esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Plasmids, siRNAs and Inhibitors  
The following siRNAs (Eurofins Genomics, Ebersberg, Germany) against murine _Pten_ or _Smn_ together with a control siRNA were used: siCtrl (GCGCAAAUAAAACCGAAGACA) [29], si_Pten_ (CCAGAGGCUAGCAGUUCAA) and si_Smn_ (CAGAAGUAAGCACACAGCAA) [29].  
Constructs coding for human full length (hSMN1-294), deleted (hSMN1-239, hSMN235-294) or mutant (hSMNY272C, hSMNT274I) SMN cloned into pEGFP-N2 were described previously [30; 31]. hSMN HH227,273 RR introducing an additional trypsin cleavage site for mass spectroscopy analysis was produced by site-directed mutagenesis (see below) in the same vector. SMNA7 cDNA was derived from human fibroblasts [31], PCR amplified using the following primers Fwd: CGGAATTCATGATGGCGATGAGCAGCGGCGCAGTG and Rev: GCGTCGACTTGCCAGCCATTTCCATATAATAGCC and cloned into pEGFP-N2 via EcoRI and SaII restriction sites. All inserts were fully sequenced. Plasmid constructs coding for the mutants pSMNS290A-EGFP and pSMNS290D-EGFP were synthesized by site directed mutagenesis of the plasmid coding for full-length SMN pSMN1-294-EGFP. Forward primers PC456-S290D (CAAAAAGAAGGAAGGAGGAGGAGGACCATTCCTTAAA) and PC457-S290A (CAAAAAGAAGAAGGAAGGTGCGCACATTCCTTAAA) were designed containing the amino acid exchange for the specific position. Reverse primer PC458-S290-REV (GCACCTTCCTTTTTTGTATTGTCTGAATCC) did not contain a mutation. For site-directed mutagenesis, the Phusion Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit (Finnzymes/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany) has been used according to the manufacturer's protocol.  
The PTEN inhibitor bPV(HOPic) (Enzo ALK-270-206-M005, LOT08071510) was dissolved in DMSO added at a final concentration of 1 \(\upmu\)M for indicated times. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 (Sigma, Darmstadt, Germany M7449-200 UL, LOT 114M4018V) in DMSO was added at 10 \(\upmu\)M for indicated times.
# New Evolution of Robotic Radical Prostatectomy: A Single Center Experience with PERUSIA Technique
## 3 Main Steps of PERUSIA Technique  
Through a median sub-umbilical incision of about 1.5 cm, the extraperitoneal space is digitally developed. Two robotic trocars are positioned along the right and left pararectal line, about 7 cm laterally to the median incision where the optic trocar is positioned. Then, under laparoscopic guidance, the development of the extraperitoneal space is completed, and a robotic trocar is positioned 2 cm above and medial to the left upper anterior iliac spine; a contralateral trocar is also positioned for the assistant at the operating table. PneumoRetzius is induced, and the patient is positioned at 15\({}^{\circ}\) Trendelenburg. After docking, the PERUSIA technique develops as follows:  
* A \"U\" bladder neck incision with the \"Bladder neck sparing\" technique;
* Approach perpendicular to the medial side of the seminal vesicles which are mobilized from their lodge always from the medial to the lateral side in order to minimize the manipulation of the neurovascular bundles;
* After incising the [PERSON]'s fascia, an intrafacial antegrade dissection is performed, always proceeding from the medial to the lateral aspect; in this way, the preservation of the bundles is maximized, which in fact remain outside the dissection plane;
* Preservation of the anterior periprostatic tissue and \"no-touch\" approach of the dorsal vascular complex, developing an anterior avascular plane; this allows us to: Reduce urethral retraction and maximize the functional length of the urethra, which are factors that are essential for the early recovery of urinary continence; Reduce bleeding; Preserve the anterior periprostatic nervous and vascular structures, which seem to have a role in the conservation of sexual potency and urinary continence; Preserve that part of the urethral sphincter that is lined anterolaterally by the dorsal vascular complex;
* Urethrovesical anastomosis with bidirectional self-locking suture (Quill \({}^{\circledR}\)).
