## 4 Results
### Ablation Experiments  
In the first phase of the study, modifications were made to the architecture of the basic model YOLOv5s with a Ghost module, ECA mechanism, and P3-P4 head, and ablation experiments were performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed new model. The basic model was modified in the spine, neck, and head structure to achieve the optimal balance in terms of accuracy, energy consumption, weight, and real-time operation for resource-constrained devices. The impact of each modification on model accuracy, speed, computational efficiency, file size, and carbon footprint were analysed. The ablation experiment results of each module effect obtained by taking the input image size 640 \(\times\) 640 are shown in Table 2.  
The Ghost module, widely used in model lightweighting, was implemented in the YOLOv5s model architecture by replacing the standard convolution blocks with Ghost convolution and C3 Ghost blocks. This change reduced the computational load, number of parameters, and file size of the model by close to 50%. This provides a very favourable memory footprint for edge devices. However, although it provides satisfactory performance in terms of accuracy and speed, it lags behind YOLOV5s. A total carbon footprint of 0.136 gCO2e was generated during the extraction. The ECA attention mechanism is known to improve the feature extraction capability of the channels in the network. Studies comparing the ECA attention mechanism with other attention mechanisms such as CA and CBAM in the YOLOv5s network have confirmed that the addition of ECA to the backbone network is the most effective compared with other attention mechanisms [30; 82]. The YOLOv5-ECA model with only ECA modification surpasses the baseline model with a precision of 0.841, but is slightly lower than the baseline model, with an accuracy of 0.76 [EMAIL_ADDRESS]. In terms of FPS, number of parameters, file size, and carbon footprint values, it remains the same as the baseline model. The combined Ghost and ECA modifications resulted in an accuracy value of 0.777 [EMAIL_ADDRESS], which is an insignificant accuracy improvement over the baseline model. In this modification, the three-head structure in the original YOLOv5s has not been changed. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{8}{c}{YOLO Networks} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **YOLOv5-** \\ **Ghost** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **YOLOv5-** \\ **ECA** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **YOLOv5-** \\ **P34-Ghost** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **YOLOv5-** \\ **Ghost-ECA** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **YOLOv5-** \\ **P34** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **YOLOv5-** \\ **P34** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Ghost & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) \\ \hline ECA & - & \(\surd\) & - & - & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) \\ \hline P34 & - & - & \(\surd\) & - & - & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline Precision & 0.792 & **0.841** & 0.774 & 0.816 & 0.799 & 0.828 & 0.822 \\ \hline Recall & 0.695 & 0.712 & 0.767 & 0.74 & 0.776 & 0.76 & **0.785** \\ \hline [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 0.75 & 0.76 & 0.769 & 0.771 & 0.777 & 0.79 & **0.806** \\ \hline FPS & 135 & 163 & 158.7 & 169 & 138.8 & **175** & 163.9 \\ \hline FLOPs (G) & 8 & 15.8 & **7.3** & 15.8 & 11.4 & 14.3 & 8.4 \\ \hline Param. (M) & 3.67 & 7.02 & **2.80** & 7.02 & 4.83 & 5.23 & 3.96 \\ \hline File Size (MB) & 7.8 & 14.4 & **6.1** & 14.4 & 10.1 & 10.8 & 10.7 \\ \hline Carbon & & & & & & & \\ Footprint & 0.147 & 0.150 & 0.144 & 0.151 & 0.150 & **0.143** & 0.145 \\ (gCO2e) & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Ablation experiment results of each module in the YOLO network. The model outperformed the baseline model by 138.8 FPS. The most obvious advantages of this modification are an increase in computational efficiency with 11.4 GFLOPs, a reduction in the number of parameters with 4.83 M parameters, and a reduction in file size with 10.1 MB. A carbon footprint of 0.150 gCO2e was measured during inference.