# IoT-Enabled Precision Agriculture: Developing an Ecosystem for Optimized Crop Management
## 5 Results Analysis and Discussion  
The results of the experiments conducted in both scenarios were analyzed to evaluate the overall performance of the proposed framework. The results demonstrated that the proposed framework is suitable for both fixed and mobile scenarios, providing efficient communication performance and low latency. Additionally, the results showed the advantages of using RPL protocol for routing in mobile and fixed sensor networks, which supports dynamic topologies and improves the overall network performance. The results also highlighted the impact of node density and area coverage on the overall system performance in the fixed scenario, as well as the impact of mobility on the performance in the mobile scenario. The random waypoint model used to simulate the movement of horses in the stable scenario was found to be suitable to simulate the movement of horses. Overall, the proposed framework is a promising solution for precision agriculture applications and can be further enhanced by incorporating more advanced technologies and techniques to improve its performance and scalability. Using simulation as a validation method for the proposed framework in precision agriculture applications offers several advantages. One of the key advantages is the ability to realistically compare the networking performance indices of both fixed and mobile nodes using the same simulation settings. By combining these two scenarios, the simulation allows us to capture the effect of mobility on both applications, and thus provide a comprehensive understanding of the system's behavior in different scenarios. Moreover, using a software simulator such as COOJA enables us to test the system in a controlled environment, which  
Figure 5: Simulation Flowchart. can minimize the cost and complexity of implementing the system in a real-world setting. Furthermore, the simulation results can be easily replicated and verified, providing a high level of confidence in the validity of the results. The first set of results compares the performance of the proposed framework in a fixed IoT application scenario, where a single static sink node is utilized to collect sensor data from 36 static nodes distributed in different square areas of 25 m \(\times\) 25 m, 50 m \(\times\) 50 m, 75 m \(\times\) 75 m, and 100 m \(\times\) 100 m. The second set of results, on the other hand, represents a mobile IoT application scenario, where a single static sink node is utilized to collect sensor data from 36 mobile nodes that move based on the random waypoint model (RWP). In order to compare the performance of both scenarios, experiments used the hop count metric as a measure of the number of hops along the path between a node and the destination. Figure 6 shows a comparison of the average end-to-end packet delivery ratio (PDR) between the mobile nodes and the sink node, calculated over five runs for a 4-h duration for each run. This metric is used to evaluate the reliability of the network in delivering data packets from the source to the destination. When all nodes are static, as with trees, all packets sent to the sink node from a node follow the same path; therefore, the hop count is fixed for all delivered packets. \[HS(i)=h_{i} \tag{1}\]  
\[Average\;HS=\frac{1}{m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}HS(i) \tag{2}\]  
In Equation (1), \(HS(i)\) represents the hop count for all packets sent from node \(i\) to the sink, whereas Equation (2) calculates the average hop count for all successful packets sent from all \(m\) static source nodes to the sink. The network topology keeps changing for the hop count in the mobile scenario; therefore, the packets sent to the sink from a node may follow different paths and result in different hop counts for different packets. \[HM(i,k)=h_{ik} \tag{3}\]  
\[Average\;HM=\frac{1}{m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}\sum_{k=1}^{m}HM(i,k) \tag{4}\]  
Figure 6: Data delivery ratio for trees vs. animals. In Equation (3), \(HM(i,k)\) represents the hop count for packet \(k\) sent by node I, which is successfully received at the sink node.