed in order to achieve load balancing. [PERSON] et al. proposed TADR [14] which uses shortest paths in order to route data when there is no congestion. As soon as congestion is detected, the concept of potential fields is used, by taking into consideration network depth and normalized queue length, in order to distribute data through multiple paths consisting of idle and under-loaded nodes so as to circumvent congested areas. [PERSON] and [PERSON] introduced ECODA [15], where packets are dynamically prioritized, using their initial static packet priority, hop-count and the time from the packet generation to current time. ECODA proposes buffer related metrics so as to detect congestion. The congestion status is piggybacked in packets. When receiving such a back-pressure message, the source node either reduces its transmission rate, or accordingly adjusts the rate for different paths if multiple paths exist. [PERSON] et al. proposed the TARA protocol [16]. In TARA, as soon as emerging congestion is detected in a node, by measuring both the buffer occupancy and the channel load, this node is considered to be a hot-spot node. Next, traffic is deflected from the hot-spot node through a so-called distributor node along a detour path and reaches the so-called merge node, where the flows are merged. As soon as congestion has been alleviated the network stops using the detour path. [PERSON] et al. introduced PASCCC [17], which is an energy-efficient application specific clustering congestion control protocol. In PASCCC, data packets are prioritized as high priority and low priority packets according to the type of their content. During congestion low priority packets are discarded. Table 1 enlists in comparison basic characteristics of both the aforementioned protocols and the proposed in this research work protocol.
# Generation and Inhibition of SO\({}_{3}\) in Lead Smelting Flue Gas
###### Abstract  
The thermodynamic equilibrium of the gas-phase system in lead smelting flue gas was studied using FactSage 8.2 software, and the effects of temperature, the main components of the gas phase, and other factors on the SO\({}_{3}\) content in the equilibrated flue gas were investigated. In addition, experimental research was conducted on a solid-phase catalysis experimental platform to investigate the effect of lead smelting ash on SO\({}_{2}\) catalytic oxidation. The results show that temperature and initial O\({}_{2}\) content in flue gas have a significant impact on the equilibrium concentration of SO\({}_{3}\), while the initial SO\({}_{2}\) content in flue gas has a relatively small impact on the equilibrium concentration of SO\({}_{3}\); the fly ash from the lead smelting flue promotes the conversion of SO\({}_{2}\) to SO\({}_{3}\) in the flue gas. SO\({}_{3}\)-suppression experiments show that PbS can adequately inhibit SO\({}_{3}\) formation in a simulated flue gas environment, and the content of SO\({}_{3}\) after adding PbS under different oxygen contents and SO\({}_{2}\) atmospheres does not exceed 0.6%. Through the method of thermodynamic simulation and experimental verification, this study reveals the catalytic oxidation mechanism of SO\({}_{2}\) in lead dust and proposes the use of PbS as an in situ SO\({}_{3}\) inhibitor.  
lead smelting; SO\({}_{3}\); flue gas; thermodynamics of SO\({}_{3}\) oxidation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Secure Image Transmission Using Multilevel Chaotic Encryption and Video Steganography
## 5 Results and Testing
### Video Segmentation Result  
The video was segmented into frames, considering each shot within the video as a frame. Table 9 shows the results of the video segmentation.
