esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Insights into the Potential of Buckwheat Flow Fractions in Wheat Broad Dough
## 1 Introduction
Milling and sieving technologies can be used to obtain specific particle sizes with different structural characteristics and chemical compositions that impact dough rheology and final product quality [20; 21]. Knowledge is needed regarding the simultaneous influence of PS and the amount of added BF on functional and structural properties in order to confirm the suitability of their use in the development of baked products, given that PS influences dough rheology and the quality of baked products [22; 23]. Empirical dough testing methods such as falling number, Mixolab, alveograph, rheorefmentometer, and, recently, the dynamic rheometer have been used in various studies to assess the rheological properties of dough, elucidating the interaction among dough components [24; 25] that influence the technological process, and consequently the characteristics of the bread. Understanding the rheological properties of the dough in the formula when developing future products is important in predicting dough behavior during processing, with its quality affecting the finished load of bread. A dough for producing high-quality loaves must have a sufficiently high viscosity in order to prevent the ascent of gas cells, and it must remain extensible long enough during baking to avoid premature rupture of the membranes between gas cells [26]. To ensure the stability of gas cells, the dough needs to be sufficiently extensible to respond to gas pressure, but also strong enough to resist collapse [27]. The rheological properties are largely determined by the wheat gluten proteins, interactions between the gluten protein matrix and non-gluten proteins, and other flour components (e.g., flour lipids, fibers, non-gluten proteins) that may affect the rheological properties [28]. Loaf volume and texture profile analysis are used to evaluate the characteristics of the final baked products, and these are essential parameters influencing consumer purchase decisions. In our previous research [15; 29], we investigated the chemical composition, functional properties, microstructure, and molecular characteristics of buckwheat flour fractions, and the effect of their addition on the empirical rheology of wheat flour dough. Considering the factors mentioned above and the lack of studies regarding the influence of the incorporation of buckwheat flour with different particle sizes in wheat bread, this research aims to investigate how buckwheat flour at specific particle sizes and different addition levels affects the wheat flour amylase activity, dough behavior during mixing, heating-cooling stages, biaxial extension, rheofermentation, oscillatory and creep-recovery tests, and bread quality parameters in order to establish an optimal wheat-buckwheat composite flour for each particle size. The scientific research on buckwheat flour fractions addition in wheat flour is sparse; therefore, the present investigation focuses on complex rheological characterization and impact on bread characteristics.
# Assessing the Role of Program Suspend Operation in 3D NAND Flash Based Solid State Drives
## 4 Exploring the Program Suspend in 3D NAND Flash
### Time to Enter in Suspension  
The \(t_{EPS}\) was characterized to assess the impact of the suspend operations on the overall programming time as \(t_{EPS}\) is the price to pay when a suspend operation is issued. This can be useful in assessing the timings required prior servicing a read operation. We performed two quantifications of the \(t_{EPS}\): (i) considering the average value extracted among the 50 tested wordlines in a memory block; and (ii) considering the worst value that also represents the maximum stall time to expect before the read.  
The characterization was performed for each combination of the _Delay1_ and _Delay2_ values exploited during the tests. Figure 7 demonstrates that, in general, low _Delay2_ values provide a larger \(t_{EPS}\) time, although we found some specific combinations of the two delays in which both the average and worst \(t_{EPS}\) were larger than expected. The magnitude of the \(t_{EPS}\) was, in general, in a range of few tens of \(\mu\)s, which is 3-4% of the \(t_{PGM}\) measured without suspensions. That behavior could be ascribed to peculiar 3D NAND Flash internal algorithms in managing the suspension through multiple page buffers.  
As speculated in [10], the memory completes the program pulse in the ISPP algorithm independently by the exact point where the user decides to suspend the operation. This is mandatory to avoid the presence of some memory cells in the page to program that receives incomplete pulses and, therefore, has poor control of their program dynamics. The goal is to provide, to all the memory cells, the same ISPP routine even if the iterations in the algorithm are interrupted by the suspension.  