# A Novel Multipath Transmission Scheme for Information-Centric Networking
## 2 Related Work
### Multipath Transmission Mechanism of IP Networks
SRv6 [12], proposed in recent years, combines the advantages of IPv6 and segment routing, and has been widely deployed on Wide Area Networks (WANs). Although these segment routing technologies can specify the transmission path, the excessive header overhead will reduce the data carrying efficiency. In wireless networks, how to implement self-organizing multipath routing through relay devices has been extensively studied [25; 26], but these technologies can only be applied in wireless scenarios.
## 2 Micromechanical Finite Element Model  
### Automatic Generation of the Representative Elementary Cell (RVC)  
It is commonly recognized that the microstructure of the composite plays an important role in the macroscale response. Therefore, in order to study the effect of the microstructure on its deformation and failure process, the microstructure of the composite material under consideration should be able to vary according to the requirement. Here, the microstructure contains the randomly distributed elliptic particles with different shapes, but the same area is controlled through a few random number generators.  
It's assumed that the RVC of the composite microstructure is a square with length of \(L_{0}\), and the particle number and area fraction are \(n_{p}\) and \(v_{p}\), respectively. Therefore, the area of each particle \(A_{e}\) can be expresses as:  
\[A_{e}=L_{0}^{2}\,v_{p}/n_{p} \tag{1}\]  
Notice that the area of ellipse \(A_{e}\) with the lengths of the semi-major and semi-minor axes (\(a_{i}\) and \(b_{i}\), \(i\) = 1, 2,..., \(n_{p}\)) can be expressed as:  
\[A_{e}=\pi a_{i}b_{i} \tag{2}\]  
A random number stream \(\text{Rand}_{1}\) controlled by the generator seed \(s1\) is introduced to define the shape ratio between the lengths of two semi-axes:  
\[r_{i}=a_{i}/b_{i}=1+r_{0}\text{Rand}_{1i} \tag{3}\]  
Meanwhile, another random number stream \(\text{Rand}_{2}\) controlled by random number generator seed \(s_{2}\) is applied to define the alignment of each particle:  
\[\theta_{i}=\pi\,\text{Rand}_{2i} \tag{4}\]  
The particle centers are determined independently and sequentially with two random number streams (\(\text{Rand}_{3}\) and \(\text{Rand}_{4}\)) that are controlled by two random number generator seeds (\(s_{3}\) and \(s_{4}\)). If an introduced particle cuts any of the RVC boundaries, the particle is copied to the opposite side of the square unit, as shown in Figure 1. Furthermore, the introduced particle should not be too close to the square boundaries or the existing particles. An iteration algorithm [27] is applied to calculate the distance between two elliptic particles, and is schematically shown in Figure 2. If any condition above is not met, the location of the new particle is determined by the next random number.  
A Matlab program is developed to realize the above algorithm, and after running the Matlab program, a command file for the commercial software MSC/Patran can be obtained. A 2D microstructural finite element model with predefined parameters, such as the volume fraction and number of particles, mesh dimension, and so on, can be obtained through playing the command file with MSC/Patran. A multi-point constraint subroutine MPC in ABAQUS is developed to apply periodic boundary conditions (PBC) [28; 29].
# Spatial Baseline Optimization for Spaceborne Multistatic SAR Tomography Systems
###### Abstract  
Spaceborne multistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tomography (SMS-TomoSAR) systems take full advantage of the flexible configuration of multistatic SAR in the space, time, phase, and frequency dimensions, and simultaneously achieve high-precision height resolution and low-deformation measurement of three-dimensional ground scenes. SMS-TomoSAR currently poses a series of key issues to solve, such as baseline optimization, spatial transmission error estimation and compensation, and the choice of imaging algorithm, which directly affects the performance of height-dimensional imaging and surface deformation measurement. This paper explores the impact of baseline distribution on height-dimensional imaging performance for the baseline optimization issue, and proposes a feasible baseline optimization method. Firstly, the multi-base multi-pass baselines of an SMS-TomoSAR system are considered equivalent to a group of multi-pass baselines from monostatic SAR. Secondly, we establish the equivalent baselines as a symmetric-geometric model to characterize the non-uniform characteristic of baseline distribution. Through experimental simulation and model analysis, an approximately uniform baseline distribution is shown to have better SMS-TomoSAR imaging performance in the height direction. Further, a baseline design method under uniform-perturbation sampling with Gaussian distribution error is proposed. Finally, the imaging performance of different levels of perturbation is compared, and the maximum baseline perturbation allowed by the system is given.  
