esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 The Occurrence Mechanism of SCWID  
### Mechanism of the SCWID  
In general, load causes rock breakage mainly comes from the self-weight load and parts load it controlled. As the mining face advances, lower rock breaks first when its dangling length reaches the ultimate failure length. Usually, the load exerted on the bedrock decreases if without the UCA. At the same time, the load transferred to the key stratum (KS) becomes small, which causes KS1 to break before KS2, as shown in Figure 3a. Namely, the lower KS1 breaks first and then the upper KS2 breaks as shown in Figure 3b. The water flowing fracture is not fully developed to connect the aquifer. The overburden structure can maintain its stability. It can be seen that different fractures can determine whether the SCWID occurs or not.  
Figure 2: Actual water inrush and support crushing situation in the working face: (**a**) the central support crushed; (**b**) motor crushed at coal face end.  
When mining below UCA, the overburden is easier to break entirely when subjected to the aquifer's load transfer, as shown in Figure 3c. However, the question is why the entire overburden breakage leads to support crushing accidents. This can be explained reasonably by the \"sliding-rotation\" stability theory of bond-beam structure. Equation 1 is the conditions preventing the bond-beam structure from sliding instability derived by Qian [27].  
\[h+h_{1}\leq\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{c}}}{30\rho\mathrm{g}}\left(\tan\varphi+\frac{ 3}{4}\sin\theta_{1}\right)^{2} \tag{1}\]  
where \(h\) is the thickness of the first key stratum (KS1). \(h_{1}\) refers to the thickness of overlying strata that KS1 supports. \(\sigma_{\mathrm{c}}\) is the compressive strength of KS1. \(\rho_{\mathrm{g}}\) is the volume force of rock. \(\tan\varphi\) is the friction coefficient between rocks, and \(\theta_{1}\) is elevation angle of break block in bond-beam structure.  
Due to the load transfer of UCA, the topsoil layer is subjected to excessive load, leading all the key strata under certain conditions to break entirely. The upper key stratum and its controlling strata break entirely and become load strata of the lower stratum. The load strata thickness (\(h_{1}\)) of the fracture blocks in lower key stratum increases obviously, and bond-beam structure is likely to become unstable. If the support resistance is not enough, support crushing disasters will happen. For instance, if the support resistance is only 5000 kN, the unstable strata height that the supports can bear is usually less than 30 m. However, when mining below the UCA, once the key stratum breaks synchronously, the height of unstable strata is much greater than 30 m. Therefore, support crushing disasters will be unavoidable. On the other hand, with load transfer from the UCA, more than one key stratum breaks synchronously and water flowing fracture in overburden strata connects the aquifer, resulting in the water inrush disaster.
###### Abstract  
This work develops an underfrequency preventive control strategy for an islanded power system with a high penetration of wind power generation. First, the preventive control strategy uses the frequency nadir forecasting module to analyze the frequency stability under largest diesel generator tripping (\(N\)-1) contingency events. If predicted frequency nadir is too low, four frequency support methods are then analyzed and used for preventing potential frequency stability problem. They include generator rescheduling (GR), the use of battery energy storage system (BESS), direct load control (DLC) and emergency demand response program (EDRP). In terms of the GR method, the optimal diesel generator dispatch is obtained, with sufficient frequency stability and minimal fuel cost and start-up cost. In the BESS method, the optimal instantaneous power output from BESS is obtained based on its frequency support capability. With the DLC or EDRP method, the optimal contract-based load-shedding or the load-reduction to provide frequency support is obtained, respectively. Then, the operating costs of each method to support frequency are analyzed. The research methods and simulation results are very useful to the low-frequency protection of actual power systems with high renewable power generation. This work proposed a complete defense strategy in a microgrid system. It combines GR, BESS, DLC and EDRP. Therefore, the system operators have many options to implement their defense strategies, based on the operating costs of various methods. In other words, the proposed defense strategy provides a more flexible solution for the protection of micro grids with a high renewable power penetration. Therefore, the solution considers the system safety and economical aspects.  
**Keywords: preventive control strategy; islanded power system; wind power generation; generator rescheduling; battery energy storage system; direct load control; emergency demand response program**
###### Abstract  
Reducing energy consumption of mobile communication networks has gained significant attentions since it takes a major part of the total energy consumption of information and communication technology (ICT). In this paper, we consider 5G networks with heterogeneous macro cells and small cells, where data and control planes are separated. We consider two types of data traffic, i.e., low rate data traffic and high rate data traffic. In basic separation architecture, a macro cell base station (MBS) manages control signals, while a small cell base station (SBS) manages both low rate data traffic and high rate data traffic. In the considered modified separation architecture, an MBS manages control signals and low rate data traffic, while an SBS manages high rate data traffic. Then, an efficient energy saving scheme for base stations (BSs) is proposed, where the state of a BS is determined depending on the number of user equipments (UEs) that request high rate data traffic and the number of UEs that exist under the overlapping areas commonly covered by the considered BS and the neighbor BSs. We formulate an optimization problem for the proposed energy saving scheme and obtain the solution using particle swarm optimization (PSO). Numerical results show that the proposed energy saving scheme in the modified separated network architecture has better energy efficiency compared to the conventional energy saving schemes in both basic and modified separated network architectures. Also, the proposed energy saving scheme has lower aggregate delay.  
