esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Risk Assessment
#### 3.2.3 Microbial Risk Assessment (MRA)  
The microbial contamination of the roof runoff is considered to be the most hazardous, regarding human health risk assessment. The greatest microbial risk is associated with enteric pathogens, causing gastrointestinal illnesses, similarly to viruses, bacteria, protozoa or helminths that are introduced into water by contamination with human and animal feces or with decay products [93]. Microbiological hazard is also associated with skin, eye, or respiratory tract irritation, as a result of dermal contact or bioaerosol inhalation [81]. The microbiological quality assessment of the Krakow roof runoff was difficult to attain, as neither Polish nor European regulations, determining allowable amounts of total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi in roof runoff, were available. Therefore, the drinking water regulations were referred to instead. The Polish and European laws are consistent in that point and allow 100 CFU/mL of bacteria at 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C, but do not determine any relevant amounts of fungi (Table 1). In the light of those regulations, the Krakow roof runoff is highly contaminated by microorganisms and is unsuitable for drinking. The assessment of possible water use for some non-potable purposes, as a substitute for tap water, is very hard to describe, due to a lack of relevant regulations. Moreover, while the data on various indicators or potentially pathogenic bacteria in roof runoff are abundant [1, 30, 31], the data on the total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi are very scarce. The amounts of fungi and bacteria in the Krakow roof runoff were significantly higher (1-3 orders of magnitude) than those established in Australia [81], Nigeria [103, 105], and Palestine [106], as well as higher (but to a lesser extent) than those indicated in other Polish studies, conducted in Bialystok [4]. The unpublished data on air quality in Krakow (mentioned above) may help to shed light on the microbiological assessment of roof runoff. The amount of microorganisms in the Krakow air, detected in the studies conducted in 2018, was 5-6 times higher in case of bacteria and 6-14 times higher in case of fungi, in comparison to the results obtained in two nearby smaller towns (Oswiecim and Brzesko). The air was assessed as either moderately (1000 \(<\) CFU/m\({}^{3}\)\(<\) 3000), or highly (\(>\)3000 CFU/m\({}^{3}\)) contaminated with bacteria, with respect to the Polish Standard PN-89/Z-04111/02 [107]). Regarding fungi (according to PN-89/Z-04111/03 [108]), the air was clean in winter (\(<\)3000 CFU/m\({}^{3}\)), and in other seasons characterized by pollution that may have negatively affected the human environment (5000 \(<\) CFU/m\({}^{3}\)\(<\) 10,000), or pollution the threatening human environment (\(>\)10,000 CFU/m\({}^{3}\)). The amounts of bacteria in Krakow, detected by
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Herpetofauna Survey  
Six reptile species were observed at study sites (Table 2). The sand lizard and common lizard were the dominant species surveyed in Solska Forest (Figure 4). Among snakes, the grass snake was the most frequently observed species. Other snakes (common viper and smooth snake) were observed in lower numbers, limiting our analysis of their patterns. Reptiles were most abundant at the Joz site, with the BM having only slightly lower abundance. These two sites, however, have completely different habitats (Table 1), suggesting the number of observations relies on other factors. Similarly, the least abundant sites (Buko, ZP and Krl) are located in various habitats.  
Figure 2: Monthly distribution of LAI values in the period 2011–2013 for all research sites.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Research** & **Smooth** & **Sand** & **Common** & **Common** & **Grass** & **Blind** & **Total** \\
**Site** & **Snake** & **Lizard** & **Lizard** & **Viper** & **Snake** & **Worm** & **Total** \\ \hline BM & 3 & 99 & 11 & 3 & 4 & 0 & 120 \\ Bor & 1 & 72 & 21 & 1 & 0 & 6 & 101 \\ Buko & 0 & 50 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 50 \\ Dom & 0 & 56 & 19 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 77 \\ Edg & 0 & 37 & 6 & 0 & 13 & 3 & 59 \\ Frz & 0 & 64 & 13 & 1 & 0 & 12 & 90 \\ Joz & 4 & 121 & 8 & 1 & 0 & 2 & 136 \\ Krl & 0 & 55 & 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 57 \\ Roj & 2 & 80 & 12 & 0 & 0 & 3 & 97 \\ Wbag & 1 & 16 & 37 & 0 & 3 & 5 & 62 \\ ZP & 0 & 42 & 4 & 0 & 9 & 2 & 57 \\ \hline Total & 11 & 692 & 131 & 8 & 30 & 34 & 906 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Number of observed reptile individuals at all research sites during the 2011–2013 period in Poland.  
