## 1 Introduction
### Energy Kuznets Curve Theory  
The Kuznets Curve, introduced by [PERSON] [20], was developed to explore the relationship between economic growth and income inequality. Over the past five decades, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] extended this concept to develop the Environmental Kuznets Curve. This theory hypothesizes a relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and per capita income. In the early stages of economic growth, pollution emissions increase, and environmental quality deteriorates. However, beyond a certain level of per capita income (which varies depending on the indicator), this trend reverses, and further economic growth leads to environmental improvement. This implies that environmental impacts or emissions per capita follow an inverted U-shape relationship with per capita income [21; 22; 23; 24]. This study applies the Energy Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, which is conceptually similar to the Environmental Kuznets Curve. However, the EKC focuses specifically on the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption, as discussed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25]. Understanding the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption, as outlined in the EKC theory, will help to identify the direction of energy consumption as the economy continues to expand. This insight can guide the planning and management of sustainable and efficient energy use in the future. Although various empirical studies have confirmed the EKC hypothesis in some instances, it is not universally applicable across all types of environmental degradation, income groups, or national contexts [26]. Throughout this paper, the EKC theory generally refers to the Energy Kuznets Curve.  
Table 2 summarizes findings from various studies examining the impact of economic growth on energy consumption and air pollution. Some studies have identified different EKC and Environmental Kuznets Curve patterns, including monotonic increases, inverted U-shape, U-shape, and N-shape. This study incorporates variables based on the research findings summarized in Table 2 to analyze the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in each region of Thailand. The aim is to identify EKC patterns that can inform the development of important policy recommendations for the country. This study adopts an alternative approach, utilizing provincial-level and satellite data to analyze the EKC pattern in each region, in contrast to previous studies that relied on country-level data and ground-based measurements. As a result, this study provides more localized insights into Thailand's energy consumption and offers more precise implications for national energy policy.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**EKC Patterns** & **Authors** & **Dependent Variables** & **Independent Variables** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Monotonically rising curve} & [PERSON], et al. [27], [PERSON] [28], & & Gross value added per capita (GVApc), share of agriculture \\  & [PERSON] [29], & Energy use, annual emissions & employment, foreign direct \\  & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [30], & of CO\({}_{2}\) & investment (FDI), transport \\  & [PERSON], et al. [31], & energy consumption, labor \\  & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [32] & & force, exports and imports \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: A review of the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption.