## 1 Introduction
[15] analysed the effects of changes in temperature trends and extremes on the energy demand of the residential sector in Europe. The results include the possible doubling of cooling demands by 2050 in some countries such as France, Spain, and Switzerland. According to [16], the projected space-cooling penetration rate [17] is equal to or higher than 75% in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Bulgaria, with a notable escalation in electricity demand therefore predicted until 2100. As a solution, the authors propose the implementation of effective passive cooling measures. Such an implementation is recognised as being key to the framework of sustainable construction [18] and being able to improve indoor thermal comfort [19; 20]. [PERSON] et al. [21] calculated the specific energy consumption of the residential sector in Greece, reporting that electrical energy consumption increases in climate zone B, corresponding to the Prefecture of Attica, because of the higher cooling loads in urban regions. As energy-saving strategies, they propose the use of renewable energies, such as solar photovoltaic to cover energy needs, as well as low-cost interventions such as the regular maintenance of heating and air conditioning equipment and the installation of thermostats. [PERSON] et al. [22] analysed the thermal behaviour of a multi-residential building in the southeast of Italy, characterised by a hot Mediterranean summer climate. They showed that buildings constructed within the legal limits will suffer from overheating, leading to more extensive use of cooling systems. More specifically, the thermal performance index, useful for cooling, would rise from 20.56 kWh/(m\({}^{2}\cdot\)year) in 2010 to 45.11 kWh/(m\({}^{2}\cdot\)year) in 2080. According to [PERSON] et al. [23], in 2080, about 70% of Italy will reach levels of cooling degree hours not approached in 2000. Bearing in mind the importance of the subject of the roof of buildings to climatic excitations and its significant influence on the total cooling load of the building in hot climates, [PERSON] et al. [24] studied the dynamic thermal behaviour of different configurations of rooves built with hollow concrete blocks used in Morocco. They found that using a low-emissivity coating and inserting an insulating material between the outer surface of the block and the slab could reduce the total thermal load over 24 h by about 93.1% compared to the traditional configuration. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] investigated the effectiveness of the green roof concept in reducing energy consumption for cooling school buildings in three cities in Egypt. The results show that the proposed concept lowers the energy required for cooling by 32.31%, 34.89%, and 39.74% compared to traditional rooves in the three cities studied (Alexandria, Cairo, and Aswan, respectively). In another study [26], it was found that the application of reflective paint on the roof of a medical centre in a hot and humid region of Mexico obtained the best energy benefits. In [27], the suitability of using volcanic rock from Hainan (China) as a traditional building material was explored. According to the results, this volcanic rock possessed excellent thermal insulation properties, making it highly suitable for energy-efficient construction in hot climates. Several studies have highlighted the importance of the choice of window frame, given its influence on the energy consumption of a building. In [28], a study was undertaken of the indoor thermal comfort and energy consumption of an office block in Jordan, characterised by its hot and dry climate. A comparison was made of the resulting energy consumption of three types of window frame: traditional aluminium, isolated aluminium, and PVC. The windows were double-glazed, and no consideration was given to the type of glass. Finally, the authors recommended the use of isolated aluminium or PVC window frames to achieve thermal comfort. [PERSON] et al.