esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 An Expert System to Estimate RIF  
An expert system is established to obtain expert evaluations regarding product reliability, which contains a collection of expert-level knowledge and experience in a field and is capable of utilizing human expert knowledge and problem-solving methods to evaluate the reliability of a new product. In this paper, the established expert system uses Bayesian BWM to obtain the weight of each criterion and fuzzy inference to obtain experts' judgments, respectively.  
Experts' judgments are subjective linguistic pieces of information that need to be converted to a mathematical form. Experts can also refer to some similar product reliability information, such as mean time between failure (MTBF) and failure rate. To obtain the subjective data of the experts through this subjective comparison, the intermediate quantity of the reliability improvement factor (RIF) \(\lambda_{N}\) is introduced as  
\[\lambda_{RI}=\frac{|RI_{N}-RI_{O}|}{RI_{O}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(RI_{N}\) and \(RI_{O}\) are the reliability index (e.g., MTBF, failure rate) of the new products and old products, respectively.  
As the reliability of products is determined by multiple standards, so is RIF. The expert system in this paper is composed of a group of experts, and it is therefore necessary to aggregate the judgments of experts. Suppose that \(i(i=1,2,\cdots,n)\) criteria are considered to have an impact on product reliability; the aggregated weight of each criterion \(w_{i}^{agg}\) and aggregated experts' judgments of each criterion of RIF \(\lambda_{i}^{agg}\) are proposed to determine the RIF \(\lambda_{RI}\) as Equation (2) shown. In this paper, the BMW method and fuzzy logic inference are adopted for obtaining \(w_{i}^{agg}\) and \(\lambda_{i}^{agg}\), respectively.  
\[\lambda_{RI}=\sum_{i=1}^{n}w_{i}^{agg}\lambda_{i}^{agg} \tag{2}\]
# Effect of Super Retarder on Recycled Water and Concrete Properties of Waste Slurry in Mixing Plant
###### Abstract  
A large amount of waste slurry water will be generated in the production process of concrete mixing plant, due to the complex composition of waste slurry water, if it is not handled in time when stored, serious coagulation will occur, which will accelerate the loss of equipment and reduce the utilization rate. In this paper, a super retarder suitable for waste slurry recycled water from concrete mixing plant was prepared using composite technology. The waste slurry recycled water mixed with super retarding agent was characterized by using microscopic testing means XRD, TG and DTG. The waste slurry recycled water mixed with super retarding agent was used to replace tap water in the production of concrete, and its effect on the workability and mechanical properties of concrete was investigated. It was found that the compounding of Butane 2-phospho-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA) with Reclaimed water treatment agent (ACS) resulted in a setting time of 64 h for 10% concentration of recycled water, with optimal retarding effect. When PBTCA:ACS was 1:20, mixed at 1.5% of the mass of recycled water, the 1 h slump of concrete had no loss, the loss of extension was 15 mm, the 7 days compressive strength was increased by 3.5 MPa, and the 28 days compressive strength was increased by 3.0 MPa. The microscopic results showed that the use of ACS and PBTCA does not affect the type of cement hydration products, but only affects the the rate of hydration product generation.  
