esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
In summary, the galvanometer can control the oblique incidence angle of the incident beam. Through the establishment of mathematical and physical models, simulation analysis found that the DOF was attenuated with the increase of the oblique incidence angle, while the resolution remained unchanged, and the moving distance of the optical needle in the focal plane was proportional to the oblique incidence angle (\(\theta\leq 10^{\circ}\)). For oblique incident focal depth attenuation problems, voltage-controlled liquid crystal can be used for phase compensation. Finally, we obtained a high-aspect-ratio (7.36) MSON with sub-diffraction beam size (0.42\(\lambda\)), long depth of focus (3.09\(\lambda\)), homogeneous intensity, and suppressed side lobes. Combined with mechanical scanning, applying the obtained MSON to laser processing can not only increase the speed of laser processing, but also solve the scientific problem that the resolution and DOF of traditional laser processing are mutually restricted. The sub-wavelength cross-section and large focusing depth of the MSON can achieve high resolution for nanolithography and high tolerance in axial positioning. Further study of the MSON experiment will be carried out, which will effectively improve the understanding of MSONs. In addition, it may be possible to further increase the resolution and DOF with more complex filters. The modulation and control technology for generating movable super-diffraction optical needles by oblique incidence can be widely used in optical micromachining and photolithography. In particular, it provides a new idea for preparation of high-aspect-ratio sub-wavelength structures. The optical needle we developed also has other important applications, including optical manipulation, particle acceleration, laser cutting, optical trapping, etc.  
[PERSON] proposed the method, established a model, and conducted simulations; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper; [PERSON] and [PERSON] applied for the funding and managed the project. All authors read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the National R&D Program of China (No. 2017 YFC0804900), the Instrument Development of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. YJKYYQ20180008,YJKYYQ20180006), Sichuan Science and Technology Program (No. 2020 IDQ0007), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); CAS \"Light of West China\" Program, Microelectronic Equipment Sichuan Province Youth Science and Technology Innovation Team (J17S006), and Microelectronic Equipment Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team (No. 2016 TD0021).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Adaptive Quick Reduct for Feature Drift Detection
## 3 Results
### Tests
#### 3.3.2 Test 2. Reoccurring Shift  
The the second test aims to evaluate the ability of AQR to recognize reoccurring shift. To this purpose, features 5 and 14 have been swapped only from observation 300 to 400. The window is fixed at 100 observations and the overlap is 95 observations. With these parameters the drift occurs from the 40 th to the 60 th iteration. Figure 2 shows the plots of the selected features at each iteration without drift (a) and with drift highlighted in red (b).  
Figure 2: Test 2. Selected features at each iteration: (**a**) without drift (**b**) with drift. \(y\) axis represents the iteration number; \(x\) axis the number of the feature.  
As for feature 5, the initial detection occurs at iteration 53 with a delay of 13 iterations (65 observations) while the final detection occurs at iteration 72 with a delay of 12 iterations (60 observations), therefore the algorithm shows a response-time equal to circa half of the window to detect the drift (temporarily removing feature 5). As for feature 14, the initial detection occurs at iteration 49 with a delay of only nine iterations (45 observations) while the final detection occurs at iteration 85 with a delay of 25 iterations (125 observations).
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Dependence of the Power of EMPs on the Laser Pulse Energy
In our experiments, we observed the following: (1) by using femtosecond laser air filamentation and a 3 mm-thick planar aluminum target, a broad spectrum EMP of 0.1-1.0 GHz could be produced, and the main characteristic spectrum appeared at approximately 0.19 GHz, for the femtosecond laser pulse. This was because the target discharge time had the order of 100 ps; moreover, the effect of the laser pulse width on the frequency domain of the EMP was not obvious; (2) using the EMP frequency calculation formula [1]: fs = \(c/(4\times(ls+ds/2))\) for grounding the conductive plate, where c is the speed of light, the length of the grounding line (\(ls\)) = 30 cm, and the length of the square side of the aluminum target (\(ds\)) = 10 cm, the experimentally generated EMP frequency could be estimated to be 0.214 GHz, which matched the experimentally obtained EMP frequency, which was mainly concentrated at 0.19 GHz.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Samples' Pre-Treatment Methods
#### 3.2.2 Soxllet Extraction and Group Components' Separation  
The geochemical composition analysis of the blockage and crude oil requires Soxllet extraction and group components' separation to prepare high-purity biomarkers for GC-MS detection. Soxllet extraction and group components' separation were completed in accordance with the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry Standards of the People's Republic of China (SY/T5118-2021, SY/T5119-2008). The specific steps are shown below in Table 1.  
