# When Maritime Meets Aviation: The Safety of Seaplanes on the Water
## 2 Materials and Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Phase of Flight** & **Definition** \\ \hline Standing & Stationary aircraft at dock before taxi. \\ \hline Taxi & Aircraft unassisted in moving before take-off or after landing. \\ \hline Take-Off & \begin{tabular}{c} Starts when take-off power is applied, until either being airborne above 35 feet from the runway/water elevation, or when the gear is up. This includes rejected take-offs. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Climb & \\ \hline _Initial Climb_ & After take-off, until the aircraft either reduces prescribed power for the first time or reaches 1000 feet above the runway/water elevation. \\ \hline _Cruise Climb_ & Subcategory added to account for the period after the initial climb and prior to leveling off at cruise altitude. \\ \hline Cruise & Level flight segment between the end of climb and the beginning of descent for landing. \\ \hline Maneuvering & Intentional altitude changes during low altitude (not associated with take-off and landing). \\ \hline Descent & Descent between level flight and 1000-2000 feet above the runway/water elevation. It includes emergency and uncontrolled descent. \\ \hline Approach & \begin{tabular}{c} Constant altitude decrease in preparation for landing, from 1000–2000 feet above the runway/water elevation until the beginning of the landing flare. It includes missed approaches and go-arounds for up to 200 feet above the runway/water elevation. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Landing & \begin{tabular}{c} The phase that immediately follows the approach, where the aircraft transitions to the landing attitude, enabling the airplane to touch down on the landing surface at the slowest speed possible commensurate with safety. This transition is known as the flare. The flare is normally executed at 50 feet or less above the runway/water elevation. For touch-and-go landings, this phase ends the moment power is applied for take-off. Landing includes flare, touchdown, and aborted landings after touchdown. \\ \hline Landing Run & \begin{tabular}{c} The phase that immediately follows the water landing, when the aircraft slows down to taxi speed (normally with the engine at idle), until reaching the end of the landing runway or coming to a stop on the runway. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Docking & \
\begin{tabular}{c} The transition from idle taxi to the safe securing of the seaplane to a permanent structure fixed to the shore. Docking is normally executed with the engine stopped. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Other & \\ \hline _En Route_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} After the initial climb, through cruise and controlled descent, until the initial approach. \\ Often used when it is not clear in which of the airborne phases of flight the occurrence took place. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _Post-Impact_ & Considers the segment of flight after impacting terrain, obstacles, people, or objects. \\ \hline _Unknown_ & For accident and incident data, when the phase of flight of the occurrence could not be determined. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Definitions for phases of flight during seaplane operations by adapting CICTT [10] definitions of phases of flight. The phases of flight in italics are subcategories of the phase of flight they follow (e.g., “Initial Climb” and “Cruise Climb” are subcategories of “Climb”).