esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, an attention mechanism-based CNN-LSTM had been successfully proposed to predict BP by using ECG and PPG signals. ECG and PPG signals in time and frequency domain are useful to precisely predict BP and the proposed network structure can correctly model the relations between ECG and PPG signals in time domain. The convolutional neural network can automatically extract the features of ECG and PPG signals. Moreover, the meaningful features and the characteristics of time series are effectively modeled by using AN and LSTM, respectively. The experimental results showed that the proposed approach outperforms CNN and CNN-LSTM. Besides this, for practical applications, the computational complexity should be decreased. Without severely reducing the prediction accuracy, the proposed approaches can meet the condition of computational complexity by removing some types of input signals. Moreover, the proposed approach, which is assessed by using AAMI standard, can possibly be grafted into medical devices. In this study, the motion artifacts were manually removed, which will degrade the performance of the proposed approaches. Therefore, developing advanced approaches to remove the motion artifacts can improve the performance of BP estimation.  
These authors contributed equally: C.-C.C. and C.-C.L. Conceptualization, C.-C.C. and C.-C.L.; methodology, C.-C.C. and C.-C.L.; software and validation, Y.-J.C.; formal analysis and investigation, C.-C.C. and C.-C.L.; resources and data curation, C.-H.Y. and E.-C.S.; writing--original draft preparation, C.-C.C. and C.-C.L.; writing--review and editing, Y.-J.C.; visualization, E.-C.S.; supervision, project administration and funding acquisition, C.-C.C. and C.-C.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 4: Bland–Altman plots of (**a**) SBP and (**b**) DBP and error distributions of (**c**) SBP and (**d**) DBP.  
**Funding:** This research was partly supported by one research fund (ANHRF109-17) from An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, granted to [PERSON] and another research fund (ANHRF110-22) from An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, granted to [PERSON].  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank the support of the MOST 110-2221-E-218-004 from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, and the Higher Education Sprout of the Ministry of Education, Taiwan.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Evaluation
### Task and Procedure  
The overall procedure of the experiment is shown in Figure 5. The experiment was divided into five sessions. Initially, participants signed a consent form, which confirmed their voluntary participation and permitted the use of their data for research purposes. They also completed a questionnaire that collected demographic details, including age, education, and field of study or work, and assessed their baseline knowledge of MR by querying their familiarity and previous experiences with using mixed reality technologies and devices featuring natural interaction capabilities. Following this, they watched a demonstration video to gain an initial understanding of the experimental process and operations. Subsequently, participants donned the HoloLens2 device and launched the instructional program to acquaint themselves with its basic usage and several fundamental interaction methods required for the experiment. Participants were allowed to run the instructional program multiple times until they found themselves to be familiar with these interaction techniques.  
The experiment then officially commenced. The formal experiment featured five sections, each utilizing a distinct interaction method. During the experiment, participants were presented with a randomly generated number on a panel directly in front of them. Participants were tasked with accurately entering the data using the specified data input method. Random numbers comprised three types: a floating-point number between 0 and 1, a floating-point number between 1 and 10, and an integer between 1 and 10, addressing both precision levels (ten and one hundred) and data types (integer and floating-point). Interaction distances between the panel and the participant were set at 0.5 m, 1 m, and 2 m, varying to assess the impact of distance on interaction performance. Random number types and interaction panel distances were combined into 3 \(\times\) 3 = 9 scenarios, with each data input task repeated three times per scenario in a section, resulting in 9 \(\times\) 3 = 27 experiments per section. In total, the input task was conducted 9 \(\times\) 3 \(\times\) 5 = 135 times across the experiment. Upon completing all input tasks in a section, participants filled out a NASA-TLX questionnaire for that interaction. Participants had approximately 15 min rest periods between sections. Completing the entire experimental process took each participant approximately 40-60 min. The experiment yielded a total of 27 \(\times\) 5 = 135 NASA-TLX questionnaires and 27 \(\times\) 135 = 3645 input data points.  
