esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# BIM Policy Trends in Europe: Insights from a Multi-Stage Analysis
## 3 Results
### BIM Policy in Europe
#### 3.2.1 Austria  
BIM is not mandatory in Austria. Austria is a country dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which affects BIM implementation because it is mainly adopted for large projects [37]. In 2014, the Digital Agenda Vienna (_Die Digitale Agenda Wien_) was established to digitalize Vienna, with one of its key initiatives being the digitalization of the administrative processes in construction [38]. Furthermore, the Artificial Intelligence Mission Austria 2030 (_Strategie der Bundesregierung fur Kunstliche Intelligenz_), part of the government's strategy for artificial intelligence announced in 2021, plans to digitalize the construction sector under the FTI--City of Future program, highlighting the significance of BIM for digital transformations in planning, construction, and building operations [39]. A 2021 European Commission country profile report mentions that BIM has been mandatory for budget control since 2018 and for public construction tenders and contracts since 2020. However, no official legal framework or strategy confirming these requirements could be found (this fragment refers to the BIP Solutions website) [40]. Additionally, the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (_Osterreichische Forschungsgsfelderungsgesellschaft_ FFG) published reports from research and development programs targeting transport infrastructure, such as BIM4 AMS (DACH 2019) for roads, in 2020-2022, which included developing legal frameworks for data use from models; DIGEST (DACH 2020, 2020-2022), concerning digital twins for the road transport system; REAL-LAST (DACH 2021, 2021-2024), focused on real traffic load models for bridges; and DiTwin (DACH 2023, 2023-2026), which utilizes the digital twin concept [41]. A report on the Digital Product Passport (DPP) recommends BIM adoption as a response to the climate emergency declared by the European Parliament and the European Green Deal [42].
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Architectural Concepts
#### 2.1.3 Transactional Memory  
When multiple threads are running in parallel and try to access a shared resource, a synchronization mechanism is required to avoid conflicts. Transactional memory is an attempt to simplify concurrent programming, avoiding common problems with mutual exclusion and improving the performance of other locking techniques. Transactional memory enables optimistic execution of the transactional code regions specified by the programmer. The processor executes the specified sections assuming that it is going to be possible to complete them without any interference. The programmer is no longer responsible for identifying the locks and the order in which they are acquired; he only needs to identify the regions that are going to be defined as part of the \"transaction\".  
During the execution of a transaction, the variables and the results of the operations are only visible for that thread; that is, any update performed in these regions is not visible to other threads. If the execution ends successfully, the processor commits all the changes as if they had occurred instantaneously, making them visible to any process. If, on the other hand, there is a conflict with another process, the transaction is unsuccessful and the processor aborts its execution. Consequently, the processor requires a mechanism to undo all the updates, discard all the changes and restore the architectural state to pretend that the execution never happened.  
Intel Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX) are the Intel's implementation of hardware transactional memory. TSX provides two software interfaces: Hardware Lock Elision (HLE) and Restricted Transactional Memory (RTM).
## 2 FES for SCI
### FES for Lower Limb Paralysis  
In upper limbs with quadriplegia, finger function by FES is emphasized. In the reconstruction of the function of paraplegic lower limbs; however, it is important to obtain muscular strength against gravity. Based on previous studies, it is possible to reconstruct standing and walking functions by FES for paraplegic lower limbs. However, in complete paraplegia, it is possible to walk indoors using assistive equipment such as a walker, but it is not yet practical to do so outdoors because of the risk of falling. In the case of incomplete paraplegia, practical walking indoors and outdoors is possible depending on the case.  
