esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
The application of recycled materials into soil and pavement system has been an interest of many researchers [1; 2; 3; 4]. It has been reported that normally 50% of wooden logs turn into waste materials [5; 6]. Whilst application of cement forms a very strong pozzolanic reaction, this is not the case with sawdust [7]. Application of sawdust in civil engineering has been the focus of many studies. [PERSON] et al. [8] worked on adding sawdust to concrete mix in light and normal weight concrete. They summarized that sawdust can be a good alternative for fine-grain materials. A different study was conducted by [PERSON] et al. [9] to address the application of sawdust in a broader action to help waste reduction. In addition to the above, another study suggested that replacing sand with 5% to 30% sawdust as fine aggregate in concrete produces the same mechanical properties as sand [10]. In another study by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [11], the strength of clay bricks was investigated by incorporating sawdust. The study supported the idea of water absorption increasing due to adding the sawdust. Whilst many studies showed effectiveness of the sawdust addition, some other studies have shown different results, where mechanical performance is reduced [12].  
Application of sawdust in soils in terms of its settlement factors has been investigated in previous research [13]. In the previous study, the potential effect of sawdust on a slurry mixture of sand-bentonite was investigated, which showed sawdust to be a promising avenue to investigate further for geotechnical applications. In terms of strength changes of a soil specimen by adding sawdust, a study run by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [14] showed that undrained strength was increased by 41.437% by adding 3% of sawdust.  
According to [PERSON] et al. [15], the occurrence of sulphate in soils is mostly challenging for chemically treated soils. An external attack can happen due to sulphate reacting with the stabilizer in treated soil. [PERSON] et al. [16] indicated that carbide slag-ground granulated blast furnace slag (CS-GGBS) stabilized soil helps to resist sulphate attack, and that opens an area for further investigation as to what other material can be sustainable and effective in adding resistance. As an example, [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17] investigated the effect of lime on the resistance of soil against sulphate attack. [PERSON] et al. [18] also investigated the sulphate attack on tyre-stabilised clay. Review of the previous studies conducted on effect of sawdust addition on mechanical properties of the soil showed that this material has been effective in numerous occasions; however, some other studies showed that they have not been always effective, and there is a need to addition of cementitious agent along with the sawdust. This study aims to investigate the effect of sawdust on mechanical behaviour of the soil when exposed to sulphate.
# Quasi-Static Sliding Wear Analysis of 3D Rough Surface Considering Changes in the Point of Contact
###### Abstract  
This study analyzed adhesive wear in periodic sliding motion using a quasi-static deterministic wear model that considered changes in the point of contact of asperities as well as changes in the surface and statistical parameters. The contact pressure was calculated using the semi-analytical method (SAM) based on the periodic properties of the rough surface, and the wear was analyzed by obtaining the wear depth for each node using the Archard wear model. We took into account that the sliding distances of the upper moving surface and the lower stationary surface are different according to the actual size of the two objects. We compared the results of the quasi-static wear analysis with the truncation model and the deterministic fixed model, which did not consider the change in the asperity contact point. In the truncation model, an error in the estimation of the radius occurred in the process of fitting the tip of asperities with a sphere. As the asperities became flatter by wear, this error accumulated, which revealed a difference in the deterministic wear analysis results. As a result of the wear analysis on the periodic surface, the RMS roughness of the positively skewed surface decreased the fastest, the skewness increased in the negative direction, and the kurtosis initially decreased and then increased. In addition, wear scars occurred due to the difference in wear depth between the lower stationary surface and the upper moving surface.  
point of contact; quasi-static deterministic wear model; SAM; sliding wear
## 5 Conclusions  
This study proposes a narrow, cost-effective loop joint that has a 200 mm width, D19 loop reinforcements, and no transverse reinforcements along with PVA-FR mortar. Material tests were conducted to select the fiber-reinforced mortar suitable for the proposed joint. A series of flexural loading tests for three slab specimens were conducted to investigate the flexural behavior of the proposed loop joint with the selected joint material (PVA fibers). The findings obtained from this study are summarized below.  
