esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Spectrum Management Platform Architecture to Enable a Sharing Economy in 6G
## 4 HODNET Architecture
### Interaction between HODNET Planes  
The lower two HODNET planes interact through Master and Agent components. Figure 2(d) illustrates how an Agent in the Infrastructure Plane exposes all the parameters required to configure the RAN from the Master. It also operates a monitoring function that gathers information related to the RAN such as its status and the quality of the channel. The configuration and monitoring information gathered by the Agent is accessed by the Radio Configuration and Monitoring Primitives in the Heterogeneous Spectrum Programming Plane through the Master. The Master also allows a radio configuration to be applied back to the RAN via the Agent. Note that there will be one Master-Agent pair associated with each RAN. This will enable the controller to configure each node separately and according to the nature and specifics of the RAT it operates on.  
The Radio Resource Sharing plane enables the implementation of different algorithms that could be applied to marshal the radio resources necessary to satisfy the requirements of the IoT network. Several approaches have been proposed in the literature to achieve this goal [28,29] depending on the available RATs. These algorithms are implemented here via the northbound API of the HODNET controller, as illustrated in Figure 2(c), and can be configured to optimise various aspects of the operation of the managed networks. The controller will execute these algorithms using the primitives exposed by the Heterogeneous Spectrum Programming Plane as described above.  
It is worth noting that, as we have mentioned in Section 4, HODNET is based on the Wi-5 architecture which does not introduce significant overhead to real-time operation through the execution of algorithms for spectrum sharing and RAT selection [22]. On the other hand, if HODNET is implemented on limited computing and networking resources, the trading, brokering, and allocation may take some time, and the ambition of \"real-time\" dynamic sharing may be difficult to achieve. However, it will nevertheless be a significant improvement over the current static mechanisms deployed in 5G.
# In Vitro Evaluation of Root Surface Temperature Using Different Endodontic Filling Techniques
###### Abstract  
Depending on the obturation technique, the tooth and surrounding tissues may heat up during root canal filling, particularly with warm methods. This study aimed to analyze the temperature increase in the periradicular and -apical region during various warm obturation techniques with a present simulated periodontal blood flow. Seventy-five extracted human teeth were shortened to 11 mm (cut-grinder Primus diamond cutting device; Walter Messner GmbH, Oststeinbek, Germany) and prepared using the ProTaper Gold system (Dentsply Sirona Inc., Charlotte, NC, USA) ISO size 40/.06. Specimens were prepared to ensure stable fluid circulation in an artificially created periodontal space, and the procedure was recorded with a thermal infrared camera (VarioCAM HD; InfraTec GmbH Infrarotsensorik und Messtechnik, Dresden, Germany). The following obturation methods were applied: I, cold single-cone obturation (control group); II, guttta-percha-coated rigid carrier technique (GuttaFusion); III, squirting technique (injection technique); IV, continuous wave technique; and V, Schilder technique. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney pairwise test using the sequential Bonferroni procedure for significant differences (\(p<0.05\)). The Schilder technique with 0 mL/min showed the lowest temperature change, with a median of 0.00 \({}^{\circ}\)C (max. 0.00 \({}^{\circ}\)C, min. 0.00 \({}^{\circ}\)C, IQR 0.00 \({}^{\circ}\)C). In contrast, the continuous wave technique at a circulation rate of 2.6 mL/min exhibited the highest temperature change, with a median of 3.76 \({}^{\circ}\)C (max. 5.33 \({}^{\circ}\)C, min. 2.42 \({}^{\circ}\)C, IQR 1.46 \({}^{\circ}\)C). Although warm obturation techniques can increase surface temperature, none of the methods produced changes that were potentially damaging to the periodontitis or surrounding bone.  
warm obturation; gutta-percha; root canal treatment; root surface temperature; endodontic treatment
## 4 Implementation and Results
### Use Cases  
In the following experiments, we aimed to assess the efficacy of the methods using two main datasets.
