## 6 Conclusions  
This research is grounded in the Vlasov foundation model and employs theoretical methodologies to investigate the impact of foundation pit dewatering on nearby existing tunnels under the influence of lateral soil actions. The validity and precision of this approach have been confirmed through comprehensive three-dimensional finite element analysis. Furthermore, a thorough examination of the impact of various factors on tunnel deformation has been conducted through parameter sensitivity analysis. Following an extensive analysis, the following conclusions have been drawn. (1) Considering the lateral soil constraint on tunnel deformation is more in line with actual conditions. Additionally, applying the Vlasov foundation model to simulate the interaction between the tunnel and soil can achieve more precise foundation parameters. Therefore, when predicting the settlement of an existing tunnel caused by adjacent foundation pit dewatering, the influence of the lateral soil of the tunnel should not be ignored. (2) An increase in the permeability coefficient (\(k_{\mathrm{t}}\)) leads to a corresponding rise in the settlement of adjacent tunnels due to dewatering, while the bending moment experienced by the tunnel remains relatively stable. The distance (d) between the tunnel and the dewatering well exerts a notable influence on the stress deformation of the tunnel. As this distance increases, both the settlement and bending moment generated by the tunnel decrease. Therefore, in order to ensure the operational safety of the tunnel, it is preferable to position the dewatering wells at a considerable distance from the tunnel. (3) An augmentation in the depth of the water level drop (\(s_{\mathrm{w}}\)) can increase additional stress and settlement on the tunnel. Nonetheless, when the water level descends beneath the tunnel axis, the maximum additional stress on the tunnel ceases to escalate but exhibits an expansion in its spatial reach. Concurrently, the maximum bending moment experienced by the tunnel initiates a decline, positioning itself at the intersection of the tunnel and the water level. Consequently, it is imperative to direct special attention to the segment of the tunnel nearest to the water level during dewatering events. (4) This study proposes a method to predict the settlement of an existing tunnel affected by adjacent foundation pit dewatering. The method assumes elastic soil surrounding the tunnels. This assumption is reasonable when the plastic deformation of the soil is negligible. Future studies will focus on the effect of the plasticity of surrounding soils to improve the accuracy in predicting tunnel settlement. Figure 15: Curves of tunnel bending moments under different water level drop depths \(s_{\mathrm{w}}\). **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, X.L. ; software, L.G. ; validation, L.G. ; investigation, X.L. ; data curation, Y.T. ; writing--original draft preparation, X.L. ; writing--review and editing, M.C. ; visualization, Y.T. ; supervision, J.P.; project administration, C.X. ; funding acquisition, J.P. and C.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 52238009, the joint fund of NSFC-Railway Corporation for basic research of high-speed railway, grant number U1934208 and Nanchang rail transit Group research project, grant number 2020 HGKYB008. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy. **Conflicts of Interest:** Authors [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] were employed by the company Nanchang Rail Transit Group Limited Corporation.