# Blockchain Applications in Forestry: A Systematic Literature Review
## 4 Blockchain Applications in the Forestry Sector
### Traceability
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Smart Contract** & **Platform** & **Main Focus** & **Purpose(s) of the Use of Blockchain** \\ \hline
[34] & Yes & Hyperledger Fabric & A blockchain-based technical solution & To provide a blockchain-based technological solution to prevent illegal logging \\ \hline
[35] & Yes & Ethereum & Azure Blockchain Workbench & To trace and validate wood from standing tree to the final user \\ \hline
[36] & N/A & N/A & A tamper-proof digital system & To combine blockchain with digital protocols for physical verification and authentication in timber tracking \\ \hline
[37] & Yes & Ethereum & LogLog: A Blockchain Solution for Tracking and Certifying Wood Volumes & To trace wood volumes in the timber supply chain \\ \hline
[38] & Yes & Ethereum & A Tamper-Proof Volume Wood Tracking System & To validate certified wood and record the origin of wood \\ \hline
[39] & N/A & Ethereum & Ethereum decentralized application (Dapp) & To trace and validate teak wood in the supply chain via Ethereum DApp \\ \hline
[40] & N/A & N/A & Image Identification of blockchain-based Wood blockchain-based wood traceability system by tracking aKAZE method replace the traditional image-based methods \\ \hline
[41] & N/A & N/A & Blockchain-based contract management platform & To control and manage the documents and permits to reduce complexity of contract management \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Blockchain-based applications in the traceability of wood products. chain's physical entities include farmers, forestry staff, manufacturers, and customers. Meanwhile, farmers, forestry staff and manufacturers upload digital data to the Ethereum blockchain. All entities can check whether the teak wood is verified wood via the Ethereum decentralized application (Dapp). The information, such as teak owner name, the identifier of planting teak, teak profile, location of planting teak, and verified date, can be uploaded and extracted from the systems [39]. The two-level architecture of the Ethereum Dapp includes front-end UI (NodeJS) and web3 library. The users register and input teak wood information through front-end UI to web3 library. The web3 library responds to the information from the front-end client to the Ethereum blockchain [39]. [PERSON] & [PERSON] [38] proposed a timber-tracking supply chain with smart contracts. The exchange smart contract embedded in the system may create a transparency supply chain with validated wood. The system can mark illegal transactions, transfer of goods operations and mis-labelled wood in the wood supply chain [38]. [PERSON] et al. [37] proposed an auditing system to trace wood volume in the supply chain. This study [37] indicated that blockchain technology could satisfy industrial demands by developing competitive single-database systems. [PERSON] et al. pointed out that the LogLog system they proposed has greater availability, traceability, and data integrity than a hybridized system [37]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [36] proposed a tamper-proof digital system with blockchain technology for digital tracking of timber to solve illegal timber trade between countries from a macroscopic perspective. This tamper-proof digital system combined blockchain with new digital protocols for physical verification and authentication [36]. Authorities can supervise the imported timber and verify its legal status in Blockchain-based systems. The transactions in blockchain can be linked to its DNA profile in digital form as a cryptographic hash [36]. The companies in timber supply chain can check the certification of a composite wood product in the blockchain [36]. This proposed blockchain system is better than Chain of Custody (CoC) systems. The CoC system is used in European timber companies, which is easy to manipulate [36]. [PERSON] et al. [35] developed a prototype of a blockchain-based traceability system to trace wood using the Azure Blockchain Workbench.