## 2 Background of DSRC  
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have been widely studied to enable communication among wireless devices without the need for fixed infrastructure. One important type of MANET is the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), which consists of vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices that allow them to communicate with each other and with infrastructure; see Figure 1. In VANETs, DSRC is specifically designed to utilize the IEEE 802.11p standard for communication. Within DSRC, the 802.11p standard plays a vital role, as it is tailored to address the unique challenges posed by vehicular communications.  
Derived from the widely used 802.11 Wi-Fi standard, 802.11p has undergone significant modifications to cater specifically to the demanding requirements of vehicular communication scenarios. Significantly, one notable advantage setting 802.11p apart is its enhanced bandwidth capacity, surpassing traditional 802.11 Wi-Fi networks. This high bandwidth capability is of paramount importance in vehicular communications, as it enables the seamless transmission of substantial volumes of data, encompassing various forms of multimedia content such as video and audio. Compared to the standard 802.11 Wi-Fi, which primarily caters to local area network (LAN) environments, 802.11p has been purposefully designed to deliver higher data rates, wider coverage, and improved reliability in vehicular settings. Consequently, this heightened bandwidth capability of 802.11p empowers the efficient and reliable delivery of multimedia information across vehicles and infrastructure, contributing to vehicular communication systems' overall effectiveness and performance.  
Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) technology, designed to facilitate information exchange within a range of up to 1000 m, is a promising tool for enhancing road safety and efficiency. Its application in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication allows vehicles to interact wirelessly with other vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, and the power grid. However, transmitting multimedia data in connected environments presents a significant challenge. Resource allocation is critical for effective communication and data transmission in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) utilizing DSRC. This includes managing bandwidth, transmission power, and spectrum to optimize asset utilization while minimizing delays and congestion.  
In vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) contexts, VANETs consist of On-Board Units (OBUs) in vehicles and roadside units (RSUs) along the infrastructure for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication as shown in Figure 1. The system's communication range is approximately 1000 m, prioritizing seamless connectivity in close-proximity scenarios. Despite their potential, both DSRC and LTE-V2X technologies have limitations. These include a restricted communication range that may be problematic for long-range communication needs, securing an interference-free spectrum for V2X communication amid increasing wireless bandwidth demand, and potential interference and congestion in densely populated or high-vehicular-density areas that could impact V2X communication reliability.  
Security and privacy of transmitted data are paramount in V2X communication due to the risk of cyber-attacks and unauthorized access. Achieving uniform standards and compatibility between different vehicle brands and infrastructure providers can also pose a challenge. The cost of deploying RSUs can be substantial, with potential logistical and financial obstacles to widespread implementation. Integrating V2X technologies with existing transportation systems may require significant effort and resources. Considering  
Figure 1: DSRC V2I/V2V Communication.  
these limitations alongside the potential benefits provides a balanced perspective on the capabilities and challenges of DSRC and LTE-V2X technologies within VANETs.