esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 7 IoMT Healthcare Services and Applications
### Connected Inhalers/Ingestible Sensors/Connected Contact Lenses  
In conditions such as asthma, attacks often occur suddenly and without warning. Using an IoT-connected inhaler, healthcare providers are able to track the frequency of attacks and collect data from the environment to identify what triggers them. This data is used to create personalized treatment plans that help patients identify and avoid triggers as well as better manage their condition. The inhalers also have the capability to alert healthcare providers when an attack is imminent, allowing them to intervene if necessary. However, some argue that IoT-connected inhalers pose privacy concerns. The constant monitoring of patients' inhaler usage could potentially lead to over-diagnosis and unnecessary treatments. Additionally, the data collected by the inhalers could be misused to discriminate against patients with asthma or other respiratory conditions.  
Furthermore, ingestible sensors are small devices that are swallowed and track the body's internal processes. They measure a range of biometric data, such as temperature, pH levels, and metabolic rate, and transmit this data wirelessly to a connected device. These sensors have the potential to revolutionize healthcare by facilitating real-time monitoring of a patient's health. They detect changes in body temperature, heart rate, and other vital signs that aid in the quick and accurate diagnosis of medical problems [104]. For instance, a temperature sensor embedded in a patch worn on the skin detects a fever in a patient, alerting doctors and caretakers to take action. However, there are also potential dangers associated with these sensors. If the data collected by the sensors is not properly secured, unauthorized individuals could access it. This could lead to the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information about a patient's health. However, if the sensors are not used properly, they could provide false readings that may result in misdiagnoses.  
Connected contact lenses are contact lenses that are equipped with sensors and other technology that allows them to connect to other devices, such as smartphones. These lenses are embedded with tiny sensors that detect physiological changes in the wearer's body and transmit that data to a connected device. This data is then used to monitor and manage various health conditions and provide diagnoses that are more accurate. By collecting this data and using it to inform diagnoses, it provides healthcare providers with more accurate and timely information, which leads to treatments that are more effective.
## 4 Numerical Simulations
### FE Models  
The finite element model was created using Ansys Workbench 2022 R2 software. Tensile and creep tests are simulated as an axisymmetric task. In the simulation of the tensile and creep tests, quadratic FEM elements PLANE183 were used. The boundary conditions for the simulation of the tensile test on the cylindrical sample are shown in Figure 8a. A displacement in the y-axis direction is applied on the right side of the model; the values are presented in the form of a time displacement graph (see Figure 9). The creep test simulation model is shown in Figure 8b. In the given figure, the test points and their coordinates on the y-axis are highlighted. Test points are places where strain values were compared in the experiment and its simulation.  
The creep test was performed under constant force on the right side of the sample model (Figure 8b). The force is increased at a speed of 1500 N/s in the FEM simulation, and the loading is applied in two steps by a table describing the time history of the force. Therefore, the maximal force of 1430 N is reached at 0.95 s, and then the force is kept constant. The creep test was simulated until the final time of 960 s, when the area of tertiary creep occurred.  
Figure 8: Boundary conditions and loading method for cylindrical specimen in tensile test simulation (a) and hourglass specimen in creep test (b).
