# Operation of Water Supply Systems in the Czech Republic--Risk Analysis
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Risk Analysis
The most common cause may be a hacker attack. Medium-sized operators, in particular, are a good target for a potential hacker attack, as they usually do not have sufficiently secured computer networks, do not regularly train employees in cyber security, etc. For Operator A (small municipality), this risk was assessed as low with a very low probability of incidence due to the size of the operator. For Operator C, the risk was assessed as less severe with a medium probability of incidence. Operator C has established its own cyber security center and uses SMART dispatch. It also regularly trains its staff in digital security and regularly updates its security measures. The voluntary and consistent implementation of safety precautions and control systems ensuring the highest level of protection as well as consistent training of employees in digital security are also among the measures proposed to mitigate this risk. For small operator A, other risks were identified and rated as significant by the expert team, one of which was the poor structural condition of the facilities (neglected maintenance of walls, deteriorated operating conditions, etc. ), possibly resulting in water contamination. In such cases, financial motivations for small operators to set up a risk management system, imposing fines in the case of neglected maintenance or when detecting deteriorated operating conditions, are proposed as possible recommended measures. The human factor also plays an important role and, of course, it is not only small operators who nowadays face a shortage of qualified staff. The inadequate security of the water treatment facility and possible intrusion by unknown/unauthorized persons were also assessed as a very serious risk for Operator A. Here, it is necessary to ensure that the security of the facilities is tight, that the operating regulations are strictly followed, and that small operators take more initiative to increase the security of their facilities. For Operator A, the risk of using inappropriate chemicals for water treatment (or in inappropriate quantities), either due to the poor technical condition of certain parts of the water treatment line or due to human error, was assessed as a moderate risk. The solution here would be to use automated systems, which is, however, very costly for small operators. Similarly, the acquisition of containerized water treatment plants is financially unaffordable for most small operators. * Water distribution  
The results of the risk analysis for each operator's water distribution are presented in Tables 14-16 and only risks with an RPN of 20 or higher are shown. The results of the full FMEA method concerning the water distribution area for all operators assessed are presented in Supplementary Material File S3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt}} \hline \hline
**Possible Risk** & **Possible Risk Consequences** & **Possible Cause** & **Current Precations** & **RPN** & **RPN** \\ \hline
**Disruption of pipe** & \multirow{4}{*}{4} & 4 & Age of material & 4 & \ \begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular}  & 4 & \begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular}  & 4 & 64 \\ \begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular}  & 36 \\The most significant water distribution risks for Operator B are listed in Table 15.  
Table 16 shows the most significant risks identified for Operator C in the areas of water distribution. In the water distribution area (reservoirs and water network), the highest level of risk for all selected operators was identified as the risk of pipe joints breaking, due to the aging of material. The level of this risk was assessed as very serious with a high probability of incidence. In addition, this risk was assessed as difficult to predict. The recommended measures to mitigate this risk are the regular specialized renovations of the water network (which is, however, costly for small- and medium-sized operators) and the choice of appropriate materials to increase lifespan.