esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Simulation and Analysis
### Performance of the Routing Protocols with the Mobility Models  
The simulation results are presented below with 95% confidence intervals. The confidence intervals, which are represented by small vertical segments along the graphs, help us establish the statistical significance of the differences or gaps between any two curves. We plotted our metrics as a function of time in order to capture their behavior as the simulation runs. Note that at the very beginning of the simulation, all of the nodes are bundled together at the bottom left-hand side corner of the simulation region. That corner is the launching point. The nodes spread out as the simulation proceeds and eventually reach a steady-state distribution. Therefore, we are going to consider the values of our metrics toward the end of the simulation as they represent the values at steady state. The fact that the nodes are initially together typically provides the highest PDR and the lowest delay. Furthermore, note that all of the metrics are averaged over time since the beginning of the simulation. All of the metrics reach a plateau, typically after less than half of the simulation time, with further variance well within the 95% confidence interval. We therefore conclude that these values represent the typical performance of the final steady-state UAV distribution.  
Figure 8: Node distribution under GM.  
For the protocol performance, we mostly focus on the PDR to which we associate the routing overhead for half of the protocols (AODV and GRP) and the end-to-end delay for the other half (RGR and OLSR). For flooding, we only present the PDR, as there are no control packets whatsoever to account for routing overhead here. As a matter of fact the definition of routing overhead changes here. It can be measured in terms of the number of packet transmissions per second, for example. In order not to bother with two definitions of routing overhead or deal with two types of overhead, we rather limit the observation of flooding to PDR.
## 3 Results  
### Validation of Estimated LAI and ET  
The LAI estimated from the Sentinel-2-based NDVI was compared to the observed LAI for June 2018 in the Beijing Sponge City (Figure 2a). The observed LAI was measured within the region around 39.50-40.50\({}^{\circ}\) N, 115.40-116.10\({}^{\circ}\) E. The result shows that the Sentinel-2-based LAI has a high correlation with the observed values (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.74), indicating that the LAI at 10m resolution estimated from Sentinel-2 can be well applied to estimate ET for the Beijing Sponge City.  
We also validate the performance of PML-V2 in simulating ET in the Beijing region. Figure 2b-d shows the comparisons of PML-V2-estimated ET based on MODIS LAI with the observed ET over 2008-2010 from three field sites (i.e., Daxing, Miyun and Guantao)  
Figure 2: Validation of the Sentinel-2-retrieved LAI and the PML-V2-simulated ET. (**a**) The Sentinel-2-retrieved LAI compared to observed LAI for June 2018; (**b–d**) The PML-V2-simulated 8-day ET based on MODIS LAI compared to observed ET for the three flux tower sites at Daxing, Miyun and Guantao, respectively, in the Beijing area over 2008–2010.  
which are located within the Beijing region. The result indicates that PML-V2 has satisfied performance in simulating ET for Beijing Sponge City with (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.64-0.90). Therefore, based on the above good performance in the Sentinel-2-estimated LAI and the PML-V2-estimated ET, we further evaluate NDVI, LAI, and ET and related variables at 10m resolution for Beijing Sponge City.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phenolic Acid Profile of the Tested Plant Extracts
Caffeic acid was identified in the thyme extract obtained using EtOAc solvent, which confirms the results obtained by [PERSON] et al. [56]. These researchers also detected the presence of other acids including chlorogenic and sinaptic acid in the EtOH fraction, which was not confirmed in our study. In the study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [57] using a gradient mobile phase using water, acetonitrile, and formic acid, gallic acid (RT--5.5 min), caffeic acid (RT--14.68 min), ferulic acid (RT--29.74 min), cinnamic acid (RT--37.96 min), and rosmarinic acid (RT--39.04 min) were identified in the MeOH extract obtained from the aerial parts _T. vulgaris_, while the presence of chlorogenic acid was not detected. Our studies also confirmed the presence of caffeic acid and ferulic acid in the MeOH extract of thyme, and we also detected the presence of chlorogenic acid. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [30] determined the presence of the following phenolic components in MeOH thyme extract: rosmarinic acid, methyl rosmarinate, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid and quinic acid, ferulic acid, apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin. Differences in the identification of phenolic acids in thyme and sideritis extracts can be explained primarily by the variability of the chemical composition of the raw material (genetic, ontogenetic, and/or environmental). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Phenolic Acids**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ACT**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MET**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**EtOH-H\({}_{2}\)O**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**EtOAc**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & _Thymi_ & _Sideritis_ & _Thymi_ & _Sideritis_ & _Thymi_ & _Sideritis_ & _Thymi_ & _Sideritis_ \\ \hline Chlorogenic acid & & x & & x & x & x \\ Cafeic acid & x & & x & x & & x \\ Protocatechuic acid & & x & & & & x \\ m-Cumaric acid & x & & & & & \\ Ferulic acid & x & x & x & x & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} ACT—acetone; MET—methanol; EtOH-H\({}_{2}\)O—ethanol 70%; EtOAc—ethyl acetate.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Phenolic acid profile of the tested plant extracts.
