esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Inspection of Coated Hydrogen Transportation Pipelines
## 3 Pipeline Inspection
### Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT)
But this method, which utilises echos to generate a standoff signal, is unable to detect the gradual thinning of the coating [85]. If the aim is to determine metal loss through the coating, UT is also proposed, but three measurements are required: the thickness of the coating and steel, the steel alone and the coating alone [85]. MFL and EMAT are unlikely to be able to work given that the polymer does not conduct electricity [85]. At this point, it will be helpful to make a distinction between the implications of a blended hydrogen pipeline and a pure hydrogen pipeline. A blended hydrogen pipeline containing NG and hydrogen could possibly contain impurities such as hydrogen sulphide and water which can cause pipeline corrosion that results in the generation of hydrogen. In this scenario, a coating may assist in mitigating corrosion. Conversely, using a physical coating to mitigate HE found limited success [86]. Therefore, given that HE will be the main concern in a pure hydrogen pipeline, coatings will likely have limited utility in preventing hydrogen damage. It is also worth noting that molecular hydrogen needs to transform into atomic hydrogen before it can get into the steel pipeline [87]. [PERSON] [87] provided a detailed account of the processes by which hydrogen diffusion and trapping occur in metals, but this falls outside the scope of the review and will hence not be discussed further. Additionally, related to coated hydrogen pipelines is the need to evaluate the feasibility of converting an existing natural gas pipeline to a blended pipeline [20]. However, currently only the nitriding of the inner surface of the pipe appeared to be under consideration [20]. A possible extension of current work would be to evaluate the feasibility of different coating materials, not just for their effectiveness in reducing corrosion but also in enabling easier in-line inspection (ILI). We now shift our attention to the outer surface of the pipeline. A different kind of damage tends to be seen on insulated metallic surfaces. Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is defined as \"a severe form of localized, external corrosion\" that is usually seen \"on insulated carbon and low alloy steel and stainless steel equipment\" in operation \"at or below 175 \({}^{\circ}\)F [88]\". This is therefore not a concern specific to hydrogen pipelines, but to those carrying hot liquids. CUI is seen commonly in the \"chemical/petrochemical, refining, offshore, and marine/maritime industries\" [88]. There are severe consequences if it is not detected and dealt with, such as disastrous \"leaks or explosions\" and \"equipment failure\" among other consequences [88]. CUI is a concern for insulated pipelines, however, since it is unlikely for hydrogen pipelines to operate at temperatures in the CUI domain, this does not need to be considered in the scope of this review.
## 3 PFR - A Probabilistic Forwarding Protocol
### Properties of PFR  
Any protocol \(\Pi\) solving the data propagation problem must satisfy the following three properties:  
* **Correctness**. \(\Pi\) must guarantee that data arrives to the position \(S\), given that the whole network exists and is operational.
* **Robustness**. \(\Pi\) must guarantee that data arrives at enough points in a small interval around \(S\), in cases where part of the network has become inoperative.
* **Efficiency**. If \(\Pi\) activates \(k\) particles during its operation then \(\Pi\) should have a small ratio of the number of activated over the total number of particles \(r=\frac{k}{N}\). Thus \(r\) is an energy efficiency measure of \(\Pi\).  
[9] shows that this is indeed the case for PFR.  
Consider a partition of the network area into small squares of a fictitious grid \(G\) (see Figure 6). Let the length of the side of each square be \(l\). Let the number of squares be \(q\). The area covered is bounded by \(ql^{2}\). Assuming that we randomly throw in the area at least \(\alpha q\log q=N\) particles (where \(\alpha>0\) a suitable constant), then the probability that a particular square is avoided tends to 0. So with very high probability (tending to 1) all squares get particles.  
[9] conditions all the analysis on this event, call it \(F\), of at least one particle in each square.  
Figure 5: Angle \(\phi\) calculation example.
# A Framework to Determine the Utilization of Vacant Taxis on HOV Lanes with the Optimal Deployment
## 7 Numerical Examples  
### Simple Network Example  
We apply the model and the algorithm to the simple network in Figure 1 to capture the optimal HOV lane deployment and detect the performances. The topology of the network, the parameters, and the demands are shown above.  
Figure 4 shows the negative relevance of the ratio \(\Psi\) to the taxi fleet size, where the ratio is the maximum social welfare in case 1 to that in case 2. The reason is the existence of the paradox. The growing taxi fleet size enlarges the impact of the paradox on social welfare, which implies that allowing vacant taxis to use HOV lanes affects the network more negatively with increasing taxi fleet size. We examine the ratio of the flow to the capacity on the HOV links and show the example when \(N=1200\) in Figure 5, and the result shows that no flow on the HOV lane is greater than the capacity, implying that the social welfare decrease derives from GP lanes instead of the congestion on HOV links.  
