esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion  
The aim of this work was to design and validate an instrument to measure the perceptions of future teachers in Spain about the potential of film as a teaching resource in pre-school and primary education. To do so, a systematic and planned process was followed, which resulted in the PECID questionnaire, a valid and reliable instrument that allows quantifying in its different dimensions how the students of the Teacher's Degree perceive cinema as a resource for their future teaching practice. Some instruments have been designed and validated for educational resources such as ICTs [54; 55; 56; 57; 58], but the PECID questionnaire is the first to address the perception of cinema in education. This fact shows the novelty of the instrument obtained.  
If we consider the results regarding content validity, it was found, after the expert judgment, that three items were irrelevant based on the quantification carried out by applying the CVC by [49]. The elimination of these items implied obtaining an instrument with 25 items with good content validity. This allowed us to affirm, taking into account what [59] said about content validity, that the sample of items collected in the PECID questionnaire effectively measure the specific domain it intends to measure and no other. Likewise, with the pilot test carried out, improvements could be implemented based on direct contact with a reduced sample of students, serving as a complement to the opinions issued by the experts. On the other hand, if we consider the reliability, the findings obtained showed an excellent internal consistency of the instrument. In this sense, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient allowed us to determine the extent to which the different items were related to each other, and a high relationship was found between them. Likewise, accuracy in the measurement was guaranteed, since based on what [60] said, it can be stated that the repeated application of the PECID questionnaire to the same subject or object will largely produce the same results.  
Regarding construct validity, the factor analyses conducted (exploratory and confirmatory) reflected that the constitutive definition made of the construct, decomposed into three factors or dimensions, is adequate. In this sense, it was found that the educational potential of cinema can be structured around cinema as a resource for the transmission of content, cinema as a resource for expression and communication, and cinema as a resource for critical analysis. In the first factor, the most defining potential was to foster attitudes and values (item 8), while in the second factor, the most important was to develop expression and communication strategies in a cooperative manner with the realization of audio-visual work projects, together with the development of expressive and communicative skills and abilities at the oral and gestural level (items 15 and 16). In the third factor, the potential that most defines cinema as a resource for critical analysis is to encourage a critical sense in the face of real-life situations (item 19).
## 1 Introduction
In this regard, our findings contribute to increasing situational awareness against BS deployment and the newly introduced cyber security and privacy threats regarding BS, helping developers to design more user-attractive, security, and privacy-oriented BS systems that satisfy users' non-functional requirements, in order to increase their acceptance. As previous literature argues [3], issues met by the BS users should be solved instantly since BS prevalence is growing worldwide. Furthermore, the results are beneficial for Greek HEIs, indicating the need for the development of BS training programs addressed to their students and of an improved marketing policy as well as for seizing the opportunity to upgrade their safety services, by investing in BSs that satisfy students. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 is divided into three subsections. The first one addresses work regarding the development of biometrics models and users' BS acceptance within public and private services, while it presents the statement of interest and the raised research questions. The third subsection presents the research field, the methodology followed, and the implemented instrument. In Section 3, the results of our survey are outlined, indicating students' sociodemographic profile and their perceptions regarding BS knowledge, adoption, usability, reliability and their intention of use, as well as their security, privacy and social control concerns. Section 4 discusses the main findings. Finally, Section 5 concludes our findings and raises future research directions.
## 5 NMR Cryoporometric Results Obtained Using the Spectrometer and Peltier Cooled Probe
### NMR Cryoporometric Measurement on a Sol-Gel Silica  
A Sol-Gel silica of nominal pore diameter of 100 A (as determined by gas adsorption) was measured using the NMR Cryoporometer, with distilled water as the probe liquid. The samples were prepared in 3 mm glass NMR tubes, and dried at 120 degC overnight. The small diameter of the tubes assists with the sample all being iso-thermal. Weighing was performed so that the masses of all the dry solid and added liquid were known.  
