esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Modulation of Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Human Monocytes by cGMP and IRAK3
## 2 Results
### Effects of cGMP on Inflammatory Markers in Wild Type and IRAK3 Knockdown/Knockout THP-1 Cells
THP-1 IRAK3\({}^{+/+}\) wild type or K6-3 THP-1 IRAK3\({}^{-/-}\) cell lines were stimulated with 1 ug/mL LPS for 18 h and cell supernatants were collected to quantify TNF-\(\alpha\) (C) and IL-6 (E) cytokine protein levels (mean \(\pm\) SEM, \(n\) = 5-7, Unpaired \(t\)-test, \({}^{*}\)\(p\) < 0.05). (**D**,**F**) cGMP has no effect on cytokine production in K6-3 THP-1 IRAK3\({}^{-/-}\) cells. K6-3 THP-1 IRAK3\({}^{-/-}\) cells were treated with 1 ug/mL LPS and 8-Br-cGMP at 100 fM (\(10^{-13}\)), 100 pM (\(10^{-10}\)) and 100 nM (\(10^{-7}\)), and 24 h post-treatment cell supernatants were collected to quantify TNF-\(\alpha\) (**D**) and IL-6 (**F**) protein levels using ELISA. Control cells (Con) were treated with LPS only (mean \(\pm\) SEM, \(n\) = 4-5, One-way ANOVA followed by [PERSON]’s multiple comparisons test, ns: not significant). To test the level of IRAK3 protein present in the cell lines, we used three commercial IRAK3 antibodies which bind to the death domain (NSJ Bioreagent) or C-terminal domain (Santa Cruz and Cell Signaling Technology--CST) (Figure 4A). IRAK3 protein is virtually undetectable with any of the antisera in the K6-3 THP-1 IRAK3 heterozygous knockout (IRAK3\({}^{-/-}\)) cells compared to wild type cells (Figure 4B and Supplemental Figure S8). However, light bands of IRAK3 wild type protein occur in K5-1 THP-1 IRAK3 heterozygous knockdown (IRAK3\({}^{+/-}\)) cells (Figure 4B and Supplemental Figure S8), as the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutations generated a truncated protein with only 44 amino acids and a full length IRAK3-mutated protein with one amino acid substitution (Supplemental Figures S6B and S7A). Thus, the K5-1 IRAK3\({}^{+/-}\) cell line is not a full knockout with partial expression of IRAK3-mutated protein containing the substituted amino acid (N4T) that is not predicted to affect IRAK3 function. Treatment with LPS markedly stimulated production of TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-6 cytokines in K5-1 IRAK3\({}^{+/-}\) or K6-3 IRAK3\({}^{-/-}\) monocytes compared with wild type monocytes (Figure 4C,E and Supplemental Figure S7B,D), confirming the suppressive effects of IRAK3 on inflammatory responses to endotoxins reported previously [3; 4; 10; 11; 46]. To determine if cGMP could reduce LPS-induced cytokine production, the K6-3 IRAK3\({}^{-/-}\) cells were simultaneously exposed to LPS and 8-Br-cGMP, and no change in TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-6 protein levels were seen (Figure 4D,F). A similar response is observed for the heterozygous K5-1 THP-1 IRAK3\({}^{+/-}\) mutants (Supplemental Figure S7C,E). The lack of response markedly differs from LPS-stimulated wild type cell lines where TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-6 levels are significantly suppressed by the same doses of cGMP (0.1 nM and 100 nM) (Figure 1B,C). This finding indicates that there is a relationship between the effects of cGMP and IRAK3 on regulating immune responses in monocytic cell lines.
# LDPC Decoder Design Using Compensation Scheme of Group Comparison for 5G Communication Systems
## 2 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes
### Parity Check Matrices for 5G NR Standard  
The \(\mathbf{H}\) matrix of the LDPC code in the 5G NR specification conforms to the QC-LDPC code, so we designed the dual-mode LDPC decoder according to the characteristics of the QC-LDPC code. The 5G NR specification is typically divided into BGs 1 and 2. It is subdivided into eight different lifting sizes for each BG. We adopted two different specifications for \(\mathbf{H}\), achieved without rate-matching. The first matrix comes from index 1 of the BG1. As shown in Figure 1a, the base matrix is a 4 \(\times\) 26 QC-LDPC code with a code rate of 11/13, \(w_{r}~{}=~{}19\), and \(w_{c}~{}=~{}4\). The second matrix comes from index 1 of the BG 2. As shown in Figure 1b, the base matrix is a 4 \(\times\) 14 QC-LDPC code with a code rate of 5/7, \(w_{r}~{}=~{}10\), and \(w_{c}~{}=~{}3\). The code lengths were 9984 and 5376 in BG 1 and BG 2, respectively. For the details of the 5G NR QC-LDPC encoder design, readers can refer to [14,15].
