esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Proposed Method
### Satisfying Separation-of-Duty Constraints
#### 3.1.2 Construction of 2-2 SMER Constraints  
A 2-2 SMER constraint can be expressed as c=\(<\){\(r_{i}\), \(r_{j}\)},2\(>\), which means that \(r_{i}\) and \(r_{j}\) are mutually exclusive, that is, the two roles cannot be assigned to any user. Although 2-2 SMER constraints are considered to be quite restrictive, they are sufficient to enforce any enforceable RSSOD constraint. RSSOD constraint \(e_{i}\) is nonenforceable in one of the following cases: (1) a single role in the PA matrix owns all permissions in \(e_{i}\), and (2) candidate matrix UA already has user assignments violating the constraints.  
```
0:\(UA\), \(CR\), set E of \(k\)-\(n\) RSSOD constraints
0: set \(C\) of 2-2 SMER constraints
1. C= \(\emptyset\);
2. for each e\({}_{i}\) in E do
3. \(P(e_{i})\) denotes the permissions covered by \(e_{i}\);
4. \(\exists(S=(r_{1},r_{2},\ldots))\subseteq CR\):\((\forall r\in S:\mathit{Permissions}(r)\cap\ P(e_{i})\
eq\varnothing)\)
5. if\(\exists r\in S:\mathit{Permissions}(r)\supseteq P(e_{i})\)then
6. \(e_{i}\) is nonenforceable;
7. continue;
8. endif
9. for each pair of roles (\(r_{i}\), \(r_{i}\)) in \(S\)do
10. if\(\big{(}\mathit{Permissions}(r_{i})\
subseteq\mathit{Permissions}(r_{j}) \big{)}\land\big{(}\mathit{Permissions}\big{(}r_{j}\big{)}\
subseteq\mathit{ Permissions}(r_{i})\big{)}\)then
11. if\(UA\) satisfy \(\mathit{smer}\)<\(\{r_{i}\), \(r_{j}\}\),2> then
12. C=\(\{\mathit{smer}\)<\(\{r_{i}\), \(r_{j}\}\),2>\(\}\cup C\);
13. else
14. \(e_{i}\) is nonenforceable with 2-2 SMER constraints;
15. endif
16. endif
17. endfor
18. endfor
```  
**Algorithm 2** Construction of 2-2 SMER constraints  
In Algorithm 2, the inputs are the above \(UA\), \(CR\), and set \(E=\{e_{1}\),\(e_{2}\),... } of \(k\)-\(n\) RSSOD constraints, and the output is set \(C=\{c_{1}\),\(c_{2}\),...} of 2-2 SMER constraints, such that \(C\) enforces \(E\). In order to construct 2-2 SMER constraints, it is necessary to find a set of roles \(S\), such that each role in \(S\) at least has permissions in \(e_{i}\) (line 4). Then, if any role has all the permissions in \(e_{i}\), we declare \(e_{i}\) as nonenforceable (lines 5-8); otherwise, we analyze each pair of roles (\(r_{i}\), \(r_{j}\)) to determine whether they are valid 2-2 SMER constraints. If \(r_{i}\) and \(r_{j}\) are mutually exclusive roles, each one contains at least a mutually exclusive permission that must be absent in the other (lines 9-17).  
Computational complexity: constructing 2-2 SMER constraints for an RSSOD can be done in polynomial time. If the number of roles in set \(S\) for the RSSOD is \(m\), then the time for deciding whether the RSSOD constraint is enforceable or not is \(O(m)\), and the time for constructing mutually exclusive roles is \(O(m^{2})\); thus, the total time complexity is \((m^{2})\). The smaller \(m\) gets, the more acceptable the algorithm becomes.
# A Novel Application Based on a Heuristic Approach for Planning Itineraries of One-Day Tourist
## 1 Introduction  
The planning of touristic itineraries is a typical decision making process for tourists visiting a city in a limited time period. The selection of the most valuable Points of Interests (Pols) is not simple.  
In the last years mobile applications are offering a variety of services from vacation planning to mobile tourist guides and tourism recommender systems [1, 2]. The design of flexible, efficient, and user-friendly applications for mobile devices has a great interest from both a commercial and a research point of view. The authors in [3] propose a mobile application based on a hybrid multiobjective genetic algorithm to smartly generate feasible itineraries. The algorithm incorporates an advanced heuristic to build a route, with a start and an arrival time passing from a set of locations each characterized by a score measuring its attractiveness, an opening and a closing time, and visit duration. [PERSON] et al. [4, 5] present an advanced mobile tourist guide, capable of suggesting a near-optimal and feasible selection of attractions and a route passing among them. The related optimization problem is solved by using a combination of guided local search metaheuristics. [PERSON] et al. [6] develop a data model for trip planning in multimodal transportation systems and [PERSON] [7] plans a trip with multimodal transportation based on Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). In addition, [PERSON] et al. [8] design a journey planning system based on safety, weather and specific travel time for individual user [PERSON] et al. [9] propose a fastest-path computation system on a road network using a traffic mining approach. However, while the above papers mainly focus on the mobile application architecture, the following two subsections analyze existing contributions focusing on methodology and parameters.
