esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An Intrusion Resistant SCADA Framework Based on Quantum and Post-Quantum Scheme
## 2 Related Work
### Current Standard: AGA-12  
The American Gas Association (AGA) has proposed a standard with the primary goal of providing a cost and time-efficient security scheme for SCADA systems. The AGA-12 standard has three main phases, namely, key management, encryption, and digital signature [1; 21] that use the following algorithms, respectively.  
* RSA with a blue minimum key size of 1024 bits
* AES with a minimum key size of 128 bits
* ECDSA Digital Signature using SHA-1 with a minimum key size of 160 bits.  
[PERSON] et al [7] have hypothetically broken the RSA algorithm using [PERSON]'s algorithm and provides estimation of the quantum resources needed. [PERSON]'s algorithm has weakened AES. ECDSA algorithm is no longer secure against quantum computing and, SHA-1 fails to provide collision resistance [22; 23]. Therefore, AGA-12 is a weak standard to protect SCADA systems from existing attacks as well as possible quantum attacks.
###### Abstract
Although the raw signals provide a more detailed and accurate representation of corrosion, the feature tally, being independent of the inspection technology, is more accessible for interpretation and manipulation. Therefore, end users are typically presented with corrosion measurements in terms of feature tallies [11, 12, 13, 14]. Feature matching is performed by aligning the tallies from consecutive ILIs, enabling the direct observation of the progression and emergence of corrosion defects [16,17]. Ideally, all defects in a pipeline can be perfectly matched. However, uncertainties in ILI data, such as detection, measurement, and location uncertainties, limit perfect feature matching. Figure 1: Fragments of an internally corroded pipe, illustrating metal loss and wall thinning caused by corrosion. These images are sourced from the research conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9]. Recently, point matching based on affine transformations has shown promising results in addressing the feature matching problem by relying on the spatial characteristics of the ILI data informed by these uncertainties [10; 13].
# Improved Durability of Wood Treated with Nano Metal Fluorides against Brown-Rot and White-Rot Fungi
## 3 Results
### Characterization of Wood Treated with Nano Metal Fluorides  
The retention and WPG (%) of NMF in treated wood is shown in Table 1 (with standard deviation in brackets). The increase in the concentration of MgF2 from 0.5 M to 0.8 M for wood treatment resulted in higher retention of MgF2. In wood treated with the combination of MgF2 and CaF2, the retention was similar to wood treated with MgF2 at 0.5 M. In addition, the WPG (%) of wood treated with the combination of MgF2 and CaF2 was similar to specimens treated with only MgF2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**NMF Treatment** & **Retention (kg/m3)** & **WPG (\%)** \\ \hline MgF2 (0.5 M) & 12.9 (0.2) & 8.3 (0.3) \\ \hline MgF2 (0.8 M) & 16.2 (0.8) & 9.0 (0.8) \\ \hline MgF2 + CaF2 (0.5 M) & 13.3 (0.3) & 10.6 (0.8) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Retention and WPG of NMF treated specimens.  
Figure 3: Biocidal efficacy of NMFs against _R. placenta_ and _T. versicolor_.  
Wood treated with nano metal fluorides was characterized using X-ray micro-CT. The Figure 4 presents the reconstructed X-ray micro-CT image of the transverse section of NMF treated sapwood of Scots pine. The Figure 4a shows the unleached NMF treated wood and the Figure 4b displays NMF treated wood that was leached. In the unleached NMF treated wood, aggregates of NMFs are observed as white spots in the lumina of the earlywood cells and the resin canals are empty. In contrast, NMF treated wood that was leached contain aggregates of NMFs in the resin canals. It is likely that leaching caused some of the nano metal fluorides to be redistributed from the earlywood cells into the resin canals. To further confirm the presence of NMFs in treated wood, it was characterized by MAS \({}^{19}\)F NMR spectroscopy.  
