# Cracks in Arch Dams: An Overview of Documented Instances
## 2 Observational Data/Material: Summary of Case Studies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{14.2 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline  & **Dam** & **Main Causes of Cracking** & **Cracked Zone** & **Location of Cracks** & **Crack Dimensions** & **Published Records** \\ \hline - & Dam G & Thermal stress. & Downstream surface. & - & - & Radial displacements. \\ \hline - & Dam H & Chemical effects. Alkali–aggregate reaction. & Internal. & Gallery. & Max. length: 246 m. Max. width: 2.4 mm. & Evolution of crack opening. Radial displacement (dam crest). \\ \hline - & Dam I & - & Internal. & Gallery. & - & - \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{13} & \multirow{4}{*}{Dam J} & \multicolumn{4}{p{142.3 pt}}{Inadequate design or execution of the construction. Grout splitting of the interlamian bonding surfaces, which caused the growing uplift.} & Internal. & Gallery at 15 m above the dam base. & Max. length: 23 m. Max. depth: 0.51 m. Max. width: 0.3 mm. & Crack opening evolution. Precise placement of the cracks. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{14} & \multirow{4}{*}{Dam K} & \multicolumn{4}{p{142.3 pt}}{\multirow{4}{*}{-}} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Upstream surface.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Rock–concrete interface.} & Max. width: 2.5 mm. & Measurements of pendulums in the central block. Crack opening displacements. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{15} & \multirow{4}{*}{El Atazar} & Thermal effects. Soil displacements. The deformational asymmetry of the foundation leads to tensile stresses on weak joints. & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Downstream, upstream and internal.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Horizontal. Principal internal at base. Downstream at the base. Others between 55 and 100 m.} & Max. length: 160 m. Max. depth: 19 m. & Displacements (measured by \(\lx@sectionsign\) pendulums). Precise placement of the cracks. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{16} & \multirow{4}{*}{Eran} & Thermal effects. Non-uniform temperature distribution on the downstream surface. & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Downstream surface.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Upper-right side.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{-} & Radial displacements (in 4 central points). \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{17} & \multirow{4}{*}{Gene Wash} & \multicolumn{4}{p{142.3 pt}}{Chemical effects. Wetting-drying cycles connected with the expansion of the dam mass. Reaction: Alkali–silica.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Downstream surface.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Horizontal and oblique. Abutments.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{-} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Precise placement of the cracks.} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{18} & \multirow{4}{*}{Huaguangtan} & Thermal effects. Low temperature and high water level. & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Downstream and upstream surfaces.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Dam–foundation interface.} & Max. width: 20 mm. & Horizontal displacement (central cantilever). Vertical displacements (momooliths). \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{19} & \multirow{4}{*}{Isola} & \multicolumn{4}{p{142.3 pt}}{Chemical effects. Alkali–aggregate reaction.} & \multirow{4}{*}{Internal.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Horizontal. Gallery at 31 m above the dam base.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Max. length: 246 m. Max. width: 2.4 mm. (dam crest). (measured with a part of the dam).} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{20} & \multirow{4}{*}{Kariba} & \multicolumn{4}{p{142.3 pt}}{Chemical effects. Alkali–aggregate reaction.} & \multirow{4}{*}{Downstream surface.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Horizontal. On the hand of the dam–foundation interface.} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{-} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Vertical displacements. Radial displacements (on the crest).} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & &