## 1 Introduction  
An imbalance in the excavation ratio has been a major obstacle affecting the safe and efficient production of coal. Especially, with the increase of rock hardness, various problems, such as pick wear and component failure, will arise, which often lead to lower efficiency, and even cause the machinery to not work. Therefore, if the mechanical properties of the cutter head for rock crushing and the wear mechanism of picks can be accurately assessed, the cutting performance of road headers will be greatly improved for higher efficiency industrial production. However, the working condition of a pick is often severe, complex, and dynamic in nature. Conical picks work usually under high impact and stress conditions, resulting in frequent failure. The failure modes include premature wear, carbide tip drop off, fracture, and normal wear [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7]. In order to understand the cutting properties of a pick, researchers have carried out substantial experimental work on pick cutting force prediction. Experimental studies were performed to obtain the cutting performance parameters of conical picks, such as the pick force and wear influenced by cutting parameters and rock properties. Full-scale cutting tests in different types of sedimentary rocks, with bits having various degrees of wear, have been conducted to evaluate the influence of bit wear on cutting forces and specific energy. Studies have examined the relationship of the amount of wear represented by the size of wear flats at the tip of bits, cutting forces, and specific energy [5]. [PERSON] also investigated the influence of pick cutting types, structures, and working angle parameters on pick wear, and the effect of wear on the pick cutting performance, by using an experimental apparatus to cut coal rock [6]. [PERSON] et al. [8] carried out full-scale linear cutting tests, with different cutting depths and cut spacing, to study the conical pick performance on 22 different rock specimens, having compressive strength varying from 10 to 170 MPa. They found that the pick force and specific energy are positively correlated with rock properties, especially the uniaxial compressive strength and Brazilian tensile strength. [PERSON] et al. [9; 10; 11] studied the wear mechanisms of conical picks in coal cutting by different testing methods. [PERSON] compared the performance of buttons and conical picks based on data obtained from underground field trials, laboratory tests, and metallographic examinations. High cutting forces associated with worn picks have caused the increased vibration of a continuous miner [12]. In our work, for obtaining more accurate single-pick cutting test data, a large number of cutting tests were done on a full-scale rotary cutting machine, which is currently one of the most advanced single-pick rotary cutting machines to provide accurate cutting parameters for numerical simulation models. In recent years, engineers and researchers have done large quantities of analysis on the forces imposed on a rock-cutting pick via simulations to study the wear of picks in the process of rock cutting. In numerical simulations, several computational methods have been widely used as efficient simulation tools to analyze the mechanical performance of picks and critical failure modes of rock fracture [13; 14; 15], like the finite element method (FEM), meshless methods, and so on. [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the effect of cutting pick stress with different cutting linear velocities using Pro/E (Pro/Engineer software) and the ANSYS (ANSYS is a large general finite element analysis software developed by ANSYS corporation) finite element method [16], in which the model was created and the loads were applied at the top of the cutting pick. [PERSON] studied the stress characteristics and failure mechanism of the cuttings under normal working condition, brazing loose condition, and tooth wear condition using ABAQUS which is a finite element analysis software [17; 18].