## 1 Introduction  
Currently, the global demand for carbon neutrality and energy utilization efficiency is increasing, and the energy crisis has attracted wide attention [1, 2]. Emission reduction, substitution and energy saving are the main ways to achieve carbon peak, carbon neutrality and reduce energy consumption. Developing efficient insulated materials is an important for energy conservation. Excellent insulation materials can reduce energy loss and cost, producing great social benefits [3]. Vacuum insulation technology utilizes vacuum to eliminate convection and to achieve heat preservation and insulation, which has been applied in the petrochemical industry, refrigeration equipment, nuclear power and other fields [4, 5, 6]. Vacuum-insulated glazing (VIG) refers to a glass product that is separated by two flat glasses with supporting pillars, and the periphery is sealed to form an evacuated gap [7, 8]. Due to the high inner vacuum degree, VIG can effectively block sound and heat transfer, and has excellent insulating, anti-fogging and anti-frosting properties. As a top-grade transparent insulation material, VIG has become important in glass deep processing around the world and has shown great market prospects in construction, facility agriculture, solar photovoltaic and automobile industry, etc. [9, 10, 11]. Since 1913, when [PERSON]. [12] first conceptualized VIG and applied for the first patent, VIG has been theoretically studied. In 1991, the first sample was created at the University of Sydney [13, 14, 15]. Domestic research for VIG started in 2005, with high temperature side sealing technology created for its manufacturing [16]. In recent years, the research on VIGmainly involves glass substrates, supporting pillar materials, edge sealing processes and thermal coupling mechanisms [17,18]. The optical and thermal parameters of glass panes have a crucial impact on the performance of insulation and transmittance for VIG. Float glass was applied as a main material for vacuum glass panes due to its good transparency, flatness and mechanical strength. In addition, the safety and photothermal performances were also improved by tempered, laminated or coating glass [19, 20, 21]. Supporting pillars were designed to prevent the deformation failure between two glass substrates under atmospheric pressure, among which metal and glass pillars were often used. [PERSON] et al. [22] executed screen printing to layout the supporting pillars for improving the thickness uniformity and reliability. In addition, the sealing materials with comprehensive features such as environmental protection, high stability and low sealing temperature are conducive to improve the mechanical property of VIG [23, 24, 25]. Laser brazing sealing process within a vacuum chamber was recently explored to optimize microstructure characteristics for VIG [26,27]. The placement for supporting pillars is of great importance during the VIG production. Overlapping, vacancy and excessive spacing of supporting pillars will increase the concentrated stress for glass plates, raising the potential risk of failure [28]. Therefore, under the continuous stress condition of VIG, this study carried out multi-objective optimization for supporting stress in view of the various factors affecting the stress distribution and the high cost of sample preparation. In this paper, a static model for glass pane was established under atmospheric pressure and the square-distributed supporting pillars; multi-objective optimization was designed based on bending stress and deflection to solve the optimal spacing and size parameters for the supporting pillars; and maximum deformation and stress were compared from an existing case to verify the feasibility using computer simulation. The objective of this study was to introduce a multi-objective optimization for supporting pillars to improve the mechanical stability of VIG. This research will act as a theoretical reference for future studies, promoting the in-depth development of VIG and exploration of high-strength safety products.