## 5 Case Study
### Experimental Setup
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Close Loop** & **Hinge** & **Components** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Nominal** \\ **Diameter (mm)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Fit Type** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Clearance Range** \\ **(mm)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{a} & _ab_ rod & 6 & Hole–shaft clearance fit & +0.024 \\  & \(a\) shaft & 6 & & +0.004 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(a\) rod & 5 & Deep groove ball & +0.013 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _ae_ rod & 5 & bearing fit & +0.002 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _ba_ rod & 8 & Hole–shaft clearance fit & +0.029 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(b\) shaft & 8 & Hole–shaft clearance fit & +0.005 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _bc_ rod & 8 & Hole–shaft clearance fit & +0.029 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _cb_ rod & 10 & Hole–shaft clearance fit & +0.005 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(c\) shaft & 10 & Hole–shaft clearance fit & +0.029 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _cd_ shaft & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.008 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _cd_ rod & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.032 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _dc_ shaft & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.008 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(d\) shaft & 12 & Deep groove ball & +0.018 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _de_ rod & 12 & bearing fit & +0.003 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{e} & _ea_ rod & 11 & Hole–shaft clearance fit & +0.035 \\  & \(e\) shaft & 11 & Hole–shaft clearance fit & +0.006 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(e\) shaft & 7 & Deep groove ball & +0.013 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _ed_ rod & 7 & bearing fit & +0.002 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{f} & _cd_ rod & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.032 \\  & \(c\) shaft & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.008 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(c\) shaft & 10 & Hole–shaft clearance fit & +0.029 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _cf_ rod & 10 & Hole–shaft clearance fit & +0.005 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _dc_ rod & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.032 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(d\) shaft & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.008 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _dg_ rod & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.032 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _dg_ rod & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.008 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _gf_ rod & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.032 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _fg_ rod & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.008 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(f\) shatt & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.032 \\ \cline{2-5}  & _fc_ rod & 12 & Knuckle bearing fit & +0.008 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Hinge clearances in the LSDM. According to the previous analysis, the dynamic tolerance allocation method can reduce the assembly cost; to verify its authenticity, the assembly cost is counted in this paper. The quintic cost function Equation (16) uses the statistical data, and the cost coefficients of each hinge assembly are obtained as shown in Table 5.  
In addition, to guide the assembly process, tolerance dynamic allocation software is developed using the Unity 3D platform, and the assembly error model considering the service performance presented in this paper is integrated into the software. The core interface of the developed software is shown in Figure 15.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Characteristics of the Shale Reservoirs and Their Influencing Factors
#### 4.3.2 Shale Pore Types
Microfractures Shale microfractures can form during deposition, hydrocarbon generation, diagenesis, the maturation of organic matter, and late-stage tectonic movements [25]. The Dalong Formation shale samples from Western Hubei contain microfractures of different origins and scales, including nanoscale fractures due to contraction along the margins of organic matter, diagenetic fractures between mineral grains, and relatively large-scale structural fractures nanometers to micrometers wide, observed under the field-emission SEM. Organic marginal contraction fractures form along organic-mineral grain boundaries during the thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation. Their fracture lengths are related to the size of the organic matter and its peripheral mineral aggregates; in this case, they were generally \(\sim\)200 nm wide (Figure 9h). Diagenetic fractures form during diagenetic processes such as shale compaction, clay mineral dehydration, and recrystallization. As revealed by the SEM images, such microfractures were distributed along the edges of mineral grains with limited connectivity, and they were typically \(\sim\)500 nm wide (Figure 9i). Structural fractures form by the mutual extrusion and crushing of mineral grains under tectonic stresses, e.g., the cross-cutting intraparticle fractures in the pyrite framboid (Figure 9j) and the triangular interparticle fractures in strained quartz (Figure 9k). Such intraparticle fractures usually have limited connectivity, with smooth and planar fracture surfaces and fracture widths of 100-300 nm. Structural fractures can also form between particles. Here, these interparticle fractures were characteristically long and had curved fracture surfaces, with many crushed and broken fine grains visible on the particle edge. Some fractures had widths reaching the microscale (Figure 9l). These structural fractures indicate that the brittle minerals in siliceous shales of the Dalong Formation resist compaction and late-stage tectonic stresses, preventing the collapse of organic pores.
## 2 Transport Infrastructure Construction History in the UK
### Post-Regulation
#### 2.2.2 Highway--Mid 20 th and 21 st Century  
The Preston By-Pass was the first motorway built in the UK to highway standards and was completed by 1958 [35]. Due to the increased speed of traffic, a low gradient was required (approximately 1 in 25), which necessitated the implementation of extensive earthworks [5]. The earthworks were constructed to the Specification for Road and BridgeWorks, which formalised compaction to an 'end-product' criterion by setting a required percentage of dry density to be achieved during testing [35]. Early highways were constructed with 8-ton deadweight rollers, including vibratory rollers by 1976 (SHW edition 5), which later became more commonplace [13].  
