###### Abstract  
The analysis of precipitation, snow cover, and temperature based on measured data is important for many applications in hydrology, meteorology, climatology, disaster management, and human activities. In this study, we used long-term historical datasets from the Varzob River Basin (VRB) in Tajikistan to evaluate the trend and magnitudinal changes in temperature, precipitation, and snow cover area in the Anzob (upstream), Maykhura (midstream), and Husbyori (downstream) regions of the VRB using the original Mann-Kendall test, modified Mann-Kendall test, [PERSON]'s slope test, and Pettittit test. The results revealed a decreasing trend in the mean monthly air temperature at Anzob station in the upstream region for all months except January, February, and December between 1960 and 2018 and 1991 to 2018. In each of the three regions, the mean annual temperature indicated a clear upward trend. Seasonal precipitation indicated a large increasing trend in January and February at the Anzob station from 1960 to 2018, but a significant downward trend in April in the upstream, midstream, and downstream regions between 1960 and 1990 and from 1991 to and 2018. In the VRB, almost all stations exhibited a downward trend in annual precipitation across all periods, whereas the upstream region showed a non-significant upward trend between 1960 and 1990. The monthly analysis of snow cover in the VRB based on ground data showed that the maximum increase in snow cover occurs in April at the Anzob station (178 cm) and in March at Maykhura (138 cm) and Husbyori stations (54 cm). The Mann-Kendall test, based on MODIS data, revealed that the monthly snow cover in the VRB increased in April and July while a decrease was recorded in February, September, November, and December from 2001 to 2022. The trend's stable pattern was observed in March, May, August, and October. s 2023 13 5883 17 April 2023 27 April 2  
Gissar-Alai, and Pamir Mountain systems make up approximately 93% of Tajikistan's total area [7]. The elevation of Tajikistan's land varies from 300 to 7495 m above sea level, and more than half of it is situated at an elevation of more than 3000 m [8]. Central Asia is thought to be a \"hotspot\" for climate change and one of the world's largest semi-arid regions [9; 10]. While mean precipitation based on some studies shows a slight increase [11; 12], temperatures are rising faster than the global average [13; 14]. Considering the intricacy of the domain and many atmospheric factors, regional patterns at the valley and district levels can substantially diverge from the global level. The growing demand for water for agriculture and hydropower generation in Central Asia contrasts with the shrinking resource base of the region [15; 16]. The typical arid and semi-arid terrain of Central Asia is tremendously vulnerable to changes in the climate [13]. The present temperature is the warmest in recorded history [17]. [PERSON] et al. reported that, in Central Asia, from 1942 to 1972 and from 1973 to 2003, the temperature increased by 0.65 \({}^{\circ}\)C [18], and it is expected to continue to rise in the next decades [19]. Another study reported that the mean temperature will probably rise by 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C by the end of the 21 st century [19], which is a pretty severe prediction considering that a temperature increase of more than 1.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C will flatten or lower the world net primary production (NPP) [20; 21]. [PERSON] et al. have shown that between 1961 and 2000, the distribution of daily minimum and maximum temperatures in both the cold and warm tails increased in Central and South Asia [22]. Additionally, according to [PERSON] et al. [18]'s analysis of the extreme temperature in Central Asia, the maximum temperature grew faster than lowest temperature between 1981 and 2015. Plenty of studies have been carried out to assess the trend of seasonal and annual precipitation in various regions of the world. Such studies have been performed in Florida during the periods 1895-2009 and 1970-2009 by [PERSON] et al.