## 4 Discussion
Based on the findings presented in Table 7, significant differences in the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures were observed between El Nino and La Nina events. During El Nino events, the average temperature showed a difference ranging from 3.51 to 4.71 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while the difference in maximum temperature ranged from 2.06 to 4.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the difference in minimum temperature ranged from 5.36 to 6.65 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Table 6 also reveals that when the ONI values are between \(-\)1 and 1, indicating moderate strength, the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures are lower compared to the statistics derived from the MODIS satellite. Based on Table 6, the average temperatures during the El Nino events in 1997 and 1998 were 27.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 26.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively, while the average temperature during the La Nina events in November 2011 and September 2010 was 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This indicates a temperature difference of 2 to 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C between the ONI events. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [36] state that rainfall decreases during El Nino events, which can lead to an increase in temperature, while high rainfall during La Nina events causes a decrease in temperature in Kuching City. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [5;36] report that the effect of El Nino can cause a temperature increase ranging from 0.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 1.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while La Nina can cause a temperature decrease ranging  
Figure 11: The area of hotter areas during El Niño events is higher compared to that during La Nina events based on MODIS data. from 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 1.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This explains why the extent of hotter areas during El Nino events is higher compared to that during La Nina events. The findings of this study differ from the findings of [PERSON] et al. [14], who studied the Amazon and reported a temperature difference of 7.5\(-\)8 \({}^{\circ}\)C between El Nino and La Nina events using MODIS data. The variation in the impact of ENSO events on the temperature in the study by [PERSON] et al. [14] depends on factors such as topography, with higher temperatures observed in lowland areas compared to areas near the Andes Mountains. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] also used MODIS data to study the effect of El Nino on global temperature and vegetation systems and found that El Nino resulted in temperature increases ranging from 0.5 to 2.50 \({}^{\circ}\)C depending on the location. The findings of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] are similar to the findings of this study. The differences in temperature changes are due to factors such as topography and the location of the place studied, as stated by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [5,36]. This demonstrates that remote sensing techniques can identify the effects of El Nino and La Nina events on the temperature distribution at the study location, namely Kuching City, Sarawak. Through remote sensing techniques, it was found that urban and industrial areas are concentrated hot areas. Concentrated hot areas refer to areas with surface temperatures exceeding 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which can cause discomfort to humans [31]. The use of Landsat satellite to study the effects of ENSO on the urban climate for selected data with strong ENSO magnitude values of \(-\)1 (La Nina) and 1 (El Nino) revealed a temperature increase of 2.10\(-\)2.80 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This explains the urban heat island effect in the temperature increase during El Nino events, which is 1.30\(-\)1.50 \({}^{\circ}\)C after subtracting the overall temperature increase pattern for Malaysia without considering the influence of the urban heat island effect on the temperature increase due to ENSO, as found in the study by [PERSON] et al. [34]. The findings of this study are consistent with the findings of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [37], who reported temperature increases of 0.1\(-\)1.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C in Kedah and 0.1\(-\)2.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C in Perlis during the El Nino event of 1997, based on meteorological data.