5G networks; separated data and control planes; energy saving; heterogeneous network; particle swarm optimization (PSO) Article  
An Efficient Energy Saving Scheme for Base Stations in 5G Networks with Separated Data and Control Planes Using Particle Swarm Optimization
## 4 Simulation Results and Discussion
### Superior Optimization Method
#### 4.2.4 Impact of Forced Outage Rate  
In this section, the energy profit is examined by considering the effect of the equipment-forced outage rate (FOR). The results of evaluating the profit of EH, taking into account the FOR of renewable energy sources and CHP equipment, are presented in Table 6. As we know, the production capacity of resources depends on their availability and probability of functioning in healthy working conditions. Anticipated or anticipated failure of equipment for any reason reduces its availability in the system. In the previous simulations and for the base case, the FOR of renewable energy resources and CHP equipment was considered to be zero, or the probability of their operation was considered 100%. In this section, the energy profit of the system is calculated for FOR from 0% to 10% according to Table 6. It can be seen that with the increase (decrease) in the FOR of renewable energy sources and CHP, the profit of the hub has decreased (increased). For example, the profit of the system in the base state (FOR = 0%) has decreased from $472.13 to $379.46 for FOR = 5%, and has also declined to $297.09 for FOR = 10%.
# Accumulative Roll Bonding--A Review
## 3 Parameters
### Rolling Parameters  
#### 3.3.1 Rolling Reduction  
The main determinant to the bond quality is the plastic strain which is governed by the rolling reduction. To note that a minimum value of thickness reduction, named threshold reduction (Rt), is required to achieve sufficient bonding. The amount of Rt decreases when working temperature increases up to the recrystallization temperature. Higher than the recrystallization temperature, beneficial effects of accumulated plastic deformation are removed. If the rolling temperature is less than half of melting temperature, an acceptable bonding quality can be achieved by 50% reduction without recrystallization [41]. [PERSON] et al. [42] investigated single rolling of pure Al at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C and found that increasing R resulted in bonding toughness enhancement especially for those reductions greater than 47%. Similar findings were reported for Al-Cu by [PERSON] et al. [36] and for Al/brass by [PERSON] et al. [43].  
As evidence for mechanically affected bond strength, microscopic observations of Ti/Cu peeled surface at different reductions by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [44] showed that with increasing R, the size of the surface cracks increases as a consequence of the increased surface expansion. This suggests that total cracks area and the extent of extruded virgin metals increases which leads to extended welded area and enhanced bond strength as shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 3: (**a**) Variation in average peel strength of Al strips vs. surface roughness [38], (**b**) variations in average peel strength vs. delay time [38].  
As an evidence for chemically affected bond strength, [PERSON] et al. [45] measured the diffusion layer width of ARBed Al/Ti sheets with different values of R and found that the diffusion layer width increases as R increases, thus enhancing bond strength.
# A Novel Evolutionary Algorithm for Designing Robust Analog Filters
## 3 Methods: A Robust Analog Filter Design Using Evolutionary Algorithms
### Genetic Algorithms for Robust Analog Filter Design: The Traditional Robust Design  
In this section, we follow the practice of traditional robust design methodology to improve system robustness by tuning its parameters. We first use the improved GPBG approach as described in Section 3.1.2 to evolve a high-performance analog filter, without incorporating any robustness criterion in the fitness function. We shall then apply to the evolved filter a state-of-the-art real parameter genetic algorithm--the G3 PCX-GA proposed by [PERSON] [52]--to tune its parameters so as to improve its robustness with respect to parameter perturbation, while its functional structure remains unchanged. Since parameter search for dynamic systems is a complex highly multi-modal search problem, we choose G3 PCX-GA to approximate the highest robustness achievable through parameter tuning within a given budget of functional evaluations. When the multi-simulation method (RMS) to evolve robustness is used, we call this hybrid GP/GA method the GPGARMS method. When the robust-by-perturbed-evaluation (RPE) method is used to evolve robustness, we call the hybrid GP/GA method the GPGARPE method, which, however, is not evaluated in this study.  