Figure 3: Median LAI value for study sites for the whole research period in Poland. Full site names are provided in Table 1. Satellite true color image was used as the background: dark green = forest; light green = agriculture; grey = cities and villages.
## 2 Experimental Setup
### Laser Scattering  
The laser scattering setup consisted of a Nd:YAG pulse laser of type Surelite SL II-10 made by Continuum, Santa Clara, CA, USA, which was coupled with a frequency doubler of type SSP-2, also produced by Continuum, and thus is operated at a central wavelength of 532 nm [41]. To reduce the size of the setup, the laser beam is diverted by 180\({}^{\circ}\) with two hardfaced 50 mm mirrors and focused onto the scattering volume using a planoconvex 500 mm lens. To ensure the recording of the highest possible intensity of the scattered signal, the laser beam is polarized vertically and is perpendicular to the propagation direction of the scattered wave, while the scattering plane is chosen to be horizontal and also perpendicular to the beam polarization. Such \"square\" setups are recommended for plasmas with low electron densities [42] and most commonly used in experiments [43; 44; 45]. Thereafter, a Fastie-Ebert spectrograph with a focal length of 250 mm is chosen for the detection apparatus of the setup. The spectrograph is coupled with an intensified camera of type 4 Picos from Stanford Computer Optics, Berkeley, CA, USA, which is positioned in the image plane of the spectrometer. The components thus selected allowed the plasma parameters to be measured without changing the setup or acquisition settings, reducing the potential risk of error. A detailed description of the setup can be found in [39]. To achieve a temporal resolution, the scattering setup was synchronized with the operating frequency of the discharge, with the triggering circuitry described in the next section.
# Value Creation with Digital Twins: Application-Oriented Conceptual Framework and Case Study
## 5 Use Case: Shiptec  
The use case presented in this paper is based on the results of the Innosuisse project (35258.1 IP-SBM) about \"DT-based services to support decision-making along the product life cycle of capital equipment\", as well as additional interviews and workshops conducted after the project ended. This use case is built around the shipyard Shiptec, which designs, develops, and builds vessels in Switzerland for inland waterways. Shiptec is located on Lake Lucerne in central Switzerland and is the leading Swiss manufacturer of climate-friendly vessels for shipping on lakes. The focus of the use case is the motor ship (MS) Diamant, the first climate-neutral ship in Switzerland, built for the Navigation Company of Lake Lucerne (SGV). Using MS Diamant as an example, we show how the application-oriented DTF can be applied in the Shiptec context to demonstrate its usefulness in practice and thus evaluate the framework (see Figure 10).  
The information regarding the actors in the ecosystem was gathered in the Innosuisse project mentioned above and published [91] as part of this project. Further information on the results of the previous project regarding the design of the simulations and the structural approaches can be found in other publications [92; 93; 94]. Shiptec has already realized several DT-based services described in the following subchapters; further promising approaches are already visible and will be discussed in Section 6.1.
# Examining the Optimization of Spray Cleaning Performance for LiDAR Sensor
## Appendix A.1.2 Cleaning Conditions
### Spray Time  
With an increase in washer spray time, the cleaning rate increased due to the increase in the absolute cleaning time. However, proper management was required because the time of blocking the LiDAR transmitter and receiver increased with the spray time. Therefore, the spray time was accordingly limited to a range of 0.5-1.5 s, and the drying time was limited to approximately 30 min without using a dryer for this study. Furthermore, the amount of washer fluid used is directly proportional to the spray duration. Previous studies have demonstrated that droplets on the sensor surface can significantly degrade LiDAR accuracy [17]. Hence, the presence of water droplets on the sensor surface during cleaning adversely affects the LiDAR performance.