## 4 Theoretical and Experimental Analyses
### Security
#### 4.3.4 Pixel Correlation  
A small pixel correlation in the encrypted image means that the scheme is more secure. We tested the correlation coefficients from four angles, horizontal, vertical, 45\({}^{\circ}\), and 135\({}^{\circ}\), called R\({}_{\rm H}\), R\({}_{\rm v}\), R\({}_{\rm D}\), and R\({}_{\rm ID}\). First, [PERSON] first share was tested, and the results are shown in Figure 8, which shows that the pixels in the share are uniformly distributed and the pixel correlation coefficients of the four directions are close to zero, which indicates that the scheme has a terrific encryption effect. Then, we tested the reconstructed image with only two shares when \(T=3\), and the results are shown in Figure 9. The pixel correlation coefficients in all four directions are also close to zero, indicating that less than the threshold number of participants cannot reconstruct the carrier image.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Test Image** & **Share 1** & **Share 2** & **Share 3** & **Share 4** & **Reconstructed Image (\(T=2\))** \\ \hline Jetplane & 7.9801 & 7.9811 & 7.9803 & 7.9824 & 7.9719 \\ Peppers & 7.9843 & 7.9798 & 7.9816 & 7.9851 & 7.9804 \\ Airplane & 7.9771 & 7.9786 & 7.9802 & 7.9796 & 7.9785 \\ Goldhill & 7.9796 & 7.9803 & 7.9814 & 7.9796 & 7.9810 \\ Baboon & 7.9814 & 7.9811 & 7.9825 & 7.9831 & 7.9816 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Entropy of the 5 test images.  
Figure 7: Histogram of Peppers (**(a)** original image, **(b)** the first share, **(c)** the reconstructed image at \(T=2\), **(d)** the reconstructed image at \(T=3\), **(e)** the reconstructed image at \(T=4\); **(f–j)** the corresponding plane histogram; **(k–o)** the corresponding scatter histogram; **(p–t)** the corresponding 3D histogram).
# Numerical Study of Endwall Modification with Micro-Scale Ribs in a Turbine Cascade
## 1 Introduction
### Verification of Turbulence Model  
In this section, SST \(k\)-\(\omega\), standard \(k\)-\(\omega\), and standard \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\) were chosen for the comparison of turbulence models under the condition of \(MFR=1\%\). A test article of ribbed endwall was adopted to conduct verification and the experimental condition coincided with the boundary condition of numerical calculation. The comparison result is shown in Figure 4. In the experimental contrast, pressure-sensitive paint (PSP), which is widely used in turbine cooling research, was adopted to measure the \(\eta\) of endwall. The difference between the experiment and numerical calculation was focused on the upstream slot, which means that the boundary condition of two sides of passage was set as translational periodicity for coolant chamber wall, which made a difference of \(\eta\) at the vicinity of upstream slot outlet. In general, the numerical tendency of \(\eta_{l}\) coincided with the experiment. Although all the turbulence models overpredicted the \(\eta_{l}\) in the front range of \(\chi\)/\(\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{ax}}\), the SST coincided with the experiment in most \(x\)/\(\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{ax}}\) (\(>\)0.3). Therefore, SST was selected for the following calculations.  
Figure 4: Comparison of results. (**a**) Experimental apparatus; (**b**) Test article for verification; (**c**) Comparison of laterally averaged \(\eta\) (\(\eta_{l}\)) on the endwall.
## Constraint-Based Model
### Formal Process Data Structures  
Using notation presented in Section 2, let us denote \(\mathbb{T}\) as the set of all tasks included in the spreadsheet representation and \(\Delta\) as the set of all data entities identified by the process participants. Assuming that the cardinality of these sets are equal to \(n\) and \(m\), respectively, creation of the constraint model consists of generating two \(n\times m\) matrices:  
1. \(M_{TC}\): for conditions needed for a task to be executed,
2. \(M_{TE}\): for effects caused by the execution of a task.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**ID** & **Name** & **Type** \\ \hline
01 & Goods Request & Text/JSON \\
02 & Inventory Checked & Boolean \\
03 & Order Sent & Boolean \\
04 & Packing Slip & Text/JSON \\
05 & Packing Slip Record & Integer \\
06 & Order Reviewed & Boolean \\
07 & Funds Reserved & Boolean \\
08 & Invoice & Text/JSON \\
09 & Invoice Record & Integer \\
10 & Funds Released & Boolean \\
11 & Order Completed & Boolean \\
12 & Order Created & Boolean \\
13 & Order Reprocessed & Boolean \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Data entities present in the example business process.  