Figure 6: (**a**) Histogram of the actual number of issued suspensions considering all the delay combinations and for all 50 wordlines in the study. (**b**) Number of program suspensions as a function of _Delay1_ and _Delay2_.
# Maximization of Average Achievable Rate for NOMA-UAV Dual-User Communication System Assisted by RIS
###### Abstract  
Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology can effectively improve spectrum efficiency, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication has the advantage of flexible deployment, and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) can intelligently control the wireless transmission environment. Traditional communication systems have problems such as limited coverage and low spectrum efficiency in complex scenarios. However, a key challenge in deploying RIS-assisted NOMA-UAV communication systems lies in how to jointly optimize the UAV flight trajectory, power allocation strategy, and RIS phase offset to achieve the maximum average achievable rate for users. The non-convex nature of the optimization complicates the problem, making it challenging to find an efficient solution. Based on this, this paper presents a RIS-assisted NOMA-UAV communication system consisting of one UAV, one RIS, and two ground users. To achieve the maximum average rate for users, the UAV flight trajectory, power allocation strategy, and RIS phase offset are jointly optimized. For the non-convex problem, we decompose it into three sub-problems based on its inherent structural characteristics and use an alternating iterative approach to gradually converge to a feasible solution. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme offers significant advantages in the application scenario. Compared to other benchmark schemes, it delivers superior performance improvements to the communication system and offers higher practical value.  
unmanned aerial vehicle; reconfigurable intelligent surface; non-orthogonal multiple access; trajectory design; power allocation
# Ball Tracking Based on Multiscale Feature Enhancement and Cooperative Trajectory Matching
## 5 Conclusions  
We propose a ball detection and tracking method based on multiscale feature enhancement and multilevel collaborative matching, which can improve the tracking effect from the whole process of visual target tracking, including a heuristic composite sampling module, an MNet small object detection module, a multilevel collaborative matching module, and an automatic trajectory correction module. We designed a heuristic composite sampling strategy in which we apply the tiling mechanism, heuristic sampling, and a complicated sample mining mechanism. This module specifically targeted sports scenes and small objects that can balance samples and improve the detection effect of small ball objects. Secondly, we designed a new backbone network, MNet, which, based on the anchor-free detection model, can effectively improve the detection effect of balls under occlusion and motion blur. We also designed a tracking module based on multilevel collaborative matching and automatic trajectory correction, which can effectively improve the continuity of the ball trajectory. We also manually annotated a ball-tracking data set named SportsTrack containing three  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c} \hline \hline
**Modules** & **Network** & **AUC** & \(P\) & \(P_{Norm}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sampling Module} & (a) Random cropping and sampling & 76.2 & 81.5 & 83.0 \\  & (b) w/o Tilling & 74.3 & 81.4 & 84.3 \\  & (c) w/o Heuristic sampling & 74.2 & 79.9 & 83.3 \\  & (d) w/o Hard sample mining & 75.0 & 80.9 & 83.7 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MNet Backbone} & (a) SqueezeNet & 74.5 & 81.1 & 82.4 \\  & (b) EfficientNet & 76.5 & 83.2 & **86.9** \\  & (c) MobileNetV2 & 76.4 & 83.8 & 85.5 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Track Module} & (a) w/o Multilevel cooperative matching & 78.8 & 83.4 & 85.4 \\  & (b) w/o Automatic trajectory correction & 74.8 & 82.3 & 84.5 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{MNet Backbone} & HMMATrack & **76.6** & **84.0** & 85.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparison of ablation experiment evaluation results of HMMATrack. The best results are in bold.  
Figure 10: Tracking module ablation analysis on soccer, basketball, and volleyball test data sets.  
sports scenes: basketball, soccer, and volleyball. Finally, we studied detailed comparison and ablation experiments on SportsTrack, and the results demonstrate the advancement of our proposed HMMATrack.  