Figure 4: Examples of the experimental system in the user study from outside (**a**) and user (**b**) perspectives. The “\(\#\)\(\lambda\)” in (**b**) means “Please enter”.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Resources' Consumption
For Virtex-6, the maximum frequency of our solution is 540 MHz, thus far exceeding the 400 MHz provided by the Xilinx solution, which will allow us to support the 528 MHz required by the ECMA-368 standard. In the case of an implementation on Altera chips, we note the use of DSP blocks, so, for a Stratix III, the number of these blocks is estimated to be 16, giving a reduction of 33.3% in favor of our solution while the reduction in the use of LUTs is 82%. From the same tables, it can be seen that, unlike the frequency-domain NN, the time-domain NN is \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Solutions** & **FPGA Chips** & **RAM Blocks** & **DSP Blocks** & **LUTs** & **Max. Freq. (MHz)** \\ \hline Xilinx PC-CFR V6.0 & & 7 & 18 & 2040 & 335 \\ Time-domain NN (QPSK) & Virtex-5 & 0 & 0 & 877 & 358 \\ Time-domain NN (DCM) & x5 vlx110-1 & 0 & 0 & 877 & 358 \\ Frequency-domain NN (QPSK) & & 0 & 0 & 1065 & 122 \\ Frequency-domain NN (DCM) & & 0 & 0 & 2508 & 77 \\ \hline Xilinx PC-CFR V6.0 & & 6 & 18 & 1690 & 193 \\ Time-domain NN (QPSK) & Spartan-6 & 0 & 0 & 849 & 278 \\ Time-domain NN (DCM) & x66 slx100-2 & 0 & 0 & 849 & 278 \\ Frequency-domain NN (QPSK) & & 0 & 0 & 1039 & 80 \\ Frequency-domain NN (DCM) & & 0 & 0 & 2386 & 47 \\ \hline Xilinx PC-CFR V6.0 & & 4 & 18 & 1737 & 400 \\ Time-domain NN (QPSK) & Virtex-6 & 0 & 0 & 849 & 534 \\ Time-domain NN (DCM) & x6 fvlx130t-1 & 0 & 0 & 849 & 534 \\ Frequency-domain NN (QPSK) & & 0 & 0 & 1039 & 280 \\ Frequency-domain NN (DCM) & & 0 & 0 & 2386 & 127 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Resource consumption in the case of Xilinx FPGAs. characterized by the same resources' consumption and the same maximum frequency independently from the type of modulation used.
## 5 Application of Recombinant Lipases
#### Pharmaceutical Applications of Recombinant Lipases
screening with commercially available lipases, _Candida antarctica_ lipase-A was considered adequate in a new chemoenzymatic route for the (R)- and (S)-atenolol synthesis based on an enzymatic kinetic resolution approach. Compared to the other published methods, the synthesis of the intermediates in an aqueous medium and enzymatic kinetic resolution in an ionic liquid improved overall yield and made the process greener [179]. Lipase B from _Candida antarctica_ (CALB) is one of the most used lipases for pharmaceuticals manufacturing, mainly to obtain key enantioselective intermediates, as well as final enantiomer drug products. There are some characteristics that make this enzyme widely used in pharmaceutical processes, such as good stability, the production of optically pure products, esterification reactions and regioselective modifications of multifunctional substrates. Novozym 435 (Novozymes) is a commercially available immobilized preparation of CALB, being the most used lipase preparation described in the literature. The large-scale production involves the expression of CALB gene in _Aspergillus niger_ and the immobilization of the enzyme on an hydrophobic carrier (acrylic resin) [137; 180]. Many pharmaceutical industries and academic research groups have published patents that applied CALB to catalyze reactions in order to obtain pharmaceutical intermediates, as well as \"final\" active pharmaceutical ingredients [180]. Table 3 shows some examples of granted patents involving enzymatic synthesis of drugs and/or intermediates using CALB.
# Smartphone Accelerometer for Gait Assessment: Validity and Reliability in Healthy Adults
## 4 Discussion
Although the system demonstrated high reliability under moderate conditions, minor discrepancies were observed due to signal noise and integration drift, especially at higher walking speeds. Despite being mitigated through velocity resetting and filtering techniques, these residual errors highlight the inherent limitations of the current approach. Future research could use advanced error correction methods, such as Kalman filtering, which dynamically compensates for drift by combining sensor data with predictive models to enhance the accuracy. Similarly, zero-velocity updates during stationary phases could further reduce drift, and integrating data from multiple sensors, such as gyroscopes and magnetometers, may improve the overall reliability of spatial parameter estimation. Third, although the required sample size was calculated using established statistical methods, the relatively small sample size of 30 participants may limit the generalizability of the findings to larger or more heterogeneous populations. While the statistical power was sufficient to detect significant differences within the study design, caution should be exercised when extrapolating these results to other groups. Future studies with larger and more diverse participant pools are recommended to validate the robustness of the findings and ensure broader applicability.