Figure 13: Relationship between applied load and strain of joint material at span center (a) C1; (b) C2; (c) C3; (d) C4 (locations of C1 to C4 in Figure 5d).  
The proposed polymer-based mortar exhibited excellent thixotropy and had PVA fibers, which have higher split tensile strength than PP fibers. There was almost no significant difference in compressive strength and static elastic modulus between the two fibers.  
The performance of the proposed loop joint, which has a width of 200 mm and consists of PVA-FR mortar as joint casting material, was almost equivalent to that of the conventional loop joint (350 mm width) under a flexural bending moment.  
The crack opening resistance at the interface between the PCa concrete and the joint in the proposed joint was larger than that in the conventional joint, since the bond stress of the PVA-FR mortar was larger than that of the plain concrete.  
The use of PVA-FR mortar in the joint could reduce the crack occurrence in the PCa slabs up to the crack loading compared with the use of plain concrete in the joint.  
A crack opening at the bottom of the interface between the PCa concrete and the joint increased the deflection of the slab under flexural loading.  
A larger overlapping length of the loop reinforcements enabled the slab to have a more ductile behavior under flexural loading beyond the maximum load.  
Within the scope of this study, the proposed joint has not undergone testing regarding its performance under fatigue. However, this is an important issue for applying the joint to real bridges [9; 11; 21]. Tests to investigate the fatigue performance of the joint need to be conducted in future studies.  
Conceptualization, S.F., M.H.N., H.F., H.M. and H.T.; methodology, S.F., M.H.N. and H.T.; investigation, S.F., M.H.N., H.F. and S.B.; resources, S.B. and H.M.; writing--original draft preparation, S.F. and S.B.; writing--review and editing, S.F. and M.H.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Discussion
### Atmospheric Implications  
The tropospheric lifetime due to the Cl reaction of _trans_-2-methyl-2-butenal, \(\tau_{\text{Cl}}\), was estimated as in previous studies [19; 20] using the rate coefficient determined in this research and two different Cl atoms concentrations: a 24 h average (1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) atom cm\({}^{-3}\), [36]) and a peak concentration (1.3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) atom cm\({}^{-3}\), [37]). The reason for this is to evaluate the influence of this reaction in areas with low levels of Cl and other zones with high Cl concentration, such as coastal or industrial areas. In the first scenario, \(\tau_{\text{Cl,24h}}\) was estimated to be 46 days, while considering the peak concentration, \(\tau_{\text{Cl,peak}}\) was 8.7 h. The individual tropospheric lifetimes for the OH reaction and the O\({}_{3}\) reaction of T2M2B were previously estimated as 6.8 h [13] and 3 days [14], respectively. Therefore, if the peak Cl scenario is considered, the tropospheric lifetime due to the three homogeneous reactions is 3.6 h. In this case the contribution of the Cl reaction to the T2M2B homogeneous loss is 42%, very similar to the OH radical contribution (53%). This indicates that, although the Cl reaction is faster than the OH reaction by one order of magnitude, the importance of this degradation route in the troposphere can be approximately the same. The upper limit of the tropospheric lifetime due to UV photolysis was estimated in a previous study as 0.7 h [38], thus, in the most favorable conditions for photolysis this would be the most important degradation route.  
In terms of the contribution of the Cl + T2M2B reaction to the formation of secondary pollutants, 3-chloro-2-butanone and acetaldehyde can be formed with 52.5% and 40.8% yields, respectively, contributing to smog episodes in clean atmospheres where low NOx levels are present. Further photooxidation of these carbonyl compounds can also yield to other pollutants. The concentration levels of these species and, therefore, their atmospheric impact will depend on the emitted quantity of T2M2B. As far as we know, this compound has not been detected at high concentrations in the troposphere, so the impact of the generated products is expected not to be very important. The contribution of the SOA formed in the Cl + T2M2B reaction can be considered as negligible taking into account that the yield is \(Y_{\text{SOA}}<2.4\%\), so its impact on the air quality is expected to be low. Finally, as HCl and CO are also formed with 92.8% and 97.3% yields, respectively, they can impact at a local or regional scale contributing to the acidity of the atmosphere [39] and the formation of the tropospheric ozone in a polluted environment, respectively.
