esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
However, many clinical applications require fast (even real-time) reconstruction of CT images. From a clinical point of view, lightweight networks are more desirable. Inspired by the full convolutional network used for super resolution [25; 26; 27], we propose a simplified sinogram domain convolutional neural network model for sparse-view CT reconstruction, which contains only four convolutional layers of networks and is well suited for real-time CT reconstruction tasks. Our motivation stems from our recognition that the complexity of LDCT reconstruction networks needs to be reduced for the sake of clinical practice. The proposed network strikes a balance between image quality and computational efficiency, ensuring that LDCT reconstruction is performed quickly without compromising the quality of the reconstructed image. The proposed network employs only four convolutional layers, where the first three layers are feature extraction modules and the final layer is a sub-view regression layer. By adjusting the parameters of the last layer, the network can be adapted to various levels of sparse-view LDCT reconstruction. In addition to being used directly for sinogram domain LDCT reconstruction, the proposed network can be incorporated into an existing dual domain framework as a lightweight sinogram domain module. The contributions of our work are as follows:* An efficient fully convolutional network for LDCT reconstruction is proposed. This network can function as a stand-alone solution or as a lightweight component seamlessly integrated into existing dual-domain frameworks. * We delve into an in-depth examination of the impacts of image domain loss and sinogram domain loss on the quality of reconstructed images. The remainder of this work is summarized below. In Section 2, we delve into the theoretical foundations of the sparse-view LDCT problem, clarify the specific structure of the proposed model and introduce the concept of two different loss functions. Section 3 is dedicated to the presentation of experimental results. In Section 4, we discuss the results of the experiment. Finally, the conclusions are presented in Section 5.
# Influence of Lower Lateral Bracing on the Seismic Pounding Damage to Slab-On-Girder Steel Bridges
###### Abstract  
During strong seismic events, seismic-induced bounding has been observed to cause damage to bridges. Previous studies on seismic-induced bridge bounding responses have generally focused on reinforced concrete bridges. However, the seismic damage between steel and reinforced concrete beams is significantly different, and research on steel beams' seismic bounding response remains limited. Therefore, this paper adopts the multiscale fine three-dimensional numerical simulation method to study the seismic response of a slab-on-girder steel bridge. The numerical results show that the lower lateral bracing has a significant effect on seismic damage to steel beams. The lower lateral bracing can share about 1/3 of the bounding action and reduce the displacement angle of the steel beam by 40%. Under horizontal two-way seismic action, the lower lateral bracing significantly reduces the stress on the steel beam. In addition, the bracing should have continuous stiffeners to avoid connection failure. Generally, the lower lateral bracing should be considered in the design of the slab-on-girder steel bridge. It significantly improves the lateral seismic performance of the bridge and reduces seismic damage to steel beams.  
seismic bounding damage; slab-on-girder steel bridge; lower lateral bracing; multiscale fine numerical simulation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 1 Introduction
### Related Works
This process is repeated recursively by considering the currently selected vehicle as the source. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28] developed a protocol called BL-CAST (beaconless broadcast) that addresses both the broadcast storm problem and intermittent connectivity. The forwarding vehicle is selected based on distance. Upon receiving a new message, the vehicle starts the timers, which are inversely proportional to the distance from the sender. Before the expiration of the timer, if the vehicle hears the rebroadcast of the message from a back vehicle, the timer is cancelled, and it will not rebroadcast that message; if the vehicle hears the rebroadcasted message from a front vehicle then it ignores that duplicate message and waits for rebroadcast from the back vehicle. Upon expiry of the timer, if there is no rebroadcast of the message from the following vehicle, it schedules the message for rebroadcast. Due to the wait time before retransmission of the message, the delay increases. But road safety applications demand faster delivery of messages to all the vehicles approaching towards the accident zone so that the drivers can choose an alternate route in order to avoid further collisions and traffic jam in that area. [PERSON] et al. [29] developed a protocol based on Ant Colony Optimization technique to find an optimal cost tour that optimizes two objective functions, one to minimize the distance between the cluster head and its members and the other to balance the number of cluster members attached to a cluster head in order to avoid depletion of power. But in vehicular networks power is not a primary criterion because they can replenish their power [4; 5; 6]. The tour is constructed by each ant by selecting a node randomly from the search space as cluster head and tries to add other nodes that are within the transmission of the selected node one by one to the cluster using roulette wheel selection method. Table 1 summarizes few techniques discussed above including the metrics used for evaluating the performance, their advantages and disadvantages.
