## 3 Simulation Results and Discussion  
A group of simulations were performed in MATLAB SIMULINK R2017a for the evaluation and testing of the stability of the proposed circuit. The input voltage for the structure was adjusted between 25 and 45 V based on the panel's ability to generate voltage according to different temperature and irradiance values. The output load value was chosen between 50 and 200 ohms for an output power limit of around 288 W. Additionally, 50 kHz was considered as the switching frequency. Simulations were done for the duty cycle from 30% to 90% and the results are presented in this section. Table 3 presents all of the components and parameters that were used in the simulation. For our tests, we assumed 0.1 \(\Omega\) for inductors \(L_{X}\) and \(L_{Y}\) as their internal resistance. This value of the internal resistance was tested on a real 200 \(\mu\)H inductor in the laboratory. For that, a fixed 0.5 V implemented on the inductor and serial ammeter showed around 5 A as the current. Figure 7a presents the I-V and P-V characteristics of the JIYANGYIN HR-200 W type of the PV array that was selected for hardware implementation. The level of the input voltage and power array were in a good domain of the desired issues presented in Table 3. Figure 7b illustrates the final diagram of the proposed converter and controller and as can be seen, a sampling was done based on Equation (9) for the controller design. This diagram is suitable for all kinds of renewable energy sources since these produce limited values of power. The controller loop was drawn based on Equations (18) and (19) and Figures 5 and 6. For the controller, PIC18f877 was selected to do the comparison between the reference and sampled voltages and a triangular wave with a 50 kHz frequency was implemented for duty cycle generation to drive the power switch. Figure 8 shows the efficiency diagram and was done with a comparison between the conventional cascaded and projected prototypes. The most important reason for the comparable efficiency value for the new converter is its components, especially the power diodes. As mentioned in Section 2.1, in any time interval of PWM, only one diode will be located in the current direction and will charge the inductors or output capacitor. Additionally, this structure has only one power switch and the same inductor and capacitor values when compared with conventional topologies. As expected, both the proposed and cascaded converters can present low efficiency for lower power based on some fixed losses on devices, and for higher values of power, both structures will be more efficient. By considering that in any time interval two diodes will be active for both topologies by the same number of inductors and since the average current of the proposed converter is approximately equal with the total currents of both MOSFETs of the cascaded converter, efficiency values were obtained close to each other. This figure has been presented for a fixed load with a 200 \(\Omega\) value and different values of input voltages. A low-pass filter can be a single-tuned or doubled-tuned filter. This is a technique of eliminating a particular current harmonic by tuning a low-pass filter to a specific frequency that uses low impedance such as 5 th multiple or 7 th multiple harmonics of the fundamental. High-pass filters on the other hand also consist of passive components with less impedance for harmonics at specific frequencies, thus filtering all harmonics present with higher frequencies [22]. These filters can be configured as the first order, second order, third order, and fourth-order high pass filters. The first order filters are the simplest form of high-pass filters, containing only one passive component. The order of the high-pass determines the number of component(s) contained in the filter and the higher-order provides better stability to the power system. In our study, we simply applied a capacitor between the PV panel and boost converter.