The blockage was placed in an oven and dried at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 12 h. The dried blockage was pulverized to 100-120 mesh. The powder of the blockage was subjected to 72 h Soxllet extraction with chloroform to obtain chloroform bitumen \"A\". Chloroform bitumen \"A\" was air-dried at room temperature and weighed. The chloroform bitumen \"A\" or crude oil obtained was 50 mg and was placed in a triangular flask. A total of 1 mL of dichloromethane and 20 mL of petroleum ether were added and left for 12 h to precipitate out the bitumen. After the filtration of asphaltene, 20 mL of filtrate was obtained, and the filtrate was concentrated to 1 mL by purging with nitrogen. To avoid the excessive loss of compounds during concentration, the temperature should be controlled below 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The filtrate was transferred into a chromatographic column (the column length was 180 mm) filled with 2.5 g 100-200 mesh neutral alumina to allow for complete adsorption. The saturated hydrocarbon was eluted with 10 mL of n-hexane. The eluted saturated hydrocarbons were detected by GC-MS to study the distribution of biomarker compounds in the blockage.  
All experiments were completed at the Geological Experiment Center of the Institute of Experimental Testing, Tarim Oilfield Branch, PetroChina.  
Figure 3: Photograph of the wellhead blockage in Well DH231.
# tRNA and tsRNA: From Heterogeneity to Multifaceted Regulators
## 2 The Heterogeneity of the Mature tRNA Pool
### Charging Level Sufficiency  
tRNAs require aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to attach amino acids to their 3\({}^{\prime}\) end to function effectively. The amino acid charging levels directly affect the availability of tRNAs for peptide chain synthesis, thereby impacting translation processes [37]. Researchers have identified variations in tRNA charging levels across different tissues. For instance, [PERSON] and others utilized acid urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) techniques to examine 15 types of aminoacylated and non-aminoacylated mitochondrial tRNAs (mt-tRNAs) in mouse brains, hearts, livers, skeletal muscles, and kidneys, revealing distinct differences in mt-tRNA charging levels across these tissues [38]. Next-generation  
Figure 1: Transfer RNA (tRNA) heterogeneity is manifested in multiple aspects. tRNA heterogeneity is reflected in overall tRNA abundance; the composition of tRNA isotypes, isoacceptors, and isodecoders; the abundance of various RNA modifications; and the aminoacylation levels in cellular tRNA pools, which may be regulated by multiple effectors, such as chromatin accessibility, transcription factor binding, and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) activity, as well as the abundance and activity of tRNA-modifying enzymes and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS). The tRNA isotypes are distinguished by different color schemes, and the varying shades within the same color range in-dicate different tRNA isoacceptors. The different colored dots on the tRNA sequence represent different types of RNA modifications. tRNAs are not always fully aminoacylated and that the level varies depending on cell type and growth conditions. Created in BioRender. [PERSON] (2024) BioRen-der.com/a28u622 (accessed on 15 August 2024).  
