## 5 Conclusions  
We studied the quality of nine ionospheric models (four operational and five empirical models) in TEC and positioning domains during 2014-2020 (the full data set covered 2000-2020). Due to noises and other factors, the positioning quality involving different models (and broadcast ephemeris) does not differ much for models. We arranged (from the best) the models in the positioning domain as GIM IGSG, BDGIM, NeQuick2, GEMTEC, NeQuickG, and IRI-2016, Klobuchar, IRI-2012, IRI-Plas, GLONASS; in TEC domain as GEMTEC, BDGIM, NeQuick2, IRI-2012, NeQuickG, IRI-2016, Klobuchar, GLONASS, and IRI-Plas.  
While TEC and positioning domains differ, new-generation operational models (BDGIM and NeQuickG) overperform or at least at the same level as classical empirical models. Obtained results could show a way in which the model can be improved.  
Conceptualization, Y.V.Y.; Data curation, Y.V.Y. and D.Z.; Formal analysis, Y.V.Y., D.Z., A.P., N.W. and B.N.; Investigation, Y.V.Y., D.Z., A.P., N.W., B.N., Z.L., Y.Y., A.Y., C.C. and A.V.; Methodology, Y.V.Y. and D.Z.; Software, D.Z.; Supervision, Y.V.Y.; Validation, Y.V.Y., D.Z., A.P., N.W. and B.N.; Visualization, Y.V.Y. and D.Z.; Writing--original draft, Y.V.Y., D.Z., A.P., N.W. and B.N.; Writing--review and editing, Y.V.Y., D.Z., A.P., N.W. and B.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021 YFB1407002).  
Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Used data are publicly available. GNSS Rinex data and GIM can be accessed via EOSDIS Earthdata ([[https://urs.earthdata.nasa.gov/](https://urs.earthdata.nasa.gov/)]([https://urs.earthdata.nasa.gov/](https://urs.earthdata.nasa.gov/)) (accessed on 1 January 2022)). _F10.7_ data is available at [[https://spaceweather.gc.ca/forecast-prevision/solar-solaire/solarflux/sx-5-en.php](https://spaceweather.gc.ca/forecast-prevision/solar-solaire/solarflux/sx-5-en.php)]([https://spaceweather.gc.ca/forecast-prevision/solar-solaire/solarflux/sx-5-en.php](https://spaceweather.gc.ca/forecast-prevision/solar-solaire/solarflux/sx-5-en.php)) (accessed on 1 January 2022); _Kp_ and _Ap_ is available at [[ftp://ftp.gfz-potsdam.de/pub/home/obs/kp-ap/wdc/](ftp://ftp.gfz-potsdam.de/pub/home/obs/kp-ap/wdc/)]([ftp://ftp.gfz-potsdam.de/pub/home/obs/kp-ap/wdc/](ftp://ftp.gfz-potsdam.de/pub/home/obs/kp-ap/wdc/)) (accessed on 1 January 2022).  
**Acknowledgments:** We thank [PERSON] for IRI-Plas source code (available at [[https://www.izmiran.ru/ionosphere/weather/grif/SPIM/](https://www.izmiran.ru/ionosphere/weather/grif/SPIM/)]([https://www.izmiran.ru/ionosphere/weather/grif/SPIM/](https://www.izmiran.ru/ionosphere/weather/grif/SPIM/)) (accessed on 1 January 2022)), ESA for NeQuickG source code (available at [[https://essres.esa.int/project/nequickg-galloe-ionospheric-correction-model](https://essres.esa.int/project/nequickg-galloe-ionospheric-correction-model)]([https://essres.esa.int/project/nequickg-galloe-ionospheric-correction-model](https://essres.esa.int/project/nequickg-galloe-ionospheric-correction-model)) (accessed on 1 January 2022)) and IRI working group for IRI-2012/IRI-2016 source code ([[https://irimodel.org/](https://irimodel.org/)]([https://irimodel.org/](https://irimodel.org/)) (accessed on 1 January 2022)). The authors acknowledge IGS for GNSS data [14] and final global ionosphere maps ISSG. We used SIMuRG [58] to collect the data.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.