esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Performance Analysis
### Link Budget  
Link budget or received power is the summation of the losses and gains. The concept of the link budget is addressed in Section 3. In order to calculate the link budget, we  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**SF** & **BW 1 = 125 KHz** & **BW 2 = 250 KHz** & **BW 3 = 500 KHz** \\ \hline SF 7 & 78.08 & 39.04 & 19.52 \\ SF 8 & 139.78 & 69.89 & 34.94 \\ SF 9 & 279.55 & 139.78 & 69.89 \\ SF 10 & 493.57 & 246.78 & 123.39 \\ SF 11 & 987.14 & 493.57 & 246.78 \\ SF 12 & 1712.13 & 856.06 & 428.03 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 11: ToA (ms) at CR 4.  
Figure 10: ToA for a payload of 25 bytes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**SF** & **BW 1 = 125 KHz** & **BW 2 = 250 KHz** & **BW 3 = 500 KHz** \\ \hline SF 7 & 63.74 & 31.87 & 15.94 \\ SF 8 & 115.2 & 57.6 & 28.8 \\ SF 9 & 230.4 & 115.2 & 57.6 \\ SF 10 & 411.65 & 205.82 & 102.91 \\ SF 11 & 823.3 & 411.65 & 205.82 \\ SF 12 & 1449.98 & 724.99 & 362.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: ToA (ms) at CR 2.  
considered Equation (11). We considered the three BW, namely 125 kHz, 250 kHz, and 500 KHz, and SF from 7 to 12.  
As the link budget is the sum of the transmitted power (Tx) and receiver sensitivity, the increase in the Tx is leading to an increase in the link budget, and it can be observed in Figure 11. For every increment in the SF, there is also arises in the link budget. At 14 dBm, the link budget achieved maximum dBm for 125 kHz of SF 12. At 2 dBm, the link budget recorded low dBm for 500 kHz of SF7. It is concluded that the maximum link budget is achieved with high Tx power and low BW.
## 5 Experimental Evaluation
### Benchmark Framework and Workload
#### 5.2.2 Workload  
In the experiments, we tested and compared the two cross-chains functions.  
First, we tested our cross-chain system with a highly configurable workload. This workload is very suitable for collaborative cross-chain scenarios, which can well simulate collaborative cross-chain transactions between multiple blockchains or a combination of multiple cross-chain transactions, that is, complex cross-chain blockchain interoperability.  
In the experiment, we set the proportion of cross-chain transactions to 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, and 1, the proportion of read and write transactions to 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 and 1, and the number of cross-chain transactions to 1, 2, and 3. The influence of a different cross-chain transaction ratio and the number of cross-chain transactions on the performance throughput and success rate of the cross-chain system was obtained. CrossRate represents the ratio of cross-chain transactions to local transactions, and RWRate represents the read/write ratio of the transactions. MultiCross refers to the collaborative cross-chain transaction composed of multiple sub-transactions.  
Second, we tested the crosschain-op; that is, we tested and compared the single-span cross-chain transactions of the cooperative cross-chain system and the crosschain-op system, respectively, to observe the effects of the single cross-chain intersection synergistic cross-chain reduction in transaction flow and the reduction in two special blocks, the cross-chain transaction block and the synergistic cross-chain result block, on the cross-chain.  
Third, we tested whether more intensive cross-chain transactions will adversely affect the efficiency of the cross-chain system in the same case of collaborative cross-chain transactions. We designed different non-uniform cross-chain transaction densities for testing.  
In one run, we fired a fixed number of transactions at a high speed and concurrently. In each experiment, we triggered 10,000 transactions, including blockchain local transactions and cross-chain transactions. The number of sub-transactions of cross-chain transactions as a parameter is a factor we focused on. All transactions in one round of experiments were triggered in a highly concurrent manner, and requests were sent to the blockchain system. The test platform recorded the time it took to complete all transactions as well as the processing results and failure causes of each transaction. We used TPS (the average number of successful transactions per second) and success rate to evaluate the system performance for each round of experiments.
## 3 Results and Discussion of Test  
### Experimental Study on Expansion Force  
The density of polymer specimens in the test vessel is determined by the grouting quantity, and a different grouting quantity obtains a different maximum expansion force. Expansion force of specimens with different densities increases with time, and the relationship between the maximum expansive force and the density of different materials is obtained.  
The Variation of Expansion Force with Time at Different Densities  
The trend of expansive force of three typical polymers with different densities over time is shown in Figure 3. On the whole, the expansive force of polymers keeps basically unchanged with time, then increases rapidly, and finally tends to be stable.  
Figure 3: Expansion force-time relationship curves of different densities.  
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of specimen forming process. (**a**) Self-made mold drawing, (**b**) grouting molding, (**c**) specimen after mold removal, (**d**) numbered specimens.  