# Single-Cell Patterning Based on Immunocapture and a Surface Modified Substrate
## 2 Preparation of the Substrate for Single Cell Patterning
### Surface Cleaning and HMDS Coating
The contact angle will continue increasing with the processing time until the reaction is saturated and the substrate surface is completely modified. The continued increase in the cooling time will not further increase the contact angle. We performed the experiments by varying the heating temperature and heating time, by heating the substrate under 110 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 20 s, 40 s, 60 s, 80 s, 100 s, 150 s, 200 s, 300 s, 400 s, 500 s, and 600 s at each temperature, and measuring the deionized water contact angles in different heating parameters; the results are shown in Figure 3. The contact angle was measured using the OCA20 contact angle measurement instrument of DataPhysics, Fielderstadt, Germany. Under these heating parameters, all the contact angles are between 71-79\({}^{\circ}\).Considering measurement errors and surface irregularities, we conclude that, when the heating time is longer than 100s, the water contact angle will maintain in above range, and the surface processing quality is primarily related to the substrate cooling time in the HMDS vapor. Figure 2: Schematic diagram of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) vapor deposition. After HMDS vapor deposition, the contact angle increased to 75\({}^{\circ}\)\(\pm\) 4\({}^{\circ}\), demonstrating strong hydrophobic properties. To further investigate the significance of the difference of the water contact angle between different groups with different heating time, t-tests were conducted. The results are shown in Supplementary materials (Table S1). It can be seen that the p value between the group of 100 s and the groups of 60 s and 80 s is below 0.05, indicating the differences of the water contact angle between different groups with a different heating time were obvious. By contrast, the \(p\) value between the group of 100 s and the groups of 150 s, 200 s, 300 s, 400 s, 500 s, and 600 s is above 0.1, indicating the differences of the water contact angle between different groups with a different heating time were not obvious. Based on these experiment results and considering that the heating process results in hardbaking, the optimum settings for heating are 110 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 100 s, followed by immediate cooling in an HMDS vapor for 15 min.
###### Abstract  
**Aim**: To investigate the effect of whole-body vibration on older people with sarcopenia, and their physical capability, activities of daily living, and sleep quality. **Methods:** This study is quasi-experimental and adopts single-group pretest-posttest design. The study included participants aged older than 65 years who lived in nursing homes and care centers in Taipei, Taiwan. The whole-body vibration training was performed for 3 months, and during each training session, a participant received ten cycles of 60-sec vibration with 30-sec breaks between the cycles. The physical capability, activities of daily living, and sleep quality of the participants were examined to understand the pretest and posttest results of whole-body vibration training. Concerning the statistical methods adopted, nonparametric method-based tests were employed. **Results:** In addition to sleep quality (z = 7.367, \(p\) > 0.05), significant differences were observed between before and after whole-body vibration training intervention for one-foot balance (z = \(-\)2.447, \(p\) < 0.05), shoulder and arm flexibility (z = \(-\)3.159, \(p\) < 0.05), walking speed (z = \(-\)2.692, \(p\) < 0.05), right-hand grip (z = \(-\)3.388, \(p\) < 0.05), left-hand grip (z = \(-\)3.264, \(p\) < 0.05), five sit-stand repetitions (z = \(-\)2.936, \(p\) < 0.05), skeletal muscle mass index (z = \(-\)3.621, \(p\) < 0.05), and activities of daily living (z = 1.163, \(p\) < 0.05). **Conclusions:** According to this study, with the 12-week whole-body vibration training in older people with sarcopenia, their physical capability and activities of daily living have improved, though sleeping quality is not statistically significant.  