spaceborne multistatic SAR tomography (SMS-TomoSAR); spatial baseline optimization; symmetric- geometric model; uniform perturbation +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Article_
## 7 Analysis of Group 3 Performance
### Analysis of Pairwise Mean Test Between Plasma Level: Group 3  
Pairwise comparisons between plasma levels provide additional insights into the effect of plasma intensity on the unused rate of 1-Ui for each gas. Table 15 presents detailed information.  
For C4F8, significant differences were observed between plasma levels 1000 and 2000 (T = 23.023, \(p\) = 0.000) and between 1000 and 3000 (T = 22.820, \(p\) = 0.000), whereas the difference between levels 2000 and 3000 is less pronounced (T = 1.782, \(p\) = 0.07). For CF4, all pairwise comparisons between plasma levels were highly significant, with \(p\)-values of 0.000,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Gas** & **Plasma Level 1** & **Plasma Level 2** & **T-Statistic** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline C4F8 & 1000 & 2000 & 23.023 & 0.000 \\ C4F8 & 1000 & 3000 & 22.820 & 0.000 \\ C4F8 & 2000 & 3000 & 1.782 & 0.075 \\ CF4 & 1000 & 2000 & 11.423 & 0.000 \\ CF4 & 1000 & 3000 & 31.095 & 0.000 \\ CF4 & 2000 & 3000 & 18.360 & 0.000 \\ C4F6 & 1000 & 200 indicating marked differences in unused rate between levels 1000 vs. 2000 (T = 11.423), 1000 vs. 3000 (T = 31.095), and 2000 vs. 3000 (T = 18.360). For C4F6, pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences in 1-Ui between plasma levels 1000 and 3000 (T = 26.614, \(p\) = 0.000) and between levels 2000 and 3000 (T = 27.923, \(p\) = 0.00). Though statistically significant, the comparison between plasma levels 1000 and 2000 indicates a weaker effect (T = \(-\)2.189, \(p\) = 0.02). These findings emphasize that plasma intensity substantially impacts 1-Ui across all gases, with the effect strength varying by gas type. Furthermore, the pairwise comparisons underscore notable differences in unused rates between plasma levels, particularly in CF4 and C4F6, suggesting that the influence of plasma intensity on 1-Ui is dependent on both gas type and plasma level. These results reveal that plasma intensity significantly affects 1-Ui across all gases, with varying degrees of impact by gas type. The pairwise comparisons further highlight the differences in unused rates between specific plasma levels, particularly in CF4 and C4F6.
# Enhanced LoRaWAN Adaptive Data Rate for Mobile Internet of Things Devices
## 3 Proposed ADR Schemes  
Figure 2 shows an overview of the proposed NS-managed ADR schemes. Note that we do not modify the ED-managed ADR method, but the NS-managed ADR operation is replaced with the proposed methods.  
As indicated in Figure 2, we use an initial SF allocation (I-SFA) scheme [24] during the deployment phase jointly with the proposed methods. The primary aim of the I-SFA scheme is to allocate the SF to the EDs during the initial deployment based on the received signal strength (\(P_{r}\)) at the GW (i.e., a GW would receive from the ED). The I-SFA scheme does not follow a fixed-width SF assignment operation, owing to the variable channel conditions that are caused by shadowing and fading. The working procedure of the I-SFA scheme is shown in Figure 3, where each ED computes \(P_{r}\) at the GW. Based on \(P_{r}\), the SFs are allocated, such that \(P_{r}\) is always higher than each SF sensitivity (\(S_{g}\), as shown in Table 1), thereby lowering the interference and avoiding packet loss arriving from the EDs under the sensitivity at the GW.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**SF** & **GW Sensitivity (\(S_{g}\)) [dBm]** & **ED Sensitivity (\(S_{e}\)) [dBm]** & **SNR [dB]** \\ \hline
12 & \(-\)142.5 & \(-\)137.0 & \(-\)20 \\
11 & \(-\)140.0 & \(-\)135.0 & \(-\)17.5 \\
10 & \(-\)137.5 & \(-\)133.0 & \(-\)15 \\
9 & \(-\)135.0 & \(-\)130.0 & \(-\)12.5 \\
8 & \(-\)132.5 & \(-\)127.0 & \(-\)10 \\
7 & \(-\)130.0 & \(-\)124.0 & \(-\)7.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Sensitivity and required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of EDs and GW with 125-kHz mode [25; 26].  
