esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Multi-Core Cable Diagnosis according to the Number of Faulty Lines  
We analyzed the clustering results for reflected signals of an opened multi-core cable induced by a one-way physical stress from the cable exterior. Seven lines in the cable are divided into 3 floors and the open fault was emulated in each floor.  
Figure 9a shows the clustering results for when Lines 3 and 4 (first floor) are opened. The results show that the line pair data of the faulty line was successfully distinguished from the normal line pair data despite shared features of the open fault case in Figure 6d. Normal line pair data possess low TFCC values and long distributed values in phase axis due to crosstalk. Next, Figure 9b illustrates the clustering results for when open faults occurred in the second floor (Lines 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). The reflected signal data of the normal line from previous results (Lines 1, 2, and 5) shifted to the faulty line pair group. The centroid and the variance of each cluster are summarized in Table 1. When the number of open fault lines increased, TFCC values increased likewise due to the increase in faulty reflected signals, while the phase remained unaltered. In addition, the TFCC of normal line pair data was low and the fault could not be detected even when the fault occurred in a multi-core cable. Therefore, all line pairs in the multi-core cable should be considered for all possible fault detection and classification. All average silhouette scores exceeded 0.93 indicating that the fault line data was well classified. Consequently, fault clustering using the proposed method allows the classification of cable structure and the detection of the faulty line. In addition, monitoring changes in the clustering results allow the determination of changes in condition of each line.  
Figure 8: Fault detection and classification results with the Line 6 as the generator line. (**a**) TFDR reflected signals, (**b**) TFCC and ANN results and (**c**) heat-map representation and hierarchy clustering results on TFDR results.
# Impact of Post-Earthquake Seismic Waves on the Terrestrial Environment
## 1 Introduction  
It has long been known that when an earthquake occurs, some crustal material in the seismic zones moves, and gas gushes out from the active faults [1; 2; 3; 4]. However, at the same time, if large- and medium-sized earthquakes produce a certain amount of energy of seismic waves spreading widely in the land, will it affect the human living environment? If so, to what extent? Based on the analysis of long-term underground observation records, we briefly analyze the recorded data of the crustal movement observation station of Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD), in order to understand the remote effects caused by vibration energy of the seismic waves.
## 5 Discussion
### Spatial and Temporal Distribution of the Extreme Weather Events  
By country, Spain reports the most events (74 events out of 95) due to its longer coastline (6322 km). Portugal reports 17 events (on 848 km of coastline) and France, 4 (864 km of coastline). By basins, the Atlantic coast, despite having a shorter coastline (3807 km), recorded slightly more events, 49, compared to 46 events on the Mediterranean coast (4227 km). The oceanic climate of the Atlantic coast, with powerful tides, winds and waves, can explain this as well as changes in storminess of this region with extratropical cyclones increasing in the framework of climate change [4].  
A different pattern is observed in the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins in terms of the seasonal concentration of events. In the Atlantic basin, winter marine storms predominate, accompanied by strong winds, heavy waves and unusual tides to result in significant localized increases in coastal erosion. In the Mediterranean basin, damaging events are concentrated in late summer and usually during autumn and primarily correspond to HLIDs (episodes of intense rainfall concentrated in short periods of time). This fact coincides with that analysed by [PERSON] et al. (2022) on the Spanish Mediterranean coast, where they state that autumn is the season with the highest number of floods and when the most intense and extensive floods are recorded [15]. In this work we also show an increase of winter marine storms in the Mediterranean during the last 5 years of the analysis.  
There is a slight upward trend in the number of recorded events, especially during the last decade of the analysis. This result seems to be in line with those obtained in the recent work of [PERSON] et al. (2022) [15], that analyses flood events on the Spanish Mediterranean coast and shows an increase in hazard during the period analysed (1960-2015) in terms of the number and extent of events.
# Cooperative UAV Scheme for Enhancing Video Transmission and Global Network Energy Efficiency
## 5 Conclusions  
This article introduced a Video transmission with UAV replacement based on Energy Information called VOEI. It performs all decision-making by taking into account energy issues in order to provide energy-efficiency operations, avoiding network death, route failure, and void area as well as network partitioning. It computes reliable and energy-efficiency routes, as well as detects the appropriate moment for battery replenishment of UAVs, and also UAV replacement in a given route by considering global UAV context information. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the VOEI in disseminating videos with high energy-efficiency, while achieving QoE support in a multimedia FANET scenario, being suitable in surveillance and disaster scenarios.  
