## 4 Conclusions and Discussion
Taking agriculture as an illustrative example, the adoption of resource-conserving and environment-friendly technologies is essential to cultivate modern characteristic ecological agriculture characterized by the principles of \"low-input, asset-light, famous-special, and high-quality species, with short-adaptable-fast\" attributes. This approach aims to mitigate negative impacts such as agricultural carbon emissions, pesticide pollution, and plastic film pollution. Furthermore, it represents a pivotal avenue for promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional agriculture, thereby facilitating regional ecological industrialization and industrial ecology. Ultimately, this strategy ensures the essential path choice and development direction of agricultural sustainable development. In summary, this study delves into the land-use transitions and their ecological effects in Ningde City, China, providing valuable insights for the formulation of relevant land resource management and eco-environmental protection policies. Additionally, it contributes significantly to the advancement of ecosystem management theory and addresses the gap in regional assessment of the ecosystem services value (ESV). However, discrepancies exist among different assessment methods in estimating ESV. Despite our efforts to enhance the \"benefit-transfer method,\" there is a need to focus on improving the accuracy of the value coefficients of ecosystem services. By conducting field testing and extensive multi-sample research visits, we aim to refine the accuracy of the value coefficients for each land-use type, thereby enhancing the precision of the evaluation results. This represents the primary direction of our future research endeavors. Conceptualization, K.S. ; methodology, Q.P. and K.S; software, Q.P., L.S. and K.S. ; validation, Q.P., W.L. and S.F. ; formal analysis, Q.P. and K.S. ; investigation, Q.P., L.S. and K.S. ; data curation, Q.P. and L.S. ; writing--original draft preparation, Q.P. ; writing--review and editing, K.S., S.F. and W.L. ; visualization, Q.P. and K.S. ; supervision, W.L. and S.F. ; funding acquisition, S.F., W.L. and K.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 23 YJCZH192), Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (Grant No. 2021J01650), Major Project Funding for Social Science Research Base in Fujian Province Social Science Planning: Ecological Civilization Research Center (Grant No. FJ2022 JDZ035), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Tea Industry Chain Science and Technology Innovation Team Project. Tea Industry Economy and Creativity Research (Grant No. K1520012A08), Science and Education Special Project of Fujian Province: Science and Technology Integration and Mechanism of \"Small Industrial Courtyard\" for Special Modern Agriculture (Grant No. K8120K01a), and National Scientific Research Project Cultivation Plan of Anxi College of Tea Science of Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University (Grant No. ACKY2023011). **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The data that support the findings of this study are available from the authors upon reasonable request. **Acknowledgments:** The authors also thank \"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring\" and \"Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovative Centre for Germplasm Resources and Cultivation of Crops (Grant No. 2015-75)\" for their support. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.