[PERSON] et al. demonstrated the effectiveness of FES using surface electrodes to reconstruct lower-limb function using surface electrodes in patients with paraplegia [34], and [PERSON] et al. succeeded in controlling gait in completely paraplegic patients using surface electrodes [35; 36]. [PERSON] et al. developed a 6-channel surface electrode-type lower limb FES system termed the Parastep 1 Ambulation system, and reported a mean continuous walking distance of 334 m and a maximum of 1707 m in 16 patients with complete paraplegia [37]. [PERSON] et al. developed the VA-CWRU (Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University) FES System, which controls movementsinvolved in standing, walking, and sitting using an extracorporeal stimulator with a 48-channel percutaneous implantable electrode. This system could reconstruct walking on flat ground as well as also stair climbing in paraplegics [38].  
In the 1990s, our group developed an FES stimulator (Akita Stimulator I, Akita, Japan) using 18-channel percutaneous implantable electrodes, and began reconstruction of paraplegic standing and walking. We then developed the 32-channel Akita Stimulator II. This device can also apply high-frequency therapeutic electrical stimulation (TES) function for standing motion and walking swing. In addition, the standing and walking function was reconstructed by hybrid FES using short- and long-leg orthotics [39].  
Similar to that in use for the upper limbs, an orthotic-type FES device was developed for rehabilitation treatment of the lower limbs from an early stage after injury. The NESS L300 TM is indicated for gait disturbance due to foot drop following an upper motor neuron disease or injury including SCI. It comprises a functional stimulation (FS) cuff with an RF Stim Unit that is attached to the proximal part of the lower leg for stimulation, a control unit that sets the stimulation mode, and an Intelli-sense gait sensorTM that is attached to the foot. [PERSON] et al. reported a case of paraparesis in which NESS L300 TM was used on both sides and enabled independent walking [40]. In addition, NESS L300 TM Plus, which can be stimulated simultaneously with the thigh, can control the knee joint in addition to the ankle joint [41], and is expected to expand the indications for cases of SCI.
## 1 Introduction  
The internal structures of coastal strand-plains and dunes can offer relevant information with respect to the morphodynamic processes that determined their formation and those that guide their current evolution ([1, 2] and reference therein). Therefore, the stratigraphic architecture may represent an archive potentially yielding data about wind intensity/direction, sea-storms' intensity/frequency, sediment availability, incoming wave energy and direction, nearshore geomorphology, shoreline configuration and sea-level changes [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Nevertheless, obtaining this information has proven extremely difficult because field exposures are frequently limited and preserved only for a short time. Moreover, the non-cohesive nature of aeolian sediments limits artificial trenches to only a few meters below the ground's surface, and the low percentage of sediment recovery makes cores scarcely effective in most cases. Even successfully undertaken, these two approaches offer only a punctual or very restricted vision of the subsurface's stratigraphic architecture, and the potential lateral extension of sedimentary bedding architecture is largely based on interpolations between spotted data and/or subjective spatial interpretation.  
Among the non-destructive techniques for subsurface exploration, Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR from this point ahead) is a geophysical method that may provide imaging of the internal structures of coastal dunes, by obtaining vertical sections of the subsurface several hundreds of meters long and some meters deep, at a (sub)decimetric resolution.  
Therefore, many studies have adopted the GPR method to get very detailed images of the internal structures of onshore coastal sedimentary bodies ([14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25] among others).  
Sandy beaches backed by dunes are coastal landforms widespread along the microtidal reflective beaches in the Mediterranean [26; 27]. The Italian peninsula exhibits more than 3000 km of beach, in many cases characterized by a single or a series of dune ridges [28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33]. Most of these coastal areas are undergoing intense erosion, having shown significant coastline retreat over the last few decades. The sandy beaches of Northern Tuscany (Versilia Plain) do not escape this erosive process, which has affected the area at different rates since the beginning of the 20 th century [34]. However, there are some coastal tracts that exhibit an equilibrium or even degradation, making Northern Tuscany a candidate for understanding the delicate balance of erosional/depositional processes governing coastal dynamics.  
In this work we aimed to reconstruct the stratigraphical beddings and erosional surfaces composing the internal structures of dunes from selected coastal tracts of Northern Tuscany (Versilia Plain) that are characterized by erosion, accretion and equilibrium (Figure 1). Once the primary sedimentary structures of the examined dunes were deciphered from GPR data, we attempted to use them for reconstructing the major morphodynamic events of the coastal sectors, exhibiting different behaviors.
