esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Temperature Distribution of U-Shaped Girder Bridge  
### Three-Dimensional Temperature Distribution  
In this section, the FEM U-shaped girder bridge verified by the test was used for numerical simulation of the temperature field, and the results are shown in Figure 12. Figure 12 illustrates the 3D temperature distribution of the U-shaped girder bridge at 0:00, 9:00, 12:00, and 16:00 on 16 May. These times were chosen to depict distinct phases of the temperature cycle of the day. The temperature field has the following characteristics: During the daytime, due to the mutual shading effect of the structure, distinct shadows form on certain areas of the structural surface. The temperatures in these shadowed areas are lower than those in areas exposed directly to sunlight. At the support end of the bridge, the thickened design of the structure and the difference between shadowed areas result in substantial variations in the temperature field compared with other parts of the bridge, but the temperature field changes little along the longitudinal direction. The main reason is the two-way convection effect between these locations and the surrounding temperature, as opposed to a more limited one-way convection effect on other external surfaces, which results in pronounced temperature differences and forms a striped temperature distribution. For example, at 00:00, the temperature at the upper corners on both sides of the web is lower, reflecting the nighttime cooling effect. At 12:00 and 16:00, the temperatures in these areas are relatively higher, related to increased sunlight intensity and heat accumulation.  
Figure 12: Temperature distributions of the U-shaped girder bridge at different times: (**a**) 0:00; (**b**) 9:00; (**c**) 12:00; (**d**) 16:00.
### Innovative and Sustainable Extraction Methods
#### 2.2.4 Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF)  
The pulsed electric field (PFE) treatment technique is an emerging technology with its biggest advantage being that it is not a thermal technology; thus, it is a promising technique for the extraction of highly valued substances without the risk of thermal degradation. Some authors consider PEF treatment only as a pretreatment [71]. The PEF is applied to a plant matrix that is placed between two electrodes at room temperature, or, less commonly, at a temperature a bit higher than the ambient temperature [72]. The exposition of the organic cells to the given electric field generates a critical electrical potential across the cell membrane, causing an electrical breakdown, therefore provoking structural damage to the cell membrane. The electrical breakdown creates little holes (pores); this phenomenon is called electroporation, favoring the mass transfer from the organic matrix to the extraction medium [73].  
The increase in the extraction kinetics with the assistance of PEF is constantly reported. Using an optimized number of pulses of the PEF technique, [PERSON] et al. achieved an intensification of polyphenols extraction from pomegranate peels. The results showed that this treatment was able to enhance the extraction kinetics of polyphenols along with their antiradical activities [74].  
The positive effect of requiring milder temperatures has also been studied, with extractions being made at temperatures of 10 and 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C; an experimental design gave the conditions to perform PEF and achieved an increment of 19%, 45%, and 6% for total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and total monomeric anthocyanins, respectively, in blackcurrant matrices [75]. A comparison between high-pressure, UAE, and PEF treatments on strawberry juice revealed that equivalent nonthermal processes had a different effect on strawberry juice quality. High pressure and PEF significantly stimulated the enhancement of the retention of total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity on the studied juices [76].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Absorbance Change in the Shorter Wavelength Region (Light-Induced Formation of H- and J-Aggregates)  
If light-induced absorbance changes occur among molecules in a random arrangement, both J-aggregates and H-aggregates are expected to be created upon light irradiation depending on the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **A** & **B** \\ \hline Absorbance increase at 444 nm & 0.0018 & 0.037 \\ Absorbance decrease at 413 nm & \(-0.0101\) & 0.038 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Fitting parameters for absorbance increase (at 444 nm) and decrease (at 413 nm) against laser irradiation power.  
Figure 5: (**a**) The laser irradiation intensity dependence of the absorbance change spectra for the ethanol sample (colored solid lines) and sample absorption spectrum (dashed line). (**b**) Absorbance increase peak values (green circle) and decrease peak values (blue square).  
angle between the aggregate axes and the molecular transition dipole moments [58]. If this was the case in the present experiment, the absorbance of higher energy ranges than the F monomer absorption peak was assumed to increase. To confirm this, the achromatic lenses in our optics were exchanged with quartz lenses, and the absorbance change spectra were observed, including higher energy regions than the F monomer absorption peak in Figure 6.  