In summary, the energy-efficiency operation regarding battery refilling avoided UAV death of nearly 100% during the simulation time. The remaining energy decreased and increased over time due to UAV replacement scheme considering all speeding ranges. Our approach showed improvements in the network resilience due to the number of nodes alive with remaining energy higher than 80% also considering all speeding ranges. Moreover, the network resilience could enhance the QoE because of the continuous coverage and cooperation of the UAVs during the whole simulation time.  
Conceptualization, P.C. and W.L.J.; Software, P.C.; Validation, P.C. and W.L.J.; Formal Analysis, H.S. and T.T.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, P.C., T., and H.S.; Writing--Review & Editing, D.R., E.C., L.A.V., and M.G.; Supervision, D.R. and E.C. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.  
This study was financed in part by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior -- Brasil (CAPES) -- Finance Code 001, and also National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). The author [PERSON] would like to thank the grant 431474/2016-8, CNPq for the financial support.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Physicochemical Characterization of Hyaluronic Acid and Chitosan Liposome Coatings
## 3 Results
### Physicochemical Properties of the Coated Liposomes
#### 3.1.4 Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)  
Direct measurement of the lipid composition before and after the coating would add important information. ToF-SIMS analysis was performed with the aim of supporting NMR and IR data. Samples for spectrometric analysis in a vacuum were prepared on a silica surface, which was followed by nitrogen flow drying. To obtain a sensitive and unambiguous measure, all the samples were prepared at the same time with the same amount of compound. The presence of the polysaccharide coating was monitored using reference spectra of bilayers with 1:0.5 DOPC/DOPE, prepared on SiO\({}_{2}\), as was carried out for the other samples. Figures 5 and 6 show the positive ion spectra of DOPC/DOPE coated with chitosan and hyaluronic acid, respectively. In the mass range of _m/z_ 150-300, representative for lipids, many fragments were revealed, in particular: the oleate (C\({}_{18}\)H\({}_{30}\)O\({}_{2}\)) peak at _m/z_ 281; other characteristic fragments at _m/z_ 221 (C\({}_{8}\)H\({}_{15}\)NO\({}_{6}\)\({}^{+}\)) and _m/z_ 207 (C\({}_{7}\)H\({}_{13}\)NO\({}_{6}\)\({}^{+}\)); the phospholipid gradient at _m/z_ 184 (C\({}_{5}\)H\({}_{15}\)NPO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\)). After coating the fragments of DOPC/DOPE, the spectrum was very low in intensity and was dominated by the fragment at _m/z_ 169, which was not fully characterized but is very common in polysaccharides, including HA and CH. Because of the surface selectivity of ToF-SIMS measurements, these results confirm the presence of a surface coating of polysaccharide.  
Figure 4: ATR-FTIR spectra for (**a**) stacked and (**b**) overlapped DOPC/DOPE (green); DOPC/DOPE-HA (blue); DOPC/DOPE-CH (black) liposomes.  
All these experimental data confirm that the coating procedure is correct for zwitterionic liposomes, highlighting that this method is easy and reproducible and allows a very useful drug delivery system to be obtained. Biopolymer-coated liposomes represent a promising and innovative line of research to increase their biological applications and,  
Figure 5: ToF-SIMS positive ion spectra of (**a**) DOPC/DOPE-CH (red); (**b**) CH (blue).  
Figure 6: ToF-SIMS positive ion spectra of (**a**) DOPC/DOPE-HA (red); (**b**) HA (blue).  
in particular, to improve the pharmacological properties of drugs that can be transported to active receptor sites. These systems would be useful to reduce the biodegradability or toxicity problems of encapsulated drugs.
### Application of TES Systems in Various Types of Greenhouses
#### 1.2.2 Types of TES Systems  
TES systems temporarily store thermal energy. These systems are crucial for energy grid integration, improving energy efficiency, and balancing the supply and demand of energy. Many types of TES systems exist based on how thermal energy is stored and released. The categorization of TES systems is demonstrated in Figure 4.  
