# Material Design in Implantable Biosensors toward Future Personalized Diagnostics and Treatments
## 2 Implantable Biosensors and Their Design
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Clinical Application** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Advantages**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Disadvantages**} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Brain stimulator} & - & Can help manage neurological disorders & - & Requires invasive surgery for implantation. \\  & & such as epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. & - & Risk of infection or damage to \\  & - & Provides continuous monitoring & & surrounding tissue. \\  & & and stimulation. & - & Potential for device malfunction or failure. \\  & - & Small and lightweight & & - \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Heart failure monitoring} & - & Allows for continuous monitoring of & & \\  & & heart function. & - & Requires invasive surgery for implantation. \\  & - & Can provide early warning of heart failure & - & Risk of infection or damage to \\  & & and prevent hospitalization. & - & surrounding tissue. \\  & - & Enables personalized treatment & - & Potential for device malfunction or failure. \\  & & and management. & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Blood glucose level} & - & Provides continuous monitoring of & - & Requires invasive surgery for implantation. \\  & & glucose levels. & - & Risk of infection or damage to \\  & - & Allows for personalized insulin dosing & - & surrounding tissue. \\  & - & and management. & - & Potential for device malfunction or failure. \\  & - & Can improve quality of life and & - & Accuracy of measurements may be affected \\  & - & reduce complications. & & by factors such as temperature \\  & & - & Can provide targeted, localized treatment & - & Requires invasive surgery for implantation \\  & & of tumors. & - & Risk of infection or damage to \\  & - & Reduces side effects of & & surrounding tissue. \\ Cancer treatment & - & systemic chemotherapy. & - & Potential for device malfunction or failure. \\  & - & Allows for personalized treatment & - & Limited effectiveness in treating large or \\  & & and management. & & metastatic tumors. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Post-market surveillance} & - & Allows for early detection and & - & Limited resources and funding for \\  & & management of & & surveillance and monitoring. \\  & & device-related complications. & - & Difficulties in identifying and reporting \\  & - & Helps ensure safety and effectiveness of & & adverse incidents. \\  & - & implanted devices. & - & Potential for bias in reporting and \\  & - & Helps ensure safety and effectiveness of & & data collection. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Human factor studies} & - & Helps ensure safety and effectiveness of & - & Limited resources and funding for studies. \\  & - & implanted devices. & - & Difficulties in recruiting participants and \\  & - & Provides insights into patient experience & & obtaining informed consent. \\  & - & and satisfaction. & - & Potential for bias in study design and \\  & - & Enables personalized treatment & & data collection. \\  & and management. & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Advantages and disadvantages of clinical applications of implantable biosensors and evaluation of their post market surveillance and human factor studies [14; 15]. water molecules found in the blood, which results in a byproduct that is both soluble and absorbable by the body [2]. Other than the host response of the human body to implantable biosensors, the chances of devices breaking down and malfunctioning in the body after a long time are high [18]. The most common reason is the repeated motion and size change of organs and tissues. To overcome this lack, self-healable materials with the ability to create energy dissipation mechanism-based reversible chemical bands and adaptable geometry are worthy of being utilized [19; 20]. Another criterion to mention in the design of implantable sensors is their power suppliers, which often need to be out-of-body sources, that cause some drawbacks, including implantation complexity, discomfort of subjects, and infection risks [2; 21].