The relationship between the maximum expansion force of polymer and the density of polymer slurry is described in Figure 4. In Figure 4, the expansive force of polymer increases linearly with the increase of slurry density. That is to say, the relationship between expansive force of polymer and slurry density of polymer is \(y=a+b\times x\) (a \(\in\) = \(-0.33593\pm 0.07422\); b \(\in\) 2.58342 \(\pm\) 0.14364). This is because the volume expansion of slurry increases with the increase of polymer content in the confined space, resulting in the maximum expansion force of polymer, which is consistent with the results shown in Figure 3. In part 5.1 and 5.2, considering the influence of gravity, area of material contact, and track constraint of the upper structure of gravel cushion, it takes about 0.3-0.5 MPa expansive force to lift the track slab in subsidence area, and the corresponding polymer density range is 0.246-0.323 g/cm\({}^{3}\).
## 4 Integration of Biosensors  
The integration of biosensors with multi-hop IoT systems is emerging as a cornerstone in revolutionizing healthcare services, particularly in the area of real-time remote patient monitoring in hospitals. The motivation for this integration lies in the ability to deploy multiple biosensors in different locations within medical facilities, seamlessly connected by multi-hop IoT systems. This strategic deployment enables comprehensive and simultaneous monitoring of patients in different wards, critical care units, and even remote areas, providing healthcare professionals with a holistic view of patient health. The potential of this integration to transform the approach to real-time remote patient monitoring functions from a traditional hospital service emphasizes how important it is. Through multi-hop communication, biosensors can transmit real-time health data over long distances, enabling healthcare providers to access critical information without physical constraints. This not only increases the efficiency of healthcare services, but also facilitates early detection of abnormal conditions, timely intervention, and improved patient outcomes. The value of integrating biosensors with multi-hop IoT systems in hospitals lies in its potential to create a connected and responsive healthcare environment where real-time remote patient monitoring becomes a reality, overcoming traditional healthcare limitations.
# Flood Monitoring Based on the Study of Sentinel-1 SAR Images: The Ebro River Case Study
## 3 Procedures and Methodologies
### SAR Sentinel-1 Data Pre-Processing
The Lee Sigma filter uses a statistical distribution of the digital levels of a given area window chosen by the operator and estimates what pixel should be considered [48]. Taking into account mainly the topography, the geometry of the urban areas, the polarization, and the need to delimit those areas with smaller intensity values, the Lee filter with a window size \(7\times 7\) (m) was chosen as being most appropriate for the study. Figure 4: Flowchart showing the preprocessing chain used in RADAR SAR Sentinel-1 images. Figure 5: Detailed images of a section of zone 3 (Zaragoza–El Burgo de Ebro), 13 April 2018, after the flood event, with VH polarization in which the comparison is shown between the unfiltered image and the result of the application of different filters of different window sizes. The last common step in the pre-treatment of images is to perform a correction of the terrain and orthorectification. This mainly eliminates distortions due to changes in the topography and the angle of incidence with the ground with respect to the nadir. The geometric calibration used in this study was range doppler terrain correction and the digital elevation model (DEM)-SRTM-3 Sec.
# Task Assignment of the Improved Contract Net Protocol under a Multi-Agent System
## 6 Conclusions  
Although the improved contract net protocol has greater advantages in communication and run-time than the other two algorithms, the large amount of redundant information in the public environment occupies the storage capacity, which may make the efficiency of the contracting agent lower. In addition to the following summary of the work of the article, the constraints on agent collaborative bidding and task assignment are the focus of future research.  
1. We set different task stimulus levels for different tasks and established the dynamic response threshold model to solve the problem of less restrictions on initial tender publication in traditional contract net protocols. A combination of history and norms was used to filter some meaningless contractors, and real-time adjust the trust level of contractor agents to reduce the traffic.
2. The pheromone flow model was constructed, and the task pheromone released by the manager agent and the bidding pheromone released by the contractor agent were used to coordinate each other in the public environment to complete the task allocation model. Furthermore, a complete process was designed for the whole task allocation process.
3. The Repast platform simulated the three experimental settings to get the tasks assignment: the number of tasks and the maximum load are uncertain, the number of agents is uncertain and all parameters are determined. The results show that the improved contract net protocol has the advantages of a small communication volume, short run-time, high task completion rate and multi-party coordination ability. Compared with the classical contract net protocol and dynamic contract net protocol, it has obvious advantages.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.W. and J.Z.; methodology, G.W.; software, J.Z.; validation, G.W., J.Z. and Y.S.; formal analysis, J.Z.; resources, G.W.; data curation, J.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, J.Z.; writing--review and editing, G.W.; project administration, Y.S.; funding acquisition, Y.S.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by NATURAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION OF CHINA, grant number: 61703426.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## Article  
WOJR: A Recommendation System for Providing Similar Problems to Programming Assignments  
**Ryoya Yoshimura 1,*,*,++,** Kazunori Sakamoto 1,2,*,++,**  
Instead of providing a model answer for a difficult assignment, this paper proposes an approach that shares the content of a problem similar to the assignment (hereafter, similar problem) and an example of the answer source code of the similar problem (hereafter, reference code). By reading and understanding the similar problem content and reference code, students can learn how to solve challenging assignments. Because the assignment answer code and reference code are similar but not identical, students must solve challenging assignments independently, even if they look at similar problems or reference code. Thus, they are likely to understand assignments with the support of similar problems and reference code.  