Conceptualization, Q.W.; methodology, X.H.; supervision, Q.W. and Y.W.; validation, Y.W.; writing--original draft, X.H.; writing--review and editing, X.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Beijing's new audiovisual industry to support the construction of \"four centers\"(23)CB002).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available in references [38; 39; 40].  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## Results
### Robotic Devices
_WristBot_[54] is a 3 DoFs end-effector robot specifically designed to treat wrist and forearm; it provides haptic feedback and compensates for its weight and inertia;
* _Novint Falcon_[56] is a 3 DoFs end-effector robot for shoulder and elbow; it was initially created as a computer input device, but later used also in the rehabilitation field;
* _AMADEO_[53] is an end-effector robot conceived for the rehabilitation of the hand with 1 DoF for each finger;
* _IOTA_[55] is a 2 DoFs exoskeleton that rehabilitates the carpometacarpal (CMC) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints (thumb) needed to perform some of the activities of daily living such as opposition grasp;
* _PASCAL_[52] is an end-effector robot for shoulder and elbow treatment with 5 DoFs: 3 DoFs to allow movements in the 3D space (shoulder, elbow) and 2 DoFs to ensure only exchange of interaction forces; in some applications there is the possibility to combine this robot with the Lokomat [59] to allow simultaneous rehabilitation of both upper and lower limbs [60];
* _ChARMin_[51, 61] is an exoskeleton with 6 DoFs for the entire human arm; it is the first actuated modular pediatric exoskeleton that consists of a proximal part (common for all patients) and a distal one (different depending on the child's age);
* _reHaptic Handle_[49] is an end-effector robot with 2 DoFs to train pinching, forearm pronation/supination and wrist flexion/extension movements;
* _REAPlan_[15] is a planar end-effector device with 2 DoFs and intended for the rehabilitation of shoulder and elbow;
* _MyPam_[50] is a bimanual end-effector robot for shoulder and elbow allowing movements in the horizontal plane; it has been designed to perform rehabilitation in a school environment and it can be used also in unimanual mode. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Robot** & **DOFs** & **Rehab** & **Type** & **Output** & **Modality** & **Feedback** & **Market** \\  & & & **Joint** & **Measurements** & & & & **Available** \\ \hline KINARM & & & & & & & & \\ (1999) & 2 + 2 & Shoulder & End-effector & Kinesthesia, position sense, kinematics & Active; passive & Visual & \\  & [46] & & & & & & & \\ \hline InMotion2 & & & & & & & & \\ (2003) & 2 & Shoulder & End-effector & Kinematics & Active; passive; & Visual & \\  & [45] & & & & & & & \\ \hline Armeo & & & & & & & & \\ Spring (2004) & 5
## 2 Scenario and Ray-Tracing Simulation Setup
### Industrial Scenario  
We chose the fiber optic cable laboratory of the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications to conduct the simulation in, which was a typical factory-like scenario. On the one hand, the size of the scenario was larger than the common indoor scenario, which reaches 33.3 m \(\times\) 7.7 m \(\times\) 3 m. On the other hand, there was a rich variety of metal reflectors in the scenario, most of which were metal instruments, and the material was defined as ferrum (Fe). There were a total of 38 metal instruments in the scenario, whose average height was 1.27 m. The layout of the scenario is shown in Figure 1. In addition, there was a small number of non-metallic reflectors which could cause the occurrence of pure Lambertian radiation for VLC, including the floor, ceiling, walls, and workspace. Among them, the walls were covered by plaster. The window was made of glass. The workspace in the bottom left corner of Figure 1 and the long office desk surrounding it were made of galvanized steel and pinewood.
