# New Possibilities of Using DEMATEL and ERPN in the New PFMEA Hybrid Model
## 1 Introduction
DEMATEL (Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) clarifies the complex relations between failure modes in the manufacturing process and provides solutions by comparing these failure modes in the manufacturing process. The solution uses matrices to calculate direct and indirect causal relations, influence rates, and quantify the degree of mutual influence between factors. By doing so, the FMEA process' limitations about the same RPN should be overcome [21]. In Table 1, we can see the studies that have considered the issue of combining FMEA and DEMATEL. Most of the authors used the DEMATEL model to prioritize the failure modes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors and Studies** & **Models Applied** & **DEMATEL Usage** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2017) [21] & PFMEA + DEMATEL & Failure mode priority \\ [PERSON] et al. (2022) [31] & PFMEA + DEMATEL & Failure mode priority \\ [PERSON] et al. (2020) [32] & FMEA + DEMATEL & Selection of the most \\ [PERSON] et al. (2018) [33] & SERVQUAL + DEMATEL & Factor priority \\ [PERSON] et al. (2019) [34] & FMEA + FUZZY DEMATEL & Prioritisation of failure causes \\ [PERSON] et al. (2022) [35] & FMEA + DEMATEL + GRA & Identifying root causes of failure \\ [PERSON] et al. (2023) [36] & FMEA + ELICIT + GRA + & Failure mode priority \\  & DEMATEL & \\ [PERSON] et al. (2022) [4] & FMEA + DEMATEL + TOPSIS & Identifying the critical factors \\ [PERSON] (2023) [37] & FMEA + DEMATEL + TOPSIS & Analyze the direct and indirect effects \\ [PERSON] et al. (2022) [38] & FMEA + DEMATEL + WINGS & Failure mode ranking \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Review of PFMEA and DEMATEL usage. Nowadays, in the context of globalization and international integration, competition in the marketplace becomes more and more severe. Hence, focusing on improving the quality of a product/service with high speed and low waste production has been highly appreciated over the last few years, especially with the current prices of materials and energy. With a good quality scheme, a company can sustain its development by gaining critical competitive advantages over its competitors: high yield and low wastage [8]. ERPN is an extended risk priority number created from conventional RPN. With the identification of failure modes, costs are also incurred because of these modes. The controllable costs are related to the preventive approach and the evaluation costs. The ERPN mainly examines the costs of internal and external errors that are directly related to the failure modes in question [8]. The aim of the paper is to create a new hybrid model of PFMEA, DEMATEL, and ERPN. This model reflects the requirements of producers in the post-communist countries of Europe, where the standard of living is lower compared to the developed countries of Europe, America, and Asia. This is accomplished by the extended risk number ERPN. This is extended by internal and external costs, which, given the standard of living in these countries, are a very important indicator. The DEMATEL model, in addition to its classical use as a multi-criteria analysis model (MCDM), will be used as a design indicator that will help predict the functionality of the models and methods used in the hybrid model. For the comparison parameter, we will select the number of defective products, probability of occurrence (O), and risk priority number (RPN). The hybrid model will be applied to the production process of transfer pressing in the production of a brake element for the automotive industry. An economic model will also be created to evaluate the contribution of individual models and fulfil the requirements of manufacturers. The DEMATEL model has been used by many authors [7; 21; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36]. It is part of many scientific studies. DEMATEL methodology has been used in our research. We directly followed the research of [PERSON] et al. [21]. In contrast to that study, we applied these results in practice and proposed measures according to the resulting DEMATEL digraph.