# Design and Implementation of a Passive Optical Network for a Small Town +
###### Abstract  
The increasing demand for high-speed internet and advanced digital services necessitates the deployment of robust and scalable broadband infrastructure, particularly in smaller urban and rural areas. This paper presents the design and implementation of a passive optical network (PON) based on a gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON) standard to deliver fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) services in a small-town setting. The proposed solution prioritizes cost-effectiveness, scalability, and minimal energy consumption by leveraging passive splitters and unpowered network elements. We detail the topology planning, splitter architecture, installation practices, and technical specifications that ensure efficient signal distribution and future network expansion. The results demonstrate the successful implementation of an optical access infrastructure that supports high-speed internet, Internet Protocol television (IPTV), and voice services while maintaining flexibility for diverse urban layouts and housing types.  
PON; fiber-to-the-home (FTTH); gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON); multiplexed PONs; E-PON; B-PON
## 3 Experimental Tests and Results
### The Static Experimental Tests for Model Validation  
The first campaign of experimental testing was performed by applying a set of static loads to the tool tip points. These tests aimed to verify the model obtained by the numerical analysis. In particular, by using the experimental results it was possible to improve the estimation of the equation coefficients to calibrate the system.  
Figure 6 shows the displacements (\(\upmu\)m) measured by the FBG sensors when a set of static forces (1000 N-2000 N-3000 N-4000 N) were applied to the tool tip. In particular, Figure 6 illustrates the variability of the displacements detected by the sensors that were located in different positions on the ram surface. This variability highlights the relationship between the sensor positions and the magnitude of the applied loads.  
The position of each FBG sensor is critical for detecting the stress measured on the MT frame. As defined, an increase of the sensor number does not have a significant impact on the material isotropy.  
The first validation campaign was conducted by applying a set of static forces at TTP and comparing the real tip displacement measured by an interferometer with the predicted position defined by the model prediction equations, as shown by Equations (10) and (11). Figure 7 presents the comparison between the real and the predicted displacement (\(y\) direction) of the tool tip point by varying the static load.  
The obtained results show a substantial matching between the real and predicted positions. In particular, the model has an acceptable accuracy that is close to 5% in the load range (1000-4000 N).  
Figure 6: The displacements (\(\upmu\)m) measured by the FBG sensors applying a set of static forces.
## 3 Discovering Polysaccharides in Africa
### A Focus on Bioactive and/or Functional Polysaccharides from Arid and Semi-Arid Lands
#### 3.3.2. Argania  
Sapotaceae is a family included eight genera, i.e., _Syderoxylon, Tsebona, Bumelia, Argania, Chrysophyllum, Pouteria, Calocapum_ and _Pycnamadra_. Argania genus consists of unique endemic species named _A. spinosa_. As example, _A. spinosa_ L. skeels is an endemic species of Algerian [135], Moroccan drylands where it plays a vital role against desertification [136]. Sequential alkaline extractions from _A. spinosa_ leaf cell walls, pericarp of seeds and fruit pulp, respectively allowed to obtain different hemicellulose-type polysaccharides with variable yields [137]. Polysaccharides extracted from _A. spinosa_ L. skeels leaves from Morocco were reported as xylan, made up of a \(\beta\)-(1,4)-D-Xylp main chain, substituted with 4-O-Me-d-Glc\(\rho\)A [138]. [PERSON] et al. described the same xylan structure in polysaccharides extracted from Algerian _A. spinosa_ L. Skeels, but the main chain was also substituted with L-Araf residues, in addition to 4-O-Me-d-Glc\(\rho\)A [139]. Other specific patterns and distributions all along the main backbone were described in the literature, with specific xyloglucam oligosaccharides such as XXXG, XXFG, XLMG/XXLG, XLFG fragments. A novel XUFG motif was also distinguished for _A. spinosa_ species, characterized by a lateral chain consisting of two Xyl residues linked in \(\beta\)-(1,2). This disaccharide was attached on the sixth carbon to the second Glc unit from the nonreducing extremity of the celltetraose sequence, as described by [PERSON] et al. [138]. Water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions were also obtained from pericarp of seeds, respectively [140]. The first one was composed of a 4-O-Me-d-Glc\(\rho\)A groups attached to the second carbon of the xylan backbone. The second one, recovered after alcohol precipitation, consisted exclusively of a neutral linear xylan. Note that [PERSON] et al. obtained a xyloglucan from organ fruits. This hemicellulose polysaccharide had no novel XUFG fragment and was mostly composed of XXXG, XXXG, XXLG and XLLG oligosaccharides (0.6:1:1.2:1.6 in molar ratio) [137]. The same study indicated that pectin from _Argania_ fruits were a combination of non-equal homogalacturonan, rhamn-I (RG-I) and rhamn-I (RG-II) fractions, where RGI was the predominant polysaccharide in contrast to RG-II. Further, water-soluble pectic fractions (ALS-WSP) and soluble-chelating pectic fractions (ALS-CSP) were isolated from organ tree leaves. The results showed the presence of high rates of Ara and uronic acid residues in both fractions. AL-WSP was composed of a RG-I structure, with arabinan and galactan side ramifications on the main chain in O-4 position. Additionally, AL-CSP was described as a homogalacturonan fraction [141].
