## 7 Conclusions  
This study proposed a system architecture for managing patients using pulse oximeters, which are often used in medical institutions for monitoring patient conditions. It is particularly crucial for medical systems to be equipped with technology for stably collecting and analyzing patient biosignals. Thus, this study proposed a patient management monitor  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**IoT Device ID**} & **Measurement Time (Hours)** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Average of the Number of Data Samples in the Buffer**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Minimum Number of Buffered Data**} \\  & **Time (Hours)** & **per Minute** & **Samples** \\ \hline IoT A & 24 & 126 & 89 \\ IoT B & 24 & 132 & 97 \\ IoT C & 24 & 131 & 85 \\ IoT D & 24 & 119 & 80 \\ IoT E & 24 & 125 & 86 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Number of data samples under buffering for real-time chart persistence.  
ing system that is designed based on IoT, edge, and cloud computing. The proposed system requires an IoT pulse oximeter to be worn by patients in every ward, and the measured data are collected and analyzed in edge nodes and transmitted to the cloud. Accordingly, the web-based monitoring system developed based on the IoT pulse oximeter and edge nodes enables doctors and nurses to monitor patients' conditions in real time.  
The proposed monitoring system for identifying patients' health conditions monitors patients' raw IoT pulse oximeter, SpO2, and PR data in real time. There is a growing need for establishing systems appropriate for the medical institution environment and for system architectures that monitor raw data in real time. Such research will enable medical institutions to systematically collect and manage patient data in order to provide personalized diagnoses and treatments. Further, the proposed system can be installed in emergency rooms, general wards, and intensive care units, thus facilitating patient management on a wide scale.  
In future studies, a comprehensive patient management monitoring system for utilization in medical institutions will be developed. Edge computing-based monitoring systems will be created by developing IoT-based medical equipment for measuring blood pressure, body temperature, and ECG. Furthermore, security is an important factor in storing, analyzing, and monitoring patients' biosignals. We plan to use blockchain technology to increase the sharing and use of research data, strengthen the protection of personal medical and health information, and ensure the integrity of the medical information. In addition, we seek to strengthen security by preventing system access from unauthorized physical communication ports by using SSL-based network communication with RSA encryption.  
Conceptualization, M.-I.J. and H.-C.K.; methodology, M.-I.J.; software, D.-Y.K.; validation, M.-I.J. and H.-C.K.; formal analysis, M.-S.K.; investigation, M.-I.J.; resources, M.-S.K.; data curation, M.-I.J.; writing--original draft preparation, M.-I.J.; writing--review and editing, H.-C.K.; visualization, D.-Y.K. and M.-S.K.; supervision, M.-I.J.; project administration, H.-C.K.; funding acquisition, H.-C.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (2021R11A1A01050306).  
Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement**: Written informed consent was obtained from all individuals involved in the study.  
**Data Availability Statement**: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.