# Orbital-Based Automatic Multi-Layer Multi-Pass Welding Equipment for Small Assembly Plates
## 4 Equipment Operation Testing and Visual Scanning Simulation
### Equipment Scanning Strategy
#### 4.4.2 Visual Scanning Processing of Grooves  
In Figure 36a,b, the conditions for filtering the point cloud include point cloud intensity and size, variations in world coordinate positions, weld seam types and lap angles, and changes in planar dimensions. The scanned point clouds undergo further optimization and filtering. As shown in Figure 36b, each time the laser beam scans a groove, the acquired information contains \(N\) two-dimensional points. The sensor collaborates with the host computer to convert these two-dimensional pixel information points into three-dimensional spatial points. Figure 36c,d display the three-dimensional point clouds of the web and panel after applying the filtering conditions, featuring fewer noise points and exhibiting higher clarity and quality.  
Subsequently, the filtered three-dimensional point clouds are further processed. The host computer generates _Plane1_ for the upper planes at both ends of the laser-scanned groove. It creates _Plane2_ and _Plane3_ for the inclined planes formed by the normal vectors of the two side slopes inside the groove. By analyzing the scanning information of the groove and calculating the height difference between the upper and lower end planes, the bottom plane _Plane4_ is generated. As shown in Figure 36e,f, the final processed three-dimensional point clouds of the plate groove's web and panel are output.  
Next, boundary conditions are set. Using an extremum algorithm, the edge point clouds at the intersections of _Planes 1_ to 4 are extracted. The point clouds are then fitted into point-line diagrams utilizing the host computer's Visual Studio environment, the RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus) algorithm, and the least squares method. As illustrated in Figure 36g,h, four fitted dashed lines--_Fit line1_ to _Fit line4_--are generated based on the extracted inner and outer contour lines _Line1_ to _Line4_ of the web groove and panel groove. Finally, the host computer evaluates the path line segments and computes the central value, outputting the welding path located at the center of the groove. This provides more precise operational assurance for the upcoming welding work, as shown in Figure 36i,j.
# Improved Defect Detection Using Adaptive Leaky NLMS Filter in Guided-Wave Testing of Pipelines
## 1 Introduction
The performance analysis of leaky NLMS algorithms have been previously done by [PERSON] et al. [24] and the stability of the algorithm was investigated by [PERSON] et al. [25]. In mathematical formulation, introducing the leakage factor would only reduce the effect of past filter weights. Therefore, if the same principles of the NLMS algorithm are used, the algorithm will remain stable and bounded. This methodology was initially developed using synthesized data generated by finite element modelling (FEM) of the test system. It was then verified through experimental trials on real pipe data with a defect of 3-8% cross-sectional area (CSA) size, and enhancement of the SNR in comparison to the device's general routine is demonstrated. In Section 2, the background of guided waves in pipelines and the nature of noise is explained. Section 3 includes the description of the device's general propagation routine and the proposed adaptive filtering strategy. In the results section, for better illustration of the adaptive filtering process, each stage of the process applied to the FEM signal is shown, followed by the results achieved from the experimental tests. It is demonstrated that although the algorithm cannot increase the SNR for small defects, but it will also not decrease it in compared to general propagation routine.
## 1 Introduction
In addition, after an earthquake, ADRS utilizes the embedded controllers to maintain a temporary network so that victims trapped inside a building can post emergency messages, even when the normal network connections are disrupted. We conducted a field trial to evaluate the effectiveness of ADRS when it received a strong earthquake alert. Our results show that compared to manually operating emergency tasks, ADRS can reduce the operation time by up to 15 s, which is long enough for people to get under study furniture, or to evacuate from the third floor to the first floor, or to run more than 100 m.  
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews related work to justify and motivate our work. Section 3 describes the design and implementation of ADRS. Section 4 presents the evaluation results. Finally, Section 5 concludes this work with future directions.
# Pushover Analysis on Infill Effects on the Failure Pattern of Reinforced Concrete Frames
## 1 Introduction  
Worldwide, seismically-induced structural damage demonstrates that \"strong column-weak beam\" ductile failure mechanisms have not been fully, or even partially, realized, which is inherently contradictory with the philosophy that has been adopted by design codes [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. Seismic damage investigation [7; 8] and relevant studies revealed that such mechanical behaviors should have been substantially changed due to the interactions between infills and surrounding frames. Improper openings and half-filled infills resulted in short columns, which betray the so called \"strong shear, weak bending\" principles [9; 10; 11; 12], as shown in Figures 1 and 2.  