super retarder; concrete; waste slurry recycled water; setting time; compressive strength Article
## 4 Evaluation and Result
### Results
Figure 16a shows the received sensitivity of the proposed method and the existing method, and Figure 16b shows the BER characteristics of PAM4 signals for back-to-back when the received power is \(-4\) to \(-14\) dBm for each method. The sensitivity results show that the proposed method is \(1.14\) dB lower than the APD method and about \(3.55\) dB lower than the SOA method. The BER graph also shows that the existing methods are lower than the proposed method at the same received optical power. The BER of the APD method is higher than the proposed method in the \(-4\) to \(-6\) dBm range because of the overload phenomenon caused by APD receivers when receiving high optical power. As the comparison result, the performance of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**List**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Unit**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Case Temperature**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**50 GB ASE-ER Ref. [3]**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & \(\mathbf{0}\)\({}^{\circ}\mathbf{C}\) & \(\mathbf{25}\)\({}^{\circ}\mathbf{C}\) & \(\mathbf{70}\)\({}^{\circ}\mathbf{C}\) \\ \hline Wavelength & nm & \(1308.42\) & \(1308.40\) & \(1308.38\) & \(1304.5\sim 1317.5\) \\ \hline ER outer & dB & \(9.0552\) & \(8.7641\) & \(8.0731\) & - \\ \hline Tx power (OMA) & dBm & \(7.27\) & \(7.48\) & \(7.47\) & \(4.5\) \\ \hline Rx power (OMA) & dBm & \(-12.73\) & \(-12.58\) & \(-12.08\) & \(-13.5\) \\ \hline Power budget & dB & \(20.01\) & \(20.07\) & \(19.55\) & \(20\) \\ \hline Transmission distance & Km & \(57.17\) & \(57.17\) & \(55.87\) & \(\geq 40\) \\ \hline Power Consumption & W & \(2.8\) & \(2.6\) & \(3.0\) & \(4.5\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Measurements of the QSFP28 PAM4 optical transceiver parameters. Figure 15: Optical PAM4 transceiver graph of Rx power digital diagnostic monitoring (DDM). the proposed method reaches 90% of the APD method and 80% of the SOA method. From a cost perspective, the proposed method has a beneficial point given that the hardware cost is half that of existing methods and available for long-distance transmission. Therefore, the proposed method can be applied to product designs such as QSFP28 ER-lite, depending on application. Finally, the advantages of the proposed design scheme are summarized in Table 5.The proposed firmware design technique implemented a DSP driver API designed to help change the DSP IC if the system requires significantly more bandwidth. In addition, the receiver design using PIN-PD minimizes the circuit design space. This method can be tested in high- and low-temperature environments to ensure stability of the optical transceiver. The proposed method also used the vendor register of QSFP28 to help debug and tune the optical transceiver. Figure 16: Performance comparison between the proposed method and other methods (avalanche photodiode (APD) used and semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) + positive intrinsic negative (PIN) used).
# Convergence Gain in Compressive Deconvolution: Application to Medical Ultrasound Imaging
###### Abstract  
The compressive deconvolution (CD) problem represents a class of efficient models that is appealing in high-resolution ultrasound image reconstruction. In this paper, we focus on designing an improved CD method based on the framework of a strictly contractive Peaceman-Rechford splitting method (sc-PRSM). By fully excavating the special structure of ultrasound image reconstruction, the improved CD method is easier to implement by partially linearizing the quadratic term of subproblems in the CD problem. The resulting subproblems can obtain closed-form solutions. The convergence of the improved CD method with partial linearization is guaranteed by employing a customized relaxation factor. We establish the global convergence for the new method. The performance of the method is verified via several experiments implemented in realistic synthetic data and in vivo ultrasound images.  
Keywords:linearized Peaceman-Rechford splitting method; compressive deconvolution; convex minimization; compressive sensing +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Low-Resolution Target Detection with High-Frequency Information Preservation
## 4 Experiments
### Evaluation on Human Pose Estimation  
As shown in Table 2, we incorporated HFIP into two representative networks for human estimation tasks--HRNet and SimpleBaseline--and achieved the best performance. It is worth noting that our method significantly improves the network's performance in an extremely low-resolution setting of \(64\times 48\). Compared to HRNet using SPD-Conv, HRNet using HFIP shows a significant improvement, with an increase of 0.65%, 0.55%, and 1% for mAP, AP(0.5), and AP(0.75), respectively. Compared to the original HRNet, HRNet with HFIP demonstrates more significant improvements, exhibiting respective enhancements  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Backbone** & **Imgsize** & **mAP** & **mAP (Small)** \\ \hline YOLOv5n [26] & - & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 28.00 & 14.14 \\ YOLOv5n + SPD [2] & - & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 30.70 & 15.60 \\ YOLOv5n + HFIP & - & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 31.67 & 16.43 \\ YOLOv5s [26] & - & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 37.40 & 21.09 \\ YOLOv5s + SPD [2] & - & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 38.90 & 22.50 \\ YOLOv5s + HFIP & - & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 40.70 & 23.40 \\ YOLOv5m [26] & - & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 45.33 & 27.81 \\ YOLOv5m + SPD [2] & - & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 45.81 & 29.69 \\ YOLOv5m + HFIP & - & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 46.70 & 30.40 \\ \hline YOLOF [1] & R-50-C5 & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 37.50 & 19.00 \\ YOLOF + SPD [2] & R-50-C5 & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 37.70 & 19.20 \\ YOLOF + HFIP & R-50-C5 & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 38.40 & 19.70 \\ \hline YOLOv11n [27] & - & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 33.30 & 14.70 \\ YOLOv11n + SPD [2] & - & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 34.10 & 16.10 \\ YOLOv11n + HFIP & - & 640 \(\times\) 640 & 35.40 & 17.50 \\ \hline Faster R-CNN [25] & R50-FPN & 1333 \(\times\) 800 & 37.40 & 21.20 \\ Faster R-CNN + SPD [2] & R50-FPN & 1333 \(\times\) 800 & 39.20 & 23.80 \\ Faster R-CNN + HFIP & R50-FPN & 1333 \(\times\) 800 & 40.31 & 24.50 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison with state-of-the-art object detection methods under the low-resolution setting on the COCO val set.  
