esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Direct Shear Test of the Jagged Sandstone Joints
### Numerical Simulation Results Analysis  
#### 4.4.1 Numerical Model Verification Based on UCS Test and Direct Shear Test  
As shown in Figure 11a, an oblique damage interface, below which rock breaking occurs, as shown by the red arrows, is the same in physical testing and numerical simulation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline
**Parameter Type** & **Microscopic Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Microscopic parameters of smooth joint model} & Normal stiffness (N/m) & \(5\times 10^{9}\) \\  & Shear stiffness (N/m) & \(5\times 10^{9}\) \\  & Friction coefficient & 0.75 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Microscopic parameters of smooth joint model.  
Figure 11: Numerical model verification: (**a**) comparison of damage modes of physical testing and numerical simulation for uniaxial compression strength test; (**b**) comparison of damage modes of physical testing and numerical simulation for direct shear tests; (**c**) peak shear strength verification of R2-2 specimen.  
As shown in Figure 11b, the overall performance of jagged bumps is a smoothed, red circle, and there is a local concentration of broken belt, a blue circle.  
In addition, the simulation of the peak strength is critical in this study. Numerical tests were carried out using the R2-2 rock joints, and the shear stress and shear displacement curves are shown in Figure 11c, respectively. It can be observed that the peak shear strengths of numerical tests can conform well to physical tests, and their basic trends remain consistent. Both the damage model and the strength prediction show that the PFC model we built has good applicability.
## 4 Proof-of-Concept Implementation
### Educational Institution  
The institution is connected to one of the private blockchains based on Hyperledger Fabric, as shown in Figure 9, and has at least one account to issue the different academic data with the proper permissions.  
Figure 8: Holder and third-party access to the consortium blockchain.  
Figure 9: Interaction between the institution and the private blockchain.  
The process of retrieving the holder's account, generating a shared key, issuing, encrypting, and storing the information in the database, and securely transferring the academic data issued as described in the model is out of the scope of this concrete implementation since it depends on each particular case and consists of an exchange of data, and this initial proof-of-concept implementation focuses on specific aspects related to blockchain.  
Since, as already stated, the institution uses its own proprietary information systems, it is considered that they have an API that can be securely consumed to interact with the associated private chain using the Hyperledger Fabric SDK for Node.js or Python, depending on the technology applied, it is not mandatory for the organization to change their databases to join the initiative, although some adaptations can be required to connect the internal servers to the blockchain using the API, which must be properly protected and hardened using a firewall, an intrusion detection system (IDS) and/or an intrusion detection and prevention system (IDPS).
# Joint Power Allocation and Link Selection for Multi-Carrier Buffer Aided Relay Network
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, an OFDM-based BAR network was considered. Our objective was to maximize average throughput of the system under separate power constraints at each node and the link selection constraints such that only one link should be selected during one-time slot, and the sum rate at first hop should not exceed the total outward data flow. The results showed that the BAR with joint link selection and power allocation strategy gives significantly better gain as compared to the conventional scheme. Furthermore, suboptimal solutions were also presented and inspected nicely in the simulation section with and without using the buffer at the relay node. It was proved in all the simulation results that the joint optimization solution always outperforms in all scenarios.  
[PERSON], G.A.S.S., Z.A., contributed to the conception and development of the analytical model of the study. F.J., W.U.K., G.A.S.S., I.K., and B.J.C. contributed to the acquisition of simulation results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.  
This research was supported under the National Research Foundation (NRF), Korea (NRF-2019R1C1C1007277) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Korea.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Method
### Methodology
#### 2.2.3 Low-Cost Radiometric Calibration of the Thermal Camera  
* Thermal data acquisition  
The low-cost radiometric calibration was performed under controlled laboratory conditions with a constant ambient temperature of 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C and through an ad-hoc black body simulator. Specifically, an aluminum container painted with 0.9-0.95 emissivity matte black paint was used (Figure 4). It was filled with distilled water and heated in a laboratory oven to 53 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Its cooling down to 3.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C was monitored by both the Gobi-384 and a set of thermocouples fixed to the container surface, used to obtain the reference temperature for calibration. The cooling to 3.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C was achieved by gradual addition of distilled water ice cubes as the temperature tended to stabilize. As a result of the experiment, a wide temperature range was achieved (3.5-53 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in order to apply the calibration model and derive temperature measurements from objects that meet this temperature range.  
With the thermal camera installed in a fixed position at 1.5 m distance to the black body simulator, a total of 258 thermal images were acquired at a rate of 1.5 images/min, so that the calibration lasted approximately 3 h.  
