## 1 Introduction  
Bus stops play vital roles in public transportation systems, impacting human health, wellbeing and overall rider experience. As primary interaction points for passengers, they are integral to the urban landscape and their designs influence people's experience within the public realm. Bus stops are often considered the second-most visible aspect of public transport, next to the buses themselves [1]. Historically, the design of bus stops in Australia has been included in engineering infrastructure planning systems [2]. However, in recent years, interest has extended to the design fields, recognizing the potential for bus stops to contribute to better urban environments [3]. The crucial role of bus-stop design as a form of resilient infrastructure in everyday environments is frequently overlooked, despite notable impact on the urban landscape [3]. Resilient infrastructure is an important consideration for communities facing increasing risks from climate change and other vulnerable conditions. The Principles for Resilient Infrastructure developed by the UN Office of Disaster Risk Reduction highlights that one role of resilient infrastructure is to act as a buffer for societies facing extreme events [4]. Similarly, Infrastructure Australia [5] refers to resilient infrastructure within communities as having \"the ability to resist, absorb, accommodate, recover, transform and thrive in a timely, effective manner in response to the effects of shocks and stresses to enable positive economic, social, environmental and governance outcomes\". Although there is considerable research related to public transportation's ability to mitigate congestion [6] and promote environmental sustainability [7] and increased physical activity [8], the design aspects of bus stops remain a relatively under-researched area. This paper aims to address this knowledge gap in bus-stop design, placement and resilience by examining existing peer-reviewed research, identifying areas for further inquiry, and ultimately contributing to a better understanding of how bus stops can improve passenger experience and enhance urban environments. This review critically focusses on the key bus-shelter design considerations as essential infrastructure for bus stops. Poorly designed bus stops that neglect local contexts and environmental conditions are associated with several negative implications, including diminished rider experience and perception of public transportation [1], increased exposure to extreme weather conditions [9], reduced bus ridership [10;11], and heightened vulnerability to air pollution [12]. While bus stops often feature shelters, their design should encompass more than the structure and consider multiple factors, such as placement on the street, adjacent uses, and orientation. The existing bus-stop research predominantly centres on engineering or planning disciplines, emphasizing technical aspects and spacing considerations relating to optimizing efficiency and functionality [3]. For example, research conducted in the USA in the 1990s using a survey associated with transit agencies found that there were three key factors to consider in bus-stop placement and design, including (1.) spacing between stops; (2.) street-side elements for the stop; and (3.) curbside elements for the stop [13]. Although these are important factors, the study did not investigate design solutions specific to bus stops. And research from 2012 in Australia focused on the spacing and placement of bus stops, recognizing that earlier research also focused on optimal spacing and location [14]. Additionally, accessibility and distribution are crucial factors for potential users [15]; placement and frequency relative to demand can influence travel time [14]. Ultimately, a more comprehensive and integrated approach to bus-stop design is needed to address the multifaceted nature of these considerations.