esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
The lasers operating in the visible range of 500-600 nm have been paid attention to in recent decades because they have greatly been growing requirements of cancer phototherapy [1], retinal laser therapy [2], laser sodium guide stars [3], and projection displays [4]. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) process combining with intracavity second harmonic generation (SHG) and sum frequency generation (SFG) has been identified as an efficient and convenient method for generating the light source at 500-600 nm in solid-state lasers [5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18]. Since the Stokes field is quite sensitive to the losses of cavity, enhancing the reflectivity of resonator and reducing the losses of Stokes field as much as possible are important techniques to improve the output characteristics significantly [19; 20].  
Self-Raman laser implies that the fundamental wave and Stokes fields are generated in the one crystal, which offers several benefits with regard to compactness and minimizing the losses of cavity [21; 22]. However, for the self-Raman laser, the strong thermal loading in the gain medium usually leads to the thermal fracture and confines the output power. Therefore, employing another crystal as a Raman medium is a practical way to reduce the risk of thermal fracture. Moreover, it also provides the wavelength versatility by using the different Raman shifts of Raman crystals. Potassium gadolinium tungstate (KGW) has been recognized as an outstanding Raman medium because of its high damage threshold, high Raman gain, two strong Raman shifts, and excellent thermal properties [23; 24; 25]. As a result, using KGW crystals as Raman media is a practical way to realize the high-powered and reliable Raman laser at 500-600 nm.  
In this work, we demonstrate the comparison between self-Raman Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) lasers and Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\)/KGW Raman lasers at lime and orange wavelengths. The first Stokes fieldsat 1176 nm and near 1178 nm are generated by a self-Raman Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) crystal and a \(N_{\rm p}\)-cut KGW crystal with the shift of 890 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 901 cm\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Based on the 1176 nm Stokes fields and the 1064 nm fundamental wave, we can achieve the lime at 559 nm and the orange at 588 nm in the self-Raman Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) lasers with intracavity SFG and SHG. Similarly, the 559 nm and 589 nm can be obtained in the Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\)/KGW Raman lasers. In addition, we separate the resonator of the Stokes field from that of fundamental wave by depositing a specific coating on the surface of KGW crystal toward the Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) crystal. Due to employ the KGW crystal to share the thermal loading from the SRS process and the usage of the designed coating, we can find that a maximum output power and an optical conversion efficiency are superior to the self-Raman Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) lasers at the high pump power. With the incident pump power of 40 W, the output powers including the lime and orange wavelengths can increase from 6.54 W to 9.1 W and from 5.12 W to 7.54 W, respectively.
# CubeSat Mission Scheduling Method Considering Operational Reliability
## 2 Problem Description  
### CubeSat Scheduling Problem Description  
In this paper, the CubeSat task scheduling problem can be described as follows: the execution of the CubeSat task is uniformly managed by the scheduling scheme, the main task is the allocation of the CubeSat task sequence in each time period, and the optimization goal is to obtain the best scheduling method of the CubeSat task, which is the comprehensive optimization of mission value and operational reliability.  
In energy scheduling, the power demand of the CubeSat mission must not exceed the maximum available energy value. At present, its power supply uses the coordination of solar panels and batteries. In the illuminated area, the PV input provides energy for the CubeSat mission while charging the lithium battery, and when the photovoltaic (PV) input power is insufficient, the PV input and lithium battery discharge provide energy for the mission; in the shadow area, only the lithium battery provides energy [27]. In this paper, we consider CubeSats operating in sun-synchronous orbits with orbital altitudes in the range of 600-800 km and orbital planes that change slightly with time [26]. In task scheduling, the formulation of the CubeSat on-orbit operation plan needs to consider the priority, number of activations, execution time, period, and execution window of each task.