In the minimization by G3 PCX-GA, we used the robust raw fitness defined in Equation (4) as the final fitness of an individual. We believe this fitness measure is better than the average of normalized final fitness of each sampling evaluation for its lower distortion of the optimization objective values.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study proposed an efficient filter based on the multivariate singular spectral analysis (MSSA) for electromagnetic testing (ET) of the corrosion on the moisture separator reheater (MSR) finned tube. The three ET methods, including magnetic flux leakage testing (MFLT), eddy current testing (ECT) and partial saturation eddy current testing (PSECT) were tested through the inspection of the outer-surface simulated corrosion on the MSR finned tube. The results showed that the PSECT provides the best results but containing high intensity of noise signal due to the fins effect and material degradation. The MSSA filter used the measured signals of the Hall sensor array as the multivariate inputs for efficiently removing the noise and trend signals. The Hall sensor array scanned signals were decomposed into three main subspace signals--trend signal, corrosion signal and noise signal--based on the selection of eigenvalues in the eigenvalue distribution and the w-correlation matrix. The trend signal is usually represented in the few high eigenvalues; the noise signal is represented in the small eigenvalues. The remaining eigenvalues represent the corrosion signal. The proposed MSSA filter was compared to the multivariate wavelet filter based on principle component analysis (WT) and Gabor filter and showed the efficiency of the proposed method. Moreover, the proposed MSSA filter is a nonparametric method that provides more stable results compared to the parametric methods of the WT and Gabor filters.  
Figure 13: Raw magnetic scanned signal with mean subtraction and the proposed MSSA filter at different speed of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mm/s.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.L. and J.L.; methodology, M.L.; software, M.L. and D.-K.L.; validation, J.L., M.L. and V.S.L.; formal analysis, V.S.L. and K.D.N.; investigation, J.L. and M.L.; resources, J.L. and M.L.; data curation, V.S.L., M.L. and D.-K.L.; writing--original draft preparation, V.S.L.; writing--review and editing, M.L.; visualization, D.-K.L., K.D.N. and V.S.L; supervision, J.L.; project administration, V.S.L. and J.L.; funding acquisition, V.S.L. and J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by the project of the Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training under Grant No. B2018-BKA-09-CtrVL and the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning, Grant Number KETEP 20171520101610.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Bioactivity and Delivery Strategies of Phytochemical Compounds in Bone Tissue Regeneration
## 4 Bioactive Phytochemicals and Bone Signaling Pathways
### Anti-Inflammatory Activity  
The anti-inflammatory activity of phyto-molecules is related to the inhibition of genes expression such as TNF-\(\alpha\), [64] monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, [65] and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [66], and the decrease of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18 [67; 68; 69]. For example, curcumin, an extract from _Curcuma longa_, has been extensively studied due to its ability to inhibit NF-kB and the activation of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) after an inflammatory stimulus [70]. This bioactive molecule suppresses the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes, such as TNF\(\alpha\), IL-6, [64] cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase iNOS [71], and contributes to inhibition of MMPs synthesis [72]. Similarly, dried plum polyphenols and tannins indirectly suppress osteoclast differentiation and activity via lowering TNF-\(\alpha\) and NO production [73; 74] and down-regulating RANKL expression. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG),  
Figure 1: Signaling pathways involved in bone formation (green box) and bone resorption (red box). Polyphenols positively regulate MAPKs/TGF\(\beta\)/ERK1-2 pathway that activates and translocate Smads complex into the nucleus. Activated Smads regulate the expression of transcriptional factors and coactivators important in osteoblasts differentiation and bone formation process including Dlx5, Runx2, and Osx. Polyphenols also up-regulate genes involved in antioxidant activity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione synthetase (GSH). At the same time, polyphenols down-regulate RANKL and TNF\(\alpha\), two master gene regulators of osteoclasts differentiation and inflammatory pathways, respectively.  
the most abundant catechin in green tea, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through MAPKs pathway. Moreover, EGCG reduces the phosphorylation levels of MEK1/2 and Raf-1 upstream of ERK1/2 MAPK cascade, [75] promoting bone anabolism, enhancing osteoblasts proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization, and decreasing inflammatory mediators [76; 77]. Flavonoids, polyphenols present at relatively low concentrations in most fruit and vegetables, are known as food-based anti-inflammatory agents. Important flavonoids such as quercetin, quercetin, icaritin, and phloridzin, through downregulation of COX-2 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1\(\alpha\)) pathways, help to reduce the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), [78] exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions simultaneously [79].
