# Analysis of Security Issues and Countermeasures for the Industrial Internet of Things  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia 11 School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia 1  
[PERSON]  
2 Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia 2  
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(IIoT) that aims to improve the efficiency in operations and product quality of an industry in real-time. IIoT requires minimal human intervention for performing a task. In other words, it is more automated than traditional computer-assisted industrial systems. It is predicted that the IIoT marketplace will be worth USD 106.1 billion by 2026, and it is worth USD 76.7 billion in 2021 [4]. In Figure 1, we illustrate the relationship among IoT, CPS, Industry 4.0, and IIoT [5]. In the figure, we can precisely see the intersection between IoT and Industry 4.0, IoT and CPS, and CPS and Industry 4.0. Common concepts provided in these intersections are as follows: (1) _IoT and Industry 4.0_ deals with human-to-machine communications, inter-connectivity, low-cost sensors applications, machine-to-machine communications, and cloud computing-based services; (2) _IoT and CPS_ considers fog computing enabling IIoT, efficient resource sharing, real-time systems, and applications that are coupled with the physical and virtual computing environment; (3) _CPS and Industry 4.0_ delivers innovative functionalities through Web of Things (WoB) with appropriate computing and communication infrastructures [6;7]. We note that an important requirement for IIoT systems is dependability, which has different facets [8]. Some basic needs of dependability are _reliability_, _safety_, _availability_, _maintainability_, and _security_. Reliability implies to what extent a system operates correctly. Safety guarantees that no catastrophe occurs when there is a failure. Availability is related to the readiness of a system for usage. Highly available systems provide their functionality even when there is a system failure. High maintainability means that changing the configuration of a system or replacing failed components is an easy task. Finally, security is another critical requirement for dependable systems. There are different applications of IIoT with varying issues of dependability. An example of an IIoT application is the industrial automation of smart digital factories. To this end, wireless IIoT networks can be used for real-time monitoring and industrial control [9]. Pervasive [10] and ubiquitous computing [11] have a long tradition of looking into the integration of physical objects with the digital world. The IIoT combines the components of the digital and physical worlds of IoT, CPS, and Industry 4.0 by bringing diverse concepts and technological components of ubiquitous and pervasive computing together for large-scale industrial sectors. On the one hand, ubiquitous computing is a concept in software engineering where general-purpose machines (e.g., personal computers) are replaced by many specialized computers embedded into everyday objects and can be used for  
Figure 1: Relationship among IoT, CPS, Industry 4.0, and IIoT. identifying, sensing, networking, etc., data processing. A typical application for this is the smart home, whereby with the use of such technology, users can control and monitor the lighting, thermostat, or even a microwave from a smart phone. Therefore, ubiquitous computing makes much greater use of technology.