## 4 Discussion  
Based on the results, the VLC fused with radar performs a flexible data rate V2X communication, reaching the AIR of 1.8484 Gb/s at the point of 2 m distance. This is the highest data rate of a LED headlight based VLC system as far as we know. At the distance of 5 m, an AIR beyond 1.1 Gb/s is also achieved. With the PS bitloading algorithm, the severe uneven frequency response of the LED headlights can be fully used. Comparing with the classical bitloading algorithm, the PS bitloading changes the discrete modulation order in each subcarrier to the continuous source entropy. Thus, the utilization of the spectrum resources is more efficient.  
In addition, the MIMO system consists of two headlights and the PD array provides the power diversity gain at the transmitting side, and the larger receiving area as well as the noise reduction at the receiving side. The light intensity is increased by the multiple transmitting headlights, bringing higher SNR as well as AIR. The PD array with MRC technology not only increases the maximum AIR, but also simplifies the adjusting of the optical receiving path.  
Finally, the combination of linear and nonlinear interpolation methods of the SNR makes the radar able to precisely guide the source entropy of the PS VLC, achieving the highest data rate at every point with no additional SNR estimation. A SNR table can be calculated after the SNR is estimated at several discrete calibration points. Within the near field, the SNR is described as a linear function of the distance, while, in the far field, the SNR is a nonlinear function of the distance. Such SNR table shows an exact match with the experimental result, and the error of the estimated AIR is 63.6% less than the one of the AIR estimated with the SNR table that is entirely linear interpolated. This is the first sensing and communication system in VLC.  
Conceptualization, N.C.; Data curation, J.J.; Formal analysis, J.J.; Investigation, J.J.; Methodology, J.J. and P.Z.; Resources, Y.Z.; Software, P.Z.; Supervision, N.C.; Validation, F.H.; Visualization, J.J.; Writing-original draft, J.J.; Writing-review and editing, N.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was partially funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017 YFB0403603), and the NSFC project (No.61925104).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Distance(m)** & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** \\ \hline
**AIR(Gb/s)** & 1.8179 & 1.8484 & 1.6587 & 1.2221 & 1.1013 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The AIR at each calibration point.  
Figure 9: The AIR at each point. (**a**) The AIR is interpolated with a linear function. (**b**) The AIR is interpolated with a linear function between 1 m and 3 m, and a nonlinear function between 3 m and 5 m.
## 3 Proposed Method
### Experimental Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Algorithm**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Space**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Reward**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Learning Time Step**} \\ \cline{3-14}  & & & **1M** & **5M** & **10M** & **15M** & **20M** & **25M** & **30M** & **35M** & **40M** & **45M** & **50M** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{DQN} & \multirow{3}{*}{full} & \multirow{3}{*}{inverse} & \multirow{3}{*}{occurrence} & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & 10\(\mathrm{b}\) & 141 & 11\(\mathrm{b}\) & 11\(\mathrm{b}\) & 76 & 74 & 72 & 83 & 100 & 100 \\  & & & & - & 17 min & 32 min & 27 min & 46 min & 35 min & 8 min & 39 min & 21 min & 35 min \\ \cline{3-14}  & & & & 47 s & 5 s & 36 s & 52 s & 41 s & 13 s & 17 s & 28 s & 33 s \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{PPO} & \multirow{3}{*}{full} & \multirow{3}{*}{inverse} & \multirow{3}{*}{occurrence} & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & 93\(\mathrm{h}\) & 84 h & 80 & 75 h & 67 h & 57 h & 59 h & 61 h & 61 h & 63 h \\  & & & & 49 min & 13 min & 22 min & 13 min & 28 min & 25 min & 42 min & 30 min & 58 min & 49 min \\  & & & & 21 s & 40 s & 8 s & 15 s & 28 s & 45 s & 32 s & 26 s & 7 s & 43 s \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**PPO**} & \multirow{3}{*}{sub} & \multirow{3}{*}{inverse} & 43 & 35 h & 31 & 35 h & 31 & 31 h & 28 h & 31 h & 30 h & 31 h & 31 h & 32 h \\  & & & 10 min & 