The \({}^{19}\)F MAS NMR spectra of Scots pine sapwood treated with combination of MgF\({}_{2}\) and CaF\({}_{2}\) (unleached and leached) are depicted in Figure 5. Both unleached and leached treated wood show signals that can be attributed to MgF\({}_{2}\) with a chemical shift of \(-198\) ppm and CaF\({}_{2}\) with a chemical shift of \(-108\) ppm. The remaining signals in the spectra are spinning sidebands. The intensity of the signal attributed to MgF\({}_{2}\) is lower in the leached treated wood than unleached treated wood. This is possibly due to the higher solubility of MgF\({}_{2}\) (130 mg/L) compared to CaF\({}_{2}\) (16 mg/L) [30]. Therefore, the accelerated ageing test causes more of MgF\({}_{2}\) to be leached from treated wood than CaF\({}_{2}\). Even though NMFs are leached from wood, it is important that a sufficient amount remains to be biocidal to fungi.
# System of Systems Lifecycle Management--A New Concept Based on Process Engineering Methodologies
## 2 An Overview on Common Lifecycle Management Models
### Service Lifecycle Management (SLM)  
This approach is the practice of aligning service management, communication, and service supporting operations to maximize the uptime [44]. For the ITSM community, the ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) framework was of great help (see Section 3.4). Looking at the evolution, first, ITIL_V2 described the best practices, which turned into a more holistic, service lifecycle-oriented approach in ITIL_V3. where with the value-creation ability of IT services was increased and the role of ITSM processes moved to support the service lifecycle [45]. SLM is another area besides PLM that is of great concern to the research community. Although there are studies where only SLM has been analyzed [46; 47], recently, more investigation has been conducted in how PLM and SLM can work together or can be integrated with each other [48; 49; 50].
## 1 Introduction
BaO-P\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\) glasses are also an interesting example of influence of terbium ions on matrices. The analysis of the TL data of BaO-M\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)-P\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\):Tb\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) glasses suggests that, comparatively, there are high non-radiative losses in In\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) mixed glasses [22]. Another example of the improvement of dosimetric characteristics by the introduction of terbium into glass hosts is terbium-doped CaO-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)-B\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) glasses. As in the previous case, dosimeters were found to exhibit good sensitivity and linearity. Sadly, for these materials one can observe more than a 60% decrease in signal intensity in the first 72 h after irradiation [23]. Phosphate glasses are currently used in various fields of science, technology, and medicine, such as in matrices for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) immobilization, in fast ion conductors, and in bone transplantation [24; 25; 26]. Phosphate glasses exhibit lower transition temperatures, lower viscosity when in a molten state, higher thermal expansion coefficients, and higher electrical conductivity than borate and silicate glasses [26]. As shown before, phosphate glasses also possess interesting TL properties suitable for high-dose ionizing radiation dosimetry [27]. Glasses doped with Tb\({}^{3+}\) are also used in other luminescent materials, for example, lasers. [28]. An obvious advantage of phosphate glass systems is that their synthesis requires significantly lower temperatures and less energy, which makes the process of their preparation economically competitive in comparison with other glasses. In the past, there were some papers dealing with the thermoluminescence of phosphate glasses doped with rare earth elements such as terbium, but none of them investigated in detail thermoluminescence kinetics and the usage of this material in high-dose dosimetry [29; 30]. The presented work reports the influence of terbium doping on dosimetric properties of phosphate glass by means of thermoluminescence techniques. Here, one investigated the influence of terbium concentration on TL signal characteristics and the dependencies of TL signal intensity vs. dose absorbed in a material. Next to the above, the nature of thermoluminescence signals was investigated using various methods (such as the T T\({}_{\text{stop}}\) or VHR methods). Moreover, the paper also proposes the readout method optimal for investigated dosimeters and investigates its influence on TL signals, linearity of signals intensity vs. radiation dose absorbed within the material, and TL signal loss over time.
