## 3 Compositional Data on Date Seeds and Date Seed Coffee Products
### Vitamins  
Vitamin E is a group of lipophilic antioxidants, known as tocopherols (four isomers, \(\alpha\), \(\beta\), \(\gamma\), and \(\delta\)), that are naturally formed in plants. They are essential for supporting several endogenous functions in human health, such as the immune and nervous systems, the protection of vessels, and general antioxidant effects. The recommended daily intake is 11 to 15 mg of vitamin E. An additional maximum intake of 30 mg/d through supple  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fatty Acids** & **Composition (Range in \%)** & **Reference** \\ \hline Oleic acid, C\({}_{18:1}\) & Monounsaturated & 39.2–50.1 & [2,11,23,24,26,30] \\ Lauric acid, C\({}_{120}\) & & 5.8–38.8 & [2,11,23,24,26,30] \\ Myristic acid, C\({}_{14:0}\) & Saturated fatty acid & 3.1–12.8 & [11,23,24,26,30] \\ Palmitic acid, C\({}_{16:0}\) & & 7.8–15.1 & [2,11,23,24,26,30] \\ Stearic acid, C\({}_{18:0}\) & & 1.3–5.7 & [11,23,24,26,30] \\ Linoleic acid, C\({}_{18:2}\) & & 6.1–21.0 & [2,11,23,24,26,30] \\ Linoleic acid, C\({}_{18:3}\) & & 0.1–2.3 & [11,23,24,26,30] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Fatty acid composition of date seed oils (%).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Minerals** & **[41]** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Amount (Range in** \\ **mg/kg)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Reference** & **Maximum Intake Levels** \\ \hline Sodium (Na) & & 8.8–268.7 & [2,4,11,23,24,42,44] & n.a. [45] \\ Potassium (K) & _Main elements and_ & 21.9–4857.6 & [2,4,10,11,23,24,42,44] & n.a. [45] \\ Calcium (Ca) & _minerals_ & 27.1–1472 & [2,4,10,11,23,24,42,44] & 2500 mg/d * [45] \\ Magnesium (Mg) & & 10–788.5 & [10,11,23,24,42,44] & 250 mg/d [45] \\ \hline Copper (Cu) & & 5.2–8.7 & [2,4,10,24,42] & 5 mg/d [45] \\ Iron (Fe) & & 0.9–150.5 & [2,4,10,11,23,24,42,44] & n.a. [45] \\ Manganese (Mn) & _Trace_ & 6.2–17.9 & [2,4,10,24,42] & n.a. [45] \\ Zinc (Zn) & _elements_ & 0.7–18.4 & [2,4,10,24,42,44] & 25 mg/d [45] \\ Chromium (Cr) & & \textless{}0.05–9.7 & [2,4,24] & n.a. [45] \\ Nickel (Ni) & & 1.12 & [42] & 13 ug/kg/d (TDI) [42] \\ \hline Tin (Sn) & & 6.43 & [35] & 250 mg/kg [46] \\ Aluminum (Al) & & 5–21.2 & [4] & 1 mg/kg b.w. (TWI) [47] \\ Arsenic (Ar) & & 0.017 & [35] & 0.030 mg/kg * [48] \\ Antimony (Sb) & _Ultra-trace_ & 0.059 & [35] & Negligible risk [49] \\ Mercury (Hg) & _elements_ & 0.026 & [35] & 4 ug/kg b.w. (TWI) [50] \\ Cadmium (Cd) & & n.a., \textless{}0.05–0.42 & [2,4,10,35,42,51] & 2.5 ug/kg b.w. (TWI) [52] \\ Lead (Pb) & & n.a., \textless{}0.05–1.1 & [2,4,10,35,42,51] & 0.2 mg/kg (wheat) [48] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Mineral content of commercially roasted date seed powders (mg/kg).  
ments should not be exceeded [53]. According to the EFSA's tolerable upper intake level, up to 300 mg/d of vitamin E does not cause harm to human health [45]. Besides vitamin E, certain amounts of vitamin K1-3 are also present [44].  
The main detected tocopherols in date seed oils from different cultivars were \(\alpha\)-tocotrienol (31.8-37.4 mg/100 g oil), \(\gamma\)-tocopherol (7.6-11.8 mg/100 g oil), and \(\gamma\)-tocotrienol (4.6-8.5 mg/100 g oil), which were followed by \(\delta\)-tocopherol (1.1-2.8 mg/100 g oil) and \(\beta\)-tocopherol (0.7-1.3 mg/100 g oil). A total of around 51.5 mg tools (tocomberols and tocotrienols) in 100 g oil were measured [23; 26]. \(\alpha\)-Tocopherol is known for its high biological vitamin E activity, which is 10 to 30% higher than \(\gamma\)-tocopherol. An \(\alpha\)-tocopherol content from 0.3 to 1.7 mg/100 g oil was detected [23; 26; 36].