# Remote Sensing for International Peace and Security: Its Role and Implications
## 3 Results
### Remote Sensing in Armed Conflicts
Figure 9a,b show the encroachment around the Abbasid Palace and its peripheral area using satellite data before (8 April 2011) and after (1 July 2016) the conflict, respectively. The former Abbasid Palace compound, Syria, which was one of the archaeological sites, is now covered by a modern building visible in satellite data [60]. The temporal satellite data shows the change in the built-up area due to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) activities. On the city scale, the high-resolution satellite data have been used for mapping ambient light during the night in urban environments for security [61]. In the domain of conflict in resource-rich regions, the oil production of ISIS has been estimated using remote sensing techniques for geopolitics and energy security [62]. The politics of carbon sequestration to awareness about the potentials of negative emissions have been discussed in Reference [63]. A security assessment model for geo-energy that quantifies geo-strategic oil energy security by China for oil pipeline construction in Russian pacific (from 1995 to 2010) has been rebuilt [64]. With inspiration from previous work on methodologies in political geography, a linkage between politics and language has also been explored in the context of the 2011-1000 years. Figure 8: Satellite images of conflict zones in Sudan showing evidence of arson attacks: (**a**,**c**) pre-conflict images of 12 February 2011 showing intact buildings (**b**,**d**) are post-conflict images on 3 March 2011 showing burned structures in the Maker Awat region. (**e**) show the damaged and non-damaged structures of Tajalei region mapped from Worldview 2 imagery on 6 March 2011. [Source: UNITAR/UNOSAT]. Figure 9: Satellite images of conflict zones in Syria: (**a**,**b**) the Abbasid Palace area encroachment as observed from images taken in April 2011 and July 2016, respectively [Images are reproduced from [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. studies [62] Image sources: GoogleEarth images date of access: 28 November 2020]. been examined in Reference [65]. The converging applications of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and remote sensing through autonomous drones for international peace and security have been discussed in Reference [66]. The contemporary geopolitics in terms of the digital representations of space such as Google Maps, OpenStreetMap, geopolitical properties, and geopolitical subjectivity have been discussed in Reference [39]. The geopolitical remote sensing has been discussed with an emphasis on aerial data collection rather than ground-based data collection [67]. On a large scale, country-specific applications, the imagery captured using commercial satellites have been used for the security of Canada [68] and use of the field spectroscopy for security in Cyprus [69]. The geopolitical approaches to outer space activities and the effect of launching several satellites into space have been discussed in Reference [70]. A survey on the scope of remote sensing technology in assessing the influence of conflict has been carried out by [PERSON] [71]. A case study on the Arab Spring was carried out to quantify the conflict level using remote sensing techniques [31]. A survey on the scope of remote sensing approach in assessing the influence of conflict has been carried out by [PERSON] [71]. Another use of remote sensing technology in the region for monitoring of conflict and damage to the heritage sites using satellite data. Previously, manual satellite image interpretation techniques were used to assess damage or changes in the area. These manual interpretation techniques were laborious and time-consuming. However, the recent automatic classification of satellite imagery and change detection methods are promising to monitor the changes [58]. According to [PERSON] et al. [39], there are many types of social settings that are not considered as war or conflict. Remote sensing techniques have played an instrumental role in supporting complex emergency cases from time to time. [PERSON] et al.