To verify the effectiveness of our approach, we developed a system named Waseda online judge recommender (WOJR). WOJR recommends similar problems, and it works with an existing online judge named Waseda online judge (WOJ), which our university employs. WOJR uses model answers for an assignment to search for similar problems and their reference code, which are available in other online judges (hereafter, problem repositories). These search results are presented as candidates to the professor. The professor selects the appropriate similar problems and reference code. Students can then read similar problems and reference code to better understand the implementation of an algorithm concept. Therefore, students continue to learn without giving up on an assignment.  
This paper aims to answer the following two research questions (RQs):  
**RQ1.** How many students view similar problems and reference code provided by WOJR?  
**RQ2.** Does WOJR improve the number of correct answers in students' assignments?  
To answer these research questions, we conducted an intervention experiment, which provided WOJR in a course on algorithm exercises using an online judge. We employed Aizu Online Judge (AOJ) [2] as the problem repository to find similar problems and reference code. We compared the course results using WOJR (intervention year) to the same course without intervention (non-intervention year). The number of correct answers in the intervention year is statistically improved compared to that in the non-intervention year, suggesting that our approach can improve students' understanding of an assignment and enhance the educational effect.  
The contributions of this paper are as follows:  
* We proposed an approach that finds similar problems based on the similarity between model answers instead of the similarity of problem sentences to assist in students' understanding of difficult assignments.
* We developed WOJR to implement the above approach.
* We conducted an intervention experiment and confirmed that students provided statistically significantly more correct answers to assignments in the intervention year.
## 2 The IDIVS Concept and Application Domains
### Application Areas
#### 2.4.4 Smart Learning  
One of the issues with remote learning or digital learning is the lack of adequate interactivity that often happens in other learning settings. In particular, it is a challenge for the teacher to obtain responses on the state of the student, e.g., concerning the student's concentration level or the need for a break. IDIVSs may be used for estimating and outputting such states of students by, e.g., monitoring keyboard activities or by face image processing. The feedback from students can be direct about the correctness of assessed states as well as based on various learning results, e.g., from quizzes. This can then be directly used by the teacher for adapting the teaching and allocating learning activities based on the students' states, e.g., by providing more personalized and contextualized questions based on their states. For an additional example of the IoT in the domain, see the review by [PERSON] et al. [20].
# Leveraging Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Swahili Language Conversation Systems
## 3 Proposed Method
### RAG Mechanism
#### 3.2.3 Retriever and Query Processing
The final score is computed as  
\[\text{Score}_{\text{final}}=\alpha\cdot\text{Sim}_{\text{cos}}+(1-\alpha) \cdot\text{Score}_{\text{BM25}} \tag{5}\]  
Here, \(\alpha\) is a weight parameter balancing semantic and lexical relevance. This hybrid scoring method ensures that the system retrieves information not only aligned with the meaning of the query but also significant from a textual relevance perspective. By leveraging these criteria, the retriever ensures that the system provides accurate and contextually meaningful responses, as depicted in Figure 6. Table 1 provides a clear translation of a Swahili question and its corresponding paragraph into English to aid readers in understanding the data used in the retriever model. This table illustrates how Swahili queries are formulated and how associated paragraphs provide the contextual information necessary for retrieval. Specifically, the Swahili question, \"_je, ni hatua gani zinazofiuta baada ya kuthibitisha uhalali wa Matendo?\"_ translates to _\"What are the next steps after verifying the legitimacy of Matendo?\"_. The associated paragraph provides detailed procedural instructions, demonstrating the kind of data processed in the retriever workflow. The response generation step utilizes the retrieved chunks \(\mathcal{C}_{\text{top-k}}\) and the original query \(Q\) to create a coherent response. The generator, typically a pre-trained transformer model such as mT5 or GPT-2, processes the query vector \(\mathbf{q}\) and the retrieved chunks to produce the final output. This process is mathematically expressed as  
\[\hat{y}=g(\mathbf{q},\mathcal{C}_{\text{top-k}}) \tag{6}\]  
where  
* \(\hat{y}\) is the generated response. * \(g\) is the response generation function implemented by the generative model. The retrieval and generation processes work in tandem to ensure that the output is both accurate and contextually grounded. By leveraging external knowledge dynamically, the RAG framework overcomes the limitations of Swahili's low-resource setting and generates meaningful responses for complex queries.
