## 5 Conclusions  
Based on the obtained results, different degrees of adhesion ability and biofilm formation were depended on the species of microorganisms and the properties of the dental materials. _S. mutans_ and _L. rhamnus_ turned out to be the strains that adhered to the surface of the tested materials the least. _S. mutans_ did not adhere to VM2 or VM2 + Cu, unlike _C. albicans_ ATCC 90028, which formed a strong biofilm on both the surface of VITA MARK II and its copper counterpart. _Candida albicans_ ATCC 90028, _Candida albicans_ ATCC 10231 and _L. rhamnus_ adhered better to VM2 + Cu compared to the same material without copper. Interestingly, the addition of copper did not result in a significant reduction in bacterial or fungal presence compared to the non-copper materials. The conducted tests showed that the majority of the materials are not cytotoxic according to an ISO norm [6]. Two materials coated with copper nanoparticles exhibited moderate cytotoxicity (VM2 and EC). The influence of copper on cytotoxicity remains inconclusive, neither confirmed nor refuted. Surface polishing did not alter the cytotoxicity of the materials. The tests carried out on human NHDFs showed the adhesive properties of the materials' surfaces. All of the evaluated materials can be described as hydrophilic, as they present a WCA below 90\({}^{\circ}\). The values of the WCA are higher for polished samples, which indicates that they are more hydrophobic.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14209224/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14209224/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14209224/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14209224/s1)), Figure S1: (A) Direct contact of Balb/3T3 fibroblasts with the test material at the edge of the sample, (B) under the sample and (C) further from the sample after 24 h; (D) control culture without contact with the test material. Ampl. 100\(\times\) for NP-VS; Figure S2: (A) Direct contact of Balb/3T3  
the test material at the edge of the sample, (B) under the sample and (C) further from the sample after 24 h; (D) control culture without contact with the test material. Ampl. 100\(\times\) for P-VS.; Figure S9: (A) Direct contact of Balb/3T3 fibroblasts with the test material at the edge of the sample, (B) under the sample after 24 h; (D) control culture without contact with the test material. Ampl. 100\(\times\) for P-CC; Figure S11: (A) Direct contact of Balb/3T3 fibroblasts with the test material at the edge of the sample, (B) under the sample after 24 h; (D) control culture without contact with the test material at the edge of the sample, (B) under the sample after 24 h; (D) control culture without contact with the test material. Ampl. 100\(\times\) for P-CC; Figure S12: (B) Representative images of water droplets during WCA measurement. Polished samples: VS (A), VM2 (B), CD (C), EC (D). Non-polished samples: VS (E), VM2 (F), CD (G), EC (H).  
Conceptualization, A.P., W.G., M.K. and M.D.; methodology, W.G., P.J.P., A.R., M.P. and M.K.; software, A.P. and P.J.P.; validation, A.P., P.J.P., A.R., M.P., M.M. and M.D.; formal analysis, A.P. and P.J.P.; investigation, A.P., W.G., P.J.P., A.R., M.P., J.N. and M.K.; resources, M.M. and M.D.; data curation, A.P., P.J.P., A.R., M.P. and J.N.; writing--original draft preparation, A.P., W.G., P.J.P., A.R., M.P., J.N. and M.K.; writing--review and editing, A.P. and P.J.P.; visualization, P.J.P.; supervision, W.G., M.M. and M.D.; project administration, M.M. and M.D.; funding acquisition, M.M. and M.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by a subsidy from Wroclaw Medical University, number SUBZ.B180.24.058.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article or Supplementary Material.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.