# Numerical Investigation of Excitation of Various Lamb Waves Modes in Thin Plastic Films
## 3 Finite Elements Modeling Results
### Single Transducer Model
In order to identify what mode (or modes) is actually excited by a single array element the propagation velocity of the waves shown in Figure 5a should be evaluated. The phase velocities are usually found from the distances \(\Delta d_{ph}\) and \(\Delta d_{gr}\), which are covered by a particular phase point during the time intervals \(\Delta t_{ph}\) and \(\Delta t_{gr}\):  
\[c_{ph} = \frac{\Delta d_{ph}}{\Delta t_{ph}}. \tag{5}\]  
\[c_{gr} = \frac{\Delta d_{gr}}{\Delta t_{gr}}. \tag{6}\]  
In the presented B scan we can see better the excited fast S\({}_{0}\) mode. The S\({}_{0}\) and A\({}_{0}\) modes reflected from the boundaries of the sample are also seen. Figure 6: _Cont._  
Figure 6: (**a**) The B scan of the in-plane \(x\) component particle velocity; (**b**) zoom of the B scan in Figure 6**a (yellow rectangle). Figure 7: _Cont_. The ultrasound velocities of the waves shown in the B scan were calculated by Equations (5) and (6) and compared with the velocities of the guided waves modes obtained by the Semi Analytical Finite Element method (Figure 2). It is possible to conclude that there is a strong A\({}_{0}\) mode propagating with the group velocity \(c_{gr}\) = 464 m/s and the phase velocity \(c_{ph}\) = 233 m/s. The zoomed B scan of A\({}_{0}\) phase mode is presented in Figure 6b. The S\({}_{0}\) wave mode propagating at the phase velocity of \(c_{ph}\) = 1584 m/s can also be seen in Figure 6a. The ultrasonic pulses of the particle velocities at two different distances \(x\) = 210 mm and \(x\) = 300 mm are shown in Figure 7a,b. At the distance 210 mm (Figure 7b), two pulses are seen. The first pulse is the directly propagating pulse and the second is the pulse reflected from the edge of the PVC sample. Please note a lower amplitude of the S\({}_{0}\) pulse at the distance x = 210 mm. From the results obtained it follows that a single element with the width 1 mm excites not only A\({}_{0}\) but also S\({}_{0}\) mode.
# Semi-Empirical Satellite-to-Ground Quantum Key Distribution Model for Realistic Receivers
## 2 Satellite-to-Ground Communication Geometry
The satellite passing over the ground station through the zenith (i.e., \(\theta_{El}^{max}=90^{o}\)) has an orbit radius of \(R=R_{E}+h\), where \(R_{E}\) is the Earth’s radius (6364 km) for the Zvenigorod location and \(h\) is the altitude of the satellite orbit. The distance between the satellite and the ground station is determined solely by an elevation angle \(\theta_{El}\), that is, the angle between the horizontal line of sight and the direction of the satellite from the site of the ground station. The central angle between a direction on the ground station and a direction on the satellite from the Earth’s center is denoted by \(\alpha\). The time duration of quantum communication increases with a peak elevation angle in Figure 2, whereas the minimal distance between the satellite and receiver decreases. The satellite passage through the zenith offers the longest communication time and and the shortest communication channel length. For comparison, the communication time of four satellite passages with the maximum elevation angles of \(32.5^{\circ}\), \(42^{\circ}\), \(57.5^{\circ}\), and \(90^{\circ}\) are equal to \(221\) s, \(260\) s, \(283\) s, and \(285\) s, respectively.
## 4 Numerical Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Numerical Simulation Results of Main Tunnel Excavation
#### 4.3.3 Deformation Analysis of the Middle Partition Wall
The displacement amount and displacement direction of the top and bottom of the middle partition wall at each section were different, indicating that the tunnel excavation caused a certain degree of torsional deformation of the middle partition wall. Figure 20: Displacement of middle partition wall at different sections (unit: m): (**a**) Y = 20 m; (**b**) Y = 40 m; (**c**) Y = 60 m; (**d**) Y = 80 m; (**e**) Y = 100 m; (**f**) Y = 120 m; (**g**) Y = 140 m.  
