## 3 Experimental Verification Using Benchmark Test Functions
### Comparative Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fun** & **Measure** & **IRSA** & **RSA** & **BMO** & **PSO** & **GWO** & **AAO** & **DGCO** \\ \hline
**F8** & **Best** & \(-1.0646\)e+4 & \(-8.845\)e+3 & \(-5.358\)e+3 & \(-1.0646\)e+4 & \(-9.14\)e+3 & \(-8.0208\)e+03 & \(-1.0548\)e+04 \\ \hline  & **Worst** & \(-6.8637\)e+3 & \(-4.57\)e+3 & \(-2.928\)e+03 & \(-6.8637\)e+3 & \(-6.13\)e+3 & \(-6.8298\)e+03 & \(-7.3571\)e+03 \\ \hline  & **Average** & \(\mathbf{-8.7577e+3}\) & \(-6.04\)e+3 & \(-3.867\)e+03 & \(-8.7577\)e+3 & \(-7.32\)e+3 & \(-7.2473\)e+03 & \(-8.5385\)e+03 \\ \hline  & **STD** & \(1.0697\)e+3 & \(1.2009\)e+3 & \(863.4437\) & \(1.0697\)e+3 & \(902.38\) & \(427.9226\) & \(849.1905\) \\ \hline
**F9** & **Best** & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(114.0457\) & \(5.6843\)e-13 & \(0\) & \(4.4338\)e-12 \\ \hline  & **Worst** & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(140.5094\) & \(5.42412\) & \(0\) & \(1.4080\)e-09 \\ \hline  & **Average** & **0** & **0** & **0** & \(131.6173\) & \(3.0390\) & **0** & \(4.7419\)e-10 \\ \hline  & **STD** & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(15.2178\) & \(2.7705\) & \(0\) & \(8.0872\)e-10 \\ \hline
**F10** & **Best** & \(8.8817\)e-16 & \(8.8817\)e-16 & \(8.8817\)e-16 & \(2.98933\) & \(3.9968\)e-14 & \(8.8817\)e-16 & \(2.0863\)e-12 \\ \hline  & **Worst** & \(8.8817\)e-16 & \(8.8817\)e-16 & \(8.8817\)e-16 & \(4.25557\) & \(5.0626\)e-14 & \(8.8817\)e-16 & \(20.2605\) \\ \hline  & **Average** & **8.8817e-16** & \(8.8817\)e-16 & \(8.8818\)e-16 & \(3.62755\) & \(4.3520\)e-14 & \(8.8817\)e-16 & \(4.04392\) \\ \hline  & **STD** & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0.38752\) & \(3.3495\)e-15 & \(0\) & \(8.52536\) \\ \hline
**F11** & **Best** & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(1.18496\) & \(0\) & \(0.009543\) & \(0\) \\ \hline  & **Worst** & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(1.75459\) & \(0.014698\) & \(0.428251\) & \(0.019779\) \\ \hline  & **Average** & \(\mathbf{0}\) & \(\mathbf{0}\) & \(\mathbf{0}\) & \(1.39448\) & \(0.00368\) & \(0.159273\) & \(0.001977\) \\ \hline  & **STD** & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0.177805\) & \(0.006091\) & \(0.138820\) & \(0.006254\) \\ \hline
**F12** & **Best** & \(0.0868\) & \(1.1349\) & \(0.7756\) & \(0.1567\) & \(0.0373\) & \(1.0089\) & \(0.1162\) \\ \hline  & **Worst** & \(0.1513\) & \(1.4160\) & \(1.1959\) & \(0.2635\) & \(0.0583\) & \(1.0286\) & \(0.2057\) \\ \hline  & **Average** & \(0.1534\) & \(1.3680\) & \(1.1688\) & \(0.2182\) & \(\mathbf{0.0459}\) & \(1.0395\) & \(0.2604\) \\ \hline  & **STD** & \(0.0373\) & \(0.1246\) & \(0.2121\) & \(0.0552\) & \(0.0110\) & \(0.0316\) & \(0.1348\) \\ \hline
**F13** & **Best** & \(4.5760\)e-08 & \(1.8359\) & \(0.1800\) & \(0.1624\) & \(0.8989\) & \(4.7901\) & \(2.8443\) \\ \hline  & **Worst** & \(2.9444\) & \(3.8301\) & \(0.2521\) & \(0.3925\) & \(1.6895\) & \(4.9737\) & \(3.4369\) \\ \hline  & **Average** & \(1.9711\) & \(3.0760\) & \(\mathbf{0.2071}\) & \(0.2657\) & \(1.1783\) & \(4.9183\) & \(3.0976\) \\ \hline  & **STD** & \(1.6991\) & \(0.7882\) & \(0.0293\) & \(0.0835\) & \(0.3008\) & \(0.0811\) & \(0.2333\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Results for fixed-dimension functions considering 500 iterations.