# Analysis and Synthesis of Architectures for Automotive Battery Management Systems
## 7 Conclusions, Summary and Outlook  
This paper presents possible centralized E/E-architectures for BEVs and the implementation of the BMS into those topologies. The upcoming benefits as well as possible \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline  & **4S2R** & **3S2R** & **3S2R2** \\ \hline Number of switches & 4 & 3 & 3 \\ Number of resistors & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ Number of fault cases & 2 & 2 & 1 \\ Possibility of fault detection via CM & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ Evaluation of functional safety & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Overview about the advantages of the three topologies. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline State & HV+ [V] & HV- [V] & KI/K4 [V] & K2/K3 [V] & HV+ & HV- & **3** & **2** & **1** & **11 (RD) [A]** \\ \hline n.d. & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ active discharge & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0.4 (maximal) \\ off/ standby & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ pre-charging & 432.5 (decreasing) & 0 & 432.5 & 432.5 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0.3 (maximal) \\ active discharge & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0.4 (maximal) \\ n.d. & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0.4 (maximal) \\ n.d. & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ active discharge & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0.4 (maximal) \\ n.d. & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ n.d. & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ n.d. & 0 & 0 & 432.5 & 432.5 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ n.d. & 0 & 0 & 432.5 & 432.5 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ n.d. & 0 & 0 & 432.5 & 432.5 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Twelve states of the system 3S2R1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline State & HV+ [V] & HV- [V] & KI/K4 [V] & K2/K3 [V] & HV+ & HV- & **3** & **2** & **1** & **11 (RD) [A]** \\ \hline n.d. & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ active discharge & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ off/ standby & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ pre-charging & 432.5 (decreasing) & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0.3 (maximal) \\ active discharge & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0.4 (maximal) \\ n.d. & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0.4 (maximal) \\ n.d. & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ n.d. & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ n.d. & 0 & 432.5 & 0 & 432.5 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ n.d. & 0 & 0 & 432.5 & 432.5 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ n.d. & 0 & 432.5 & 432.5 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ n.d. & 0 & 0 & 432.5 & 432.5 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Twelve states of the system 3S2R2. drawbacks are discussed. With a high integration level, new functions can be implemented and components such as the discharge resistor can be replaced by other existing components. Nevertheless, some functions such as the SOC estimation need to work even if the vehicle is parked and needs to be planed redundant at some point on a separate ECU or an independent computing unit. Centralization of the BMS must be aligned with the E/E-architecture of the vehicle. Besides the possible reduction in hardware components and wiring, the BMS becomes less complex, easily scalable and the most power consuming functions are located on high-performance computing units. This results in a more energy efficient E/E-architecture. Overall, a centralized BMS master unit, combined with a centralized E/E-architecture, could lead to various advantages and options in terms of safety, reliability, and quality of the output functions. The transformation to a more and more software-driven vehicle through this centralization requires the consistent use of a systematic product development. A possible approach is presented on the basis of an extended V-model. A key element, especially in the area of the BMS, is the consistent use of simulation tools.