## 3 Methodology
### Spatial Layer Construction
#### 3.1.2 Trie Tree for Managing Non-Equal Length-Encoding Sets
In Proceedings of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD'84), Boston, MA, USA, 18-21 June 1984; pp. 47-57. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] (1975) [PERSON] Multidimensional Binary Search Trees Used for Associative Searching. _Commun. ACM_**1975**, _18_, 509-517. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2016) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD '16), San Francisco, CA, USA, 26 June-1 July 2016; pp. 1567-1581. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2018) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] The Case for Learned Index Structures. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD '18), Houston, TX, USA, 10-15 June 2018; pp. 489-504. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] A Study of Learned KD Tree Based on Learned Index. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Networking and Network Applications (NaNA), Haikou, China, 10-13 December 2020; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2020; pp. 355-360. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] The PGM-Index: A Fully-Dynamic Compressed Learned Index with Provable Worst-Case Bounds. _Proc. VLDB Endow._**2020**, _13_, 1162-1175. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2021) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] FINEdex: A Fine-Grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems. _Proc. VLDB Endow._**2021**, _15_, 321-334. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2023) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation. _Proc. VLDB Endow._**2023**, _16_, 1992-2004. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Learned indexes: Current situations and research prospects. _J. Softw._**2020**, _32_, 1129-1150. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2019) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Learned index for spatial queries. In Proceedings of the 20 th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM), Hong Kong, China, 10-13 June 2019; pp. 569-574. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] The ML-Index: A Multidimensional, Learned Index for Point, Range, and Nearest-Neighbor Queries. _EDBT_**2020**, 407-410. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] LAZY R-Tree: The R-Tree with Lazy Splitting Algorithm. _J. Inf. Sci._**2020**, _46_, 243-257. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Grid-R-Tree: A Data Structure for Efficient Neighborhood and Nearest Neighbor Queries in Data Mining. _Int. J. Data Sci. Anal._**2020**, _10_, 25-47. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] (2023) [PERSON]; [PERSON] SIMD-Ified R-Tree Query Processing and Optimization. In Proceedings of the 31 st ACM International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Hamburg, Germany, 13-16 November 2023; pp. 1-10. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2023) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] TRindex: Distributed Double-Layer Road Network Trajectory Index. In Proceedings of the Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, San Jose, Costa Rica, 9-13 November 2024; Springer Nature: Singapore, 2023; pp. 350-364. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2024) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] DSTree: A Spatio-Temporal Indexing Data Structure for Distributed Networks. _Math. Comput. Appl._**2024**, _29_, 42. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2016) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Geomesa: A Distributed Architecture for Spatio-Temporal Fusion. In Proceedings of the Geospatial Informatics, Fusion, and Motion Video Analytics V, Baltimore, MD, USA, 21 May 2015; SPIE. Bellingham, WA, USA, 2016; Volume 9473, pp. 128-140. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] TraJMesa: A Distributed NoSQL Storage Engine for Big Trajectory Data.