## 1 Introduction
### Reasoning and Contributions  
It is unlikely that nationwide census surveys could be conducted to collect the daily activity plans for all of a country's inhabitants, mainly due to cost pressures and the lag in data collection over time. Therefore, the MATSim activity-based model approach brings with it some limitations and challenges for urban planners and policy-makers when testing urban scenarios, because a large amount of data is required to create such simulations. Additionally, even though the required data types are captured sometimes with household surveys and censuses, some important variables for creating travel demand models are absent or incomplete. Therefore, it is indispensable to use an algorithmic tool to complete missing pieces of the puzzle in a convenient way to create a demand model for any study area. MATSim does not have such an algorithmic tool or module for converting all available mobility datasets into creation of a synthetic population; therefore, transport demand and supply data must be processed and prepared in MATSim format before any urban simulation can be attempted. There are some noteworthy MATSim activity models presented in the literature, for Berlin [17], Paris and Ile-de-France [9; 18], the Greater Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region [19], Jakarta [20], Zurich [21], and San Diego and San Francisco [11; 22]. Only a few of these studies use a holistic algorithm for producing a more realistic activity model [9; 19], in which the Eqasim [16] tool is utilized to create a synthetic population. However, the Eqasim tool also has important gaps to provide enough mobility realism in the demand models, which this study addresses and aims to fill. The main research problems are identified as the absence of the inbound and outbound trips of the study areas and the insufficiency of match compatibility between travel destination and activity location state in the study areas. This paper focuses on a specific Czech example, the Czech district of Usti nad Labem to test the planned extensions. The novel contributions of the present work are as follows:  
* The first-ever (to the best of our knowledge) travel demand synthesis for a city in the Czech Republic is presented and the activity-based travel demand model of the study area is created.
* The Eqasim framework is extensively modified and extended with several algorithms in order to utilize multiple data points for increasing realism in mobility for travel demand models. Two major extensions are provided. First, the pipeline framework is improved to estimate inbound and outbound trips of the study area by assigning synthetic gates for the study area as hubs. Second, the pipeline framework is advanced to provide a more compatible match of travel destination and activity location state by assigning a capacity for each facility identified for the study area, the expected number of visitors to each facility, and the number of residents in each building.
* An open-source playground and code repository of the applied methodology is created that enhances a deep understanding of the preparatory and methodological backgrounds required for complex activity-based simulations.  
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 identifies the study area and data sources, and then introduces the applied synthesis framework. Section 3 presents and evaluates the resulting activity model for the study area. Section 4 concludes the present work.