# PV Benefits Assessment for PV-Powered Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles
###### Abstract  
Recently, the lift off point for the sales of electric vehicle (EV) was started with a significant increase. Therefore, convenient access to charging station infrastructure is required. The purpose of this work is to assess the role and benefits of photovoltaic (PV) for PV-powered charging infrastructures for EVs by a better energy management. This management is performed by a microgrid based on PV panels installed on roofs or car parking shades, EVs charging terminals, electrochemical stationary storage, and public grid connection. The aim is to define the economic aspects, feasibility and preliminary requirements for this system, in order to avoid overloading the power grid and guarantee a higher percentage of clean energy. The proposed methodology is presented through the modeling and development of a techno-economic tool for local stakeholders, allowing to manage and size EV charging stations, which is divided into three phases. The first phase informs local stakeholders on the necessary space and the maximum sizing as well as the generated cost to install a PV-powered charging station (PVCS). During the second phase, the total cost of the PVCS is adjusted according to the users' budgets and needs. The third phase presents a detailed qualitative analysis of the user-defined configuration. In this phase, the main objective is to assess the performance of the PVCS, and then, to improve its sizing and its operating modes aiming at increasing the use of PV energy, while minimizing energy supplied by the power grid. In addition, it allows evaluating the PVCS performance by proposing an energy balance according to different charging scenarios (virtualous scenario, critical scenario, realistic scenario, and personalized scenario) and weather conditions. Moreover, this tool is reproducible in peri-urban area since it is able to handle any location. photovoltaic energy; electric vehicle; charging station; sizing tool; photovoltaic benefits assessment +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sci. have also improved in addition to global regulations on CO\({}_{2}\) emissions [3]. Furthermore, the regulation 2018/1999 of the European parliament and of the council entered into force as part of the package clean energy for all Europeans [4]. The regulation underlines the importance of meeting the energy union and climate targets for 2030. The energy union covers these dimensions: energy efficiency, the internal energy market, decarbonization, energy security, research, and innovation. For example, the decision to maintain the level of global warming under 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C by targeting 1.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C was taken in the Paris Agreement with the help of increasing the use of renewable energy by 32.5%, energy efficiency of 32%, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40% [4]. This regulation provides a clear objective for the reduction of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from the sector of road transport: a 15% reduction in average emission of the new passenger car fleet from 1 January 2025, and 37.5% reduction from 1 January 2030 [5]. To achieve these goals, electric vehicles (EVs) are good candidates that effectively substitute for thermal vehicles [6; 7]. In addition, EVs offer more feasibility to the orientation toward intelligent transport as they are more and more connected and autonomous [8]. Today, car manufacturers are faced with a major challenge: how to trust the information received by each vehicle? From this perspective, new generation vehicle-to-everything (V2X) information and communications technologies and smart roads infrastructures able to communicate with V2X are key factors in the success of the smart transport systems [9]. The new generation road is designed to provide communications between road infrastructure and EVs to improve road safety [10]. The EV concept has shown a rapid increase in last decade. For instance, the sales of EVs topped 2.1 million globally in 2019, already a record year surpassing 2018. With this increase, the worldwide stock of EVs in 2019 has been boosted to 7.2 million [11].