Generally, TES systems are divided into three categories, including (i) sensible thermal energy storage (STES), (ii) latent thermal energy storage (LTES), and (iii) thermochemical thermal energy storage (TTES) systems [12,13].  
STES is a sort of TES system in which heat is stored or released by changing a substance's temperature without changing its phase. Water, rocks, concrete, bricks, molten salts, and air are common storage mediums in STES systems. STES systems respond quickly and reliably to heating or cooling demands while providing excellent thermal efficiency and simplicity of integration into existing infrastructure. Because of their simple form and compatibility with a wide range of materials, they are inexpensive and adaptable to various applications. STES has outstanding efficiency, scalability, and minimal maintenance, making it a viable choice that integrates easily with renewable energy sources,  
Figure 4: The categorization of TES systems.  
decreases peak energy demand, and contributes considerably to energy efficiency and sustainability [14; 15; 16].
# Populating the Mix Space: Parametric Methods for Generating Multitrack Audio Mixtures
## 2 Theoretical Framework
### Track Equalisation  
Similarly to how the mix can be considered as a series of _inter-channel_ gain ratios, when the frequency-response of a single audio track is split into a fixed number of bands, the _inter-band_ gain ratios can be used to construct a _tone-space_ using the same formulae. For three bands, with gain of low, middle and high bands in the filter being \(g_{\text{low}}\), \(g_{\text{mid}}\) and \(g_{\text{high}}\) respectively, the problem is comparable to the 3-track mixing problem shown in Figure 2a. Again, one can convert this to spherical coordinates (by Equations (5) and obtain \([r_{\text{EQ}},\psi_{1},\psi_{2}]\), yet, in this case, the values of \(\psi_{n}\) control the EQ filter applied, and \(r_{\text{EQ}}\) is the total amplitude change produced by equalisation (to avoid confusion, \(\psi\) is used in place of \(\phi\) when referring to equalisation). As before, if all three bands are increased or decreased by the same proportion, then the tone of the instrument does not change apart from an overall change in presented amplitude, \(r_{\text{EQ}}\). Analogous to its use in track gains, the value of \(\psi_{2}\) adjusts the balance between \(g_{\text{mid}}\) and \(g_{\text{high}}\), while \(\psi_{1}\) adjusts the balance of \(g_{\text{low}}\) to the previous balance.  
\[\Big{(}\underbrace{g_{1},g_{2},g_{3},\ldots,g_{n_{\text{bands}}}}_{\text{ gains of filter bands}}\Big{)}=\Big{(}\underbrace{r_{\text{EQ}}}_{\text{scaling}}, \underbrace{\psi_{1},\psi_{2},\ldots,\psi_{n-1}}_{\text{tone-space}}\Big{)} \tag{14}\]  
In Figure 12, five points are randomly chosen in the _tone-space_. These co-ordinates are converted to three band gains as before, except that, in order to centre on a gain vector of \([1,1,1]\), \(r_{EQ}=\sqrt{n_{\text{bands}}}\), which is \(\sqrt{3}\) in this example. Of course, this method can be used for any number of bands.  
With this method, one must assume that an audio track has equal amplitude in each band, which is rarely the case. When \(g_{L}\) is increased on a hi-hat track, there may be little effect, compared to a bass guitar. Therefore, the loudness change is a function of \(r_{\text{EQ}}\) and the spectral envelope of the track, prior to equalisation. This is not considered here and is left to further work.  
Figure 11: Two random mixes generated using panning method 2, shown as squares and circles. Each mix has a different gain vector (based on Equation (7) and different pan vector (based on Equation (13).
## 4 Experimental Result and Evaluation  
### Experimental Results  
In our experimental evaluation of the proposed model, we have evaluated a number of path planning case studies in both experimental simulation results and real robot. Our proposed model has been applied to the same conditions and mapping in the range of cell numbering nodes (80-450). In simulation results, we can adjust the numbers of nodes that the robot traveled, and the considered rules when a robot faces moving and static obstacles. The interface of the algorithms has been tested in simulations, as shown in Figures 5-7. Figure 5 shows the beginning of an experimental interface. Figure 6 shows the robot path visited for the proposed model with static obstacles, where there are no moving obstacles. Figure 7 shows the robot path visited for the proposed model where there are moving obstacles.  