Figure 21 shows the torsional deformation of the middle partition wall during excavation of the main tunnel. S in the legend was the tunnel excavation progress expressed by the distance from the upper bench face of the left main tunnel to the tunnel portal. According to the excavation sequence of the left tunnel first and then the right tunnel, after the left tunnel was excavated 140 m, the right tunnel still needed to be excavated for another 30 m until the calculation was complete. In the section within the range of 110-140 m, the maximum torsional deformation of the central partition wall was obtained when the calculation was completed, while in the range of 0-110 m, the maximum torsional deformation of the central partition wall was obtained during the excavation process. The torsional deformation of the middle partition wall in the fault fracture zone was large, especially when the excavation face was pushed into this area, and the torsional deformation increased abruptly, with a maximum value of 2.6 mm. The maximum torsional deformation at each section of the middle partition wall varied between 0.5-2.6 mm. When excavating the rock and soil before the fault fracture zone (excavation progress S \(\leq\) 80 m), attention should be paid to the torsional deformation of the middle partition wall within 20-50 m. When excavating the rock and soil after the fault fracture zone (excavation progress S \(\geq\) 100 m), attention should be paid to the torsional deformation of the middle partition wall near the excavation face. When excavating the rock and soil mass in the fault fracture zone, the monitoring of the torsional deformation of the middle partition wall in this range should all be strengthened.
## 5 Discussion
### Performance Comparison Experiment
Despite challenges such as changes in lighting, viewpoint, and repetitive textures, the algorithm consistently achieves accurate positioning. This suggests that by combining the strengths of two distinct algorithms, the proposed method not only improves positioning accuracy but also enhances adaptability across a wide range of scenarios, thereby ensuring reliable positioning in practical applications.
## 5 Numerical Analysis
### The Mid-Span Displacement  
By applying SMA wires, both the shear and acceleration increase, and the displacements decrease. In far-field earthquakes, the parameter J3 reduces by 26% to 60%. This parameter is related to the maximum displacement of the mid-span of the controlled structure normalized with respect to the corresponding parameter of the uncontrolled structure. Furthermore, the norm of the mid-span displacement of the controlled structure normalized with respect to the corresponding parameter of the uncontrolled structure, i.e., J11, reduces by 49% to 72%. Also, SRB is more successful than other control devices in reducing the displacements under far-field earthquakes. Figure 10 displays the time history curve of the mid-span displacement for the controlled and uncontrolled structures in two directions, i.e., X and Y, under the far-field North Palm Springs earthquake.  
Under the near-field earthquakes, J3 reduces by 11% to 61%, and J11 reduces by 19% to 74%. Moreover, as can be seen in Figure 9c, except for the Chi-Chi record, SRB is the superior passive device in the reduction of mid-span displacements.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Earthquakes**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Max Base Shear (N)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Max Mid-Span Acceleration (ms\({}^{-2}\))**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Non-Isolated** & **Isolated** & **Non-Isolated** & **Isolated** \\ \hline NPalm Springs & \(5.8971\times 10^{6}\) & \(6.934\times 10^{5}\) & \(5.7149\) & \(1.007\) \\ Chi-Chi & \(1.8691\times 10^{7}\) & \(1.049\times 10^{6}\) & \(13.0790\) & \(1.614\) \\ El centro & \(5.8112\times 10^{6}\) & \(9.950\times 10^{5}\) & \(3.7773\) & \(1.127\) \\ Northridge & \(1.9403\times 10^{7}\) & \(1.226\times 10^{6}\) & \(14.4120\) & \(2.055\) \\ Turkey & \(1.2732\times 10^{7}\) & \(1.108\times 10^{6}\) & \(9.8472\) & \(1.852\) \\ Kobe & \(6.8987\times 10^{6}\) & \(7.833\times 10^{5}\) & \(5.4297\) & \(0.973\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Max base shear and mid-span acceleration of the bridge before and after isolation.
# Performance Analysis of MIMO System with Single RF Link Based on Switched Parasitic Antenna
## 3 Modeling of MIMO System in SystemVue  
The EDA software SystemVue, developed by Agilent Cooperation (Santa Clara, CA, USA), is mainly used to implement electronic system level simulation. The overall architecture of a single RF link 2 \(\times\) 2 MIMO system based on the switched parasitic antennas in SystemVue platform is shown in Figure 2. The simulation setup can be exported to a real-time implementation for system verification.  