Figure 4: Ratio of maximum social welfare in case 1 to that in case 2 against various taxi fleet sizes.  
Figure 3: The algorithm flowchart.  
Figure 6 shows that with the increase in the flag-fall price, the \(\Psi\) ratio of maximum social welfare in case 1 to that in case 2 initially decreases dramatically. This is because a higher flag-fall price reduces the demand on taxis, resulting in decreasing the external cost of taxis. When the flag-fall price is extremely high, the taxi demand is too small to affect the network performance, and thus the \(\Psi\) ratio keeps steady. Note that when the flag-fall price is 5 and 6, the social welfare in case 1 is higher than that in case 2. This means that the paradox does not always happen. The flag-fall price is an element that influences social welfare.
## 2 Study Area and Data Sources
### In Situ Data
#### 2.2.2 In Situ Surface Soil Moisture  
Measurements of surface soil moisture (SSM) were recorded using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) sensors located at a depth of 5 cm in each field. The sensors collected data every 30 min. D1 and D2 are equipped with a sensor under the drippers and a second is installed between two rows. The average of the two sensors is considered as the SSM of the field. Within the other fields (F1-F3 and R1), only one sensor is used. The calibration of these sensors has been carried out using the gravimetric technique (see [17; 35; 44; 45; 46] for details).  
It should be mentioned that even if in situ SSM measurements are expected to be of better quality than C-band satellite estimates in particular when the vegetation cover is dense [17; 47], in situ observations are also associated with errors, mainly of spatial representativeness. Indeed, the TDR measurements are point-scale while soil moisture may exhibit a significant spatial variability related to both variability in soil characteristics and heterogeneous irrigation amounts even at the field scale. In addition, for flooded fields, a point scale measurement can be misleading as irrigation of the field last several hours (irrigation is about 6 ha/day). Stated differently, irrigation may have not reached the point scale measurements while most of the field is already irrigated. For drip irrigation, in order to acquire a representative value of SSM, two probes installed under the dripper and between the row are used.
## 5 Conclusions  
eCLIPs has undergone three iterations for the treatment of intracranial bifurcation aneurysms, the first never achieving clinical uptake due to the delivery impediments associated with its balloon-expandable stainless steel design. The second generation, the eCLIPs eBRS, with self-expanding nitinol, showed a calculable flow diversion effect at a bifurcation. A third generation has improved delivery characteristics and compatibility with smaller catheters. A fourth generation, the eBFD, was developed to build upon these improvements and also to try to achieve a sufficient flow diversion effect to obviate the need for adjunctive coiling. This study used PIV to measure the flow-diverting hemodynamics, implied by reducing the velocity in the aneurysm sac, in successive eCLIPs versions in comparison with a clinically recognized flow diverter, the PED, used as a reference predicate. The results showed that for various eCLIPs iterations, increasing metal coverage density was proportional to a reduction of the mean and maximum velocity in the aneurysm sac. The PED was not only less effective as a flow diverter in the bifurcation configuration than the eBFD, but also less effective at a bifurcation than in a sidewall configuration. The eBFD (fourth generation) showed equivalent flow diversion at a bifurcation to PED in sidewall anatomy. Thus, it was concluded that the eBFD has the potential for sufficient flow diversion and thrombosis in a bifurcation aneurysm without the need for adjunctive coiling. This thesis must be validated by clinical studies. The study also demonstrated the efficacy of the PIV measurement technique in assessing implant flow diversion and associated hemodynamics.  