The construction of the Preston By-Pass took place in glacial tilts and alluvial sands and silts. Due to the new specification, material was still sourced from cuttings but now exceptions were made for material deemed 'unsuitable'. The Ribble Valley contained peat bogs and was found to be of insufficient bearing capacity for embankment construction despite the initial assumption that all excavated material could be reused. Furthermore, due to exceptionally wet weather conditions, excavated material was discarded and replaced with imported fill [36]. These weather conditions also produced instability of cut slopes due to surface runoff, delaying the project [35]. In total 3,400,000 imperial tons of earth was excavated, and a further 668,000 imperial tons was imported for fill [37]. This approach to construction therefore produced more homogeneous fill material compared to past construction techniques, particularly the rail network.  
Modern earthwork construction on highways continued at a rapid rate between the 1960s and 1990s, with various improvements made to specifications [5]. This led to a design-based approach, which vastly improved on pre-regulation empirical construction. This largely underpins modern earthwork design with BS 6031 Code of Practice for Earthworks, which introduced the identification of problems such as soft cohesive soils or peat during ground investigation and remediation practices. In addition, in the early 1960s, excess capacity in the chemical industry led to manufacture of geotextiles for use in construction. At this time, their main function was for separation and infiltration between natural ground and fill [38], but further development meant that they could be used as reinforcement in engineered soils.  
In contrast to the railway network, motorways have implemented vegetation standards since the 1950s. Consideration for grass establishment was made by introducing a grass dominated topsoil layer with partial management to remove trees. In comparison, railways contains a more mixed mature line side vegetation owing to natural seeding [33]. This means that the relationship between the beneficial and detrimental effects of vegetation, and thus impacts of climate change, are vastly different on the railway network in comparison to highways in the UK
## 3 Bibliometric Analysis: Findings and Research Insights
### Institutional Contributions in Publication Volume  
The green shipping corridor research domain has garnered significant international attention, as evidenced by the breadth of institutional affiliations among active researchers. Table 5 provides enumerations of the top ten institutions by publication volume, highlighting the global distribution of scholarship in this domain.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No** & **Scholar** & **NP * ** & **TC * ** & **h\_Index** & **PY Start * ** \\ \hline
1 & [PERSON]. & 10 & **400** & 40.0 & **9** & 2017 \\ \hline
2 & [PERSON]. & 7 & 271 & 38.7 & 7 & 2018 \\ \hline
3 & [PERSON]. & 9 & 130 & 14.4 & 7 & 2019 \\ \hline
4 & [PERSON]. & 9 & 306 & 34.0 & 7 & 2017 \\ \hline
5 & [PERSON]. & 6 & 252 & 42.0 & 6 & 2011 \\ \hline
6 & [PERSON]. & **12** & 299 & 24.9 & 6 & 2020 \\ \hline
7 & [PERSON]. & 6 & 214 & 35.7 & 5 & 2014 \\ \hline
8 & [PERSON]. & 5 & 255 & **51.0** & 5 & 2020 \\ \hline
9 & Cheng T.C.E. & 5 & 246 & 49.2 & 5 & 2011 \\ \hline
10 & [PERSON]. & 5 & 261 & 52.2 & 5 & 2017 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Scholar rankings by bibliographic indices.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**No** & **Institution** & **Publication Volume** \\ \hline
1 & Hong Kong Polytechnic University & 50 \\ \hline
2 & Shanghai Maritime University & 32 \\ \hline
3 & Nanyang Technological University & 30 \\ \hline
4 & Dalian Maritime University & 23 \\ \hline
5 & Chalmers University of Technology & 21 \\ \hline
6 & Shanghai University & 17 \\ \hline
7 & Wuhan University of Technology & 17 \\ \hline
8 & Chung—Ang University & 15 \\ \hline
9 & Kedge Business School & 12 \\ \hline
10 & Shanghai Jiao Tong University & 11 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Institutional rankings by publication volume.  
