## 2 Literature Review
### Related Works
(2022) ensured minimal energy consumption and offered enhanced life span and throughput. Nevertheless, it required deliberation on the scalability of SNs in every cluster. The GWO model used in [PERSON] et al. (2022) offered a better life span for the network and balanced energy consumption. Nevertheless, fault  
tolerance was not considered. In addition, the BOA + ACO model used in [27] provided an additional number of alive nodes with condensed energy utilization. However, there was no consideration of fault tolerance. The LEACH method is deployed in [28]; the delay and loss are reduced, and the major drawback is that it has to consider the time analysis. In the NN model in [29], the advantage is that energy consumption is reduced and the throughput is high. The experimental analysis should be considered as the major drawback of the system. The IDCNN method is employed in [30]; the main advantages are that energy utilization is low and the life span is increased, but the major drawback is that it needs to consider the stability analysis. The cluster head selection is used in [31]; the advantage is that the cost is reduced, and the drawback is that it needs to consider the scalability analysis. Finally, cluster head selection is deployed in [32]; the major benefit is that energy consumption is reduced, and the drawback is that consistency is not maintained. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author** & **Proposed Method** & **Features** & **Challenges** \\ \hline [PERSON] al. [20] & FCR & High delay & Computational time needs to be analyzed \\  & & High EE & analyzed \\ [PERSON] et al. [21] & RCSO & Less delay & Should consider cost metrics \\  & & Higher throughput & \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22] & MOFPL & Lesser time & \\  & & Higher network energy & Need to compute cost efficiency \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [23] & Taylor KFCM model & High energy and throughput & No concern about practical \\  & & Least delay & experimentation \\ [PERSON] al. [24] & FF & Negligible cost function & Endures from local searching \\  & & Enhanced EE & issues \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] & MEACBM & Minimal energy employment & No concern about Scalability \\  & & Amplified throughput & \\ [PERSON] et al. [26] & GWO & Lower energy utilization & \\  & & Higher network lifespan & No concern about Fault tolerance. \\ [PERSON] et al. [27] & BOA \& ACO & High alive nodes \\  & & Less energy deployment & Should deliberate fault tolerance \\ [PERSON] et al. [28] & LEACH & Delay is reduced & Need to consider the time analysis \\  & & Loss is also reduced & The experimental result should be considered \\ [PERSON] et al. [29] & Neural Network & Energy consumption is reduced & Need to consider the \\  & & Throughput is high & Stability analysis \\ [PERSON] et al. [30] & IDCNN & The energy utilization is low & Need to consider the \\  & & The life span is increased & \\  & & The cost is reduced & Need to consider the Scalability \\ [PERSON] et al. [31] & Cluster head Selection & & analysis \\ [PERSON] et al. [32] & Cluster head Selection & The energy consumption is & The quantity and accuracy of data \\  & & reduced & from various CH robots may vary \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Reviews on CHS models in WSN.