Conceptualization, S.G.Y., D.M., R.B., A.T., and D.R.R.; methodology: S.G.Y.; software, S.G.Y.; validation, S.G.Y., D.M.; investigation, S.G.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, S.G.Y.; writing--review and editing, S.G.Y., D.M., R.B., A.T. and D.R.R.; visualization, S.G.Y.; supervision, D.M., A.T., and D.R.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Methodology
### Variance Component Estimation
\begin{array}{c}s_{ij}=s_{ij}=trace\begin{pmatrix}\textbf{N}^{-1}\textbf{N}_{ i}\textbf{N}^{-1}\textbf{N}_{j}\end{pmatrix},\\ (i\
eq j,\ 1-GNSS,\ 2-ISL).\end{array}  \tag{10}\]
2. Forstner approach \[r_{GNSS}^{(k)}=n_{GNSS}-trace \begin{pmatrix}\textbf{N}_{GNSS}\textbf{N}^{-1 }\end{pmatrix} ,\] (11)  
\[r_{ISL}^{(k)}=n_{ISL}-trace \begin{pmatrix}\textbf{N}_{ISL}\textbf{N}^{-1}\end{pmatrix} , \tag{12}\]  
\[S_{GNSS}^{2\ (k+1)}=\frac{\textbf{v}_{GNSS}^{T}\textbf{P}_{GNSS}\textbf{v}_{ GNSS}}{r_{GNSS}^{(k)}}, \tag{13}\]\[S_{ISL}^{2\;(k+1)}=\frac{\mathbf{v}_{ISL}^{T}\mathbf{P}_{ISL}\mathbf{v}_{ISL}}{r_{ISL}^{(k)}}. \tag{14}\]  
Step 4. Check the assumed convergence criterion \(\varepsilon=10^{-5}\):  
\[ \begin{array}{l}S_{GNSS}^{(k+1)}-S_{GNSS}^{(k)}\leq\varepsilon,\\ S_{ISL}^{(k+1)}-S_{ISL}^{(k)}\leq\varepsilon.\end{array}  \tag{15}\]  
Step 5. If the criterion is not met, then new sum of normal matrices for both types of observations is computed with use of new weighting coefficients \(S_{GNSS}^{2\;(k+1)}\) and \(S_{ISL}^{2\;(k+1)}\) then Step 3 and Step 4 are repeated until the criterion is met. The VCE is used in the last iteration of WLS adjustment, while in previous iterations, observation weights are used based on the noise of measurements (see details in Table 1). When weighting coefficients \(S_{GNSS}^{(k)}\) and \(S_{ISL}^{(k)}\) are both equal to 1 (therefore only weighting with a priori noise is used) then this approach is called Nominal weighting in this research. It is used for comparison purposes and is not recognized as the VCE method in the research. Each VCE approach uses a priori measurement noises and number of observations for each technique. Additionally, we consider the correlations between GNSS and ISL techniques as negligible for research purposes. In the simulations presented in the research, it should be noted that the number of GNSS observations might outnumber the ISLs and that GNSS observations substantially contribute to the orbit solution, as a significant number of GNSS observations is used during determination of weighting coefficients. A comparison of the number of observations is presented in Table 2.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Production Rate and Energy Efficiency  
Based on the above experimental results, it is known that this method can synthesize ammonia efficiently without any catalyst, and the ammonia yield and energy consumption of this method need to be compared with other methods in the following. Details of the formulae for calculating product productivity and energy consumption are given in the Supporting Material. Table 1 compares the ammonia yield and energy consumption of the WF-DBD reactor of this work with other gas-liquid plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis methods. As shown in Table 1, despite its high energy consumption, this work is more productive than most and exhibits excellent selectivity. Despite the high energy consumption of ammonia synthesis by this method, we can utilize renewable energy sources such as wind and solar in combination with power electronics to reduce fossil energy with distributed one-pot ammonia synthesis. At the same time, energy efficiency and solubility are enhanced by promptly replenishing the N\({}_{2}\) consumed in the reactor and increasing the water capacity of the reaction, thereby reducing overall energy consumption. This method is environmentally friendly, demonstrates high N\({}_{2}\) utilization, and is considered a promising approach for ammonia synthesis with further optimization and research.  
Figure 8: Schematic diagram of nitrogen fixation mechanism in WF-DBD. The main reaction process of sealed gas flow state and flowing gas state.
# Experimental Investigation of Task Performance and Human Vigilance in Different Noise Environments
## 4 Discussion
The higher the mean SampEn value, the more complex the time-series HRV signal, indicating that the sympathetic nerve system and parasympathetic nerve system have stronger mutual regulation and better adaptability to changes in the external environment [38]. Therefore, higher mean SampEn of HRV typically reflects better human vigilance [15]. In this study, although the mean SampEn of HRV did not significantly change with an elevated sound pressure level, it significantly decreased with an increase in noise sharpness. In sum, our results indicated that an increase in either sound pressure level or noise sharpness would adversely affect human vigilance. There are several limitations to this study, which are listed as follows: (1) This study only focused on the mean SampEn of HRV as an indicator of vigilance. Other physiological indicators, such as respiration, cortisol, blood pressure, electroencephalogram, and electromyogram, should also be considered in future studies. (2) In this study, only noise sharpness was used as an indicator of sound quality. More sound quality parameters are suggested to be evaluated in future works, such as loudness, roughness, and psychoacoustic annoyance. (3) The sample size was relatively small and the subjects were limited to healthy college-age male students, indicating that the statistical results could be under-powered. Therefore, the statistical differences with modestly higher \(p\)-values (<0.1) are also worthy of attention. A larger and mixed sample population is needed to further extend our findings.
# Challenges Associated with Implementing 5G in Manufacturing
## 3 Use Cases of 5G in Manufacturing
### Expanded Reality  
Factories are home to multiple advanced technological solutions designed to overcome many problems; one such solution is virtual reality/augmented reality. Manufacturers who have been skeptical of implementing augmented and virtual reality technologies will be able to take full advantage and leverage them for real-time simulations and predictive maintenance. 5G connectivity has the potential to unleash massive amounts of innovation in virtual experiences that require low latency and ultra-fast data speeds. The stability and low latency that 5G networks will bring and the use of a range of frequencies, as well as advancements within both hardware and software, is making industry very excited about the future use cases that will utilize this technology. One of the most pertinent issues facing manufacturers is the loss of skilled workers as manufacturing transitions towards digitalization. Virtual reality/augmented reality provide a way to minimize the loss of the expertise of experienced workers by placing them in the mentoring role of remote experts capable of guiding newer technicians and engineers.  