sequencing has also been employed to measure tRNA charging levels. For example, mimtRNAseq (modification-induced misincorporation tRNA sequencing) takes advantage of \(\beta\)-elimination and oxidation processes to distinguish between charged tRNAs, which end in CCA, and uncharged tRNAs, which end in CC [4]. This method was applied in _Tm7\(\Delta\) S. cerevisiae_ to discover that specific tRNA species, such as tRNA\({}^{\text{Phe(GAA)}}\), experienced a significant reduction in charging levels compared to the wild type [4]. These uncharged tRNAs lack the capacity to contribute amino acids during peptide elongation but could play roles in the non-canonical functions of tRNAs (such as being primers or binding to DNA and proteins, see Section 4.1) or lead to the formation of tsRNAs.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Surface Microscopy  
Figure 9a illustrates the surface of Ti-6 Al-4V as manufactured by DMLS, which is dominated by the partial melted powder spheres from the additive manufacturing process along with numerous hills and valleys. Despite extensive cleaning in an ultrasonic bath with organic solvents, the rough surface still traps surface contaminants. Tracklines formed by the solidification of the powder bed layers are also visible. These further add to the roughness of the surface and can become sights of crack nucleation and potentially propagation as well [59]. Figure 9b shows the boundary zone between the treated and untreated zones, and the contrast is quite striking. The treated zone is of relatively uniform height, with the spherical powders having been plastically deformed by the impact treatment. However, even this small image of the boundary zone shows that the boundary is quite ragged, with \"peninsulas\" putting out from the treated zone and small \"islands\" of treated area that are separated from the treated zone. The fully treated zone is shown in Figure 9c, and from simple observation it is clear that the surface is much less rough and thus much less conducive to crack nucleation.  
The UIT had successfully improved the surface finish of the DMLS Ti-6 Al-4V, which corresponds to the improved fatigue performance. Unlike the surface of metals treated by grit blasting and UNSM, the surface of UIT specimens is not jagged. This is due to the combination of vibrating the indenter at ultrasonic speeds while sliding across the surface.  
Figure 8: Average fatigue life of treated and untreated Ti-6 Al-4V specimens tested at 400 MPa.  
Figure 9: Specimens surface microscopy. (**a**) Surface of untreated specimen; (**b**) boundary zone between treated and untreated zone; (**c**) treated surface of specimen. All images taken with SE2 detector at 15 kV.
# Improvement of Surface Roughness and Cracking Study of Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn SRF Films
###### Abstract  
Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn has a superconducting transition temperature of 18.1 K and a superheating magnetic field of 420 mT, making it one of the most promising materials for superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities. The surface roughness reduction and mechanical stability of Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn films are two important issues to improve the cavity RF performance and reliability in the application of conduction-cooling accelerators. This paper presents the studies on the surface roughness of Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn films prepared by the tin vapor diffusion method and proves the advantages of buffered electropolishing (BEP) as a pre-polishing method. The smallest mean roughness of 26 nm, with a grain size of 760 nm, was achieved by fast BEP treatment on the niobium substrate. Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn films on flat and curved substrates with the same coating process on Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn cavities at Peking University (PKU) were tested under different tensile and compressive stress levels. The results showed that Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn films had severe crack risks while loading stresses, and a safe strain range of (\(-2.3\%\), \(0.9\%\)) is suggested. To study the tuning problems for Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn cavities, 150 kHz tuning was performed on the previously obtained high-performance cavity.  
surface roughness; Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn film; buffered electropolishing; tin vapor diffusion method +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
16 December 2024  
Revised: 28 January 2025  
Accepted: 12 February 2025  
Published: 14 February 2025  
**Clation:** [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Improvement of Surface Roughness and Cracking Study of Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn SRF Films. _Appl. Sci._**2025**, _15_, 1991.  
[[https://crantivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://crantivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://crantivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://crantivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)).
