# A New Generation of Fast and Low-Memory Smart Digital/Geometrical Beamforming MIMO Antenna
## 5 Discussion  
MIMO technology has become a key component in modern wireless communication systems, enabling higher data rates, improving reliability, and providing better coverage in challenging environments. This developed antenna system is a novel digital/geometrical MIMO dipole antenna architecture that has high-speed beamsteering capability, which allows the beam to be steered in any direction (0\({}^{\circ}\)-360\({}^{\circ}\)) with high directionality and low complexity due to the optimization of the phase delay factors.  
According to Figures 7-9, the radiated beam is very narrow in all of the three-dimensional planes, proving a high directionality, low interference from/to other sources, and high energy efficiency in a desired direction. Due to these advantages, this new digital/geometrical MIMO system can significantly benefit future wireless communication using 6G and beyond [3].  
Furthermore, the directivity of the transmitter is approximately 11.6 (10.65 dBi). Compared with other types of MIMO antenna systems, this directivity value is higher. For instance, in patched-type [18-22] antenna systems, the directivity is between 3 dBi and 10 dBi. Moreover, the patched-type antennas work at a limited frequency band. According to the study and findings of [23], the beam directivity can be increased to 15 dBi using structurally larger and heavier horn-type antennas. However, this beam cannot be steered easily. Furthermore, it requires a considerable amount of energy to form a beam. As we can observe from the radiation patterns of the antenna in [23], much energy is wasted on the intermediate side lobes. Another study on a spiral-dipole antenna elaborated that the power gain of the antenna transmitter is between 0 dBi and 3 dBi. Another MIMO dipole antenna shown in [24] reached the maximum power gain of 4.7-4.9 dBi. A microstrip antenna using metamaterial yielded a maximum power gain value of 15 dBi in [25]. However, the radiated beam is not steerable in all directions, and the energy wastage is high. Bycomparing the antennas mentioned above, this proposed smart new digital/geometrical MIMO system has several advantages and is a competitive antenna design for future wireless communication systems.  
At the receiver side, there are eight dipole elements that are connected to the phase delay factors. Hence, the signal processing gain of the receiver antenna is 64 (18.06 dBi). This gain value contributes to the increase in the overall power gain of the new digital/geometrical MIMO system. Due to the directivity of the vertical plane for a half-wave dipole antenna at a specified angle, the overall power gain value at the receiver-side antenna is 64 \(\times\) 2.2 = 140.8 (21.48 dBi). Therefore, this proposed system has a very high directional power gain at its receiver end. This will increase the quality of the signals [26] and provide the ability to detect very weak signals from long distances.  
The overall power gain of the entire smart MIMO system is 1633.28 (32.13 dBi), which is a very high value when compared with the other types of MIMO systems. However, when we calculated the overall directivity by forming the beams to a specified direction at the transmitter and at the receiver, the overall power gain value only reached 134.56 (21.28 dBi). There is a significant difference between these two values because, when we used the first approach, more noise was generated at the receiving side due to multiple receiving signals. Hence, the SNR of that system was low. However, when the beams were formed to specified directions at the transmitter and receiver, the effect of the noise was very low, leading to a higher SNR value.  
One of the advantages of this system is that the transmitter can work as a receiver, and the receiver can work as a transmitter. Even though the directional power gains change with the transmitter or receiver, the overall power gain of the entire system remains the same and will only be changed by inadvertent environmental factors, such as rain or buildings.