# XBeats: A Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring and Analysis System
## 4 Prototype Implementation
### Data Transmission  
Data transmission represents the main bottleneck of the proposed ECG patch, which is defined as the BLE communication link. The ECG patch uses the low power mode of the BLE stack instead of the classical BLE mode. Therefore, we designed our custom BLE profile to maximize communications and data handling between the ECG patch and smart devices (i.e., Smartphone or Smart Home devices). Table 1 shows the attributes table of one of the ECG services available on the ECG patch; this service constitutes the continuous operation mode with 12-lead enabled. Services are shown in black; characteristics are bold, and characteristic values and descriptors are shown in grey.  
The other two services, \"triggered mode service\" and \"ECG classification service\", are designed similarly to the attributes in Table 1. Consequently, the combination of the three services allows our ECG patch to deliver a dynamic way of configuring the settings of the device in real-time as heart conditions develop. We leverage the new features introduced in BLE v5.2 over earlier versions of BLE (e.g., BLE v4.1). The first feature is the improved transmission rate (i.e., LE 2M PHY), allowing BLE 5.2 enabled devices to transfer data at a symbol rate of 2 Mbps. This means we can transmit each bit in half the time compared to earlier BLE PHY, which allows for a symbol rate of 1 Mbps. Moreover, the Data Length Extensions (DLE) [40] enable the packet to carry a significantly larger payload (Up to 251 bytes vs. 27 when disabled), introduced in BLE v4.2. The integration of DLE has increased the size of data sent in a single packet and reduced the number of the mandatory Interframe Space (IFS) delays (i.e., 150 us) between each packet sent. Accordingly, the ECG patch can transmit more data in significantly less time.
# Panchromatic and Multispectral Image Fusion Combining GHS, NSST, and PCA
## 5 Discussion  
As demonstrated by the previous experimental results, the proposed method achieved good results for both the evaluation system with references and the evaluation system without references and was obviously better than the comparison methods, especially in the index test on the retention of spatial structure information. The conventional mode of extracting spatial structure information through conventional spectral methods and spatial methods mainly uses color space transformation and other techniques to obtain spatial structure components from images. In contrast, the method proposed in this paper uses PCA transformation to jointly extract spatial structure components from PAN and MS images, which can better preserve and fuse the obtained spatial information. The above experiments also verified this point of view. Compared with the conventional method, it can be seen that the method in this paper retained more spatial details. Compared with a single spectral method and a spatial method, the method given in this paper combines the advantages of the two. The optimized coupling method used in this paper can improve the quality of the spatial information and spectral information of the fused image. In this paper, PCA technology was used to concentrate the part of the spatial information shared by the bands in the first principal component; to obtain the spatial components through linear transformation of the data; to make full use of the acquired spatial information of all the bands; and, on this basis, to extract the MS image. The spectral information is fused with this to obtain the final fused image. However, the method given in this paper uses PCA transformation when extracting spatial structure information. Although this transformation can concentrate the main information in the first component, it will inevitably lose part of the spatial structure information. In the future, we could study how to use deep learning to extract spatial structure information from the original image and then inject this into the low-frequency spectral component to avoid interference by human factors.
# Explainability of Predictive Process Monitoring Results: Can You See My Data Issues?
## 5 Results
### Effect of the applied preprocessing configurations
However, in event logs preprocessed with the prefix-index configuration, models trained on prefix length-based event logs use the same feature sets with the same importance scores across the two execution runs for the five XGBoost criteria to rank important features. An exception to this consistency can be observed for prefix length-based event logs extracted from the _BPIC2017_Refused_ event log. _Observation 9: Multicollinearity, i.e., high correlations reaching complete correlations in certain cases, is an issue in event logs preprocessed with the single-aggregation configuration._  
There is an exception to this observation for the two event logs extracted from the _BPIC2017_ log. This multicollinearity can be observed across the feature set of each criterion in the same execution run. Moreover, it can be observed in feature sets of the same criterion across the two execution runs. _Observation 10: Feature sets which are important according to their gain differ from those with high dependency on the label, as indicated by the MutInfo analysis._  
This observation applies to all event logs, independently of whether they are preprocessed with single aggregation or prefix index configuration, across the two execution runs, except for the prefix length-based event logs extracted from the _BPIC2017_Refused_ event log. For the latter event logs, the gain-based feature sets tend to match the MutInfo-based feature sets with increasing length of the prefixes in event logs. **Observation 11**: _In the event logs preprocessed with the prefix-index configuration, as prefix lengths increase the top important feature sets (according to their weight and cover criteria) become more similar across event logs._  
However, when comparing features across the same criterion (i.e., gain, weight, cover, etc. ), we observe that, for similar features, the respective feature importance score decreases for longer prefixes. The _Traffic_fines_ prefix length-based event logs provide an exception to this observation. This exception can be explained by the fact that these logs do not provide longer prefixes when applying a gap of five events; see the experiments settings in Section 4.1. For example, Figures 7-9 compare LR coefficients with XGBoost features importance based on gain criterion. The comparison indicates increasing similarity concerning the important features subset with increasing prefix length.
