# Exposure Time to Work-Related Hazards and Factors Affecting Musculoskeletal Pain in Nurses
## 3 Results
### Factors Affecting Musculoskeletal Pains
#### 3.3.3 Factors Affecting Lower Limb Pain  
Table 8 shows the percentage of nurses who experienced lower limb pain, and the lower limb pain reporting rate was 15.2%. Table 7 suggests that exposure to noise, handling heavy objects, and awkward postures for more than 4 h increases the likelihood of reporting lower limb pain.  
The binary logistic regression model on lower limb pain shows a satisfactory level of explanatory power (Nagelkerke value = 0.241). Based on the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, the model was appropriate (\(p\) = 0.963), and the model's prediction accuracy was high (86.1%).  
The factors that contribute to lower limb pain include awkward posture (\(p\) = 0.001), patient lifting/carrying (\(p\) = 0.002), and repetitive motion (\(p\) = 0.006).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variables**} & **Prevalence** & \multirow{2}{*}{**B**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**OR**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**95\% C.I. for OR**} \\ \cline{4-7}  & & **Rate (\%)** & & & & **Lower** & **Upper** \\ \hline Working experience (Years) & & & & 0.068 & & & \\  & \textless{}3 (ref) & 26.1\% & & & & & \\  & 3–6 & 20.1\% & \(-\)0.013 & 0.967 & 0.987 & 0.539 & 1.809 \\  & \(\geq\)6 & 31.3\% & 0.554 & 0.057 & 1.739 & 0.983 & 3.078 \\ Shift system & & & & 0.013 * & & & \\ Day duty (ref) & 21.3\% & & & & & & \\ Daily split shifts & 60.0\% & 1.568 & 0.129 & 4.796 & 0.633 & 36.358 \\ Permanent shifts & 41.4\% & 1.055 & 0.002 * & 2.872 & 1.460 & 5.650 \\ Rotating shifts & 31.0\% & 0.248 & 0.423 & 1.281 & 0.699 & 2.347 \\ Heavy load handling & & & \textless{}0.001 * & & & & \\  & \textless{}2 h (ref) & 21.1\% & & & & \\  & 2–4 h & 47.9\% & 1.187 & 0.001 * & 3.276 & 1.656 & 6.479 \\  & \(\geq\)4 h & 70.0\% & 1.977 & \textless{}0.001 * & 7.224 & 2.495 & 20.916 \\ Standing posture & & & & 0.033 * & & & \\  & \textless{}2 h (ref) & 25.4\% & & & & \\  & 2–4 h & 14.6\% & \(-\)1.061 & 0.020 * & 0.346 & 0.141 & 0.847 \\  & \(\geq\)4 h & 29.1\% & \(-\)0.198 & 0.578 & 0.820 & 0.408 & 1.648 \\ Repetitive motion & & & \textless{}0.001 * & & & & \\  & \textless{}2 h (ref) & 17.0\% & & & & & \\  & 2–4 h & 40.8\% & 1.430 & \textless{}0.001 * & 4.181 & 2.001 & 8.733 \\  & \(\geq\)4 h & 31.8\% & 0.634 & 0.017 * & 1.885 & 1.122 & 3.165 \\ Constant & & & \(-\)2.072 & \textless{}0.001 * & 0.126 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* significant at 0.05, ref = reference, OR = odds ratio, C.I. = confidence interval.  
\end{table}
Table 7: Results of binary logistic regression analysis with upper limb pain.  
Noise is associated with a 14.731 times higher likelihood of lower limb pain in nurses exposed for 4 h or more compared to those exposed for less than 2 h. Awkward posture is associated with a 2.523 times higher likelihood of lower limb pain in workers exposed for 4 h or more compared to those exposed for less than 2 h. Patient lifting/carrying is associated with a 2.555 times higher likelihood of lower limb pain in nurses exposed for 2-4 h and a 3.997 times higher likelihood in those exposed for 4 h or more compared to workers exposed for less than 2 h. Repetitive motion is associated with a 3.887 times higher likelihood of lower limb pain in nurses exposed for 2-4 h and a 2.306 times higher likelihood in those exposed for 4 h or more compared to workers exposed for less than 2 h.