## 5 Conclusions  
The present work demonstrates the importance of using VES geoelectrical data in the characterization of aquifers. This technique was applied to target areas of high groundwater-flow potential in the Guigou plain between the town of Timahdite and the village of Almis Guigou. The results obtained led to detailed map of the electrical discontinuities corresponding to fracture zones affecting the basalts forming the main aquifer. Iso-resistivity, the marl-limestone bedrock and basalt thickness maps were generated to characterize this aquifer.  
The analysis and Interpretation of all the VES measurements show the presence of a very resistant upper level with a thickness varying between 0 and 150 m, attributed to the basaltic formations of the Quaternary age, followed by a moderately conductive horizon with a resistivity of about 90 \(\Omega\)m. According to local geological data, this conductive level corresponds to Pliocene marl and limestone alternations. The correlation between the geophysical models obtained from the VES interpretations and their confrontation with local geological data and the lithological sections of the mechanical drillings made it possible to draw a certain number of geoelectrical sections, which reflect the evolution of the thickness and resistivity of the basalts above the marl-limestone bedrock. Indeed, the marl and limestone formations generally plunge from the south-west to the north-east with the presence of geophysical discontinuities, which locally interrupt this plunge. These detected electrical discontinuities could be interpreted in terms of a manifestation of the scarping of the satellite faults of the North Middle Atlas accident, which blocked the flow of basalts southwards and formed this basaltic aquifer, preventing the flow of basalts.  
The integration of geophysical and geological field knowledge has led to a more informed regional tectonic interpretation and assessment of the hydrogeological prospects of the region. To this end, the results of this geophysical survey have made it possible to better characterize the geometry of the Quaternary basaltic aquifer and the electrical discontinuities and its Pliocene calcareous marl substratum. Thus, this study constitutes a basic document to help decision makers better manage the siting of water boreholes in order to ensure the good integrated management of the region's groundwater resources.  
Conceptualization, S.E.M., A.R., A.M. and M.B.; Methodology, S.E.M., Y.M., A.M. and A.R.; Software, S.E.M., Y.M., A.R. and A.M.; Validation, S.E.M., Y.M., G.R., M.B. and A.M.; Formal analysis, S.E.M., Y.M., H.E.M., A.A.M. and A.R.; Investigation, S.E.M., M.E.H., S.L. and A.M.; Resources, A.M.; Data curation, S.E.M., Y.M., H.E.M., A.A. and A.M.; Writing--original draft, S.E.M., Y.M., A.M. and H.E.M.; Writing--review & editing, S.E.M. and A.M.; Visualization, S.E.M., G.R., M.E.H., A.M. and M.B.; Supervision, M.B.; Project administration, M.B.; Funding acquisition, A.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors would like to thank the Editors of the Special Issue as well as the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on this article, which allowed us to improve the scientific quality of this research.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.