## 2 The Role of IoT Devices in Smart Buildings
### Challenges in IoT-Enabled Smart Buildings  
A new industrial infrastructure built on cyber-physical technologies with embedded software that is linked to the real world via the Internet of Things is referred to as Industry 4.0 [25]. As part of the production process, this framework facilitates communication by incorporating machine learning (ML) as well as artificial intelligence (AI) [26]. Some societal uses of IoT include healthcare, home automation, entertainment, workplaces, and educational buildings. In smart buildings, for example, equipment and devices can be monitored and regulated to save energy and enhance tenant security and comfort. There are many challenges in smart buildings. Smart buildings can be made safer and much more secure via the application of careful planning, capable management, and sensible regulations [27]. Table 1 summarizes several challenges faced in smart buildings. Figure 2: Basic components of an effective IoT system. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Sr. \#** & **Challenges** & **Function and Role in IoT and Smart Buildings** & **Description** & **References** \\ \hline
**1** & Big data analytics & In smart buildings, enormous amounts of data are generated every second and increase to crucial quantities. & The Internet of Things (IoT) generates vast quantities of constantly changing, high-resolution data that can be used for big data analytics. In the context. & [28] \\ \hline
**2** & Availability of services and networks & Intelligent buildings manage a complex network. & It is one of the big issues that intelligent buildings manage a complex network of connected functional entities across the building. & [29] \\ \hline
**3** & Cyber security concerns & Handle the increasing complexity of building operations. & Handle the increasing complexity of building operations. However, attack channels have grown, and attacks might potentially harm building residents, these changes raise significant cyber security issues. & [30] \\ \hline
**4** & System for controlling the energy use of a building & Building’s energy management system which carries out critical energy management tasks. & It is necessary for the building’s energy management system to carry out critical energy management tasks. It is a big challenge, namely, checking energy management tasks. & [31] \\ \hline
**5** & Increase visibility & Visibility is required to detect misconfigurations. & With pervasive connectivity, visibility of resources entering and exiting the network is essential. Visibility is required to detect required to detect misconfigurations, errors, or anomalies that could result in a security flaw. & [32] \\ \hline
**6** & Manageability, connectivity, and programmability & Gives smart services to users while also maximizing resource utilization. & Applying IoT technologies to buildings can providesmart services to users while also maximizing resource utilization. There are various problems in designing apps for these two domains. Three significant issues are manageability, connectivity, and programmability. & [33] \\ \hline
**7** & Sensors range & Sensors are necessary in smart buildings to transfer data. & Limitations in the sensing range are expensive, especially for smart buildings. & [34] \\ \hline
**8** & Energy efficiency in smart buildings & It provides analytics that how energy is absorbed in smart buildings. & Limitations in the sensing range are expensive, especially for smart buildings. & [35] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Challenges in IoT-enabled smart buildings. Most Essential IoT-Enabled Factors Which Need AI Integration in Smart Buildings to Make Them Energy Efficient  
People can feel safe and comfortable in smart buildings with the integration of AI and IoT. Data from a range of sensors are used by IoT-enabled smart buildings to reduce energy consumption and increase operational efficiency [37]. IoT devices installed in smart buildings help smart buildings to control their energy consumption [38].