# Enhancements and Challenges in CoAP--A Survey
## 3 Applications of CoAP
### Interoperability and Integration  
This subsection describes how the CoAP is used for the purpose of interoperability and integration. The CoAP is implemented for interoperability with other application layer protocols such as HTTP and MQTT as well as integration of different healthcare standards.
## 3 Processing Method
### The Proposed Method
#### 3.2.4 Signal Phase Error Compensation  
After compensating \(\hat{\varphi}_{m}^{\prime}(\eta)\) for (8), it follows from Equations (11) and (13) that the remaining phase error between adjacent data within a set of data at the moment \(\eta\) is  
\[\begin{array}{l}\varphi_{m}^{\prime}(\eta)=\frac{4\pi}{\lambda}\bigg{(}mT_{ prt}-\frac{d_{m}}{v_{a}}\bigg{)}v_{c}\\ \hskip 14.226378 pt-\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\bigg{(}mT_{prt}-\frac{d_{m}}{v_{a}} \bigg{)}T_{prt}a_{c}+\frac{4\pi}{\lambda}\bigg{(}\bigg{(}mT_{prt}-\frac{d_{m}} {v_{a}}\bigg{)}\bigg{)}a_{c}\eta\ \,m=1,2,\ldots,M-1\end{array} \tag{19}\]  
By arranging Equation (19) in the order of the spatial azimuth of the sampling points, the phase error sequence is obtained as follows:\[\begin{array}{rl}\Delta\varphi(k)=&-\frac{4\pi}{\lambda}T^{\prime}_{(\text{mod}(k,M)-1 )}v_{c}-\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}T^{\prime}_{(\text{mod}(k,M)-1)}T_{prt}a_{c}-\frac{4 \pi}{\lambda}T^{\prime}_{(\text{mod}(k,M)-1)}\left\lfloor\frac{k-1}{M}\right \rfloor T_{prt}a_{c}\\ &-\frac{4\pi}{\lambda}\left\lfloor\frac{k-1}{M}\right\rfloor T_{prt}v_{c}-\frac {2\pi}{\lambda}\left(\left\lfloor\frac{k-1}{M}\right\rfloor T_{prt}\right)^{2 }a_{c}\end{array} \tag{20}\]  
where \(T^{\prime}_{m}=d_{m}/v_{a}-mT_{prt}\) denotes the azimuth interval between the \(m\)th channel of the rearranged data and the reference channel. \(\left\lfloor\ \ \right\rfloor\) denotes rounding down and \(\text{mod}(\ )\) denotes the remainder. After compensating for the radial acceleration \(\delta_{c}\) estimated using Equation (18), Equation (20) is expressed as  
\[\Delta\varphi(k)=-\frac{4\pi}{\lambda}T^{\prime}_{(\text{mod}(k,M)-1)}v_{c}- \frac{4\pi}{\lambda}\left\lfloor\frac{k-1}{M}\right\rfloor T_{prt}v_{c} \tag{21}\]  
where \(\Delta\varphi(k)\) is the remaining phase error caused by the platform radial velocity error after compensation by the proposed method. However, the remaining phase error is in a linear form along with the azimuth sampling points, which can be equated to making the spatial sampling point arrangement deviate from the ideal track and arranging it along the new track co-linearly. A schematic diagram of the track offset after signal error compensation is shown in Figure 6.  
After the track is offset, both the motion velocity of the platform and the sampling point along the track (compensated track) interval change due to the radial error, but the ratio remains unchanged. From Equation (14) in [20], it is clear that the signal reconstruction effect is not affected when the ratio of the motion velocity and the sampling point interval along the track are unchanged. After signal reconstruction, the radial velocity error basically does not affect image focus.  
