# Secure Image Transmission Using Multilevel Chaotic Encryption and Video Steganography
## 5 Results and Testing
### Image Encryption Result
#### 5.2.1 Information Entropy Analysis  
Entropy, a measure of how much information is present in a dataset, shows how grayscale values are distributed in the image.  
Entropy is a constant positive value; the higher the entropy, the more it indicates that a variable includes helpful information. The following Equation can be used to calculate the entropy \(H(m)\)[34].  
\[H(m)=\sum_{i=1}^{m}P(m_{i})log_{2}\frac{1}{P(m_{i})}\]  
\(P(m_{i})\) represents the likelihood of mi, which stands for grayscale, and m represents the overall number of grayscale pixels.  
Table 1 compares the security metrics for the suggested method and current techniques, emphasizing the enhancements made possible by chaotic encryption.  
Figure 7: Primary, encryption, and decryption of images using the suggested method.  
Table 3 illustrates the NPCR values obtained in various test scenarios, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method against differential attacks.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Type of Test** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Conclusion** \\ \hline Frequency Test (Monobit) & 0.35368165861611733 & Random \\ \hline Frequency Test within a Block & 1.0 & Random \\ \hline Run Test & 0.12714268629439363 & Random \\ \hline Longest Run of Ones in a Block & 0.21117066304262394 & Random \\ \hline Binary Matrix Rank Test & 0.3443600704640884 & Random \\ \hline Discrete Fourier Transform (Spectral) Test & 0.3794661397981818 & Random \\ \hline Non-Overlapping Template Matching Test & 2.3470226200101226 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-10}\) & Non-Random \\ \hline Overlapping Template Matching Test & 0.03215761045067645 & Random \\ \hline Maurer’s Universal Statistical Test & 0.6868979473119636 & Random \\ \hline Linear Complexity Test & 0.11774680479471235 & Random \\ \hline Serial Test & 0.0 & Non-Random \\ \hline Approximate Entropy Test & 0.0 & Non-Random \\ \hline Cumulative Sums (Forward) Test & 0.31002050946810567 & Random \\ \hline Cumulative Sums (Reverse) Test & 0.5882023351946796 & Random \\ \hline Random Excursions Test & 0.6448750875576352 & Random \\ \hline Random Excursions Variant Test & 0.5352080573363039 & Random \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: NIST test for key generation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Image** & **Proposed** & **Ref. [33]** & **Ref. [35]** & **Ref. [36]** & **Ref. [37]** & **Ref. [38]** & **Ref. [39]** & **Ref. [40]** & **Ref. [41]** & **Ref. [42]** & **Ref. [43]** \\ \hline House & 7.99540864 & 7.9950 & 7.9577 & 8.9130 & – & 7.9978 & - & (Frame 1) & - & - \\ \hline Baboon & 7.99487213 & 7.9975 & – & – & 7.9965 & 7.996 & 7.9987 & (frame 2) & 7.9969 & 7.9997 & 7.99923 \\ \hline Peppers & 7.99645760 & 7.9893 & 7.9951 & 8.1112 & – & 7.9982 & 7.9987 & (frame3) & 7.9994 & 7.9990 & 7.99938 \\ \hline  & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Entropy of the Suggest Method Compared with Research Studies.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Name** & **Proposed** & **Ref. [33]** & **Ref. [44]** & **Ref. [45]** & **Ref. [46]** & **Ref. [38]** & **Ref. [39]** & **Ref. [40]** & **Ref. [41]** & **Ref. [42]** & **Ref. [43]** \\ \hline House & 99.6321 & 99.5450 & – & – & – & 99.6321 & - & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Chaotic \\ maps \\ 99.803 \\ \end{tabular} & - & - & - \\ \hline Baboon & 99.6324 & 99.5450 & 99.62387 & 99.6174 & 99.6475 & 99.6324 & 0.9958 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Chaotic \\ maps \\ 99.803 \\ \end{tabular} & 99.61 & 99.6125 & 99.60594 \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: NPCR Values Compared with the Literature.