Hong Kong Polytechnic University leads with the highest publication count (50). Shanghai Maritime University (32), Dalian Maritime University (23), Shanghai University (17), Wuhan University of Technology (17), and Shanghai Jiao Tong University (11) collectively suggest a significant concentration of expertise and research activity in China (100 total publications). Nanyang Technological University in Singapore (30) and Chung-Ang University in South Korea (15) also feature prominently, reflecting the broader Asian engagement in green shipping corridors research (45 total publications). Chalmers University of Technology (Sweden, 21) and KEDGE Business School (France, 12) indicate meaningful contributions from European academia (33 total publications).
# An Efficient Carrier Synchronization Scheme for Demodulation Systems
## 3 Proposed Carrier Synchronization Algorithm  
### Frame Header Detection Algorithm  
The commonly used frame header detection algorithm is the differential detection of the SOF and PLSCODE [17]. The algorithm first performs differential operations on the input signal, then correlates on both the SOF and PLSCODE differentially using 89 registers and 57 taps. Finally, the outputs of the two parts are, respectively, added and subtracted to produce two values, the maximum of which is the final output of this correlation circuit. When the SOF is detected, we get:  
\[\begin{array}{rl}S_{1}(k)&=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{25}\left({a_{k}{a^{*}}_{k+1}e^ {-j2\pi\Delta f}+{n_{k}}^{\prime}}\right)\cdot T_{1,k}\\ &\hskip 142.26378 pt=25\text{e}^{-j2\pi\Delta f}+{n_{k}}^{\prime\prime}\end{array} \tag{1}\]  
where \(k=1,2,\cdots,25\), \({n_{k}}^{\prime\prime}\) represents the noise, \({a_{k}}\) is the symbol sent, \({r_{k}}\) is the symbol received, \(T_{1,k}\) is the SOF register tap, and \(\Delta f\) is the CFO. \({a^{*}}_{i}\) is the conjugate of \({a_{i}}\).  
Figure 3: Proposed carrier synchronization scheme.  
Figure 2: Conventional carrier synchronization scheme.  
When the PLSCODE is detected, we get:  
\[\begin{array}{rl}S_{2}(k)&=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{32}\left(a_{2k-1}{a^{*}}_{2k} \epsilon^{-j2\pi\Delta f}\cdot e^{-j\pi b\gamma}+{n_{k}}^{\prime}\right)\cdot T _{2,k}\\ &=32e^{-j2\pi\Delta f-j\pi b\gamma}+{n_{k}}^{\prime\prime\prime}\end{array} \tag{2}\]  
where \(k=1,2,\cdots,32\), \({n_{k}}^{\prime\prime}\) denotes the noise, \(T_{2,k}\) is the PLSCODE register tap, and \(b\gamma\) is 0 or 1.  
When the frame header is detected, the correlation detector output of the SOF and PLSCODE can be expressed as:  
\[\begin{array}{rl}Z(k)&=\max\{|S_{1}(k)+S_{2}(k)|,|S_{1}(k)-S_{2}(k)|\}\\ &=\left|57e^{-j2\pi\Delta f}+{n_{k}}^{\prime\prime\prime}\right|\end{array} \tag{3}\]  
where \({n_{k}}^{\prime\prime\prime}\) is the noise. The correlation value is insensitive to the CFO \(\Delta f\) and phase offset \(\theta_{0}\). When the maximum correlation value is about 57, it indicates that the frame header is detected.
## 2 Study Area and Data
Landsat-7/8 and Sentinel-2 were accessed from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform [46], SuperView-1 constellation is China's first commercial satellite constellation with high agility and multi-mode imaging capability([[http://www.spacewillinfo.com/SuperView-1](http://www.spacewillinfo.com/SuperView-1) English/index.html#pos02]([http://www.spacewillinfo.com/SuperView-1](http://www.spacewillinfo.com/SuperView-1) English/index.html#pos02) (accessed on 20 September 2021)). Figure 1: Parameters of the moonlight remote sensing images in study areas.
# A Low Complexity Persistent Reconnaissance Algorithm for FANET
## 5 Conclusions and Future Works  
This paper presents a layered structure of FANET, in which high-altitude UAVs act as ACPs and multiple UAVs are used for remote relaying and data collection. A \"sustainable\" dynamic reconnaissance mechanism, TARF, is constructed considering the movement of reconnaissance targets and the change in various adverse factors in the scenario.  