The above method is performed on the premise that the phase error is range invariant in the local area. The phase error of the entire scene is obtained by fitting the estimation results of each chunk by the method proposed in [23]. After the global phase error is obtained and compensated, the HRWS image can be obtained by signal reconstruction and SAR imaging processing.
###### Abstract  
In the context of earth observation and remote sensing, super-resolution aims to enhance the resolution of a captured image by upscaling and enhancing its details. In recent years, numerous methods for super-resolution of Sentinel-2 (S2) multispectral images have been suggested. Most of those methods depend on various tuning parameters that affect how effective they are. This paper's aim is twofold. Firstly, we propose to use Bayesian optimization at a reduced scale to select tuning parameters. Secondly, we choose tuning parameters for eight S2 super-resolution methods and compare them using real and synthetic data. While all the methods give good quantitative results, Area-To-Point Regression Kriging (ATPRK), Sentinel-2 Sharpening (S2 Sharp), and Sentinel-2 Symmetric Skip Connection convolutional neural network (S2 SSC) perform markedly better on several datasets than the other methods tested in this paper.  
data fusion; image sharpening; multispectral (MS) multiresolution images; Sentinel-2; sharpening of bands; super-resolution Article  
A Comparison of Optimized Sentinel-2 Super-Resolution Methods Using Wald's Protocol and Bayesian Optimization. _Remote Sens._**2021**, 13, 2192. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112192](https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112192)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112192](https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112192))  
1
## 3 Results
### Examinations on Cultured Cells
#### 3.1.4 Motility of Malignant Cells Was Significantly Impaired by CAP Treatment  
Motility and migration were analysed in a 2D-setup following incubation with CAP-treated culture medium comparing non-malignant and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Into a confluent layer of cells, the scratch width was measured at start (0 h), after 12 h and 24 h following addition of CAP-treated culture medium. By comparison, untreated HNO97 cells moved significantly faster (Figure 4A) than untreated HaCaT keratinocytes (Figure 4B); gap closure within 24 h constituted 50% and 20%, respectively (Figure 4C). CAP treatment on HaCaT cells had no significant influence for the tested treatment time regimen (Figure 4C). However, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells gap closure was significantly reduced from 50% in untreated cells to 20% after CAP treatment. In summary, CAP treatment caused a significant impairment in the motility behaviour of HNO97 while HaCaT keratinocytes remained nearly unaffected.  
Figure 3: Activation of caspase 3/7 by CAP treated cell culture medium in HaCaT keratinocytes and HNO97 cells. CAP treatment took place for 0, 20, 40, 80 and 150 s and incubation followed for 6 h. Activation is detected as relative fluorescent units (RFU). Each bar resulted of three individual measurements (mean +SD).  
Figure 4: Cell motility was tested in HNO97 cancer cells and HaCaT keratinocytes in response to CAP treatment. Representative microscopic photographs of a scratch assay are depicted for (**A**) HNO97 and (**B**) HaCaT keratinocytes. Cell motility was evaluated as gap closure in % of the initial distance after 12 and 24 h, respectively and displayed as bar graph (**C**) for both cell lines. HaCaT keratinocytes are significantly less motile compared to their malignant counterpart HNO97 (compare both ctrl). Addition of CAP treated medium reduced cell motility significantly in HNO97 (empty bars) while HaCaT keratinocytes are not affected (dark bars). The assay was performed at least in triplicates. Bars represent mean + SD. Magnification \(\times\) 100.
###### Abstract  
The extensive identification of moving events on a territory holds significant potential to help monitor shifts in biodiversity and contribute to assessing the impacts of drought events. Additionally, it provides valuable insights into farming practices and their consequential economic and ecological effects. To overcome challenges in obtaining reference grazing information directly from the field, this study introduces a novel methodology leveraging the compressed sward height (CSH) derived from Sentinel-I, Sentinel-2, and meteorological data, boasting an accuracy of 20 mm. Our central hypothesis posits that the moving status of a parcel can be automatically discerned by analyzing the distribution and variation of its CSH values. Employing a two-step strategy, we first applied unsupervised algorithms, specifically k-means and isolation forest, and subsequently amalgamated the outcomes with a partial least squares analysis on an extensive dataset encompassing 194,657 pastures spanning the years 2018 to 2021. The culmination of our modeling efforts yielded a validation accuracy of 0.66, as ascertained from a focused dataset of 68 pastures. Depending on the studied year and with a threshold fixed at 0.50, 21% to 57% of all the parcels in the Wallonia dataset were tagged as mown by our model. This study introduces an innovative approach for the automated detection of mown parcels, showcasing its potential to monitor agricultural activities at scale.  
machine learning; compressed sward height; mopplsciences
## 6 Discussion  
This study analyses the effect of the observation geometry on the short-arc angles-only initial orbit determination, finding that the optical sensor has the worst surveillance capability for targets in the same orbital plane or those nearly directly above it.  
