## 2 Materials and Methods
### Features of Discovered Species and Individuals  
The woolly mammoth (_Mammuthus primigenius_) is an extinct species that lived during the Pleistocene, until its extinction in the early Holocene epoch. Woolly mammoths lived in open grassland biomes, the mammoth steppe. High-productivity grasses, herbs, and shrubs dominated there. Stomach contents clearly show that the diet of the woolly mammoth was mainly grasses and sedges [36], although tree bark and twigs also constituted a small part of their winter diet [37; 38]. [PERSON] mammoth (Figure 2a) is an old male who lived during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the maximum Sartanian glaciations in Siberia. He died by falling into a hole. [PERSON] mammoth is an old female discovered on the Maly Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Islands in the Laptev Sea). Radiocarbon dating of bones and hairs demonstrated good agreement, attributing the lifetime of the mammoth to the Karginian interstadial (KARG). It was a relatively warm climatic phase in Late Pleistocene in Siberia (57-24 kyr BP), which overlaps with the Denekamp interstadial warming in Europe. [PERSON] mammoth was found in one of the biggest fossil sites, the Berelyokh Mammoth Cemetery located in the basin of the Indigirka River. The entire back leg, 175 cm long, was discovered (Figure 2c), with the longest hairs reaching 120 cm. Probably it belongs to the adult female which lived in the Late Glacial (LG). [PERSON] mammoth is a baby female; she died by falling into a permafrost crack. Only the upper part of her body is preserved well. This is the oldest of the samples \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Species** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Woolly Mammoth**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Woolly Rhino**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Steppe Bison**} \\ \hline
**Specimen of** & [PERSON] & [PERSON] & [PERSON] & Malolyakhovsky & Churapcha & Yukagir & Mylakkhin \\
**the fossil** & mammoth & mammoth & baby & mammoth & rhino & bison & bison \\ \hline
**Number on the** & \multirow{2}{*}{4} & \multirow{2}{*}{5} & \multirow{2}{*}{2} & \multirow{2}{*}{7} & \multirow{2}{*}{1} & \multirow{2}{*}{6} & \multirow{2}{*}{3} \\
**map (Figure 1)** & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Site and year**} & Berelyekh & Yukagir & O’chan river, & The Malyi & Lena-Aldan & Chukchalakh & Indigirka \\  & Mammoth & settlement, & Oimyakonsky & Lyakhovsky & irflavive, & interflive, & lake bank, & River, \\  & Cemetery, & Ust–Yanskiy & district, & Island, & Curapcha & Ust–Yansky & Mykhkhchin \\  & 1970 & district, & 2004 & 2013 & settlement, & district, & locality, \\  & & 2003 & & 1972 & 2011 & 1971 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**1 aC yr BP**} & \multirow{4}{*}{13,700 \(\pm\) 80 (MAC-114)} & 18,510 \(\pm\) 80 (GrN-28258) & 41,300 \(\pm\) 900 (GrA-40021) & 19,500 \(\pm\) 120 (GrA-50292) & 9295 \(\pm\) 45 (GrA-53292) & 29,560 \(\pm\) 100 (GNA-1007) \\  & & 18,680 \(\pm\)100 (GrN-24288) & & (GrA-60021) & & & \\ \hline
**Cal yr BP, range,** & & 16,901 \(-\) 29,07 \(-\) 16,321 & 22,307 \(22,307\) & 45,735 \(-\) 42,904 (95.4\%) & 33,655 \(-\) 32,065 (95.4\%) & 23,792 \(-\) 10,588 \(-\) 34,398 \(-\) 23,151 & 10,336 \(33,878\) \\  & & (89.1\%) & (95.4\%) & (95.4\%) & (95.4\%) & (95.4\%) & (95.4\%) & (95.4\%) \\ \hline
**Gender, age** & adult female, & adult male, & baby female, & adult female, & adult female, & adult young & young female, & \\  & & years & 14-16 month & 55 years & 30 years & 4.1–4.5 years & 2.5 years \\ \hline
**Climatic stage \({}^{*}\)** & LG & LGM & KARG/ & KARG/ & LGM &
\begin{tabular}{c} Preboreal \\ warming \\ (PBO) \\ \end{tabular} & KARG/ \\
**Siberian/European** & [29] & [30] & [31] & [32] & [33] & [34] & [35] \\ \hline
**Reference** & [29] & [30] & [31] & [32] & [33] & [34] & [35] \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{7}{l}{\({}^{*}\) Climatic stages are explained in Section 2.2. LG, Late Glacial; LGM, Last Glacial Maximum; KARG, Karginian} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Description of the studied Ice Age mammals. from the beginning of the Karginian interstadial in Siberia (Hasselo stadial in European classification).