# Structural Modal Time Domain Identification Method Based on the Bayesian Uncertain Quantification
## 4 Numerical Examples
### High-Speed Pantograph Modal
#### 4.2.2 Modal Test Verification  
In order to verify the effectiveness of the method of this paper in practical tests, the modal parameters of the actual structure of the pantograph were identified using the experimental data in Ref. [32], and the identification results were compared and verified with the deterministic identification results in the literature. Based on the impact load generated by the impulse hammer and the acceleration measurement data of the pickup point, the natural frequencies and damping ratios identified by using the methodology of this paper are shown in Table 5, and the posterior COV of the identified parameters are shown in Table 6.  
As can be seen from Table 5, the MPVs of the identified natural frequencies exhibit a good agreement with the literature results, and the deviation for the first three modes remains minimal, with the highest relative deviation being 1.36%. Although the deviations for the fourth and fifth modes are slightly larger, with relative deviations of 4.82% and 3.91%, respectively, these deviations remain within an acceptable range of less than 5%. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately identifying the modal parameters of the actual structure. The method in this paper also provides the identification results of the damping ratios; however, a comparison of damping ratios is not included in this paper, since only frequency identification was performed in Ref. [32]. In addition, it can be seen from Table 6 that the COV of the damping ratio is much larger than the natural frequency, indicating a greater uncertainty in identifying the damping ratio, which is consistent with the conclusion of the numerical simulation.
## 4 An Energy-Balanced Protocol Based on the Improved CFSFDP  
### Energy Model  
In this paper, the first order model [13] is used as the energy model of the network. The dissipated energy in the transmitter node (\(E_{TX}\)) and in the receiver node (\(E_{RX}\)) with distance \(d\) for transmitting an \(l-bit\) data packet can be calculated as follows:  
\[E_{TX}(l,d)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}l\times E_{elec}+l\times\varepsilon_{fs} \times d^{2},d\leq d_{0}\\ l\times E_{elec}+l\times\varepsilon_{mp}\times d^{4},d>d_{0}\end{array}\right. \tag{6}\]  
\[E_{RX}=l\times E_{elec} \tag{7}\]  
where \(E_{elec}\) is the dissipated energy (per bit) in either transmitter or receiver circuit, and depends on such electronic factors as digital coding, modulation, filtering and spreading of the signal. \(l\) is the number of bits. The distance threshold is defined as \(d_{0}=\sqrt{\varepsilon_{fs}/\varepsilon_{mp}}\). The transmission distance \(d\), the free space \(\varepsilon_{fs}\) or multipath fading channel \(\varepsilon_{mp}\) are used for the transmitter amplifier.  
In this model, the use of free space channel model or multipath fading channel model depends on the distance between the transmitter and receiver. If the distance is less than the threshold, the former one will be used, otherwise, the latter one.  
Assume that there is one cluster made up with a cluster head node and \(k\) cluster member nodes. The transmission distance \(d_{toBS}\) between the cluster head and the sink node is larger than \(d_{0}\) and the distances between each normal node and the cluster head \(d_{toCH}\) are less than \(d_{0}\), so, the energy consumption of this cluster head in one round can be calculated as:  
\[E_{CH}=l(E_{TX}+E_{DA})+l\varepsilon_{mp}d_{toBS}^{4}+kl(E_{RX}+E_{DA}) \tag{8}\]  
where \(E_{DA}\) represents the dissipated energy (per bit) in data aggregation. \(kl(E_{RX}+E_{DA})\) is the energy consumption of receiving packets from \(k\) cluster members and data aggregation. \(l(E_{TX}+E_{DA})+l\varepsilon_{mp}d_{toBS}^{4}\) is the energy consumption of the cluster head for sending aggregated data to the sink node. The energy consumption of a non-cluster head node is:\[E_{non-CH}=lE_{TX}+l_{fs}d_{toCH}^{2} \tag{9}\]  
where \(lE_{TX}+l_{fs}d_{toCH}^{2}\) is the energy consumption of a cluster member node for sending data to the cluster head.  
