## 3 Application of Advanced Surveying Methods (_Advanced Surveying_)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Tools** & **Benefits** & **Limitation** & **Resolution** & **Data Format** & **Application** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Geographic Information System (GIS)} & Multisource data analysis, & & & Traffic management, road network & \\  & complexity & specialized & & planning, public & \\  & data management, & learning curve, & the source & & transport planning, urban & \\  & spatial analysis, & limited 3D & & & environmental & \\  & capabilities & & & & planning & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)} & High accuracy, detailed 3D data, rapid large-area data capture, change detection, and monitoring capabilities & High costs, time-consuming data processing, data capture specific to a point in time & \multirow{4}{*}{50–300 mm} & \multirow{4}{*}{50–300 mm} & Transportation infrastructure design and inspection, flood DEM, Raster & & Transportation design and inspection, flood risk assessment, topographic, utility mapping & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)} & High-resolution data capture, rapid large-area coverage, cost-effective data collection & Weather-dependent, limited flight time, requires specialized training & Depends on the mounted sensor: 10–100 mm & Point Cloud, DEM, Raster & & Bridge inspection, road condition assessment, pipeline monitoring, construction progress & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{3D Scanning} & Highly accurate data capture, capable of capturing complex properties, rapid data collection & Time-consuming data processing, data capture specific to a point in time & \multirow{4}{*}{0.1–10 mm} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.1–10 mm} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.1–100 mm} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.1–100 mm} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.1–100 mm} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.1–100 mm} \\  & Rapid large-area monitoring, capable of capturing complex properties, rapid data collection & Data capture & & & & \\  & Rapid large-area monitoring, and monitoring, high-resolution & & & & & \\  & Rapid large-area monitoring, and environmental studies & & & & \\  & Rapid large-area monitoring, and environment studies & & & & & \\  & Rapid large-area data capture, high & & & & \\  & Accuracy, and data processing, data processing, limited to road & & & & management, mapping, and modeling for decision-making & \\  & Detection, and monitoring & & & & & \\  & Rapid large-area monitoring, and environment studies & & & & \\  &As discussed above, many studies have focused on employing advanced surveying tools to generate topography maps, monitor construction progress, detect different construction elements, and generate alignment models. By employing a comprehensive database for the performance model, the prediction of the future condition of the assets will be more accurate, which will lead to a better maintenance execution plan. Considering the workforce and the amount of time required for state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) to collect information on smaller segments (e.g., 0.1 miles instead of 1-mile segments), using automated tools to collect road distress data on smaller segments seems inevitable in the near future. This paper suggests that agencies should improve their current standard of practices in crucial areas such as cloud data pool, data processing, and computing power to take full advantage of automated assessment technologies. Further research is required to address the application of these modern technologies to automate the performance-assessment process while evaluating their potential temporal and financial benefits.