## 2 Related Works  
In response to the global shift in manufacturing paradigms, not only advanced manufacturing countries such as Germany, the United States, and Japan, but also emerging countries such as China, are implementing various policies aimed at economic growth and job creation through manufacturing innovation. Figure 1 shows the size of the smart manufacturing market and projected growth rates by country. Germany is leading the way in smart manufacturing by combining its manufacturing expertise with ICT, promotingGermany is also accelerating industrial structural innovation through smart manufacturing, eco-friendliness, and convergence. After a period of economic downturn, the United States has pursued various innovation strategies to revive its economy by fostering advanced manufacturing. This includes establishing an Advanced Manufacturing Partnership (AMP) and implementing policies to strengthen manufacturing capabilities related to national security and industry, shorten the development and commercialization period of advanced materials, develop next-generation robots, and create innovative and energy-efficient manufacturing processes. Japan, faced with a declining workforce, is also promoting a new vision for its industrial structure to ensure continuous economic growth. It is implementing strategies for industrial transformation and innovative production, focusing on technological innovation through new technologies such as artificial intelligence to create new products and services. China is rapidly fostering the smart manufacturing industry through implementing government-level mid- to long-term strategies and large-scale investment. This includes a strategic emerging industry policy that encompasses the Internet of Things, robotics, and smart manufacturing in its mid- to long-term industrial development plan, as well as policies to secure key patents and technological superiority. In Korea, smart factory-related technology development is primarily driven by large companies. Samsung SDS is advancing manufacturing intelligence through the intelligent management of its entire manufacturing site by developing Samsung Nexplant, a platform-based manufacturing intelligence system. LG CNS is developing \"Factova\", a smart factory platform aimed at standardizing the entire manufacturing process. It supports standardized development and operation throughout the entire manufacturing process by combining it with LGU+ communication infrastructure. As the smart manufacturing market expands globally, machine vision, an essential element of smart manufacturing, is receiving considerable attention. From raw material inspection to final assembly verification, machine vision systems play a crucial role in ensuring precision and consistency. These systems can  
Figure 1: Smart Manufacturing Market Size and Expected Growth Rate (Markets & Markets, 2019). analyze images in real time to identify surface defects, dimensional changes, and assembly errors. Whether in the manufacture of automotive components, electronic circuits, or pharmaceutical packaging, machine vision ensures that only products meeting stringent quality standards reach the market. Machine vision provides precise measurement capabilities even for complex shapes and demonstrates exceptional performance. Machine vision systems can verify the presence, orientation, and alignment of parts during assembly. By comparing captured images with reference templates, these systems detect deviations and initiate corrective actions, thereby minimizing assembly errors and reducing the need for rework. Integrating machine vision into smart manufacturing workflows offers numerous benefits, including improved efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. By automating the inspection process, machine vision reduces reliance on human operators, and minimizes errors and subjective judgments, thereby enhancing consistent and reliable quality control.