Based on analysis above, the residual energy for node \(i\) in the current round \(r\) can be calculated by Equation (10):  
\[E_{i}(r)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}E_{i}(r-1)-[l(E_{TX}+E_{DA})+l_{mp}d_{toBS}^{ 4}+kl(E_{RX}+E_{DA})]\;if\;i\in G_{CH}\\ E_{i}(r-1)-(lE_{TX}+l_{fs}d_{toCH}^{2})\;if\;i\
otin G_{CH}\end{array}\right. \tag{10}\]  
where \(E_{i}(r-1)\) is the residual energy for node \(i\) in the \(r-1\) round. \(G_{CH}\) represents the set of cluster heads.
## 2 Related Works
### Transformer for Action Recognition  
Since the great success of Transformer in natural language processing, a lot of works [19; 21; 24; 25] have employed transformers for human action recognition. Inspired by ViT [12], a pure Transformer architecture which has gained great attention in image classification, [PERSON] et al. [19] proposed a divided spatio-temporal attention mechanism to extract spatial and temporal features separately, dubbed TimeSformer. Each video is decomposed into a sequence of non-overlapping frame-level patches, then fed into each standard Transformer block with the proposed attention mechanism. [PERSON] et al. [24] proposed a multi-view transformer for video recognition (MTV). MTV feeds different views of input for different encoders and uses lateral connections to fuse cross-view information.  
Some works also attempted to apply Transformer in skeleton-based action recognition tasks. [PERSON] et al. [21] designed Spatial Transformer Block and Directional Temporal Transformer Block for modeling skeleton sequences in spatial and temporal dimension, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [25] introduced a Spatial-Temporal Transformer network, where the spatial and temporal self-attention modules learn intra-frame joint interactions and inter-frame motion dynamics, respectively. The above Transformer-based methods are all based on a single modality. However, for human action recognition, only using the RGB data will be affected by noisy appearance factors, and only using the skeleton modality will lack appearance information when facing human-object interaction. Combining these two modalities means richer and more comprehensive information; the human behavior recognition algorithm based on both modalities will achieve a higher accuracy.  
Therefore, we propose a two-stream Transformer architecture; one stream processes RGB data, and the other stream processes skeleton data. At the same time, according to the different characteristics of these two modalities, different network structures are set up, and two fusion methods are tried to fully integrate the RGB and skeleton features.
# Multi-Objective Optimization of Square Corrugation Multilayer Nested Structures
## 1 Introduction
In addition, other optimization methods, such as multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), are commonly used for crashworthiness structural optimization. [PERSON] adopted MOPSO to conduct multi-objective optimization for optimal structures selected by the decision-making method [35]. [PERSON] et al. utilized the MOPSO algorithm to optimize the front rail and multi-cell tube to enhance the crashworthiness of the vehicle [36]. [PERSON] et al. conducted bi-objective optimization based on the shape of the cross-section by using the ANN algorithm and selected the optimal structure according to the rank results of the technique for ordering preferences by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) method [37]. However, the general evolutionary algorithm ignores the diversity of the population while pursuing the constraint of satisfaction, resulting in the population being too concentrated in a feasible or infeasible region. [PERSON] et al. developed a DCNSGA-III by combining dynamic-constrained many-objective optimization problems (CMaOPs) and NSGA-III [38]. This method can enable the population to span large and infeasible regions, and the proposed environment selection operator can select higher-quality solutions. In addition, few researchers have applied this approach to multi-optimization for energy-absorbing structures. Therefore, this paper intends to combine DCNSGA-III to obtain more convergent and diverse non-dominated solutions. In summary, a nested structure is proposed inspired by the three elements: corrugation, rib plate, and multi-layer structure. In addition, the octagonal wall can absorb more membrane energy with the multi-corner advantage according to previous researchers. The study of [PERSON] et al. indicates that square tubes have better deformation resistance potential compared to circular tubes [39]. In this paper, a square corrugation nested tube with a double octagon inner structure (SCOD) is proposed. Distinguishing from previous studies, this research mainly includes three aspects: (1) proposing a novel nested energy absorbing tube, namely SCOD; (2) developing a multi-objective optimization procedure combining DCNSGA-III algorithm with TMDSM to obtain alternative solutions with better performance; and (3) verifying the effectiveness of the optimization approach proposed and making an evaluation of it. In this paper, the pattern of organization is described as follows. Section 2 introduces the primordial parameters and finite element modeling of SCOD. Section 3 reveals the methodology and optimization framework. In Section 4, the results of optimization are obtained. In Section 5, discussions and analyses were conducted on the optimization plan. Finally, Section 6 summarizes the entire work.
