# Improvement of 5G Transportation Services with SDN-Based Security Solutions and beyond 5G
## 6 Transportations in 5G and Beyond
### Challenges  
With 5G and beyond, energy-efficient management will be a significant challenge. Traffic monitoring, analysis, and measurement are some concepts considered when femtocells are employed in 5G networks [31]. Different traffic models, such as dynamic and static models described in [32], allow us to develop a new approach that provides efficient traffic management. Although many challenges encouraged us to explore the traffic modeling used in IoT-femtocell-based applications, some of them involved accessing technologies such as dynamic spectrum access. Figure 6: Comparison of EE with the levels of ITS. Figure 7: Comparison of latency with different levels of ITS. Managing data traffic within 5G environments is increasing with many internal and external factors. Furthermore, it enables an easier mechanism of quality of service for large applications through 5G networks. Photonic technology in the transportation system will open many challenges and benefit users and service providers. In autonomous vehicles, energy-saving and the involvement of sensors for safety and security are potential problems. When many vehicles are on the road, eye safety, rays' interferences, and security issues are problems created by the existing sensors. Here, photonic technology includes Optical Phased arrays (OPAs) and photonic integrated circuit (PIC) technology allows transportation service providers to face the challenges mentioned above. In particular, OPA improves EE and energy saving with an appropriate design using silicon. Using photonic technology, PIC enhances eye safety because the shorter wavelength of this approach reduces rays' interaction. The upcoming formations about the 5G domain can anticipate the innovation and extensive integration of small cells. These cells are mobile telephone nodes that require minimal power consumption, ensuring optimum utilization of the frequency inside the finite region while enhancing bandwidth efficiency, which is one of the measurements considered in network traffic performance. The reinforcement of bandwidth efficiency bars any further increment to the range results in the rapid expansion of condensed networks amongst numerous interconnected IoT devices [33]. Figure 8 shows the security issues and future challenges related to the 5G+-based VCS and ITS. 5G networks promise to offer enormous services to various users. However, this promise results in more network requirements. Although 5G requirements allow us to handle more traffic, all types of network traffic are increasing with the number of users [34]. Thus, it is necessary to maintain the network's resources to satisfy the unlimited growth of 5G networks. However, there is no complete standardized definition of the  
Figure 8: Open research challenges. 5G requirements, but valuable efforts have considered 5G issues such as those in [35]. However, this has led many researchers to discuss the significance of traffic management schemas. Thus, some have studied the use of SDNs, such as [36], for traffic issues, where they used different controllers for managing traffic, especially for WiFi networks. However, as shown in [37], 5G standardization is expected to be ready by 2020. Thus, more issues, including delay, reliability, and traffic issues, will be discussed after the initial applications. On the other hand, virtual traffic management systems that incorporate all the key technologies must be designed and implemented for managing heavy loads of future networks such as video delivery. Thus, the requirements of 5G services have thoroughly increased to satisfy a higher data rate (10 to 100\(\times\) higher data rate), reduced latency (1 ms end-to-end round-trip latency), and massive connectivity (10 to 100\(\times\) number of connected devices), as shown in [38]. During traffic flow, the efficient connection of traffic management should satisfy the vast growth in different aspects of future networks.