## 1 Introduction
### Paper Contributions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline
**Ref.** & **System Architecture** & **Fitness Functions** & **HEMS Technique** & **Constraints** & **Key Points and Contributions** \\ \hline
[40] & Utility grid/BESS/FCs/Natural Gas & Minimizing the Operating Cost & LFCARO & Power balance constraints, of FC and BESS & The influence of varying electricity rates from the main grid on the system’s operational expenses is investigated. \\ \hline
[41] & PV/BESS/FCs & Total Annualized Costs & MILP & Energy balance & A techno-economic analysis of a single-family residence aimed at energy self-sufficiency by 200 was carried out. The study illustrated the integration of a heat-integrated hydrogen storage unit combined with a Liquid Organic Crit/HGDA Center (LOHC) and Reversible Solid Oxide Cells (FSOCs). \\ \hline
[42] & PV, WTs, Ground source heat pump (GSHD), DCs, Battery bank, and FCs & Minimizing LPSP Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), CO2 Experiment and Human Development Index (HDI) & Power generation sources constraints (PV, GSHD, DCs, and FCs) & The key finding is that using LPSP, LCOE, emissions, and HIDI as objective functions allows for a comprehensive optimization of the system, integrating economic, reliability, environmental, and social factors. \\ \hline
[43] & PV/BESS/EVs & Net Annual Energy Cost & PSO & Energy balance, battery constraints, and EV operation constraints, and EV operation constraints, and BESS charging and discharging processes to maximize energy efficiency and cost savings. \\ \hline
[44] & PV/WTs/BESS/DCs & Net Present Cost (NTC) and LCOE & HOMER and BESS limitations, power balance, renewable fraction, and CO2 emissions & A thorough sensitivity analysis was performed, evaluating 27 different parameter settings to assess the factors affecting the cost of generated electricity. \\ \hline
[45] & PV, WTs, Hydro, Biogas and BESS & Total Net Present Cost (NTC), Tunnel Load, and Cost of Energy (COE) & GCA and HOMER Productivity constraint, power generation constraints & The findings revealed that the HRES using GCA, which incorporates a greater proportion of Biogas and PV, is more economical compared with solutions based on HOMER. \\ \hline
[46] & PV/BESS/EVs & Daily Energy Costs & MILP & Power balance, battery limitations, and EV limitations, and EV constraints & The HEMS was developed as a MILP optimization task, integrating PV, BESS, and EVs to optimize household energy expenses and maintain control levels. \\ \hline
[47] & PV/Utility grid/BESS/EV & Minimizing the Peak-to-Average Ratio and COE & GWO & Power generation sources constraints and reliability constraints & This study presented a HEMS design that incorporates RES and ESN with home-of-grid power flow functionality, it enables the changing of the BESS and EVs during phases of elevated electricity prices. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: A comprehensive comparison of recent HEMS, evaluating their aims and the significance of their outcomes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref. ** & **System Architecture** & **Fitness Functions** & **HEMS Technique** & **Constraints** & **Key Points and Contributions** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[48]} & \multirow{4}{*}{PV/FCs} & \multirow{4}{*}{Equivalent Annual Cost} & GAMS software and & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Power balance and hydrogen} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{These factors include solar system performance, power storage limitations} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{The capacities between buildings, FCs power, water electrolyte/zer efficiency, and the optimal management of HSSs.} \\  & & & & & \\ \cl  
The implementation of TOU-based DR programs within the hybrid energy system is detailed. By leveraging real-time price signals, the system effectively manages energy consumption, reduces costs, and enhances grid stability. 4. A comprehensive case study of a home in Liaoning Province, China, is provided.