# Mycoremediation as a Potentially Promising Technology: Current Status and Prospects--A Review
## 3 Bioremediation (In Situ and Ex Situ)
### In Situ Bioremediation
#### 3.2.1 Types of In Situ Bioremediation  
Intrinsic bioremediation is a technique using the inherent propensities of the local microbial population to convert environmental pollutants into nontoxic forms. Typically, this process is applied to subsurface locations such as underground petroleum tanks. Intrinsic bioremediation utilizes the existing capabilities of microbial communities in the natural environment to degrade environmental pollutants without modifying them or accelerating the process through engineered processes [99]. The local microbial population is stimulated, and its metabolic activity is increased by supplying nutrients and oxygen. Enhanced (Engineered) In Situ Bioremediation  
As its name implies, this method introduces a microorganism to the contaminated area. By improving the physicochemical conditions to promote the growth of microorganisms, engineered in situ bioremediation speeds up the degradation process. * Biosparging  
Biosparging is a biological process that eliminates aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and naphthalene. This process involves the reduction of aromatic compounds and mineral oil into a more straightforward, more useful form by adding appropriate aerobic bacteria. To promote microbial activity and improve the removal of pollutants from polluted sites, air is introduced into the subsoil, similar to bioventing. When air is pumped into the saturated zone during biosparging, volatile organic compounds may migrate upward into the unsaturated zone to speed up the biodegradation [107]. Two significant factors influence the biosparging procedure: the permeability of the soil (which determines the bioavailability of pollutants for microorganisms) and the biodegradability of the pollutant. * Bioaugmentation  
Bioaugmentation is a strategy to increase the effectiveness of the existing microorganism population in reducing contamination. This technique involves adding an organic culture to the contaminated soil to create a bioreactor-like environment. Two standard options for remediating a contaminated site are adding a pre-adapted pure bacterial strain and a pre-adapted consortium. Bioaugmentation is primarily utilized for bioremediation on oil-contaminated sites. Bioaugmentation is an inexpensive technique for treating wastewater and soil contamination compared with other methods [108]. * Bio-venting  
Bio-venting is an in situ remediation technology that uses microorganisms to decompose organic soil elements [109]. This technique includes the controlled stimulation of airflow to enhance bioremediation by increasing the activity of indigenous microorganisms. Bio-venting consists of adding nutrients and moisture to enhance bioremediation and achieve the non-toxic transformation of pollutants by microorganisms. This method has gained importance among in situ bioremediation techniques, especially for the remediation of sites contaminated by light petroleum products. Bioventing is used primarily for degrading adsorbed fuel residuals, but it can also be used for degrading volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via biologically active soil. * Bioslurping  
The technique of bioslurping combines bioventing with vacuum-enhanced pumping to remediate soil and groundwater by indirectly supplying oxygen and promoting con taminant biodegradation [110]. This method employs a \"slurp\" that extends into the free product layer and draws up liquids (free products and soil gas) from this layer in a way similar to how a straw draws the fluid from any vessel. An adjustable-length \"slurp tube\" is installed in the well of the bioslurping system. As the slurp tube is connected to a vacuum pump, free product, and some groundwater can be extracted from the light non-aqueous phase liquids layer (LNAPL). The vacuum-induced negative pressure zone promotes the LNAPL flow to the well, which also attracts LNAPL trapped in tiny pore spaces above the water table. This method purifies soils contaminated with semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds.