# Multi-Layered Satellite Communications Systems for Ultra-High Availability and Resilience
## 2 Market Analysis and Regulations  
### Market Analysis: Significant Growth Expected  
Multiple published forecasts predict significant growth for the SatCom industry. The global satellite communication market size was valued at USD 66.63 billion in 2020 and was predicted in [14] to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13%. According to [15], the global 5G NTN market was valued at USD 3.2 billion in 2022 and is projected to reach USD 93.6 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 40.6% from 2023 to 2032. Finally,Morgan Stanley predicts in [16] that the whole space economy will grow to USD 1000 billion by 2040 and at that time consumer broadband services and internet access over satellites will be a market worth over USD 500 billion. The drivers behind this growth are mainly the ever-increasing bandwidth capability, lower latency, higher reliability, and extension of terrestrial 5G/6G into otherwise hard-to-reach areas. The capacity demand and revenue in high throughput satellites, as well as in all verticals (commercial aviation, maritime, land and IoT, military and defense, civil government and public sector, and consumer/mass market) will increase during the next decade significantly. The growth is very well seen in the number of LEO satellites launched annually into space. In the year 2022 alone, almost 2000 SatCom satellites were launched, and this growth is predicted to continue due to constellation plans from the USA, China, and Europe, including the European Union's multi-layer satellite system plan, called Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity and Security by Satellite (IRIS2), that is planned to be ready in 2027. At the same time, High Throughput Satellite (HTS) demand is projected to expand nine-fold during this decade, from \(\sim\)1.6 Tbps in 2021 to 14.7 Tbps in 2030, divided roughly in half between GEO and NGSO capacity [17]. GEO capacity accounts for most revenues, but NGSO is expected to see the fastest growth during the forecast period. Satellite communication has, until recently, been largely a unique technology, independent of terrestrial mobile networking, this situation is highly likely to change. Combining satellites with 5G infrastructure can enhance the quality of experience (QoE) of many different applications. Having cooperated terrestrial and non-terrestrial systems can save valuable spectrum and improve each network's resilience by, for example, intelligent routing and traffic offloading. Satellite systems will play a crucial part in extending terrestrial 5G/6G networks to land, sea, air, and other hard-to-reach, remote and rural areas of the planet traditionally beyond the reach of the terrestrial network's coverage area. Satellite systems could extend 5G services from the city to airplanes, cruise liners, and other vehicles in remote locations. Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and machine-to-machine (M2M) connections on farms and remote worksites like mines can also benefit from the broad coverage areas offered by 5G capable satellite systems. The extension of the 3 GPP standards to the non-terrestrial networks facilitates the integration of the terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks. The possibility of tight integration of the terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks offers a unique opportunity for the satellite industry to expand its ecosystem by establishing itself in the global communications ecosystem and to benefit from a significant market renewal. To evolve toward tightly integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial communication networks and to unlock the vast addressable market segments, satellite operators should embrace open standards and move away from the proprietary models currently widely used in the satellite industry. The 3 GPP 5G New Radio non-terrestrial radio interface allows direct connectivity to the non-terrestrial networks. In this way, a standard mobile device can connect to the terrestrial infrastructure or communicate with the satellite without any modification.