## 1 Introduction  
Before the mid-18 th century, people mainly relied on natural light from the sun and moon, with artificial lighting being rare. The introduction of artificial lighting in the mid-18 th century revolutionized illumination, impacting urban planning and architecture [1]. By the late 1800s, streetmaps became widespread, marking a shift toward more economical lighting solutions [2]. Early streetmaps, often made from decorative materials like cast iron, not only improved visibility and safety but also added aesthetic value to public spaces [3]. In recent years, conventional light sources such as incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes and halogen lamps have been replaced by energy-efficient LED lighting, which has reduced the energy and operating costs of streetlights by over 46% [4]. The need to combat climate change and rising fuel costs is driving this change and pushing for better energy management [5, 6]. Lighting accounts for one-fifth to one-sixth of global electricity consumption [7]. The advent of electricity led to simpler streetlights, while neon signs, billboards and shop fronts became prominent features of the cityscape [8, 9]. Monuments and green spaces were also illuminated to attract attention and beauty public spaces [9]. In order to create sustainable cities at night, eight key aspects of urban lighting were identified:  
1. social; 2. safety, security and wayfinding; 3. cultural and heritage; 4. environmental;
2. regulatory and legal; 6. night-time economy; 7. public health and wellbeing; and
3. technological [10]. Sustainable lighting is today highly subjected to technological advances in design with energy efficient light sources [11]. There is a wide range of research on the topic of outdoor lighting for public spaces. These include studies on street lighting [12; 13; 14; 15; 16], advertising lighting [17], security lighting [18; 19; 20], architectural lighting [21; 22], and smart lighting. Smart lighting refers to lighting technology that is designed for energy efficiency, user convenience, and enhanced functionality through automation and connectivity. The transition from traditional to smart street lighting has provided significant advancements in terms of energy savings, automation, maintenance efficiency, and environmental benefits. Smart lighting systems enable cities to reduce operational costs, enhance sustainability, and improve the safety and comfort of public spaces. Smart lighting can significantly reduce energy consumption while enhancing user satisfaction and overall productivity. Studies have demonstrated that implementing smart lighting systems in commercial buildings can lead to energy savings of up to 35% [23]. Smart lighting is not only used indoors but also outdoors, where it offers similar benefits. The use of intelligent dynamic street lighting systems that adapt to the presence and behavior of users can illuminate the streets only when and where it is necessary. In this way, it provides a solution to the problems of energy waste and light pollution [24; 25] associated with traditional street lighting methods [13; 26; 27]. Currently, artificial lighting is responsible for the expansion of illuminated outdoor areas at a rate of 2.2% per year [28]. This change in the environment due to the amount and spectrum of light also triggers unwanted disturbances for humans and other living beings [29]. Recognizing and capitalizing on these challenges becomes crucial in curbing excessive nighttime illumination. Investing in the optimal measures for improving the energy efficiency of urban lighting systems has become strategic for the economic, technological, and social development of cities [30]. Alongside technical advancements, various institutions such as the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) [31], the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) [32], and the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) [33] have advocated for setting lighting restrictions based on the specific functions of different areas.