## 5 Conclusions  
After TAA, results are commonly based on clinical or radiographical findings. Wearable-based joint ankle analysis might be part of the clinical assessment used to better understand the efficacy of the surgical procedure that was utilized. Gait analysis employing inertial sensors after TAA yielded encouraging findings. Although satisfactory clinical outcomes were reported, minimal alterations in plantar pressures and kinematic variables were observed, which were likely attributable to the brief duration of the follow-up period. These innovative tools are easy to handle, cost-effective, portability, do not require a dedicated laboratory, and present ease and speed in reading data. Their notable advantages make them particularly attractive for widespread clinical use. As we look to the future, incorporating these tools into routine assessments for patients with TAA can enhance the precision and depth of our understanding, ultimately contributing to more comprehensive and insightful patient care.  
Conceptualization, A.M., A.A. and A.R.; methodology, A.R. and L.B.; formal analysis, E.A. and S.O.Z.; data curation, L.L. and L.R.; writing--original draft preparation, A.A. and P.A.; writing--review and editing, A.M. and L.B.; supervision, C.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute (reference: CE AVEC: 659/2021/Sper/IOR, 18 August 2021).  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in this study. All the patients provided their written informed consent at admission upon data collection.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author; however, restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for this study, and they are thus not publicly available.  
The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and publication of this article.  
List of Abbreviations  
17-IFFI 17-Italian Foot Function Index  
AA  Ankle arthrodesis  
ALT  Ankle Lunge Test  
AOFAS-AHES  American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Score  
BMI  Body Mass Index  
C.O.P.  Barycenter and center of pressure  
FPI  Foot Posture Index  
IMUs  Inertial measurement units
# A Wideband Dielectric Waveguide-Based 160-GHz Radar Target Generator
## 3 Components
### Holder  
Since the dielectric waveguide is flexible, has a length of several meters, and its field distribution is sensitive to the surroundings, holders are required for the waveguide. The holders should be low-loss and must not disturb the field distribution to avoid additional reflections. For this purpose, Rohacell with a permittivity of \(\varepsilon_{r}\approx\varepsilon_{r,\mathrm{air}}\) can be used as contact material. To minimize the insertion loss due to additional dielectric losses in Rohacell, the contact length \(l_{1}\) has to be minimized. For this reason, the designed holder has a taper as shown in Figure 9a with \(l_{1}=7\,\mathrm{mm}\) and \(d_{1}=4.5\,\mathrm{mm}\). The  
Figure 8: Metal cuboids (**a**) and metal cylinders (**b**) clamped around the dielectric waveguide. A 3D-printed bracket is used to fix the rods.  
Figure 7: Simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the metal cuboids (**a**) and the metal cylinders (**b**).  
measured insertion loss is around 0.5 dB and agrees well with the simulations as shown in Figure 9b. The simulated reflection coefficient is below \(-40\) dB and agrees well with the measurements. A mean reflection coefficient of \(-46\) dB is measured by comparing the received power from target reflections and holder reflections in the radar measurements (cf. Figure 11).
## 2 Research Background and Related Work
### Cyberattacks in UAE  
The internet is the best creation and profoundly affects all parts of present-day living. It makes organizations and people vulnerable to cyberattacks [6]. Cyberattack rates are on the rise around the world. Most cybercrimes are related to financial and reputation damage, loss of privacy, and penetration of protected information [55]. The UAE has the most significant web-associated populace in the entire Middle East, with 85% of the population utilizing the web. The internet and social media are widely used in the UAE, and this is accompanied by an increase in instances of cyber victimization [6]. Additionally, these cyberattacks are difficult to demonstrate and criminals are ordinarily focused on the UAE occupants due to the overall economic status and the exceptionally high speed of utilizing advanced gadgets.  
Available statistics and patterns highlight how serious the threat is: Cyberattacks increased by 50% globally and by a staggering 71% in the UAE in 2021 compared to levels in 2020. The average number of cyberattacks per company per week during the fourth quarter of 2021 was 925, compared to 408 in the UAE. The UAE had a 250% surge in cyberattacks in 2020 throughout the epidemic, including 1.1 million phishing attempts--the most common method for launching ransomware assaults. As a result, ransomware increased significantly, affecting 78% of UAE firms in 2020 (up from 66% in 2019) and being spread by more than 33% new ransomware threat groups [56]. In this manner, the UAE is facing malicious email assaults and is affected by phishing exercises. Moreover, scammers pose as bank agents and request the victim's bank information, because of credit card overcharge or blocked, where scammers can utilize the data to obtain access to the account's money. Additionally, a huge increase in the use of online payment and e-services has encouraged cybercriminals to select victims due to the low danger and possibility of high money available through cyberattacks.