esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Evaluation  
In the experimental evaluation section, we provide a detailed comparison of SqliGPT with six other state-of-the-art academic and industrial SQLI scanners, including PentestGPT, SQIRL, and four industrial scanners. We focus on the following three research questions:  
**RQ1 (Effectiveness)**: _How does SqliGPT compare to the other six scanners in terms of the effectiveness of SQLI black-box detection?_  
**RQ2 (Efficiency)**: _How does SqliGPT compare to the other six scanners in terms of efficiency in performing the detection task?_  
Figure 4: Defense Bypass Module workflow.  
**RQ3 (Ablation):**_How do the individual modules of SqliGPT contribute to the overall performance?_  
To assess effectiveness, we used the number of detected SQLI vulnerabilities as the performance metric, i.e., the number of targets that were successfully and correctly detected by each scanner on the SqliMicroBenchmark. Additionally, considering the large amount of network traffic that automated SQLI black-box scanners may generate while performing the tests and their potential burden on the system under test, we used the total number of HTTP requests sent by the scanners during the test (excluding requests generated by crawlers) as a measure of efficiency in performing the SQLI detection. By combining these metrics, we provide a quantitative and comprehensive assessment of each scanner's performance in terms of SQLI detection. It is worth noting that although average runtime is often considered a metric of efficiency, we did not use it as a performance metric in this study because it can be affected by network conditions and LLMs API access latency.
# Review of Physical Layer Security in 5G Wireless Networks
###### Abstract  
Fifth generation (5G) wireless networks promise to revolutionize the way we communicate and connect to the internet. However, as with any new technology, 5G networks also bring new security challenges that need to be addressed. One of the key areas of concern is physical layer security, which refers to the protection of the physical layer of the network against attacks that could compromise its integrity and availability. In this systematic review, we examined the current state of research on physical layer security in 5G wireless networks. Our search identified 36 relevant studies that focused on various aspects of physical layer security, including threat models, vulnerabilities, and mitigation techniques. The findings of the review suggest that whereas some progress has been made in developing physical layer security solutions for 5G networks, such as advancements in multi-antenna systems, interference exploitation, secrecy metrics, and understanding the impact of fading channels, there is still much work to be performed. Further research is needed to develop more effective security solutions and risk assessment frameworks, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of existing solutions under different conditions and scenarios. Collaboration between industry, academia, and government agencies will also be essential to address the physical layer security challenges in 5G wireless networks. The idea of the proposal is physical layer security in 5G wireless networks. We conduct proper research on this paper and analyze 45 papers to understand this topic in depth. Our research's integrity is built on a commitment to our core principles, which include objectivity, honesty, transparency, fairness, accountability, and stewardship. These managing ideologies aid in confirming that knowledge is innovative through the research zone.  
physical layer security; 5G wireless networks; threat models; vulnerabilities; mitigation techniques; risk assessment; security solutions; collaboration +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Background and Motivation
### The Baseline Based on PPJion+  
Having systematically analyzed the characteristics of the metro trajectory and the GPS trajectory, we believe that the trajectory similarity search for the metro system is more similar to the string similarity when compared with the GPS trajectory similarity search. This is because the location of a trajectory point in the metro system is a specific station. Based on this feature, we can divide the timeline into different intervals. Then, we can treat each point in a trajectory as a character in a string. Thus, we only need to compare the time dimension when we measure the similarity of two different points. Further, we can measure the similarity of two different metro trajectories.  
Ref. [6] has conducted a comprehensive performance evaluation on different string similarity search methods. The results show that PPJoin+ [5] is the best one among these methods. PPJoin+ has designed three filtering strategies: length filtering, position-based prefix filtering, and position-based suffix filtering, respectively. These filtering strategies effectively reduce unnecessary calculations on candidate trajectories, accelerating the search procedure.  
Although GLTC [7] has studied trajectory similarity problems in metro transportation systems, it did not adopt the solution of PPJoin+ because it is hard to apply PPJion+ to the scenario of GLTC. PPJion+ was originally used to solve the string similarity search in a string set. It designs a uniform index for a string set and three corresponding filtering strategies. We can extend PPJion+ in trajectory similarity search if we take a point in trajectory as a character in a string. However, the limitation is that PPJion+ can only handle one type of trajectory produced by the same device. Meanwhile, GLTC involved two types of trajectories: one is the trajectory produced by the smart card and the other is the trajectory produced by the Wi-Fi signal of a mobile device. It is hard to build a uniform index for different types of trajectories with totally different sampling rates and accuracy.  
