# Substituting Sugar in Pastry and Bakeery Products with Functional Ingredients
## 6 The Effects of Replacing Sucrose in Pastry and Bakery Products  
### The Effects of Replacing Sucrose with Apple Products and By-Products  
Replacing sugar in pastry with apple pure or apple pomace may lead to changes in the final product. The partial substitution of sugar with apple cider vinegar or apple puree leads to an increase in protein content (Table 3) [11; 134]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Substitutes** & **TPC** & **PA** & **Flavonols** & **Flavon-3-ols** & **Dihydrochalcones** & **C** & **T** & **CV** & **A** & **Tannins** & **Reference** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Apples} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{[173; 174; 179; 183; 184]} \\  & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 189,190; 223; 224; 225; 226; 227; 228] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Nyra fruitomas_ sap} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{[139; 140; 217; 218; 219]} \\  & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Dates} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{[50; 215]} \\  & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The content of bioactive components of the substituents. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Substitutes** & **Na** & **K** & **P** & **Ca** & **Mg** & **Zn** & **Cu** & **Fe** & **Mn** & **Se** & **Reference** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Apples} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{[173; 229; 230; 233; 234]} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Nyra fruiticans_ sap} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{[140; 218; 219]} \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Dates} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{[220; 221]} \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Stevia} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{x} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{[96; 216; 235]} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The mineral content of the substituents. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Substitute** & **PSS (\%)** & **Product** & **Effects** & **Reference** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Apple \\ puree \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{100\%} & \multirow{4}{*}{Cake} & the energy value, and the quantities of carbohydrates and lipids, were reduced to almost half compared to the control sample; the fiber content doubled; the protein content increased; darker crumb color than the control sample. \\ \end{tabular} & [11] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The effects of replacing sucrose with apple products and by-products.