esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Survey on Machine-Learning Based Security Design for Cyber-Physical Systems
## 2 Hierarchical Structure of Cyber-Physical Systems
### Network Layer  
The network layer is responsible for the communication between multiple physical systems in the real world and the computing systems in the cyber-world [2; 5]. Due to the introduction of a network in the CPS, it is possible for the computing system to remotely control multiple physical systems, and therefore, in terms of the system configuration cost and flexible system management, the CPS becomes more advantageous than the conventional point-to-point control systems.  
Sensor measurement from the physical systems and the control input signal from the application layer are exchanged over the network. When a network error occurs, such as control-related data that are missing [39] and/or a long transmission delay [40; 41], physical systems can malfunction [42]. Therefore, a network that constructs a feedback control loop between the physical systems and the computing system must guarantee high-level reliability for data transmission.  
In autonomous vehicle systems, wireless communication technologies, such as the IEEE 802.11-based standards, including 802.11p [43] and 802.11 bd [44], and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication standards, based on Long Term Evolution (LTE) [45] and 5G new radio (NR) [46], support real-time communication between multiple autonomous vehicles and road-side units (RSUs) fixed on the ground, in which communication enables real-time feedback control between the vehicles and the RSUs for autonomous driving. In the industrial area, wired networks such as EtherCAT [47] or Modbus [48], and wireless networks such as Zigbee [49] and WirelessHART [50], enable remote state reporting and the actuating of industrial facilities in real time. Furthermore, in a power grid, the distributed network protocol (e.g., DNP3) [51] connects the various power facilities and the centralized supervision system.
###### Abstract  
This paper proposes a frame aggregation with a simple block acknowledgement (FASBA) mechanism to provide a strict QoS guarantee to life-saving emergency traffic in wireless local area networks. This work builds on our previous work on a multi-preemptive enhanced distributed channel access protocol called MP-EDCA. The main difference between FASBA and MP-EDCA is that MP-EDCA does not provide a strict QoS guarantee to life-saving emergency traffic (e.g., ambulance calls), especially in high-load conditions. Our proposed FASBA protocol solves the problems of achieving a strict QoS guarantee to life-saving emergency traffic. The strict QoS guarantee is achieved by aggregating multiple frames with a two-bit block acknowledgement for transmissions. FASBA assures guaranteed network services by reducing MAC overheads; consequently, it offers higher throughput, lower packet delays, and accommodates a larger number of life-saving emergency nodes during emergencies. The performance of the proposed FASBA is validated by Riverbed Modeler and MATLAB 2024a-based simulation. Results obtained show that the proposed FASBA offers about 30% lower delays, 17% higher throughput, and 60% lower retransmission attempts than MP-EDCA under high-traffic loads.  
Keywords:frame aggregation; block acknowledgment; QoS; MP-EDCA; 802.11e MAC _Article_
###### Abstract  
This paper deals with the state of charge (SoC) estimation of a lithium-ion battery pack (LiBP) connected by some cells in series and parallel. The voltage noise, noise and current bias of current through the LiBP are taken into account in the SoC estimation problem. In order to describe the cell dynamic more accurately, especially for practical applications with charge and discharge amplitude varying suddenly, in this paper we use the second dynamic order model of the cell to estimate the SoC of the LiBP. By applying the sigma point Kalman filter (SPKF), the average SoC of the pack and bias current of current measurement are estimated by first estimator; the second estimator estimates the SoC differences of the cell modules from average SoC of the pack. The SoC of the cell modules are the sum of average SoCs of the pack and the SoC differences. By only using two estimators, the calculation complexity for SoC estimation is more reduced; this is very useful for the LiBP, which has the number of cells connected in a large series. This method was applied for the pack of SAMSUNG ICR18650-22P connected by seven cell modules; the cell modules were connected by nine cells in parallel; the LiBP was charged and discharged with amplitude varying suddenly. The estimated SoC of seven cell modules is smaller than 2% for a temperature operating range typically \(-5\,^{\circ}\)C to \(45\,^{\circ}\)C. The comparison of the accuracy of SoC estimation based on the first and the second order dynamic models is made; the result shows that the SoC estimation used the second order dynamic model is more exact.  
lithium-ion battery; SoC estimation; sigma point Kalman filter; battery pack; second order dynamic model of cell +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Field Tests
#### 2.2.1 Teflon Concentration Study  
This study was conducted in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province, China (120\({}^{\circ}\)95\({}^{\prime}\)92\({}^{\prime\prime}\) E, 30\({}^{\circ}\)53\({}^{\prime}\)42\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N). This location hosts a pure pine forest of _Pinus massonian_ lamb, with several dead trees due to the PWD. The experiments were carried out between 1 June to 1 July in 2020, which corresponds with the emergence period of _M. alternatus_ adults [30]. The traps shall be checked every 7 days. Four different trap modalities were used, with five replicates per modality: (i) uncoated control trap; (ii) trap coated with Teflon stock solution (100%); (iii) trap coated with a 4x Teflon dilution (25%); and (iv) trap coated with a 8x Teflon dilution (12.5%).
# Effects of Wave-Induced Processes in a Coupled Wave-Ocean Model on Particle Transport Simulations
## 1 Introduction
Although tide and wind-driven circulation in the North Sea seem to have been widely studied in the past, further research from a Lagrangian perspective with respect to coupling with waves and biogeochemical processes may be particularly relevant. The importance of wave forcing for ocean circulation and sea-level predictions has been demonstrated [18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23], showing that the predictive skill of ocean circulation and sea level could be significantly enhanced by considering wave-induced processes. In extreme storm surge conditions over the North Sea, due to the strong non-linearity of wave-ocean-tidal interactions, wave-ocean coupling is considered to be significant for correct model predictions [18; 24]. The impact of Stokes-related drift effects (Stokes-Coriolis forcing and Stokes drift advection on tracers and mass) were studied on the North Sea and Baltic Sea regions [25]. For tracer distribution and upwelling, the direct sea-state dependent momentum and energy fluxes are of higher importance than the Stokes drift processes implemented in the NEMO circulation model [23]. In this study, we investigate the role of wave-induced interaction processes in a fully coupled ocean-wind wave model system on Lagrangian transport modelling. Data from drifters deployed in the southern North Sea were used to assess the particle model simulations [26]. Lagrangian simulations were studied [27] based on the same drifter observations as in the present study and corresponding Lagrangian model simulations by using two circulation models. While only a stand-alone ocean model was used in the previous study [28], here, the same Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) is coupled to a wave model. The observational drifters [26] used to assess our simulations have previously been described in detail [27; 29]. This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we describe the circulation, wave and Lagrangian transport models and the experimental setup. The evaluation of the model simulations is described in Section 3. Further, we assess the model results with direct comparisons of the simulations with the drifter data (Section 4). The drifter trajectories were modelled to investigate the importance of the wave effects, e.g., for search-and-rescue applications. We performed sensitivity experiments to investigate the impact of wave-induced forcing in the ocean model. The Lagrangian model used only the Eulerian current as provided by the hydrodynamical model simulations, by neglecting or considering the contributions from the Stokes drift or the wind drift corrections. The wave effects on the general circulation in the North Sea are studied. The paper ends with a discussion of the findings in Section 5 and the conclusions in Section 6.
## 3 Results  
Figure 2a depicts the decrease in signal attenuation through tissue after the application of each OCA. The mean value of \(\upmu_{\text{OCT}}\) (4.1 mm\({}^{-1}\)) for the upper dermis of a healthy forearm without prior OCA application is near to that reported in the literature with the OCT technique of 4.2-4.6 mm\({}^{-1}\)[30,31]. The application of OCAs on the skin induced a decrease of \(\upmu_{\text{OCT}}\) in all cases. However, the kinetics of skin scattering alteration varies considerably with the different OCAs. For some OCAs, such as V and LV, the \(\upmu_{\text{OCT}}\) decreases almost immediately, and is significantly depressed in five minutes (time point t1)  
Figure 1: Representative OCT image acquired from the forearm of a healthy volunteer with four ROIs (highlighted with yellow in the red ellipse).  
after the application and has returned to pretreatment levels 85 min later (time point t2). On the contrary, the reduction rate of skin scattering is substantially slower with PG and PGOA. A significant \(\mu_{\text{OCT}}\) decrease is found only 90 min after the OCA application. The highest degree of reduction in the \(\mu_{\text{OCT}}\) of healthy human skin with the application of OCAs was found with PGOA application (43%). The mean normalized values of epidermal thickness with and without OCA are depicted in Figure 2b. With all studied OCAs, the epidermal thickness increased monotonically and reached its highest value of \(\sim\)106 \(\upmu\)m at t2 after applying PG. The mean epidermal thickness was found to be \(\sim\)79 \(\upmu\)m, which resembles the bibliographic value [32].
# Development of Antibiofilm Therapeutics Strategies to Overcome Antimicrobial Drug Resistance
## 6 Investigative Strategies to Eradicate Biofilms
### Surface Coating or Modification  
The multipurpose surface topography and coating on implants are considered as an innovative way to fight against biofilm formation and with the recent emergence in the field of surface engineering new hopes are seen in this arena. The newer techniques like nanoimprint lithography, electron beam and colloidal lithography are utilized for fabrication of textured biomaterial nanosurfaces [221; 222]. Coating the implants superficially helps attain the desired outcome without altering the original materials characteristics. Preventing bacterial adhesion, interfering with biofilm formation, and inactivation of the biofilm are the major strategies used in the design of antibacterial coatings. Electrophoretic, chemical vapor and physical vapor deposition are widely used to form uniform thin films on different implants. Recently, AMPs have exhibited inhibition of biofilms and have been used to coat silicon, stainless steel, titanium, glass surfaces, and polystyrene [223; 224; 225]. Also, antibiotic coating with different classes of antimicrobials like beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycos-sides, rifamycins, and quinolones are explored. Enzymes inhibiting QS are used for coating which includes enzymes such as acylase, oxidase, and lactonase [226; 227; 228]. Methacrylic copolymer films loaded with a combination of the antibiotics rifampicin, clarithromycin and doxycycline efficiently released the drugs for 21 days and prevented formation of biofilms of MRSA, and a combination of clarithromycin with rifampicin was able to kill more than 99.9 % of MRSA strains. Combinatory antibiotic therapy provides a good opportunity to bridle the antimicrobial resistance observed with single antibiotics [229; 230]. A drawback in the coating strategy is the expeditious eroding of the coating material with time.
# FRP Bridges in the Flanders Region: Experiences from the C-Bridge Project
## 3 Selection Criteria for Composite Bridges
### Low Maintenance  
A second advantage of FRPs in bridge construction is the low maintenance requirements. This allows for a more flexible maintenance program over the lifetime of the bridge and should significantly reduce the costs associated with inspection and maintenance compared to traditional building materials [34]. Bridges No. 9, No. 10, and No. 11 had the requirement of low maintenance in the tender documents. Even in extreme situations, such as the flooding of bridge No. 12, the construction was deemed to be practically maintenance-free during its 100-year lifespan [35]. In addition, the material is also durable, as it is resistant to many environmental factors and physical agents. This durability will not be affected by moisture, rot, mould, or temperature. Bridge No. 3, located in a wetland, is an example of this; the inert FRP bridge deck requires fewer inspections and has consequently lower maintenance costs. For extra protection, the outside surface can be finished with a high-quality gelcoat or topcoat which is based on the same polymer as the bridge itself.  
In addition, it is possible to incorporate sensors, such as BRAGG optical fibres, into the bridge deck during the manufacturing process to provide continuous monitoring of the bridge's condition [36]. For example, in the cross-section of the bridge deck of bridge No. 4, optical fibres were installed at regular distances in the top and bottom flanges and web plates to monitor the condition of the bridge, such as the deformation during the lifetime and to identify any damage in the bridge deck. These fibres were incorporated into the bridge deck during the production process and can therefore also provide an image of the internal strain and temperature distribution during in situ testing and throughout the lifespan of the bridge.
# Predicting Phubbing Through Machine Learning: A Study of Internet Usage and Health Risks
## 5 Discussion
While this study employed basic machine learning models due to their interpretability and ease of replication, future research could benefit from incorporating advanced models such as LSTM or XGBoost. These models are well suited for capturing non-linear and temporal dependencies in large datasets, which could provide deeper insights into the behavioural patterns associated with phubbing. This study focused on the quantitative analysis of phubbing behaviour. However, qualitative insights into the social and relational effects of phubbing were not addressed in this study. To develop a more holistic perspective, future interviews or case studies with individuals may contribute to a deeper understanding of the social and relational effects of this phenomenon. This study focused on internet use, but psychological and behavioural variables (e.g., social anxiety, loneliness) were not included in the model. This can be considered a factor that limits the scope of the findings. Future studies may contribute to a more in-depth examination of phubbing behaviour by integrating such behavioural variables into the model. The dataset used in this study is based on global averages and does not include geographical diversity. This is considered a factor that limits the generalisability of the findings. In future research, it is recommended to create a more diverse dataset by collecting data from different cultural and regional contexts. This approach may allow a better understanding of the local effects of phubbing behaviour.
# Analysis of the Organic Chemical Fractions of Three Coal Extracts
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Extraction Rate of Three Kinds of Coal Samples
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Solvent**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Extraction**} & **Aliphatic** & **Aromatic** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Content of Other**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Solubility**} \\  & **Rate/\%** & **Hydrocarbon** & **Hydocarbon** & & **Compounds/10\({}^{-4}\) g** & \\  & **Content/10\({}^{-4}\) g** & **Content/10\({}^{-4}\) g** & **Content/10\({}^{-4}\) g** & **Computs/10\({}^{-4}\) g** & **Parameters/(cal\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-3}\))1/2** \\ \hline CS\({}_{2}\) & 5.4687 & 36.507 & 280.986 & 27.751 & 10 \\ n-hexane & 0.2170 & 0.151 & 0.351 & 0.232 & 7.3 \\ benzene & 1.5358 & 0 & 2.048 & 85.298 & 9.1 \\ methanol & 0.4819 & 0 & 0 & 4.9075 & 14.6 \\ acetone & 3.1584 & 0 & 0.873 & 268.309 & 9.9 \\ THF & 3.3687 & 0 & 95.688 & 0 & 9.2 \\ methanol/THF & 1.2564 & 0 & 5.345 & 6.763 & 11.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Extraction rate and composition of extracts of Getting coal. Figure 3: Effect of solvent solubility parameters on the extraction rate of Datong coal. From the extraction effect table of the above three kinds of coal samples, it can be seen that CS\({}_{2}\) as the first-level solvent extracted a large amount of soluble organic matter in the coal and that the extraction rate of THF was significantly higher than that of the other solvents because of its higher polarity. The solvents extracted coal better when the solubility parameter was between 9 and 10, and a solubility parameter that was too high or low was not conducive to the extraction of coal. The seven solvents had comparable extraction effects on Pingshuo coal and Getting coal; both of them were about 15%, and the extraction effect on Datong coal was only 9%.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Materials  
Commercial fresh baker yeast from Belbake, Lidl, Romania was used for yeast films. Glycerol (Honeywall, Charlotte, NC, USA), Tween 80 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), cinnamon essential oil and lavender essential oil (CLEO) were purchased from AromaZone, Cabrieres d'Avignon, France. SCOBY was kindly offered by TehnIA-BioAliment Research Platform, Galati, Romania. Helium (99.96% purity) used for GC/MS was provided by Linde Gaz SRL, Galati, Romania. In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-octanol (97%) from Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany were used for evaluation of yeast film properties. Antimicrobial activity of yeast films was tested against _Geotrichum candidum_ MIUG M166, _Rhodotorula glutinis_ MIUG D164 from MIUG collection, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, _Bacillus cereus_ ATCC 10876, and antipathogenic activity against Gram-positive _Listeria monocytogenes_ Scott A and _Staphylococcus aureus_ ATCC 25923, as well as against Gram-negative _Escherichia coli_ ATCC 25922. _L monocytogenes_ was cultivated on non-selective media, Brain Heart Infusion, Oxoid, Hampshire, UK), _S aureus_, and _E. coli_ were cultivated on Muller-Hinton (Scharlau, Barcelona, Spain), _B. cereus_ was cultivated on Plate Count Agar (PCA) (NutriSelect(r) Plus, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and _R. glutinis_ and _G. candidtum_ were cultivated on malt extract broth/agar.
# Beam Control in an Intracavity Frequency-Doubling Semiconductor Disk Laser  
[PERSON]  
1 State Key laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.F.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.T.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.W.)  
[PERSON]  
1 State Key laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.F.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.T.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.W.)  
S. T. T.  
501 nm [6], 100 mW at 505 nm [7], 0.7 W at 520 nm [8], 220 mW at 529 nm [9], 20 W at 532 nm [10] and 7 W at 535 nm [11].  
Another advantage of SDL, inherited from optically pumped solid-state lasers, is that its free-space cavity configuration allows for the convenient insertion of additional optical elements, such as a birefringent filter for single-frequency output [12], an etalon for two-color emission [13], or an intracavity aperture for mode locking [14]. In most SDL systems, power scaling is achieved by simply increasing the beam size and pumped area on the gain chip. Such a high power operation may be realized at a price of relative low beam quality due to large spot size [15], even though the external cavity of SDL plays a role of transverse mode selection. The beam shape and beam quality of fundamental frequency light have an important influence on the second harmonic generation (SHG). Also, the temperature rise of SHG materials as a function of the power and focusing conditions may cause a thermal dephasing and thermal lensing effect, deteriorating the beam quality of the SHG light. Therefore, an extra beam control element may be required to achieve certain beam behavior. Some previous works have inserted mode-control element into the cavity of SDLs for generating spatially structured beams, like higher-order modes [16]. However, utilizing the beam control element to improve the beam quality and profile was rarely reported.  
In this paper, we demonstrated a 1.3 W green laser using a V-shaped intracavity frequency doubling SDL. The output lasers at the fundamental and SHG wavelength both suffer from reduced beam quality under high power operation. Therefore, an aperture is employed without changing cavity configuration for controlling the mode characteristics of SHG. The dependence of output power, beam quality and beam profile on the aperture size are investigated. At an optimized condition, the brightness of green laser is improved and a near circular beam profile is obtained.