## 3 Results and Discussion
The correlation between PSDs and filtered PNs in Figure 3 is evident, as either the baseline or the HiHi has the highest nucleation mode, except at 1250 rpm-idle where all three oils are similar (Figure 5). In addition, the effect of the CS can be noticed, as it eliminates the volatiles in the exhaust gas and shifts all the PSDs towards larger mobility diameters. Also, the PSDs allow verifying that LoLo is not emitting more sub-23 nm than HiHi as could have been thought by the drop in the weighted arithmetic mean previously computed. Since the HiHi oil produces more volatiles and, hence, higher emissions without CS, it typically has a larger nucleation mode, especially around 2250 rpm. This is why HiHi has a higher proportion of sub-23 nm particles than LoLo, with no obvious movement \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **DoF** & **Sum of Squares** & **Mean Square** & **F-Statistic** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Oil Type & 2 & \(1.34\times 10^{13}\) & \(6.70\times 10^{12}\) & 0.03 & 0.971 \\ Load (Nm) & 2 & \(2.39\times 10^{15}\) & \(1.19\times 10^{15}\) & 5.19 & 0.01 \\ Speed (tpm) & 4 & \(4.13\times 10^{15}\) & \(1.03\times 10^{15}\) & 4.48 & 0.005 \\ Error & 36 & \(8.29\times 10^{15}\) & \(2.30\times 10^{14}\) & & \\ Total & 44 & \(1.48\times 10^{16}\) & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary ANOVA F1 PN > 23. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **DoF** & **Sum of Squares** & **Mean Square** & **F-Statistic** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Oil Type & 2 & \(1.34\times 10^{13}\) & \(6.70\times 10^{12}\) & 0.03 & 0.971 \\ Load (Nm) & 2 & \(2.39\times 10^{15}\) & \(1.19\times 10^{15}\) & 5.19 & 0.01 \\ Speed (tpm) & 4 & \(4.13\times 10^{15}\) & \(1.03\times 10^{15}\) & 4.48 & 0.005 \\ Error & 36 & \(8.29\times 10^{15}\) & \(2.30\times 10^{14}\) & & \\ Total & 44 & \(1.48\times 10^{16}\) & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Summary ANOVA F3 PN > 10.  
towards larger diameters. Consequently, as expected, the CS has a greater impact on the HiHi oil than the LoLo and the baseline, significantly lowering its PSD modes between 5 and 10 nm, since most of the volatiles are present in this range. Looking at Figure 5, at 1250 rpm, both LoLo and HiHi show the lowest nucleation modes with CS at approximately 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\)/cm\({}^{3}\) at idle, respectively, 1.9 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)/cm\({}^{3}\) and 2.6 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)/cm\({}^{3}\) at 20 Nm and 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\)/cm\({}^{3}\) at 40 Nm. Without CS, their profile is close to the baseline, but at 40 Nm, the accumulation mode is much less pronounced. LoLo has a lower level only at 20 Nm. All graphs show nucleation mode with particle diameters around 10-12 nm. At 1750 rpm, the baseline is lower than the HiHi oil, except at 40 Nm, where it has a higher nucleation mode. HiHi emits the highest quantity overall at idle with 6 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)/cm\({}^{3}\) w/o CS and 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)/cm\({}^{3}\) w CS. All oils present a nucleation mode in an equivalent size range at approximately 8-10 nm at idle, 10-13 nm at 20 Nm, and 6.5-12 nm at 40 Nm. Finally, at 2250 rpm, the baseline has low concentration levels below 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\)/cm\({}^{3}\) (again remaining consistent with Figure 3). Only 20 Nm has the highest emissions among the oils. HiHi has the highest emissions at idle and 40 Nm. At this speed, its PSD profile is different from the baseline, unlike the previous results, where they were more analogous. The raw PSDs made it possible to comprehend the size range of PN emissions with speed and load conditions, as well as to see the functioning of the digital filters. [PERSON]  
Figure 5: Raw PSDs over low, mid, and high-speed conditions. “#” is for “number”. Legend in the top left plot, 1250 rpm-idle. et al. [48], similarly, utilised the PSDs to determine what the DF was discounting from the TPN produced by 10 different fuels. In doing so, particles that the DMS500 had identified in the raw PSDs were effectively eliminated.