**Keywords:** activities of daily living; physical capability; quasi-experimental research; sarcopenia; physical capability; sleep quality +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
# Evaluation of Metamorphic Testing for Edge Detection in MRI Brain Diagnostics
## 1 Introduction
### Research Contributions  
Our academic work is specific to medical field using the MRI of brain cells to detect edges of the tumor. The proposed framework provides following contributions to the research area.  
* The novelty of this paper is to study the effectiveness of metamorphic testing applied on MRI brain images. Testing of image processing applications is different from testing of conventional applications, due to the test oracle problem. Previously, metamorphic testing approaches have been applied and evaluated on image processing applications, but there is no previous work on evaluation of metamorphic testing on MRI images. In this work, we have evaluated effectiveness of metamorphic testing on edge detection of MRI images. The aim of this study is to determine which metamorphic relations are more effective for metamorphic testing of edge detection in MRI images such as T1, T2 and flair images.  
* Source test cases are generated through a systematic way to ascertain that the generated test cases are random but diverse in nature. Equivalence class testing along with structural testing is used for the generation of source test cases.
* The fault detection effectiveness of four metamorphic relations used in metamorphic testing are evaluated.
* For comparing the outputs of source and follow-up test cases, structure similarity images measure is used.
## 4 Conclusions  
1. The presented results may constitute the basis for the continuation of research work carried out on a larger, more practical scale under field conditions.
2. Water source affected the performance of the added adjuvants, especially that of the type from Sosnowka village, Poland (WS).
3. Adjuvant OL concentration significantly affected the D\({}_{\text{V0.1}}\), D\({}_{\text{V0.9}}\), SMD, and RS spray features. However, it did not affect the D\({}_{\text{V0.5}}\) values because this fraction range is the least sensitive to any changes in the other droplet fractions.
4. The OL adjuvant type could be successfully applied in agricultural sprayers by increasing D\({}_{\text{V0.5}}\) and decreasing the percentage of droplet size below 150 um, although only when using the tap water from the WUP source.
5. The possibility of continuing this research should be considered with the use of portable research devices and field devices, in addition to other types of adjuvants, to verify whether the results will be similar and whether it will be possible to use these in practical agricultural applications.
6. The authors' recommendation is to use OL adjuvants, as these were found in practice to reduce the occurrence of fine droplets susceptible to the drift effect.  