Therefore, we chose PPJoin+ as the baseline for evaluating our solution, PMMTss.
## 4 The Proposed Routing Strategy
### Ground Station Access  
When a GS accesses the constellation, the satellite selection is typically based on the minimum distance. If multiple satellites are visible and accessible to a GS at a given moment, the one with the closest distance is directly chosen for data transmission. The satellites within a constellation are interconnected in a grid pattern, which allows them to maintain connectivity with several satellites consistently. Nevertheless, if satellites are moving in reverse directions, it is impossible to establish stable communication, even if they are neighbors. This means that two GSs that are geographically close may need to use a longer satellite path for communication. On the contrary, considering several adjacent satellites to the GS, different paths may be found, such as the source and destination satellites being in the same direction of motion. We present these two possible scenarios in Figure 2.  
Figure 2: The impact of different access constellation strategies for GS. (**a**) Select nearest satellite to GS; (**b**) select one of the nearest satellites to GS.  
To enhance the performance of existing routing algorithms, we propose conducting additional computations on the allowed incoming and outgoing hops within the constellation. The specific process of the algorithm is shown in Algorithm 4. The specified three nearest candidate satellites to all ground stations are stored in the memory at each time step. By comparing the three nearest satellites to the GS for all considered pairs, this process defines two scenarios as follows.  
1. If the source GS and destination GS are located within the range of the three nearest candidate satellites, only one satellite is needed to establish the connection. In such cases, we can optimize the routing by directly utilizing this satellite node for forwarding.
2. If two of the candidate satellites from two ground stations have direct inter-satellite links (ISLs), it means that these candidate satellites are neighboring each other in the constellation. In such scenarios, we can designate this pair of satellites as the source node and destination node.  
```
input :\(G=(N,E)\), \(M=(o_{i},d_{i},D_{i})_{i\in I}\), time step, a visible satellite set for each GS in the current time step; output : routing table for the given time step;
1 Obtain the 3 nearest visible satellites for each GS;
2 foreach pair of considered GSs in the set of commoditiesdo
3 compare their 3 nearest satellites;
4 if they have a common candidate satellitethen
5 Generate a list of optimal first hop satellites and last hop satellites for the pair of GSs;
6
7 end if
8 if they have candidate satellites directly connected through an ISLthen
9 Generate a list of optimal first hop satellites and last hop satellites for the pair of GSs;
10
11 end if
12 Calculate routing table through Algorithm 1;
```  
**Algorithm 4**GS Access/Exit Algorithm
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Reference Method  
The reference NH\({}_{3}\) concentration was acquired using the wet-chemistry method that was prescribed by the VERA test protocol. Airborne NH\({}_{3}\) was captured by a sampling system adapted from ISO/DIS 21877 [10] and the VITO Flemish reference method [20]. The acid trap consisted of two sequentially connected impingers filled with 100 mL 0.1 molar H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\). Both of the impingers were immersed in ice chips until being brought to a laboratory for analysis. The outlet gas from the acid trap was dehumidified with silica gel. A vacuum pump was used to provide suction force after the dehumidifier. Two floating ball flow meters (Model AFM103, Ankersmid, Wilrijk, Belgium) were respectively installed at the inlet and outlet of the pump for monitoring instantaneous flow. Accumulative volumetric flows and pressures were measured at the end of the measurement line with a dry gas meter (Model Gallus G1.6, ITRON GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) and a pressure sensor (Elek GD81, Eltek Ltd., Cambridge, UK), respectively. The ambient temperature was recorded with a temperature sensor probe (Model TC type K, S.A. Testo N.V., Ternat, Belgium).  
The acid trap set-up was deployed in duplicate for all field measurements. Before starting collecting samples, airtightness of both acid traps was verified by testing the flow rate while the acid trap inlet was seal. The leakage, if any, was considered insignificant if the average flow rate over 5 min. measured by the gas meter was \(<\)2% of the intended sampling flow rate. The leak test was performed in a van to avoid potential sample contaminations due to non-negligible background NH\({}_{3}\) near agriculture areas. During gas sample collection, air from the measurement location was continuously drawn through the impingers at a constant flow rate, 4 L\(\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\) in the poultry barn and 1.5 L\(\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\) in the pig barn, determined according to the expected concentration levels. The sampling duration was 30 min. for all of the tests in the pig barn and for the tests in the poultry barn before slaughter. The duration was raised to 60 min. in the poultry barn after the birds were removed. After sample collection, the amount of dissolved NH\({}_{3}\) was analysed by an accredited laboratory at ILVO while using continuous flow analysis, flow injection analysis, and spectrophotometric detection according to [21]. The obtained NH\({}_{3}\) concentration in air were resented in mg\(\cdot\)Nm\({}^{-3}\) normalized for 101.325 kPa and 273.15 K.
