# Electroglottographic Analysis of the Voice in Young Male Role of Kunqu Opera
## 3 Results
### Phonation Types  
The EGG waveforms were more complicated than those in modal speech. Thus, the phonation types were determined by consulting both the parameters and characteristics of the waveform. The typical waveforms can be seen in Figure 5. The waveforms were all selected from [PERSON]'s singing and stage speech, except for Figure 5c, which was a typical waveform of the colorful face role [28]. The spectra of some audio clips which corresponded to the EGG waveforms in Figure 5 are shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 4: Box plot of SQ. Figure 5: Eight typical EGG waveforms: (**a**) modal voice, (**b**) high abduction modal voice, (**c**) pressed voice, (**d**) untrained falsetto, (**e**) high abduction falsetto, (**f**-**h**) breathy voice. Figure 3: Box plot of CQ. The waveform in Figure 5a was a modal voice, since it showed a similar \(f_{o}\), CQ, SQ, and shape to the EGG parameters of YM1\({}^{\prime}\)s reading. The voice which had a similar EGG waveform as that in Figure 5b sounded much brighter and clearer than the modal voice, but not as tense as the pressed voice in other Kunqu male roles [28] (see Figure 5c). The CQ of this kind of voice was significantly larger than that of modal voice. In addition, as shown in Figure 6a, the high-frequency partials showed more energy than modal voice. Both of these indicated that the degree of posterior glottal adduction increased, which was based on the results of a previous research in which the experiment was documented by simultaneous laryngeal videostroboscopy, electroglottography, and by capturing the acoustic data. [30]. Meanwhile, the CQ was significantly smaller than that of the pressed voice in the same pitch range, which is around 70% for the other male roles in the Kunqu opera [28]. Thus, it was named modal voice with a high degree of posterior glottal adduction, or high adduction modal voice. The waveform in Figure 5d showed a significantly smaller CQ than modal voice and a SQ close to 100%. Thus, it was categorized as untrained falsetto. The waveform in Figure 5e showed similar geometric characteristics with that in Figure 5d in the contacting phase, but a larger CQ. It was named as falsetto with high degree of posterior glottal adduction, or high adduction falsetto. As shown in Figure 6b, the spectrum of high adduction falsetto had more high-frequency energy than that of untrained falsetto. Figure 6: Spectra of modal voice, high adduction modal voice, breathy voice, untrained falsetto, and high adduction falsetto. (**a**) Spectra of modal voice and high adduction modal voice; (**b**) spectra of falsetto and high adduction falsetto; (**c**) spectrum of breathy voice with double peaks; (**d**) spectrum of breathy voice with gathered double peaks. The waveforms in Figure 5f-h were all classified as breathy voice, although they had different shapes and parameter characteristics. In this case, low adductive tension and weak medial compression made the vocal folds never fully come together. There was a continuous glottal leakage with some audible frication noise compared with the modal voice [4]. The waveform in Figure 5f was a typical breathy voice, since it showed a smaller CQ than modal voice and a SQ larger than 100. The waveform in Figure 5g exhibited larger CQ and SQ than that in Figure 5d. A second peak, which occurred in the decontacting phase, suggested that the anterior and posterior parts of the vocal folds vibrated relatively independently [16; 29; 31]. Thus, it was another EGG signal pattern of breathy voice. A second peak in EGG may result in a sub-harmonic in the spectrum (see Figure 6c). The waveform in Figure 5h showed a similar CQ with the high adduction modal voice and a similar SQ with the untrained falsetto. However, the shape of the EGG signal could be considered as the combination of a main and a second peak. The spectrum is similar to that of Figure 5g (Figure 6c,d). The higher harmonics were replaced by aspiration noise in Figure 6c,d, which suggested the occurrence of the turbulence noise. Thus, it was also identified as breathy voice.