## 4 Theoretical Analyses
### Energy Neutrality Constrains
As the average number of sensor nodes per cluster in unit \(i\) (\(1\leqslant i\leqslant m\)) is \(n_{i}\), and \(\rho\) is node density, then the average cluster radius of a CH in unit \(i\) can be calculated by  
\[Rc_{i}=\sqrt{\frac{n_{i}}{\rho\pi}} \tag{8}\]  
and by adopting the same method in [41], we can calculate \(r_{i}\) as follows:  
\[r_{i}=\frac{\rho}{n_{i}}\int\limits_{\theta=0}^{2\pi}\int\limits_{r=0}^{Rc_{i}} r^{2}drd\theta=\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{\frac{n_{i}}{\rho\pi}} \tag{9}\]  
where \(\rho\) is node density; \(n_{i}\) is average number of sensor nodes per cluster in unit \(i\); and \(n_{i}/\rho\) represents the average area covered by a cluster in unit \(i\). The number \(c_{i}\) of clusters in unit \(i\) can be expressed by the average number \(n_{i}\) of sensor nodes per cluster in this unit, which is shown as follows:  
\[c_{i}=\rho\frac{S}{mn_{i}} \tag{10}\]  
The average distance \(d_{i}\) between a CH in unit \(i\) and its routing head or BS can be calculated by  
\[d_{i}=d_{i\to BS}-d_{i-1\to BS} \tag{11}\]  
where \(d_{i\to BS}\) is the average distance between nodes in unit \(i\) and BS, which can be calculated as follows:  
\[d_{i\to BS}=\frac{m}{S}\int\limits_{\theta=0}^{2\pi}\int\limits_{r=R_{i-1}}^{ R_{i}}r^{2}drd\theta=\frac{2\pi m}{3S}\left(R_{i}^{3}-R_{i-1}^{3}\right) \tag{12}\]  
where \(m\) is the number of units; \(S\) is sensor field size; and \(R_{i}\) is the outer radius of unit \(i\) which is computed as follows:  
\[R_{i}=\sqrt{i\frac{S}{m\pi}} \tag{13}\]  
And then we can recalculate \(d_{i\to BS}\) as follows:  
\[Ech_{i}\leq n_{i}T_{i}P_{e}-\left(n_{i}-1\right)Ecm_{i}\left(i=1,2,\cdots,m\right) \tag{5}\]0  
For a CH in unit \(i\), it consumes much more energy than a normal node in the same unit. That is, \(Ecm_{i}<Ech_{i}\). Thus, Equation (4) is redundant and Equation (5) can effectively restrict each node to work in an energy neutral state. In addition, based on Equation (5), the energy neutrality constraint for the sensor nodes in unit \(i\) can be re-expressed as follows:  
\[Ech_{i}\leq n_{i}T_{i}P_{e}-\left(n_{i}-1\right)Ecm_{i}\left(i=1,2,\cdots,m\right) \tag{5}\]1  
Let \(Eav_{i}\) represent the average energy consumption of nodes per cycle in unit \(i\), and it can be expressed as follows:  
\[Ech_{i}\leq n_{i}T_{i}P_{e}-\left(n_{i}-1\right)Ecm_{i}\left(i=1,2,\cdots,m\right) \tag{5}\]2  
Then Equation (15) can be simplified as follows:  
\[Ech_{i}\leq n_{i}T_{i}P_{e}-\left(n_{i}-1\right)Ecm_{i}\left(i=1,2,\cdots,m\right) \tag{5}\]3  
To maximize the network information gathering, nodes in each unit should transmit data to BS at the fastest rate. That is, the data transmission cycle should be minimized. As a result, the energy neutrality constrain for the nodes in unit \(i\) can be updated as follows:  
\[Ech_{i}\leq n_{i}T_{i}P_{e}-\left(n_{i}-1\right)Ecm_{i}\left(i=1,2,\cdots,m\right) \tag{5}\]4
# A Digital Twin for Intelligent Transportation Systems in Interurban Scenarios
## 2 State of the Art on Digital Twins for Intelligent Transportation Systems
### Digital Twins of Interurban Scenarios  
Interurban case studies include highways or tunnels. The work in [20] proposes a digital twin of a road section to facilitate vehicles to cooperate with each other before arriving at a merging zone. The cloud contains a pre-built map of the road section, and the vehicle's coordinates are uploaded and matched to the map. Vehicle-to-cloud communication is facilitated by the 4G/LTE cellular network. The work proposes algorithms to calculate the optimal merging, in which neither of the vehicles involved must perform abrupt accelerations/decelerations (only longitudinal planning, so lane changes are not considered), but no intelligence or simulation is involved. The final decision is sent to the driver's HMI display, which shows the recommended speed. A field implementation was conducted in Riverside, California, with three passenger vehicles, two on the main lane and one on the ramp.  
The work in [21] aims to construct a digital twin of a tunnel with the purpose of analyzing traffic flow, preventing traffic jams inside the tunnel, and taking care of accidents and facility management. Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology was used to construct the model of the tunnel, and a 3D real-time fusion method is proposed, which involves obtaining data from video acquisition, the tunnel geometry model, and point calibration information. Decisions made in the cloud are sent in real time to drivers to recommend safer and more efficient driving. A field implementation was carried out in China with three passenger vehicles.