First, the GDOP is chosen to describe the accuracy of initial orbit determination. The specific form of the GDOP is derived using the UVM, which is the linear orbit determination equation for the target state. Simulation experiments show that the approximate Lagrangian coefficients and distances are constant for short observation arcs and have little effect on the covariance matrix. At this point, the GDOP is close to the analytical form. Then, a method is proposed to represent all possible observation geometries in terms of the right ascension of the target and optical sensor, along with the angle between the target and optical sensor orbital planes in a new coordinate system. Through simulation experiments, it is concluded that the accuracy of the initial orbit determination is poor in two cases for  
Figure 5: Right ascension of the target and optical sensor in the new coordinate system, which corresponds to the midpoint of each visible arc segment.  
all conditions--when the target and sensor are at the same right ascension and declination or when the orbital planes of the target and sensor are close to coplanarity.  
This article focuses on the influence of the observation geometry on the initial orbit determination algorithm from a computational point of view. The observation error was assumed to be constant in the simulation experiment. The observation conditions of the target are influenced by the observation geometry and the position of the sun. Observation errors may vary for the same optical sensor with different observation geometries. The observation error and GDOP are approximately linearly related. The effect of the Sun's relative position on the observation error can be added as an additional factor to the conclusions of this paper.  
Conceptualization, Z.F. and C.Y.; methodology, Z.F. and Y.Q; software, Z.F. and A.X; validation, Z.F. and H.W.; formal analysis, A.X.; investigation, H.W.; resources, Y.Q.; data curation, C.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.F.; writing--review and editing, C.Y. and Y.Q.; supervision, Y.Q.; project administration, C.Y.; funding acquisition, C.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61627819, Grant 61727818, Grant 61805235 and Grant 61875192.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Experiments and Results  
### Datasets  
This study focuses on entity recognition tasks in the field of mine hoist equipment faults. Since no public dataset exists in this field, we extracted fault text information from the on-site maintenance logs, operation manuals, safety procedures, and equipment checklists of a large state-owned non-ferrous metal group. We collected the literature related to mine hoists from CNKI, Wanfang Data, Baidu Encyclopedia, and other websites. The collected corpus was pre-processed, such as removing stop words, deleting unrecognizable special symbols, and useless spaces between strings, resulting in a total of 7732 pieces of text corpus in the field of mine hoists. The generated corpus was manually annotated using a Label-Studio annotation platform, with the annotation method being BIO (Begin Inside Outside). For example, in the sentence  
Effect (FET), and Repair Measures (RMS). Based on the corpus annotation, a mine hoist dataset was built, and according to a ratio of 80%, 10%, and 10%, 6182 training sets, 775 validation sets, and 775 test sets were obtained.
## 6 Conclusions  
This study presents a new formula for estimating the rotating bending fatigue limit in terms of Vickers hardness and loading frequency as parameters for low-carbon and medium-carbon steels. In other words, it became possible to estimate the rotating bending fatigue limit by transforming the formula for fatigue limit estimation under axial-loading fatigue that was proposed by [PERSON], based on the rate process theory, into a formula that added material hardness and stress index. The loading frequency and hardness of carbon steel were found to be important parameters in explaining the fatigue limit of the material. The main conclusions from this study can be summarized as follows:  
1. The fatigue limits were compared with the axial-loading model in terms of the rate process theory based on carbon content proposed by [PERSON] et al. and the results of the rotating bending fatigue test. A significant difference was observed, especially in the medium-carbon steel group. It was concluded that this result was caused by differences in static strength such as hardness within the same group.
2. Three-dimensional plots were used to confirm the relationship between loading frequency, Vickers hardness, and fatigue limit. The results revealed that loading frequency and Vickers hardness mutually influence the fatigue limit. That is, the effect of loading frequency on the fatigue limit was greater for materials with smaller Vickers hardness, and the effect of loading frequency on the fatigue limit was smaller for materials with larger Vickers hardness.
