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[22] focused on the deformation mechanisms of shaft linings during thawing processes in surface soil layers. [PERSON] et al. [23] applied localized jack loading to model  
Figure 1: Application diagram of optical fiber in inclined shaft lining. lings, revealing deformation patterns under partial pressure conditions. [PERSON] et al. [24] conducted three-dimensional photoelastic model tests to characterize stress distribution in inclined shaft linings within thick sand layers. [PERSON] et al. [25] investigated the mechanical behavior and design principles of inclined shaft linings in surface soil layers during freezing wall thawing through physical modeling and finite element simulations. [PERSON] et al. [26] examined the mechanical performance of steel-concrete composite floor structures in water-rich bedrock by applying axial and confining pressures via hydraulic loading. [PERSON] et al. [27; 28] combined laboratory tests, field monitoring, and numerical simulations to analyze the stress characteristics and temperature fields of inclined shaft linings in water-saturated sand layers during freezing. [PERSON] et al. [29] integrated analytical, numerical, and experimental methods to study the deformation mechanisms of single-layer linings in porous water-bearing rock strata during freezing excavation. [PERSON] et al. [30] systematically investigated ground settlement and structural stress variations in inclined shafts traversing thick water-rich sandstone layers under dewatering conditions, employing theoretical analysis, scaled modeling, and numerical approaches. [PERSON] et al. [31] clarified the failure mechanisms of inclined shaft linings in anisotropic strata. While these studies achieved significant advancements in understanding lining deformation patterns, their reliance on conventional strain gauges limited comprehensive measurement of full-section strain distributions. Building on previous studies, this work further develops and refines the experimental methodology. [PERSON] et al. [32] studied the influence of different burial depths and different soil lining spacing on soil stress field and lining external load distribution during excavation and support of shallow buried tunnels by using the discrete element method. Moreover, Studies on lining support issues in other underground engineering structures also provide valuable references. [PERSON] et al. [33] conducted a comprehensive review of typical physical models in soft soil tunnel research, providing an in-depth exploration of multiple testing methods for soil deformation and failure mechanisms. [PERSON] et al. [34] employed advanced monitoring techniques, including BOTDR, to track and analyze the behavior of the tunnel lining over a three-year period. [PERSON] et al. [35] and [PERSON] et al. [36] embedded optical fibers into rod-shaped structural members and tightly bonded them to the monitored structures to reflect deformation behavior. [PERSON] et al. [37; 38] and [PERSON] et al. [39] conducted similarity model tests to investigate the evolution of mechanical responses and failure mechanisms in lining structures. [PERSON] et al. [40] investigated the mechanical performance and failure modes of lining structures under the coupled condition of vault voids and cracks. [PERSON] et al. [41] established a 3D tunnel numerical model using ABAQUS software and systematically investigated crack propagation patterns in asymmetrical multi-arch tunnel structures with/without voids by introducing the extended finite element method (XFEM). [PERSON] et al. [42] applied FLAC\({}^{3\text{D}}\) to conduct numerical simulations on the deformation of inclined shaft under four different fill ratios, revealing the deformation and failure patterns of the shaft. [PERSON] et al. [43] addressed the significant deformation issues during the excavation of dark inclined shafts by establishing a UDEC numerical model.