# An Effective and Efficient Adaptive Probability Data Dissemination Protocol in VANET
## 3 Effective and Efficient Adaptive Probability Data Dissemination Protocol (EEAPD)  
In this paper, an accurate hybrid based dissemination protocol was suggested, EEAPD. This protocol is a combination of probabilistic and delay mechanism based on the number of road segments and distance from the source node. The purpose is to produce a desired or intended result (effectiveness) and achieve maximum productivity with a minimum amount of bandwidth consumption (efficiency) in high network density. The proposed method minimizes the broadcast storm problem and at the same time provides low end-to-end delay and high data packet delivery in a highway environment. The most important thing is that the distance variable was used for calculating the waiting time period. The EEAPD protocol considered the vehicles' density, messages' direction, and a number of road segments (slots). Additionally, it offers the least waiting time for a vehicle to determine which node is suitable for a re-broadcast message by considering its probability. In the proposed protocol there are two key features: firstly, EEAPD is beaconless, that is, no periodic safety message exchange is considered even if the vehicles' density is examined. Secondly, the proposed protocol is only suitable for a safety application.  
To gain more understanding of the proposed protocol, the basic premises and assumption are explained in detail. Then, the mutual relationship between the vehicles' density and \"redundancy ratio\" was given. Finally, a more detailed explanation about EEAPD protocol and essential steps is given in Section 3.
# Optimization of Glass Edge Sealing Process Using Microwaves for Fabrication of Vacuum Glazing
## 1 Introduction  
A vacuum glass is a representative product wherein vacuum is used to improve the insulation performance. Various studies on fabricating vacuum glasses are currently being conducted, and glass edge sealing is a core process in the fabrication of vacuum glasses.  
The edge sealing process is a technique whereby glass bonding (frit) is applied to the glass surface to bond two pieces of glass together. Numerous studies on this process have been conducted [1; 2]. Edge sealing techniques using frits can be applied to various areas, from display technologies to home appliances and windows. However, the reduced strength due to the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the glass and glass bonding remains a problem [3].  
Using hydrogen gas torches in the edge sealing process resolves the problem of the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch. However, the resulting sealed edges sag, making them inappropriate for panel fabrications [4; 5]. Therefore, this study used microwaves to resolve this problem. Microwave is a strong energy source that has many practical applications in both industrial and commercial fields. It possesses excellent reproducibility and helps reduce the processing time. Moreover, the uniform heating process improves the quality of the final product.  
When microwaves are used to sinter ceramics, the temperature of the material increases from the inside. Therefore, by combining microwaves with surface heating technologies, a highly uniform thermal energy distribution can be achieved. Furthermore, microwaves can be used toheat specific regions, such as interfaces, by exploiting the interactions between the microwaves and the material. Thus, applying microwaves to the sealing process can result in a faster processing time, excellent performance, and allow for the manipulation of characteristics in the interfaces of composite materials [6; 7; 8].  
In this paper, microwaves were used to seal glass edges. The levels of process variables for the glass edge sealing were determined through basic experiments, and the step height of the sealed edge was set as the characteristic value. Furthermore, the target step height of the sealed edge was determined through a liquid penetrant examination. Based on the process variables and the target step height, additional experiments were conducted for process optimization. For the optimization of edge sealing, a response-surface design was applied. ANOVA and regression equations were used to determine the sealing characteristics with respect to each process variable. Additionally, optimization tools were used to improve the process of deriving the target step height (characteristic value). Further experiments were carried out using the optimized process to test the validity of the process.
## 2 Results
### Critical Density and the Influence of the Disorder  
As confirmed by most experiments [3; 4; 11; 14; 31; 32], the \(r_{s}^{c}\) in more disordered systems is well below \(r_{s}^{\text{WC}}\) and it varies with the changes in the disorder levels. This is, however, contrasted by results obtained from ultra-clean systems where the \(r_{s}^{c}\) observed among various samples tends to settle approximately at a large \(r_{s}^{c}\sim 40\). Figure 2a shows \(\rho(T)\), on semi-logrithmic scales, obtained from one of the samples for a number of carrier densities from 1.2 to \(12.5\times 10^{9}\) cm\({}^{-2}\). Note that the four curves from 10 K to 300 mK (in black) are obtained in a 3-Helium cryostat and 1 K to 30 mK results are obtained in a dilution refrigerator. For \(p\leq 4\times 10^{9}\) cm\({}^{-2}\) (blue curve), only insulators are found. \(p_{c}\) is estimated as \(\sim\)4.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) cm\({}^{-2}\) (or \(r_{s}^{c}\sim 43\) assuming \(m^{*}=0.35m_{0}\)) which is in good agreement with the \(T_{max}\) extrapolation [Figure 1b]. Consistent \(p_{c}\) has been found in multiple HIGFET samples from four different wafers. Some of the results are reported in Refs. [19; 20]. The histogram of \(p_{c}\) shown in the inset figure is based on results collected from seven different samples.  
