## 3 Experiments, Comparative Investigations and Results  
Experimenting the notable technical contributions is a challenging yet useful practice to observe the practical abilities and limitations of the developed frameworks. As illustrated in Table 4, the related articles are taken under considerations such as energy-efficient WMAC policies and routing strategies [84; 85; 86]. The successful development of the earlier research frameworks leads to noteworthy benefits for energy-saving plans in WSNs [87; 88]. At any rate, this article was motivated by the intention to conduct an experimental comparison between crucial existing works developed based on energy-efficient WMAC polices, energy-efficient routing policies and multi-layer optimization policies (WMAC and wireless routing protocols), as shown in Table 5.  
Based on the illustration of Table 5, the technical cohesions between each work deliver the implementation details and findings. In this experimental section, E1[28] is denoted for modified MAC protocols for managing energy distributions in the critical WSN environment. Notably, this work analyzed weak signal detection through CSMA/CA principles (CSMA/WSD). In this regard, this work found the variants of MAC models and the MiXiM-OMNet++ environment. On this basis, the proposed CSMA/WSD was implemented to \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**No.**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Existing Techniques**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Energy Optimization Solutions**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **WMAC Energy** & **WMAC Scheduler** & **Energy-Efficient** & **Energy** \\  & & **Optimizer/Balancer** & **and Time Divider** & **Wireless Routing** & **Balancer/ML-Based** \\  & & & & **Protocol** & **Routing Protocol** \\ \hline
1 & [PERSON] et al. [28] & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ \\
2 & [PERSON] et al. [30] & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ \\
3 & [PERSON] et al. [31] & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ \\
4 & [PERSON] et al. [37] & ✓ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ \\
5 & [PERSON] et al. [38] & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ \\
6 & [PERSON] et al. [39] & ✓ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ \\
7 & [PERSON] et al. [40] & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ \\
8 & [PERSON] et al. [42] & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ \\
9 & [PERSON] et al. [43] & ✓ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ \\
10 & [PERSON] et al. [50] & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ \\
11 & [PERSON] et al. [51] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ \\
12 & [PERSON] et al. [53] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ \\
13 & [PERSON] et al. [54] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ \\
14 & [PERSON] et al. [56] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ \\
15 & [PERSON] et al. [57] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ \\
16 & [PERSON] et al. [63] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ \\
17 & [PERSON] et al. [65] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ \\
18 & [PERSON] et al. [66] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ \\
19 & [PERSON] et al. [69] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ \\
20 & [PERSON] et al. [72] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ \\
21 & [PERSON] et al. [73] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ \\
22 & [PERSON] et al. [75] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ \\
23 & [PERSON] et al. [79] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ \\
24 & [PERSON] et al. [80] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ \\
25 & [PERSON] et al. [81] & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Related contributions on energy-efficient WMAC and routing protocols. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Existing Techniques** & **Energy Optimization Strategies** \\ \hline
1 & [PERSON] et al. [28]: E1 & Modified WMAC and channel allocation \\
2 & [PERSON] et al. [30]: E2 & Memetic-based sleep and wakeup scheduling \\
3 & [PERSON] et al. [37]: E3 & Integrated WMAC and routing policies using timeline \\
4 & [PERSON] et al. [39]: E4 & Data priority computation and QoS modelling \\
5 & [PERSON] et al. [50]: E5 & Load balancing and aggressive WMAC scheduling \\
6 & [PERSON] et al. [57]: E6 & Balanced routing for low-powered WSNs \\
7 & [PERSON] et al. [75]: E7 & Cooperative authentic routing protocol and feedback system \\
8 & [PERSON] et al. [79]: E8 & Adaptive and hierarchical routing models \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Related experiments. classify weak signals and channel collisions. Under this mechanism, each packet loss event was evaluated, as given in Figure 3.  
In this process, the random determination of packet loss under collision state is evaluated for weak signal conditions.