esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of SAP Internal Curing on the Cracking and Corrosion Initiation
These observed values indicate that localized corrosion processes may have initiated or taken place, as they were in the active zone. For the WSC wall, no cracks developed visually. Unfortunately, due to a malfunction in the communication between the measurement unit inside this wall and the wireless station on site, the data set available for this wall is limited. Nevertheless, the potential values recorded by all the electrodes (above \(-250\) mV) are outside the active zone of corrosion initiation, indicating that corrosion is not taking place. Figure 7: Restrained shrinkage strain measured in specimens made of WR1 and WSC. The absence of corrosion potential in wall WSC and its early occurrence in wall WR1 can be directly correlated to the presence of cracks in the wall without SAPs. The ingress of aggressive agents in cracked concrete occurs at a significantly faster rate in comparison to uncracked concrete. In [29], [PERSON] and [PERSON] presented a comprehensive review on the role of cracks on the initiation of corrosion of reinforcement steel in concrete subjected to chloride ingress and summarized the effects of cracks on the corrosion of reinforced concrete as a function of the crack width, tortuosity, orientation, and frequency. Thus, by avoiding/delaying the formation of cracks by means of internal curing, the initiation of corrosion can also be delayed. Specifically for the case of SAPs, the internal curing will act mainly against autogenous shrinkage and not always on drying shrinkage, depending on how the SAPs are added to the mixture and if additional water is used (a detailed discussion on the topic can be found in [30; 31; 32]). However, cracking due to autogenous shrinkage is not neglectable. As described by [PERSON] et al. [33], microcracks induced by autogenous shrinkage exhibit greater size, denser distribution, and interconnectedness when compared to microcracks induced by drying. These microcracks occur across the entire sample, whereas drying-induced microcracks are limited to the initial few millimeters of the exposed surface, thus representing a pressing concern in terms of the ingress of aggressive agents. Figure 8: Use of nickel electrodes to measure the corrosion potential in various locations in wall WR1. The most negative values at locations 37 and 38 were positioned in the vicinity of a crack. Figure 9: Potential measurement at various locations in wall WSC.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Experiment Settings  
#### 4.1.1 Datasets  
To fully and comprehensively evaluate the predictive performance and practical application effects of the proposed model, this paper conducts comparative experiments using three datasets collected from three different wind farms in Xinjiang, China. The basic statistics for these three datasets are shown in Table 1. Each dataset contains 10,000 samples with a time interval of 10 min between each sample. Other variables include wind speed, wind direction, angle against wind, ambient temperature, generator speed, rotor speed, voltage, current, blade angle, engine room temperature, oil temperature, winding temperature, shaft temperature, and bearing temperature. In this paper, these datasets are divided into training sets, validation sets, and test sets according to the ratio 7:1:2. All of the experiments are performed on the Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5217 CPU @ 3.00 GHz 128 G RAM (Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA) computing server with an RTX 3090 graphics card (NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The batch size is set to 32.
## 7 Conclusions  
Even if exergy analysis is a widely used methodology in industrial processes, it is rarely used in the building sector. Therefore, this work is focused on this sector and aims to achieve energy savings in buildings, as well as economic savings and a reduction of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, by using second law methodologies.  
To this end, a real thermal installation, including boilers and cogeneration engines, covering the heating and DHW demands of several apartment buildings was analyzed. Then, with the help of thermoeconomics, the irreversibility associated with each component was calculated and for each flow and particularly for the final products, the unit exergy costs as well as the exergoeconomic costs were calculated.  
Although the average energy efficiency of the cogeneration engines (80%) is slightly lower than that of the boilers (92%), the results obtained prove that micro-cogeneration engines not only save energy (weighted by its quality) because they have better exergy efficiency (36%) than boilers (15%), but economically are attractive, even if they require relatively higher investment. Indeed, according to the results, the combustion boilers are the lesser efficient components. Additionally, exergetic and exergoeconomic costs provide very interesting information because they show us the formation cost of each flow and particularly that of the final products of the system, that is, the cost of electricity, heating and DHW. Exergetic unit costs are higher in heating (28.65) than in DHW (14.90) due to the irreversibilities related to the temperature difference among the indoor air and the heating hot-flow; however, as exergoeconomic cost includes the acquisition cost of the equipment, the values are closer (7.42 c\(\epsilon\)/kWh for heating and 7.25 c\(\epsilon\)/kWh for DHW). Additionally, we prove that generating electricity through micro-cogeneration engines is cheaper (11.37 c\(\epsilon\)/kWh) than purchasing it from the network (22.33 c\(\epsilon\)/kWh).  