As such, we observed that the absorbance change also increased at a higher energy than the F monomer absorption. According to the Frenkel exciton model for aggregation molecules, the sign of the energy level shift of the excited state due to the association formation changes depending on the association angle. In the model (Equation (2)), the aggregation energy is positive when the aggregation angle is over 54.7\({}^{\circ}\), and its absorption peak shifts to a higher energy and shorter wavelength. Thus, the observed absorbance change at a shorter wavelength than the monomer absorption indicated that aggregation states with a larger aggregation angle, such as H-aggregates, were generated via the light irradiation.  
TPPS monomer molecules have transition dipole moments that are orthogonal due to their D\({}_{\text{2h}}\) symmetry. Thus, in the equilibrium state wherein the aggregates were fully developed, J-aggregates appeared at 490 nm (with respect to the D monomer at 434 nm), and H-aggregates appeared at 424 nm [58]. However, we observed an increase in absorption at wavelengths shorter than 390 nm, which is shorter than the peak wavelength of 414 nm of the F monomer. This means that an H-aggregate with a configuration that does not exist in the equilibrium state was generated by laser irradiation. This is characteristic of the non-equilibrium association caused by light-induced force, wherein the broad absorption increase of J-aggregates occurs in the energy region corresponding to the J-aggregates with aggregation numbers 2, 3, 4, and so on [40] or J-aggregates whose association angles and intermolecular distances are different from the equilibrium state. This could explain the increase in absorption on both sides of the F monomer absorption peak.
# Trepenoid Biosynthesis Dominates among Secondary Metabolite Clusters in _Mucoromycotina_ Genomes
###### Abstract  
Early-diverging fungi harbour unprecedented diversity in terms of living forms, biological traits and genome architecture. Before the sequencing era, non-Dikarya fungi were considered unable to produce secondary metabolites (SM); however, this perspective is changing. The main classes of secondary metabolites in fungi include polykeptides, nonribosomal peptides, terpenoids and siderophores that serve different biological roles, including iron chelation and plant growth promotion. The same classes of SM are reported for representatives of early-diverging fungal lineages. Encouraged by the advancement in the field, we carried out a systematic survey of SM in _Mucoromycotina_ and corroborated the presence of various SM clusters (SMCs) within the phylum. Among the core findings, considerable representation of terpene and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-like candidate SMCs was found. Terpene clusters with diverse domain composition and potentially highly variable products dominated the landscape of candidate SMCs. A uniform low-copy distribution of siderophore clusters was observed among most assemblies. _Mortierellow-cotina_ are highlighted as the most potent SMC producers among the _Mucoromycotin_ and as a source of novel peptide products. SMC identification is dependent on gene model quality and can be successfully performed on a batch scale with genomes of different quality and completeness.  
Mucoromycotina; secondary metabolite; natural products; SM biosynthesis; terpenes; NRPS; adenylate forming reductases; malicyclins; malipaldins Article
## 4 Measurement Setup
### Flatsat Setup  
The next step for verification and validation was to include target hardware in the loop. The main components of the flatsat setup were two SDRs: the Ettus USRP-2901 SDR and the TOTEM SDR. The USRP was used as a transmitter of the test signals. The transmitter software was run on GNURadio companion which is controlled by a desktop computer remotely via Secure SHell (SSH). The version of the TOTEM SDR used in the lab is an upgraded version of the SDR in LUME-1. It was used as the receiver, and it ran the measurement software. The TOTEM SDR encompasses a Xilinx Zynq 7020 System on Chip (SoC) running an embedded Linux system [29], allowing remote access via SSH. The measurement results are saved in files and copied to a computer for analysis.  