* Calibration algorithms To aid in the camera calibration process, the authors developed a script in Matlab(r) to select a representative area of the aluminum container (64 pixels) in all thermal images. The area selected is close to the set of thermocouples, and the mean value of that set of pixels is stored, in digital levels. Regarding the calibration model, both the linear and polynomial models (Equations (12) and (13)) were tested since they are widely used to perform temperature adjustments [24]. RT = a + b \(\times\) DL (12) RT = a + b \(\times\) DL + c \(\times\) DL 2 where RT is the reference temperature of the black body simulator measured by the thermocouples, DL is the mean value of the pre-selected pixels in digital levels from the thermal images and a, b and c are the fit regression coefficients. In order to compare both model adjustments (Figure 5), the coefficient of determination (R2) was analyzed. For the evaluated temperature range, a better fit was obtained through the polynomial model, in which a coefficient of determination of 0.9974 was obtained, compared to the 0.9908 obtained from the linear model.  
Figure 4: Laboratory set-up for the low-cost radiometric calibration of the thermal camera: aluminum container with 0.9–0.95 emissivity matte black paint (left) and thermocouples to obtain the reference temperature for calibration (right).
## Nomenclature  
ACF autocorrelation function  
AIC Akaike Information Criterion  
AR Auto-Regressive Model  
ARMA Auto-Regressive Moving Average Model  
BM Boltzmann machine  
BP Back-Projection  
CNN Convolutional Neural Network  
DBN Deep Belief Network  
DNN Deep Neural Network  
DWT Discrete Wavelet Transformation  
EMD Empirical Mode Decomposition  
EEMD Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition  
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
## 2 Methodology  
### Site Details: ICP Forest Level II Intensive Monitoring Sites  
Data were used from ten intensive forest monitoring Level II sites distributed across the UK (Figure 1). The sites form part of a wider European (ICP Forests) network, established to gain a better understanding of the effects of air pollution and other environmental factors on forest ecosystem structure and function. Table 1 provides site details, while the soils are characterised in Table 2. Additional information on the monitoring network is provided by [27; 28].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l l l} \hline
**Site Name** & **Tree Species** & **Monitoring Period** & **Previous** & **Finding Year** & **Based Avg** & **Elveation (in)** & **Slope (Ca)** & **Rain (mm)** & **T\(\mathrm{FO}\mathrm{FO}\mathrm{G}\)**G** & **N\(\,\)dap** & **S\(\,\)dap** \\  & & & **Weight** & & & & & & & & **log\(\,\)has\({}^{-1}\)-1** & **log\(\,\)has\({}^{-1}\)-1** \\ \hline Alice Health & Oak & 1998-2029 & Wusthland & 1935 & 27.3 & 80 & 0 & 642 & 11.6 & 0.8 & 7.6 \\ Swermark & Oak & 1998-2025 & Wusthland & 1950 & 18.0 & 107 & 1 & 796 & 11.3 & 12.7 & 10.9 \\ Cleveland & Oak & 1998-2025 & Wusthland & 1920 & 25.5 & 115 & 30 & 1800 & 9.5 & 13.9 & 14.2 \\ \hline Shredred & South pine & 1998-2025 & Wusthland & 1932 & 38.7 & 50.6 & 2 & 1000 & 10.3 & 18.6 & 7.6 \\ Shredred & South pine & 1998-2025 & Grandland & 1935 & 26.3 & 240 & 25.0 & 1163 & 9.5 & 16.8 & 17.6 \\ Shredred & South pine & 1998-2025 & Grandland & 1935 & 26.3 & 240 & 25.0 & 1163 & 9.5 & 16.8 & 17.6 \\ Shredred & South pine & 1998-2029 & Wusthland & 1930 & 57.8 & 80 & 462 & 11.4 & 10.7 & 4.1 \\ Corbin & South pine & 1998-2029 & Wusthland & 1974 & 93.1 & 300 & 1 & 1400 & 9.0 & 10.2 & 8.3 \\ Tanned & South pine & 1999-2025 & Grandland & 1989 & 65.0 & 400 & 6.0 & 100 & 7.5 & 48.8 & 6.4 \\ Llyn Hintane & Sitka spruce & 2010-2034 & Moroland & 1973 & 85.4 & 450 & 20 & 2100 & 101 & 8.9 & 5.7 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Site and climatic characteristics of 10 Intensive Forest Monitoring Level II sites in the UK. Basal area was measured in 1995. Averaged annual rainfall, temperature and total nitrogen and sulphur deposition over the monitoring period at the sites are reported.
