# Abrasion-Resistant and Temperature Control of
## 2 Anti-Scouring and Abrasion-Resistant Performance Test on Concrete
### Materials, Mix Proportions, and Test Method
#### 2.2.2 Mixture Proportions  
Raw material was used to verify various tests. The mix proportion parameters of anti-scouring and abrasion-resistant concrete, including water-cement ratio, water, cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates, were firstly optimized based on analyses of the experimental results, as shown in Table 2. On the basis of indoor tests, the construction mix proportion was further optimized through field trial mixing, and the corresponding concrete performance test was carried out, as shown in Tables 3 and 4. In order to further study the influence of fly ash, silica fume and PVA fiber on the behavior of abrasion-resistant concrete, eight batches of concrete mixtures were made for testing, and the mixture details are listed in Table 2. They can be broadly divided into three groups: F10S5P0, F15S5P0 and F20S5P0 for the first group; F20S5P0, F20S7P0 and F20S9P0 for the second group; F20S5P0.8, F20S5P0.9 and F20S5P1.0 for the third group. Here, \"F\", \"S\" and \"P\" in the notations represent the mixtures containing \"fly ash\", \"silica fume\" and \"PVA fiber\", respectively. The numbers following \"F\", \"S\" and \"P\" represent the mass percentages of fly ash, silica fume and PVA fiber in the concrete mixture. The water to binder ratio for all the eight batches was maintained at 0.40. Water-reducing admixture of JM-PCA and air-entraining admixture of NOF-AE had the dosage of 0.8% and 0.004%, respectively. The construction mix proportions of two graded C9050 fly ash and silica fume concretes and their performances are listed in Tables 3 and 4. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Materials** & **SiO\({}_{2}\)** & **Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)** & **Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)** & **CaO** & **MgO** & **SO\({}_{3}\)** & **Loss of Ignition** \\ \hline Cement & 20.87 & 4.80 & 3.97 & 61.78 & 4.04 & 2.28 & 0.79 \\ Fly ash & 53.71 & 9.72 & 22.94 & 7.94 & 2.28 & 0.35 & 2.33 \\ Silica fume & 95.86 & 0.14 & 0.30 & 0.98 & 0.35 & - & 1.72 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Chemical compositions of cement, fly ash and silica fume (%). Figure 2: The type and size of lining concrete of spillway tunnel section (unit: cm). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Construction Method**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Water–Cement Ratio**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Binder Materials (kg/m\({}^{3}\))**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sand Rate (\%)**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Slump (cm)/Loss Rate (\%)**} \\ \cline{6-11}  & & & & & & & & **0** & **30 min** & **60 min** & **90 min** \\ \hline Normal concrete & 0.33 & 379 & 38 & 2.5 & 16.00 & 12.8/20.0 & 5.7/64.4 & / \\ Purping concrete & 0.33 & 415 & 40.5 & 2.0 & 19.50 & 16.0/17.9 & 14.5/25.6 & 12.0/38.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Performance of two graded fly ash and silica func concrete mixture. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Mature No.** & **Water-Cement Ratio** & **Water** & **Cement** & **Fly Ash** & **Silica Fume** & **PVA Fiber** & **Fine Aggregates** & **Course Aggregates** & **Water Reducing Agent** & **Air Entailing Agent** \\ \hline F105870 & 0.40 & 128 & 272 & 32 & 16 & 0 & 755 & 130 & 2.56 & 0.028 \\ F15870 & 0.40 & 130 & 278.25 & 32.5 & 16.25 & 0 & 755 & 1300 & 2.60 & 0.013 \\ F20570 & 0.40 & 132 & 203.5 & 33 & 16.5 & 0 & 755 & 1300 & 2.64 & 0.012 \\ F20570 & 0.40 & 128 & 233.6 & 64 & 22.4 & 0 & 755 & 1300 & 2.56 & 0.0128 \\ F205870 & 0.40 & 128 & 227.2 & 64 & 28.8 & 0 & 755 & 1300 & 2.56 & 0.0128 \\ F2058708 & 0.40 & 140 & 282.5 & 70 & 17.5 & 0.7 & 755 & 1300 & 2.80 & 0.014 \\ F2058708 & 0.40 & 144 & 270.0 & 72 & 18.0 & 0.9 & 755 & 1300 & 2.86 & 0.0148 \\ F2058710 & 0.40 & 148 & 277.5 & 74 & 18.5 & 1.1 & 755 & 1300 & 2.96 & 0.0148 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mix proportion of concrete (unit: kg/m\({}^{3}\)).