## 2 Literature Review
### Existing Code-Based Design Guidelines for Bridge Construction Equipment
[38] provided a comprehensive study on the design of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubulars (CFSTs) according to AS 5100:2004. The standard was verified through a wide range of experimental data and comparison study on the design standards from other countries, including Japan, America, Britain, and China, as well as Europe. The methodology used in this study would be referred to in this project in researching the code-based design of BCE under Australian conditions. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [39] addressed the unique challenges in designing temporary structures for seismic and wind loads, suggesting a modified risk-level approach based on the structure's initial performance. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [40] discussed approaches to \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Standard Code**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Title**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Notes**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**AS/NZS 1170 Series—Structural Design Actions**} & & \\ \hline AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 & Part 0: General principles & \\ AS/NZS 1170.1:2002 & Part 1: Permanent, imposed and & Lack specificity for BCE’s dynamic operational \\  & other actions & conditions (such as load influence line effects \\ AS/NZS 1170.2:2021 & Part 2: Wind actions & during bridge construction or temporary \\ AS/NZS 1170.3:2003 & Part 3: Snow and ice actions & stability requirements) \\ AS 1170.4:2024 & Part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**AS 1418 Series—Cranes, Hoists and Winches**} & & \\ \hline AS 1418.1:2021 & Part 1: General requirements & Fail to account for multi-axis motions, concrete \\ AS 1418.3:2024 & Part 3: Bridge, gantry, portal (including & casting load cases, and complex structural \\  & container cranes) and jib cranes & geometry (e.g., integration with temporary \\  & structural systems) \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**AS/NZS 1576 Series—Scaffolding**} & & \\ \hline AS/NZS 1576.1:2019 & Part 1: General Requirements & Lacks consideration of the permanent nature of \\  & BCE and the extreme service conditions of \\  & bridge construction & bridge construction \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**AS 4100 Series—Steel Structures**} & & \\ \hline AS 4100:2020 & Steel Structures & Overlooks BCE’s need for lightweight (high \\  & live-to-dead-load ratio) and the stability under \\  & extreme construction environment \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**AS 5100 Series—Bridge Design**} & & \\ \hline AS 5100.1:2017 & Part 1: Scope and general principles & \\ AS 5100.2:2017 & Part 2: Design loads & Emphasise the permanent bridge design and \\ AS 5100.5:2017 & Part 5: Concrete & neglect the design of construction equipment \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**AS 52 xxSeries—Cranes**} & & \\ \hline AS 5221.1:2021 & Part 1: General & \\ AS 5221.3:2024 & Part 3: Overhead travelling and portal & Do not cover BCE’s aerodynamic challenges \\  & bridge cranes & during concrete casting operations or elevated \\ AS 5222:2021 & Wind Load Assessment & exposure in open terrains \\ AS 5225:2021 & General Requirements for Stability & \\ AS 5250:2024 & Stiffness—Bridge and Gantry Cranes & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) 2015—Temporary Structure Standard**} & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Relevant design standards and specifications for BCE structural design. determine design wind speeds for temporary structures in Australia, offering recommendations aligned with the Building Code of Australia. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [20] suggested real-world examples and design recommendations of the OMSS, as it can enhance productivity and economic efficiency in constructing longer-span continuous bridges and viaducts while introducing unique technical challenges related to load management, wind effects, and deflection control. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [41] compared Australian and European standards for establishing the compliance of steel mill products, highlighting differences in evaluation processes and challenges related to steels manufactured overseas. [PERSON] et al.