## 5 Limitations and Future Directions  
The primary limitation of this study was the small sample size of participants (\(n=50\)), and it may not represent the diverse population working within (Tiers 5-10) the NLF system in England. As such, it is unlikely that the current study identifies the differences between the tiers (i.e., 5-10) and playing levels (full- and part-time). The findings may be contextualised to the sample of participants, with recruitment possibly affected by time constraints faced by participants as part-time or unpaid staff, limiting the generalisability to wider NLF. The timing of the survey completion was likely impacted by recent situational factors (e.g., the current success of a team) and the stage of the football season and therefore may not be an accurate representation of typical practice. The responses could also be influenced by recall bias and misrepresent areas of practice, staffing, or information. Whilst the survey aimed to capture a broad overview of the resources and practices, further exploration with a larger cohort may yield a more accurate representation and comprehensive understanding. Due to a conscious effort to keep the survey in this study concise, other aspects of NLF SSM resources and practices remain unexplored. Thus, future research should consider the stakeholders' knowledge and experience of SSM resources and practices and the representation of SSM practitioners working within NLF, and identify how many players each practitioner is responsible for, including any players beyond the men's first team (e.g., women's teams and academy teams). Additionally, further exploration of English NLF football Tiers 5 and 6 and comparable levels within other countries directly below the professional level is needed. This may highlight the complexities between full- and part-time teams competing together, and the SSM disciplines that should be prioritised to maximise a team's chances of progressing into league football.
## 2 Field Description  
Figure 1 illustrates the locations of the UBGH wellbores in the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea, Republic of Korea [38]. Ulleung Basin is a back-arc basin that borders the Oki Bank, Korean Plateau, Japanese Arc, and Korean Peninsula [39]. The UBGH drilling activities are categorized into the first (UBGH1) and second drilling expeditions (UBGH2). The purposes of the two expeditions were the accurate evaluation of gas hydrate reserves and well placement for test production.  
The reserve of gas hydrate in the UBGH was estimated as 620 million tons. The BSR was detected between 100 and 250 m below seafloor (m b.s.f.) [32; 40]. This study focuses on analyzing the UBGH2 field with a production test wellbore. In UBGH2, gas hydrate was found within thin sand layers in mud. The thickness of the sand was estimated to be less than 50 cm [35; 41].  
As depicted in Figure 1, the UBHG2 drilling expedition includes 13 wellbores: UBGH2-1_1, UBGH2-1_2, UBGH2-2_1, UBGH2-2_2, UBGH2-3, UBGH2-4, UBGH2-5, UBGH2-6, UBGH2-7, UBGH2-8, UBGH2-9, UBGH2-10, and UBGH2-11 [38]. Based on logging while drilling or measurement while drilling, their borehole data were acquired as follows: Vp, GR, RHOB, PEF, RT (shallow/medium/deep), TNPH, caliper, bulk density correlation, equivalent circulating density, downhole annulus temperature, downhole annulus pressure, collar rotational speed, rate of penetration averaged over the last 5 ft, density time after bit, neutron time after bit, resistivity time after bit, and sonic time after bit. The logging data were measured at every 0.1524 m (0.5 ft) interval.  
Figure 2 is the distance matrix of the UBHG2 wellbores. These distances were calculated based on the longitude and latitude data of the wellbores. The closer the inter-well distance, the more similar the geologic features between the wellbores [42]. The average inter-well distance is 65.53 km. Wellbores with similar names, such as UBGH2-2_1 and UBGH2-2_2, are in close proximity. Wellbore UBGH2-3 is the most distant wellbore among the UBGH2 wellbores, with an average distance of 105.08 km.  
Figure 1: (a,b) Location of the UBGH boreholes in Ulleung Basin, Republic of Korea [38] (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [38]).  
Based on core data, the estimated porosity in the UBGH2 field ranges from 26.77 to 94.07%. In-depth studies were conducted for 6 of the 13 UBGH2 wellbores (UBGH2-2-1, UBGH2-2-2, UBGH2-6, UBGH2-9, UBGH2-10, and UBGH2-11), which had relatively large gas hydrate resources, with a porosity range between 63.96% and 71.35% [43; 44]. Based on seismic survey results, UBGH2-6 was selected and operated as a production test well because of its production potential [45]. This borehole had the thickest hydrate-bearing deposit among all UBGH wellbores [46]. Its water depth was 2153 m, and gas hydrates were deposited between 140 and 154 m b.s.f.