In a laboratory environment, the real system integration testing will capture the real signals with the aid of an instrument, and use these real signals that contain distortion to help design other modules. By the instrument connection options in SystemVue, it can be directly integrated with other DSP tools, such as ModelSim, MATLAB, C++, etc. In this way, the complex communication system and real test work can be combined to form a complete set of system development and testing methods.
## 4 Data Analysis
### Diurnal Response of SIF at both O\({}_{2}\)-A and O\({}_{2}\)-B Bands to PAR  
Figure 9 displays the diurnal collections of SIF and PAR obtained by the SIFSpec and EC systems at the DM site. Four different days (day of year (DOY) = 155, 177, 205, and 250; 2018), corresponding to the jointing, booting, tassel, and milk stages of one growing season, have been selected to depict the diurnal variations in SIF at the DM site.  
Figure 8: (**a**) Several examples of downward and upward radiances and (**b**) apparent reflectance for a clear-sky day (7 September 2017) at the DM site. The spectra with different colors represent the data measured at different times.  
It can be seen from Figure 10 that in the overall iurnal patterns in SIF values at both the O\({}_{2}\)-A and O\({}_{2}\)-B bands and in the incoming PAR, higher values around midday and lower values in the early morning and late afternoon are consistent. The diurnal pattern for SIF curve is also consistent with that for the PAR when the maize canopy is at the fully developed stage, especially the O\({}_{2}\)-A band. It can be observed that at both the O\({}_{2}\)-A and O\({}_{2}\)-B bands, the SIF becomes almost saturated when the incident PAR is high at midday during the growing stage.  
The differences in the diurnal response of SIF to PAR at different growing stages are shown in Figure 10, which displays the diurnal variations in this response at the DM site on the same four days as in Figure 9. The overall consistency in the diurnal SIF values at both the O\({}_{2}\)-A and O\({}_{2}\)-B bands and in the incoming PAR is clear. Again, the PAR values are higher around midday and lower in the early morning and late afternoon.  
Further observation of the diurnal variations in SIF show that, for the same PAR level, the SIF value at the O\({}_{2}\)-A band value is lower in the afternoon than in the morning during the growing season. In the case of a fully developed canopy, that is, at the tassel and milk stages (DOY = 205 and DOY = 250; 2018), there is no obvious difference in the response of SIF to PAR. However, this phenomenon will be sustained across the whole growing season for the O\({}_{2}\)-B band. Three hypotheses that attempted to explain this phenomenon were proposed in the previous study [27]. These included the stronger nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), reduced light interception due to the repositioning of chloroplasts, and the changes in the distribution of the leaf orientation distribution in the afternoon as compared with the morning. However, the different responses of SIF to PAR at the O\({}_{2}\)-A and O\({}_{2}\)-B bands when the canopy is at the fully developed or senescent stages should be further investigated in future studies.  
Figure 9: Diurnal variations in SIF at both the O\({}_{2}\)–A (blue) and O\({}_{2}\)–B (orange) bands and in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (red) at the DM site on four different days during the 2018 growing season. DOY—day of year.
# Method for Resonant Frequency Attenuation in Dynamic Audio Equalizer
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Representative Values
The coefficient value for each block and the average value, which is considered the threshold, are shown in Figure 4. The resultant threshold was \(-15\) dB. In scenarios where the input signal exhibits an equivalent power concentration across the spectrum, i.e., where the Spectral Flatness coefficient exceeds the threshold, the distribution by thirds of an octave is employed, as it exhibits a coherent bandwidth throughout the spectrum. In contrast, when the coefficient falls below the threshold, the ERB distribution is used, as it allows the bandwidth to vary throughout the spectrum. Figure 5 illustrates that for center frequencies below 500 Hz, the behavior is linear, while for higher frequencies, it resembles a logarithmic behavior by sixths of an octave (i.e., with a smaller bandwidth). A buffer of 4096 samples is used to analyze the input signal in the frequency domain. The FFT is applied to the analysis buffer to obtain the normalized magnitude spectrum, which is then divided by bands according to a previously chosen distribution. Finally, the representative value per band is the maximum value of the group.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Different Factors on Properties of Fired Bricks
#### 3.3.3. Molding Pressure  
The proper molding pressure can improve the molding quality of brick [37]. The influence of forming pressure between 15 MPa and 20 Mpa on the compressive strength and water absorption of sintered bricks made of polyaluminum chloride slag is shown in Figure 8a. When the forming pressure is 15-25 Mpa, the compressive strength increases with the increase of the forming pressure. This is because as the forming pressure increases, the greater the impact generated by the forming pressure between the raw material particles, which reduces the diffusion resistance, and the migration distance of the particles decreases and the structure becomes denser, thus increasing the compressive strength of the sintered brick [38; 39]. When the forming pressure exceeds 25 MPa, the compressive strength decreases to 9.91 MPa. With the further increase of the forming pressure during the pressing process, the water slurry inside the brick blank is squeezed out, which makes the surface layer of the brick blank more water, leading to the reduction of the strength of the sintered brick [31]. The water absorption rate decreases with the increase of forming pressure. This is because the greater the forming pressure is, the more the pores between particles are compressed, and the porosity is reduced, resulting in the decrease of the water absorption rate [40].  