The lab setup is shown in Figure 2. The USRP is connected to Computer #1 through USB and the SMA transmitter port of the SDR is connected to a 30 dB attenuator to avoid damaging the receiver with strong signals. The output of the attenuator is connected to a 3 dB power splitter. One output of the splitter is connected to the RF port of TOTEM, and the other to a spectrum analyser (Rohde & Schwarz FSV). The power supply provides 5 V to the TOTEM. Computer #2 controls TOTEM and Computer #1 remotely.  
The same test signals used in simulations are transmitted by the USRP, properly upconverted to the frequency range which this TOTEM is designed for (430-440 MHz), mixing them with a Local Oscillator (LO). To avoid the effect produced by the LO leakage, the signals (except the chirp) are transmitted with an offset (100 kHz) with respect to the centre frequency, configured in the USRP. The chirp is not shifted 100 kHz because it would be outside the 3 dB bandwidth.
# Evaluating 60 GHz FWA Deployments for Urban and Rural Environments in Belgium
## 5 Simulation Results
### UC1: Rural Environment
#### 5.1.4 Rural Link Count  
The link count determines the number of hops a CPE must cross until reaching the PoP. Here, the lower number of hops corresponds to FL with an average of 9 hops, which is consistent with a higher number of required ENs, and a lower averaged bit rate as seen previously. In addition, the optimisation function \(f_{HC}\) aids in reducing this value in an environment where several EN are available, such as for FL. In contrast, FA location uses an average of 12 and for the lamp post scenario, 14 hops are needed since a reduction is impossible without reducing the user coverage.
## 2 Materials and Method
### Data reduction, Quantification, and Visualization
#### 2.6.1 Data Reduction
However, the black body radiation was reduced by (i) the addition of a radiation shield located between heating chamber and objective, (ii) working with a small heating system, and by (iii) decreasing the confocal pinhole, which also decreases the Raman signal. Figure 4: Raw spectra of wollastonite recorded at room temperature (RT), 900 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 1100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, showing the temperature-dependent difference of the background that is dominated by fluorescence and black body radiation at low and high-temperatures, respectively. The latter effect is illustrated in Figure 5b. With increasing confocal pinhole, the intensity of the A\({}_{1}\) band of quartz near 464 cm\({}^{-1}\) at RT increases linearly in the range of 400 to 1300 \(\upmu\)m. A pinhole larger than 1000 \(\upmu\)m increases the intensity of the black body radiation to a lesser extent than the intensity of the quartz band, which leads to a better signal-to-noise ratio. Considering the intensity, closing the confocal pinhole is only a benefit if the spatial resolution of the measurement is of concern as it is for Raman imaging of multi-component sintering reactions. All measurements were thus made with a confocal pinhole of 300 \(\upmu\)m, which was found to be a good compromise between spatial resolution, overall image recording time, and signal-to-noise ratio (cf. Section 2.7). To correct for the black body radiation, a spectrum of the black body radiation was recorded at the beginning of each temperature step. The spectrum was then subtracted from every spectrum of the image before a 2 nd order polynomial baseline function was fitted to the spectrum and subtracted to further correct the spectrum for fluorescence and any background noise.
## 3 Active Bearing Concept of the FSP
### The Problem of Passive Bearing of the FSP  
It can be seen from the bearing mechanism that the vertical supporting force of the steel pipe depends on the downward bending deformation of its end. However, in the traditional construction technology of FSP, the FSP is firmly welded to the primary lining after installation, and the FSP has not been deformed at this time, so it cannot provide support force. Only when the primary lining continues to sink and the end of the FSP is deformed vertically, which leads to the bending of the steel pipe, can the supporting force be provided, and the FSP is in a passive deformation and bearing state.  