Figure 2: Overview of the proposed NS-managed ADR schemes.
# Analysis of Vibration Characteristics of the Grading Belt in Wolfberry Sorting Machines
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Structural Optimization Design
#### 2.8.2 Belt Pulley Process Optimization  
The edges of traditional right-angle pulleys are prone to stress concentration, which can cause sudden changes in pulsating contact forces under misalignment conditions. During the rotation of the pulley, the belt and the right-angle edge present a periodic contact mode of \"impact-detachment-re-impact\". The fillet processing of the pulley edge can alleviate stress concentration and modify the contact dynamics, thereby reducing vibration, as depicted in Figures 10 and 11.  
According to the critical radius formula, it can be known that:  
\[\eta=1-e^{-0.67(R/t)^{1.2}} \tag{14}\]  
The exponent term \((R/t)^{1.2}\) quantifies the nonlinear relationship between the fillet radius R and the belt thickness t. As the fillet radius R reaches a specific proportion of the belt thickness t, the stress concentration effect diminishes substantially, and the amplitude attenuation rate \(\eta\) tends toward saturation.  
Figure 11: Round corner pulley.  
Figure 10: Right-Angle Pulley.  
When R/t ranges from 1.2 to 1.8, the reduction is maximal. The effective thickness of the belt is 7.5 mm; thus, \(9\leq\) R \(\leq\) 13.5 mm. When the fillet radius R is overly large, there exists a risk of belt misalignment. Therefore, the balance between the amplitude and R needs to be weighed.
## 4 SF-Partition-Based Clustering and Relaying (SFPCR) Scheme
### Relay LoRa Device Selection in the LSFZ
**Phase 3:** We used a positive weight factor \((0\leq\alpha\leq 1)\) that indicated the preference between the integrated link quality \(\alpha\) and the residual energy weight \((1-\alpha)\) for all \(N_{i}eN\) LoRa devices. Equation (25) indicates the combined relay parameters \(W(N_{i})\). \[W(N_{i})=\alpha(E_{r_{e}\_N_{i}}(t))+(1-\alpha)L(N_{i}) \tag{25}\]  
\(L(N_{i})\) is the integrated link quality in terms of the LoRa device's packet success probability, \(E_{th}\) is the threshold energy considered to be the average residual energy and  
Figure 4: The relay selection model. represents the threshold link quality. Given, the following conditions, \(E_{th}\leq E_{re_{-}N_{i}}(t)\leq 1\) and \(L_{th}\leq L(N_{i})\leq 1\) hold true. **Phase 4:** By the ranking method, when a candidate LoRa device \(N_{i}\) has the highest rank as \(R_{N_{i}}^{*}\) among all the candidate LDs by evaluating with the formula depicted as the Equation (26), it becomes the best relay device. \[R_{N_{i}}^{*}=\operatorname*{arg\,max}_{i\in N}W(N_{i}) \tag{26}\]  
where \(R_{N_{i}}^{*}\) means the candidate \(N_{i}\) LoRa device with the highest rank that becomes the best relay device to transmit data from the source LD to the GW. Since the relay selection process is iterative, the rest of the devices back off and wait for the next transmission round.
# Multipath Routing in Wireless Body Area Sensor Network for Healthcare Monitoring
## 5 Conclusions  
Wireless body area sensor networks play a very significant role in terms of healthcare. WBASNs are used to collect the medical data of a patient linked to the HMS. However, there are some challenges regarding the transmission of data from one place to another. There is a need for a routing protocol that will be able to transmit data reliably while consuming less energy. This paper proposes a multipath routing protocol known as the region-based energy-efferent multipath routing algorithm, which, in comparison to AODV, performs better in terms of energy consumption, end-to-end delay, throughput, and packet-delivery ratio. REMR was tested in an NS3 environment using a custom two-cluster topology. After several trials, the test results were generated that prove the reliability of the REMR.  
