## 4 Discussion  
In both _F. vulgaris_ extracts, rutin and hyperoside were identified by TLC, which corresponded with previous results [6; 16; 17]. Procyanidins, including B1, B2, and C1 found from _F. vulgaris_ extracts, are naturally occurring polyphenols and promising chemopreverity agents that exhibit beneficial health effects, including anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antitumor activities [46]. Procyanidin B2, one of the main phenolics of the _F. vulgaris_ extracts, was proven to have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects and induced autophagy by modulating the Akt/mTOR signalling pathway, so it may be considered as a potential therapeutic drug for gastric cancer [47]. Many flavonoids have shown anticancer activity by affecting different signalling cascades (the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway) [48]. Catechins are reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and metal ion chelators, whereas their indirect \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Asctic Fluid Volume, mL**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Control Group**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ia Main**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**IIa Main**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **Day 7** & **Day 14** & **Day 7** & **Day 14** & **Day 7** & **Day 14** \\ \hline M & \(6.9\pm 2.8\) & \(11.1\pm 0.53\) & \(2.6\pm 0.15\) & \(3.8\pm 0.20\) & \(4.2\pm 0.22\) & \(7.7\pm 0.20\) \\ \(n\) & 7 & 7 & \(\dfrac{p}{7}\) & \(\dfrac{p}{7}\) & \(\dfrac{p}{7}\) \\ \(p\) & & \(p<0.001\) & \(p<0.001\) & \(p<0.05\) & \(p<0.05\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Life Expectancy**} \\ \cline{2-6}
**Investigational Drug** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Number of Animals**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Complete Absence of Tumour**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Observation Results**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**[PERSON] Died**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Litespan**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Number of Tumour**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Days**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\%**} \\ \hline – & \(10\) & – & \(10\) & \(14.2\pm 0.84\) & \(100\) & – \\ FHE1 extract & \(10\) & – & \(10\) & \(28.0\pm 1.00\) & \(197.2\) & – \\ FHE2 extract & \(10\) & – & \(10\) & \(20.1\pm 0.92\) & \(141.5\) & – \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Effect of _Filipendula vulgaris_ aqueous-alcohol (FHE1) and aqueous (FHE2) extracts on ascites fluid volume and lifespan of animals with implanted Ehrlich carcinoma. antioxidant activities comprise induction of antioxidant enzymes, inhibition of pro-oxidant enzymes, and production of phase II detoxification enzymes and antioxidant enzymes. Oxidative stress and ROS are implicated in ageing and related dysfunctions, such as neurodegenerative disease, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes [49]. Epigallocatechin gallate was proven to inhibit the mTOR pathway [50]. For the first time, in _F. vulgaris_ rhizomes with roots, 29 volatile substances were identified and semiquantified using GC-MS. The principal components were palmitic acid (41.0%), methyl salicate (24.2%), and benzyl salicate (17.5%). Benzaldehyde has been shown to inhibit multiple signalling pathways in cancer cells, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, STAT3, NFcB, and ERK pathways 1 [51]. Derivatives of salicaldehyde have shown potent activity against leukemic cell lines and breast cancer cells [52]. Menthol has demonstrated anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis, causing cell cycle arrest, and inhibiting tumour angiogenesis [53]. Derivatives of methyl salicate have shown potential as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors with significant anticancer activity [54]. The development of malignant tumours is very common in our time. Long-term chemotherapy against cancer is dangerous for patients, which limits its use in therapy. Therefore, the search for and development of new drugs with antitumor, antimetastatic, and cytotoxic activity while reducing side effects remains relevant [55]. Species of the genus _Filipendula_ have a high content of flavonoids and tannins, as well as phenolic compounds. Extracts of _F. ulmaria_ [PERSON].