## 4 Conclusions  
Monitoring of geodynamic processes through geophysical methods remains crucial in the context of natural and man-made disasters. The novel cross properties in bianisotropic media (fracturing rock) employing effective media approximation (EMA) through the estimation of effective parameters are presented in this paper. The consideration of effective electrical conductivity as an important parameter in bianisotropic media provides a modern approach to interpreting experimental measurements and is a novel way of addressing inverse problems related to geophysics. Further investigations and case studies are needed to deepen understanding in this area.  
Regarding the above considerations, results, and discussion, we conclude that the following:  
1. Variations in the structural and textural characteristics of rocks and their relation to physicoelectric properties reflect irreversible geodynamic processes. This can be verified in time with non-destructive monitoring such as magnetotelluric sounding.
2. Transitioning to another coordinate system is equivalent to considering a gradient anisotropic media and simplifies derivation of effective media parameters.
3. The Maxwell homogenization technique enables the transition from local physicoelectric parameters of the media to macro-parameters. Establishing a relationship between macro- and micro-parameters of electric conductivity enables mathematical modeling of various geodynamic processes (such as cracking) and changes in local electric conductivity, which help in understanding how macroscopic resistivity changes under the influence of rock deformations.
4. The simulation results show the following: 1. The macroscale anisotropy tensor of electric conductivity depends significantly on the rock structure and is a sensitive parameter to changes in local physicoelectric characteristics.  
* During electromagnetic monitoring, it is essential to study and monitor changes in all elements of the macroscale anisotropy tensor, as they provide valuable information about modern geodynamic processes.
* The electromagnetic monitoring system for changes in the macroscale anisotropy tensor of electric conductivity should cover a volume of research that corresponds to the extent of modern geodynamic processes. This requirement should be considered when designing appropriate monitoring systems.  
Formal analysis, visualization, reference search, corresponding paperwork: K.N.; resources, data preparation, problem and annotation formulation, adaptation for readers: E.B.; conceptualization, theoretical methodology: P.A.; original draft preparation: K.N., E.B. and P.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation upon state assignment from the Research Station of the RAS in Bishkek (topic No. AAAA-A20-120102190009-9 under registration 1021052806445-4-1.5.1) and state assignment from the Geoelectromagnetic Research Centre IPE RAS (topic No. FMWU-2022-0022).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.  
We acknowledge the comments from respectful anonymous reviewers that have been very thorough and useful in improving the manuscript. We thank the editors for acceptance for the publication.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.