## 3 Risks in the Space Mission  
Space missions involve a variety of risks due to the complex and challenging nature of space exploration. These risks can be broadly categorized into several types:  
Technical Risks: Space missions require advanced technology and complex systems, which can be prone to failures. Technical risks include issues such as rocket malfunctions, spacecraft failures, communication system breakdowns, propulsion problems, or equipment malfunctions. These risks can jeopardize the success of a mission or even endanger the lives of astronauts [22]. Human Risks: Human risks are associated with the well-being and safety of astronauts. Extended exposure to microgravity, radiation, and isolation in space can have significant physiological and psychological effects on the human body [23; 24] and conditions during space missions, due to gravity level are very similar to aquatic environments [25]. Space travelers may suffer from muscle and bone loss [1], cardiovascular problems, compromised immune systems, and psychological stress [2]. These risks need to be mitigated through rigorous training, monitoring, and appropriate medical support [26]. Launch and Reentry Risks: Launching a spacecraft into space and bringing it back safely involve critical maneuvers. Risks during launch include engine failures, structural integrity issues, or control system malfunctions. Reentry risks include heat shield failures, atmospheric uncertainties, and parachute problems. These stages of a mission require meticulous planning, engineering, and redundancy to minimize the risks associated with extreme conditions [27]. Space Environment Risks: Space is a hostile environment with several inherent risks. The presence of microgravity, vacuum, extreme temperatures, solar radiation, micrometeoroids, and space debris pose significant challenges. Spacecraft and astronauts must be protected from these risks through shielding, insulation, radiation-hardened electronics, and debris avoidance measures [28; 29]. Mission Design and Planning Risks: Mission design and planning involve numerous decisions and factors that can introduce risks. These include trajectory calculations, fuel requirements, navigation accuracy, timing considerations, and communication protocols. Errors in these areas can result in mission failures, missed objectives, or inefficient resource utilization [30]. Network and Cybersecurity Risks: To mitigate these risks, it is essential to follow best practices in secure system design, conduct thorough risk assessments, implement robust authentication and encryption mechanisms, regularly update software and firmware with proper security protocols, and establish incident response plans to address any network or cybersecurity incidents promptly [31; 32; 33; 34]. Additionally, promoting cybersecurity awareness among mission personnel and stakeholders can contribute to a more secure space mission environment (see Section 3.1). Budgetary and Schedule Risks: Space missions are often large-scale endeavors with substantial financial investments and strict schedules. Budgetary risks involve cost overruns, funding shortfalls, or unexpected expenses. Schedule risks include delays in manufacturing, launch vehicle availability, technical setbacks, or adverse weather conditions. These risks can impact the overall feasibility and success of a mission [35]. International and Political Risks: Space missions often involve international collaborations and partnerships. Political risks can arise due to geopolitical tensions, changes in national priorities, or disputes over intellectual property rights. Coordinating different countries' interests and managing diplomatic relationships is crucial to ensuring smooth collaborations [36; 37; 38; 39]. In Table 1, considered risks in the space mission are presented. To address these risks, space agencies employ robust engineering practices, stringent safety protocols, extensive testing, comprehensive training programs, and continuous monitoring and risk assessment throughout the mission lifecycle.