## 2 Literature Review
### Virtual Reality Technology  
In the digital era, advanced technologies present new opportunities to optimize the learning process, with VR emerging as an innovative educational method. VR creates interactive, computer-generated environments that allow users to experience and interact with the real world in a virtual setting [25; 26; 27]. Researchers and educators highlight its potential to enhance teaching and learning efficiency [28]. Utilizing VR as a learning tool can inspire student engagement, interest, conceptual understanding, and creative learning by encouraging exploration and interaction with information in virtual environments [29]. Particularly in primary education, VR can inspire enthusiasm, improve learning outcomes, enrich learning experience, and foster deeper levels of concentration, significantly helpful to students with lower learning performance.  
VR creates a multi-sensory cyber environment to offer a more immersive experience compared to traditional computer-assisted learning content. This immersive experience, coupled with Situated Learning Theory [30], enables learners to interact with other people in a highly realistic environment to facilitate knowledge acquisition. [PERSON] et al. applied VR to learn marine science and conduct virtual sea expeditions [31], finding it useful in helping students connect the learning content with other classroom materials. When using mobile devices for VR applications, the immersive feeling presented in virtual teaching materials makes them more attractive, friendly, and interesting, thereby increasing the potential of VR applications in science education [32].  
Using 360\({}^{\circ}\) panorama images and videos provides a new possibility to improve learning experiences. The videos are typically produced in 4K (UHD) or higher quality to ensure clarity and detail in visual effects, allowing viewers to appreciate the beauty in the scenes, and thus useful in enhancing immersion [33]. While the use of videos in education is well established, the continuous improvement of VR360 technology enablesmore immersive and interactive applications in the education sector [34]. [PERSON] et al. proposed using 360\({}^{\circ}\) panorama videos as an economical alternative to VR designed with geometric modeling [15]. VR360 is an immersive technology that allows users to experience virtual environments from a spherical perspective. Unlike traditional VR, which requires expensive headsets, VR360 offers a fully immersive experience with affordable head-mounted displays like Google Cardboard. This technology uses 360\({}^{\circ}\) cameras to capture panoramic pictures of real scenes. When viewed through VR headsets, users can see as if they are physically present in the real scenes. This makes VR360 particularly effective for education, tourism, and training applications because it creates realistic and engaging experiences that enhance learning and understanding.  
Past research has applied 360\({}^{\circ}\) panorama videos in immersive ways to present learning content for increasing interest and motivation in scientific research. Applications include guiding students to understand the relevance of science to local communities, implementing VR360 systems in soil and water conservation education, and applying it to learning wetland ecology [35; 36; 37]. Studies have also evaluated 360\({}^{\circ}\) surgical videos, showing higher engagement and attention compared to traditional videos [38]. VR360 holds tremendous potential for interpreting theory and practice through observation and analysis, enhancing motivation and interest in learning. It creates authentic and practical learning experiences, fostering interaction and immersion, making it suitable for explaining phenomena, observation, and knowledge acquisition [39].