## 2 Experimental Section  
In order to test the benefits of the GLONASS constellation using mass-market receivers, two different types of receivers were considered: a single constellation (GPS) single frequency L1 receiverand a double constellation single frequency receiver. The characteristics of these instruments are shown in Table 1.  
At the same time, previous studies [2,6] have demonstrated the importance of the GNSS antenna, especially when mass-market receivers were used. For this, we considered two different antennas: the first one is a geodetic and multi-constellation antenna (LEIAR10 by Leica Geosystems(r), Heerbrugg, Canton St. Gallen, Switzerland) and the second one is a mass-market antenna provided by the Garmin(r) Company (Schaffhausen, Switzerland). The characteristics of these antennas are shown in Table 2. Antennas coupled to mass-market receivers (patch antennas) typically have a higher gain because they must receive signals in hostile environments and indoor positioning [16].  
In these cases we must choose a compromise between cost and performance, such as a Garmin GA38 antenna. We decided to divide the performance analysis of these types of receivers into two  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Receivers**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**LEA EVK-5T**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**NVS NV08-CSM**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(U-Blox)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(Leica Geosystems)**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Image**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Default Antenna**} & Patch & patch \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Nr. of channels**} & 50 & 32 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Constellations**} & GPS & GPS + GLONASS + GALILEO \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Type of observations**} & GPS: C/A, L1, Doppler, S/N & GPS: C/A, L1, Doppler, S/N \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Type of observations**} & GPS: C/A, L1, Doppler, S/N & GLONASS: L1 \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Galileo:E1**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Position update rate**} & 0.25/1000 Hz & 1/10 Hz \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Corrections type**} & RTCM 2.x, RTCM 3.0, SBAS \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Corrections type**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{(WAAS/EGNOS/MSAS/GAGAN)} \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & AssistNow Online \& Offline [15] & \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Raw data format**} & Ubx & BINR/BINR2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Characteristics of receivers.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Antenna Type**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Garmin GA38**} & LEIAR10 (Leica Geosystems® ) \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Image**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Frequencies and**} & single frequency (L1) & double frequencies (L1 + L2) \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{**constellations**} & GPS + GLONASS & GPS + GLONASS \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Gain**} & 27 dB on the average & About 17 dB \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Antennas considered.  
subsections: the first is dedicated to the post-processing approach and the second focuses on real-time kinematic positioning. For these two sub-sections, a CORSs network was considered. This infrastructure is composed of various master stations that include geodetic (multi-frequency and multi-constellation) receivers.