# Assessment of Energy Use and Photovoltaic Energy Potential in Saudi Arabian Governmental Schools
## 2 Literature Review
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [28] reviewed the performance of the grid-connected 7.68 kW PV systems installed on three Palestinian schools' roofs. Based on the performance of PV systems, the average PR was 78%, and each system's average yearly energy production was 10.930 MWh. These systems have a PBP of less than five years, an internal rate of return (IRR) of about twenty percent, and an LCOE of about $0.100/kWh. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] used HOMER to evaluate the possibility of utilizing school roof PV systems to meet Palestine's electricity demands. Based on calculations, Al-Dahriya Secondary's rooftop could support a 57.16 kW\({}_{\rm P}\) PV system. The school's yearly electricity use is 4237 kWh, while this system will generate 92,866 kWh, with a PBP of 4.38 years. Furthermore, this technique will yield 5.12% of the yearly Palestinian consumption when implemented in the 3074 schools in Palestine.  
[PERSON] et al. [30] stated that Sawda and Azda Schools in Kuwait had two PV roof systems. The PV system installed capacity for Sawda was 21.60 kWp, while for Azda, it was 85.05 kWp. Weekly schedules for automated cleaning systems were installed. Sawda School consumed 494.9 MWh of energy, whereas Azda School used 1058 MWh. For Azda, the PV system produced 136.5 MWh of total energy; Sawda produced 35.2 MWh between January and December 2014. Maintaining optimal performance and minimizing soiling on the PV system's surface required weekly cleaning. [PERSON] et al. [31] evaluated the power produced by 100 kWp grid-connected PV systems in Kuwait for the cities of Mutla and Al-Wafra. The authors reported that Mutla and Al-Wafra have annual yield factors of 1861 kWh/kWp and 1922.7 kWh/kWp, respectively. However, both systems generate an LCOE of roughly $0.1/kWh. In addition, both sites have a simple payback period (SPBP) of approximately 15 years. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [32] used MATLAB software to investigate a 3.08 kWP grid-connected PV system on the Solar University campus in Sohar, Oman. According to the results, the system's yearly yield factor is 1696.6 kWh/kWp. In the meantime, the LCOE was $0.158/kWh, and the capacity factor of the suggested system was 19.46%.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [4] investigated energy usage, the viability of employing grid-connected PV systems, and the economics of their use in school buildings in Arar City, KSA. The study found that using PV energy is financially viable. The results showed that the SPBP of the 150 system was 8.26 years. However, further government incentives are also required for widespread penetration. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [33] investigated the usage of PV solar energy at Sulaiman Al-Rajhi University in the KSA. Two PV solar system installation possibilities were considered: one that would secure the university for nearly no energy bills and the other that would cover every structure on campus. The first scenario generates around 113% of the load necessary to attain a nearly zero-bill campus, while the second generates about 24%. The authors say the LCOE varies between $0.026 and 0.028/kWh. Using HOMER software, [PERSON] [34] examines the viability of grid-connected hybrid RE system concepts for four Saudi Arabian educational institutions. Based on the data, integrating a 62 kW PV array with a grid is the best alternative. This option has a low LCOE of $0.0688/kWh, and sell-back energy accounts for 9.16% of Al Baha University's total energy consumption. The systems' LCOEs for Jeddah, Tabuk, and Sattam were $0.0702, 0.0753, and 0.0714, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [35] used the HOMER program to study the possible use of hybrid energy systems, including PV/wind/diesel with and without battery, for three compounds in Jubail Industrial City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Three complexes weighing 685, 463, and 270 kW at their peak were assessed.