## 2 Related Work
This concept is typically referred to as V2G technology [42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49], which turns millions of EVs into mobile energy-storage units, supporting grid resilience and accelerating the transition to RES. However, this dynamic energy ecosystem presents new challenges. Coordinating the charging and discharging of millions of EVs, alongside the fluctuating output of solar and wind power, requires a sophisticated, decentralized control system. This is where the SG, with its intelligent communication and control infrastructure, comes into play, coordinating this complex energy exchange and unlocking the full potential of EVs as cornerstones of a sustainable energy future. Running multiple DC voltage sources is easier than connecting them in parallel with the primary (original) voltage sources. However, when it comes to running two or more AC voltage sources in parallel, things get a little tricky. We have varying sinusoidal voltages with AC sources, and each AC generator could have as many as three different voltage sources, termed as three-phase AC supply. When a second generator is to be connected in parallel with a running system. The following steps must be followed:  
1. The field current in the second generator should be modified so that its terminal voltage aligns with the line voltage of the initial generator;
2. The phase sequence of the second generator should be compared with that of the already running system;
3. Ensure that the phase angles of both AC sources are equal;
4. Subsequently, the frequency of the oncoming generator is fine-tuned to be marginally higher than that of the active system. This adjustment allows it to initiate as a generator that provides energy, rather than act as a motor that consumes it. Then, a synchroscope is used to match the systems until they are exactly in phase. In a large system, a computer is used for this purpose. The interconnection of distributed AC generation units or DRES to a large power grid often results in a negligible impact on the grid, regardless of the actions taken by the generator or RES operator. For instance, the connection of a single generator to the expansive US power grid is unlikely to yield any observable changes in the overall grid frequency, given the grid's immense scale. The concept of an infinite-bus can be idealized as a power system so vast that its voltage and frequency remain constant, regardless of the real and reactive power drawn or supplied. To analyze the behavior of a generator connected to such a large system, one can examine a setup with a generator and an infinite-bus operating in parallel to supply a load, as illustrated in Figure 3.  
When multiple generators or a generator and a large power system, such as an electrical grid, are connected in parallel, the frequencies and terminal voltages of all the interconnected machines must be equivalent, since their output conductors are coupled. Consequently, their power-frequency graphs can be depicted adjacently with a shared vertical axis, as depicted in Figure 4a,b, respectively. Under this scenario, the generator will effectively be operating in a floating mode, supplying a negligible amount of power. This situation is illustrated in Figure 4a. Conversely, if the generator had been connected to the grid at a slightly lower frequency than the system's operating frequency, it would begin drawing power from the grid, rather than delivering it, thereby behaving as a motor, rather than a generator. In this case, the generator frequency is slightly increased, as shown in Figure 4b. Once the generator has been connected, the no-load frequency of the generator is increased. The system's frequency remains constant (the frequency of an infinite-bus cannot be altered), resulting in an increase in the power supplied by the generator. In this case, the load supplied by the bus will decrease, and the load shared by the oncoming generator will increase. When paralleling is completed, the power supplied by the new generator becomes as per the desired value. [PERSON] et al.