# Research on Optimal Voltage Control of Distribution Network with the Participation of EVs and PVs
###### Abstract  
With the accelerating penetration of photovoltaics (PVs) and electric vehicles (EVs), distribution networks face the risks of voltage violations and fluctuations. On the one hand, conventional voltage regulation resources like OLTC transformers and capacitor banks feature slow response and limited lifetime duration, making them incapable of quickly responding to the temporary voltage issues created by PVs and EVs. On the other hand, EVs and PVs interact with the power grid via fully controllable power electronic converters capable of real-time adjusting their operating settings, making them ideal voltage support resources. To exploit the voltage support capability of PVs and EVs, this paper proposes a two-stage control scheme for the voltage regulation of distribution networks, consisting of the day-ahead and intraday control stages. The day-ahead control mitigates potential voltage violations via day-ahead scheduling of the operation settings for OLTC transformers and capacitor banks. The intraday control further alleviates voltage deviations and voltage fluctuations based on the reactive power support of PV systems and the rational EV charging/discharging scheduling. A rolling optimization-based control technique is proposed in the intraday control stage to achieve real-time control of EVs and PVs with the stochastic nature of EV charging behaviors inherently considered. The proposed two-stage voltage regulation scheme is validated via case studies performed on the IEEE 123-node test feeder integrated with PVs and EVs.  
electric vehicles; PV systems; voltage regulation; two-stage control; rolling optimization
# Reviews Based on the Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Technical Issues
## 2 Technical Considerations for RIS
### Differences between Relay and RIS [101]
To achieve the above goals, the network needs to control RISs in a wireless manner. A new design is required in terms of protocol architecture and control method. The designed solution must also ensure low power consumption and low complexity. Relays have no power limitations, which can make control and processing at the relay more complex. On the other hand, a combined structure such as the one shown in Figure 28, which combines the advantages of relay and RIS, has also been proposed [109; 110]. The key idea of the structure proposed in Figure 28a is that the power of the incident signal can be amplified through an FD relay without the need to place a power amplifier in the RIS. The proposed coupled structure consists of two RISs connected via an FD relay, which can split the required SNR gain into an array gain (using the focusing function of the RIS) and a power amplification gain. Thus, this structure can achieve spectral efficiency while significantly reducing the number of unit cells comprising the required RIS [110]. As a result, the proposed structure requires much less channel estimation/beam training overhead and offers improved robustness compared to conventional RIS solutions. Furthermore, by optimizing the position and orientation of the two surfaces, the proposed architecture can be deployed in a very flexible manner, which can provide much better coverage, which has been the subject of much recent research [111; 112]. In Figure 28b, a MISO system is depicted in which a multi-antenna BS uses both a half-duplex DF relay and full-duplex RIS to transmit information to multiple single-antenna users [113]. The proposed hybrid relay-RIS system can achieve higher sum-rate and energy efficiency performance compared to the conventional relay-only system.