of 1.2%, 0.65%, and 1.2% for all three metrics. The results for SimpleBaseline are similar to those obtained for HRNet, with improvements of 2.5%, 1.2%, and 6.8% compared to the model with SPD-Conv and improvements of 19.4%, 8.6%, and 42.8% compared to the original model. As image resolution increases, the models using HFIP continue to achieve the best performance.
## 3 Discussion
### Implications for Engineering Design  
The practical implications of this research are clear: validated FEM models, combined with PSD simplifications, provide a powerful toolset for predicting the fatigue life of mechanical systems under random vibration. This study's results encourage a more widespread use of PSD simplifications in fatigue analysis, particularly in scenarios where extensive computational resources are unavailable. Engineers can use these methods to improve design efficiency, optimize materials, and increase the longevity of mechanical components without sacrificing analysis accuracy.
## 3 Results
### Testing the Accuracy of the Results Obtained Using the SA Algorithm
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Example Name:**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{\(PRD(\text{SA}+\text{SA})\_RS (\%)\) –}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{\(PRD(\text{SA}+\text{SA})\_CR (\%)\) –}} \\
**Number of Units \(\times\) Number** & & \\
**of Works** & & **Algorithm RS** & **Algorithm CR** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Examples \(n=6\) units} \\ \hline \(6\times 3\) & \(-6.19\) & \(-3.73\) \\ \(6\times 5\) & \(-7.36\) & \(-4.62\) \\ \(6\times 7\) & \(-9.92\) & \(-6.69\) \\ mean \(PRD\) for size \(n=6\) & \(-7.82\) & \(-5.01\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Examples \(n=10\) units} \\ \hline \(10\times 3\) & \(-11.17\) & \(-6.67\) \\ \(10\times 5\) & \(-14.95\) & \(-8.71\) \\ \(10\times 7\) & \(-18.07\) & \(-11.93\) \\ mean \(PRD\) for size \(n=10\) & \(-14.73\) & \(-9.10\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Examples \(n=15\) units} \\ \hline \(15\times 3\) & \(-16.74\) & \(-10.14\) \\ \(15\times 5\) & \(-10.68\) & \(-3.68\) \\ \(15\times 7\) & \(-11.14\) & \(-2.93\) \\ mean \(PRD\) for size \(n=15\) & \(-12.85\) & \(-5.58\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Examples \(n=20\) units} \\ \hline \(20\times 3\) & \(-16.64\) & \(-9.31\) \\ \(20\times 5\) & \(-11.48\) & \(-4.23\) \\ \(20\times 7\) & \(-20.48\) & \(-13.31\) \\ \hline mean \(PRD\) for size \(n=20\) & \(-16.20\) & \(-8.95\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Examples \(n=6\), 10, 15, 20 units} \\ \hline mean \(PRD\) (\%) & \(-12.90\) & \(-7.16\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The verification results for examples \(n=6\), 10, 15, and 20 units obtained with the use of the SA + SA algorithm. optimization tasks is \(-7.16\%\) and usually showed a decrease in its values for sizes \(n=15\) and \(n=20\) units and sizes \(m=5\) and \(m=7\) works.
## 4 Simulations and Results
### Description of Simulation Scenarios
Figure 7: Simulation scenarios from two cities of Catalonia, Spain. (**a**) Example district of Barcelona from OSM; (**b**) downtown area of Tarragona from OSM; (**c**) barcelona simulated scenario with an access point (AP); buildings from OpenStreetMap are included. (**d**) Tarragona simulated scenario with six APs; buildings from OpenStreetMap are included. Table 1 summarizes the main simulation settings.
