# Effect of Demand Side Management on the Operation of PV-Integrated Distribution Systems
## 1 Introduction  
With the fast-paced technological advancement of the twenty-first century, electrical demand is constantly increasing. This is mainly due to the exponential growth of the human population, the need for more electrical appliances in every household and the constantly developing industry. Conventional power grids suffer from many disadvantages, such as low reliability and security and higher losses compared to smart grids, which are more commonly used nowadays. Smart grids offer many advantages; along with their higher reliability and security, they tend to be more environmentally friendly, more economical and safer [1; 2; 3; 4]. One of the early solutions to the problem of increasing electrical demand was the implementation of DG, which, alongside smart grids, can improve the reliability of the network drastically, offer reactive power control, etc. [2; 4]. DG can be classified according to the technological point of view into traditional and nontraditional technologies. Traditional or nonrenewable technologies include internal combustion engines, combined cycles, combustion turbines and micro-turbines. Renewable technologies include solar, wind, geothermal, ocean andfuel cell [5, 6]. Solar energy is one of the most significant and attractive types of renewable energies. The main solar power type is photovoltaic (PV). The PV system employs PV cells to convert solar energy to electrical power. The PV cell is an electrical device that produces electricity directly from the sunlight [7]. When a power network employs smart grid technologies with the presence of PV system, the behavior of the network becomes very dependent on the weather and other parameters, thus it becomes unpredictable. DSM can be used in smart grids to complement the unpredictability of the DGs by reducing energy costs and consumption, leading to a more controllable network [1]. DSM has established a new way for energy saving at demand/load side. It has become a sustainable resource for accomplishing energy conservation and environmental protection as well as economical business profit [1, 8]. The integration of DSM is not a simple process. Many barriers are faced that include the changes on the system's protection, the implementation of various DG types and interfacing with communication systems during severe weather cases and natural disasters. This means a new set of regulations is required for a successful, reliable and efficient integration of DSM [8]. Recent advancement in research and development on DSM technologies has created an important role for DSM in the future energy distribution due to its improved performance and flexibility to achieve higher energy efficiency and reduced energy cost [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. DSM techniques have attracted the interest of many researchers and several review papers have been published on this subject. The authors of [10] aggregated the expressions and methodologies about DSM subjects and presented explicit definitions of the relevant concepts. In addition, this review paper introduces comprehensive categorization of DSM strategies and proposes a theoretical framework aims to unify the terminology, concepts and modalities. The authors of [11] revisited and scrutinized the strategies of DSM and discussed the challenges of DSM implementation and their associated solutions. The authors of [12] presented a systematic review of supply and demand side optimal load scheduling in a smart grid environment. A review of peak load shaving and Demand Response (DR) strategies, challenges and opportunities is addressed in [13]. [PERSON] et al. [14] presented a review of the impacts of DSM on electrical power systems. The potential benefits derived by implementing DSM are also discussed. Based on the above literature review, Table 1 shows the summary of some DSM implementations.