## 5 Radiometric Calibration Processing Results
### Response Energy and Calibration Constant Calculation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Integral Method**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Peak Method**} \\ \cline{3-5}
**CR Number** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Theoretical RCS** \\ **(/dBsm)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Response** \\ **Energy (/dB)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Calibration** \\ **Constant (/dB)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Response** \\ **Energy (/dB)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Calibration** \\ **Constant (/dB)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline CR-1 & 31.332 & 66.891 & 32.195 & 61.854 & 27.158 \\ CR-2 & 31.332 & 66.628 & 31.917 & 61.506 & 26.795 \\ CR-3 & 31.332 & 66.459 & 31.745 & 61.178 & 26.464 \\ CR-4 & 31.332 & 66.744 & 32.043 & 61.248 & 26.547 \\ CR-5 & 31.332 & 67.077 & 32.379 & 62.046 & 27.348 \\ CR-6 & 31.332 & 66.679 & 31.995 & 61.711 & 27.027 \\ CR-7 & 31.332 & 66.931 & 32.24 & 61.788 & 27.097 \\ Mean response energy/dB & & 66.773 & & 61.619 & \\ Mean calibration constants/dB & & 32.073 & & 26.919 & \\ Standard deviation of calibration constants/dB & & 0.198 & & 0.304 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Response energy and calibration constant results of each point target for FSI mode data on 15 May. As shown in Table 7, for the FSI mode image, the mean of response energy obtained by the sliding window-based integral method is 66.773 dB, and the mean value of the calibration constant is 32.073 dB. In contrast, the mean of response energy obtained by the peak method is 61.619 dB, and the mean value of calibration constant is 26.919 dB. The standard deviation of the calibration constants obtained by the integral method is 0.198 dB, and that of the peak method is 0.304 dB. Figure 11b presents the distribution of the calibration constants for FSI data calculated by the peak and sliding window-based integral methods.
## 3 Basic Theory  
### Vibration Analysis Techniques Used as Condition Indicators  
Vibration analysis techniques analyze time series data by highlighting subtle changes in the data's distribution [17]. These subtle changes often indicate faults in a mechanical system. Faults, however, do not always self-manifest in the time domain but rather often in the frequency domain and at other times as a transient impulse [18]. A major challenge in condition monitoring therefore lies in identifying suitable vibration analysis techniques capable of highlighting these vibrational signatures representative of machine faults. This study explored the use of time domain analysis, frequency domain analysis, and structural response analysis, respectively, to monitor the vibrational signals generated by the toggle clamping system during its clamping and unclamping periods. Health indicators (HI) were further derived from these analyses. A more detailed description of these vibration analysis techniques and health indicators derivation is provided below.
# Pediatric Endoscopy, Update 2020
## 4 Esophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy
### Complications  
The complication rate of diagnostic endoscopy is lower than 1% [6; 51]. The complication rate of therapeutic interventions is naturally higher. Common complications are: Bleeding, perforation,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l} \hline \hline
**Diagnostic Indications:** \\ \hline Dysphagia \\ Odynophagia \\ Chronic reflux disease without improvement through medication \\ Vomiting and hemorrhage \\ Chronic abdominal pain \\ Anorexia \\ Weight lost, impaired growth \\ Anemia \\ Diarrhea \\ Chronic malassimilation \\ \hline
**Therapeutic Indications:** \\ \hline Foreign body ingestion \\ Acid and base ingestion \\ Dilatation of strictures \\ Esophageal varices and fundus varices \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Indications for endoscopy in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract.  
and infection. In a prospective study in children, 249 complications within 72 h in 9577 endoscopic investigations have been reported. This indicates that a structured surveillance protocol after endoscopy is mandatory [52]. Considering procedural as well as sedation-related complications, adverse events can occur in up to 2.3% according to a study including 10,236 procedures [51]. Risk factors for complications are: Younger age, high ASA rating, female gender, and intravenous sedation.
## 3 RPL Overview
### Routing in RPL  
RPL provides basically two types of routes, which depend on the endpoints involved in the communication: upward and downward routes. The former offer a path to the DODAG root from any other node. A downward route provides a path in the opposite direction.  
As described in the previous subsection, after joining a DODAG, each node chooses its parent set. Every node selects its preferred parent among the members of its parent set by applying the OF in use in the DODAG. The preferred parent of a node offers the default upward route for this node. RPL supports downward routes by using Destination Advertisement Object (DAO) messages. DAO  
Figure 1: An example DODAG composed of 6 nodes, where node a is the DODAG root.  
messages are generated and sent upwards by non-root nodes to announce themselves as possible destination nodes. In order to enable Point-to-Point (P2P) flows, _i.e._, the transmission of data between any two network nodes, RPL offers using upward and downward routes as the default mechanism. Since this mechanism may not be optimal, an improved mechanism for P2P traffic called P2P-RPL has been developed [27]. P2P-RPL allows a node to discover a P2P route on demand, by creating a temporary DODAG rooted at the node.
