## 3 Results and Discussion
### Microstructural Properties of R. typhina Fruits Using SEM Analysis
#### 3.2.1 UAE Applied to Dried R. typhina Fruits
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Experimental** & **TAC** & **TPC** & **TTC** & **TFC** & **Carotenoids** \\
**Run** & **(mg/100 g DW)** & **(mg GAE/100 g DW)** & **(mg CE/100 g DW)** & **(mg QE/100 g DW)** & **(mg \(\beta\)-carotene/100 g DW)** \\ \hline
1 & 23.55 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 1263.29 \(\pm\) 1.87 & 1431.544 \(\pm\) 3.744 & 1924.72 \(\pm\) 2.26 & 29.79 \(\pm\) 1.78 \\
2 & 24.82 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 1280.92 \(\pm\) 1.85 & 1394.396 \(\pm\) 3.090 & 1308.58 \(\pm\) 5.62 & 29.45 \(\pm\) 1.66 \\
3 & 29.67 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 1328.96 \(\pm\) 2.99 & 1618.665 \(\pm\) 2.289 & 1884.01 \(\pm\) 5.54 & 32.45 \(\pm\) 0.16 \\
4 & 12.06 \(\pm\) 0.51 & 1257.34 \(\pm\) 2.66 & 1476.852 \(\pm\) 2.430 & 1587.96 \(\pm\) 52.93 & 30.64 \(\pm\) 1.20 \\
5 & 24.82 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 884.26 \(\pm\) 2.24 & 1491.888 \(\pm\) 4.280 & 1790.93 \(\pm\) 2.77 & 29.21 \(\pm\) 0.39 \\
6 & 10.14 \(\pm\) 0.44 & 841.27 \(\pm\) 2.03 & 1379.923 \(\pm\) 3.620 & 1073.73 \(\pm\) 0.91 & 27.35 \(\pm\) 2.31 \\
7 & 21.98 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 1679.56 \(\pm\) 8.19 & 1582.841 \(\pm\) 3.944 & 2399.13 \(\pm\) 4.09 & 32.49 \(\pm\) 0.44 \\
8 & 19.02 \(\pm\) 0.17 & 1719.27 \(\pm\) 8.67 & 1481.360 \(\pm\) 1.416 & 1824.92 \(\pm\) 4.97 & 31.53 \(\pm\) 0.42 \\
9 & 37.35 \(\pm\) 0.20 & 844.823 \(\pm\) 3.17 & 1427.501 \(\pm\) 3.966 & 1417.39 \(\pm\) 6.26 & 29.26 \(\pm\) 4.83 \\
10 & 30.41 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 849.44 \(\pm\) 2.91 & 1583.365 \(\pm\) 3.978 & 1557.07 \(\pm\) 93.73 & 29.04 \(\pm\) 0.58 \\
11 & 27.25 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 1692.71 \(\pm\) 10.85 & 1417.848 \(\pm\) 1.887 & 2294.65 \(\pm\) 0.42 & 31.17 \(\pm\) 1.64 \\
12 & 29.96 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 1729.34 \(\pm\) 11.78 & 1620.104 \(\pm\) 4.848 & 3047.54 \(\pm\) 3.65 & 33.90 \(\pm\) 0.88 \\
13 & 31.38 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 1316.24 \(\pm\) 9.30 & 1539.462 \(\pm\) 4.222 & 2240.80 \(\pm\) 79.54 & 32.82 \(\pm\) 0.75 \\
14 & 33.19 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 1305.96 \(\pm\) 9.83 & 1596.435 \(\pm\) 4.694 & 2384.95 \(\pm\) 5.29 & 32.13 \(\pm\) 0.72 \\
15 & 26.31 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 1337.72 \(\pm\) 8.30 & 1548.495 \(\pm\) 2.639 & 2437.02 \(\pm\) 1.68 & 32.01 \(\pm\) 0.14 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The contents of bioactive compounds from ethanolic extracts of _R. typhina_ fruits, obtained by UAE technique; results are expressed as mean values \(\pm\) SD. The mean TTC was significantly lower at an extraction time of 10 min compared to 30 min (\(p\) = 0.0136 *), while the mean TPC was higher at a 20/1 solvent/solid ratio than at 10/1 (\(p\) = 0.0008 *) or 15/1 (\(p\) = 0.0746), and lower at 10/1 than at 15/1 (\(p\) = 0.0746). The average carotenoid content was significantly lower at a 10/1 solvent/solid ratio than at 15/1 (\(p\) = 0.0232 *) or 20/1 (\(p\) = 0.0085 *). The results for antioxidant activity measured by FRAP and DPPH assays of the fruit extracts obtained by UAE are summarized in Table 5. For details regarding the experimental conditions and significance of the experimental run code, please refer to Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Experimental Run**} & **FRAP** & **Radical Scavenging Activity by DPPH** \\  & **(mg AAE/100 g DW)** & **(\%)** \\ \hline
1 & 448.985 \(\pm\) 4.116 & 87.981 \(\pm\) 0.067 \\
2 & 458.777 \(\pm\) 6.074 & 86.584 \(\pm\) 0.248 \\
3 & 453.146 \(\pm\) 4.623 & 87.002 \(\pm\) 0.224 \\
4 & 440.742 \(\pm\) 3.980 & 87.828 \(\pm\) 0.043 \\
5 & 219.034 \(\pm\) 2.881 & 84.902 \(\pm\) 0.124 \\
6 & 194.368 \(\pm\) 3.355 & 86.514 \(\pm\) 0.162 \\
7 & 806.387 \(\pm\) 3.057 & 89.334 \(\pm\) 0.105 \\
8 & 753.555 \(\pm\) 5.307 & 90.554 \(\pm\) 0.132 \\
9 & 143.622 \(\pm\) 2.857 & 86.321 \(\pm\) 0.020 \\
10 & 106.817 \(\pm\) 2.687 & 84.422 \(\pm\) 0.089 \\
11 & 910.749 \(\pm\) 4.572 & 88.319 \(\pm\) 0.092 \\
12 & 740.257 \(\pm\) 7.795 & 91.257 \(\pm\) 0.059 \\
13 & 504.681 \(\pm\) 3.475 & 87.956 \(\pm\) 0.173 \\
14 & 500.296 \(\pm\) 5.588 & 87.456 \(\pm\) 0.030 \\
15 & 457.802 \(\pm\) 1.312 & 86.879 \(\pm\) 0.029 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts of \(R\).