39 min & 41 min & 41 min & 17 min & 48 min & 14 min & 46 min & 17 min & 45 min & 15 min \\  & & & 20 s & 23 s & 49 s & 59 s & 27 s & 50 s & 33 s & 4 s & 34 s & 48 s & 16 s \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**sub**} & \multirow{3}{*}{negative} & \multirow{3}{*}{occurrence} & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - \\  & & & & 29 h & 28 h & 28 h & 28 h & 28 h & 28 h & 31 h & 28 h & 28 h & 28 h & 28 h \\  & & & 12 min & 59 min & 52 min & 35 min & **5 min** & 28 min & 38 min & 54 min & 9 min & 42 min & 2 min \\  & & & & 13 s & 2 s & 32 s & 18 s & **46 s** & 43 s & 18 s & 16 s & 11 s & 25 s & 50 s \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**heuristic**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{proximity first} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{56 h 53 min 7 s} \\ \cline{2-11}  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**FIFO**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} \\ \cline{2-11}  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{process first} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Job completion time by scheduling algorithm in the second experiment.
# Raw Material Flow Rate Measurement on Belt Conveyor System Using Visual Data
## 2 Dataset
### Industrial Process
#### 2.1.1 Limestone  
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcite and aragonite, which are crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO\({}_{3}\)). Limestone is abundantly available from limestone rocks situated within a few miles at Tobar Quarry (Choa Saidan Shah-Khewra, Pakistan). Around 800 to 1200 tons of limestone from Tobar is received daily in trucks of 20-21 ton capacity each. Stones of size between 63.5-127 mm are used in the kilns. The suitability of limestone depends upon its magnesium, silica, and alumina contents.  
The stone sizing is analyzed by taking a sample of 20 tons of stone passed through a stencil with two openings. One is 63.5 mm in diameter, and the other is 127 mm in diameter. Stones that pass through a 127 mm opening and are retained on a 63.5 mm opening are considered \"Size\". Furthermore, the stones which pass through both openings are considered \"Undersize\". Finally, the stones that cannot pass through the 127 mm opening are considered \"Oversize\". Physically quality of the stone is inspected by its color, quantity of dust, and size.
# A Response-Adaptive Method for Design of Validation Experiments in Computational Mechanics
###### Abstract  
For model verification and validation (V & V) in computational mechanics, a hypothesis test for the validity check (HTVC) is useful, in particular, with a limited number of experimental data. However, HTVC does not address how type I and II errors can be reduced when additional resources for sampling become available. For the validation of computational models of safety-related and mission-critical systems, it is challenging to design experiments so that type II error is reduced while maintaining type I error at an acceptable level. To address the challenge, this paper proposes a new method to design validation experiments, response-adaptive experiment design (RAED). The RAED method adaptively selects the next experimental condition from among candidates of various operating conditions (experimental settings). RAED consists of six key steps: (1) define experimental conditions, (2) obtain experimental data, (3) calculate u-values, (4) compute the area metric, (5) select the next experimental condition, and (6) obtain additional experimental datum. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the RAED method, a case study of a numerical example is shown. It is demonstrated that additional experimental data obtained through the RAED method can reduce type II error in hypothesis testing and increase the probability of rejecting an invalid computational model.  
epistemic uncertainty; experimental design; false negative; model validation Article  
A Response-Adaptive Method for Design of Validation Experiments in Computational Mechanics
## 3 Methods
### Data Processing
#### 3.1.3 Random Forest (RF) Classification  
To perform the LCZ classification, a number of steps were required which are summarized in the flowchart in Figure 3.  
Figure 3: Flowchart adopted for Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification.  