# Advances in Organic and Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Polymeric Supports for Catalytic Applications
## 2 Organocatalysed Non-Asymmetric Reactions
### Bronsted Acid Catalysed Reactions
#### 2.1.2. Beckmann Reactions  
Two series of sulfonic acid-functionalized porous hyper-crosslinked polymers, denoted as series **9** and series **11**, were synthesized in two synthetic steps (Scheme 5) [12]. The first step was the self-condensation of the rigid bischloromethyl monomers, \(\alpha\),\(\alpha^{\prime}\)-dichloro-\(p\)-xylene (for the series **9**) or 4\(\,\)4\(\,\)\({}^{\prime}\)-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1\({}^{\prime}\)-biphenyl (for series **11**), via FeCl\({}_{3}\)-induced Friedel-Crafts alkylation. The second step consisted in the treatment of each material **8** or **10** synthesized in the first step, with a variable amount of CISO\({}_{3}\)H (2, 4, 8, 16 mL per gram of porous hypercrosslinked polymer) thus obtaining the two series of materials **9** or **11**, respectively. All the SO\({}_{3}\)H-functionalized solid acids presented high conversions (98.1%-99.9%) in the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in benzonitrile at 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C after 6 h.  
The series **11** demonstrated superior selectivity. The highest selectivity (83.4%) was found with the sample of series **11** obtained by sulfonation with 4 mL of CISO\({}_{3}\)H. The authors attributed the good catalytic performance of the **9** and **11** materials to their high acidic density, narrow dispersed pores size in the junction of micro and mesopores, large surface area of the polymeric framework and a special nano-confinement effect that was beneficial in promoting catalytic activities. In the case of small pore size, only a limited amount of substrate molecules such as cyclohexanone oxime could be accommodated within the inner pore space, promoting the efficient collision of the substrate with the acidic sites on the pore wall, which thereby accelerated the reaction.  
Recently, [PERSON] et al. reported the first example of heterogeneous Beckmann reaction catalysed by non-post sulfonated polymer material [13]. Particularly, polymer **13** (Scheme 6) was prepared by acidification of polymer **12** obtained by copolymerization of divinylbenzene and sodium \(p\)-styrene sulfonate [14]. The sulfonic acid group-functionalized polymer **13** was tested in the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime; a conversion of 100% with relatively high selectivity of 75% was obtained after 1 h at 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C in PhCN. High conversions and selectivities were also observed for other ketoximes, showing high efficiency and good substrate compatibility. Recyclability in the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime was studied. The catalyst **13** was easily recovered by centrifugation and reused in the next run. However, a significant decrease of the conversion (conversion of only 20%) was observed. Good reusability was achieved by regenerating the recovered catalyst with dilute H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\). With this simple treatment, the catalyst showed superior reusability and displayed a considerably high activity, even after five recycling runs.
## 3 Results
### Single Actions
#### 3.2.2 CEP of Renewable Energy-Producing Systems  
Figure 3 presents the CEP results for the secondary renewable energy-producing systems. The figure shows the CEP in Danish kroner per produced kWh as a function of produced energy. Both parameters are calculated using the method explained in Section 2.2 and data available in [40, 41]. The energy produced by a renewable system is dependent  
Figure 2: Comparison between the cost-effectiveness parameter (CEP) adapted from [37] (**top**) and net present value (**bottom**) for selected energy efficiency actions.  
on various technical, local, and operational parameters. The results presented in Figure 3 consider the average number of operational hours, technical and efficiency system parameters as specified in [40,41], but excludes site and system operation specifics. Thus, results in Figure 3 can be considered as an example of how different systems compare in terms of energy production and cost with optimal conditions. As the operational conditions are often limited by site characteristics (e.g., building orientation, location, roof area and slope, etc.), the produced energy is likely to be lower than that suggested in Figure 3. The CEP of the systems may also change if there is financial incentives or regulations, supporting specific types of systems.  