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, it is extremely important, in addition to studying the activity levels and the vertical distribution of atmospheric radionuclides, to also evaluate the complex physicochemical parameters of peat deposits that affect the mobility and migration of isotopes. It should also be noted that even though peat bog ecosystems are the main biocenoses of the Subarctic region of European Russia [37], occupying vast areas, studies of radionuclides in peatlands of these territories are limited. Therefore, it is important to eliminate the lack of knowledge in the field of peatland radioecology for the region. Previously, the authors conducted research in this region [38]. This work is a natural continuation of the earlier studies. This study, through the example of a peat section selected in the territory of the Arkhangelsk Region within the Ilassky peat massif, which is typical of the Subarctic region of European Russia, set two main tasks: i) to determine the activity levels and features of the vertical distribution of several radionuclides of atmospheric fallout, ii) to study the physicochemical parameters of the peat deposit to assess their impact on the migration of radionuclides in the conditions of the Subarctic region of European Russia. Among the radionuclides of atmospheric fallout, the following considerations were made: \({}^{137}\)Cs as the most common technogenic radionuclide in nature have the greatest radiological impact on biota, \({}^{210}\)Pb as potentially the least mobile radionuclide in a peat deposit, which makes it possible to reconstruct the chronology of peat; uranium isotopes \({}^{234}\)U and \({}^{238}\)U, as the most common among naturally occurring isotopes. Among the physicochemical parameters of peat, the contents of CO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{2-}\), ash components, organics, water-soluble salts, pH values of water and salt extracts, the degree of oxidation of organic matter, moisture saturation, and the contents of elements N, C, H and O were studied.
# Automated Processing of fNIRS Data--A Visual Guide to the Pitfalls and Consequences
## Results
### GLM Analysis
Outliers are shown as red ‘+’ outside the boxplots 95 th percentile and the channels 4, 5, 10 and 12 are shown as yellow, purple, orange and blue colored circles respectively. The larger black circle represents the percentage of times the ROI was activated over all participants, regardless of which or how many channels of the ROI was significantly activated. **(C)** The maximum \(t\)-values for each subject in the ROI when using the combined hemoglobin condition in **(B)**. detected. In addition, within ROI channel activity decreased significantly (\(p\) = 0.0014) for no LF ne-noising (56%), SSD (50%), PCA (63%) and GloAvg (69%). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Oxyhemoglobin**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Deoxyhemoglobin**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Oxy- \& Deoxyhemoglobin**} \\ \hline
**Channel** & **None** & **SSD\({}^{*}\)** & **PCA** & **GloAvg** & **None** & **SSD\({}^{*}\)** & **PCA** & **GloAvg** & **None** & **SSD\({}^{*}\)** & **PCA** & **GloAvg** \\ \hline
**Ch4** & **75** & **69** & **81** & 69 & 63 & 56 & 63 & 75 & **56** & 50 & **63** & 63 \\
**Ch5** & 63 & **69** & 75 & **75** & **75** & **75** & **75** & **81** & **56** & **63** & **63** & **69** \\
**Ch10** & 43 & 57 & 43 & 36 & 50 & 50 & 64 & 71 & 21 & 50 & 29 & 29 \\
**Ch12** & 69 & **69** & 75 & 69 & 69 & 69 & 69 & 63 & 44 & 56 & 56 & 56 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Activated ROI Channel. Percentage of participants, in which the specific channel within the ROI (4, 5, 10 or 12) was activated, shown for each de-noising method (None, SSD\({}^{*}\), PCA, GloAvg) and hemoglobin (oxy- or deoxyhemoglobin alone, or when combined). Highest percentage is shown as bold numbers. Figure 12: Group level visualization of each channel. Percentage of participants with significant activation in the depicted channel is projected on the simplified channel structure from Figure 3a for all hemoglobin conditions. Lower percentages of participants having a particular channel activated are blue versus higher percentages are red. Figure 13: GLM analysis with and without derivatives. **(A)** GLM analysis was originally run with derivatives for the oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin combined condition (see Figure 11b replicated here as comparison) and (**B**) is shown here run without including the first order derivatives to adjust for shape and delay differences in the hemodynamic response function.
# Blockchain Based Secure Routing and Trust Management in Wireless Sensor Networks +
## 5 Simulation Results
### Performance Metrics
#### 5.2.1 Packet Delivery Ratio  
This represents the ratio of data packets successfully received at the BSs to the data packets sent by the SNs.
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a method of fast computations of waveforms of the junction temperature of power SiC-MOSFETs (silicon carbide metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) operating in switched-mode circuits at the steady state. This method makes it possible to use SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuits Emphasis) models of the considered transistors given by the manufacturers. The method of the analysis is described. Using the presented methods and a compact thermal model, some computations of switch-mode circuits were performed. Typical switches and DC-DC (direct current to direct current) boost converters, including such transistors operating at different cooling conditions in a wide range of frequencies of a control signal, are analyzed. In particular, the influence of the cooling system, load resistance and switching frequency on the waveforms of the dissipated power and the junction temperature are considered. The obtained results of computations are compared with the results found using other methods of analysis given in the literature. The times required to perform computations with the considered methods are compared. On the basis of the results of the performed analyses, the operating conditions of the investigated networks, at which ripples of the junction temperature are important, are pointed out. A short discussion on the limitation of the lifetime of the power MOSFET is also given.  