Hence, with the application of thermoeconomics, it is possible to go deeper and to understand more accurately the cost-formation process, either in energy or in economic units. Consequently, the impact of irreversibility in each component on the total heating and DHW cost may be known.  
As a conclusion, we can say that this methodology underscores the necessity to adapt the energy quality between generation and demand, encouraging the use of low-temperature heating terminals.
# Predicting Melting Points of Biofriendly Choline-Based Ionic Liquids with Molecular Dynamics
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Force Fields and Partial Charges  
The OPLS-AA force field was employed. The force field parameters for choline and TFSI ions were obtained from References [27; 28]. The rest of the force fields were developed using the generic OPLS-AA atom types. The Ligandbook repository was used as the starting point for most anions [29]. The force fields that were used in the final method are available in Reference [25].  
Ion charges in MD are often taken as \(\pm 1\)e. As charge distribution is expected to be a dominant factor for ILs, where Coulombic forces dominate, such approximation would introduce a large error. The first estimation of the atomic partial charges was made with single point DFT (density functional theory) calculations of single ions in vacuum. CHELPG (charges from electrostatic potentials using a grid based method) charges were chosen as they are developed to accurately reproduce the electrostatic potential [30]. The calculations were done on PBE/Def2-SVP level [31; 32] with the Orca (Orca 4.0.0.2, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany, 2017) quantum chemical program suite [33]. As the GHELPG analysis does not depend much on the basis set, one of the simplest option (Def2-SVP) was chosen. For the same reason PBE density functional, showing a moderate performance on ILs [34; 35], was used.  
The CHELPG charges were utilized in MD simulations to construct solid phases using potential wells as described in the previous sections. Potential wells were removed and after a 2.5 ns period of relaxation, snapshots of the systems were taken. These snapshots served as starting points for semi-empirical GFN2\(\times\)TB (GFN2\(\times\)TB 5.9, Universitat Bonn, Bonn, Germany, 2018) calculations [36; 37]. Instead of CHELPG charges, Hirshfeld partial charges were extracted from the single point GFN2-\(\times\)TB calculations as the CHELPG method is not available in the GFN2-\(\times\)TB code. New atomic partial charges were calculated by averaging the charges of the corresponding atoms within all differently packed systems of the same IL. The ions that were further than 15 A from the geometrical centre of the box were excluded, because the GFN2\(\times\)TB calculations were run without periodic boundary conditions and thus such ions might have been affected by the boundary effects.  
Finally, the obtained averaged charges were inserted into the force fields and the workflow was restarted using the new charges. This approach yields more realistic atomic charge distribution for condensed phases than gas-phase DFT calculations of single ions.
# Reputation-Based Blockchain for Spatial Crowdsourcing in Vehicular Networks
### Motivation and Contribution  
Motivated by the aforementioned observations, especially in [24; 25], we establish a reputation-based blockchain for spatial crowdsourcing in vehicular networks. Generated from historical behaviors and interactions, the combined reputation evaluation and incentive mechanism encourages vehicle miners to participate honestly in pool mining. Specifically, the main contribution of this paper are:  
* A blockchain-based crowdsourcing framework is proposed for vehicular networks. Without the presence of a third-party, the crowdsourcing framework is completed based on the supervision and operation of smart contracts, which can ensure user privacy and data security.
* An incentive scheme based on blockchain reputation is designed. Estimated from the historical behaviors and interactions, honest behavior is incentivized. In addition, comprehensive reputation and local reputation will encourage more vehicle miners to provide high-quality information for real-time crowdsourcing tasks.
* An honesty behavior reputation update algorithm is proposed to determine the general necessary conditions for pool miners and iteratively obtain the benefits. Subsequently, the proportion of high-reputation miners can be increased by the proposed low-reputation miner screening algorithm, which can improve the integrity level.
* Extensive simulations are conducted to verify and analyze the proposed reputation mechanism. The results show that the incentive method proposed in this paper can improve the efficiency and data reliability of the considered spatial crowdsourcing problem in Vehicular Networks.
