# Optimizing Flight Delay Predictions with Scorecard Systems
## 2 Literature Review
### An Innovative Approach-Scoreards
In addition to their practical applications in delay forecasting, scorecards also facilitate continuous improvement and benchmarking, two critical components of modern performance management. By regularly reviewing performance against established benchmarks, airlines can identify areas for improvement, implement best practices, and measure progress over time. Benchmarking not only enhances the accuracy and reliability of delay forecasts but also fosters a culture of accountability and excellence within organizations. This is particularly important in the highly competitive aviation industry, where operational efficiency and service quality are key differentiators. For example, comparing on-time performance rates with industry peers can help airlines identify gaps in their operations and develop strategies to close those gaps, ultimately improving both customer satisfaction and financial performance [36; 37]. The balanced scorecard approach, a widely recognized methodology within performance management, provides a useful framework for organizing and prioritizing the various metrics included in delay forecasting. This approach emphasizes the importance of balancing operational metrics with broader strategic goals, ensuring that airlines not only address immediate challenges but also align their efforts with long-term objectives such as sustainability and growth. For example, incorporating environmental metrics into the scoring framework allows airlines to monitor and minimize their carbon footprint, supporting global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve sustainability targets [33]. This cross-functional transparency is difficult to achieve with many existing ML-basedapproaches, which often require specialized interpretation layers or expert involvement to translate model results into actionable insights. One of the key strengths of scorecards is their potential to bridge the gap between complexity and usability. Although traditional forecasting methods, such as ARIMA models or advanced machine learning algorithms, are effective in capturing trends and patterns, they often require significant computational resources and technical expertise. This can limit their accessibility and practical applicability for smaller airlines or operators with limited resources. In contrast, scorecards offer a more user-friendly alternative that combines the analytical rigor of advanced models with the simplicity needed for widespread adoption. By providing clear and actionable insights, scorecards empower airline managers and operators to make informed decisions without relying on specialized analysts or expensive software tools [30]. This accessibility is particularly valuable for small or medium-sized airlines that lack advanced IT infrastructure or data science teams, allowing them to benefit from predictive modeling without prohibitive costs or complexity. Furthermore, the implementation of scorecards can contribute to enhanced collaboration and communication within organizations. By presenting performance data in a clear and visual format, scorecards make it easier for different teams and departments to understand and align around common goals. For example, operations teams can use scorecards to monitor turnaround times and identify delays, while customer service teams can track passenger satisfaction metrics to ensure a seamless travel experience. This cross-functional approach not only improves operational efficiency but also enhances the overall quality of service, ultimately strengthening the airline's competitive position in the market [32]. In conclusion, scorecards represent a significant innovation in delay forecasting, offering a flexible, accessible, and data-driven approach to managing one of the most pressing challenges in the aviation industry. By integrating various performance metrics, incorporating external variables and supporting continuous improvement, scorecards provide airlines with the tools necessary to navigate the complexities of delay management effectively.