# Is Everyone an Artist? A Study on User Experience of AI-Based Painting System
## 4 Results
### Measurement Model Assessment
#### 4.1.1 Results of the Reliability and Validity Test  
First, we performed a reliability analysis and calculated Cronbach's Alpha (CA) and Composite Reliability (CR). Since the reliability should be greater than at least 0.8 [106], the final values obtained by the test were both greater than 0.8. Therefore, it could be proven that the findings of the variables were reasonable, the items were retained, and the model was reliable. The Convergence Validity was then tested, and the study showed that the average variance (AVE) extracted was to be greater than 0.5 [107,108]. Factor loading analysis measures the correlations between individual variables and factors, which are usually substantial and significant for all items and need to be greater than 0.7 [109]. The significance levels of the current items were all below 0.05, the Average variance Extractions (AVE) of the variables were greater than 0.5, and the standardized factor loading coefficients  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Sub-Category** & **Frequency (_n_ = 528_)** & **Percentage \%** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Gender} & Male & 274 & 51.89 \\  & Female & 254 & 48.11 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Age (years)} & \textless{}18 & 59 & 11.17 \\  & 18\textasci{}25 & 134 & 25.38 \\  & 26\textasci{}30 & 122 & 23.11 \\  & 31\textasci{}40 & 93 & 17.61 \\  & 41\textasci{}50 & 53 & 10.04 \\  & 51\textasci{}60 & 40 & 7.58 \\  & \textgreater{}61 & 27 & 5.11 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Education level} & Below undergraduate & 214 & 40.53 \\  & Undergraduate & 251 & 47.54 \\  & Post-graduate & 50 & 9.47 \\  & Doctor & 13 & 2.46 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Frequency of use of AIBPS} & At least once a day & 153 & 28.97 \\  & At least once a week & 267 & 50.57 \\ \cline{1-1}  & At least once a month & 23 & 4.36 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Other & 85 & 16.1 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Previous painting experience} & YES & 479 & 90.72 \\ \cline{1-1}  & NO & 49 & 9.28 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{Total participants} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{528} & 100.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Demographic characteristics of the respondents.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Items** & **Percentage (_n_ = 528_)** \\ \hline Disco Diffusion & 59.28\% \\ Dall-E2 & 80.68\% \\ Midjourney & 72.16\% \\ Stable Diffusion & 52.27\% \\ WOMBO & 50.57\% \\ NovelAI & 33.14\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Percentage of exposure to and use of AIBPS.  
were all above 0.7. Therefore, the validation factors for the variables were measured at good levels, indicating convergent validity and meeting the requirements for further model analysis (see Table 6).  
Secondly, KMO and [PERSON]'s tests were conducted to analyze the overall questionnaire for validity. The results are shown in Table 7. The KMO value for this part of the questionnaire was 0.914 and [PERSON]'s spherical test chi-square value was 12,816.192, with a degree of freedom of 561 and a significance of 0.000 \(<\) 0.05, which indicates that the data passed the validity test and were suitable for subsequent factor analysis.