EC8 [13] and ASCE 41-06 [14] point out that diagonal strut force of infills are applied. Chinese code [15] specifies that infills can be considered as non-structural components. Only a reduced period factor is introduced to consider the infills' effect on the dynamics of the structures. This method simplifies the design process, but ignores the infills' effect on the seismic performance of structural components and what shall be passed on to the whole structure. Neglecting the interactions between the infills and the surrounding frames will lead to discrepancy. How to evaluate the internal force of reinforced concrete (RC) components correctly and propose appropriate recommendations become challenging issues.  
During recent decades, studies of frames with infills have been carried out. In the 1960s, [PERSON] [16] and [PERSON] [17] proposed that the carry capacity and stiffness of frames could be increased due to infills. [PERSON] [11] and [PERSON] [18] studied infill material effects on the seismic performance of structures and pointed out that the performance of the infill was of great relevance to material strength. [PERSON] [19] stated that a strong infill weak frame had better hysteretic energy dissipation capacity. However, existing studies showed that a weaker floor is another important reason for non-ductile failure [20]. Low frequency cyclic loading experiments were carried out by [PERSON] [21] and [PERSON] [22] to research infills with openings. Tests results indicated that the hysteretic energy dissipation capacity was decreased due to openings, and the failure mode of infills was related to the height and location of the openings.  
The above studies focused mainly on the effect of infills by subassemblies. However, only a few studies have been carried out in RC frames structures. The joint effect of cast in-situ slabs and infills are still insufficient. To guarantee accurate and safe design of RC frames with infills, this paper carries out a pushover analysis using ABAQUS (Dassault Company, Providence, Rhodes Island, USA) and focuses on the internal forces, such as the bending moment at the ends of columns, the effective slab width affected by infills, and the required ratio of column-to-beam strength. Recommendations are proposed based on the analysis results.
# Research on Predicting the Mechanical Characteristics of Deep-Sea Mining Transportation Pipelines
## 2 Deep-Sea Mining Transportation Pipeline Mechanics Analysis
### Static Analysis of Deep-Sea Mining Transportation Pipeline  
The deep-sea transportation pipeline is considered a slender structure in marine engineering. Its static analysis usually employs the catenary equation [37]. The application of catenary theory [38] allows for a precise analytical calculation of the pipeline. Considering a differential segment, \(ds\), the catenary model is illustrated in Figure 1. Here, \(q(s)\) represents the gravitational force per unit length of the pipeline, \(\theta\) denotes the angle between the pipeline unit's tangent and the horizontal direction, and \(Tsin\theta\) and \(Tcos\theta\) are, respectively, the vertical and horizontal components of tension.  
Based on the force balance analysis, the following is concluded:  
\[\frac{d}{dx}(T\ cos\theta)=0 \tag{1}\]  
\[\frac{d}{dx}(T\ sin\theta)dx-qds=0 \tag{2}\]  
Figure 1: Static analysis of pipeline unit catenary line.  
Assuming the constant \(k=Tcos\theta\), substituting \(T=k/cos\theta\) into Equation (2) yields  
\[k\frac{d}{dx}(tan\theta)=qds \tag{3}\]  
In the equation, \(tan\theta=\frac{dy}{dx}\), and substituting this into Equation (3) yields  
\[k\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}=qds \tag{4}\]  
Integrating Equation (4) yields  
\[y=\frac{k}{q}cosh\Big{(}\frac{q}{k}x+C_{1}\Big{)}+C_{2} \tag{5}\]
## 5 Possible Solutions of Current Limitations--The Sentinel-1 Mission
* Volcanoes at global level. * Major tectonic areas and geo-hazard supersites worldwide (concentrating on the major subduction and continental collision zones, e.g., the \"Pacific Ring of Fire\", the Himalaya, but also important rifting zones, such as the Afar Region). * Worldwide collection of reference data to support flood monitoring. After the 6-month ramp-up phase of Sentinel-1 A and especially after the launch of Sentinel-1 B (planned for the end of 2015) there is the capacity to extend this acquisition plan to worldwide coverage with a repeat orbit reduced to 6 days (at the two-satellite-constellation). The new data policy \"free and open access to users\" will increase and improve the usability of the Sentinel data, as the EO data will be disseminated at no charge and without the need for an ordering process. Rapid damage assessment to support fast crisis response is supported by the systematic acquisition and online access mode of the EO data [141,143]. Sentinel-1 will provide an unprecedented opportunity for fast and accurate damage assessment after a natural disaster. This will increase and improve the support to fast crisis response.