# Using Long-Range Wireless Sensor Network to Track the Illegal Cutting Log
## 3 Result and Discussion  
Several scenario tests were applied to examine the robustness and reliable data transmission in the proposed system. The scenarios have conducted a test to measure the LoRa performance in RSSI value and the GPS parameter in LoS (line of sight) and N-LoS (non-line of sight). The system also tested the tracking system's ability based on the moving tree position to indicate that illegal logging has occurred.
# High-Density 3D Printable Chipless RFID Tag with Structure of Passive Slot Rings
## 4 Discussion
For the RFID system, the security and encryption is highly required to protect the information [45; 46; 47; 48]. For the RFID with active chip inside, the encryption can be performed in the chip. For the chipless tag, the information cannot be secured directly on the tag because of lacking the necessary hardware in the tag. A future study should be investigated to find an approach to protect the security of the chipless tag.
## 3 LoRa Modulation Evaluation
This aspect is particularly important for LoRa network developers that can consider the use of large packets if the specifications of the application allows it. In order to evaluate the influence of the communication channel bandwidth on the level of performance, an additional test had been performed. We measured the BER parameter by varying the bandwidth of the communication channel, while maintaining the same packet payload size of 120 bytes. These results are presented in Figure 7. The goal of these assessments was to analyze the influence of the communication channel bandwidth on the performance level of the communication link. Figure 6: BER obtained by varying the payload size while maintaining the same BW value. The payload was varied from 60 bytes to 120 bytes and 180 bytes. Figure 7: BER curves for a specific SF obtained by varying the BW size from 125 kHz to 250 kHz and 500 kHz, respectively, while maintaining the same payload size 120 bytes. Our results show, as expected, that with the BW increase the performance level of the communication significantly increases. Thus, a larger communication channel bandwidth is preferred, if available, however, but it is dependent on the geographical area of the installation site. From the presented results, it can be seen the collision number contributes to the dramatically decrease in the performance level of the LoRa communication. Thus, this aspect, which cannot be overlooked, needs to be carefully addressed and further analyzed when a high level of performance for a high-density large-scale type network is mandatory [30].
# Image Interpretability of nSight-1 Nanosatellite Imagery for Remote Sensing Applications
## 1 Introduction
Visual analysis of images from nanosatellites is compromised by a range of radiometric and geometric distortions such as random noise, signal-to-noise artefacts, motion blurring, stripping, streaking, banding, blocking, haze, illumination effects, and panoramic defects. Radiometric effects that degrade image interpretability arise from poor sensor performance and atmospheric degradation. Sensor orbital dynamics such as roll, pitch and yaw cause geometric distortions. While these issues are present in large satellites such as Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 they are exacerbated in small high-velocity low- earth orbit nanosatellites. The interpretability of the images from low-earth orbit CubeSats for application purposes is particularly compromised by motion blur due to the high speeds, wide pointing accuracies, non-fixed orbital path of the imaging system with the earth [36]. Relative motion between the nanosatellite and the scene affects the averaging of image intensities during exposure time causing image blurring. The quality of images from CubeSats is further compromised by data compression techniques used to transmit telemetry to the ground receiving station [37]. The objective of this study is therefore to assess the visual interpretability of images captured by the nSight-1 nanosatellite and to recommend potential earth observation applications for the mission. To achieve this, we used a blind image spatial quality evaluator to compute the visual image interpretability of the imagery and the NIIRS method to quantify the interpretability of the images. Landsat 8 Optical Land Imager (OLI) visible bands as a reference to benchmark the performance of the experimental nSight-1 nanosatellite imagery. Landsat-8 was selected because it is known for its reputable radiometric performance. Its image quality is significantly higher compared to previous Landsat missions due to significantly better signal-to-noise ratios and radiometric uniformity [38; 39]. Landsat 8 images show very few image artefacts due to residual banding, striping and nonlinearity [39].
