## 4 Results and Discussion
### Chromatic Parameters  
The color of ceramic bodies can provide valuable insights into the firing and production techniques employed by ancient potters. In the case of the ceramic samples described, the color variation ranging from reddish-yellow to brown or reddish-brown indicates different firing conditions and atmospheres during the production process. The bi-layered texture observed in the cross-section of the ceramic wall, with a lighter color for the outer layer and a darker color for the inner layer, suggests specific firing conditions. This distinct layering can be an indication of uneven firing throughout the ceramic body. It may signify an incomplete firing time for the organic clay material to burn completely, leading to variations in color and texture. Alternatively, the bi-layered texture can also suggest a firing process of ceramics in a reducing atmosphere followed by a rapid oxidation process. The outer layer with a lighter color may result from reduction firing, where oxygen is restricted, leading to color changes in the clay body. The subsequent rapid oxidation can cause the inner layer to have a darker color, creating this distinct bi-layered appearance. In order to reconstruct the burning processes, the archaeological observation and the laboratory experiment require knowledge related to the influence of temperature on the color of the vessel, as follows: at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C--a light brown color appears; at 800-900 \({}^{\circ}\)C--a pink color appears; at 1100 \({}^{\circ}\)C--a yellow-gray color appears; and, at 1175 \({}^{\circ}\)C--we observe the vitrification point and a yellow-green color appears [66]. The firing temperatures were estimated from the evaluation of the degree of vitrification, using the stages of vitrification established by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21]. An oxidizing atmosphere was assumed for reddish/brown undecorated bodies; for the same bodies but with black decorations, the composition is rich in iron, and, for them, an oxidizing-reducing-oxidizing atmosphere was assumed, and, for a brown or gray body, a mixed or reducing atmosphere was assigned. Another noteworthy feature is the uniformity of color of the ceramic bodies in all examples throughout the section. This indicates that, even at such low temperatures, the oxidizing atmosphere of the furnace was complete and under control. This is unusual because, usually, the most predominant feature at these temperatures is a reducing atmosphere, which produces an uneven coloration and often gray cores [67]. The composition of the clay is defining in the evaluation of ceramic samples: quartz, plagioclase, mica, and feldspar. Fine calcareous clays vittify in the reducing atmosphere and remain dark during the last stage of oxidation, while the vessel, due to its porosity, reoxidizes and reddens [68]. To obtain an intense monochrome color, the temperature should reach 800-850 \({}^{\circ}\)C. At such temperatures and in non-calcareous clays (slip clay), iron oxide conglomerates grow, and, therefore, the intensity of the red color also increases, which, in the reduction stage, produces dark grey/black colors [69]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **Specific Surface** & **Total Volume of Pores (cm\({}^{3}\)/g)** & **Medium Diameter of Pores (nm)** \\ \hline P1 & 2.865 \(\pm\) 0.042 & 0.0073 \(\pm\) 0.0003 & 10.210 \(\pm\) 0.469 \\ \hline P2 & 41.900 \(\pm\) 0.063 & 0.0420 \(\pm\) 0.0019 & 4.011 \(\pm\) 0.184 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: BET results for P1 and P2 samples. This temperature range results in ceramics that show very little vitrification (<750 \({}^{\circ}\)C) to extensive vitrification (850-1050 \({}^{\circ}\)C or slightly higher). All were made from calcareous clays, which develop a very stable extensive microstructure for a wide range of temperatures (850-1050 \({}^{\circ}\)C). This is advantageous for the potter because the quality of the ceramic in terms of mechanical properties can be consistent even if the kiln temperature varies within this range [70; 71].