# Study on Noise Reduction with Paving Different Low Noise Pavement Materials
## 4 Measurement Results
### Speed of the Trailer at 60 km/h  
Figure 4 plots the measurement results with CPX using the trailer at the speed of 60 km/h. For the inner lane, before the pavement maintenance, the road surface is ECA-10, the average equivalent sound pressure level of typical light vehicle tires/road noise is 110.0 dB, while that of the typical heavy vehicle is 112.0 dB, and thus the tire/road noise of heavy vehicles, is about 2 dB higher than that of light vehicles. After the pavement maintenance, both the tire/road noise of light vehicles and that of heavy vehicles have decreased. With 2.5 cm PUC-10, light vehicle tire/road noise has decreased by an average of 0.6 dB and heavy vehicle tire/road noise has decreased by an average of 1.9 dB. With 4.5 cm PAC-13+2.5 cm PUC-10, light vehicle tire/road noise has decreased by an average of 3.5 dB and heavy vehicle tire/road noise has decreased by an average of 5.1 dB. With 2.5 cm PUC-10, light vehicle tire/road noise has decreased by 1.5 dB on average and heavy  
Figure 3: Microphones placements according to ISO 11819-2: (**a**) radial direction; (**b**) tangential direction.  
2.2 dB on average. With 4.0 cm PAC-13, light vehicle tire/road noise has decreased by an average of 0.5 dB and heavy vehicle tire/road noise has decreased by an average of 1.3 dB.  
Comparing the tire/road noise in the inner lane and that in the outer lane at 60 km/h, with ECA-10, the tire/road noise of heavy vehicles is higher than that of light vehicles. With the use of the road surface, the tire/road noise of heavy vehicles will decrease and be close to light vehicles. For 2.5 cm PUC-10, the average light vehicle tire/road noise is 109.6 dB, and the average heavy vehicle tire/road noise is 110.3 dB, the tire/road noise of heavy vehicle is 0.7 dB higher than that of light vehicle. For 4.5 cm PAC-13 + 2.5 cm PUC-10, the average light vehicle tire/road noise is 108.2 dB, and the average heavy vehicle tire/road noise is 108.4 dB, so the tire/road noise of heavy vehicle is similar to that of light vehicle. For 4.0 cm PAC-13, average tire/road noise of heavy vehicle and that of light vehicle are 109.9 dB. All these results are depicted in Figure 5.  
From the experimental results at 60 km/h, one can see that the lowest tire/road noise can be obtained for both light vehicles and heavy vehicles when using the double-layer pavement. Compared with the 4.0 cm PAC-13, for light vehicles, the tire/road noise with 2.5 cm PUC-10 is lower than that with 4.0 cm PAC-13, while for heavy vehicles, the tire/road noise with 2.5 cm PUC-10 is higher than that with 4.0 cm PAC-13. Therefore, at a driving speed of 60 km/h, a combined pavement structure with a 2.5 cm PUC-10 pavement in the inner lane and a 4.0 cm PAC-13 in the outer lane is suggested to obtain a promising noise reduction performance for practical applications.
## 5 Performance Analysis
### Computation Time  
Table 4 illustrates the comparison we made in this section between the ADDGCN model's computational cost and a few baseline models on the PEMS08 dataset. The results indicate that while ADDGCN exhibits excellent performance, it does not incur excessive computational costs. Compared to other advanced baseline models like GWN and STG-NCDE, ADDGCN outperforms its counterparts while incurring much lower computational costs. This is achieved through the parallel processing of data and the lightweight nature of the model. Although SCINet and AGCRN have lower computational costs, SCINet falls short in capturing spatial correlations, and AGCRN, while adept at capturing spatial correlations, is limited in its learning of spatio-temporal information interactions. The primary source of computational cost for ADDGCN is the interaction learning process in its sub-sampling dynamic graph convolutional structure. The model adopts a non-autoregressive approach to parallel data processing, thereby enhancing efficiency.