## 3 Theoretical Framework of Compressed Sensing  
### Theoretical Framework  
Traditional signal acquisition and processing includes four steps: sampling, compression, transmission, and decompression. The sampling process should satisfy [PERSON]'s sampling theorem. Compressed sensing performs signal sampling and compressive encoding in a step. As illustrated in Figure 2, compressed sensing takes full advantage of the signal's sparsity and conducts non-adaptive measurement and encoding on the signal at a sampling rate far lower than the Nyquist sampling rate.  
Figure 1: Model of the mine IoT monitoring system.  
Compressed sensing includes the following three steps [9]:  
1. The original signal \(x\), with a length of \(N\), is sparse or sparse under the base of \(\Psi(N\times N)\), and the sparse signal is denoted as \(S\);
2. The observed value \(y\) was acquired based on the observation matrix \(\Phi(M\times N)\), \(M<<N\);
3. Based on the given \(\Phi\), \(\Psi\) and \(y\), an appropriate algorithm was selected for the recovery of \(x\).  
Accordingly, compressed sensing includes the sparse representation of a signal, the design of the measurement matrix, and the reconstruction algorithm. The sparse representation of a signal is the prerequisite; the measurement matrix is the means of the structured representation of the signal; and the reconstruction algorithm serves as the guarantee of signal reconstruction.
# Optical Camera Communication as an Enabling Technology for Microalgae Cultivation +
## 2 Proposed Architecture
### Camera Node  
The acquisition mechanism of image sensors inherently limits the available bandwidth for communications. In global-shutter (GS) cameras, the whole image sensor is exposed simultaneously. Thus, the achievable data rate is upper-bounded by their frame rate, restraining the light source's switching frequency considerably. On the other hand, RS cameras scan the scene sequentially row by row of pixels (usually on the shorter dimension of the sensor), allowing capturing different light states (intensity, colour variations, among others) within the lamp's source projection in the frame [19]. In this case, the theoretical bandwidth limit is imposed by the row shift time, commonly denominated the sampling time, \(t_{\text{s}}\), which is the fixed duration between the start of a row scan and the consecutive one. Furthermore, these rows are not disjointedly exposed, but in an overlapping manner. This overlap duration depends on the configured exposure time, \(t_{\text{exp}}\), which is the span of time during which each row of pixels is integrating light. In terms of communications, the effect of this overlap can be modelled (for a uniform light source) as the product of a weighted moving-average filter, with its corresponding transfer function Equation (1), which further restricts the effective bandwidth (cut-off frequency--Equation (2)).  
\[H(w)=\frac{e^{-jw/2(N-1)}}{N}\frac{sin(wN/2)}{sin(w/2)} \tag{1}\]  
where \(N\) is an integer that relates the exposure time to the sampling time (\(N=t_{\text{exp}}/t_{\text{s}}\)) and w is the normalized angular frequency in radians per sample (\(w=2\pi f/f_{\text{s}}\)).  