During the simulation, we found that for the FANET, maintaining network connectivity and avoiding local threats during mission execution are two conflicting requirements. The basic PSO only considers network connectivity, which has the best performance in this aspect but is inferior to TARF and TA&CRFO in terms of threat avoidance. For the latter two algorithms, the weighting values of network connectivity and threat avoidance during simulation must be carefully considered according to realistic requirements. The overall performance of the TA&CRFO algorithm is slightly lower than that of TARF, but its computational overhead is effectively reduced by decreasing the iterative process. In addition, the computation time required by TA&CRFO increases more slowly as the number of UAVs used in the simulation increases. So, the TA&CRFO algorithm is more suitable for larger-scale FANET.  
Of course, the design of indicator functions such as TED also determines the simulation results to a large extent and should be paid special attention.  
In this work, the network construction process of Algorithm 1 is carried out on the high-altitude UAV, namely, ACP, which is a centralized approach. The TA&CRFO algorithm is semi-distributed since local neighbor information is used between UAVs when the TED is less than the threshold value. This approach reduces communication overhead and dependence on the central node ACP. In the future, a fully distributed continuous reconnaissance algorithm that completely abandons the central node will bring a greater leap in FANET's adaptability and survivability. In addition, a complex sensing model and connectivity disruption caused by UAV failure will be further considered.  
Conceptualization, Y.G. and R.Q.; methodology, Y.G. and R.Q.; software, Y.G.; validation, Y.G.; formal analysis, Y.G.; investigation, Y.G.; resources, R.Q.; data curation, Y.G.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.G.; writing--review and editing, Y.G. and H.T.; visualization, H.T.; supervision, H.T. and R.Q.; project administration, Y.G.; funding acquisition, H.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 61901457.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Experiments and Analysis
### Experiment Discussion  
It can be concluded, from the experimental results, that the classification effectiveness of the E3W model proposed in this paper was significantly improved in various evaluation metrics, with a 1.02% improvement in average accuracy, 1.62% improvement in average precision, 1.12% improvement in average recall, and 1.02% improvement in average F1-score. Subsequent ablation experiments also showed that the E3W model was made more effective through the used combination. The above experiments demonstrate that E3W is the most advanced approach, combining multiple models for agricultural news classification.  
Experiments comparing E3W with 13 classical and advanced models showed that E3W performed best for the classification of Chinese agricultural news. This is because E3W is a combination of the models with the highest accuracy in each classification domain, such that E3W can achieve the best results on each domain. We also compared the E3W model with its four sub-models in terms of four evaluation metrics: accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. E3W not only achieved the highest results in each evaluation metric, but also provided a significant improvement in accuracy in each evaluation metric.  
The output of E3W takes into account the output of the four sub-models and, if the output category of a sub-model is the category in which the sub-model has the highest classification accuracy, we weigh this output to compensate for the sub-model's lower classification accuracy in other categories, thus improving the accuracy.  
Finally, in order to verify that the combination used in E3W is scientific and reasonable, ablation experiments were conducted to compare the results under different model combinations; however, none of these combinations performed as well as E3W. The main reason for this is that E3W considers all categories and uses a combination of models with the highest accuracy in each classification domain, such that any other combination will not be as comprehensive as E3W.
# Integrated Optical Phased Arrays for Beam Forming and Steering
## 4 Configurations
### Other OPAs
**(c)** A polarization-division and spatial-division multiplexed nanoantenna array. Reprinted with permission from [37] © The Optical Society. with a large WGA spacing resulted in a limited FOV and a wide beamwidth. The FOV should be widened for practical applications. Additional collimation lenses are needed for high-performance beam forming and steering with narrow beamwidths. The long-WGA-based OPA has a narrow FOV because of the limited wavelength tunability. The narrow FOV can be expanded by the polarization-division and spatial-division multiplexed nanoantenna array presented in Figure 9c [37]. Three independently controlled nanoantenna groups were densely packed and fed by a common Si nanostrip. The OPA enabled an FOV of 40\({}^{\circ}\) in a wavelength tuning range of 100 nm [37]. Some drawbacks of this device are: a custom mode converter is needed in the OPA; more nanoantenna groups are needed to resemble OPAs with narrow beamwidths; complex control circuits are needed for large-scale structures; the loss is significant for the application of silver antennas.