Conceptualization, M.M. and A.S.; methodology, M.M. and S.P.; software, M.M. and A.S.; validation, S.P. and M.R.-B.; formal analysis, M.M., M.C. and M.R.-B.; investigation, M.M. and A.S.; resources, M.M. and A.S.; data curation, M.M., A.S. and S.P.; writing--original draft preparation, M.M. and A.S.; writing--review and editing, A.S. and M.M.; visualization, M.M. and A.S.; supervision, M.C. and S.P.; project administration, M.M., A.S. and S.P.; funding acquisition, M.C., S.P. and M.R.-B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Bilinear and Weibull/IPL General Background
### Weibull Distribution  
The Weibull distribution is widely used in reliability analysis [14]. It was proposed by [PERSON] [15], and its probability density function (pdf) is given by:  
\[f(t)=\frac{\beta}{\eta}\bigg{(}\frac{t}{\eta}\bigg{)}^{\beta-1}\exp\Bigg{\{}- \bigg{(}\frac{t}{\eta}\bigg{)}^{\beta}\Bigg{\}} \tag{2}\]  
The corresponding reliability and cumulative failure distributions are:  
\[R(t)=\exp\Bigg{\{}-\bigg{(}\frac{t}{\eta}\bigg{)}^{\beta}\Bigg{\}} \tag{3}\]  
\[F(t)=1-\exp\Bigg{\{}-\bigg{(}\frac{t}{\eta}\bigg{)}^{\beta}\Bigg{\}} \tag{4}\]  
where \(\beta\) is the shape parameter and \(\eta\) is the scale parameter. Furthermore, the Inverse Power Law (IPL) model, which is frequently used to relate failure times with non-thermal stresses [16], is defined by:  
\[L(S)=\frac{1}{KS^{n}} \tag{5}\]  
where \(L\) represents the characteristic life, \(S\) represents the stress level, and \(K\) and \(n\) are parameters to be determined. By setting \(\eta=L(S)\) in Equation (5), the Weibull/IPL model is as follows:  
\[f(t,S)=\beta KS^{n}(KS^{n}t)^{\beta-1}e^{-(KS^{n}t)^{\beta}} \tag{6}\]  
Thus, the Weibull/IPL reliability function is given by:  
\[R(T,S)=e^{-(KS^{n}T)^{\beta}} \tag{7}\]  
Figure 1: S–N curve with bilinear behavior.  
The parameters (\(\beta\), \(K\), and \(n\)) of the Weibull/IPL model defined in Equation (6) are estimated by using the maximum likelihood method. With these Weibull/IPL parameters, the steps to perform the P-S-N analysis are as follows.
## 3 Case Studies of Pure Bending and Springback
### Numerical Study of Pure Bending of DP980 and SUS304  
The analytical solution based on Cazacu-Barlat 2004 and the Voee hardening rule was implemented in the UMAT subroutine in ABAQUS/Standard. The radial return algorithm [26], which applies an implicit integration technique, was applied and improved to solve the constitutive equations. In the first step, the pure bending tests were simulated, and the results were compared with the analytical results. For pure bending tests, a 2D strip with the same dimensions used in experimental tests was modelled. Due to the symmetric boundary condition about the plane along the centreline of the sheet, only half of the sheet sample was modelled along with the rigid body to model the clamp as a fixture to the sample, as shown in Figure 10. The clamp was modelled as a discrete rigid part and fused to the right edge of the strip using the tie constraint. The moment was applied at point A, which is the reference point of the clamp. Thirty elements through the thickness were considered, since it showed good convergence in the results. The 4 node bilinear plane stress quadrilateral (CPS4R) element was adopted to model the sheet.  
The bending moment-curvature curves of SUS304 and DP980 were obtained by using the proposed model by using UMAT subroutine and by using the default isotropic material in Abaqus (von-Mises), respectively. The results are compared with the analytical results in Figure 11. As it can be seen, the curves based on the default model of Abaqus did not coincide with the analytical curves. However, the analytical and simulation results using the UMAT subroutine were in good agreement for both RD and TD specimens. This shows that the model was implemented in UMAT successfully.  
Figure 10: Finite element modelling of the pure bending of the metal sheet sample.  
Figure 9: Comparison of the analytical and experimental bending moment–curvature diagram and nonlinear unloading in the (**a**) rolling direction and (**b**) transverse direction.
