# Flue Gas Composition and Treatment Potential of a Waste Incineration Plant
## 2 Methods and Materials
### Flue Gas Volume as a Function of LCV  
The volume of flue gas for stoichiometric conditions can be assessed as a function of the lower calorific value (LCV) of the MSW itself. Flue gas consists of dry gas fraction and water vapor fraction divisions. Due to the dense experience, the typical values of those divisions are available as a function of the energy content of the waste (LCV) (see Table 5). LCV 7 MJ/kg was used for this study. The flue gas volume consisted of 0.36 kg/MJ dry flue gas and 0.026 kg/MJ water vapor. The total amount of thermal energy released from the furnace depends on the waste incineration plant capacity. As the capacity of the proposed system was 25 kg/s (90,000 kg/h) [12], then:  
the total thermal energy released from this system = 90,000 (kg/h) \(\times\) 7 (MJ/kg) = 630,000 (MJ/h). The dry flue gas portion was 630,000 (MJ/h) \(\times\) 0.36 (kg/MJ) = 226,800 kg/h. The water vapor flue gas portion was 630,000 (MJ/kg) \(\times\) 0.026 (kg/MJ) = 16,380 kg/h. The total mass flow of flue gas was 243,180 kg/h. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**Reactants**} & \multicolumn{4}{l}{**Resulting Material**} \\  & **H\({}_{2}\)** & **O\({}_{2}\)** & **N\({}_{2}\)** & **H\({}_{2}\)O** & **N\({}_{2}\)** \\ \hline No. of moles & 1 & 1 & 3.76 & 2 & 3.76 \\ Atomic weights & 2.02 & 32 & 28.02 & 18.02 & 28.02 \\ Molecular weights & 2.02 & 32 & 105.36 & 35.04 & 105.36 \\ Material weight to & 1 & 7.92 & 26.08 & 8.92 & 26.08 \\ carbon weight & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The chemical properties of hydrogen interacting with air. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**Reactants**} & \multicolumn{4}{l}{**Resulting Material**} \\  & **C** & **O\({}_{2}\)** & **N\({}_{2}\)** & **CO\({}_{2}\)** & **N\({}_{2}\)** & **O\({}_{2}\)** \\ \hline No. of moles & 1 & 1.2 & (1.2 + 3.76) & 1 & (1.2 + 3.76) & 0.2 \\ Atomic weights & 12.01 & 32 & 28.02 & 44.01 & 28.02 & 32 \\ Molecular weights & 12.01 & 38.4 & 138.9 & 44.01 & 138.9 & 6.4 \\ Material weight to & 1 & 3.19 & 11.57 & 3.66 & 11.57 & 0.53 \\ carbon weight & & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The chemical properties of interacting carbon with 20% excess air. The design temperature of the flue gas (the minimum temperature must be reached) was taken as 850 \({}^{\circ}\)C. At this temperature, the flue gas density was around 0.31 kg/m\({}^{3}\), and the density of the flue gas was specified from the flue gas property tables available in [20; 22] as function of its temperature. Note that the design temperature plays a major role in minimizing and reducing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) as explained later. The volumetric flue gas flow was 243,180 (kg/h)/0.31 (kg/m\({}^{3}\)) = 784,451.6 m\({}^{3}\)/h = 218 m\({}^{3}\)/s. This was the volumetric flue gas flow rate subjected to stoichiometric conditions and at 850 \({}^{\circ}\)C for the flue gas design temperature. Of course, in the Epsilon simulation results, the flue gas volumetric flow is greater than the design value due to the higher temperature of flue gas (see Figure 2). According to the available results (values) related to the flue gas aspects harvested from the simulation process in Epsilon, for the same MSW parameters in terms of LCV, temperature, pressure, and mass flow, different flue gas properties were raised due to the direct effect of excess air. This governing parameter (excess air) is controllable in Epsilon to moderate the combustion inside the furnace component and to control the temperature of the flue gas (see Figure 2).