By comparing the CEP of renewable energy production systems (Figure 3) and this of envelope actions (Figure 2), it can be stated that renewable energy production systems are more cost-effective than implementation of renovation to the building. The least cost-effective system--DWT--is comparable to the most cost-effective envelope options. The most cost-effective system in accordance to Figure 3 is the photovoltaic panels (PV), where even the smallest system is more cost-effective than any of the investigated envelope solutions. Both PV and DWT systems exhibit a reduction in the CEP with increase in capacity; thereby, the implementation of a larger system should result in reduced total cost compared to the implementation of a smaller system. Furthermore, considering that every produced kWh reduces the necessary purchased energy (if utilized directly on site), the implementation of a renewable energy system should result in a reduction of energy demand and global cost.  
To check if that is true, renewable options are applied to the reference energy model (before renovation) as a secondary energy supply and investigated for both global energy and cost performance. In addition to the secondary renewable energy supply options, the reference model is also fitted with four different primary supply options, as defined in Section 2.2.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
In order to verify this method, a 2D-3D registration experiment was designed, and the performance of this method in multi-target localization of a monocular image was analyzed with target localization as an application case. To evaluate the influence of the accuracy of the digital twin city model on registration, this study also designed a simulation experiment.
## 2 Experimental Part
\[\mathrm{C^{0}_{p(1)}=(45.2\pm 2.5)+(207.8\pm 11.5)\times 10^{-3}\,T-(5.64\pm 0.3 1)\times 10^{5}\,T^{-2}\,(298.15\text{--}398\text{ K}),} \tag{6}\]  
\[\mathrm{C^{0}_{p(2)}=(885.6\pm 49.1)-(1912.8\pm 105.97)\times 10^{-3}\,T\,(398 \text{--}423\text{ K}),} \tag{7}\]  
\[\mathrm{C^{0}_{p(3)}=(137.5\pm 7.6)+(62.1\pm 3.4)\times 10^{-3}\,T-(156.22\pm 8.65 )\times 10^{5}\,T^{-2}\,(423\text{--}673\text{ K}).} \tag{8}\]  
The study of the isobaric heat capacity of NdNa\({}_{2}\)NiMnO\({}_{5}\) and NdK\({}_{2}\)NiMnO\({}_{5}\) samples in the range of 298.15-673 K allows for determining how the heat capacity changes at constant pressure within this temperature interval (Table 5 and Figure 8). This helps to refine the thermodynamic characteristics of the materials, which is essential for their practical applications and for comparison with other research data. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{–} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{–} \\
**T, K** & \(\mathbf{C_{p}\pm\delta}\), \(\mathbf{J/(g\cdot K)}\) & \(\mathbf{C^{0}_{p}\pm\alpha}\), \(\mathbf{J/(mol\cdot K)}\) & \(\mathbf{C_{p}\pm\delta}\), \(\mathbf{C^{0}_{p}\pm\alpha}\), \(\mathbf{J/(mol\cdot K)}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**NdNa\({}_{2}\)NiMnO\({}_{5}\)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**NdK\({}_{2}\)NiMnO\({}_{5}\)**} \\ \hline
298.15 & 0.5611 \(\pm\) 0.0098 & 215 \(\pm\) 10 & 0.5293 \(\pm\) 0.0133 & 220 \(\pm\) 15 \\
323 & 0.4853 \(\pm\) 0.0081 & 186 \(\pm\) 9 & 0.4852 \(\pm\) 0.0066 & 202 \(\pm\) 8 \\
348 & 0.3920 \(\pm\) 0.0061 & 150 \(\pm\) 6 & 0.4605 \(\pm\) 0.0105 & 192 \(\pm\) 12 \\
373 & 0.6152 \(\pm\) 0.0090 & 236 \(\pm\) 10 & 0.4336 \(\pm\) 0.0089 & 180 \(\pm\) 10 \\
398 & 0.6831 \(\pm\) 0.0080 & 262 \(\pm\) 9 & 0.4147 \(\pm\) 0.0091 & 173 \(\pm\) 11 \\
423 & 0.7360 \(\pm\) 0.0072 & 282 \(\pm\) 8 & 1.1976 \(\pm\) 0.0098 & 498 \(\pm\) 11 \\
448 & 0.6702 \(\pm\) 0.0061 & 257 \(\pm\) 7 & 0.8751 \(\pm\) 0.0076 & 364 \(\pm\) 9 \\
