## 3 Results
### Secondary Outcome  
Demographic Information, Physical capability, ADL, and Sleep Quality of Older people with Sarcopenia  
In this study, we collected data from 17 older people who met the sarcopenia criteria. The descriptive statistics for the demographic information of the participants are as follows: the minimum and maximum age of the participants was 66 and 95 years, respectively; 70.6% of the participants were men; the education level of most participants (64.7%) was higher than the elementary-school level, indicating that most participants were educated; most participants (76.5%) experienced diabetes; 52.9% of the participants had a history of falls; the results of the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures index showed that most participants (88.2%) were prefrail; the SMMI of male and female were 9.87 and 6.53, respectively (Table 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variables** & **Min** & **Max** & **IQR** & **n** & **\%** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Demographical Information**} \\ \hline
**Age** & 66 & 95 & & & \\ PR25 & & & 77 & 1 & 5.9 \\ PR50 & & & 80 & 1 & 5.9 \\ PR75 & & & 87 & 2 & 11.8 \\ \hline
**Gender** & & & & \\ Male & & & 12 & 70.6 \\ Female & & & 5 & 29.4 \\ \hline
**Education level** & & & & \\ Illiterate & & & 5 & 29.4 \\ Literate & & & 1 & 5.9 \\ Elementary school & & & 3 & 17.6 \\ Junior high school & & 1 & 5.9 \\ Junior college & & & 2 & 11.8 \\ University or above & & & 5 & 29.4 \\ \hline
**Health status (multiple choices)** & & & & \\ Diabetes & & 13 & 76.5 \\ Hypertension & & 3 & 17.6 \\ Received surgery recently & & 1 & 5.9 \\ \hline
**Fall history** & & & 9 & 52.9 \\ Yes & & 8 & 47.1 \\ No & & & \\ \hline
**Fracture history** & & & & \\ Yes & & 1 & 5.9 \\ No & & & 16 & 94.1 \\ \hline
**Fraility assessment (SOF index)** & & & & \\ Normal & & & 2 & 11.8 \\ Prefrail & & & 15 & 88.2 \\ Frail & & & - & - \\ \hline
**Skeletal muscle mass index** & & & & \\ Male & 6.69 & 10.60 & & \\ PR25 & & & 9.70(8.3) & 1 & 8.3 \\ PR50 & & & 10.07(8.3) & 1 & 8.3 \\ PR75 & & & 10.54(8.3) & 1 & 8.3 \\ Female & 6.58 & 7.48 & & \\ PR25 & & & 6.68(20.0) & 1 & 20.0 \\ PR50 & & & 6.70(20.0) & 1 & 20.0 \\ PR75 & & & 7.09(20.0) & 1 & 20.0 \\ \hline
**Physical capability** & & & & \\ One-foot balance (s) & 0.0 & 30.0 & & \\ PR25 & & & 0.0(41.2) & 7 & 41.2 \\ PR50 & & & 2.0(23.5) & 4 & 23.5 \\ PR75 & & & 5.0(5.9) & 1 & 5.9 \\ Shoulder–arm flexibility (cm) & \(-\)70.0 & \(-\)20.0 & & \\ PR25 & & & \(-\)53.0(6.3) & 1 & 6.3 \\ PR50 & & & \(-\)30.0(18.8) & 3 & 18.8 \\ PR75 & & & \(-\)20.0(25.0) & 4 & 25.0 \\ Walking speed(s) & 12.9 & 93.0 & & \\ PR25 & & & 17.6(8.3) & 1 & 8.3 \\ PR50 & & & 27.6(25.0) & 3 & 25.0 \\ PR75 & & & 50.0(16.7) & 2 & 16.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Demographic information, physical capability, activities of daily living (ADL), and sleep quality of research participants (n = 17).  
The analysis results for the physical capability of the 17 participants were as follows: (a) one-foot balance of 3.31 s; (b) shoulder-arm flexibility of \(-\)37.50 cm; (c) walking speed of 36.41 s; (d) right-hand grip strength of 11.19 kg; (e) left-hand grip strength of 12.67 kg; (f) five sit-stand repetitions amounting to 47.43 times; (g) body mass index of 21.69 kg/m\({}^{2}\) (Table 2).  
The Barthel index was employed to assess the ADL of the participants. The results showed that 53% of the participants were highly dependent and 29% were moderately dependent (Table 2), indicating that most of the participants needed other people's help. Additionally, the PSQI was employed to examine the sleep quality of the participants. As shown in Table 2, 77% of the participants had unsatisfactory sleep quality, indicating that most of the participants did not have excellent sleep quality (Table 2).