## 1 Introduction  
With rapid urbanization and economic development, the construction of transportation infrastructure has significantly accelerated throughout China in recent decades. The expansion of highways, high-speed railways, and underground metro networks has increasingly focused on effectively traversing complex terrain, particularly in mountainous regions [1; 2; 3]. Consequently, tunnels have become crucial for facilitating continuous travel through areas with challenging geological conditions. However, tunnels that cross active faults or are situated in high seismic zones are especially susceptible to earthquake damage, which can jeopardize structural integrity and public safety [4]. As a result, the optimized seismic design of tunnels is of utmost importance from both engineering and societal standpoints. Numerous seismic zones with frequent seismic activity are located in Southwest and Northwest China. The construction of large-section tunnels in areas affected by active faults and high-intensity seismic zones presents an unavoidable challenge. In accordance with the Specification for Seismic Design of Highway Tunnels (JTG 2232-2019) [5], the Standard for Seismic Design of Underground Structures (GB/T 51336-2018) [6], the Code for Seismic Design of Railway Engineering (GB 50111-2006) [7], and other standards, measures such as surrounding rock reinforcement, seismic joints, lining reinforcement, and extension of open spaces can be implemented for tunnel linings in high-intensity areas. While engineers and scholars have studied and compiled some effective vibration control measures for these tunnels with complex adverse site conditions, further research is still needed to investigate the vibration control mechanisms and key parameters of these measures [1]. In high-intensity seismic areas, shallow tunnel structures are more susceptible to severe deformation or even damage. Moreover, in mountainous regions, the complex geological conditions exacerbate the degree of structural damage [8]. Currently, scholars have developed mature theories on earthquake damage types, dynamic response characteristics, and laws governing ordinary mountain tunnels [5; 6]. Previous studies have also demonstrated that shallow tunnels located within or near fault zones experience more severe deformations and damages compared to those in homogeneous ground. However, there is relatively limited research on the seismic dynamic response laws of shallow buried sections of extra-large highway tunnels. The common anti-vibration measures outlined in the aforementioned Chinese standards include surrounding rock reinforcement methods, such as grouting reinforcement and anchor reinforcement, as well as lining reinforcement methods like concrete strength improvement, lining thickening, and steel mesh lining. In 2016, [PERSON] et al. [9] conducted shaking table tests on these measures, analyzing their anti-vibration effects and studying the action mechanism and impact of seismic measures for mountain tunnels. While such measures have demonstrated effectiveness through small-scale shaking table tests, their vibration control mechanisms and key parameters require further elucidation, especially for tunnels with deep burial in complex fault settings. Numerical dynamic analysis and shaking table tests are commonly employed to investigate anti-vibration measures for tunnels. The numerical dynamic time-history analysis method of the full model can comprehensively describe the dynamic interaction of surrounding rock and the tunnel, fully accounting for the geometric irregularity and medium inhomogeneity of the site [10]. This method is the most practical approach for predicting the effects of various anti-vibration measures prior to their implementation in tunnels and underground structures.