## 2 Related Work
### Multipath Transmission in ICN  
ICN essentially supports multipath transfer. Adopting multipath in ICN increases resiliency and reduces data-transmission time. However, the combination of ICN and multipath transmission presents new challenges in balancing performance maximization and network cost minimization. ICN multipath transmission schemes need to take into account the variable delay and in-network cache [13]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a general analysis model to evaluate the impact of multipath forwarding strategies on ICN content delivery performance [14]. According to this model, a good forwarding strategy should maximize user throughput and minimize overall network cost. [PERSON] et al. [15] formulated the multipath forwarding and congestion control problem in ICN as a global optimization problem with nonlinear objectives and linear constraints, then solved it. [PERSON] et al. developed a unified problem of ICN caching and multipath forwarding as a network optimization problem to maximize user satisfaction [16]. In the ICN architecture based on the name routing approach, such as Content-Centric Networking (CCN) [17], Named Data Network (NDN) [18] and Publish Subscribe Internet Technology (Pursuit) [19], the realization of multipath transmission depends on the flexible forwarding plane of ICN. The authors in [20] proposed a probabilistic ant-routing mechanism for CCN nodes to achieve multipath transmission. [PERSON] et al. proposed a multipath publish/subscribe model called MPS in ICN, which has a shorter data transmission time and more reliable connections between publishers and subscribers [21]. In the MPS model, the authors use a new component called the connection manager to implement the multi-path transfer protocol (MPT) and establish multipath communication between subscribers and publishers. The authors in [22] proposed a fully distributed cooperative multipath data transmission solution CODA based on NDN architecture. CODA extends the standard interest model in NDN to support data transmission along multiple paths and designs a traffic scheduling model to transmit data cooperatively and a transmission control scheme for efficient path selection. Through the analysis of the acceptance rate in ICN, [PERSON] et al. designed DMF based on NDN architecture [23], a new dynamic multipath forwarding strategy based on each packet. Compared with the existing forwarding strategy, DMF further analyzes and divides the transmission process, then adopts different metrics for different stages of the forwarding strategy, which can dynamically adapt to the change in available path capacity to maximize the reception rate at consumers. [PERSON] et al. proposed a distributed stochastic optimization framework for multi-path control of ICN-IoT for resource constraints and scalability in the IoT [24]. Subflow-level multi-path interest control scheme (SMIC) [25] is an ICN multi-path transport layer mechanism proposed by [PERSON] et al. that aims to enhance the performance of content delivery on multiple paths while achieving the throughput fairness of single-path runoff. However, multipath schemes of the name-based routing ICN architectures do not help users when they need to obtain data from a specific server. Moreover, name-based routing ICN architectures typically employ hierarchical and aggregated names, and name resolution is combined with message routing. This means that it requires a major upgrade of the entire network's infrastructure and a redesign of the existing computer protocol stack. Due to the huge costs associated, it is almost impossible to update existing network devices to support ICN multipath transmission.