## 6 Conclusions and Implementations
It is suggested to increase traffic discipline checks by randomly setting up driver's license checkpoints, preferably in areas with a high YAM population, such as near universities. For rural roads, although less dangerous than urban roads, it is still important to educate people about the benefits of holding a driver's license. In addition to law enforcement, this can improve YAMs' riding skills and knowledge of traffic rules. Driver's license authorities could collaborate with schools in rural areas to offer training courses and license tests for students. Males were found to have a higher likelihood of fatalities than females, with similar marginal effect values for both urban and rural roads. One recommendation for both areas is to publicize crash statistics highlighting the increased risk for males among YAMs, raising awareness about crashes among men. Riding motorcycles at night on unlit roads was found to have a higher fatality rate, with urban roads posing a higher risk. Unit areas with heavy motorcycle traffic should be identified, and road maintenance agencies should consider installing lighting. Additionally, regular inspections of pavement reflectivity are recommended. Road safety-related agencies, such as driver's licensing authorities, law enforcement agencies, road maintenance and lighting organizations, and road safety campaign groups, can use these suggestions to reduce YAM injuries. The transferability of our proposed models to other countries is a vital aspect of our research. Our study focuses on traffic patterns in Thailand, characterized by a prevalence of motorcycles, diverse vehicle types, varying speed limits, and varying levels of regulatory enforcement. However, it is important to note that these characteristics are not unique to Thailand and are shared by many countries with similar traffic dynamics. For example, nations such as Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysia exhibit traffic patterns that bear striking resemblance to Thailand's. In these countries, motorcycles play a dominant role in their transportation systems, and the road networks are often shared by a mix of vehicles, including automobiles, light trucks, and heavy-duty trucks. Speed limits in these countries typically range from 80 to 100 km per hour, and enforcement practices exhibit variations, with stricter measures in urban areas and more leniency in peripheral regions. While our recommendations have been tailored to the specific context of Thailand, they provide a strong foundational framework that can be adapted and customized for these comparable nations. Nevertheless, a preliminary similarity assessment is advised before implementing our proposed measures, as each country may possess unique nuances in their traffic infrastructure, regulations, and cultural considerations. Additional recommendations for initiating a countermeasure, given budgetary constraints pertaining to the establishment of checkpoints or the installation of nighttime lighting, necessitate careful consideration. A hotspot characterization study or the identification of hazardous locations can provide a comprehensive assessment of the frequency of YAM collisions. This causal inference approach allows for a systematic examination of accident-prone areas and their accident concentration. By identifying and prioritizing these high-risk locations, limited resources can be allocated effectively to maximize safety improvements. This strategy ensures that corrective measures are deployed where they can have the most significant impact, contributing to a more targeted and efficient road safety initiative. Helmet usage and its influence on accident severity are substantial focal points in this study. The detailed examination reveals that helmet use did not demonstrate statistically significant effects in both urban and rural settings. However, this outcome prompts the need for a more comprehensive inquiry.