## 3 Results
Figure 3: Multimodal imaging of patient 4 (see Table 1): (**a**) fundus photography shows a well-defined circumpapillary osteeoma with macular involvement; (**b**) SS-OCT shows the unique CO features of horizontal lamellar lines, hyperreflective horizontal lines, horizontal tubular lamella, and vertical tubular lamella (red arrow) with obvious focal choroidal excavation (dashed white arrow); (**c**) an en face image corresponding to (**g**) shows the clear border of the entire osteeoma; (**d,f**) an SS-OCTA image of the choriocapillaris layer shows the blood flow signal of the CO to be located mainly within the choriocapillaris and partly the Sattler’s layer on a composite B-scan. The hyporeflective tubular areas (red arrow), which were interpreted as intratumoral vessels, did not show a blood flow signal; (**e,g**) SS-OCTA segmentation covering the entire border of the osteeoma on aligned B-scan images shows the tumor boundary clearly demarcated from adjacent vessels of the choroidal Sattler’s layer and Haller’s layer. Figure 2: Multimodal imaging of patient 5 (see Table 1): (**a**) fundus photography shows a well-de fined circumpapillary osteeoma with macular involvement; (**b**) SS-OCT shows a region of speckled reflective dots, with obvious focal choroidal excavation (dashed arrow); (**c**) an en face image corresponding to (**g**) shows the clear border of the entire osteeoma; (**d,f**) an SS-OCTA image of the choriocapillaris layer shows the blood flow signal of osteeoma to be located mainly within the choriocapillaris and partly Sattler’s layer on a composite B-scan. Areas of overlying RPE hyperplasia and discontinuous or compressed choroidal vessels show no blood flow signal (yellow arrow). The hyporeflective tubular areas (red arrow) that were interpreted as intratumoral vessels did not show any blood flow signal; (**e,g**) SS-OCTA segmentation covering the entire border of the CO on aligned B-scan images shows the boundary of the tumor clearly demarcated from adjacent vessels of the choroidal Sattler’s layer and Haller’s layer. Figure 4: Multimodal imaging of patient 1 (see Table 1): (**a**) fundus photography shows an orange-yellow CO at the macula with subretinal hemorrhage; (**b**) an en face image corresponding to (**f**); (**c**) FA and ICGA show an early hyperfluorescent network with dye leakage; (**d**) the avascular layer of SS-OCTA and corresponding B-scan show a hyperreflective area (the neovascular network interlacing with feeder vessels of the tumor) growing above the disrupted [PERSON]’s member (green arrow) on the slope of the focal choroidal excavation (dashed white arrow). This area contains hyporeflective tubular lamella (red arrow, presumed to be feeder vessels of the tumor) that could show blood flow signals and hyperreflective horizontal lamellar lines (yellow arrow, presumed to be bone lamella or cement lines); (**e**) SS-OCTA of the choriocapillaris layer shows the blood flow signal of the osteoma is located mainly within the choriocapillaris and partly the Sattler’s layer on the composite B-scan. The hyporeflective tubular areas (blue arrow), which were interpreted as intratumoral vessels, did not detect a flow signal; (**f**) SS-OCTA segmentation covering the entire border of the osteoma on the aligned B-scan images shows the boundary of the tumor clearly demarcated from the adjacent vessels of the choroidal Sattler’s layer and Haller’s layer.