## 3 Results
### Pups' Physical Development  
The effects of 900 MHz exposure on the physical development of pups (weight and size from PND 2 to PND 43) are presented in Figure 5.  
The weights of the male pups are shown in Figure 5a. The results of the \(1\times 10^{6}\) random permutation tests suggested that there was a significant decrease in weight between the OcM group and sham group (adjusted \(p\)-value = 0.0025, Table 1). This difference was refined using a complementary multiple t test analysis showing a significant decrease at PND 6 (\(p\)-value = 0.007) and until PND 43 (\(p\)-value = 0.006). There was no difference between the PuM group and sham group (Table 1) but a decrease between the PuM and OcM groups (\(p\)-value = 0.0125). Weight increased with age in all the groups (\(p\)-value \(<\) 0.0001). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variables** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Source of** \\ **Interaction** \\ \end{tabular} & **dF** & **MS** & **F** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Three-way ANOVA \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{Calculated pups’ wbSAR variation} & Age b & 2.020 & / & **449.4** & **<0.0001** \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Sex & 1 & / & 0.03906 & 0.8447 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Treatment** & **1** & / & **1176** & **<0.0001** \\ \cline{3-6}  & & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Interaction \\ (Age b \({}^{\rm{h}}\times\) Treatment) \\ \end{tabular} & 7 & / & 160 & 0.6774 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Permutation test \\ \end{tabular} } & Male weight & PuM & / & / & / & 0.3857 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **OcM** & / & / & / & **0.0025** \\ \cline{3-6}  & & PuM & / & / & / & 0.1556 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & OcM & / & / & / & 0.3857 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & PuM & / & / & / & 0.0557 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & OcM & / & / & / & 0.0557 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & OcM & / & / & / & 0.0557 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & OcM & / & / & / & 0.0557 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & OcM & / & / & / & 0.8119 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & OcM & / & / & / & \textgreater{}0.9999 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._  
Figure 4: No effects of exposures on litter parameters at birth. Proportion of males and females per litters (**a**), death pups at birth (percentage of pups born alive) (**b**), and total number of pups per litter (liter size) (**c**). n = 8–9/group. The weights of the female pups are presented in Figure 5b. No difference was found between the sham and exposed groups for the female pups' weight (Table 1). Weight increased with age in all the groups (\(p\)-value < 0.0001). The body length of the male pups is presented in Figure 5c. No difference was found between the groups for male pup length (Table 1). The body length of the female pups is presented in Figure 5d. No difference was found between the groups for female pup length (Table 1). Length for both male and female pups increased with age in all the groups (\(p\)-value < 0.0001). The result of the three-way ANOVA on mean wbSAR variation showed no significant effect for sex, age/sex interaction, sex/treatment interaction, or age/sex/treatment interaction. The statistical test showed a significant effect of age (F2.020,46.16 = 449.4, \(p\)-value < 0.001, Table 1) between the treatments (F1,28 = 1176, \(p\)-value < 0.0001, Table 1) and interaction between age and treatment (F7,160 = 190.2, \(p\)-value < 0.0001, Table 1). The variation in the mean SAR was calculated to be between 0.03 W/kg and 0.103 W/kg (max standard deviation: 0.004) for the PuM group (EF: 30.2 V/m) and between 0.150 W/kg and 0.506 W/kg (max standard deviation: 0.018) for the OCM group (EF: 67.5 V/m). The effects of exposure to 900 MHz radiation on the clinical markers of development, for ear detachment, incisor eruption, and eye opening, are presented in Figure 6.  
Figure 5: Effect of perinatal exposure to 900 MHz on pup weight. There was a significant difference between the exposed and sham groups in male pup body weight from PND 6 to PND 43 (**a**).