power SiC-MOSFETs; junction temperature; self-heating; SPICE; electrothermal analysis; switched networks; DC-DC converters; computation method +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters  
12 August 2022  
Accepted: 2 September 2022  
Published: 5 September 2022
# Cytotoxicity of Orthodontic Archives Used in Clinical Practice: In Vitro Study
## 4 Discussion
### Limitations  
One of the key limitations is the variability in the manufacturing processes of orthodontic wires. Differences in alloy composition, surface treatment, and production techniques can lead to variations in surface structure, corrosion resistance, and overall biocompatibility of the wires. These inconsistencies in the manufacturing process can result in differences in how various wires interact with cells.  
Additionally, environmental factors within the oral cavity, such as fluctuations in pH, temperature changes, and the presence of bacterial colonization, can significantly influence cellular processes. These factors, often difficult to accurately replicate in in vitro conditions, may lead to discrepancies between laboratory results and clinical outcomes.  
Finally, the reliance on specific cell lines in the study presents another limitation. Different cell types, such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and epithelial cells, may respond differently to the same material. The variability in cellular reactions to orthodontic materials may mean that results obtained from one cell line are not fully applicable to others. A broader examination of various cell lines in future studies could provide a more comprehensive understanding of biocompatibility.  
Due to the fact that the studies were conducted using high-quality materials, which eliminated inaccuracies related to poor-quality orthodontic archives, the results suggest that orthodontists should pay attention to the origin of a given archive and consider that the properties described in the article may not apply to cheaper alternatives available on the market. The application of these findings in daily clinical practice may involve the use of these archives in patients with nickel allergy, compromised immunity or those at risk of systemic diseases. Satisfactory results for each archive can reinforce the belief that their use in such cases is safe.
# Aircraft Track Anomaly Detection Based on MOD-Bi-LSTM
## 2 Algorithm Description
### Track Anomaly Detection Based on MOD-Bi-LSTM
#### 2.1.1 Data Preprocessing  
Due to some reasons, the flight data of aircraft may be missing some of the time. In order to not affect the detection of track anomaly, the missing data need to be filled. According to the distribution of data, the mean and median can be used to fill the data. If the data is uniformly distributed, the mean is used to fill the data, and if the data is non-uniformly distributed, the median is used to fill the data.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Power Dissipation  
The power dissipation was numerically evaluated using the velocity of the liquid phase (Equation (24)) in Equation (30) and the values found in Table 2 as well as the geometrical parameters indicated in the experimental procedure section. To investigate the effects of \(B_{0}\) on the response time for the power dissipation in Medium 1 and 2, the same initial value of the fluid velocity \(W_{0}\) was considered for both media. The numerical evaluation shows that the magnitude of \(P\) decreases exponentially with time, as expressed by Equation (32), where \(\tau_{P}\) corresponds to the time constant, i.e., the time for which \(P\) has reduced by a factor of 0.6321. This form is linked to Equation (30), where the kinetic energy is expressed as an exponential function. Thus, Figure 5a,b show the normalized power dissipation as a function of time (the insets depict the time in logarithmic scale). The integration was performed between 0 and 3600 s. Figure 5c shows the computed time constants as a function of the magnetic flux density for Medium 1 and Medium 2. The information provided is summarized in Tables 3 and 4.  
\[\left|P(t)\right|=P_{0}e^{-t/\tau_{P}} \tag{32}\]  
Figure 4: Axial component of the fluid velocity for Medium 1 and Medium 2 for different magnetic flux densities and times.  
Tables 3 and 4 show the impact of the magnetic flux density on the time constant of the power dissipation within Medium 1 and Medium 2, respectively. While the power dissipation in Medium 2 is 4 orders of magnitude larger than in Medium 1 and increases with the applied external magnetic flux density, the time constant decreases with \(B_{0}\) for both media. Conversely, the time constant for Medium 1 remains nearly constant, decreasing at a rate of 17.8 s/T, whereas the time constant for Medium 2 decreases at a rate of 449 s/T. It was observed that for low \(B_{0}\) values, power dissipation in Medium 1 is faster than in Medium 2. On the contrary, for high \(B_{0}\) values, dissipation in Medium 2 becomes faster. The latter means that there is a specific \(B_{0}\) value at which the power dissipation in Medium 1 and 2 occurs with the same time constant. According to Figure 5c, this condition is found when \(B_{0}\sim 0.5\) T, leading to \(\tau_{P}\sim 235\) s.