# Railway Cloud: Management and Orchestration Functionality Designed as Microservices
## 2 Related Works
Interworking implies an increase in complexity; however, this must be achieved without compromising the vital key performance indicators. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Cloud Management** & **Reference** & **Considered Problems** \\
**Aspects** & **Numbers** & **1** \\ \hline Multi-cloud & & **1** \\ platform management & & **1** \\ Cloud resource allocation & & **1** \\ Cloud security & & **1** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of the recent research on cloud management. This literature review shows that there is a lack of unified open cloud management platforms that meet the strict requirements of railway operators for ultra-high reliability, safety, and security. In this paper, novel railway cloud functions and a unified management interface are proposed. The presented cloud-based railway control architecture enables a railway operator to both use clouds from different providers and manage them uniformly. The suggested cloud management functionality is synthesised as services for the orchestration of railway cloud life cycle processes based on open interfaces. Open interfaces expose improved capacity, high reliability, and better service provisioning in comparison with any proprietary ones. The intelligent railway control system architecture presented in [24] aims to enhance resiliency, scalability, automation, interoperability, innovation fostering, unified management, and enhanced security. The architecture is cloud-based and enables hardware and software disaggregation, eliminates the need for proprietary hardware, and mitigates the vendor-dependency risks. The cloudification of railway functions fosters scalability, enabling the deployment of flexible and modular components. The architecture allows for embedding intelligence in railway operation and management, incorporating machine learning (ML) framework, and providing an environment to run both non-real-time and near-real-time AI applications. It has the potential to improve interoperability as railway operators can manage different components based on open application programming interfaces (APIs), which also reduces complexity and fosters innovation. The focus in [24] is on the disaggregation of control functionality related to the automation of railway functions and the open interface between time-tolerant and time-sensitive control. In [24], the intelligent control functionality is elaborated on, and a microservices-based approach to the design of AI/ML lifecycle procedures is proposed. Microservices' functionality includes the discovery of the capabilities of the ML model and inference host, ML model training, selection, deployment, inference, performance monitoring, retraining updates, and termination. In this paper, the focus is on railway cloud as an important component of an intelligent railway control system architecture and its interface towards achieving the management, automation, and orchestration of a platform. This paper's novelty lies in our proposed approach to design railway cloud management and orchestration functionality as microservices. Our research findings will hopefully enable railway operators to develop their own Mobility as a Service (MaaS) applications that offer customised mobility solutions tailored to the user's individual needs [63]. The research methodology includes an analysis of basic railway cloud orchestration use cases, the identification of railway cloud management functionality, the synthesis of railway cloud orchestration microservices, the verification of microservices, and the evaluation of microservice performance indicators, which are all critical for creating railway operations that are reliable and safe. The analysis of railway cloud orchestration includes cases, with the goal of deriving the requirements of railway cloud management functionality. Based on these requirements, the basic functionality required for railway cloud provisioning is identified and synthesised as services.