# On the Communication Performance of Airborne Distributed Coherent Radar
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Performance Analysis
#### 2.2.3 The OP of the Whole Communication System  
Based on the PDF of \(\sqrt{\gamma_{c}}\) and \(\sqrt{\gamma_{b}}\) derived from Sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2, in this subsection, we derive the analytical OP expression of the while communication system. Based on EH I 219 (47) in [33], the following formula is true for the PDF of generalized \(K\) distribution:  
\[\begin{array}{ll}f_{KG}(x|m,k,\Psi)&=\frac{4\Psi^{k+m}}{\Gamma(m)\Gamma(k)}x ^{k+m-1}K_{k-m}(2\Psi x)\\ &=\frac{2\Psi}{\Gamma(m)\Gamma(k)}G_{0,2}^{2,0}\bigg{(}\Psi^{2}x^{2}\bigg{|} \begin{array}{c}-\\ k-\frac{1}{2},m-\frac{1}{2}\end{array}\bigg{)}\end{array} \tag{43}\]  
where \(G_{p,q}^{m,n}(\cdot)\) is the Meijer-G function. Thus, the PDF of \(\sqrt{\gamma_{c}}\) and \(\sqrt{\gamma_{b}}\) can also be written as:  
\[f_{\sqrt{\gamma_{c}}}(x)=\frac{2\Psi_{1}}{\Gamma(m_{1})\Gamma(k_{1})}G_{0,2}^ {2,0}\bigg{(}(\Psi_{1})^{2}x^{2}\bigg{|}\begin{array}{c}-\\ k_{1}-\frac{1}{2},m_{1}-\frac{1}{2}\end{array}\bigg{)} \tag{44}\]  
\[f_{\sqrt{\gamma_{b}}}(x)=\frac{2\Psi_{2}}{\Gamma(m_{2})\Gamma(k_{2})}G_{0,2}^ {2,0}\bigg{(}(\Psi_{2})^{2}x^{2}\bigg{|}\begin{array}{c}-\\ k_{2}-\frac{1}{2},m_{2}-\frac{1}{2}\end{array}\bigg{)} \tag{45}\]  
The PDF of \(\gamma_{c}\) and \(\gamma_{b}\) can be written as:  
\[f_{\gamma_{c}}(x)=\frac{\Psi_{1}}{\Gamma(m_{1})\Gamma(k_{1})}x^{-\frac{1}{2}} G_{0,2}^{2,0}\bigg{(}(\Psi_{1})^{2}x\bigg{|}\begin{array}{c}-\\ k_{1}-\frac{1}{2},m_{1}-\frac{1}{2}\end{array}\bigg{)} \tag{46}\]  
\[f_{\gamma_{b}}(x)=\frac{\Psi_{2}}{\Gamma(m_{2})\Gamma(k_{2})}x^{-\frac{1}{2}}G_ {0,2}^{2,0}\bigg{(}(\Psi_{2})^{2}x\bigg{|}\begin{array}{c}-\\ k_{2}-\frac{1}{2},m_{2}-\frac{1}{2}\end{array}\bigg{)} \tag{47}\]  
With the help of [36], the OP of communication link 1 and 2 can be written as:  
\[\begin{array}{ll}P_{out-1}(\gamma_{th-c})&=\int_{0}^{\gamma_{th-c}}f_{\gamma _{c}}(x)dx\\ &=\frac{\Psi_{1}}{\Gamma(m_{1})\Gamma(k_{1})}x^{\frac{1}{2}}G_{1,3}^{2,1} \bigg{(}(\Psi_{1})^{2}\gamma_{th-c}\bigg{|}\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{2}\\ k_{1}-\frac{1}{2},m_{1}-\frac{1}{2},-\frac{1}{2}\end{array}\bigg{)}\end{array} \tag{48}\]  
\[\begin{array}{ll}P_{out-2}(\gamma_{th-b})&=\int_{0}^{\gamma_{th-b}}f_{\gamma _{b}}(x)dx\\ &=\frac{\Psi_{2}}{\Gamma(m_{2})\Gamma(k_{2})}x^{\frac{1}{2}}G_{1,3}^{2,1} \bigg{(}(\Psi_{2})^{2}\gamma_{th-b}\bigg{|}\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{2}\\ k_{2}-\frac{1}{2},m_{2}-\frac{1}{2},-\frac{1}{2}\end{array}\bigg{)}\end{array} \tag{49}\]  
where \(\gamma_{th-c}\) and \(\gamma_{th-b}\) are the detection thresholds of respective links.  
Based on [22], the overall OP of the dual-hop communication link in the DF is:  
\[P_{out}(\gamma_{th-c},\gamma_{th-b})=P_{out\_1}(\gamma_{th-c})+P_{out\_2}( \gamma_{th-b})-P_{out\_1}(\gamma_{th-c})P_{out\_2}(\gamma_{th-b}) \tag{50}\]  
So far, the theoretical derivation of the ADCR communication performance is completed.