## 3 Stability Analysis for Upper Limit  
In practice, DPLLs are a type of sampled-data loop that is never unconditionally stable; high gain loops always result in instability because of the inherent computational delay, which constitutes a major potential drawback of this type of system. Moreover, a stability problem occurs for DPLLs when the loop bandwidth is insufficiently small relative to the loop update interval. Therefore, the upper and lower limits on the value of \(BT\) that ensure the stability margin and the gain margin of the DPLLs should be determined. The upper limits for DPLLs are obtained from the stability analysis in this Section.
# Programmable Data Plane Applications in 5G and Beyond Architectures: A Systematic Review
## 4 Findings and Discussion
### Obtained Results Discussion
#### 4.4.4 In-Band Telemetry  
The study described in [93] demonstrates that the end-to-end round trip time (RTT) and dequeue time can be accurately measured using their implementation of INT. Another work in [94] reported that the INT load did not have a significant impact on end-to-end latency, as it was found to be below 1 ms. Moreover, INT-based traffic steering can reduce latency to less than 50 ms. The results of applying INT for network slicing in [95] show that uRLLC packet loss is reduced to almost zero compared to conventional software approaches. Meanwhile, for mMTC, it was observed that the average throughput per node is approximately equal to the packet generation rate, regardless of the number of nodes requesting connections. Finally, the implemented INT in [63] achieved an average latency reduction of around 6 ms, while the programmable switch was able to extract features in around 110 \(\upmu\)s.
## 2 Related Work
### Vehicular Networks  
The last decade has seen a revolution in transport based on the emergence of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs). Several research testbeds have been built [5]. This has spurred more research into Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) which will result in smaller journey times, less congestion and a reduction in the number of road accidents. Vehicular networks pose serious challenges as they require reliable, low latency, high bandwidth communication as well as the ability to process data in real-time. These challenges can only be met by moving data processing and services to the edge of the network.  
The convergence of the automotive industry with cognitive computing, forming the Industrial Cognitive Internet of Vehicles (CIoV), is a rapidly evolving field with significant implications for the QoS and security in vehicular networks. This convergence is driven by the increasing impact of social media on automotive services and the need for advanced edge computing solutions to reduce latency and enhance reliability. As explored by the author in [6], offloading cognitive computing tasks to the network edge using methods like 88 CQP, which employs Canopy and K-medoids clustering along with a non-dominated sorting 89 genetic algorithm III, can optimize edge server (ES) quantification and placement, thereby improving the QoS by 90%.
# The Early Detection of Cardiac Fatigue: Could the HRV Be Used as a Physiological Biomarker by AI?
## 3 Results
### Multivariate Analysis and SCI  
[PERSON] et al. (2016) [PERSON] et al. (2016) reported a comparison between a control group of able-bodied subjects and a group of subjects with SCI; this is particularly relevant because the SCI groups' sympathetic nervous systems are damaged, and fatigue can significantly hinder the efficacy of their rehabilitation. Elevated fatigue was linked to higher sympathetic dysfunction, according to research based on HRV, Index Fatigue Scale (IFS) and eye blink duration [48]. Furthermore, fatigue was found to be associated with altered HRV, which may represent a potential cardiac risk.
# Transmission Reduction for UV and IR Radiation with Dyed Lyocell Knitted Textiles
###### Abstract  
Sunlight is essential for humans. However, sunlight can be the source of several disadvantageous effects and illnesses, e.g., skin aging, sunburn, and skin cancer. Textiles with functional protective effects can counteract these problems. In the current research, knitted fabrics were produced from Lyocell yams spin-doped with the inorganic UV absorber titanium dioxide TiO\({}_{2}\). Lyocell yams without TiO\({}_{2}\) were used as reference materials. The produced knitted fabrics were dyed with different dyestuffs to improve the protective properties against UV light and infrared light. The protective properties are determined by optical spectroscopy in an arrangement of diffusive transmission. With the two dyestuffs Drimanem Yellow HF-CD and Solophenyl Bordeaux 3 BLE, dyes were determined which complete UV protection and additionally reduce transmission in the near-IR range (700 nm to 1000 nm). TiO\({}_{2}\) in the fibers enhanced this effect. In the UV range (280 nm to 400 nm), the transmission was almost zero with both dyes. Overall, the Lyocell samples containing TiO\({}_{2}\) exhibit less sensitivity to abrasion and a UV protective effect after washing can be still determined. The weight loss after the abrasion test for these samples is quite low with only around 8.5 wt-% (10,000 nubing cycles in the Martindale device). It is concluded that the right choice of dye can improve the protective effect of textiles against various types of radiation. Lyocell fiber-based textiles are suitable for the production of summer clothing due to their good moisture management. Compared to other radiation protective materials based on coating application, the presented solution is advantageous, because the textile properties of the realized products are still present. For this, a direct transfer to clothing application and use in apparel is easily possible. This study can be seen as the first proof-of-concept for the future development of light-protective clothing products.  
