# Considered Factors of Online News Based on Respondents' Eye Activity Using Eye-Tracker Analysis
## 2 Literature Review
HCI emerged in the 1980s with the advent of personal computing, just as computers began to appear in homes and offices. Because computers are no longer room-sized, learning about human-computer interactions is easy and efficient for less experienced users. HCI has proliferated and settled for three decades, attracting professionals from many other disciplines with various concepts and approaches. Numerous theories of new interactions are emerging, such as hand gestures [38], body gestures [39], and eye-tracking/eye-movement [14]. By capturing the movement of the user's activity, posture, and space, the system can analyze and conclude whether the user feels safe and comfortable [40]. According to the Barlow concept, anxiety is a state of feeling where orientations or expectations about the future are related to preparation for the possibility of adverse events to come, and fear is a response to current or future hazards (real or perceived). Anxiety has many impacts on one's life. For example, anxiety simultaneously exerts direct and negative influences on performance expectancy [41]. Various kinds of anxiety can arise in a person, and this depends on the environment that triggers anxiety, for example, in a student/teenager [28], cyber bullying [42; 43] or anxiety that occurs because of one's social life [44]. There is also anxiety triggered by fear, lack of knowledge, and insecurity towards technology [45]. There are several previous studies regarding anxiety. Anxiety can occur due to various causes and reasons, for example, the research conducted by [PERSON] [46] on earthquake victims in Athens in September 1999. The anxiety shown by the community was in line with the degree of impact the Athens earthquake. Locations with the greatest impact had the highest average anxiety in the community. Research by [PERSON] et al. [47] in Barcelona, according to anxiety and depression among undergraduate students, found that young adults may be more vulnerable to the development of stress and anxiety. They concluded that anxiety and depression in young adults need to be prevented and treated. There are a lot of previous studies on the relationship between eye-tracking, anxiety, and online news. Firstly, the relationship between eye-tracking and online news is unique in its shapes and concepts. On the surface, there are many factors in online news including congruity [36], reading behavior [48; 49], content selection [50; 51], attention and learning content [52], public opinion [53], and media platforms [54]. Next, there are also previous studies on the relationship between eye-tracking and anxiety. A relationship between eye-tracking/gaze data with anxiety exists but does not directly affect each other. To be more precise, these two factors can be analyzed separately and result in different conclusions, then they can be discussed to connect them as one conclusion to answer a problem. For example, in this paper we tried to find a relationship between anxiety and gaze data on online news. By comparing the gaze ratio from one anxiety level to another, we can analyze how large the impact of texts or images are on certain anxiety levels. The relation between eye-tracking and anxiety describes more of the psychological state of a person because of certain impulses or tasks received. For example, studies by [PERSON] [55], [PERSON] [56], and [PERSON] [57] show eye gaze direction from observers when looking at fearful or angry faces. Each of these studies give different results about gaze of emotional faces from observers with high to low anxiety levels, and it gives an interesting perspective about how unique the eye gaze is. Moreover, a study by [PERSON] [58] about the effect of anxiety on eye gaze from pilots landing an aircraft shows an increase in anxiety by the randomness of scanning behavior. There are more examples on the unique relationship between eye-tracking and anxiety [58; 59].