## 4 Results Analysis
### Temporal Change Characteristics of the ESV  
According to Equation (2), the ESV of Putian City from 2000 to 2020 was calculated, as presented in Table 9 and Figure 6. The results indicated a consistent upward trend of ESV in Putian City from 2000 to 2020, rising steadily from 15.4 billion CNY to 23.1 billion CNY. Over the past two decades, this represents a total increase of 7.7 billion CNY and a remarkable growth rate of 50.29%. Furthermore, the ESV intensity increased from 39,300 CNY/hm\({}^{2}\) to 59,000 CNY/hm\({}^{2}\), highlighting the enhanced ecosystem services provided by the city's natural environment. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Period**} & **District or** & **Unchanged** & **Decreased** & **Decreased** & **Decreased** & **Decreased** & **Decreased** & **Decreased** & **Decreased** \\  & **County** & **Area** & **Cultivate** & **Forest** & **Orchard** & **Orchard** & **Grassland** & **Water** & **Built-Up** & **Unused** \\  & & & **Land** & **Land** & **Land** & **Grassland** & **Body** & **Land** & **Land** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2000-2010} & Chengxiang & 451.62 & 17.99 & 3.24 & 0.04 & 8.87 & 0.09 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\  & Hangjiang & 722.02 & 23.03 & 4.77 & 0.19 & 3.20 & 0.15 & 0.00 & 0.01 \\  & Licheng & 241.62 & 26.07 & 1.53 & 0.06 & 9.83 & 0.17 & 0.00 & 0.01 \\  & Xiuyu & 478.36 & 38.65 & 10.04 & 0.00 & 32.66 & 0.94 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\  & Xianyou & 1782.70 & 45.20 & 14.05 & 0.12 & 5.53 & 0.06 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\  & Total & 3676.32 & 150.94 & 33.62 & 0.40 & 60.09 & 1.41 & 0.00 & 0.02 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2010-2020} & Chengxiang & 463.89 & 13.03 & 3.91 & 0.01 & 0.79 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.22 \\  & Hangjiang & 730.74 & 16.22 & 4.76 & 0.06 & 1.23 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.35 \\  & Licheng & 260.03 & 17.92 & 0.83 & 0.02 & 0.21 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.25 \\  & Xiuyu & 483.38 & 71.56 & 0.69 & 0.00 & 2.31 & 0.01 & 0.00 & 2.70 \\  & Xianyou & 1801.27 & 27.65 & 12.12 & 0.06 & 4.56 & 0.23 & 0.00 & 1.77 \\  & Total & 3739.31 & 146.38 & 22.31 & 0.14 & 9.09 & 0.24 & 0.00 & 5.30 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Sources: Drawings from this study.  
\end{table} 
Table 8: The structure list of land-use falling Tupu in Putian City from 2000 to 2020 (km\({}^{2}\)). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Year** & **Cultivated** & **Forest** & **Orchard** & **Grassland** & **Waterbody** & **Built-Up** & **Unused** & **Total** \\  & & **Land** & **Land** & **Land** & **Grassland** & **Hard** & **Land** & **Land** & **Total** \\ \hline Ecosystem services & 2000 & 12.45 & 101.95 & 0.38 & 9.32 & 33.06 & \(-\)3.28 & 0.15 & 154.03 \\ value/10\({}^{8}\) CNY & 2010 & 15.34 & 139.59 & 0.64 & 10.97 & 49.59 & \(-\)10.18 & 0.39 & 206.35 \\  & 2020 & 15.72 & 159.85 & 0.90 & 12.74 & 57.66 & \(-\)15.99 & 0.60 & 231.48 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Change rate/\%} & 2000–2010 & 0.23 & 0.37 & 0.70 & 0.18 & 0.50 & 2.11 & 1.61 & 0.34 \\  & 2010–2020 & 0.02 & 0.15 & 0.41 & 0.16 & 0.16 & 0.57 & 0.52 & 0.12 \\  & 2000–2020 & 0.26 & 0.57 & 1.40 & 0.37 & 0.74 & 3.88 & 2.95 & 0.50 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Sources: Drawings from this study.  
\end{table} 
Table 9: Ecosystem services value in Putian City from 2000 to 2020. A detailed analysis of ESV across different land-use types revealed a clear dominance of forest land (67.63%), followed by water bodies (23.47%), cultivated land (7.44%), grassland (5.62%), orchard land (0.32%), and unused land (0.18%). Notably, built-up land exhibited a negative ESV, making it the sole land type with detrimental ecological effects. Excluding built-up land, all other land types displayed an upward trend in ESV over the study period, with growth rates ranging from 2.95% for unused land to 0.57% for forest land. The ESV of each land type exhibited distinct trends between the two periods of study. From 2000 to 2010, unused land, orchard land, and water bodies experienced significant changes, while grassland ESV exhibited the smallest variation. In contrast, ESV increased for all land types during 2010-2020, albeit with a modest overall growth rate of approximately 5%.