## 2 Literature Review
With or without the assistance of a fuel cell and electrolyzer system, [PERSON] et al. [36] provided a comprehensive design for an EVCS that is solar-based. According to the authors, the power-following strategy-based EVCS design's battery capacity was roughly 20 times lower than the design produced by the reference. Furthermore, the power-following strategy-based EVCS design was nearly half as expensive as the reference design. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [37] conducted a case study on the installation of PV-powered charging stations alongside a major Brazilian highway. Along with offering information on electricity use, GHG emissions, and financial analysis, the authors also supplied a list of suitable places for the installation of the charging stations. The findings indicated that the expenses might be 72% less than what it currently costs to refuel conventional cars. To meet the electrical load demand of a small shopping complex incorporating an EV charging station situated on an Indian university campus, [PERSON] et al. [38] proposed a grid-connected solar-wind hybrid system. The component's size is chosen to minimize the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). A total of 36 kW of solar and 20 kW of wind power, together with 10 kW of grid sales and buy, make up the ideal arrangement. The findings show that the renewable fraction is 0.87 and the LCOE is measured at USD 0.038 per kWh. A grid-connected PV-based microgrid for EV charging stations in Visakhapatnam City, India, was suggested by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [39]. The authors stated that the PV-powered charging stations and the scaled session determine the peak capacity required on the part of the solar power plant. The overall energy production varied from 946,235 to 1,734,764 kWhannually, depending on the conditions. Approximately 97% of the power that was observed came from solar sources. On a highway in southern Tamil Nadu, India, [PERSON] et al. [40] looked into the techno-economic and environmental aspects of on-grid hybrid solar wind car charging stations. Throughout the day, the gadget may charge 17 EVs as planned. With a 50% reduction in emissions, the authors reported an LCOE of USD 0.072 per kWh and a net current cost of USD 303,291.26. [PERSON] et al. [41] examined the technological and financial viability of PV-EVCSs in Shenzhen, China. Comparing the PV-powered EV to a typical gasoline-powered car, the former has a pollution reduction potential of about 100%. The LCOE rises from USD 0.027/kWh to USD 0.097/kWh with a loan rate increase from 0% to 6%. [PERSON] et al. [42] examined the solar energy potential of parking places for solar automobiles in Berlin, Germany. According to the findings, reducing grid charging might result in a median annual cost savings of EUR 164. The environmental advantages of solar car charging, however, were discovered to be inferior to those of conventional grid-connected photovoltaic systems. The study's conclusions suggest that solar-powered automobiles will not be able to overcome urban EVs' energy source issues. The current state of knowledge and the main forces behind initiatives to increase the adoption of PV-powered EVCS were compiled by [PERSON] et al. [43]. The results show that theoretical research using MATLAB (R2024a) was the most common use case, alongside parking lot shading projects. The energy consumption ranged from 0.139 to 0.295 kWh/km, according to the authors, and the LCOE for an on-grid system ranged from USD 0.0032 to USD 0.5645 per kWh. For this application, the payback time (PBT) is appropriate, which varies between one and fifteen years for most cases. Based on previous studies, it is not clear that there is a case study of these techniques in hot and desert areas, although there are highlights of global trends in EV charging infrastructure, the integration of solar energy in transportation, challenges and opportunities in urban EV charging, relevant case studies, user behavior considerations, and the environmental and economic impacts of PV-EVCSs.