Figure 5: The interface for the experimental robot setting (the operating environment).
## 4 Detailed Problem Description
### Main Assumptions and Stock-Keeping Units Description  
We consider an SLC-AS/RS with single, deep storage locations, featuring one single crane on each rack and only one shuttle for each I/O point. Due to the latter two aspects, there is no need to consider anti-collision policies. Additionally, since each shuttle is associated with exactly one I/O point, shuttles linked to an input point solely perform input operations, while those connecting racks to an output point exclusively execute output operations. As previously mentioned, the stock-keeping units (SKUs) comprise bundles of metal bars, hereafter denoted as \(i\in B\). Each SKU \(i\) is defined by the following attributes: (i) a unique code, \(c_{i}\); (ii) a specific quality level, \(q_{i}\), influenced by factors like the geometric dimensional tolerances of the bar, chemical purity of the material, and the presence of surface damages; (iii) a weight \(w_{i}\) and length \(L_{i}\); and (iv) the rack \(r_{i}\) where the bundle is located, along with its position inside the rack, denoted as \(p_{i}\).
## 2 Advances within 3 GPP Standardization on D2D
### Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) and Maritime Communications  
Another important area for D2D communications is vehicular communications or V2X communications that can be divided into three areas, namely vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-network (V2N) [9]. The V2V and V2I communications towards the other vehicles and roadside units (RSU) are handled through the PC5 interface in 3 GPP networks. Connectivity to the network and the cloud (V2N) goes through the Uu interface (Air interface). V2X communications is included first time in Release 14.  
Enhanced support for V2X services (eV2X) in 3 GPP release 15 will include safety-related V2X scenarios, such as automated and remote driving and platooning, where vehicles form a platoon or a line travelling together [45]. It will also enable extended sensors where vehicles could exchange sensor information locally. A relevant aspect of advanced V2X applications is the level of automation (LoA), which reflects the functional aspects of the technology and affects the system performance requirements. The levels of automation are defined as: 0--No Automation, 1--Driver Assistance, 2--Partial Automation, 3--Conditional Automation, 4--High Automation, 5--Full Automation.  
At lower automation levels a human operator is primarily responsible for monitoring the driving environment, whereas in higher layers an automated system is responsible for operations. Similar types of work are going on in the development of automated drones and autonomous and  
Figure 3: D2D communications support in 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) releases; V2X: Vehicle-to-Everything; Rel: Release; RAT: Radio Access Technology.  
remote-controlled ships [8]. Currently 3 GPP is considering and developing systems specifically for maritime communications for release 16 and beyond to support the needs of future maritime users [46]. One of the requirements of this \"LTE-Maritime\" system is to support 100 km coverage. It will also support the interworking between the 3 GPP system and the existing/future maritime radio communication system for the seamless service of voice communication and data communication between users ashore and at sea or between vessels at sea.
# Graphene and Iron Reinforced Polymer Composite Electromagnetic Shielding Applications: A Review
## 8 Conclusions  
Electromagnetic interferences have been studied for a long time and many composites have been developed to deal with this problem. A review was carried out in this study where previously conducted studies in electromagnetic inferences with the combination of Graphene@Iron, Graphene@Polymer, Iron@Polymer and Graphene@Iron@Polymer composites were examined. Graphene, iron, and polymers composites represent the most promising materials in EMI applications due to their unique properties. It was observed that the shielding effectiveness depends on the thickness and amount of the filler content, where their increasing proportions can enhance the effectiveness. Polymers show efficient performance with graphene and iron combinations where PDMS, PANI, PMMA and PVDF were effective in the X-band range. In the higher frequency range, PDMS, epoxy, PVDF and PANI polymers were astonishing in providing effective shielding. It was also observed that most of the studies were conducted in the X-band frequency range and few in the higher frequency range with the same composites' family, so exploring new combinations within the same family to reach a higher frequency range is still a knowledge gap.  