# Analysis of the Scalability of UWB Indoor Localization Solutions for High User Densities
## 4 Localization Schemes and MAC Considerations
### Time Difference of Arrival  
In TDoA-based location, the mobile tag sends a message that is received by all the anchors in its vicinity. The exact arrival times at each anchor must be communicated to a server, which computes the most likely tag location based on the differences in arrival times. Figure 1 shows the working principle scheme.  
The tag blinks at a certain point in time (T\({}_{0}\)) and the message is received by four anchor points at different times (T\({}_{1}\)...T\({}_{4}\)). To estimate the position of the tag, the differences among the arrival times have to be computed [21]. This can be done by the server or alternatively by one of the anchors. For this approach to work, the anchors have to be properly synchronized. Since a 1 ns timing error translates in 30 cm inaccuracy, it is necessary to obtain sub-nanosecond synchronization. This can be achieved by means of expensive hardware such as Rubidium RbXO clocks or alternative implementations as described in [22]. A feasible solution is to use UWB to synchronize the anchors too. This is proven in [23], wherein a comparison of different wireless synchronization algorithms is also presented. In summary, TDoA has the following advantages and disadvantages.
# Prediction-Based Energy Saving Mechanism in 3 GPP NB-IoT Networks
## 2 NB-IoT
### NB-IoT Key Technologies  
#### 2.2.1 Baseband Characteristics  
The radio frequency consists of a 180 kHz narrowband corresponding to one physical resource block (PRB) of an LTE network. Thus, it is possible to operate in the same band with an LTE network. In addition, half-duplex transmission, single antenna, single receiver chain, and low modulation scheme reduce the complexity and cost of the user equipment (UE). The downlink is composed of a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing using orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), whereas the uplink can use both 15 kHz and 3.75 kHz single-carrier FDMA. Given the difficulty to increase the UE transmission power, the NB-IoT dedicates a 3.75 kHz subcarrier spacing for the uplink to support extended coverage.
# Investigating the Applications of Machine Learning Techniques to Predict the Rock Brittleness Index
## 3 Modelling Process and Results
### Conqueror Models
#### 3.2.2 ANN Model  
As mentioned earlier, this study developed the ML predictive models by means of four input variables, i.e., \(V_{p}\), \(D\), \(R_{n}\), and \(Is_{50}\) for predicting the rock \(BI\). Here, several parameters have been used to develop the ANN model. The type of neural network model was multilayer perceptron. The study used \"mean\" as the default combing rule for our continuous target. Number of component models for boosting and/or bagging was set as 10. To avoid over-fitting, the over-fit prevention set was set as 30%. Different values were examined in order to determine the number of hidden neurons and in the final model, a number of 4 hidden neurons was used to predict \(BI\). Figure 8 shows the suggested architecture of the ANN model with four input neurons, four hidden neurons and one output neuron in predicting \(BI\) of the rock. In addition, the predicted \(BI\) values by ANN, along with their actual values for train and test datasets, are displayed in Figure 9. According to obtained results of this section, \(R^{2}\) values of 0.75 and 0.85 for train and test stages, respectively showed that the ANN model is able to provide acceptable level of accuracy specially in testing datasets for estimation of the \(BI\). ANN is able to determine the importance values of the use inputs in the system (Figure 10). As a result, \(R_{n}\) and \(V_{p}\) are the most important and least important parameters on the \(BI\) which results of \(R_{n}\) is same as the RF analysis part.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Comparisons  
A numerical model based on FLAC 3D is developed to validate the correctness and effectiveness of the method proposed in this study. Due to the symmetry of the tunnel section, only half of the model is considered, as shown in Figure 5. The model boundary conditions are set at the bottom and both sides of the tunnel. The formula for apparent cohesion is selected from the results of [PERSON] et al. (1996), as presented in Table 1. The unsaturated soil properties are chosen from SWCC NO. 3 in Table 2, and deformation characteristics are set as follows: Poisson's ratio \(\
u=0.35\) and elastic modulus \(E=1.0\ GPa\). The remaining parameters are consistent with those of the KLA method employed in this study.  
