# Multiservice-Based Traffic Scheduling for 5G Access Traffic Steering, Switching and Splitting
## 4 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Simulation Results  
During the simulation, the 5% of users who demonstrated the lowest throughput were considered cell-edge users. The simulation results reveal that the average throughput realized by the SC NR cell-edge users was 0.60 Mbps, while that of the corresponding multi-path users was 9.52 Mbps. This confirms that the ATSSS feature significantly improves the throughput of cell-edge users. Next, we focused our analysis on user satisfaction. We used the bandwidth and power average distribution (AD) scheme as a comparison scheme. 3 GPP R-17 TS 23.501 defines three steering modes supported by ATSSS technology. Correspondingly, there are three types of network switching. The three modes are: active-standby, smallest delay, and load-balancing [52]. Among them, the AD algorithm is one of the load-balancing steering modes. In load-balancing steering mode, each access network receives a percentage of Multi-Access PDU (MA-PDU) session data, depending on the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Value**} \\ \hline Carrier frequency & NR & 3.5 GHz \\  & WLAN & 5 GHz \\ \hline Propagation path-loss model & NR & Urban macro cellular \\  & WLAN & (Uma)Indoor \\ \hline Bandwidth & NR & 10 MHz \\  & WLAN & 22 MHz \\ \hline NR inter-site distance (ISD) & 40 m & \\ \hline WLAN AP in a cell & 3 & \\ \hline Maximum transmit power (UE) & 21 dBm & \\ \hline UE moving speed & 30 km/h & \\ \hline Inter-network handover delay & 50 ms & \\ \hline Intra-network handover delay & 10 ms & \\ \hline File-transfer protocol (FTP) service & 1 & \\   data-packet arrival rate \(\alpha\) & 4 M & \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Window size (mathematically obtained from} & 200 ms \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{expectation statistics)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\ \hline \(Td_{\text{chr}}\) & 8 kbps & \\ \hline \(Td_{\text{ds}}\) & 20 Mbps & \\ \hline \(Td_{\text{bbr}}\) & 12 Mbps & \\ \hline \(\epsilon\) & 0.001 & \\ \hline \(s\) & 1 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Simulation parameters and corresponding values. assigned weighting factor. The AD algorithm equally distributes the power of each UE in the calculation of the weight factor. We first analyzed the CBR service. The simulation results are shown in Table 2. For the AD scheme, the number of users meeting the CBR threshold reached 100%, which means that all CBR services were satisfied. In the MSTT scheme, this value slightly dropped, but remained above 99.64%. This small sacrifice brought about a significant increase in the average throughput of VBR and DS services, as shown in Figure 5a. Figure 5b shows the mean value of satisfaction for VBR and DS services in the system. It shows that, compared with the AD scheme, the MSTT scheme always greatly improves the satisfaction level of the UEs' services in the system to better meet their different requirements. The under-loaded and over-loaded scenarios were simulated by distributing 5 UEs and 15 UEs, respectively, for each cell, and an unevenly loaded scenario corresponded to a random combination of the under-loaded and over-loaded scenarios. RLF is one of the main sources of service disruption and is critical to future mobile networks. Figure 6a depicts the normalized RLF corresponding to the under-loaded, unevenly loaded, and over-loaded scenarios for different \(\omega\). The figure shows that, for the under-loaded scenario, the RLF is completely solved at \(\omega=1\). For the unevenly loaded and over-loaded scenarios, the RLF is completely solved at \(\omega=2\). This is because as \(\omega\) increases, the condition that BS \(c\) continues to remain in the candidate set becomes relaxed, and the probability of it remaining in the candidate set of UE \(u\) increases. As an example of convergence, we randomly selected a UE in the system and plotted the evolution of the corresponding bandwidth. Figure 6b shows that, after 10 iterative steps, the bandwidth allocation of the NR BS finally converges to 10 MHz, and after 20 iterative steps, that of the WLAN converges to 22 MHz.