3. We considered the adoption of the stress index with reference to the basic equation of creep, which expresses the dependence of stress on the strain rate. We also proposed a new fatigue-estimation formula that expresses the loading-frequency dependence of the fatigue limit using the Vickers hardness and stress index.
4. The stress index in the newly proposed fatigue limit estimation formula was used as a parameter representing the influence of the type of load. It was suggested that the fatigue limit can be estimated by setting the stress index to \(n=1\) for axial-loading fatigue and \(n=1.09\) for rotating bending fatigue.  
Conceptualization, M.F. and N.O.; methodology, B.G.; investigation, M.F. and N.O.; project administration, N.H. and T.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.
# A Wideband Circularly Polarized Filtering Dipole Antenna
## 3 Antenna Implementation

Table 1: Comparison of the proposed and reported CP filtering antennas. (\(\lambda_{0}\) denotes the wavelength corresponding to the lowest operating frequency). can achieve good broadband CP filtering performance, it increases the antenna's profile height, leading to larger overall dimensions and limiting its applicability. Additionally, the performance improvements are constrained. For instance, in [10], while CP filtering was realized, the AR bandwidth was only 15.2%, with a GSI (Gain-Suppression Index) of merely 0.73. Notably, Refs. [11; 12] utilized stacked patches to achieve relatively wide AR bandwidths, but this came at the cost of increased profile height, weak out-of-band suppression, and unstable in-band gain. In [13], the stacked-patch approach achieved CP filtering but with a narrow AR bandwidth of 9.32% and poor GSI. Although Ref. [14] demonstrated high radiation gain, it still exhibited shortcomings in AR bandwidth and out-of-band suppression capability. In [20], a crossed-dipole structure was used to realize CP radiation, while two annular structures were cleverly employed to generate filtering effects. However, the AR bandwidth remained narrow, and the overall size was relatively large. The proposed antenna exhibits a wide axial ratio (AR) bandwidth, excellent filtering performance, and stable in-band circularly polarized (CP) radiation characteristics. Moreover, it achieves a high gain stability index (GSI) of 0.888, calculated using the methodology outlined in [21].
# Epileptic Seizure Detection in Neonatal EEG Using a Multi-Band Graph Neural Network Model
## 6 Conclusions  
Manual inspection of long-term EEG recordings to detect neonatal seizure events is challenging and inefficient for the NICU. This study has presented a graph-based method for automated neonatal seizure detection. Unlike existing graph-based methods, we innovatively employed a band-wise EEG classification scheme to fully exploit the multi-band EEG information by combining the band-wise feature extraction method and the MBGNN model. For each EEG epoch, a set of band-wise graph representations were constructed based on the temporal features within each channel and the synchronicity between different channels. In the classification section, the proposed MBGNN model transformed the multi-band graph representations into an aggregated graph embedding via the GAT, the DIFFPOOL, and the band-wise aggregation algorithm. The proposed method was tested on the Helsinki database using the 10-fold cross validation method and compared with related works on the same database. The proposed method shows a promising performance in neonatal seizure detection and could provide a new sight for EEG-related research.  
Conceptualization, L.T.; methodology, L.T.; investigation, L.T. and M.Z.; writing--original draft, L.T.; supervision, M.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The Helsinki database is open-access and available on the website: [[https://zenodo.org/records/2547147](https://zenodo.org/records/2547147)]([https://zenodo.org/records/2547147](https://zenodo.org/records/2547147)) (accessed on 19 April 2023).  
This research was supported in parts by Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Technology.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Improving Medical X-ray Report Generation by Using Knowledge Graph
## 4 Experiments
### Datasets  
#### 4.1.1 MIMIC-CXR Dataset  
The MIMIC-CXR dataset is a large publicly available dataset of chest X-ray images in JPG format, containing 377,110 images and 227,835 medical reports of 65,379 patients from multiple viewpoints. Chest X-ray images from three main perspectives are reported: anterior-posterior (AP), posterior-anterior (PA), and lateral (LA). Each study included a comparison, clinical history, indication, reason for examination, impression, and findings section. In our approach, we use multi-view images and concatenate the clinical history, reason for examination, and indication sections as contextual information. For consistency, we follow the experimental setup of [39] and focus on generating the \"findings\" section as the corresponding radiology report.