## 3 Results  
A total of 60 participants (41 men and 19 women) were included in the study. Demographic data are shown in Table 1.  
The groups showed no significant differences in terms of pain, disability, kinesiopho-bia, abdominal and back muscle endurance, and spinal mobility at the initial evaluation (\(p>0.05\)).  
The data showed statistically significant differences between the results before the intervention and after 6 weeks of intervention (intra-group) (Table 2).  
After the intervention, kinesiopho-bia values significantly decreased by 7% in ETG (F = 15.1; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta^{2}_{\rm p}\) = 0.71) and 14% in MTG (F = 15.1; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta^{2}_{\rm p}\) = 0.79).  
After MT, clinically important differences in disability (ODI) and pain (NRA) were reduced by 70% (F = 42.2; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta^{2}_{\rm p}\) = 0.99) and 78% (F = 4.9; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta^{2}_{\rm p}\) = 0.51), respectively. After exercise therapy, clinically important differences in disability (ODI) and pain (NRS) were reduced by 78% (F = 11.5; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta^{2}_{\rm p}\) = 0.78) and 68% (F = 9.4; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta^{2}_{\rm p}\) = 0.41), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (\(p>0.05\)).  
Muscle endurance and lumbar spine mobility values were significantly higher in both groups after 6 weeks of intervention (\(p<0.00\)). After 12 MT interventions, lumbar spine mobility (Schober's test) increased by 40% (F = 1.9; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta^{2}_{\rm p}\) = 0.24) and after exercise therapy by 38% (F = 28.4; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta^{2}_{\rm p}\) = 0.82), which were clinically important differences.  
Abdominal muscle endurance (Kraus-Weber test) improved by 29% (F = 24.2; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta^{2}_{\rm p}\) = 0.79) after MT and 34% (F = 57.6; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta^{2}_{\rm p}\) = 0.67) after exercise therapy, which were clinically important differences. Back muscle endurance (Ito test) improved by 18% (F = 48.6; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta^{2}_{\rm p}\) = 0.78) after MT and 20% (F = 14.2; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta^{2}_{\rm p}\) = 0.76) after exercise therapy.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristics** & **Group MTG (\(n\) = 30)** & **Group ETG (\(n\) = 30)** & \(p\) \\ \hline Age (years) & 44.2 \(\pm\) 11 & 41 \(\pm\) 8.4 & 0.07 \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 24.2 \(\pm\) 1.3 & 25 \(\pm\) 3 & 0.78 \\ Gender (no.) men & 18 & 23 & \\ women & 12 & 7 & 0.44 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Subjects’ demographic characteristics (mean \(\pm\) SD).  
Our results showed that time had a significant main effect on kinesiophobia (F = 193.6; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta_{\rm p}^{2}=0.77\)), spine mobility (F = 240.4; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta_{\rm p}^{2}=0.81\)), pain (F = 386.2; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta_{\rm p}^{2}=0.87\)), disability (F = 453.4; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta_{\rm p}^{2}=0.89\)), abdominal muscle endurance (F = 199.9; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta_{\rm p}^{2}=0.77\)) and back muscle endurance (F = 77.2; \(p<0.00\); \(\eta_{\rm p}^{2}=0.57\)) (Table 2).  
After 6 weeks of intervention, no statistically significant differences between the groups were detected in pain, disability, and spinal mobility (\(p>0.05\)). However, the groups showed statistically significant differences in kinesiophobia (\(p=0.02\)), back muscle endurance (\(p<0.02\)), and abdominal muscle endurance (\(p<0.03\)) (Table 2).