Due to the soft surrounding rock tunnel loose range, loose surrounding rock pressure is often a nonlinear positive correlation with the surrounding rock and primary lining deformation. After tunnel excavation and primary lining, with the gradual deformation of the primary lining, the surrounding rock near the excavation profile first deforms and loosens. The larger the primary lining deformation, the more the surrounding rock  
Figure 9: Simulated stress deformation curve of steel pipe under end load.  
loosens, and the increasing speed of the surrounding rock loosening is much faster than the increasing speed of the primary lining deformation. Therefore, the passive bearing of the FSP will greatly weaken its effect of controlling the settlement deformation of the primary lining.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Testing Methodology
#### 2.2.2 Research Conditions  
Thermoelectric modules were tested on the heating plate with a constant temperature of 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C in an environment in which the temperature varied from 20 to 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C every 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a relative humidity of 70%, and an air velocity of 1 m/s. Tests conducted at the ambient temperature of 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C corresponded to isothermal conditions, while tests conducted at other ambient temperatures corresponded to non-isothermal conditions. In the latter case, apart from the heat exchange between the heating plate and the TEC, heat was also exchanged directly between the heating plate and the environment, which had to be taken into account when processing results.  
When considering an application in clothing, the electrical safety of the user must be ensured. As there is no specific standard enforced for protective clothing, one must rely on general guidelines. Useful information on the effect of voltage and current on human beings may be found in the IEC 60479-1 standard [16], although it is not intended to be directly applied by manufacturers. The safety analysis was performed for the hand-to-chest path, which is the most restrictive one. The Peltier modules are not supposed to be in direct contact with the skin in normal conditions, as they will be separated with a non-conductive fabric. Nevertheless, such contact may occur due to, e.g., fabric tear or wear, when the touching area may be expected not to exceed 1 cm\({}^{2}\). By their operating principle, Peltier modules must be supplied with a DC voltage. It follows from [16] that under these assumptions, the voltage threshold of reaction equals 42.5 V, which value is commonly accepted as the Safety Extra-Low Voltage [17]. However, it should be taken into account that in a hot environment, the user may sweat. For this reason, while the value of 42.5 V applies to general wet conditions, a more restrictive limit of 7.3 V should rather be applied to protective clothing for hot environments, the latter value corresponding to salt-wet conditions. Consequently, the voltage limit set in this research was 7.2 V.
## 4 Conclusions  
The band gap generation in phononic crystals, consisting of square inclusions in the soft host, with various sizes, filling fractions, material parameters, and arrangements was investigated in this work; in general, it can be concluded that a wide bandgap of the phononic crystal can be formed by combining two mechanisms: high-frequency Bragg scattering and low-frequency local resonances. Bragg scattering results from multiple elastic wave scatterings of periodic inclusions and local resonances results from the elastic natural resonant frequencies, which is more dependent on the inclusion size and gap width among inclusions. A nonmonotonic relationship between the bandwidth and filling fraction of the composite results from different responses between geometric dimensions  
Figure 7: **(a)** Transmission loss spectra of proposed elastic metamaterials with different numbers of unit cells. **(b)** The transmission loss spectra of the five-array elastic metamaterial under the normal and oblique (45\({}^{\circ}\)) incidences. **(c)** Deformation distributions corresponding to **(b)** at the frequency of 1700 Hz.  
and these two mechanisms. Tuning of band gaps to a larger bandwidth can be followed by the following procedures:  
* increasing the number of inclusions within the periodic unit cell to increase the bandwidth and cause a blue shift in the central bandgap frequency;
* increasing the filling fraction of the unit cell to increase the bandwidth, and maximum bandwidth is reached near FF = 0.6 when using a tungsten-carbide/epoxy phononic crystal;
* rotating the angle of inclusions causes a minor effect on the bandwidth of the bandgap, except when the spacing among inclusions is reduced to near or less than the vibration wavelength;
* inclusion with a graded size leads to lower bandwidth, as compared to that of equally sized inclusions in a phononic crystal;
* a narrow spacing between the inclusions drastically reduces the bandwidth and UBF, and this can be found in the study of the rotation and arrangement effect;
* simulate transmission spectra is a way to verify the near-zero transmittance of the proposed elastic metamaterials over the frequency range within the phononic bandgap.  