Figure 8: Effect of molding pressure on the characteristics of sintered brick: (**a**) compressive strength and water absorption; (**b**) bulk density and sintering shrinkage.  
Figure 7: Effect of molding moisture on the characteristics of sintered brick: (**a**) compressive strength and water absorption; (**b**) bulk density and sintering shrinkage.  
The influence of the forming pressure on the bulk density and linear shrinkage of sintered bricks made of polyaluminum chloride slag is shown in Figure 8b. The bulk density and linear shrinkage increase with the increase of the molding pressure. When the molding pressure was 27.5 MPa, the bulk density and linear shrinkage reached the maximum of 1.65 g/cm\({}^{3}\) and 4.63%, respectively. The greater the forming pressure, the closer the particles are, which increases the bulk density.  
In order to make the compressive strength and water absorption meet the Chinese standard, the forming pressure is determined as 25 MPa for further research.
## 3 Results
### MeOH Extract of the Shoots of M. sinaica-Induced Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 Cells  
MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with sub-IC50 concentrations (14 ug/mL) of MeOH extracts shoots. These cells demonstrated increased Annexin-V FITC/PI-staining as compared to mock (methanol, 0.55% v/v)-treated control cells (Figure 2). The percentage of early and late apoptotic cells upon treatment were increased to 13 \(\pm\) 0.5% and 5.6 \(\pm\) 0.3%, respectively, upon treatment, as compared to controls (1.1 \(\pm\) 0.2% and 1.7% \(\pm\) 0.3%, respectively), in mock-treated control cells (Figure 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Plant Part**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Extract**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**IC50 in Human Cancer and Normal Cell Lines (ug/mL)**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **HepG2** & **MDA-MB-231** & **MCF7** & **HUVEC** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Stem**} & Methanol & NA & 400.56 & NA & NA \\  & Ethyl acetate & NA & 866.66 & 758.27 & NA \\  & Chloroform & NA & 365.72 & 568.37 & NA \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Leaves**} & Methanol & 746.36 & 475.163 & NA & 245.34 \\  & Ethyl acetate & 621.76 & 686.68 & NA & NA \\  & Chloroform & 324.731 & 568.79 & NA & 468.36 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Shoots**} & Methanol & NA & 14.32 & 365.4 & NA \\  & Ethyl acetate & NA & 48.93 & 786.1 & NA \\  & Chloroform & 863.97 & 43.98 & 359.73 & 754.98 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Positive control**} & Doxorubicin & 0.88 & 4.47 & 2.91 & 1.7 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
NA: The IC50 values more than 1000 ug/mL is considered not active.  
\end{table}
Table 1: The effect of crude extract of plant parts of _M. sinaica_ on cell survival of human cancer and normal cell lines.  
Figure 2: Detection of apoptosis by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining in methanol extract-treated cells. MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated for 24 h (**A**) without (control) and (**B**) with the methanol extract of shoots of _M. sinaica_ and stained with both FITC and PI. Quadrant (A1) represents the necrotic dead cells, (A2) shows the late apoptosis cells, (A3) viable cells, and (A4) indicates early apoptosis.