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Temperature Variation  
Figure 2 shows the results of the effect of the wood combustion period and the temperature data values above the base of the fire. Figure 2 illustrates that the para rubber wood combustion had three phases: preheating, degassing, and charcoal. It agrees with the results reported by [21; 22; 23], which studied the time and temperature combustion profiles of various woods, such as pine wood and eucalyptus wood. In the preheating phase, temperature values rose quickly from the initial combustion period to about 15-30 min after initial combustion. Temperature values increased with decreasing the moisture content. In the second phase (degassing), temperature values dropped during the first part, and the values increased during the second part after most of the tar and volatile particles dissolved [21; 23; 24; 25]. Finally, at the charcoal phase, the temperature values decreased to 50-52 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 3 illustrates that the para rubber wood moisture content had a prime influence on increasing temperature data values above the base of the fire. Thus, it shows the highest temperature value of about 475 \({}^{\circ}\)C was found at the lowest wood moisture content, 31.5% d.b., in the preheating phase. The wood combustion period in the degassing phase, 89.7% d.b., was the longest because 89.7% d.b. had the highest wood moisture content value and had the most tar and volatile particles [21; 22; 23]. In the charcoal phase, the results showed that 89.7% d.b. took the shortest time because it had the least heartwood after burning in the first and second phases of the wood combustion stages [21; 24; 25].  
Figure 2: The phase change temperature in para rubber wood combustion.
# COVID-19 Lung Injury: Unique and Familiar Aspects of Pathophysiology
## 5 Therapeutic and Supportive Strategies for COVID-19
### Pharmacotherapy Targeting coagulopathy  
Coagulopathy and ensuing thrombotic events are a frequent and deadly aspect of COVID-19 pathophysiology. Empirical use of anti-coagulant and anti-platelet agents has thus become an important tool in patient care, although an optimal strategy has not yet been clearly defined [178]. Several studies have explored various antithrombotic agents in COVID-19, including anti-platelet agents, heparin-based anticoagulants, and direct oral anticoagulants.  
Anti-platelet therapy reduces the activation and aggregation of platelets by antagonizing the P2Y\({}_{12}\) receptor (i.e., P2Y\({}_{12}\) inhibitors, e.g., clopidogrel) or inhibiting thromboxane A2 synthesis (i.e., aspirin) [193]. However, anti-platelet agents have generally been found to be ineffective across all severities of disease and were associated with increased bleeding risk in critically ill patients [178]. Considering this, it may be possible that platelets play a simultaneously pathological and homeostatic role in COVID-19. On the one hand, platelet activation leading to aggregation with immune cells could contribute to the development of capillary microthrombi-reduced perfusion. On the other hand, platelet aggregation may be beneficial in preventing hemorrhage through the damaged endothelium in COVID-19. Experimental approaches aimed at selectively blocking the former pathway could therefore be of interest.  
Anticoagulant use has demonstrated some benefits in the management of COVID-19 patients. Heparin-based anticoagulants (e.g., unfractionated heparin, dalteparin) reduce clot formation by indirectly inhibiting the formation of factor \(\mathrm{Xa}\) and thrombin via antithrombin III, whereas direct oral anticoagulants (e.g., rivaroxaban) directly inhibit factor \(\mathrm{Xa}\)[194]. Thromboprophylaxis with anticoagulants has been recommended for hospitalized patients with moderate or severe COVID-19, and specifically, heparin-based anticoagulants are recommended in the latter. In patients with moderate illness, therapeutic dosing has demonstrated benefits in two large-scale clinical trials. However, no benefit was shown in critically ill patients, and potential for harm was indicated due to increased bleeding rates [178]. Conceptually, these findings could suggest differences in microvascular dysfunction depending on disease severity or stage. Current evidence and guidelines suggest that antithrombotic therapy in COVID-19 patients should not diverge significantly from non-COVID-19 patients [175]. Furthermore, these data emphasize the importance of balancing the use of antithrombotic agents with limiting the risk of bleeding.