## 2 Proposed Modular Cell Balancing Circuit
### Proposed Modular Cell Balancing Circuit  
#### 2.2.1 Modular Cell Balancing Concept  
Figure 7 illustrates an SCBS structure based on a conventional and modular balancing circuit [2; 31; 32; 33]. The conventional cell balancer used the series-connected battery cell string, which consists of \(N\times M\) cells. Therein, each cell has a separate energy transmitting path as shown in Figure 7a, whereas the modular cell balance is divided into \(M\) groups of the SCBS; each module has \(N\) cells, as represented in Figure 7b,c [1; 34; 35]. For the modular cell balancer, \(M\) groups of the SCBS are connected with \(M\) modules to balance the voltages in each module. The featured energy of cells is transferred from a high voltage level to a low level inside each module (i.e., intra-module balancer) individually. These modules can be connected to an external module balancer (i.e., outer-module balancer) to transmit the energy from a high to a low voltage level module until achieving the equalization of both energies between the modules. The modular cell balancing method is advanced for a small number of cells in comparison with the conventional method. Therefore, it is easier and more flexible than the conventional circuit in designing cell balancing for the large SCBS.
# CityBuildAR: Enhancing Community Engagement in Placemaking Through Mobile Augmented Reality
## 4 Analysis and Results
### Image Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Criteria**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Professional**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**University Student**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**General Public**} \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Use of element} & Tree & 23 (1.77) 1  & 43 (1.87) & 33 (2.36) \\  & Bushes & 55 (4.23) & 104 (4.52) & 30 (2.14) \\  & Table & 10 (0.77) & 26 (1.13) & 13 (0.93) \\  & Benches & 37 (2.85) & 87 (3.78) & 28 (2.00) \\  & Lamp posts & 15 (1.15) & 35 (1.52) & 11 (0.79) \\  & Garbage bins & 1 (0.08) & 15 (0.65) & 7 (0.50) \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Functionality} & Seating & Y—11, N—2 & Y—23, N—0 & Y—11, N—3 \\  & Walking & Y—13, N—0 & Y—17, N—6 & Y—8, N—6 \\  & Lighting & Y—7, N—6 & Y—19, N—4 & Y—8, N—6 \\  & Greenery & Y—7, N—6 & Y—20, N—3 & Y—11, N—3 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{User Interaction} & Physical Setting & Y—13, N—0, M—0 & Y—23, N—0, M—0 & Y—6, N—0, M—8 \\  & Sociability & Y—10, N—0, M—3 & Y—18, N—0, M—5 & Y—2, N—4, M—8 \\  & Imageability & Y—7, N—0, M—6 & Y—21, N—0, M—2 & Y—5, N—8, M—1 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Incorporating AR features} & Designing & Y—9, N—0, M—4 & Y—23, N—0, M—0 & Y—5, N—0, M—8 \\  & Visualizing & Y—0, N—0, M—13 & Y—23, N—0, M—0 & Y—5, N—0, M—8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} 1  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Image analysis. considered the physical setting, including aspects such as accessibility, walkability, climate comfort, and spatial characteristics. Additionally, visual appeal, attractiveness, and comfort, which represent imageability, were also highlighted in the designs. However, the general public group neglected the accessibility and walkability of space. University students considered the sociability aspect by incorporating density, diversity of space, and furniture availability, but the professionals did not add many inputs towards enhancing diversity or density to the place. The general public moderately considered sociability by incorporating density and functionality into the design but did not consider the imageability aspect in the designs. All three groups--professionals, university students, and the general public--incorporated AR elements and features in designing and visualizing the space. University students used AR to create transformative and experimental designs while professionals focused on enhancing the existing layout with minimal alterations. However, compared to university students and professionals, the general public used fewer design elements and focused on familiar layouts resulting in simple visualizations. This image analysis revealed diverse design methodologies influenced by participants' backgrounds and the role of AR as a placemaking tool to aid in visualizing the design ideas.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### LC-Ms  
All vegetal extracts were analyzed by an LC-MS analytical method that enables the simultaneous screening and quantification of 18 polyphenols (rosmarinic acid, cafaric acid, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and sinapic acid, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, rutin, myricetin, fisetin, quercetin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin), separated on a reverse phase Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (3.0 \(\times\) 100 mm \(\times\) 3.5 \(\upmu\)s) as previously described [35; 36]. Briefly, the mobile phase consisted in a mixture of 0.1% acetic acid and methanol in gradient elution. The LC-MS parameters were the following: flow rate 1 mL/min, injection volume 10 \(\upmu\)L, column temperature 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, UV detection at 330 and 370 nm; the elution of all components was achieved in about 40 min. MS detection was achieved by electrospray ionization (ESI) in the single ion monitoring mode (SIM) in the negative ion mode, at the following parameters: capillary voltage 3500 V, dry gas flow 12 L/min at 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C, nebulizer pressure 55 psig and fragmentor 70. Calibration curves were conducted for the quantification of polyphenols by the external standard method in the 0.05-2 \(\upmu\)g/mL range for a six-point plot for each compound. The \(m/z\) scale of the mass spectrum was calibrated by use of an external calibration standard ESI Tuning Mix from Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA).  