# A Novel Approach for the Definition of an Integrated Visual Quality Index for Residential Buildings
## 7 Conclusions and Future Developments  
An integrated index for evaluating the visual quality of an indoor environment in residential buildings has been proposed and discussed. In the definition of the index daylight access, glare probability from daylight and electric illumination, maintained illuminance, and color temperature are considered the main quantitative parameters. These aspects are measured through a fixed set of metrics and are combined using relative weights to obtain an index that could be representative of the visual quality of an environment throughout a whole year. Qualitative parameters are considered as well in order to thoroughly take into account the psychological aspects of the inhabitants. The applicability of the index was tested by simulation on a dwelling that will be built and monitored in the context of the CASA research project, and which will assess and eventually properly modify and/or improve the index itself. A classification of the final BVQI in different levels is proposed which is useful for making available more direct and simpler information to users as well as providing a benchmark for commercial use.  
It has been proven that the index achieves its purpose: it is easy to use and to understand because it synthetizes the visual quality of the environment into a single value which properly balances the contribution of the different rooms; it is useful during the design process as it gives the designers information on how to choose among different solutions to improve both electric lighting, daylight access, and space organization.  
Considering future developments, first of all the index will be validated in real case studies where users' satisfaction is recorded, correlated with the value of the index and compared with the real physical values monitored with a building monitoring system designed for this purpose. This will be done in the next two years within the CASA project (where all the parameters connected to human comfort will be controlled and monitored), but a wider utilization of the index is recommended for its stronger validation and/or for the proposal of proper changes in the parameters weights, in the thresholds, or in the considered aspects.  
Future implementation of the index could comprehend an evaluation that is based on the effective occupancy profile of the dwelling. A stronger connection with the building energy efficiency will also be considered.  
Finally, the methodology followed to define the VQI could be replicated in other fields of human comfort perception in order to achieve a holistic evaluation of indoor environmental quality.  
Conceptualization, R.A.; methodology and formal analysis, R.A., S.Z., and N.C.; simulation N.C.; writing--original draft preparation, S.Z. and N.C.; writing--review and editing, R.A., S.Z., and N.C.  
This research was funded by Covi Costruzioni s.r.l. under the CASA project.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Design of a Compact Multiband Monopole Antenna with MIMO Mutual Coupling Reduction
## 2 Design of Antenna Structure
### MIMO Antenna Mutual Coupling Reduction
Higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths indeed benefit the radiation pattern. The conductive currents cancel each other out, as shown in Figure 12b.
# Framework for Developing an Information Technology
## 2 State of the Art
### Information Architecture
#### 3.4.3 Optimization and Automation Platform  
Utilizes tools for optimization and automation and real-time decision-making. Includes artificial intelligence and machine learning tools for real-time decision making.
## 5 Discussion
### Analysis of the Optimal Performing Model
* Effectiveness of Machine Learning Models: The considerable reduction in MAE when using the Gradient Boosting models compared to the baseline methods illustrates the value of machine learning in capturing complex patterns and relationships in the data that simple statistical measures cannot.
# Multi-Modal Spatio-Temporal Knowledge Graph of Ship Management
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposes an effective approach to integrate ship communication data with spatio-temporal and multi-modal features by constructing a multi-modal spatio-temporal knowledge graph, which provides excellent data management support for subsequent data applications and situational awareness.  
To address the heterogeneity among multi-source data, we establish the association between data by constructing a multi-modal spatio-temporal ontology based on existing ontologies, which guides the integration and aggregation of multi-modal spatio-temporal information and facilitates information sharing and reuse. We use different techniques to extract ship communication knowledge and obtain a high-quality multi-modal spatio-temporal knowledge graph for structured and unstructured data. Taking the communication scenario of fishing boats going to sea as an example, we use the constructed multi-modal spatio-temporal knowledge graph and graph convolutional neural network model to predict communication quality, and the query tasks for ship communication knowledge were accomplished through a graph database.  
In future work, we intend to further improve the performance of the proposed approach by incorporating more advanced techniques, such as deep learning and natural language processing. Moreover, we will evaluate the proposed approach in real-world scenarios to verify its effectiveness and applicability. Overall, the proposed multi-modal spatio-temporal knowledge graph has significant potential to enhance ship communication management.  
Writing--original draft, Y.Z., R.X. and W.L.; Writing--review & editing, W.M., D.N., Y.D., X.Z. and Z.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research project was supported in part by the Major Project of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory under Grant 2022 HSZD031, and in part by the Innovation fund of Chinese Marine Defense Technology Innovation Center under Grant JJ-2021-722-04, and in part by the open funds of Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, and in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Chinese Central Universities under Grant 2662023 XXPY004, 2662022 JC004, and in part by the open funds of the National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement under Grant ZK202203, Huzhong Agricultural University, and in part by the Inner Mongolia Key Scientific and Technological Project under Grant 2021 SZD0099.  
Not applicable.  
The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.