## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, the rapid growth of autonomous vehicles on the roads has created an urgent demand for reliable Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication systems [1, 2]. These systems, which enable vehicles to communicate with each other (V2V), infrastructure (V2I), and pedestrians (V2P), are critical for ensuring the safety and efficiency of autonomous transportation [3]. V2X communication is not only a technological necessity for autonomous vehicles but also a fundamental building block for future smart cities, where interconnected transportation systems will operate seamlessly to reduce accidents, traffic congestion, and environmental impact [4]. As a result, the automotive industry has placed increasing emphasis on the integration of telematics [5], driven by substantial investments in research and development aimed at improving technological capabilities in both combustion (CV) and electric vehicles (EV) [6]. A two-layer optimization model and research methodology that considers multiple uncertainties (e.g., electricity price) used in smart buildings is presented in [7], this model can be useful for layered optimization and uncertainty consideration when facing complex traffic environments and different network coverage conditions in vehicular communication systems. The growing shift towards electric vehicles (EVs), spurred by concerns over sustainability and energy efficiency, has further underscored the importance of V2X communication systems. The integration of V2X within EVs not only facilitates vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interactions, enabling two-way communication between vehicles and energy networks, vehicle charging and grid stabilization [8; 9]. This evolution has expanded the role of EVs beyond transportation, positioning them as active participants in energy ecosystems. However, this transformation comes with new challenges, such as the need for harmonized communication standards and the high costs associated with the deployment of advanced communication technologies, such as 5G. The mobile technologies such as 1G, 2G and 3G are voice-oriented and their network architecture is mainly based on switched circuits. 4G technology introduced the first fully packet-switched network for data services. Therefore, the evolutionary 5G technology performs the functions of 4G, but with more potential and on a larger scale, super-fast download speeds, high levels of reliability and very low latency. However, 6G technology has many potential opportunities and data rate challenges for 6G mobile systems, ranging from the development of machine learning and AI technologies for future mobile communication systems. The characteristics of 6G mobile technology go beyond the intelligence, reliability, scalability and security of terrestrial mobile networks, see Figure 1. In Mexico some areas of the country still lack 3G and 4G network coverage, 61% of the country has access to this technology, because there are still states where the infrastructure for information and communication technologies is still weak; while there is 2G coverage technology that serves some states in the country and will continue to be available for many years. In addition to Mexico, other countries such as Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Argentina are still advancing to obtain the new network, which is limited to the states because few smartphones are capable of connecting to 5G services. One of the core advantages of existing vehicle communication systems is their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and stability. Technologies such as global positioning systems (GPS) are readily available and can be easily integrated into telematics applications [10; 11; 12]. Initially, these systems were primarily developed to support traffic control and improve road safety by transmitting real-time information. However, as the demands of autonomous vehicles and connected mobility have increased, the need for more sophisticated and scalable communication infrastructures has grown.