# Data-Driven Decisions in Smart Cities: A Digital Transformation Case Study
## 4 Analysis of Results  
The total number of dashboards presented to BDA consumers reached more than 100. The information offered through these dashboards to the consumers was extracted using various algorithms including simple descriptive statistics, association rules, and process mining. To assess the impact of decisions on the clearance time, we compared the clearance time before and after implementing Nafeza in both Cairo Airport and Port Said Seaport. These two international ports implemented Nafeza at almost the same time (Q1 and Q2, 2019) and represent a benchmark of Egypt's primary air and seaports. Figures 7 and 8 show boxplot representations of the annual clearance times for Cairo Airport and Port Said seaport during the last five years (2017-Q3, 2021), respectively (permission to publish these data was obtained from relevant authorities.) For each year, the monthly average clearance time is represented by a dark dot. This information helped the strategic and operational management issue many effective decisions and regulations for re-engineering procedures and workflows implemented through Nafeza to reduce the overall clearance time and increase transparency. Figure 6: Foreign trade performance. These figures show a drop of approximately 30-50% in the average clearance time at Cairo Airport and Port Said Seaport. For further evaluation of the impact of implementing Nafeza with the re-engineered workflows on the undesirable behaviors of importers and exporters, we recognized a noticeable decrease in the number of rule violations (approx. 16%) and smuggling cases (approx. 30%) from 2019 to 2021, as shown in Figure 9.  
Figure 8: Port Said Seaport clearance time (2017–2021). Figure 7: Cairo Airport clearance time (2017–2021). Although we do not have any evidence of causality between the decrease in the number of violations and smuggling cases and the implementation of Nafeza, it might be that the increasing community awareness about the efficiency of Nafeza's governance of procedures contributed to this phenomenon. * Stage 3: Reflection and Learning  
Reflection and learning are related to experience and insights gained from the BIE cycle related to the problems formulated in the first stage. This stage was continuous and parallel to the last two cycles. At this stage, it was emphasized that the ensemble artifact reflected the preliminary design in the organization's context form. The guiding principle at this stage was the guided appearance of artifacts (i.e., designing the resulting artifacts with the BIE cycles). This stage was drawn on only one principle: (1) guided emergence. During the evaluation, software developers suggested implanting some analytics as embedded functionality within the operational software components--for example, they could distribute valuation workloads to valuators based on their previous experiences inferred from their work analytics. In such a case, the workload distribution would be machine-decided without human intervention, contributing to the transparency of the clearance procedure. In addition, researchers and data analytics developers faced another challenge regarding the presentation of unfamiliar analytics techniques to the end consumer in a simplified, understandable, and applicable form [34]. To overcome this challenge, expressive data visualization diagrams presenting information such as Sankey and heat map diagrams were provided. Accordingly, the user interfaces became more complicated at first glance, entailing more end-user orientation and training. The third observation is that as the development team provided richer information to the consumer, the consumer inquiries became more complex (and sometimes contradictory), requiring the addition of more selection criteria, filtering options, and advanced levels of visualization in multiple forms. Figure 9: Number of smuggling and violation cases (2018–2021). * Stage 4: Formalization of Learning  
The fourth stage of ADR aimed to formalize the lessons learned through the BIE cycles.