## 4 Impact Factors of Urban Ecological Resilience in the BTHUA Region
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **Unit** & **Obs.** & **Mean** & **Std. Dev.** & **Min** & **Max** \\ \hline Temperature & 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 145,490 & 0.97 & 0.40 & 0 & 1.50 \\ Precipitation & 1000 mm & 145,490 & 0.40 & 0.18 & 0 & 0.66 \\ Elevation & 1000 m & 145,490 & 0.34 & 0.49 & 0 & 2.72 \\ Slope & 10\({}^{\circ}\) & 145,490 & 0.24 & 0.27 & 0 & 2.68 \\ Population & 100 person/km\({}^{2}\) & 145,490 & 2.86 & 6.77 & 0 & 194.13 \\ GDP & Million yuan/km\({}^{2}\) & 145,490 & 14.90 & 85.39 & 0 & 4668.85 \\ Carbon emission & 100 ton/km\({}^{2}\) & 145,490 & 0.50 & 8.90 & 0 & 1690.38 \\ Percentage of & \% & 145,490 & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0 & 0.10 \\ built-up land & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of resilience impact factors. Figure 3: Spatial pattern of resilience impact factors. (**a**) temperature; (**b**) precipitation; (**c**) elevation; (**d**) slope; (**e**) population; (**f**) GDP; (**g**) carbon emission; (**h**) built-up land. Along with urbanization in this region, ecological resilience decreases with population boost and built-up land expansion and increases with GDP growth; this indicates that, though urban expansion takes up resources, causes pollution and reduces ecological resilience, with technological and institutional progress generated by economic growth, the negative environmental impact could be mitigated and we could eventually reach the coordinated development of social economy and ecological environment. In addition, as ecological resilience is calculated from NPP change, it shows the destruction of vegetation by population expansion and urbanization. However, such damage could be mitigated by technological advances and institutional change along with economic development. The results in this study are consistent with mainstream environmental theories such as the Porter Hypothesis (the Porter Hypothesis holds that strict environmental standards stimulate innovation and improve environmental quality to offset the conflict between economic development and environmental protection [47; 48]. Interpretations of the Porter Hypothesis show that stringent environmental regulations boost the environmental services sector, induce technological innovation, and provide some firms with an early mover advantage; large firms benefit more than small firms because of their lower compliance costs [49]), the Environmental Kuznets Curve (the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) holds that economic modernization will reconcile the conflict between economic and environmental interests [50]. EKC is about the relationship between environmental degradation and growth at different levels of economic development. At low levels of income, people pay attention to growth and worry little about the environment, so growth produces degradation; at higher incomes, people pay more attention to the environment compared to growth, therefore degradation declines with increasing incomes, making the relationship between growth and degradation takes the shape of an upside-down U) and Ecological Modernization (Ecological Modernization is a model of environmental governance originating from Europe in the 1980s, which holds that the capitalist economy could solve this problem through technological advances that mitigate the trade-off between economy and environment, with the participation of civil society actors in addition to state and market actors in a democratic setting [51; 52; 53]. According to ecological modernization theory, the conflict between industrial development and environmental protection could be resolved through environmental innovation without fundamental changes to production and consumption) theories.