473 & 0.5158 \(\pm\) 0.0095 & 198 \(\pm\) 10 & 0.4970 \(\pm\) 0.0062 & 207 \(\pm\) 7 \\
498 & 0.6009 \(\pm\) 0.0096 & 231 \(\pm\) 10 & 0.5355 \(\pm\) 0.0141 & 223 \(\pm\) 16 \\
523 & 0.6643 \(\pm\) 0.0152 & 255 \(\pm\) 16 & 0.6090 \(\pm\) 0.0150 & 253 \(\pm\) 17 \\
548 & 0.7264 \(\pm\) 0.0147 & 279 \(\pm\) 16 & 0.7481 \(\pm\) 0.0101 & 311 \(\pm\) 12 \\
573 & 0.7567 \(\pm\) 0.0077 & 290 \(\pm\) 8 & 0.8060 \(\pm\) 0.0104 & 335 \(\pm\) 12 \\
598 & 0.8466 \(\pm\) 0.0114 & 325 \(\pm\) 12 & 0.8552 \(\pm\) 0.0183 & 356 \(\pm\) 21 \\
623 & 0.8974 \(\pm\) 0.0081 & 344 \(\pm\) 9 & 0.8933 \(\pm\) 0.0110 & 372 \(\pm\) 13 \\
648 & 0.9450 \(\pm\) 0.0106 & 363 \(\pm\) 11 & 0.9204 \(\pm\) 0.0141 & 383 \(\pm\) 16 \\
673 & 0.9620 \(\pm\) 0.0088 & 369 \(\pm\) 9 & 0.9781 \(\pm\) 0.0179 & 407 \(\pm\) 21 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Experimental values of heat capacity of compounds of NdNa\({}_{2}\)NiMnO\({}_{5}\) and NdK\({}_{2}\)NiMnO\({}_{5}\).
# Lightweight and Security-Enhanced Key Agreement Protocol Using PUF for IoD Environments
## 6 Proposed Protocol
### Informal Analysis
#### 7.2.7 Replay and Man-in-the-Middle Attacks  
In this attack, \(A\) can attempt to intercept all public-channel messages exchanged during the authentication process. However, public-channel messages \(Msg_{1},Msg_{2},Msg_{3}\), and \(Msg_{4}\) include timestamps \(T_{1}\), \(T_{2}\), \(T_{3}\), and \(T_{4}\) and verification values \(V_{M},V_{G},Auth_{D}\), and \(Auth_{CCS}\). Thus, each network entity can verify the freshness and validity of the messages. Therefore, the proposed protocol is resilient to replay and MITM attacks.
## 3 Results
### Question 5: How to Calculate the Individual IEQ Indexes  
To build an accurate IEQ model to predict the occupants' overall IEQ satisfaction precisely, it is vital to understand the occupants' satisfaction regarding each IEQ aspect separately in the first place. Therefore, in most existing studies on IEQ models, the individual indexes were calculated according to thermal comfort, IAQ, acoustic quality, and visual quality, using various models in the different studies.
# Study of Surface Defect Detection Techniques in Grinding of SiCp/Al Composites
###### Abstract  
SiCp/Al composites are used in the aerospace, automotive, and electronics fields, among others, due to their excellent physical and mechanical properties. However, as they are hard-to-machine materials, poor surface quality has become a major limitation to their wider applications. To effectively control the quality of machined surfaces, it is necessary to accurately detect and characterize defects. Based on the YOLOv4 object detection algorithm, a SiCp/Al composite machined surface defect detection model has been developed for the accurate and fast detection of machined surface defects. OpenCV is used to process images of detected defects and extract defect feature parameters. The number of defects and the total defect area in the same machining area are used as evaluation criteria to assess the quality of the machined surface, and the effect of the machining parameters on the quality of the machined surface is analyzed. The results show that the number and total area of surface defects that occur when grinding SiCp/Al composites are positively correlated with the feed rate, tool diameter, and size of the abrasive, while they are negatively correlated with the spindle speed and ultrasonic vibration amplitude. When the grinding depth is greater than 20 microns, the quality of the machined surface is greatly affected.  
SiCp/Al composites; defect detection; defect feature extraction; area of defects; surface quality +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences