# Converging Telco-Grade Solutions 5G and beyond to Support Production in Industry 4.0
## 2 Stakeholder and System Interoperability
### System Interoperability Promoted by Industrial IoT Frameworks  
The potentials of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept has become clear for the production industry as well, although there were clear obstacles to be handled. These include the issues with security, real-time operation, engineering complexity, interoperability, and the integrability of legacy equipment. Beside the numerous individual approaches, several collaborations created toolsets and frameworks to satisfy the needs of industrial IoT ecosystems. The following paragraphs provide a brief overview of the frameworks with the most current interest. A more comprehensive survey is provided by Ref. [9]. LWM2M stands for Lightweight Machine to Machine communications, proposed by the OMA SpecWorks [10]. As its name suggests, LWM2M aims for providing the means for M2M communications. Its main purpose is to allow low-power devices to become inte \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline  & **Residential** & **Industrial** \\ \hline
**Subscriber** & Mainly human & Mainly machine \\ \hline
**Subscription** & Monthly/pre-paid & Yearly with more years of contract \\ \hline
**Services** & Wide range, fast changing & Permanent, not expected to change \\ \hline
**SIM fluctuation** & High & None, until services exits \\ \hline
**Reliability** & High; however, no guarantee & High with guarantee \\ \hline
**Troubleshooting** & Not critical & Critical with contract to \\  & & Service Level Agreements \\ \hline
**SLA** & Not compulsory & High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of a few factors of Residential and Industrial 5G from NOs’ perspective. grated into IoT infrastructures through the REST-based Constrained Application protocol, CoAP. IoTivity is an open-source platform originally developed for smart-home applications, then broadened to address emerging IoT requisits through ensuring device-to-device connectivity. It is promoted by the Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF), which has other interesting initiatives, including the OCF framework itself [11], that addresses interoperability issues for all sorts of devices so they can be integrated into networks. Another reference model of the OCF Foundation is called Industrial Data Space (IDS) [12], implementing three major core concepts (security, certification, and governance) across a five-layer structure (system, information, process, functional, and business) --hence aiming for system-wide interoperability. AUTOSAR targets the automotive industry, as it provides standards for electronic control units (ECU) through a layered software framework for intelligent mobility [13]. BaSys has started as a research project for \"Basic system Industry 4.0\", and it has evolved into the Eclipse BaSyx project. It provides components to implement Industry 4.0 applications including production digitalization, connectivity between production floor and IT, changeable production processes, and many more--although it does not support time critical applications with run-time operation control [14]. The FIWARE platform manages contextual information and provides a set of standards for their handling--which distinguishes it from other frameworks. It supports various application areas such as smart cities, production plants, or smart energy grids [15]. The ultimate aim of the Arrowhead framework is to achieve interoperability between heterogeneous systems in a secure way, using existing protocols, standards, and to allow integration of legacy systems [16]. Distinguishing features of the Arrowhead framework includes the adoption of Service-Oriented Architecture principles, and the definition of local automation clouds [17] that assists real-time operation, increased security [18] and reduces engineering complexity. The systems and services of Arrowhead are now federated as an open source Eclipse project [19].