## 3 Results  
Our 2019 survey collected a total of 112 species and morphospecies from 46 genera and nine subfamilies. Among these, 51 species (46%), 10 genera (22%), and one subfamily (11%) represented new records for Macao. We also found four additional species and one new genus record among the specimens opportunistically collected between 2017 and 2020. In total, the new records reported here include one subfamily, 11 genera, and 55 species and morphospecies (Figure 2, Table 2). The new genera reported for Macao are: _Brachymyrmex_ (exotic), _Buniopone_, _Dilobocondyla_, _Gesomyrmex_, _Iridomyrnex_, _Mayriella_, _Probolomyrmex_, _Proceratium_, _Pseudolasius_, _Rotastruma_ and _Vollenwoia_, while the Proceratinae subfamily is here recorded for the first time. The overall number of ant species known from Macao thus increases by 55%, from 100 to 155 species and morphospecies (Figure 2, Table 2), which represents the third highest urban ant diversity out of 123 entries (see Figure 1, Table 1). For images of these species and maps of their distribution in Macao and SE Asia, see Appendix A (Figures A1-A158). The sampling methods varied in their overlap for the species they collected (Figure 3). Of the 112 species collected during the 2019 survey, 10 species were only found in leaf litter extractions, five in ground baits, 10 in subterranean baits, 13 in hand collections, and eight in arboreal baits, whereas the other 66 were collected with more than one method. Artificial nests did not collect new species records nor unique species, but they did provide \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Studies** & **Species** & **Subspecies** & **Morphospecies** & **Total per Year** & **Cumulative Total** \\ \hline [PERSON] 1921 [188] & 4 & 0 & 0 & 4 & 4 \\ [PERSON] 1928 [189] & 24 & 2 & 0 & 26 & 30 \\ [PERSON] 1930 [190] & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 31 \\ [PERSON] 1941 [191] & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 32 \\ [PERSON] et al. 1995 [192] & 3 & 0 & 0 & 3 & 35 \\ [PERSON] 2001 [193] & 2 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 37 \\ [PERSON] 2003 [194] & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 38 \\ [PERSON] 2006 [195] & 6 & 1 & 0 & 7 & 45 \\ [PERSON] 2008 [196] & 5 & 0 & 0 & 5 & 50 \\ [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] 2017 [53] & 41 & 1 & 7 & 49 & 99 \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 100 \\
2021 [55] & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 100 \\ This study & 40 & 0 & 15 & 55 & 155 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary table of all new ant species records made in Macao over time with details on the number of reported ant species, subspecies, and morphospecies. Figure 2: Number of new records per year in Macao. Bar plots showing (**a**) the number of new ant species record for Macao based on literature records and this study and (**b**) bar plots showing the accumulation of ant species found in Macao based on literature records and this study. The proportion of native species (blue), tramp species (light orange), and exotic species (dark red) are denoted within bar plots. sociometric data for 15 species from a total of 913 nests recovered, for a colonization rate of 3% (Table S2). We found few habitat generalists, with only seven species collected in all strata (Table 3, Figure 4)--_Monomorium intrudens_, _M. floricola_, _Nylanderia sharpii_, _Pheidole megacapha_, _P. turinda_, _Tapinoma indicium_, and _T. melanocephaulum_--three of which (43%) are exotics. Ten species were only collected within the subterranean stratum and 14 species only in the arboreal stratum (Table 3, Figure 4). In contrast, most species were ground-dwelling (\(n=52\)) or collected within two strata (\(n=36\)). The highest proportion of new records found solely within one stratum were in the subterranean (9/10 species: 90%), arboreal (9/14 species: 64%), and then ground (25/52 species: 48%) strata (Figure 4). Figure 3: Heatmap showing the number of shared species between collection methods used in the 2019 survey. Color illustrates the strength of the correlation between sampling methods in the shared species they collect. The diagonal represents the total number of species collected for each method.