## 3 Results
### Differences in Facial Characteristics among the Subject Groups  
After adjustment for age and BMI, there were 10 variables in facial features that showed significant differences for both genders, whereas there were three facial color variables for men and six facial color variables for women had significant differences in the facial characteristics between hypertension and normal group. Out of the 10 facial feature variables in both men and women, six facial feature variables in men were defined by the facial shape and five facial feature variables in women were defined by eyes (Tables 4 and 5). For facial color variables, all three variables in men were cheek color variables, and three out of five variables in women were forehead color variables (Figure 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Variables Descriptions**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Variables**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Men (_n = 376_)**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & **Normal (_n = 262_)** & **hypertensive (_n = 114_)** & _p-Value_ \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Frontal face} & Middle face length & FDV\_52\_50 & 77.51 \(\pm\) 0.32 & 76.28 \(\pm\) 0.49 & 0.043 \\  & Middle face length & FVD\_52\_50\_53\_153 & 0.51 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.50 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.002 \\  & and ratio & FVD\_52\_81\_53\_153 & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.31 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.003 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Middle face angle & FA\_117\_125\_143 & 121.06 \(\pm\) 0.38 & 122.62 \(\pm\) 0.60 & 0.033 \\  & and area & FA\_18\_43\_50 & 57.00 \(\pm\) 0.22 & 55.93 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 0.010 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Ratio of eye variable & FHD\_25\_125\_53\_153 & 0.68 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.67 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.048 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Profile face} & \multirow{2}{*}{Nose width and area} & PDH\_12\_14 & 20.66 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 19.97 \(\pm\) 0.22 & 0.012 \\  & & PDV\_12\_21 & 51.82 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 50.86 \(\pm\) 0.37 & 0.035 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & & PD\_12\_21 & 52.20 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 51.20 \(\pm\) 0.38 & 0.031 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Facial color} & \multirow{2}{*}{Check color} & ChRD\_b & 20.53 \(\pm\) 0.25 & 19.53 \(\pm\) 0.39 & 0.036 \\  & & ChLU\_L & 60.03 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 61.53 \(\pm\) 0.54 & 0.024 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & ChLW\_L & 57.50 \(\pm\) 0.37 & 59.04 \(\pm\) 0.57 & 0.029 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
Data are represented as adjusted mean \(\pm\) SE (standard error). _p_-values were calculated using ANCOVA with a significant level of \(p\) < 0.05.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Differences in facial characteristic variables in men.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Men (_n = 376_)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Women (_n = 723_)**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Normal (_n = 262_)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Hypertension (_n = 114_)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Normal (_n = 560_)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Hypertension (_n = 163_)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_p-Value_**} \\ \hline Age [yrs] & 43.66 \(\pm\) 15.84 & 55.30 \(\pm\) 11.97 & \textless{}0.001 ** & 44.93 \(\pm\) 14.15 & 61.64 \(\pm\) 11.62 & \textless{}0.001 ** \\ Height [cm] & 171.11 \(\pm\) 6.41 & 169.34 \(\pm\) 6.17 & 0.012 * & 158.68 \(\pm\) 5.63 & 154.98 \(\pm\) 5.90 & 0.002 ** \\ Weight [kg] & 69.35 \(\pm\) 10.45 & 72.26 \(\pm\) 10.27 & 0.013 * & 57.05 \(\pm\) 8.32 & 59.48 \(\pm\) 8.82 & \textless{}0.001 ** \\ BMI [kg/m\({}^{2}\)] & 23.64 \(\pm\) 2.97 & 25.17 \(\pm\) 2.93 & \textless{}0.001 ** & 22.66 \(\pm\) 3.11 & 24.74 \(\pm\) 3.19 & \textless{}0.001 ** \\ SBP [mmHg] & 119.81 \(\pm\) 15.01 & 131.24 \(\pm\) 15.75 & \textless{}0.001 ** & 113.45 \(\pm\) 15.01 & 127.72 \(\pm\) 16.29 & \textless{}0.001 ** \\ DBP [mmHg] & 77.42 \(\pm\) 11.72 & 83.32 \(\pm\) 11.78 & \textless{}0.001 ** & 73.23 \(\pm\) 10.81 & 80.58 \(\pm\) 10.92 & 0.039 * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* BMI, Body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure. Data are represented in the mean \(\pm\) SD (standard deviation). *_p_ < 0.05; **_p_ < 0.01. _p_-values were obtained from _t_-tests between the normal group and the hypertension group.  
\end{table}
Table 3: General characteristics of subjects.