#### Example of a Hybrid Positioning System  
LiDAR produces position estimates in local reference coordinates with a small positioning error compared to that with other methods. In practice, LiDAR is complemented by simultaneous localization and mapping algorithms to keep track of the location and assisted with a global reference to map local coordinates into global coordinates. One approach consists of constructing maps, in a so-called place recognition step, followed by a second step performing a pose estimation [21; 22]. However, in some environments with multiple repetitive structural patterns, such as buildings without distinctive indoor characteristics, corridors, or tunnels, it is challenging to keep track of the position. In addition, if a positioning system is suddenly turned on, or reset, in such environments, it is difficult to determine a reference global position without further assistance. In these cases, a possible solution is to complement the place recognition with input of the global position estimates produced using fingerprinting-based positioning, thus assisting LiDAR in mapping its local position coordinates into global coordinates. The sensor array described in this article could be used to assist in the mapping of local to global coordinates, as well as in producing an estimate of the heading information in a single measurement.
###### Abstract  
This paper studies the performance of the communication link between a ground station and the satellites of a LEO constellation, employing code division multiplexing and a non-linear high-power amplifier. The analysis shows that the input power selection at the high-power amplifier of the ground station has a significant impact on overall system performance. The results concerning output power, the challenge of adjusting the back-off with a continuously changing number of satellites, and improved energy efficiency suggest operating in saturation. In this scenario, we can choose to transmit directly the sign of the sum of the signals directed to individual satellites. Analytical exact and simplified results are derived, enabling the estimation of performance as a function of the number of satellites being served when the amplifier operates at saturation. These analytic results are further validated through simulations. A formula to compute the loss across different numbers of satellites is also presented. The performance under saturated amplifier conditions is evaluated, compared, and discussed, providing valuable insights for simplifying the design and operation of satellite uplink communication systems under power amplifier constraints.  
LEO satellites; ground station; telecommand; CDMA; high-power amplifier +
Footnote †: journal:  
ccs  
links [21; 22; 23] (In our papers, we typically differentiate between CDM, used for the uplink from the Ground Station to multiple satellites, and CDMA, used for the downlink from multiple satellites to the ground station.). Their popularity stems from the ability to serve multiple satellites simultaneously within the same frequency band by utilizing spreading sequences with good cross-correlation properties. These properties help to minimize interference among signals directed to different satellites, ensuring reliable communication and control. Furthermore, CDM and CDMA provide inherent protection against jamming, as the use of spread spectrum techniques makes it more difficult for unauthorized entities to disrupt the signal [24].
# Development and Prospect of UAV-Based Aerial Electrostatic Spray Technology in China
## 2 Early Exploration of Aerial Electrostatic Spray Technology in China
### Hardware Structure Improvement  
Hardware structure improvement research refers to the adjustment or structural modification of system parameters such as electrode material, nozzle size, rotor number, and nozzle position of aerial electrostatic spray systems [21].  
In 2007, [PERSON] et al. [22] introduced a structured design on a double-nozzle for an aerial electrostatic sprayer and theoretically analyzed the space field induced by the double-nozzle and the impact on the size and charging droplets from the space field.  
[PERSON] et al. [23] improved the design of an aerial electrostatic single-nozzle from the aspects of an electrostatic electrode, nozzle material, nozzle processing technology, connection mode of high voltage wire and electrode, rotating screw joints, overflow valve body, and so on, in order to meet the requirements for application and large-scale production.  
In terms of the electrode of electrostatic nozzles, [PERSON] et al. [24] modified the original cylindrical electrode to a cone-shaped electrode according to the features of aerial electrostatic spraying. The effect of charging voltage on the charge to mass ratio and deposition distribution of the new aerial electrostatic system was tested under simulated flight conditions. It was found that the electrostatic spray was beneficial to increase the average deposition of charged droplets on the lateral, bottom, and back sides of the neutral target significantly. [PERSON] et al. [25] improved the ring electrode of an aerial electrostatic nozzle and conducted an experimental study on the droplet size and the charging effect of droplets after the improvement. Results showed that droplet size was influenced by nozzle diameter, spraying pressure, and charging voltage, of which the spray pressure indicated the strongest effect, and charging voltage showed the weakest effect. The charge to mass ratio increased with the increase in voltage, reaching a maximum of 2.09 mC/kg, and tends to saturation at 8 kV. The charge to mass ratio decreased with the increase in droplet size, but the change was not rapid.