## 2 Vehicle-Road Intelligent Capability Allocation Model
### External Support Service-Communication  
Vehicle-road collaborative intelligence requires high-speed, stable, and low-latency communication technology as support. The related hardware of the communication network mainly includes roadside 5G communication base stations and RSUs, as well as onboard OBUs for vehicles. Through C-V2X direct communication and 5G complementing each other and integrating into the network, it achieves all-round network connections such as V2V, V2I, V2P, and V2N. Multiple access methods meet different safety and information needs, as shown in Figure 10. Among them, the 5G base station communicates with the RSU and the onboard OBU through the Uu interface, mainly meeting the requirements of scenarios with high latency, such as high-precision map downloads, collaborative planning and scheduling, and OTA system upgrades. The RSU and the onboard OBU, and the onboard OBU with the onboard OBU, communicate directly through the PC5 interface, meeting the requirements of scenarios with low latency, such as vehicle-road collaborative perception and information sharing, green wave traffic for continuous signalized intersection, and cooperative lane changing. The deployment of \"macro base stations as the main body, with micro base stations as a supplement\" is the main way to enhance future 5G network coverage [14]. A deployment plan for 5G macro and micro base stations is designed to meet the network communication requirements of ICVs for low latency, large bandwidth, and full coverage. Among them, the 5G macro base station solves the problem of large-scale communication coverage, which is less related to specific business scenarios, while the 5G micro base station fully considers the matching of road traffic business and is the main carrier of the access network. The performance, cost, and other parameters of the communication equipment are shown in Table 8. In the actual use of communication equipment, the number of device access and bandwidth within the coverage of both macro and micro base stations are greater than the actual communication needs. The deployment plan diagrams for macro and micro base stations are shown in Figure 11, respectively. Figure 11: Deployment scheme of 5G base station. (**a**) 5G macro site. (**b**) 5G micro site. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Facility** & **Performance or Cost (Unit)** & **Value** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{5G macro site} & Coverage radius (km) & 0.25 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Quantity of Access Devices & \textgreater{}10,000 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Power (W) & 3500 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Cost (\(\Psi\)) & 450,000 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Service life (year) & 7 \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{5G micro site} & Coverage radius (km) & 0.1 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Quantity of Access Devices & 512 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Power (W) & 100 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Cost (\(\Psi\)) & 30,000 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Service life (year) & 7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Performance parameter and cost of communication equipment. Figure 10: Communication equipment and function matching. Combining the base station deployment scheme with the urban coverage area and road mileage data, the deployment quantities of 5G macro base stations and 5G micro base stations can be obtained, as shown in Equations (13) and (14), respectively. Considering the service life of communication equipment, the annualized cost of communication infrastructure is shown in Equation (15), which includes the deployment cost, power consumption cost, operational cost, and maintenance cost of macro base stations and micro base stations.