# Integration of Building Services in Modular Construction: A PRISMA Approach
## 3 Results
### Systematic Analysis of Integration of Building Services in Modular Construction
#### 3.2.2 Building Services Integration within Modular Construction  
\(\bullet\) **Early studies**  
[PERSON] [45] compared construction design and building puzzles, focusing on modular building systems. The research demonstrated how solving tiling difficulties might yield fresh perspectives and approaches to creating patterns and building components. The paper reviewed a few ideas and findings from the mathematical theory of plane tilings, including periodic, non-periodic, monohedral, and isohedral tilings. The study examined their uses and how they affected floor, wall, and architectural facade coverings. Further, in this category, [PERSON] et al. [44] developed a set of criteria for structural floor framing systems created to consider non-structural requirements like service, enclosure, finish, and spatial and functional systems. The criteria offer precise measurements for comparison and assessment and center on the effectiveness and performance of the non-structural systems impacted by the structural system. By better meeting the non-structural requirements, the study found substantial chances to enhance the efficiency and performance of the current precast concrete floor systems. The criteria were utilized to evaluate the systems. Additionally, new concepts for precast concrete floor systems that specifically address the non-structural needs and offer increased spatial and functional diversity were developed using the criteria from the study. The study developed several novel design concepts for precast concrete floor systems, including the University of Nebraska System, PD2 Frame, and Dyna-Frame. These ideas seek to extend the span, decrease floor depth, provide service system apertures, and enhance floor system fire safety. Using full-scale prototypes, the study investigated a few innovative design concepts to assess their constructability, structural performance, and serviceability. Comparing the new concepts to traditional precast systems, the testing showed they could cut construction time and cost while still meeting the required load capacity, deflection, and vibration standards. The study also found areas where the new design concepts may be improved even further, like strengthening the fire resistance, improving the connecting details, and making the floor systems more adaptable. \(\bullet\) **Emerging trends**  
[PERSON] et al. [6] developed an algorithm for planning, producing, and installing complicated, expensive, and time-consuming building MEP systems. The 3D graphics  
Figure 8: Chronological categorization of included studies for SR.  
and spatial planning algorithm breaks the complex MEP system into simple fabrication components. Size, weight, and location are optimized for job site delivery and installation. The algorithm also considers the work site's space, equipment, time, and safety constraints. A logical planning strategy improves MEP facility building efficiency and quality. Three experts validated the algorithm, and a Taiwanese fire suppression system project showed its efficacy and applicability. [PERSON] et al. [5] presented a modularized data structure for building control knowledge (BCK) representation to standardize and simplify HVAC system control logic, algorithms, and sequences. The data schema has eleven elements: control module name, control objective, operation mode, system schematic, control flow diagram, data point, alarm, control sequence, function, programming code, and references, each with unique attributes and formats. A single-duct variable air volume (VAV) multi-zone system case study showed how to modularize and generate the BCK representation for each control module using control variables ontology analysis. Also, [PERSON] et al. [54] investigated the design, construction, and performance of a Peltier cell-based thermoelectric cooling heating unit (TCHU) prototype for domestic air conditioning. The prefabricated, modular, and autonomous TCHU can be inserted into the building exterior as a facade element.