For this set of results, a recent calibration was employed, as appropriate to water at an NMR 2\(\tau\) measuring time of 2 ms [50]:  
\[\mathrm{k}_{GT} =580\ \mathrm{K.\AA}\]  
At low temperatures (Figure 8), the water is all frozen, and at a 2\(\tau\) measuring time of 2 ms gives a negligible signal, due to the short T\({}_{2}\) of the brittle ice. Between about \(-10\) degC and \(-5\) degC, the liquid in the pores melts, to then give a plateau between about \(-5\) degC to \(-1\) degC, followed by another rise in signal amplitude near 0 degC as the bulk liquid around the grains melts. This final plateau gives a pore-volume calibration to the whole measurement, as the mass of this liquid has been measured.  
The signal-to noise was excellent, as can be seen on the following melting curve, Figure 9, for 23 mg of water over-filling 21 mg of sol-gel silica. The measurement points are mostly hidden under the fitted red curve, as can be seen using a bi-symmetric log plot [52]. These plots are helpful in determining that at the lowest temperature all the liquid has frozen, so as to obtain an accurate NMRC pore-size distribution, particularly at low pore-size values. The resultant pore-size distribution is shown in Figure 10.  
Figure 8: The NMR echo amplitude is monitored as a function of temperature to give the pore volume vs. melting temperature.  
Relaxometry, private discussion has indicated that NMR Cryoporometry is perhaps one of the most robust techniques for small pore data in carbonate and shale samples.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Inter-Cluster Communication
#### 5.2.1 Network Lifetime and Remaining Energy of Each Node  
The proposed relay-node rotation method has been evaluated for its impact on network lifetime, specifically considering the variable initial energy levels of the nodes. Figure 19 demonstrates the residual energy of each node after each round of operation. The term 'round' refers to a complete cycle of sensing and data transmission to the cluster head, followed by data transmission from the cluster head to the base station via multi-hop communication.  
In Figure 19a, for an alpha value of 0.6, the proposed relay-node rotation scheme achieves an intra-cluster energy balance. Despite this, the first node dies after 2602 rounds, while the last node dies at 2890 rounds. When the alpha value is increased to 0.7 (Figure 19b), there is a noticeable improvement in the network's stability and convergence of node lifetimes. Specifically, the first node death (FND) is delayed to the 2703 rd round, while the last node death (LND) occurs at the 2830 th round. These results illustrate the flexibility of the proposed scheme in adjusting the frequency of relay-node rotation based on network requirements, leading to enhanced energy balance and prolonged network operation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Number of nodes (\(N\)) & 100 \\ \hline Range of heterogeneous initial energies of nodes & (0.5–2) J \\ \hline Total energy of nodes in the network & 100 J \\ \hline Range of heterogeneous packet size (\(l\)) & (1000\(-\)4000) bits \\ \hline Total data transmitted by nodes in a transmission & 200,000 bits \\ \hline Electronic circuitry (\(E_{elc}\)) & 50 nJ/bit/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline Amplifier energy for free space (\(\epsilon_{fs}\)) & 10 pJ/bit/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline Amplifier energy for multipath (\(\epsilon_{mp}\)) & 0.14 pJ/bit/m\({}^{4}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Simulation parameters for inter-cluster communication.  
Figure 18: Comparison of overall cluster lifetime on (FND) and (LND) scales; (**a**) Number of nodes \(n=3\); (**b**) Number of nodes \(n=5\).
# Vector Beams with Only Transverse Intensity at Focus
###### Abstract  
In this work, the tight focusing of vector beams with azimuthal polarization and beams with a V-line of polarization singularity (sector azimuthal polarization) was simulated numerically using the Richards-Wolf formulas. It was demonstrated that in a tight focus for these beams, there is no longitudinal component of the electric field. Previously, a similar effect was demonstrated for azimuthally polarized light only. The longitudinal component of the spin angular momentum for these beams was calculated, and the possibility of creating sector azimuthally polarized beams (beams with V-line singularities) using vector waveplates was demonstrated.  