## 4 Methods and Results
### \(\Delta\)logR Method
#### 4.1.3 Interpretation Effect Analysis of the \(\Delta\)logR Method  
Scatter plot of predicted TOC and measured TOC was gained from the prediction model (Figure 6). Meanwhile, the R\({}^{2}\), MAE, MRE and RMSE were calculated 0.3289, 0.0671, 33.02% and 8.406%, respectively.  
The TOC of LT1 well was interpreted by the \(\Delta\)logR method and the linear relationship between interpreted TOC and measured TOC was poor (Figure 6). Furthermore, interpretation results were input into the software and a continuous TOC curve was plotted. It found that the curve could not match well with the laboratory measured TOC of core and it could only reflect the general variation trend (Figure 7).
## 1 _Article_
###### Abstract  
In Southeast Asia, many varieties of citrus are grown in hilly areas. Compared with plain orchards, it is difficult for large spraying equipment to move in hilly orchards. Small spraying equipment can enter hilly orchards, but their spraying power cannot make droplets penetrate into the canopy, resulting in low deposition rates within the canopy. As a kind of unstructured narrow space, the branches within the canopy are interlaced, thus a flexible manipulator that can move within the canopy is required. In this paper, a novel remote-controlled, cable-driven target spray robot (CDTSR) was designed to achieve a precise spray within the canopy. It consisted of a small tracked vehicle, a cable-driven flexible manipulator (CDFM), and a spray system. The CDFM had six degrees of freedom driven by a cable tendon. The forward and inverse kinematics model of the CDFM were established and then the semispherical workspace was calculated. Furthermore, while considering precise control requirements, the dynamics equations were derived. The experimental results demonstrated that the CFDM could move dexterously within the canopy with interlacing branches to reach pests and diseases areas in the canopy. The entire operation took 3.5 s. This study solved the problem of a low spray deposition rate within a canopy and has potential applications in agricultural plant protection.  
hilly orchards; target spray; spray robot; cable-driven manipulator; kinematics; design Article  
Design and Kinematic Analysis of Cable-Driven Target Spray Robot for Citrus Orchards  
2022
## 2 Overview of Contact Experiment
### Specim Fabrication  
The dimensions of the template, metal corrugated pipes, and steel bars are cut and processed based on the design drawings and data specified in the parameter table, utilizing specialized equipment. Skilled professionals process the steel templates and create corresponding holes at both ends. The diameter of these holes exceeds that of the steel bars, allowing the latter to protrude from both ends and ensuring the accurate insertion of the grout anchor steel bars into the centers of the metal corrugated pipes. Based on the design drawings, various components are assembled and positioned. The installation procedure comprises the following steps: Initially, the steel cage is assembled, and the center-positioning steel plate and metal corrugated pipes are placed in the mold. Subsequently, the steel bars are exposed through the holes at one end of the template. Before inserting the components into the mold, the interior of the template is coated with oil to facilitate subsequent demolding. The specimens are labeled before the concrete is poured, and the relative positions of the steel bars, center-positioning steel plate, corrugated pipes, and U-shaped stirrups are verified once more. The specimens are demolded after undergoing standard curing for 7 days and are cured for an additional 21 days before initiating the corrugated pipes' grouting and reinforcement insertion processes. Grouting and grout replenishment are executed using grouting machines, and the ends of the corrugated pipes' grout steel bars are sealed with foam boards to prevent grout leakage while also ensuring accurate positioning of the grout anchor steel bars within the corrugated pipes. Figure 5 illustrates the specimen fabrication process.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Concrete Grade**} & **Ultimate Pressure** & **28-Day Compressive** & **Average Compressive** \\  & **(kN)** & **Strength (MPa)** & **Strength (MPa)** \\ \hline
40-0.4 & 722.69 & 32.12 & \\ \hline
50-0.4 & 770.12 & 34.23 & 33.93 \\ \hline
60-0.4 & 797.63 & 35.45 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Concrete material properties.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Specimen**} & **Ultimate** & **Compressive** & **Ultimate Tensile** & **Split Tensile** \\
**Number** & **Pressure (kN)** & **Strength (MPa)** & **Strength (kN)** & **Strength (MPa)** \\ \hline JW-E1 A & 938.48 & 41.71 & 95.49 & 2.70 \\ \hline JW-E1 B & 1206.60 & 53.60 & 120.80 & 3.42 \\ \hline JW-E1 C & 1453.58 & 64.60 & 152.94 & 4.33 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Parameters of grouting materials.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Standards and Reagents  
The following terpenoid standards were purchased from Supelco: \(\alpha\)-pinene, camphene, \(\beta\)-pinene, myrcene, 3-carene, \(\alpha\)-terpinene, p-cymene, limonene, \(\gamma\)-terpinene, fenchone, terpinolene, linalool, camphor, isoborneol, bomeol, menthol, \(\alpha\)-terpineol, \(\beta\)-citronellol, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, \(\alpha\)-cedrene, \(\beta\)-caryophyllene, \(\alpha\)-humulene, cis-nerolidol, geranyl isobutyrate, caryophyllene oxide, \(\beta\)-eudesmol, \(\alpha\)-bisabolol, and phytol. Cannabinoid standards were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (1 mg/mL): cannabidiolic acid (CBD-A), cannabigerolic acid (CBG-A), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidiol (CBD), \(\Delta\)-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (\(\Delta\)-9-THC), \(\Delta\)-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (\(\Delta\)-8-THC), cannabichromene (CBC), \(\Delta\)-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (\(\Delta\)-9-THC-A), and cannabichromenic acid (CBC-A). Acid standards were dissolved in acetonitrile, and nonacid standards were dissolved in methanol. Hexane, ammonium format, and acetonitrile were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, methanol was purchased from J. T. Baker and formic acid was purchased from Scharlau. Chemical structures of essential oils and cannabinoids are presented in Supplementary Materials [37; 38; 39].
