## 3 Results  
### Literature Search and Study Characteristics  
The literature review yielded 2930 articles. After applying selection criteria, 38 studies, including 763 participants, were included in the meta-analyses. A flow diagram of the study selection process is depicted in Figure 1.  
The characteristics of the included studies are described in Table 1. A total of 38 studies were included in the network meta-analysis. Fifteen studies [4; 11; 13; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31] reported overweight/obese adults, two [32; 33] reported central obesity, and nine [34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42] reported non-obese or normal-weight adults. Five studies [43; 44; 45; 46; 47] reported inactive adults, six studies [48; 49; 50; 26; 45; 47; 45; 48; 26; 49; 51] reported prediabetes and/or T2 DM, and three [25; 27; 52] reported postmenopausal women. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 75, and sample sizes ranged from 10 to 70. The publication data of the included studies were from 2010 to 2022. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Participants** & **Age** & **Arms** & **Outcomes** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [34] & 20 healthy- & 19.2 \(\pm\) 0.6 & Sitting 300 min & \\
2019, The Netherlands & weight males & & Interrupted with 10 min standing every & Insulin AUC \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [36] & 10 non-obese & 24 \(\pm\) 3 & Sitting 300 min & \\ [PERSON] et al. [36] & 10 non-obese & Interrupted with 2 min bouts of standing & \\
2015, UK & healthy adults & & every 20 min & Glucose AUC \\  & & 2 min bouts of light-intensity walking & \\  & & (3.2 km/h) every 20 min & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [35] & 13 healthy adults & & 26.6 \(\pm\) 8.5 & Sitting 300 min & \\  & & 2 min bouts of light-intensity walking & \\
2016, UK & 13 healthy adults & & (3.25 km/h) every 20 min & Glucose iAUC; \\  & & & 2 min bouts of moderate walking & Insulin iAUC \\  & & & (5.8–7.95 km/h) every 20 min & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [20] & 12 over- & 48 \(\pm\) 10 & Uninterrupted sitting \(\geq\)10 h & \\
2022, UK & weight/obese adults & & Interrupted with 6–10 min of activity & Glucose iAUC \\ \hline  & & 30.1 \(\pm\) 8.8 & Sitting 9 h & \\ [PERSON] et al. [43] & 14 inactive, healthy males & & Interrupted by 15 min of standing every & Glucose iAUC; \\  & & 30 min & Insulin iAUC; \\  & & & A single 30 min bout of & TAG iAUC \\  & & & moderate-intensity exercise on treadmill & \\ \hline  & & 32 \(\pm\) 5 & Sitting 540 min & \\  & & & Sitting and a single 60 min bout of & \\  & & & moderate walking & Glucose \\ [PERSON] et al. [13] & 10 over- & & Interrupted with 2 min moderate walking & time-averaged \\
2017, USA & weight/obese adults & & every 20 min & CGMS \\  & & & Interrupted with 2 min vigorous walking & \\  & & & every 60 min & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. & 10 overweight/obese & 51.9 \(\pm\) 15.4 & Sitting 6 h, 30 min walking, \(\sim\)300 kcal & Glucose AUC; \\
[21] 2014, USA & 10 over- & & before lunch & Insulin AUC \\  & & & Frequent breaks (every 20 min), \(\sim\)300 kcal & Glucose AUC; \\  & & & & Insulin AUC \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Descriptive characteristics of the included studies. Figure 1: PRISMA flow diagram.