# Electro-Thermal and Aging Lithium-Ion Cell Modelling with Application to Optimal Battery Charging
## 3 Trajectory Planning
The optimisation was performed for various aging levels, various ambient temperatures (10, 17, 27, 30, 47, and 77 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and for various states of health from End of Life (EOL), Middle of Life (MOL) and Beginning of Life (BOL). Figure 4: Trajectories computed for a fixed charging time of 20 min, at T = 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, for a cell at the Beginning of Life (BOL) in a State of Charge (SOC) range of 5–80%. Figure 3: An example of a Multi-stage Constant Current (MCC) profile with 6 slots (\(N=6\)). Each value \(I_{ch}(k)\) has to be optimised to find the current optimal profile. These results were obtained with a cell whose dynamical behaviour is assumed to be perfectly known. This is an ideal case that does not exist in practice due to modelling uncertainties, and applying the optimal charging current profiles obtained does not necessarily minimize aging while reaching the target SOC. To take into account the modelling uncertainties, a closed loop strategy must be implemented. As shown in the next section, the side reaction current \(I_{sr}\) that creates aging was defined as the control signal to control the battery charging due to its high sensitivity to the charging current, as illustrated by Figure 3.0
# Unveiling LoRa's Oceanic Reach: Assessing the Coverage of the Azores LoRaWAN Network from an Island
## 4 Results and Discussion
They are also consistent with the high sensitivity associated with LoRa technology, even if they are very close to the recommended limit of \(-120\) dB. In the analysis performed on the SNR values, the Green, Blue, Yellow, Orange, Purple, Pink, Brown, and Black subsets are representative of a noiseless transmission channel, with matters within limits previously defined and those associated with LoRa technology. For the Red, Gray, White, and Cyan subsets, the SNR levels, although within the defined limits, represent a noisy transmission channel. Analyzing the subsets' RSSI and SNR value pairs according to [21], reveals that the Blue, Orange, Purple, and Brown subsets are in the spectrum where the radio frequency level is optimal for reliable reception. The Red, Green, Yellow, Pink, and Black subsets are in the range where the RF levels are not optimal but sufficient. Transmissions have difficulty reaching the GW and improved link quality would imply reducing the distance to the gateway, while guaranteeing free LOS. The Gray, White, and Cyan subsets, on the  
Figure 14: Terrain profile, line of sight, and Fresnel zone of the yellow link. Figure 12: Terrain profile, line of sight, and Fresnel zone of the orange link. Figure 13: Terrain profile, line of sight, and Fresnel zone of the pink link. other hand, are in the spectrum where the transmitter is too far from the receiver, as can be seen from the \"Average Distance to Gw\" values in Table 2.  
We used the GPS positions of the vessels collected during the tests to understand the range of a LoRa and validate the simulated coverage area (Figure 4). This allowed us to calculate the distance between the end device installed on the vessels and the GW on the island. The results show that it is possible to communicate at distances greater than 130 km between the end devices and the GW if unimpeded by obstructions. However, further testing is needed to verify the reliability of these communications.
# Research on Fault Detection and Automatic Diagnosis Technology of Water Hammer in Centrifugal Pump
## 5 Test and Experiment
### Analysis of Results
When simulating a water hammer failure by tapping on the water pump outlet pipe 30 cm away, the three indicators without a high-pass filter did not exceed twice the normal conditions. The diagnostic result showed that no water hammer failure had occurred, which is inconsistent with the simulated situation, indicating an error in judgment. After applying the high-pass filter, all three indicators significantly exceeded twice the normal conditions, which is consistent with the simulated water hammer fault conditions; therefore, the judgment was correct. The vibration and fault characteristic data of the centrifugal pump, measured by the sensors, were uploaded to the cloud server for further precise fault diagnosis. The cloud server determined that the centrifugal pump experienced a water hammer failure and issued an alarm to notify personnel for timely processing.