## 4 Conclusions  
This study highlights the potential of _Cynara cardunculus_ L. var. _scolymus_ (globe artichoke) landrace, \"Carciofo Ortano\", as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. A comprehensive analysis of different plant tissues revealed significant variations in antioxidant activity, with stems and secondary flower heads exhibiting the highest values across multiple assays (FRAP, ABTS, DPPH, and FC). HPLC-DAD analysis identified caffeoylquinic acids, particularly 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid), 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acids, as the primary contributors to antioxidant activity. These compounds were further complemented, albeit in low quantities, by the presence of apigenin derivatives and cynaropicrin. Using SPME-GC/MS analysis, VOCs were also detected including alcohols and terpen with known antioxidant properties. Methanolic extracts from both tissues demonstrated significant antioxidant effects in vitro and in vivo, reducing ROS levels, restoring glutathione balance in neuroblastoma cells, and improving mitochondrial function in _D. melanogaster_ under oxidative stress conditions. These findings emphasize their potential neuroprotective and health-promoting properties. Moreover, the results underscore the untapped potential of artichoke by-products, particularly stems, as sources of bioactive compounds. These insights align with circular economy strategies aimed at minimizing waste and optimizing resource use. Taken together, the findings highlight the value of artichoke by-products for potential applications in the pharmaceutical and medical sectors, while emphasizing the importance of preserving agricultural biodiversity and fostering innovation for sustainable development. Future studies should focus on developing scalable extraction techniques and conducting clinical validations to fully harness the potential of this artichoke landrace. Enhanced valorization of each plant part and its components could contribute to local socioeconomic development. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/antivac14010116/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/antivac14010116/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/antivac14010116/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/antivac14010116/s1)), Table S1: List of the ten genotypes used in the analysis; Table S2: Total eigenvalues, relative and cumulative proportion of total variance explained by each component and link of the first two PCs with the antioxidant assays. Conceptualization, V.L.M., E.A., M.C. and E.O. ; methodology, V.L.M., I.M., E.A., W.T., V.V., A.R.P., S.C., S.G. and E.C. ; validation, M.C., D.C. and E.O. ; formal analysis, M.C. and E.O. ; investigation, V.L.M., I.M., E.A., W.T., A.R.P., S.C., V.V., S.G. and E.C. ; resources, E.O., M.C., V.V., S.G. and D.C.; data curation, V.L.M., I.M., E.A., A.R.P., S.C., V.V., S.G. and E.C. ; writing--original draft preparation, V.L.M., M.C., E.O., E.A., I.M., V.V., S.G. and E.C. ; writing--review and editing, V.L.M., E.A., M.C., D.C. and E.O. ; visualization, V.L.M., E.A., I.M., V.V., S.G., E.C., D.C., M.C. and E.O. ; supervision, M.C. and E.O. ; project administration, M.C. ; funding acquisition, M.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by Lazio Innova--Ricerca e Innovazione del POR FESR Lazio 2014-2020 \"Progetti di Gruppi di Ricerca\" (CUP J85F21000410002, project \"Caratterizzazione genetica, nutrizionale e nutraceutica della varieta locale \"Carciofo Ortano\" per lo sviluppo di una filiera agroalimentare corta e di un sistema di recupero di molecole bioattive dai sottoprodotti della coltivazione ORTE-CHOKE\"). Not applicable. The data contained within the present article and in its Supplementary Materials are freely available upon request to the corresponding author.