In the future, the proposed approach will be extended to include channel modeling and access control mechanisms for further improvement in results with applicability to a broader range of scenarios, such as WBASN integration with federated cloudlet and internet-of-things (IoT) architecture.  
Figure 4: Delivery Ratio  
Figure 5: End-to-end delay.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.A. and M.M.M.; Data curation, S.A.; Formal analysis, M.M.M., M.H.J. and S.A.H.; Funding acquisition, J.B.; Investigation, I.R. and J.C.M.E.; Methodology, M.H.J. and A.E.P.B.; Project administration, M.H.J., J.B. and A.E.P.B.; Resources, I.R. and J.B.; Software, J.C.M.E.; Supervision, S.A.H. and I.A.; Validation, S.A.H., A.E.P.B. and I.A.; Visualization, I.R. and J.C.M.E.; Writing--original draft, S.A. and M.M.M.; Writing--review and editing, I.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the European University of the Atlantic.  
Not applicable  
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
## 2 Method
### Trajectory Replanning Using Gradient-Based Optimization  
Local trajectory replanning can be modeled as an unconstrained optimization problem. The cost function consists of five terms and is computed as follows:  
\[\mathbb{J}(\mathcal{T})=\lambda_{c}\mathbb{J}_{c}(\mathcal{T})+\lambda_{d} \mathbb{J}_{c}(\mathcal{T})+\lambda_{k}\mathbb{J}_{k}(\mathcal{T})+\lambda_{r }\mathbb{J}_{r}(\mathcal{T})+\lambda_{s}\mathbb{J}_{s}(\mathcal{T}) \tag{20}\]  
where \(\mathbb{J}_{c}\) is a collision cost based on the prediction of moving obstacles; \(\mathbb{J}_{d}\) is the dynamic feasibility cost, which penalizes an infeasible airspeed and turn rate; \(\mathbb{J}_{k}\) is the kinematic constraint cost, which penalizes deviations from the nonholonomic motion constraints of the UAV; \(\mathbb{J}_{r}\) penalizes the distance between the global reference trajectory and the replannedtrajectory; and \(\mathbb{J}_{s}\) represents the trajectory smoothness cost. Each term is weighted by a corresponding coefficient to balance their contributions to the overall cost function.
# Application and Assessment of Cooperative Localization in Three-Dimensional Vehicle Networks
## 10 Conclusions  
In this work, we implemented a centralized EKF-based CL algorithm to several networks of 3D vehicles. We build upon a previous publication [46] by adding additional cases, experimental results, and explicit limitations of the proposed CL algorithm. We derived state and relative measurement equations in terms of quaternions and also produced the singularity-free linearized matrices required for EKF. We utilize quaternions to avoid singularities linked to Euler angles. Simulation results demonstrated that CL considerably reduces state estimation errors when relative orientation measurements are available, though the performance does not proportionally improve with additional measurements. We further showed that CL does not provide any notable advantages when redundant measurements are applied. When utilizing CL with only relative position measurements, no improvement is observed, which is attributed to the absence of position variables in the state equations. However, CL with only position measurements can still provide significant improvement in state estimation if absolute measurements by a vehicle in the network becomes available any time during simulation. Furthermore, these conclusions are verified with experimental results that demonstrate the effect that absolute position and pose measurements have on CL. These experimental findings provide additional justification and credibility towards the CL algorithm presented in this paper.  
The main limitation of the current algorithm is the use of a simplistic kinematic model that is not realistic for real-world applications. This limitation also leads to the lack of effective localization when only relative positions are employed. Future work involves updating the algorithm to utilize a fully nonlinear dynamic model and applying closed-loop control. There will also be closed-loop control experiments to further evaluate the effect CL has on a vehicle's state estimation.  
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection and analysis were performed by J.C.O. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [PERSON] and H.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} CL & Cooperative Localization \\
2D & Two-dimensional \\
3D & Three-dimensional \\ EKF & Extended Kalman Filter \\ UKF & Unscented Kalman Filter \\ GPS & Global Positioning System \\ SLAM & Simultaneous Localization And Mapping \\ \end{tabular}