## 2 Materials and Methods
### Systems Designing
The new pattern causes the matching point of the prior and next watering circles to fall not exactly in the center but close to it according to their radius, like asymmetrical intersecting circles. Each additive radius along a CPL pipeline, on average had a minor overlap of 40-45% and a larger overlap of 55-60% accordingly. Hence, the trapezoid shape area between every 4 nozzles completely overlaps. Indeed, the lateral movement (or distance) is based on the last sprinkler distance of throw. When the outmost \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Indicator** & **Value** & **Unit** & **Definition** \\ \hline I & 13 & mm/h & Soil infiltration rate \\ SWHC & 170 & mm/m & Soil water holding capacity \\ ET\({}_{o}\) & 5 & mm/d & Reference evapotranspiration \\ E & 80 & \% & Irrigation systems efficiency \\ MAD & 55 & \% & Management allowable depletion \\ Plant Root & 1.2 & m & Sugarcane \\ Kc & 1.2 & Dimensionless & Crop coefficient \\ ETc & 6 & mm & Crop evapotranspiration = ET\({}_{o}\times K_{C}\) \\ NIWR & 112.2 & mm & Net irrigation water requirement = Root depth \(\times\) MAD \(\times\) SWHC \\ GIWR & 140 & mm & Gross irrigation water requirement = NIWR/E \\ F & 15 & day & Watering cycle = NIWR/\(ET_{o}\) = 16.6 \(\cong\) 15 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Farm basic indicators for irrigation systems designing. sprinkler radius is identified, then the remaining sprinklers/sprayers radiuses determination will be done accordingly. The two tangential lines, from the farm corner surrounding the outmost sprinkler wet diameter, would be the irrigation slice boundaries to place the rest of sprinklers in an imbalanced head to head pattern during the designing process (Figure 1C). Taking into account the most influencing factors such as availability, economical criteria, maximum allowable discharge rates and working pressure, the selected brand was China drip and the model was RS5022 for the endmost sprinkler. The radius was 12.5 m, two nozzles, a discharge rate of 1200 L/h and working pressure of 3 atmospheres. In total 6 different types (10 pieces) of sprayers/sprinklers were installed on the lateral, including 2 for the corner catcher. CPL lateral distance (on the perimeter of the circle) based on the distance of throw was selected as 12.5 m. Total of 7 set moves were planned to cover the entire plot. Sprinklers/sprayers interval on the lateral varied from 2.7 up to 11.6 m depending on their radiuses. Sprinklers were working with 0.02 to 0.33 L per second discharge rate. Via using bigger radius sprinklers at the end of lateral we can reduce the amount of manual work and if the soil permeability of the site is high, applying greater sprinklers discharge rate will decrease the total required time to operate the system. For this new layout, due to the need to apply several sprayer/sprinkler types on the lateral and taking into account the fact that the pressure changes along the lateral might affect the sprayers, therefore a constant discharge rate sprinkler/sprayers was availed to avoid discrepancies if pressure exceeds a threshold value. Otherwise applying pressure regulators is necessary as it was used in one of the 2 bar sprayers for this study, due to limited available brands in the market. The corner arm pipe (applying two sprinklers) was split to two sections, one 9 m and another one 9.2 m. It can be split, folds out and back when the lateral approaches the corner or reaches the near side. Both pieces were equipped with rotating elbows to provide recurring ability. The sprinklers had shutoff valves to close them as and when the corner watering is not required. Fixed routes were identified to lay the lateral in specific directions for each set move. The quadratic curve was measured and colorful flags were placed to mark the next lateral position. The flags and rotating elbow are shown in the below picture (Figure 4a,b respectively).