## 1 Introduction  
Tires, as the sole components in direct contact between vehicles and road surfaces, critically determine vehicular handling, safety and fuel efficiency. With the rapid advancement of the automotive industry, tire manufacturing technologies have undergone continuous improvements, particularly in the design and optimization of tire molds, which are a pivotal element in enhancing tire performance [1, 2, 3]. During the vulcanization process, tire molds must simultaneously withstand high-temperature conditions and molding forces while ensuring precise dimensional accuracy and structural integrity of tire products. The temperature distribution, stress characteristics and deformation behavior of molds exert profound influences on vulcanization efficacy and final product quality. Research has demonstrated that deviations in vulcanization temperature, whether excessive or insufficient, significantly impair tire performance. Suboptimal thermal conditions during curing manifest distinct failure mechanisms: insufficient vulcanization compromises the rubber's physical-mechanical properties through inadequate cross-link formation, while over-vulcanization induces excessive cross-linking networks that detrimentally affect elastic resilience and thermal stability [4]. During the vulcanization process, molds are subjected to dual operational demands: exposure to elevated temperatures and the application of molding forces. The strategic implementation of molding forces serves to maintain dimensional precision and structural integrity during tire formation. Nevertheless, this synergistic loading induces concurrent thermal and mechanical stresses within mold components, precipitating deformation phenomena and progressive fatigue damage [5]. Such cumulative deterioration mechanisms will further influence both product quality and manufacturing throughput efficiency [6]. Therefore, comprehensive investigation into the heat transfer, stress characteristics and deformation behavior of molds during vulcanization processes holds paramount theoretical and practical significance. In recent years, numerous studies have investigated the heat transfer and mechanical behavior of segmented tire molds through numerical simulation methods. [PERSON] et al. [7] investigated the heat transfer mechanisms and temperature distribution characteristics on the inner surfaces of pattern blocks in X1188 segmented tire molds through numerical simulations of their thermal processes. This research provides theoretical guidance for optimizing tire production processes and vulcanization molding. [PERSON] et al. [8] conducted temperature analysis on the internal structure of molds by developing a simulation platform integrating finite element simulation and ANSYS Workbench 14.5. Their study determined the optimal curvature value, outer surface length and base inner diameter of the pattern blocks. Subsequent structural modifications reduced temperature differentials between the upper and lower points of the pattern blocks, resulting in more uniform thermal distribution and enhanced tire vulcanization quality. [PERSON] et al. [9] established a finite element transient heat transfer model for tire molds. By analyzing the effects of factors such as convective heat transfer coefficients and contact thermal resistance on the heat transfer efficiency and temperature distribution uniformity of tire segment molds, they improved the heat transfer analysis model for tire molds. Although significant advancements have been achieved in heat transfer and stress analysis of tire molds, certain limitations persist in existing research. Most studies in heat transfer simulation directly assign temperature values to the heat source (heating plate and guide ring) in order to save computational costs, without considering that the hot plate and guide ring are heated by internal steam and the impact of fluid flow on heat transfer [10].