## 1 Introduction  
Additive manufacturing (AM), more commonly known as 3D printing, is precipitating a profound transformation in a multitude of industries [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8]. This technology enables the fabrication of mechanical components through the deposition of successive layers of material, thereby integrating design and manufacturing processes in ways that were previously unfeasible. This integration has resulted in notable improvements in efficiency, a reduction in material waste, and the capacity to create complex bespoke geometries, prompting designers, manufacturers, and logistics providers to adapt their procedures. Furthermore, AM has illustrated its capacity to address significant social challenges, such as the rapid production of medical equipment during the global response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic [4]. This has involved meeting substantial global demand and contributing to the alleviation of health crises around the world [5; 6; 7; 8]. The development of various AM techniques, including fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA), has broadened the scope of materials utilized in 3D printing to include plastics, metals, and ceramics [9; 10; 11; 12; 13]. This expansion has prompted a significant body of research that examines the mechanical properties of printed components. Most of the research has focused on FDM because of the rapid production speed and low cost that it offers. However, FDM has inherent limitations, including a lack of surface precision and the presence of internal voids, which are a consequence of the physical restrictions imposed by the diameter of the extruder nozzle [14; 15; 16; 17]. Stereolithography (SLA) is an additive manufacturing technique that employs a laser to construct structures by selectively curing a photopolymer resin layer by layer. This method offers superior resolution and reduces the occurrence of internal voids, resulting in enhanced mechanical properties and a reduction in anisotropy in the final components. The resolution of commercially available SLA printers is typically in the range of tens to hundreds of micrometers, determined by the diameter of the laser and the vertical displacement between layers [18; 19; 20; 21; 22]. This resolution is significantly higher than that of FDM, offering notable advantages in terms of precision and detail. The effects of printing orientation on the mechanical properties of SLA-printed components have been the subject of recent research. The optimization of printing orientation has been shown to improve the tensile strength, compressive strength, and flexural modulus of low-force stereolithography (LFS) resin samples [23; 24; 25]. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that reducing the layer thickness in SLA printing can enhance the strength of the resulting parts. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that the incorporation of graphene fillers can significantly improve the stiffness and strength of stereolithographically printed materials when the printing orientation is optimized [26]. A comprehensive understanding of biocompatible materials' fracture toughness and energy release rate is essential for the reliable design of biomedical components. These properties assist in the prediction of how materials will perform under stress, which is of vital importance for ensuring their durability and safety in medical applications. By optimizing these properties, our study contributes to developing more effective and dependable biomedical devices, which ultimately enhance their performance and longevity in clinical settings. Moreover, an understanding of the mechanical behavior of these materials is essential for the development of numerical tools that facilitate the optimization of such materials. A plethora of numerical models demonstrate considerable promise in elucidating the mechanical behavior of these materials [27].