Conceptualization, S.A., B.H.G. and F.A.; methodology, S.A., B.H.G. and F.A.; software, S.A., Y.A.O. and Z.U.N.; validation, B.H.G., F.A. and M.F.J.; formal analysis, S.A., B.H.G. and F.A.; investigation, S.A., Y.A.O., and Z.U.N.; resources, B.H.G., F.A., M.F.J. and A.M.; data curation, S.A., Y.A.O. and Z.U.N.; writing--original draft preparation, S.A.; writing--reviewand editing, B.H.G., F.A., M.F.J. and A.M.; visualization, M.F.J. and A.M.; supervision, B.H.G., F.A. and A.M.; project administration, B.H.G., F.A. and A.M.; funding acquisition, B.H.G. and A.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement**: Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement**: Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement**: All data is available within the manuscript.  
**Acknowledgments**: The authors would like to thank Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) for the support provided for this research. The support from the project GINOP-2.2.1-18-2018-00015 is acknowledged by [PERSON].  
**Conflicts of Interest**: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Performance Analysis
#### 3.1.1 Benefits of SDN Migration  
The SDN migration may maintain a global vision of the VANET topology. It means that SDN controllers are able to monitor traffic flows in the VANET domain in real time. When data traffic becomes unbalanced, they can start a reroute traffic process to improve network utility and reduce congestion. In addition, the SDN/OpenFlow technology can increase network intelligence by decoupling the control plane from the data plane; the decoupling brings efficiency, flexibility, management. Hence, SDN/OpenFlow allows the system to make more informed routing decisions in terms of path selection, channel selection, and safety service.
# FASTSET: A Fast Data Structure for the Representation of Sets of Integers
## 4 Computational Experiments
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{GetAll} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Insert} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Belongs} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Delete} \\ \hline  & & & **100K** & **500K** & **1M** & **100K** & **500K** & **1M** & **100K** & **500K** & **1M** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{\(N=100\)K} & FASTSET & 158 & 4 & 19 & 38 & 4 & 17 & 36 & 4 & 18 & 39 \\  & BitSet & 3062 & 5 & 26 & 53 & 5 & 25 & 51 & 5 & 20 & 46 \\  & TreeSet & 1624 & 67 & 406 & 672 & 67 & 312 & 672 & 33 & 234 & 329 \\  & HashSet & 2062 & 28 & 172 & 281 & 22 & 125 & 219 & 8 & 62 & 78 \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{\(N=300\)K} & FASTSET & 160 & 4 & 20 & 40 & 4 & 18 & 36 & 4 & 19 & 38 \\  & BitSet & 3321 & 5 & 26 & 51 & 5 & 25 & 50 & 4 & 20 & 42 \\  & TreeSet & 1984 & 122 & 578 & 1219 & 128 & 687 & 1281 & 100 & 641 & 1001 \\  & HashSet & 3752 & 41 & 202 & 406 & 38 & 156 & 375 & 20 & 109 & 203 \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{\(N=500\)K} & FASTSET & 162 & 4 & 20 & 43 & 4 & 19 & 38 & 4 & 20 & 39 \\  & BitSet & 3687 & 5 & 26 & 52 & 5 & 25 & 50 & 4 & 21 & 43 \\ \cline{1-1}  & TreeSet & 2031 & 150 & 755 & 1499 & 163 & 695 & 1625 & 141 & 312 & 1406 \\ \cline{1-1}  & HashSet & 4297 & 52 & 239 & 516 & 39 & 205 & 391 & 23 & 120 & 234 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Time comparison (in milliseconds) for some set implementations found in the java.util package of the Java standard library vs. FASTSET. The row labels report different values of \(N\). The GetAll column refers to 1000 GetAll operations over a set after 50000 random insertions. Each Insert column is labeled by the total number of random insertions; each Belongs column is labeled by the total number of random searches in the set produced by the previous insertions; each Delete column is labeled by the total number of random deletions from the same previous set. Cover problem, the use of FASTSETs yields running times between one half and one quarter with respect to the other data structures. The results for Max-Cut are even better, with the other data structures being, on average, from 3 times to 30 times slower than FASTSETs for this procedure.