The cut-off frequency, \(w_{\text{3 dB}}\), defined as the half-power point's frequency, can be computed using the modulus squared function of the transfer function using Equation (2).  
\[|H(w_{\text{3 dB}})|^{2}=\frac{1}{N^{2}}\frac{sin^{2}(\frac{w_{\text{3 dB}}N}{2} )}{sin^{2}(\frac{w_{\text{3 dB}}N}{2})}=\frac{1}{2} \tag{2}\]Equation (2) does not have a general analytical solution. However, it is possible to rely on numerical methods such as [PERSON]'s algorithm to determine the cut-off frequency that sets the system's available bandwidth (Equation (3)).  
\[f_{tx}\leq f3\text{dB}/2 \tag{3}\]  
Therefore, to increase the effective transmission bandwidth, it is necessary to minimise the camera's exposure time. Consequently, the PDs of the pixels exposed for a shorter time have a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In previous works, it was shown that the reduced received power due to the extinction along the path or due to low exposure times can be overcome using the analogue amplifier of the CMOS camera by increasing the gain it provides before the analogue-to-digital converter (ADC), ultimately improving the SNR [20,21].
## 3 Analysis of Results
### Effect of the Roadway Cross-Section  
Previous theoretical studies on zonal disintegration of the roadway-surrounding rocks were mainly focused on circular roadways and derived the annular distribution pattern of the zonal fracturing zones around the roadway [20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30]. Based on elastoplastic theory and numerical simulation results, it can be observed that failures were not always centrosymmetric and mostly presented a large damage depth near the two shoulders and two footings, while the damage depth at the roof, floor, and two sides was small [31; 32].  
In this study, the roadway with a circular cross-section was simulated using the PFC\({}^{\text{2D}}\) and FLAC\({}^{\text{2D}}\) software packages, with the results shown in Figure 18. The wedge-shaped shear deformation failures first appeared on the roadway wall at the beginning of the failure in the circular roadway. The discrete finite simulation results showed that the initial failures were concentrated around two shoulders and two footings. As shown in Figure 18a, the wedge-shaped failures appeared at points A, B, C, and D, while the boundary of the ABCD failure zone can be approximated by a rectangle. According to finite difference simulation results, the significant compression-shear deformation also showed wedge-shaped failure at the beginning, with uniform distribution around the roadway perimeter (see Figure 18c). As the deformation increased, the shear strain increment near the two shoulders and two footings began to increase. Therefore, the significant failure zone boundary can be approximated by a rectangle (see Figure 18d).  
After the formation of the initial failure boundary, which was approximately rectangular in shape, the initially formed boundaries comprised the free surface for the subsequent damage development of the roadway, and a significant failure developed towards the deep surrounding rocks in the compression-shear failure pattern (see the AE and DE fracture planes in Figure 18b and the DE and CF fracture planes in Figure 18d).  
The initial position of the zonal disintegration development in the surrounding rocks of the circular roadway was subjected to the effect of the initial failure boundary. In contrast, the shape of the initial failure boundary was related to the physical and mechanical properties of the surrounding rocks and the stress state [33; 34]. This inevitably increased the complexity of zonal disintegration in the circular roadway.  
Figure 18: Fracture form in a circular roadway-surrounding rock. (**a**,**b**) denote the simulation of the fracture of the surrounding rock of the roadway in the PFC model, respectively. (**c**–**e**) denote the fracture of the roadway surrounding rock at each stage in the FLAC model, respectively.
# Phase Compensation Technique for Effective Heat Focusing in Microwave Hyperthermia Systems
## 2 The Antenna Array System for Microwave Hyperthermia Treatment  
The antenna array configurations for breast cancer treatments are determined by the type, aperture size, and polarization characteristics of the designed single antenna. The prototype of the tapered slot antenna (TSA) and circular array configuration presented in this paper were proposed in our previous paper [25], which aimed to use the above elements in microwave imaging and hyperthermia systems. To verify the antenna performances, a 3D simulation of a cylindrical breast phantom was performed and the SAR and temperature results were presented in 2D planes. An antenna for delivering microwaves to a deep-seated tumor should be designed to induce strong constructive interference of the E-field. Therefore, an antenna array is used to deliver EM energy to tumor cells located deep inside the breast phantom. Each antenna is arranged vertically to be efficiently organized around the small female breast phantom and for effective E-field synthesis [16; 21].