Two types of suction distribution are considered: uniform distribution and linearly increasing distribution. The comparison results are displayed in Figure 6. It can be observed that when suction is uniformly distributed (\(u_{a}-u_{w}=50\) kPa), the results from this method closely match those of the numerical simulation. In the case of linearly increasing suction (\(u_{a}-u_{w}=\rho z\), \(\rho=5\)), the solutions from this method are slightly larger than the numerical simulation results, but the maximum difference does not exceed 9%. This discrepancy is attributed to the need for grid cell division in numerical simulation, leading to discontinuities in soil property parameters. Furthermore, the displacement contour in  
Figure 5: Displacement contour map of the 3D tunnel face numerical model in FLAC 3D.  
Figure 5 demonstrates that the 3D horned failure mechanism employed in this study aligns well with the simulated shape, providing additional evidence of the method's correctness.
# SNR Enhancement of an Electrically Small Antenna Using a Non-Foster Matching Circuit
## 2 Non-Foster Circuit Design
### Non-Foster Circuit Stability Check  
In common stability criteria for a 2-port network such as the Llewellyn-Rollett port test, the network is stable if there are no internal poles or zeros in the right-hand plane (RHP) for a complex plane analysis [18]. However, this is not the case for an NFC since the negative impedance often provides poles and zeros in the RHP. Instead, the stability of an NFC is often tested by checking the short-circuit stability (SCS) or open-circuit stability (OCS) conditions. For the NFC connected with an antenna, the OCS condition is applied [5], and can be written as  
\[|\mathrm{Z_{Ant}}|>|\mathrm{Z_{NFC}}|, \tag{1}\]  
where \(|\mathrm{Z_{Ant}}|\) and \(|\mathrm{Z_{NFC}}|\) are the magnitudes of the antenna and NFC impedance. This condition must be satisfied throughout the frequency band of interest where the NFC generates the negative impedance. Figure 5 shows \(|\mathrm{Z_{Ant}}|>|\mathrm{Z_{NFC}}|\) in the frequency range of 50-500 MHz for the proposed NFC. It is observed that the OCS criterion in (1) is satisfied.  
However, the OCS criterion assumes the network is dispersionless. In fact, no circuit is dispersionless in the real world. There is unavoidable coupling between transmission lines and parasitic components that can cause undesirable small oscillations and possibly diverge as the currents travel through the NFC's feedback loop. Thus, it is important to check the transient response in the time domain [16; 18] in addition to the OCS criterion in the frequency domain. By observing the transient response, the sign of the time constants (\(\tau=\mathrm{RC}\) and \(L/R\)) can be identified. If the sign of \(\tau\) is negative, the circuit is unstable and the transient response diverges as illustrated in Figure 6a. However, if the sign of \(\tau\) is positive, the transient response damps down and converges as the time passes (Figure 6a). The transient response of the proposed NFC is shown in Figure 6b. Depending on the combinations of resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) components, some NFC designs satisfied the OCS criterion but failed to demonstrate convergence for the transient response. The optimized RLC values in Table 1 satisfy both the OCS and transient response requirements.  
Figure 5: A comparison of the magnitudes of the antenna and non-Foster circuit impedance to check the open-circuit stability criterion.