## 1 Introduction  
Additive manufacturing (AM) is revolutionizing production technologies by enabling the creation of components layer by layer without the limitations of traditional manufacturing methods. This technology also allows for the use of a variety of materials, making it highly attractive to industries such as the automotive, aircraft, and medical industries [1, 2]. Material extrusion (ME) is a type of 3D printing process that involves selectively depositing material through a heated nozzle [3] and is one of seven categories of additive printing processes defined by the ASTM/ISO 52900 standard [3]. Extrusion-based technology can process a wide range of materials [4], making it suitable also for constructing complex parts [5, 6]. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), also known as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), is a 3D printing process that uses a thermoplastic filament to create components layer by layer. The path of the nozzle is defined by the file codes generated during the design stage. The most used thermoplastic material for FDM is polylactic acid (PLA), made from plant-based sources. To ensure that FFF-made components meet their functional requirements, critical process factors must be examined to determine their impact on mechanical qualities. Several studies have looked at the influence of the key process parameters. A Taguchi orthogonal array was used to define the level of each factor, and the experimental data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to quantify the main effects of the parameters on the responses [6, 7, 8]. In a study using Taguchi's L9, the effects of the printing speed, layer height, and extrusion temperature were analyzed, and the results showed that higher extrusion temperatures improved interlayer adhesion in the printed object. On the other hand, the use of printing speeds that are too high leads to a progressive reduction in the tensile strength because the deposition of the layers is not uniform. The optimal process parameters for this work are a layer height of 0.15 mm, a printing speed of 48 mm/s, and an extrusion temperature of 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C [9]. By using lower melting temperatures, at which printing speeds do not affect the geometry of the part, the necessary integrity of the structure is maintained. For the maximum tensile strength, higher extruding temperatures provide better material bonding. Lower printing speeds combined with the printing temperature leads to higher strain and stiffness [10]. Moreover, higher cooling speeds were found to improve the geometric accuracy but decrease the mechanical strength [11]. A detailed analysis of the specimen's internal structure was conducted to study the effects of infill type, percentage of part fill, number of perimeters, and shell thickness. The performance is influenced by the chosen infill pattern and the number of contours, with optimal values being a layer height of 0.1 mm, six perimeters, and a syroid infill geometry [12]. In contrast, ranked first in influence is the infill percentage, followed by the contour thickness and then the layer height. In [PERSON] et al. 's study, the most influential parameter for optimum printing was found to be the infill percentage, followed by the contour thickness and layer height. Specifically, an infill density of 100%, a shell thickness of 1.2 mm, a layer thickness of 0.2 mm, a cubic infill pattern, and a print speed of 40 mm/s were identified as optimal printing parameters [13]. The results on layer thickness are mixed. [PERSON] et al. observed that on-edge and flat orientations result in the highest mechanical properties with intra-layer failure. The study found that the tensile strength was highest at a lower layer thickness, which also had a higher ductility. However, the ductility decreased as the layer thickness increased [14]. Another study showed that increasing the layer height from 0.1 to 0.2 mm resulted in improving the tensile strength. Furthermore, the triangle pattern provides the optimal mechanical strength while minimizing material consumption [15; 16].