# Broadband Plasmonic Metamaterial Optical Absorber for the Visible to Near-Infrared Region
## 2 Geometric Structure of the Absorber Unit Cell
Based on the theory presented in the article [27], a single layer of anti-reflective coatings of glass substrates should have a thickness of 1/4 of the incident wavelength and a refractive index of \(\sim\)1.22 for reflective light from the air to film interface and from film-substrate interface together. SiO\({}_{2}\) is transparent from 160 nm to 3000 nm wavelength and its corresponding refractive index of SiO\({}_{2}\) is 1.55 to 1.40, which is closer to the desired refractive index. The thickness of the SiO\({}_{2}\) layer in the proposed MA structure is 100 nm and hence, the SiO\({}_{2}\) layer can be used as an anti-reflective coating from wavelengths above 400 nm. In the Figure 4e, the influence of the Tu resonator size to the absorption property of the MA has been presented. Absorption bandwidth and average absorption increase as the Tu resonator (r) size changes from 65 nm to 95 nm. The MA's absorption was less than 85% from 800 nm to 1300 nm (the beginning near-infrared wavelengths) when r was 65 nm. As the resonator size (r) increases to 75 nm, the absorption in the beginning near infrared wavelengths increases, but overall bandwidth remains the same. When the value of r was 85 nm and 95, the absorption increases more than 90% in the 800 nm to 1300 nm wavelengths range, but the overall bandwidth decreases. In the proposed MA, the value of r was 85 nm, as it achieved average absorption of 92% with 2000 nm bandwidth.
###### Abstract  
This paper outlines a structural qualification process to assess the use of newly developed high-modulus (HM) glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars with headed ends in the joint between concrete bridge barriers and decks. The main goals of the study are to evaluate the structural performance of GFRP-reinforced TL-5 barrier-deck systems under transverse loading and to determine the pullout capacity of GFRP anchorage systems for both new construction and retrofit applications. The research is divided into two phases. In the first phase, six full-scale Test-Level 5 (TL-5) barrier wall-deck specimens, divided into three systems, were constructed and tested up to failure. The first system used headed-end GFRP bars to connect the barrier wall to a non-deformable thick deck slab. The second system was similar to the first but had a deck slab overhang for improved anchorage. The third system utilized postinstalled GFRP bars in a non-deformable thick deck slab, bonded with a commercial epoxy adhesive as a solution for deteriorated barrier replacement. The second phase involves an experimental program to evaluate the pullout strength of the GFRP bar anchorage in normal-strength concrete. The experimental results from the tested specimens were then compared to the factored applied moments in existing literature based on traffic loads in the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code. Experimental results confirmed that GFRP-reinforced TL-5 barrier-deck systems exceeded factored design moments, with capacity-to-demand ratios above 1.38 (above 1.17 with the inclusion of an environmental reduction factor of 0.85). A 195 mm embedment length proved sufficient for both pre- and postinstalled bars. Headed-end GFRP bars improved pullout strength compared to straight-end bars, especially when bonded. Failure modes occurred at high loads, demonstrating structural integrity. Postinstalled bars bonded with epoxy performed comparably to preinstalled bars. A design equation for the barrier resistance due to a diagonal concrete crack at the barrier-deck corner was developed and validated using experimental findings. This equation offers a conservative and safe design approach for evaluating barrier-deck anchorage.  
bridge barriers; Test-Level 5 (TL-5); barrier-deck junction; anchorage resistance; experimental capacity; GFRP bars; pullout test
# Consumer Acceptance of Cultured Meat: An Updated Review (2018-2020)
## 4 Consumer Acceptance
### Country Comparisons  
In our previous review, we observed that much of the empirical research on this topic focused on the US and Europe with less attention given to other parts of the world, and few surveys being distributed in more than one country, making international comparisons difficult [12]. Since then, research in other parts of the world has flourished [20; 33] and several published studies have compared cultured meat acceptance across countries, identifying variations which could be used to optimize a cultured meat marketing approach.  