Figure 1: (**a**) \(T\) dependence of the sheet resistance for \(r_{s}=37\) down to 40 mK and (**b**) The \(p\) dependence of \(T_{max}\) in comparison to \(E_{F}\). (**c**) \(\rho(T)\) for \(r_{s}=40\) down to 4 mK. (**d**) DC-IV for \(p=5.2\times 10^{9}\) cm\({}^{-2}\) measured at 25 mK for a current range between 0 and \(\pm 0.4\) nA. Inset: \(dV/dI\) based on the IV result.  
Meanwhile, the transport of the insulator draws a distinction from the activated behavior Figure 2b displays on double-logarithmic scales the qualitative differences in the conductivity \(\sigma(T)\) (=\(1/\rho\)) between the non-activated \(T\) dependence in an ultra-clean case, with \(p=1.5\times 10^{9}\) cm\({}^{-2}\), and the activated \(T\) dependence in a more disordered case, with \(p=1.6\times 10^{9}\) cm\({}^{-2}\). Though similar values of \(\sigma(T)\) are found for both cases beyond 200 mK, an activated behavior is only observed for the more disordered system whose \(\sigma(T)\) plummets by more than three orders of magnitude compared to the clean case. A power-law fit, \(\sigma(T)\propto T^{\alpha}\), to the low \(T\) nonactivated results produces an \(\alpha\sim 1.35\). These striking differences are also observed in other studies [19; 20].  
The influences of the disorder is demonstrated in Figure 2c. When extra disorders are introduced, through LED illumination in our case, the nonactivated behavior diminishes and an Arrhenius activated transport is recovered as shown by the \(\sigma(T)\) versus \(1/T\) on semi-logarithmic scales. Consequently, \(p_{c}\) rises substantially to nearly \(p=9.2\times 10^{9}\) cm\({}^{-2}\). A comparison to the variable range hopping (VRH) is provided in the inset of Figure 2c.
# A Review of Test Stimulus Compression Methods for Ultra-Large-Scale Integrated Circuits
### Increase in Testing Costs  
As chip integration technology progresses, there has been a significant rise in the number of transistors, accompanied by a proportional increase in the volume of test data required. These test data need to be input into the chip through the test channels on the ATE. However, the number of I/O test channels on the ATE, the I/O transmission bandwidth, the operating frequency, and the depth of data storage are all limited. According to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) report [6], the operating frequency of integrated circuits has averaged an increase of 30% over the past 30 years, while the corresponding growth rate for ATE has only been 12%. As for the throughput, in 2007, testing GDDR5 at 5 Gbps remained a challenge for ATE [7]. However, by 2023, ATE has developed testing solutions for PCIe 6.0 at 32 Gbps [8]. Current ATE is capable of addressing previous testing issues, yet new challenges persist, such as the testing of the upcoming PCIe 7.0. The performance improvement of ATE lags far behind the development of integrated circuit performance, leading to extended testing times for integrated circuits and increased demand for ATE test data storage, which in turn further increases the testing costs. For example, in the context of the emerging 2 nm technology, the application of sophisticated algorithms, such as March C- for memory testing, along with complex fault models including resistive-open and bridge faults, is crucial for precise fault detection and localization. These enhanced testing criteria result in a substantial increase in test duration. Specifically, a 2 nm chip requires eight times the test time compared to a 14 nm chip, which is nearly 800 s when assessed against the same PPA (Performance, Power, Area) criteria [9].