# The Role of Trees in Sand Dune Rehabilitation: Insights from Global Experiences
## 3 Results
### Local Experiences and Results in Sand Dune Afforestation Worldwide
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Crt. No.** & **Tree Species** & **Region** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Risk Level/Invasiveness** \\ **on Sand Dunes** \\ \end{tabular} & **Citing Article** \\ \hline
41 & _Papulus albr var. pyramidalis_ L. & China &
\begin{tabular}{c} Medium–Clonal spread; \\ invasive tendencies \\ in some zones \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2013 [83] \\ \hline
42 & _Prosopis chilensis_ Stunz. & Niger &
\begin{tabular}{c} Medium–Controversial; \\ invasive outside \\ native range \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] [49] \\ \hline
43 & _Prosopis cineraria_ [PERSON][PERSON] & India &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native, \\ culturally important \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] and [PERSON], 1976 [65] \\ \hline
44 & _Prosopis jidifora_ [PERSON] [PERSON]. & Iran &
\begin{tabular}{c} High–High invasive \\ in many arid regions \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2017 [84] \\ \hline
45 & _Prunus serotina_ ([PERSON].) & Hungary &
\begin{tabular}{c} High–Major invader \\ in Europe \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] and [PERSON], 2009 [85] \\ \hline
46 & _Quercus rehur_ L. & France & Low-Native oak species &
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] and [PERSON], 2003; \\ [PERSON] et al., 2013 [76; 86] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
47 & _Quercus rubra_ L. & Canada &
\begin{tabular}{c} Medium–Invasive in some \\ European countries \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] and [PERSON], 1992 [80] \\ \hline
48 & _Robinia pseudoacacia_ L. & Serbia; Romania &
\begin{tabular}{c} High–Widely invasive \\ in Europe \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2023; \\ \hline
49 &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Salix alarensis_ \\ ([PERSON] \\ \end{tabular} & Canada & Low-Native riparian species & [PERSON], 1995 [88] \\ \hline
50 & _Salix silicicola_ L. & Canada & Low-Native willow species & [PERSON], 1995 [88] \\ \hline
51 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Syzygium antisprician_ \\ ([PERSON]. \& [PERSON] \\ \end{tabular} & Thailand &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native, \\ low ecological risk \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2020 [73] \\ \hline
52 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Syzygium grande_ \\ ([PERSON]) [PERSON]. \\ \end{tabular} & Thailand &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native, \\ low ecological risk \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2020 [73] \\ \hline
53 & _Tumrix_ sp. & Israel &
\begin{tabular}{c} High–Invasive in \\ arid regions \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON], 1995 [89] \\ \hline
54 & _Tumrix aphlylla_ ([PERSON]. & Iran; Israel &
\begin{tabular}{c} High–Saline soil spreader; \\ documented invader \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2012; \\ \hline
55 & _Ulmus pumila_ L. & Mongolia &
\begin{tabular}{c} High–Known invader in \\ North America and Europe \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2014 [92] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: \(Cont.\)miphora cuttings were used in Somalia's Hiiraan region to rehabilitate 30 ha of degraded dunes [98]. In Kenya, the survival of planted trees faces challenges, with the exception of _Azadirachta indica_, showcasing the crucial need to use species that are appropriate for site conditions and local communities [54]. Finally, Libya used a chemical innovation (bitumen mulch) in order to boost moisture retention and tree survival by up to 30%, proving how non-biological interventions can be a complementary tool in afforestation projects [99]. A unique report comes from Cuba, where _Coccoloa uvifera_ was inoculated with _Scleroderma pernudense_ and used in stabilizing coastal dunes, demonstrating the essential role of mycorrhizal partnerships [61]. Although all these cases show unique challenges, we found that successful projects share a series of common aspects: selecting site-adapted species (usually native ones), using integrated techniques (biological, mechanical, hydrological), and including local communities and traditional knowledge.