## 5 Advanced Reinforced Graphene Nanoplatelet-Based Bio-Nanocomposites
### Graphene Nanoplatelets Reinforced Polyseters
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Matrix** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Manufacturing** \\ **Techniques** \\ \end{tabular} & **E\({}_{\text{g}}\)** & **T\({}_{\text{s}}\)** & **S\({}_{\text{g}}\)** & **Comment** & **Reference** \\ \hline BioFlex® & Melt Blending & 40\% & N/A & N/A & at 5 wt \% filler & [166] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PLA} & \multirow{2}{*}{Melt Blending} & \multirow{2}{*}{12} & \multirow{2}{*}{20} & \multirow{2}{*}{16} & 0.25 wt \% filler. & \multirow{2}{*}{[170]} \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{PLA or BioFlex® & Melt Blending & 40 & = & = & \begin{tabular}{c} 5 wt \% filler. \\ ciprofloxacin without \\ preventing the antimicrobial \\ activity. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{[162; 171]} \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline PLA plasticized with \multicolumn{4}{c}{\begin{tabular}{c} 0.3 wt \%. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{172} \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \hline PLA & Melt Mixing & 200 & N/A & N/A & 3 wt \% & [175; 176] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PLA} & \multirow{2}{*}{Melt compounding} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Large 24 \\ Small 10 \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{2}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{2}{*}{Study on the effect of GnS size on PLA mechanical properties} & \multirow{2}{*}{[177]} \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline PLA & Solution Processing & \begin{tabular}{c} GO 115\% \\ Melt Blending \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} N/A \\ GnPs 156\% \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} N/A \\ GnPs 156\% \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} N/A \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 0.4 wt \% \\ GO vs. GnPs \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} [178] \\ [179] \\ [180] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline PCL & Solution processing & 12 & N/A & 12 & 0.5 wt \% & [180] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} PLA \\ Mater-bi \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{Solution Processing and hot pressing} & \multirow{4}{*}{200} & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{4}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{4}{*}{Biopolymers. For comparison} \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline Chitosan-tapica starch & Solution processing & N/A & 40 & N/A & 0.8 wt \% & [181] \\ \hline Regenerated Cellulose & Solution processing & 34 & 56 & N/A & 3 wt \% & [182] \\ \hline Polyvinyl alcohol & Solution processing & 60 & 40 & & 0.5 wt \% & [183] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Biocomposite GnPs reinforced. The Young modulus is named E\({}_{\text{g}}\), the tensile strenght T\({}_{\text{s}}\) and the elongation at break S\({}_{\text{g}}\). These properties are expressed in percent increment. “=” means unchanged. (see Figure 16). [PERSON] and coauthors [162] obtained similar results with BioFlex(r) as polymer matrix. [PERSON] and coauthors employed a commercially-available GnPs from XG Science Inc. (grade C750, thickness lower than 2 nm, lateral size 1-2 um). [PERSON] et al. [172] incorporated GnPs inside PLA plasticized with palm oil. With 0.3 wt % nanoflakes melt mixed inside the biopolymer matrix, they were able to increase by approximately 27% and 60% the tensile strength and E\({}_{\text{g}}\), respectively. GnPs also decreased the glass transition temperature of the polymer matrix. Similar works always by [PERSON] et al. were performed mixing PLA, Poly (ethylene glycol), palm oil and GnPs, obtaining similar mechanical improvement [173], and increasing the nanocomposite's antibacterial properties [174]. Other works dealing with melt-mixing inclusion of GnPs inside PLA were published by [PERSON] et al. [175; 176]. Recently, [PERSON] and coauthors [177] performed a study on the effect of GnP size on the mechanical properties of PLA composites. They used two different commercially available GnPs with lateral sizes of 15 and 1 um, named large and small, respectively.