HPLC/LC-MS experiments were conducted on a 6120 LC-MS analytical system from Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA) consisting of 1260 Infinity HPLC equipped with G1322A degasser, G1311B quaternary pump, G1316A column thermostat, G1365C MWD detector and G7129A autosampler; the Quadrupolar (Q) mass spectrometer is equipped with an electrospray ionization source (ESI). The LC-MS system is controlled by OpenLAB CDS ChemStation Workstation software.  
Sample solutions were diluted with methanol, homogenized with a WisdVM-10 vortex mixer (Witge Labortechnik, Wertheim, Germany) and centrifuged for 2 min at 10,000 rpm in a ThermoMicro CL17 microcentrifuge (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Boston, MA, USA). The supernatant was collected and submitted to LC-MS analysis.
# Dynamic Downsampling Algorithm for 3D Point Cloud Map Based on Voxel Filtering
## 3 Preliminaries
* Inability to dynamically set downsampling ratios: Traditional point cloud downsampling methods, including classical voxel filtering, as well as other methods, such as grid-based downsampling, random downsampling, uniform downsampling, and clustering-based downsampling, cannot dynamically adjust downsampling ratios for point cloud maps with varying point counts and densities. Manual parameter tuning is required to set different downsampling factors for different point cloud maps, increasing human effort and parameter tuning time.
# ZenoPS: A Distributed Learning System Integrating Communication Efficiency and Security
## 4 Methodology
### Synchronization Modes  
Besides the synchronous mode, ZenoPS also provides the asynchronous mode, where the workers and validators can check in and send updates to the server at any time. The servers launch multiple threads to handle the pushing and pulling request sent by the workers and validators. In the synchronous mode, any pulling request from the workers or the validators will be blocked until the global model parameters are updated. In the  
Figure 2: ZenoPS architecture.  
asynchronous mode, the servers respond to the pulling requests immediately without any barrier.  
If the workers have almost identical computation power and networking environments, the synchronous mode is recommended, which is more efficient and stable. However, there are also cases where the workers have heterogeneous capabilities and communication speeds, especially in the federated learning scenario. The heterogeneity results in stragglers in the system, which then causes noisy or slow updates sent to the servers. In that case, the asynchronous mode is recommended for efficiency. The noise caused by the stragglers can be mitigated by tuning the mixing hyperparameter \(\alpha\) and using the validators to automatically filter out the extremely outdated updates.
# Software Defined Networking for Improved Wireless Sensor Network Management: A Survey
## 4 WSN Applications and the Need for SDN-Based Management
### Military Applications  
In military applications WSNs can be used to detect presence of enemy or friendly forces, assessment of terrain and chemical sensing of weapons. Recently [PERSON] et al. [70] reviewed the possibility of applying IoT to warfare to increase efficiency. Uses of WSNs for defence IoT highlighted included application in fire control, inventory tracking, fleet monitoring, energy management and management of the health and safety of troops. However, to be suitable for use in defense and security WSNs need to meet operational requirements such as robustness, ease of deployment, interoperability/adaptability and most importantly security. SDN can be leveraged to better achieve these requirements as it maintains a global control of the network infrastructure in the field which better manages system security and issuance of new task protocols during operation. SDN-based management also provides an opportunity to easier deploy mobility algorithms to handle constant movement of troops as these algorithms can be configured and managed in a more resource capable global controller.