# Effects of Precipitation and Fire on Land Surface Phenology in the Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado)
## 4 MODIS LSP metrics
### Pre- and Post-Fire Behavior of NDVI-Derived LSP Metrics from the MOD13Q1 and HLS Products  
From our results, the three largest fire events that occurred at ENP during the MODIS analysis period (2002-2023) affected the park's area and vegetation physiognomies in distinct ways. The first fire event began on 1 September 2005, lasting for five days, and impacted 45% of the park's area, including both grassland and woodland physiognomies. The second event, on 12 August 2010, lasted several days and affected all vegetation types, burning nearly the entire park (90% of its area). The third fire, which ignited on 10 July 2021, impacted only grasslands, burning 21% of the park's area over the course of three days. These three events were tracked using false-color Landsat composites (Figure 10), highlighting pre-fire scenes (first column) and post-fire scenes (subsequent columns). Recently burned areas during the local dry season (second column) at ENP are shown in dark blue, while vegetation regeneration areas in the following rainy season (images from April and May) are depicted in red. Visual inspection of these color composites revealed burn scars clearly visible in the dry-season images of the cycles following the fire events (last column images in Figure 10). Thus, the effects of fire events in a given seasonal cycle were generally observed in satellite color composites of the subsequent seasonal cycle. Using the same set of pixels from the previous rainfall analysis (500 per vegetation type) results from examining temporal profiles of various phenological metrics captured the impact of fire and burned areas on the determination of MODIS NDVI-derived phenological metrics (Figures 11 and 12). This examination across burned and non-burned seasonal cycles was obviously influenced by our sampling strategy, which covered the entire ENP area rather than focusing solely on the fire-affected zones. As a result, the effects of the 2005 (45% of the park's area) and 2021 (21%) fire events on LSP metrics were somewhat obscured in magnitude, when compared to the 2010 event, which burned almost the entire park. Focusing specifically on the 2010 event (marked by the orange vertical bar in Figure 11), we observed a decrease in some LSP metrics, such as BL (Figure 11a) and VES (Figure 11b). Consistent with the results in Table 2, both BL and VES increased with vegetation cover toward the woodland areas (Figure 11). In the case of BL, the fire effects were not only present in the seasonal cycle during which the event occurred (2009/2010 cycle) but also carried over into the subsequent cycle (2010/2011). In contrast, other LSP metrics, such as AMP (Figure 12a) and SSI (Figure 12b), showed an increase due to biomass burning and vegetation recovery in both seasonal cycles. Figure 9: Pairs of Gaussian-fitted histograms showing statistical differences in MODIS NDVI extracted (**a**) Large Seasonal Integral (LSI) and (**b**) Small Seasonal Integral (SSI). Results are presented for the seasonal cycles of 2006/2007 (dry) and 2019/2020 (wet) over grassland and woodland areas, respectively. MD is the mean difference between the histograms. Figure 11: Interannual variations in the MODIS Land Surface Phenology (LSP) metrics (**a**) Base Level (BL) and (**b**) Value for the End of the Season (VES) in savanna grassland (red line) and woodland (green lines) areas from the EMAS National Park (ENP). Three major fire events during this period are highlighted by colored shaded columns: 1 September 2005 (affecting 45% of the park’s area), 12 August 2010 (90%), and 10 July 2021 (21%). Figure 10: False-color composites of the Emas National Park (ENP) using the NIR, SWIR-1, and SWIR-2 Landsat bands in RGB, respectively. Images from TM/Landsat-5 (**top**), ETM+/Landsat-7 (**middle**), and OLI/Landsat-8 (**bottom**) depict the landscape before and after fire events on 1 September 2005 (affecting 45% of the park’s area), 12 August 2010 (90%), and 10 July 2021 (21%), respectively.