## 1 Introduction
The increase in heatwave amplitude has shown a linear growth in relation to global warming levels, with distinct regional differences between the Maritime Continent and the Indochina Peninsula due to their differing heat content in lower atmospheric boundaries. The trend towards more frequent, prolonged, and intense heatwaves is projected to continue, exacerbating public health challenges and underscoring the imperative for comprehensive adaptive strategies to mitigate the impacts of these devastating climate phenomena, particularly in countries like Thailand [30]. Thailand itself has experienced fluctuations in climate, particularly in rainfall patterns and temperature [31]. With its relatively underdeveloped public health infrastructure and highly vulnerable populations [32], the region is confronting increasingly severe climate-related issues. Notable increases in temperatures in recent years have led to alarming health repercussions, including a significant rise in heat-related deaths [33]. Between 2015 and 2018, heatwaves in Thailand led to 158 deaths, primarily in the northern and central provinces, where extreme temperatures are directly linked to higher mortality rates [34]. Concurrently, there has been a rise in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, now among the top five causes of death and disability in the country [35]. Despite these challenges, current heatwave management practices remain underdeveloped. Ref. [36] recommends an integrated approach to urban planning and design to mitigate heat stress. Critical measures include the development of green open spaces to reduce urban heat island effects and the implementation of green building codes, which advocate for features like rooftop gardens and heat-reducing materials. Furthermore, establishing heat early warning systems and collaborative emergency response plans is vital for enhancing urban resilience against heat stress, particularly in cities like Bangkok. Satellite remote sensing offers significant promise for the precise study and detection of heatwaves from a broad perspective, aiding in the comprehension of heatwave patterns [37]. Defined by its high spatial resolution and temporal frequency, this approach allows for extensive analyses, yielding regular and long-term data crucial for grasping the behavior and effects of heatwaves. This technique overcomes the limitations posed by unavailable or poorly distributed ground station networks [38; 39]. Previous studies [16; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46] have demonstrated the capability of multitemporal remote sensing data from several satellites to analyze, map, and monitor the spatial and temporal dynamics of heatwaves. Furthermore, studies by [47; 48] have shown that thermal satellite-derived LST is a crucial parameter for identifying heatwaves and understanding the consequences of extreme heat. Additionally, LST plays a vital role as a key input in the study of land surface water and energy budgets at both local and global scales [49]. LST, recognized as one of the essential climate variables (ECVs) by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), is a key indicator for both climate change and land surface processes. This is due to the heat exchange between the land surface and the near-surface atmosphere, making the dynamics in air temperature and LST consistent [50; 51]. Various satellites with Thermal Infrared (TIR) airborne sensors, including the Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and LANDSAT, have been used for this purpose [39; 52; 53; 54]. Among these, data from MODIS have been pivotal for the retrieval of LST dynamics and trends, providing the longest consistent time series covering vast global regions [55]. Its global radiometric resolution and dynamic ranges, along with accurate calibration in multiple TIR bands, are well designed [56]. Furthermore, MODIS offers the advantage of revisiting the same area four times daily, ensuring detailed and timely data collection.