## 2 Related Work  
The present study is connected to (1) the studies related to navigation systems using AR, (2) the studies related to the provision of sightseeing information using AR, (3) the studies related to information provision using pictograms, and (4) the studies related to the provision of disaster information when sightseeing. The following will introduce the major preceding studies of recent years in all parts of world in the above four study fields and demonstrate the technical novelty and originality of the present study in comparison with the others. Regarding the studies related to navigation systems using AR, [PERSON] et al. [11] and [PERSON] et al. [12] proposed AR navigation systems using markers. [PERSON] et al. [8] developed a navigation system of sightseeing spots integrating AR smart glasses, Web-GIS, recommendation systems and social networking services (SNSs). [PERSON] et al. [13], [PERSON] et al. [14], and [PERSON] et al. [15] developed navigation systems to navigate users to their destinations. [PERSON] et al. [16] developed an AR guidance system adopting gamification in a museum, and [PERSON] [17] presented an AR mobile navigation system that supports indoor positioning and content recommendation services. [PERSON] et al. (2020) [18] discussed the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities (SWOT) of AR evacuation behavior. [PERSON] et al. [19] presented an AR-based indoor navigation system that adopts simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) to create a point cloud map. Regarding the studies related to the provision of sightseeing information using AR, [PERSON] et al. [20] proposed a sightseeing information provision system, [PERSON] et al. [21], [PERSON] et al. [7], [PERSON] et al. [22], and [PERSON] et al. [23] developed a mobile sightseeing application that provides the information, and [PERSON] et al. [24] proposed a sightseeing guidance system using a beacon. [PERSON] et al. [25] designed a tourist attraction guide system combining image recognition technology and AR technology. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [26] developed a system that visualizes spatiotemporal information in both real and virtual spaces to provide sightseeing information, integrating SNS, Web-GIS, mixed reality (MR), and the original gallery system, as well as Wikitude and connections with external social media. [PERSON] et al. [27] developed a support system of sightseeing tour planning in rural areas integrating AR and Web-GIS and adopting genetic algorism (GA). Regarding the studies related to information provision using pictograms, [PERSON] et al. (2013) [28,29] proposed a disaster information sharing system, and [PERSON] et al. [30] proposed an air passenger information system. [PERSON] (2018) [31] and [PERSON] et al. [32] developed sightseeing information search systems using nonverbal information such as pictograms. [PERSON] et al. [33] proposed an information-providing method to express train service situations in central urban areas by combining multiple pictograms, such as sign logo images. [PERSON] et al. [34] used the pictograms displaying traffic incidences to help drivers select the most appropriate routes along highways. Regarding the studies related to the provision of disaster information when sightseeing, especially in Japan, as this topic attracts attention, there have been a lot of preceding studies until now. Because various kinds of disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruption, typhoons, and local torrential rainfall frequently occurred, especially recently in Japan. [PERSON] et al. [35] provided disaster information for tourists using AR, and [PERSON] et al. [9] developed a navigation system that can be used during sightseeing and disasters, integrating AR smart glasses, Web-GIS, recommendation systems, and social media. [PERSON] et al. [36] examined a tool to propose the information concerning sightseeing and disasters in local cities. [PERSON] et al. [37] and [PERSON] et al. [38] proposed support systems in normal conditions as well as evacuation in the event of disasters. [PERSON] et al.