A supervised pixel-based classification was carried out using training areas digitized in _QGIS_ and selected according to the LCZ classification system. Training polygons were defined by means of open geo-databases provided by the Lombardy Region. The most considered was the DUSAF (Destinazione d'Uso dei Suoli Agricoli e Forestali) [48], which includes detailed land use and land cover vector layers at scale 1:10,000, coupled with additional information such as the building heights from the regional topographic database [49].  
The classifier adopted for this work was the Random Forest (RF) algorithm [50]. RF was chosen due to a number of reasons as follows. It is non-parametric, it provides high accuracy and fast computational performance on large databases, and since the classification unbiased error is estimated internally in the run, there is no need for cross-validation or for using a separate testing dataset [51]. RF classification was performed through the use of an R script, based on the RF implementation _randomforest_ in R.  
Accuracy of the RF classification outputs was assessed using the so-called \"out-of-bag\" (OOB) samples, not included in the training data. Common statistical measures were calculated from the confusion matrix [52], including Overall Accuracy (OA), Producer's Accuracy (PA) and User's Accuracy (UA). Since the pixel-based classification is typically noisy, a post-classification filtering was applied. In particular the Majority filter [53], available within the _raster_ package in R, was applied on the resulting maps with a 3 \(\times\) 3 moving window.
# Photoacoustic Imaging of Tattoo Inks: Phantom and Clinical Evaluation
## 2 Materials and Methods  
In vitro examination of the photoacoustic properties of the inks was performed using hollow channels created within a tissue-mimicking phantom composed of agarose (Bio Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and intralipid (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). The synthesis of the phantom has been previously described [12]. Ten samples of commercially available (Scream Ink; Worldwide Tattoo Supply) tattoo (black, pitch black, blue, gray, green, violet, orange, red, yellow, and white) (Figure 1a) were used. The samples were diluted in phosphate buffered saline (1:1) and injected into the channels. Whole blood andphosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were also injected into separate channels for comparison (Figure 1b). The PA images were obtained using a 21 MHz probe with the following settings: 2D multi-wavelength PA mode: 680-900 nm; Gain: 40 dB, Depth: 20.00 mm, Width: 23.04 mm, Persistence: 3.  
An institutional review board (IRB Protocol #48917) approved pilot clinical study was conducted at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center. A healthy volunteer with an existing tattoo on the wrist was enrolled to participate in the imaging study. Written informed consent was obtained prior to imaging examination. Prior to image acquisition, the volunteer was comfortably seated, and acoustic gel applied to the skin overlying the tattoo. Combined B-mode US and PAI of the tattoo on the left wrist in the healthy volunteer was performed using a commercially available 21 MHz linear-array transducer system (bandwidth of 13-24 MHz; axial resolution 75 \(\upmu\)m, lateral resolution 165 \(\upmu\)m imaging; maximum FOV 23 \(\times\) 30 mm, focal zone of 15 mm (Vevo\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) LAZR; VisualSonics Inc., Toronto). For ease of visualization, pseudo colorized PA maps were generated. Contrast (50) and brightness (90) levels were set prior to application of the color map on the images. The tattoo on the left wrist of the volunteer was examined in the transverse and longitudinal planes. The transducer was gently placed on the skin surface and US-PAI images were obtained. The imaging procedure took approximately 15 min. Following completion of imaging, imaging datasets were transferred to the imaging workstation for offline processing (Vevo LAB 3.2.0, VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada, 2019).  
Figure 1: (a) Photograph showing the ten commercially available tattoo ink samples evaluated in vitro. (b) Set up for evaluation of photoacoustic properties of tattoo inks using hollow channels created in a tissue mimicking phantom.
## 3 Material and Methods
### Methodology
* Model Evaluation: Model evaluation was conducted using precision, recall, and F1 score metrics, particularly chosen to address the severe class imbalance in the dataset. Precision measures the accuracy of positive predictions, recall evaluates the ability to identify all relevant instances, and the F1 score provides a balance between precision and recall. These metrics ensure a reliable assessment of the model's effectiveness in classifying crash severity, offering a more comprehensive evaluation than accuracy alone.