5G enables manufacturing organizations to extract the potential of augmented reality solutions, ultimately leading to increased productivity. Equipment maintenance is crucial to the smooth running of most factories. The unexpected breakdown of equipment can cost companies significant amounts depending on how long the process is halted. Engineers can use the historical data to counteract this, but this alone will still lead to excess downtime, e.g., the use of smart glasses will allow access to the constantly generated equipment data which will allow more in-depth analysis to highlight problem equipment well before it fails. This will allow companies to choose when to maintain the equipment to minimize the financial impact. Repair manuals can be accessed in real-time, and a walkthrough of how to get access to or remove and maintain parts can be displayed to the technician or engineer. This will lead to more efficient repairs and significantly less mentoring for training staff. The best information and work guidelines can, in this manner, be imparted to all relevant staff precisely when they need it, building specialist abilities all the more rapidly, securely, and successfully than at any other time.
###### Abstract  
Climate change and rapid urbanization bring natural and anthropogenic disturbance to the urban ecosystem, damaging the sustainability and resilience of cities. Evaluation of urban ecological resilience and an investigation of its impact mechanisms are of great importance to sustainable urban management. Therefore, taking the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration (BTHUA) region in China as a study area, this study builds an evaluation index to assess urban ecological resilience and its spatial patterns with the resilience surrogate of net primary production during 2000-2020. The evaluation index is constructed from two dimensions, including the sensitivity and adaptability of urban ecosystems, to capture the two key mechanisms of resilience, namely resistance and recovery. Resilience-influencing factors including biophysical and socio-economic variables are analyzed with the multiple linear regression model. The results show that during 2000-2020, the spatial pattern of urban ecological resilience in the BTHUA is characterized by high resilience in the northwest and relatively low resilience in the southeast. High resilience areas account for 40% of the whole region, mainly contributed by Zhangjiakou and Chengde city in Hebei Province, which is consistent with the function orientation of the BTH region in its coordinated development. Along with urbanization in this region, ecological resilience decreases with increased population and increases with GDP growth; this indicates that, although population expansion uses resources, causes pollution and reduces vegetation coverage, with economic growth and technological progress, the negative ecological impact could be mitigated, and the coordinated development of social economy and ecological environment could eventually be reached. Our findings are consistent with mainstream theories examining the ecological impact of socio-economic development such as the Environmental Kuznets Curve, Porter Hypothesis, and Ecological Modernization theories, and provide significant references for future urbanization, carbon neutrality, resilience building, and urban ecological management in China.  
urban resilience; land use/cover change; urbanization; carbon neutrality; Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration
# Experimental Study on the Influence of Low Temperature on the Gas Permeability of Granite
## 3 Results and Discussion
### One-Dimensional Gas Permeability  
#### 3.2.1 One-Dimensional Intrinsic Gas Permeability  
The intrinsic gas permeability coefficients of the two granite specimens were determined by applying corrections to the apparent gas permeability values, and the results are presented in Figure 7.  
Figure 8 shows the 1D intrinsic gas permeability of granite before freeze-thaw cycles at different confining pressures. The dispersion of intrinsic gas permeability in coarse-grained granite under various confining pressures (5 MPa, 10 MPa, and 15 MPa) is minimal. This suggests that the internal pore structure of coarse-grained granite is relatively consistent across specimens. In contrast, the intrinsic gas permeability of fine-grained granite exhibits greater dispersion under varying confining pressures, indicating a lack of stability compared to coarse-grained granite. This is particularly evident at a confining pressure of 5 MPa, where the intrinsic gas permeability of different specimens varies by an order of magnitude. However, Figure 8b shows that, under a confining pressure of 5 MPa, the intrinsic gas permeability of fine-grained granite is concentrated in the range of \(4\times 10^{-20}\) to \(1.5\times 10^{-19}\), and the degree of dispersion decreases as the confin  
Figure 6: Rate of change in granite porosity with temperature.  
This suggests that fine-grained granite possesses a more complex pore structure than coarse-grained granite.  
To facilitate a more comprehensive analysis of the effect of low temperatures on the gas permeability of granite in subsequent tests, the intrinsic gas permeability at a confining pressure of 5 MPa was used as the standard, and the fine-grained granite specimens were divided into two groups: Group 1 (PB1, PB2, PB3, PB4, PB5) and Group 2 (PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, PC5).