Conceptualization, D.-W.L. and A.A.; methodology, A.A., J.-Y.L., M.A.T., and F.A.; simulation, A.A.; writing--original draft preparation, J.-Y.L., Z.M., R.K.A.A.-R., V.G. and D.-W.L.; writing--review and editing, V.G., D.-W.L.; supervision and project administration M.A.T.; investigation, M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Data will be provided upon request to D.-W.L.  
The authors thank the support from other members in the Advanced Materials Research Centre at Technology Innovation Institute and also thank Abu Dhabi Government's Advanced Technology Research Council (ATRC), which oversees technology research in the emirate.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Performance Evaluations
### Performance Metrics  
We have considered the following performance metrics to evaluate the performance of LPMC in a different set of experiments: i. Network throughput- sum of the sizes of the total data packets received by the sink in a unit time, ii. Packet delivery ratio- the ratio of the total number of packets received by the sink to the number of packets sent by the sources, iii. Average end-to-end delay- the average end-to-end forwarding delay (which also includes medium access and switching delay) of the successfully delivered packets, and iv. Average energy consumption- the average energy consumed to successfully deliver a byte of data.
# Sunspot Detection Using YOLOv5 in Spectroheliograph H-Alpha Images
## 1 Introduction
Spectroheliograph pictures have been available for almost one century, as is the case of OGAUC, so they can tell the evolution of the solar weather for a much longer period of time. There are thousands of images that recorded solar events before satellites or probes were put in orbit. The information in those images is very important to understand the evolution of solar cycles and their impact on Earth. The history of solar cycles is, in fact, very important to understand different aspects of life on Earth [10]. There are many traditional approaches for automatic sunspot detection. [PERSON] et al. analyzed many of those common approaches [9]. Statistical methods, mathematical morphology and computer vision methods are popular approaches [8; 11; 12]. Multi-wavelength analysis algorithms have also been used [13]. However, most of the modern approaches proposed for the automatic detection of sunspots involve the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which are possibly the best method available. This will also be covered in Section 3. CNNs are deep neural networks consisting of several layers, which perform convolution operations to select features and classify images. For automatic object detection, they are more versatile and efficient than traditional feed-forward networks. They have gained popularity as one of the best methods for image analysis [14], and they are also a promising tool for the task of detecting sunspots [15; 16; 17; 18]. YOLO is currently one of the most popular convolutional neural networks for object detection. It gained popularity for being efficient and fast, even for difficult tasks, such as distinguishing dogs from cats [19]. It is able to perform target detection and recognition, and predicts the positions and categories of multiple candidate objects at the same time [20]. It has been used in a wide range of applications for object detection, including real-time and near real-time applications [21; 22]. For those reasons, this network was chosen for the present study, due to the high performance and ability to process large amounts of data in reasonable amounts of time. A YOLOv5 network was trained using 2000 H\(\alpha\) continuum images from solar cycle 24, taken with the OGAUC spectroheliograph. The images were pre-processed and then used as a dataset for training the network. Several training instances were made, using different YOLO models, reaching a maximum precision of 90%. The results prove the ability of the YOLO model to detect sunspots in spectroheliographs, with the highest precision achieved. The dataset marked is also available for interested researchers. Section 2 presents a brief description of the network used in this research, showing the different models and the main differences between them. An overview of previous work on the matter is described in Section 3. The methods used in the present study are described more in detail in Sections 4 and 5. Finally, some conclusions and future work are presented in Section 6.
# Covert Communication for Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial Relay Networks with Cooperative Jamming
## 3 Performance Analysis  
We mainly focus on covert performance for the ISTRN with relay-assisted cooperative jamming in this section. First, the related channels' statistical characteristics are derived. Moreover, the closed-form solution of PDE is obtained. Further, we calculate the minimum PDE of \(E\) using the optimal detection threshold. To measure the system covert performance, the closed-form expression of OP is derived. Finally, our scheme of power allocation is employed to optimize the effective covert rate under the covertness constraint.