tight focusing; vector beam; azimuthal polarization; spin angular momentum; magnetization +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters A
# A Wireless Monitoring System for Cracks on the Surface of Reactor Containment Buildings
## 3 Hardware Selection and Assembly
### Node Assembly  
The components used by nodes mentioned in Table 1 give us a good reference for design customized platforms. In addition, the main components of our customized platforms are the C8051F930 microcontroller and the SI4432 radio chip, both of which are products of Silicon Labs (Austin, TX, US). The 8-bit microcontroller has 4 kB of RAM, 64 kB of on-chip flash memory and maximum 25 MHz clock speed. Its high-speed and low-power features suit the monitoring task well. The reason why the SI4432 is chosen is that low frequency bands are preferred in nuclear power plants. The 433 MHz radio-frequency transceiver offers extremely low receive sensitivity (-121 dBm) coupled with industry leading +20 dBm output power ensures extended range and improved link performance. The advanced radio features of the device reduces overall current consumption and allows the use of the low-cost C8051F930 microcontrollers. The SI4432's high level of integration also reduces cost while simplifying the nodes design. For nodes measuring width changes of cracks, the LVDT crackmeter and PT100 temperature detector are connected to them. These nodes send commands to sensors, receive feedback from them and then transmit the data wirelessly. In addition, a data storage module for backup in case of data loss in wireless transmission is also attached to the sensor node. It can store up to 5000 data samples, which is enough according to the required sampling period and the duration of pressure tests. A small LCD screen is used for display consideration. As the nodes may carry out monitoring tasks under harsh weather conditions like storm and snow, the hardware components need to be protected for normal operation. Then, a plastic box is used for housing and an external RS485 connector allows the LVDT crackmeter connection, data uploading, battery charging and node reprogramming without opening the enclosure. Figure 2 shows our customized sensor node and its logical structure. There are no sensors connected to cluster nodes in our monitoring system, and the function of cluster nodes is to relay the data transmitted from sensor nodes to the sink node. The only sink node in the system is connected to a laptop through a USB cable. It collects all monitoring data from cluster nodes, or directly from sensor nodes, and stores it in the laptop for further analysis.  
Figure 1: Sensors used for crack width change monitoring. (**a**) LVDT crackmeter; (**b**) PT100 temperature detector.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Equipment Validation  
Figure 1 presents the graph of a 3.90 Hz sine wave sampled at 100 Hz by the test equipment (TE) and control equipment (CE). In this case, SER was 39.35 dB.  
Figure 2 shows the graph of a 30.2 Hz sine wave sampled at 100 Hz by the test equipment (TE) and control equipment (CE). In this case, SER was 38.36 dB.  
Figure 1: A 3.90 Hz sine wave sampled at 100 Hz by (**a**) test equipment (TE) and (**b**) control equipment (CE).  
Figure 3 compares the PSD of both sine waves obtained with the TE and CE.  
In the time domain, the signals were only slightly significantly different as compared to the signals obtained with the method proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [57]. The main difference between the signals was due to the equipment resolution, which was 10 and 12 bits for the TE and CE, respectively. The PSD indicated the same frequencies for both the generated sines.  
Figure 3: Power spectral density (PSD): (**a**) 3.90 Hz sine wave and (**b**) 30.2 Hz sine wave. Test equipment (TE) in black and control equipment (CE) in gray.  
Figure 2: A 30.2 Hz sine wave sampled at 100 Hz by (**a**) test equipment (TE) and (**b**) control equipment (CE).  
The first telemetric equipment developed to record EEG [34] weighed approximately 0.450 kg, transmitted data up to 91.44 m, and was completely analog. The equipment cost about USD 1500, including the receiver. The literature has no other report on the development and use of other EEG equipment for use in cattle.  
The equipment developed herein weighs 180 g and transmits data up to 200 m. In addition, it has a microcontroller processing system that allows digital data transmission and costs approximately USD 100.
# Review of Physical Layer Security in Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial Networks
## 4 Review
### Physical Characteristics
By leveraging fading, noise, and asymmetry, networks can create a secure communication environment that is inherently resistant to eavesdropping. However, accurate channel modeling and reliable estimation techniques are crucial for maximizing the effectiveness of PLS in these complex network architectures.
