# Assessing the Techno-Economic Feasibility of Bamboo Residue-Derived Hard Carbon
## 5 Conclusions  
Leveraging regionally abundant bamboo residues, this study evaluates the economic potential of producing hard carbon for sodium-ion battery anodes under conservative industrial assumptions. Across ten major bamboo-producing provinces, the calculated minimum selling prices (MSPs) range from 14.47 to 18.15 CNY/kg, with over 1 million tons of annual production capacity achievable by utilizing just 10% of the available residues. Regional differences in MSP are primarily driven by plant scale and electricity prices, while other factors such as labor cost and transport distance play secondary roles. Despite these variations, all the modeled provinces remain within a commercially viable range, reinforcing the robustness of bamboo-derived hard carbon as a scalable anode material option. While the core analysis excludes wastewater treatment infrastructure and energy recovery systems, a bounding estimate of 70-1120 CNY/ton for potential treatment costs confirms that environmental compliance would not significantly undermine overall economic feasibility. Overall, the findings support bamboo residues as a promising domestic feedstock for sustainable battery materials, with immediate relevance for supply chain localization and cost reduction. Future work should incorporate dynamic system improvements and full life cycle modeling to further validate deployment pathways. Conceptualization, S.W. and K.S. ; methodology, S.W. and S.Q. ; software, S.W. ; validation, S.Q., C.Y. and Y.J. ; formal analysis, S.W. ; investigation, G.Z. and W.X. ; resources, M.F. and A.W. ; data curation, S.Q. and C.Y. ; writing--original draft preparation, S.Q. and S.W. ; writing--review and editing, K.S. and S.W. ; visualization, S.Q. and S.W. ; supervision, K.S. ; project administration, K.S. ; funding acquisition, S.W. and K.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (No.23 KJB220005) and the Fundamental Research Funds of CAF (No. CAFYBB2023 ZA011). All the data used to generate the results in this study are explicitly documented within the main text, tables, Appendix A, and references. The Excel-based macro model used for techno-economic calculations is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. During manuscript preparation, the authors used ChatGPT 4.0 (OpenAI) for grammar correction and language enhancement. All outputs were reviewed and verified by the authors. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: \begin{tabular}{l l} BR & Bamboo Residue \\ CAPEX & Capital Expenditure \\ CEPCI & Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index \\ CNY & Chinese Yuan \\ DCF & Discounted Cash Flow \\ DE & Euclidean Distance \\ DR & Road-Based Transport Distance \\ DOE & Department of Energy \\ El & Electricity \\ FCI & Fixed Capital Investment \\ \end{tabular} \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline  & **Bamboo** & **H2 SO4** & **Utilities** & **Fixed Costs** & **Capital** & **Average** & **Average** & **Total** \\  & **Residues** & **H2 SO4** & **Cots** & **Deprecia-** & **Income** & **Tax** & **Investment** & **MSP** \\ \hline Fujian & 1.78 & 2.67 & 5.40 & 0.64 & 0.19 & 0.16 & 3.63 & 14.47 \\ Guangxi & 1.87 & 2.67 & 6.44 & 0.71 & 0.21 & 0.15 & 4.15 & 16.20 \\ Guangdong & 1.83 & 2.67 & 5.23 & 1.12 & 0.29 & 0.36 & 3.94 & 15.45 \\ Jiangxi & 1.82 & 2.67 & 6.61 & 1.06 & 0.30 & 0.20 & 4.49 & 17.14 \\ Zhejiang & 1.77 & 2.67 & 4.88 & 1.14 & 0.30 & 0.17 & 3.86 & 14.81 \\ Hunan & 1.85 & 2.67 & 5.75 & 1.10 & 0.30 & 0.29 & 4.39 & 16.35 \\ Chongqing & 1.74 & 2.67 & 6.78 & 1.14 & 0.31 & 0.22 & 4.67 & 17.54 \\ Sichuan & 2.00 & 2.67 & 6.52 & 1.15 & 0.31 & 0.28 & 5.21 & 18.15 \\ Yunnan & 1.96 & 2.67 & 3.93 & 1.15 & 0.32 & 0.26 & 4.25 & 14.54 \\ Anhui & 1.80 & 2.67 & 5.49 & 1.21 & 0.33 & 0.29 & 4.83 & 16.62 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Minimum selling price (MSP, CNY/kg) and component-wise cost contributions for each province.