## 2 Literature Review  
The integration of AI and smart technologies in the aviation industry is continuously transforming airport operations. These innovations are being adopted in numerous airports, optimizing processes and significantly enhancing the passenger experience. In the UAE, for instance, passport control at Dubai International Airport has been greatly improved, with the process now taking approximately 15 s, fully automated without the need for human involvement. Furthermore, facial recognition technology has been deployed at Dubai International Airport, Sharjah Airport, and Abu Dhabi International Airport, allowing security gates and checkpoints to automatically verify passengers' identities [9]. The baggage handling systems in these airports have also become more advanced, as reported by Emirates Airline, with AI systems improving accuracy and reducing mishandled luggage. According to Emirates Airline \"At Dubai International Airport, 32 self-service bag drop machines, and 16 check-in kiosks can be controlled completely by personal mobile devices without touching the screens thereby providing a safe and convenient airport experience\" as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, respectively [14]. These advancements not only streamline operations but also set new standards for efficiency and safety in the aviation industry. On the other hand, from a global perspective, AI technologies have been implemented in multiple areas in the aviation sector. According to [15] \"American Airlines has installed over 700 self-service check-in kiosks across approximately 27 major U.S. airports, while United Airlines has implemented around 1200 self-service check-in kiosks at 35 airports\". These approaches enhance the operations in terms of optimizing space, time, and cost. Also, AI robots were implemented in different airports worldwide for different purposes like providing information to passengers, cleaning, and serving foods and drinks [16] such as Glasgow Airport, Indianapolis Airport in the USA, Edmonton Airport in Canada, and Rome Fiumcino Airport in Italy [17]. In addition, according to [18], Beijing CapitalInternational Airport is considered one of the busiest and most advanced airports in the world, where over 600 biometric automated gates, checkpoints, and self-drop baggage stations have been installed. These upgrades were implemented to facilitate and enhance passenger processing, optimizing the airport's capacity to handle increasing passenger demand and ensuring a higher level of satisfaction. The integration of advanced smart technologies, including the automation of routine tasks, has significantly streamlined and redefined airport operations. According to [9], adopting these technologies offers several key advantages as shown in Figure 3, including long-term cost savings and revenue generation, despite the initial investment. More importantly, smart technologies are transforming the passenger experience and improving overall operational effectiveness. Using AI tools is a major advantage, allowing airports to harness real-time data and analytics to optimize every aspect of their operations. For example, AI and IoT systems can predict passenger flow, manage queues, and adjust staffing levels in real time, which helps to reduce delays and allocate resources more efficiently. This proactive approach leads to better forecasting, improved planning, and enhanced service delivery. Additionally, operational efficiency is significantly improved through automation. Technologies like automated baggage handling, security screening, and equipment maintenance reduce reliance on manual interventions, which accelerates processes and minimizes the risk of human error. Automation also improves safety and reliability while boosting operational speed. Predictive maintenance systems further enhance efficiency by monitoring equipment health and addressing potential issues before they lead to costly downtime.