# An Energy Centric Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 The Protocol Details
### Data Transmission Phase
#### 4.3.2 Inter-Cluster Communication  
In inter-cluster communication, a cluster head forwards the aggregated data towards the BS. The route selection method to the BS is based on the rank of the cluster heads. For this, each cluster head calculates its rank by using Equation (5) and broadcasts its rank value and cluster head _id_ along with a _Route_Msg_ within \(R_{\text{max}}\), where \(R_{\text{max}}\) is the maximum transmission range of a node. On receiving the message, each cluster head updates its routing table RT. The ranking function guarantees that a cluster head with a higher residual energy, minimum number of member nodes, and minimum distance from the BS has the higher rank. If the BS is faraway from a cluster head (i.e., here, \(d(s_{i}BS)>R_{\text{max}}\)), the cluster head selects one of the cluster heads with the higher rank and less distance from the BS from its RT. If multiple cluster heads have the same rank, the cluster head with the higher residual energy is selected as a forwarding node. A cluster head receives the data from other cluster heads, and it will forward the data directly to the next hop without aggregation.  
\[rank(CH)=\frac{E_{res}}{d(s_{i},BS)\times m\times E_{ini}} \tag{5}\]  
where \(s_{i}\) is an elected _CH_.
## 3 Cyclic Elasto-Plasticity in Fatigue
### Determination Hardening Parameters  
#### 3.2.1 Cyclic Elasto-Plastic Ramberg-Osgood Model  
The stable-cyclic elasto-plastic hardening of steels has been described using the Ramberg-Osgood model. This model relates the total strain, \(\varepsilon^{t}\), to the stress, \(\sigma\), through a power law, in the form [32]:  
\[\varepsilon^{t}_{a}=\varepsilon^{e}_{a}+\varepsilon^{p}_{a}=\frac{\sigma_{a}}{ E}+\left(\frac{\sigma_{a}}{K^{\prime}}\right)^{\frac{1}{\sigma}}, \tag{13}\]  
where \(E\) is the [PERSON]'s modulus, \(K^{\prime}\) is the cyclic hardening strength coefficient, and \(n^{\prime}\) is the cyclic strain hardening exponent. [PERSON]'s model (Equation (13)) is given by decomposing the total strain amplitude, \(\varepsilon^{t}_{a}\), into its elastic, \(\varepsilon^{e}_{a}\), and plastic, \(\varepsilon^{p}_{a}\), parts.  
In spite of being an old model, several researchers [33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39] recently used this equation model (13) to characterize the elasto-plastic behavior of a material under cyclic loadings, because this model is easy to apply and can also be correlated to fatigue life curves. In cyclic conditions, the cyclic strength hardening coefficient, \(K^{\prime}\), and the cyclic strain hardening exponent, \(n^{\prime}\), can be obtained with the linearization method and using the least-squares method. However, if the loading is monotonic, the monotonic strength coefficient, \(K\), and the monotonic strength exponent, \(n\), are computed as  
\[n=\frac{\log\left(\sigma_{i}/\sigma_{j}\right)}{\log\left(\varepsilon^{p}_{i}/ \varepsilon^{p}_{j}\right)}, \tag{14}\]  
and  
\[K=\frac{\sigma_{i}}{\left(\varepsilon^{p}_{i}\right)^{n}}. \tag{15}\]  
where \(\sigma_{j},\varepsilon^{p}_{j}>\sigma_{i},\varepsilon^{p}_{i}\). Notice that the chosen \((\sigma,\varepsilon)\) points must belong to the plastic regime.
## 2 Compression Tests
### Ratio Design  
The mix proportions of BFRGC were designed based on [PERSON] et al. [27] and the \"Steel Fiber Concrete Standard Specification\" (JGT472-2015) [29]. The results are listed in Table 2. The mass percentage of rubber particles in groups A, B, C, D, and E were about 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%, respectively, e.g., group C indicated the mass of rubber particles account for 10% of the total mass of mixtures (cement, river sand, water, water reducer, and binder). The mass fraction of basalt fiber in each group above was divided into 0, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2%, e.g., the C2, indicated the mass of basalt fibers accounted for 0.4% of the total mass of mixtures (rubber granular, cement, river sand, water, water reducer, and binder). The diameter and height of cylinder samples employed in the compression tests were 50 mm and 100 mm, respectively.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Specific Surface Area (cm\({}^{2}\cdot\)g\({}^{-1}\))**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Density (g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{3}\))**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Compressive Strength (MPa)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Bending Strength (MPa)**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & **3 Days** & **28 Days** & **3 Days** & **28 Days** \\ \hline
3450 & 3.00 & 22.0 & 48.5 & 6.0 & 9.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Physical and mechanical properties of the cement.  
