## 1 Introduction  
Renewables energies represent a potential alternative in the transition towards a low-carbon society, where photovoltaic sources play a key role; however, consumers are also investors and a project is implemented only if economic conditions are verified [1]. Solar technologies are characterized depending on the way they capture, convert, and distribute sunlight such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and their corresponding requirements for an energy storage arrangement [2; 3]. Consequently, these technologies feed power to the electric grid by using solar panels as generators [4; 5; 6]. In addition, concentrating solar power plants (CSP) use mirrors to focus the energy from the sun to drive traditional steam turbines or engines to create electricity; solar heating and cooling (SHC) systems which collect the thermal energy from the sun use this heat to provide hot water, space heating, and cooling for residential, commercial, and industrial applications. These technologies displace the need to use electricity or natural gas [7; 8; 9]. A photovoltaic system is composed of several components: the solar panel and the inverter for grid-connected systems and additionally energy storage for stand-alone systems. The fabrication of the solar panel involves diverse stages. The first step is to define the type of panel, where the most known is monocrystalline or polycrystalline and where the solar cells are manufactured using wafers made of silicon [10]. Nowadays, the PV systems are widely used to generate electricity due its accessible cost [5; 6; 11; 12]. Some studies aimed at reducing this cost even more, e.g., in Reference [13], a design optimization model for the residential PV systems in South Korea was proposed, where the objective function to be minimized consisted of three costs, such as the monthly electric bill, the PV-related construction costs, and the PV-related maintenance cost. The solar radiation (photons) is responsible for the photovoltaic effect; nonetheless, some weather factors have an effect on the amount of energy generated even with the optimum radiation. A cloudy day generates a shadow on the solar panel by the time it has to capture the photons so that the incidence of these particles will be less, achieving a minor electric power. It is well-known that clouds are water steam concentrated in the air; in other words, humidity and temperature work together, and such a relation is an example of how the meteorological variables impact the generation of electric power [14; 15]. Solar energy, besides wind energy, is currently the most resourceful renewable source worldwide [16; 17]. Its obtainment, unlike many others currently used, does not mean any harm to the environment, and its resources overcome, by far, everyone else [18; 19; 20; 12]. Some countries such as Germany, Italy, Spain, United States of America, and China are ahead on solar energy research; meanwhile in Mexico, being a country rich in solar radiation, with a great territorial extension, and having some solar energy studies, solar energy still does not have the necessary research compared to countries leading solar technology [4; 5; 6; 11; 12; 21]. Figure 1 depicts the behavior of the horizontal solar radiation on the world. Similarly, if Mexico is compared with Europe, it can be seen that the only country with a notorious radiation incidence is Spain, achieving a maximum value between 4.8 and 5.4 kWh/m\({}^{2}\)[22]. Mexico exceeds Spain both in incidence territory and in radiation intensity, with an average between 5.6 and 6.2 kWh/m\({}^{2}\), as can be seen in Figure 2, exceeding even China, which mostly contemplates values of 4.6 kWh/m\({}^{2}\). Figure 1: The worldwide horizontal solar radiation [23]. Table 1 shows the data compilation from 2010 describing the global-horizontal solar radiation for some locations in Mexico. The total irradiation provided by solar energy in the year 2018 was summarized in Reference [25].