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Effects of Rotor Speed on Sealing Performance
#### 5.2.1 Changes in Inner Rotor Speed  
Figure 10 shows the effects on leakage rate and friction power consumption during counter-rotation of the inner and outer rotors when the inlet differential pressure is 80 kPa and the outer rotor speed is 7000 rpm. For clarity, this figure depicts only the minimum film thickness at different inner rotor speeds. Seal leaks decrease as the inner rotor's speed increases, secondary to enhancements of the gas film's dynamic pressure. Although the inner rotor's centrifugal expansion increases with increasing speed, its elasticity modulus is great. Consequently, the centrifugal expansion is much less than the observed increases in film thickness due to the dynamic pressure effect. As the inner rotor's speed increases, the minimum film thickness increases and the leakage rate decreases. In addition, the friction power consumption of the seal decreases significantly and then increases slightly with increasing inner rotor speed.  
When the inner rotor speed is less than 8788 rpm, the corresponding minimum gas film thickness will be smaller than the critical film thickness (3.2 \(\upmu\)m) in the mixed mixture state. Here, significantly more friction power is consumed due to the contact with the rough peak than is consumed during the full fluid lubrication condition. Secondly, when the inner rotor speed increases to 11,000 rpm, the gas film's dynamic pressure effect increases, and the minimum film thickness significantly decreases. As a result, the friction power consumption further decreases. When the inner rotor speed exceeds 11,000 rpm, the minimum gas film thickness tends to have a gradual change. However, as the inner rotor's speed increases, the gas film's relative speed will also increase. Moreover, the gas film's dynamic pressure  
Figure 10: Inner rotor speed effects on sealing performance.  
effect increases frictional resistance. Consequently, friction power consumption increases slightly when the film is fully lubricated.
## 2 Introduction to the Database  
### Overview  
The NTI database was developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) [18] through the collection of service inspection data for tunnels throughout the United States. These data were collected according to the National Tunnel Inspection Standards (NTIS) [19] and the Specifications for the National Tunnel Inventory (SNTI) [20]. The NTI database contains information on various parameters of a tunnel, such as geographic information, tunnel length, service time, and annual average daily traffic. Providing a quick and brief overview of the database, Figure 1a-c depict the distributions of tunnel length, service time, and average annual daily traffic volume based on 2020 tunnel data. Figure 2 displays the geographical distribution of the tunnels with yellow dots. In addition, the NTI database also provides a detailed assessment and record of the service statuses of various elements in the tunnels. It compiles a vast quantity of recent field-measured data encompassing a wide range of features, making it highly valuable for analytical purposes.  
In this study, we utilized a total of 2092 four-year tunnel service status survey data collected from 2018 to 2021, and after data screening, the total number of complete observations used for this study is 1203. The rules for data screening were as follows: (a) The service condition gradings of the samples could have been given for all three types of components, i.e., three labeled values can be obtained for each sample. (b) The samples could not have missing values within the range of the sample characteristics considered.  
Figure 1: Distribution of tunnel features in the NTI database (2020): (a) tunnel lengths (unit: meters), (b) tunnel service time (unit: years), and (c) annual average daily traffic (unit: vehicles).
# Performance Evaluation of Adaptive Tracking Techniques with Direct-State Kalman Filter +
## 5 Results  
This section evaluates the tracking performance, system performance, number of operations, and time complexity of the adaptive tracking techniques in the DSKF. The dataset used to plot the presented results are available on the cloud [45].