Values of matrices \(M_{TC}\) and \(M_{TE}\) should reflect the execution preconditions and effects of each task, as defined by the process participants in the specification (see Tables 1-4). A precondition or an effect is understood as the presence of data entities before or after task execution, respectively.  
Formulae (2) and (3) present rows of matrices \(M_{TC}\) and \(M_{TE}\), which correspond to the review order task specified in Table 4. The order of the columns refers to the order of data entities listed in Table 5.  
\[M_{TC}[ReviewOrder]=\left[\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccc}&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0& 0&1&-1\end{array}\right] \tag{2}\]  
\[M_{TE}[ReviewOrder]=\left[\begin{array}{cccccccccccc}&0&0&0&0&1&0&0&0&0&0&-1&0 \end{array}\right] \tag{3}\]  
In addition, having \(g\) as the number of admissible goal states, it is necessary to define a matrix \(M_{ST}\) of size \(g\times m\), which describes admissible goal states, and a \(m\)-element vector \(s_{0}\) should be defined to store information about the presence of data entities before the execution of the process. All these data structures can contain integer values from the set \(\{-1,0,1\}\). Table 6 explains the meaning of structure values with respect to data entities present in the process.  
The last structure to be defined is an \(n\)-element vector \(e_{t}\), which defines the maximum number of executions per each task. By default, its values should be equal to one unless the process contains loops or tasks executed iteratively. In the example supply process, the specification of which is presented in Tables 1-4, there is only one such task. Therefore, a vector \(e_{t}\) should contain a value of two on the corresponding position, while all its other elements should be equal to one.
## 5 Discussion and Conclusions  
This study developed a cloud energy-saving case-based reasoning agent built on the support of web services, ontology, and big data analytics for sustainability science. It showed the relevant R&D technologies and the results in great detail to students for educational purposes. It reviewed the relevant technologies for building a web services platform and explored how to widely integrate and support the cloud interaction of the back-end agent system via the technologies. After reviewing the R&D screen and the experiments of this system, the findings show that OntoCBRA can process over 40% of the inquiries, leaving only under 60% of the inquiries to the back-end system for processing. OntoCBRA not only can accumulate the experiences in data processing but can also effectively reduce the common burden of back-end server systems. In addition, the performance at querying new problems was improved. Importantly, according to the results of the 2013 paper [15], the main system architecture and its four main steps are unchanged, but two optimization steps for calculating the similarity of the cases are added to more clearly illustrate the relevant calculation procedures. This not only optimizes the overall efficiency but also allows the reader to repeatedly implement the detailed process of the proposed system, which are the contributions of this paper. Finally, we also applied the 2013 cases library directly to the 2016 data, which not only presented the four major steps of cases inference processing verification but also achieved about 5% system processing performance improvement. So far, although this study has developed an OntoCBRA system that works properly, there are still many parts that are not completed and need to be improved, as explained below. 1. The trigger for case reuse, case trimming, and expert-seeking in this study is currently based on seeking external experts. Future studies can explore the feasibility of automatically adjusting the trigger. 2. The independent case retainer meant that accumulating cases (case generation) is at the core of case-based reasoning. Since the cases in the current case base are quite few, this study only designed the function of adding cases. However, if future researchers only add cases to increase the knowledge contents, then the case base will have too many unnecessary similar cases, resulting in an increase in system burden. Hence, how to reduce the burden of the case base may be an issue worth exploring in the future. 3. Case adaptation is presently based on the system-defined similarity threshold. In the future, researchers can explore the feasibility of deeming the correlation and toughness between the type of sensor, electrical equipment, power consumption, equipment operation, and sensing data as the adaptation conditions. 4. This study concluded after comparing the new problem and the candidate cases that the case with the highest similarity was the recommended case. However, if there is no identical case after the comparison between a new problem and candidate cases, is it possible to consider the