## 3 Reclassification of Emergency Messages Dissemination Approaches
### Simulation Parameters and Setup
* Software: Linux Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS x64 operating system
* Simulation environment and extra tools: Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) v. 1.16.00 [46]; OMNeT++ Discrete Event Simulation System IDE v. 6.0.1 ([[https://omnetpp.org](https://omnetpp.org)]([https://omnetpp.org](https://omnetpp.org)) (accessed on 25 February 2025)); veins v. 5.2 ([[https://github.com/sommer/veins](https://github.com/sommer/veins)]([https://github.com/sommer/veins](https://github.com/sommer/veins)), (accessed on 25 February 2025) and INET v. 4.4 ([[https://github.com/inet-framework](https://github.com/inet-framework)]([https://github.com/inet-framework](https://github.com/inet-framework)), (accessed on 25 February 2025)); and Gatcom SUMO v. 1.06 [45] (code version 1.0.0 available at GitHub repository ([[https://github.com/OjlvieAvila/PhEMS4](https://github.com/OjlvieAvila/PhEMS4) VN]([https://github.com/OjlvieAvila/PhEMS4](https://github.com/[PERSON]/PhEMS4) VN), (accessed on 25 February 2025)), as we encourage the community to use these data and contribute to future research. Thank you). ### Metrics and Results Summary

A direct comparison with the existing literature is non-viable, given the differences, for instance, with cluster approaches, given that we do not take advantage of control packets or explicit data routing. Metrics are also intended for a time-based focus only. For this reason, we propose the metrics for an intended fair comparison, as far as possible, among the mechanisms shown. #### 4.3.1 Packet Reception per Vehicle in the Environment

Metric description: Total emergency messages (EMs) or packets received per entity present in the environment during the whole simulation period. Formula:

\[avg\_pck\_Rx_{sim}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}pck\_Rx(me_{i})}{|ME|\backslash|ME_{ inc}|}, \tag{1}\]

where \(pck\_Rx(me_{i})\) is any packet received, such as a pheromone message (\(mess_{g}(\phi_{S}^{k,p})\) as observed in Table 4), and \(|ME|\backslash|ME_{inc}|\) is the total number of enabled vehicles or mobile entities minus entities that were involved in incidents during the indicated simulation. Desired values: Less is better. Discussion: The number of pheromone EMs is observed to be a stable constant number (four packets per vehicle) despite the increase in the number of vehicles that enter into the environment. The bandwidth used to communicate pheromone EMs remains proportional \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Pheromone with Degradation** & **Flooding with Control (Single Packet Relay)** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Flooding with Relay** \\ **(Multiple Packet Relay)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Communication capabilities for EM & Rx only & Tx/Rx & Tx/Rx \\ \hline Fixed entities able to communicate & Yes & No & No \\ \hline Number of vehicular routes & 10 & 10 & 10 \\ \hline Maximum speed in all street segments & 40 km/h (11.11 m/s) & 40 km/h (11.11 m/s) & 40 km/h (11.11 m/s) \\ \hline Vehicular creation & 1 veh/min and 50 & 1 veh/min and 50 & 1 veh/min and 50 \\ rate per route & 2 veh/min and 100 & 2 veh/min and 100 & 2 veh/min and 100 \\ andtotal vehicles & 3 veh/min and 150 & 3 veh/min and 150 & 3 veh/min and 150 \\  & 4 veh/min and 200 & 4 veh/min and 200 & 4 veh/min and 200 \\  & 5 veh/min and 250 & 5 veh/min and 250 & 5 veh/min and 250 \\  & 6 veh/min and 300 & 6 veh/min and 300 & 6 veh/min and 300 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Simulation parameters: vehicles. to the vehicular density (pheromone). In the last case (6 veh/min x route), there is no substantial difference between flooding-c and flooding-r, meaning that relayed messages are less commonly received with higher densities (see Figure 7). #### 4.3.2 Packet Reception per Vehicle Space-Time-Coupled with the Incident

Metric description: Total number of emergency packets received per entity present in the potential communication area during the incident period of time.