# Online Privacy Fatigue: A Scoping Review and Research Agenda
## 3 Findings
### The Antecedents and Outcomes of Online Privacy Fatigue
#### 3.3.2 Outcomes of Online Privacy Fatigue  
Several outcomes of privacy fatigue were identified. These outcomes were mapped to the antecedent categories by way of a Sankey diagram (Figure 6). It is worth noting that categories are mapped in a proportional manner. This is an important distinction, as the findings of some articles led to the identification of multiple outcomes aligned to only a few antecedents. This is indicated by the thickness of the flows as is the case for privacy risk antecedents which are associated with numerous outcomes--more so than any other category of antecedents. A brief summary of the outcomes related to privacy fatigue is presented below. Over half of the articles found privacy fatigue to lead to a general disinterest in engaging with privacy-protective behavior (Figure 6). This includes the use of privacy controls and settings, as well as taking heed when it comes to reading and complying with privacy policies. Privacy concerns are particularly influential when it comes to privacy burnout [5; 16; 26]. The more concerns users have, the more disengaged and \"burnt out\" they become--an outcome that is amplified by the other antecedent categories. For example, knowledge and management [30], as well as privacy controls [22] and management, contribute to privacy burnout in near equal proportions, mostly owing to a lack of information, loss of control [13; 24], or complex privacy management [17; 19]. Interestingly, experiences with privacy invasions and threats played a lesser role, with only threat experience contributing a small amount to privacy burnout. This is, however, not an uncommon finding within the context of recent threat-based research, with most users being largely impervious to threat appeals [32; 33]. Increased Self-Disclosure and Poor Privacy Decision Making  
From the mapping table analysis it is clear that an increase in self-disclosure goes hand in hand with privacy burnout. This is particularly relevant when such self-disclosure takes place as a function of individual differences and privacy concerns. As such, increased levels of privacy fatigue are a function of individual differences and increased concerns, and privacy policy transparency increases self-disclosure [5; 13; 15; 16; 18; 20; 21; 28]. This analysis revealed slight--albeit important--differences between privacy resignation and privacy burnout. Unlike privacy burnout, the review articles linked privacy resignation more closely to privacy threat experience and not at all to privacy control and management [17; 24; 25; 29]. This is an interesting finding, indicating that extant research has not explored the link among privacy controls, settings, and privacy resignation as an outcome of privacy fatigue. Although mistrust and powerlessness as outcomes are illustrated separately, they are discussed together, given their interesting relationship with privacy invasions. For example, the review indicates that powerlessness is only a likely outcome of privacy fatigue when studying user perceptions of privacy invasions [24; 29]. However, when privacy invasions are studied as an actual event (i.e., having suffered a privacy invasion), the resultant fatigue leads to a sense of mistrust [16]. An interesting finding of this review is that it reveals no link between privacy threat experience and mistrust. Similarly, this analysis also revealed no link between mistrust and powerlessness (as outcomes of fatigue), even though the articles reviewed focused on the influence of individual differences or privacy policy characteristics. Fear, Uncertainty, and Increased Negativity  
This analysis also revealed that privacy fatigue can, in some instances, result in increased fear, negativity, and uncertainty. Having said this, this analysis only found this to be the case when the articles investigated the influence of perceived privacy risks and, to some extent, privacy controls and management.