## 2 Ecological Impacts  
Global warming, primarily driven by greenhouse gas emissions, remains one of the most pressing global challenges. Industrial production and manufacturing are significant contributors, representing a substantial share of global energy consumption and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. The decarbonization of industrial activity is particularly challenging due to the high cost and developmental stage of many low-carbon solutions, as well as the long operational lifespans of industrial assets, which limit their replacement frequency. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) [23], industrial activity accounted for 37% (166 EJ) of global energy consumption in 2022, resulting in approximately 25% (9.0 Gt) of worldwide CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. In particular, in 2022, the aluminum sector emitted approximately 0.27 Gt of CO\({}_{2}\), representing 0.7% of global emissions and nearly 3% of direct industrial emissions (Figure 2). This trend has been exacerbated by rising aluminum production, driven by population growth and economic expansion. These estimates align with the most recent and finalized data available in the database of annual time series on greenhouse gas emissions from energy, which is updated biannually, with the latest comprehensive dataset covering the year 2022. Figure 1: Structure of this review. Figure 2: CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from aluminum industry (based on [23]). A part of Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, adopted by the United Nations in 2015, provides a comprehensive action plan to address global issues related to the energy consumption of industrial activities. To facilitate organizational alignment with the SDGs, the ISO/UNDP PAS 53002 guidelines outline strategies for systematically managing and enhancing contributions to sustainable development across operations [24]. Aligned with the Agenda 2030, the Paris Agreement, adopted in 2016, united 195 countries in a commitment to combat global warming. Its primary objective is to limit global temperature rise to well below 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C above pre-industrial levels, with an aspirational target of 1.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Achieving these goals requires rapid and substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, with net-zero emissions by 2050 as a cornerstone objective. Limiting warming to 1.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C necessitates a 50% reduction in global emissions by 2030 and a reduction of over 90% by 2050, allowing minimal offsets for the remaining emissions [25; 26]. Based on the IEA report on transport energy systems [27], the transport sector accounts for approximately 22% (8.0 Gt) of global CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. To achieve the net-zero emissions target by 2050, emissions from this sector must be reduced by approximately 25%, reaching around 6 Gt by 2030, despite continued growth in transport demand. This necessitates an annual emissions reduction of more than 3% through 2030. Road transport, encompassing vehicles such as cars and trucks, accounts for approximately 16% of global energy-related CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, equivalent to 5.8 Gt CO\({}_{2}\). Private cars and vans alone contribute to over 25% of global oil consumption. Although aviation represents a smaller share of total emissions, it is one of the most challenging sectors to decarbonize. In 2022, aviation accounted for 2% of global energy-related CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, totaling nearly 800 Mt CO\({}_{2}\). Over recent decades, aviation emissions have grown faster than other modes of transport, such as rail, road, and shipping. In the CRU Consulting report titled Opportunities for Aluminum in a Post-COVID Economy, prepared for the International Aluminum Institute [28], the global demand for aluminum is projected to grow significantly, increasing by 33.3 Mt from 86.2 Mt in 2020 to 119.5 Mt in 2030. The transportation sector is anticipated to drive the largest absolute growth, contributing approximately 35% of this increase. Aluminum consumption in this sector is forecasted to rise from 19.9 Mt in 2020 to 31.7 Mt in 2030.