## 1 Introduction
This approach ensures transparent, immutable records of each container's lifecycle and incentivizes proper recycling, effectively integrating all actors (farmers, collection centers, manufacturers, authorities) in a tamper-proof network. Early results indicate that such a blockchain solution can guarantee traceability and authenticity of recycled material flows without imposing significant overhead on participants. In the construction sector, researchers have similarly proposed blockchain frameworks to track building materials and components for reuse. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18], for instance, identify critical success factors for implementing blockchain in circular construction supply chains, emphasizing transparency and data integration as keys to enabling material recirculation. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al. [19] developed a decision-oriented framework to evaluate blockchain-enabled strategies for waste management in global manufacturing. Using expert input and multi-criteria methods (Best-Worst Method and TOPSIS), they prioritize applications like material traceability platforms and smart-contract-driven reverse logistics as the most viable for enhancing circularity. Their case study in the electronics sector demonstrated the framework's effectiveness, validating that blockchain-based traceability and smart contracts can significantly improve e-waste tracking and compliance in practice. Taken together, these efforts show how blockchain is being woven into diverse industries--from agriculture to construction to electronics--to enable closed-loop supply chains. The push for such frameworks is further justified by evolving regulations that demand higher transparency in product lifecycles. The European Green Deal [20] and its Circular Economy Action Plan [21] explicitly call for extending product longevity and keeping resources in circulation as long as possible. This EU action plan targets every stage of a product's life--from sustainable design and production to consumption, reuse, and recycling--and it underscores that better traceability and data-sharing are key to preventing waste and achieving climate neutrality. In line with these goals, the EU is introducing Digital Product Passports (DPPs) for batteries and other products, which will require detailed information about a product's composition, use, and end-of-life to be recorded and made accessible across the value chain [22]. By 2027, many products in Europe will need a digital record (potentially implemented on blockchain) of their material content, carbon footprint, and recycling history. In addition, corporate reporting mandates are raising the stakes for supply chain sustainability. The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) [23], in effect since 2024, makes disclosure of circular economy performance mandatory for thousands of companies. Under the CSRD's reporting standards, firms must report metrics like the share of recycled or renewable materials used, waste reduction targets, and how products are designed for circularity. Notably, the circular economy now plays a \"central role\" in these disclosures, helping investors and regulators evaluate how well companies manage resource flows. This regulatory pressure creates a clear incentive to adopt frameworks like WEave and its ilk: only with robust traceability systems can companies reliably gather the data needed for compliance and for demonstrating progress on circularity. In essence, policies such as the Green Deal and CSRD are catalyzing the integration of blockchain into circular economy efforts by demanding the very attributes--transparency, auditability, cross-organizational data sharing--that blockchain-based traceability frameworks are designed to deliver. Researchers and industry practitioners are responding by developing and piloting the kinds of blockchain-enabled circular economy systems discussed above, positioning these innovations as foundational tools for digital, resilient, and sustainable supply chains.