[PERSON] et al. [21] found that consumers in India and China were significantly more positive about cultured meat than consumers in the US. Whilst these markets are yet to be explored in as much detail as the West, the analysis indicated that different attitudinal drivers could be relevant in different countries. Whilst the purchase intentions in the US were predicted by disgust, consumers in China were mostly driven by the perceived health and nutrition, whereas ethical priorities drove intentions in India. It is especially important to understand Chinese and Indian markets, given the large proportion of the global population (and therefore of future meat consumption) that these countries make up. Large numbers of farm animals, large numbers of consumers, and relatively permissive regulatory frameworks mean that Asia is likely to be the first consumer market for cultured meat [45].  
[PERSON] et al. [25] compared consumer responses to cultured meat in four countries. They found the highest acceptance by far in Spain (42%), followed by the UK (20%), the Dominican Republic (15%) and Brazil (11.5%). This is the first study which includes comparable acceptance data from South America, and indicates that these markets may be even more conservative than Europeans with respect to cultured meat (a continental group which data thus far have indicated as being the least accepting of cultured meat [6]).  
[PERSON] et al. [27] examined the acceptance of cultured meat in a sample of older (aged 65+) community-dwelling adults in five European countries. They found the highest acceptance in the Netherlands, a hub of cultured meat research in Europe. There was slightly lower acceptance in Finland, the UK, and Spain, and a far lower acceptance in Poland, the least accepting country in the survey. This may indicate that cultured meat will be more readily adopted in more progressive pragmatic parts of Europe, while countries with more traditional values around food may take longer to adopt the technology.
## 2 Handcrafted Representation-Based Approach
### Space-Time-Based Approaches  
Space-time-based approaches have four major components: space time interest point (STIP) detector, feature descriptor, vocabulary builder, and classifier [28]. The STIP detectors are further categorized into dense and sparse detectors. The dense detectors such as V-FAST, Hessian detector, dense sampling, etc., densely cover all the video content for detection of interest points, while sparse detectors such as cuboid detector, Harris3D [29], and Spatial-Temporal Implicit Shape Model (STISM), etc., use a sparse (local) subset of these contents. Various STIP detectors have been developed by different researchers, such as [30; 31]. The feature descriptors are also divided into local and global descriptors. The local descriptors such as cuboid descriptor, Enhanced Speeded-Up Robust Features (ESURF), N-jet are based on the local information such as texture, colour, and posture, while global descriptors use global information such as illumination changes, phase changes, and speed variation of a video. The vocabulary builders or aggregating methods are based on bag-of-words (BOW) or state-space model. Finally, for the classification, a supervised or unsupervised classifier is used, as shown in Figure 5.
## 2 Case Study: Muyubao Landslide
### Field Investigation of Landslide Deformation  
After the reservoir impounding to 175 m in the TGRA in September 2009, the deformation of the Muyubao landslide began to accelerate. Macro-deformations appeared in the landslide mass. In 2011, the road surface across both the boundaries of the landslide was damaged, and the roadbed on the west boundary was broken in widths of 20 cm (Figure 4a). The cracks in the wall of the village buildings on the eastern side of the landslide continued to be stretched (Figure 4b). In the investigation of 2014, a local collapse was found on the west side of the landslide (Figure 4c). The road across the boundaries was severely damaged, showing tensile cracks (Figure 4d). There was also a collapse under the road in the middle of the west side of Muyubao landslide, with a length of 50-70 m, a width of 10-15 m and a thickness of 5-10 m (Figure 4e). A tensile trench was formed by a partial collapse in the east side of the landslide, which is about 60 m long and 15 m wide (Figure 4f).  
Figure 3: Schematic geological cross-section I-I’ of the Muyubao landslide. Please see the location of I-I’ in Figure 2.