Figure 1: TAW-2000 triaxial test machine.  
According to Table 2, the specimens can be generally divided into four categories: plain concrete (A1), rubber granular concrete (e.g., B1, C1, D1, E1), basalt fiber concrete (e.g., A2, A3, A4), and BFRGC (e.g., B2-B4, C2-C4, D2-D4, E2-E4).
## 3 Experimental Method
### Verifying Classification Accuracy Using the Detection Model  
To investigate how the type of language affects the accuracy of previously published digital document forgery detection models, the dataset generated in Section 3.1 was applied to the models proposed in [7; 22; 28], and the results were analyzed. In [28], the model applies DCT transformation, a Laplacian filter, and Canny and Sobel operators to measure image quality and generate data. It then creates histogram-based information and combines it as input data for a deep learning model that classifies document images. In [22], the GLCM is applied to each RGB color channel of the image to extract features such as contrast, homogeneity, and energy. These features are then used as input for an SVM classifier to distinguish between original and forged documents. In [7], an unsupervised learning-based autoencoder is used to learn feature representations of document images. The encoded vectors are then used to classify whether the document is forged or not. All three models were modified to accommodate the input data used in this study. The generated dataset was applied to each model to evaluate its performance. In the first experiment, both the training and test data consisted of English documents. In the second experiment, both were Korean documents. In the third experiment, English documents were used for training and Korean documents for testing. In the fourth experiment, Korean documents were used for training and English documents for testing. By comparing the results of these four experiments, it is possible to observe the performance differences between cases where the training and test data are in the same language and where they are not. A detailed explanation of the experimental process is provided in Figure 8.  
Figure 8: The process of conducting experiments using document image forgery detection models [7; 22; 28].
# Comparing Speaker Adaptation Methods for Visual Speech Recognition for Continuous Spanish +
## 5 Speaker Adaptation Methods
### Use of Adapters  
The fine-tuning technique implies estimating and maintaining a separate model for each speaker for whom the recognition system needs to be adapted. In a real application, such as the one suggested in Figure 1, this could be unfeasible in terms of training time and storage. For this reason, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [44] proposed the so-called Adapters as a scalable and parameter-efficient adaptation method. As mentioned in Section 2, different works have used Adapters in the field of ASR to address language and domain adaptation tasks [45; 46]. However, to the best of our knowledge, this approach has not yet been explored in VSR.  
As depicted in Figure 3, this method consists of injecting an Adapter module at the end of every layer that composes both the encoder and decoder blocks. Each Adapter module is composed of two linear layers in a bottleneck manner, for which the inner dimension is the only tunable hyperparameter. The input of the Adapter is normalised, and a nonlinear ReLU activation layer follows the resulting inner projection. In addition, a residual connection is incorporated. Thus, by only estimating these injected Adapter modules (i.e., the rest of the model is kept frozen), the general VSR system can be adapted to a specific speaker. It should be noted that no parameter-sharing techniques are applied, i.e., each Adapter module injected in the architecture is independent.  
In our experiments, as described in Section 6.2, we explored different Adapter sizes, i.e., the dimension of their inner projections. Depending on the size of this projection, the number of learnable parameters to be estimated varies. Table 1 shows the percentage of learnable parameters with respect to the entire end-to-end system (52 million parameters; see Section 4.1) for each adapter size considered in our experiments. As can be observed, in the worst case it is only necessary to estimate about 4% of the parameters that compose the entire end-to-end system, making for a significant reduction in training time and storage cost, as discussed in Section 7.3.  
It should be noted that our Adapters-based VSR systems were initialised using the weights of the MST-based model in all our experiments. Although different experiments were conducted using the entire speaker-dependent partition training set, no acceptable recognition rates were obtained when adapting the Spanish VSR model provided by [PERSON] et al. [22] to the LIP-RTVE task using Adapters.