Lyocell; TiO\({}_{2}\); transmission reduction; UV irradiation; IR irradiation; reactive dyes; direct dyes +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Optical Interference Suppression Based on LCD-Filtering
## 1 Introduction
For example, by using eight PDs, an almost perfect suppression of an interfering light source can be achieved with a probability of \(15/16\) when assuming random distributed point light sources. In this contribution, we introduce a novel filter approach using liquid-crystal display (LCD) technology, replacing the static aperture by a dynamic one and thereby expanding the range of application to a wider scope of communication scenarios. A related optical filtering method has been presented in [11], employing transmitter-side beam-stearing using an LCD. A significant difference to our approach is the reduction of the optical output power by transmitter-side filtering, impairing the illumination functionality of VLC. Furthermore, interference by other light sources like unmodulated lighting fixtures and by solar irradiation can only be reduced by receiver-side filtering. The fundamentals of operation as well as the experimental set-up under investigation are introduced in Section 2, discussing the geometric arrangement and the relevant optical parameters. In Section 3, the LCD filter technique is evaluated with respect to the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) improvement for two different interference scenarios. A MIMO scenario is introduced in Section 4 and simulation results on the bit error rate (BER) performance are presented. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 5.
## 3 Results
### Salinas Beach
#### 3.2.1 Seasonality in Salinas SAR-SL  
The SAR-SL time series shows a seasonal pattern in Salinas beach, according to which the SAR-SL migrates inland during winter and returns to a more accreted position in summer (Figure 13).  
Figure 11: SLs produced for Salinas including both ASC and DESC tracks (**a**). Filtering applied to the scene and points selected to produce time series (**b**). Source of aerial imagery: Google, ©2023 Maxar Technologies.  
Figure 12: Topographic contour lines in Salinas beach for 2022 (MLW = mean low water, MSL = mean sea level and MHW = mean high water). The numbers indicate the beach profiles in the scene. Source of aerial imagery: Esri, World Imagery Metadata.  
The available in situ topographic surveys (four in seven years) are not enough to study the intra-annual behavior of the beach profile; therefore, validation of the seasonal morphodynamic pattern based on the available ground-truth data from topographic surveys in Salinas is not possible. Instead, in this assessment, the correlation between SAR time-series SLs and local hydrodynamics is analyzed. To achieve this, time series of the TWL are calculated from the available oceanographic data (see Section 2.5.2) as an aggregation of the astronomical tide, storm surge, and the estimated wave run-up exceeded by only 2% of the waves within the sea state [46]. A simple moving average of the TWL is represented in Figure A3 in Appendix A based on a 24 h sampling window to reduce the impact of the semidiurnal astronomical tide (with 5 m of spring tidal range in Salinas) in the inter-annual TWL time series.  
Figure 14 shows that most SAR-SL distances under a threshold defined as the highest annual minimum (corresponding to the year 2017) take place within the time window in which the 95% percentile of the TWL is exceeded by the TWL moving average time series.  
The qualitative correlation detected between the highest values of the TWL and the most retreated SAR-SL positions is stronger for SAR DES  
Figure 14: SAR-SL distance from the baseline in Salinas beach (**top** and **middle** panels); TWL moving average (TWL M.A.; **bottom** panel).  
Figure 13: Time series of SAR-SL distance from the baseline in Salinas beach.  
stronger seasonal pattern, which consists of a landward migration of the SL during winter and a seaward migration during summer. This agrees with the theoretical behavior of the equilibrium beach profile, which is expected to move seaward due to low-energy waves in summer, while it is expected to move landward during the energetic swell in winter seasons.