## 2 Taxonomy and Design Drivers
### Multi-Dimensional Attribute  
Heterogeneous WSN is the outcome of recent advances in sensor hardware design, where the sensor may have multiple capabilities in terms of computing, power supplies, communicating and sensing [17, 18]. Hence, a heterogeneous network currently is able to detect multiple attributes of the environment such as humidity, temperature, level of a particular gas in the atmosphere, _etc._ For example, in an air pollution measuring application, the measurement data may be the fusion of several parameters such as temperature, level of carbon monoxide, level of smoke, _etc._ In such an application, it is reasonable to have storage and search mechanism for multi-dimensional queries. For example,scientists analyzing the growth of marine microorganisms, in a sea environment surveillance application, might be interested in the multiplex events that occurred within certain temperature and light conditions, e.g., \"find all events that have temperatures above 22 Celsius degrees and light levels above 15 Fluxes\".
## 4 Numerical Investigations
### Further Investigations Using Different Ground Motions  
To test general applicability of the proposed method, another real EQ ground motion is applied to the same shear building in Figure 4. The time-history of the 65-degree component of ground acceleration from the 1971 San Fernando earthquake (M\({}_{\text{w}}\) = 6.61 at the '2516 Via Tejon PV' station) is used. The 56-second-long time history is discretized by 0.005 s. This EQ ground motion matches an assumption that damage happens at the middle of EQ time-history. That is, when calculating the relative displacements between adjacent stories, the peak values were located around the middle of EQ time-history. In Table 4, the scenarios based on the calculated peak values are presented. In the previous numerical tests, the n-UKF and AUKF showed early convergence before approaching accurate values. Scenarios in this section require that MS-KF\({}_{\text{ME}}\) should not be converged too early during the filtering-process and adapt to time-varying statistics of the measurements. From this further investigation, it is proved that the proposed method enables us to estimate status of system parameters without early convergence.  
To derive tuning parameters in Equation (15), PSO using 81 particles was performed with boundary conditions as \(x_{1}\in[3,~{}5]\) and \(x_{2}\in[5,~{}10]\). These boundary conditions, which are different from those in Table 3, are obtained by performing PSO several times. This result proves that PSO requires boundary conditions appropriate for the given problem, and PSO-based tuning process should be re-performed iteratively to obtain proper boundary conditions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Scenario** & **Description of Scenario** & **Results of PSO** \\ \hline Scenario 1’ & \(E_{2}\) decreases by 25\% at 21.78 s \(E_{1}\) decreases by 33\% at 25.45 & (4.12, 8.41) \\ Scenario 2’ & \(E_{4}\) at 22.45 s (25\%) \(E_{3}\) at 22.94 s (25\%) \(E_{1}\) at 25.45 s (33\%) & (3.27, 9.05) \\ Scenario 3’ & \(E_{5}\) at 22.73 s (18\%) \(E_{3}\) at 22.94 s (25\%) \(E_{1}\) at 25.45 s (33\%) & (3.40, 8.50) \\ Scenario 4’ & \(E_{5}\) at 22.73 s (19\%) \(E_{5}\) at 45.47 s (38\%) & (3.67, 8.53) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Damage scenarios for San Fernando EQ and tuning parameters from PSO.  
Figure 9: Estimation by MS-KFME: Scenario 5 with RMS-noise 5%.
###### Abstract  
With the rapid development of multi-orbit satellite networks, efficient and reliable communication systems have become essential for ensuring the link connectivity. As digital modulation schemes play a critical role in the design and performance evaluation of satellite communication links, this paper aims to analyze the sensitivity of satellite link budgets to various digital modulation schemes, providing insights into their impact across different orbital configurations. The analysis was conducted by modeling multi-orbit satellite communication scenarios incorporating typical link parameters and evaluating their performance under varying conditions and bandwidth. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the influence of modulation schemes on link margin in multi-orbit configurations. The insights provided in this paper serve as a guideline for system designers to balance capacity, power, and reliability requirements, contributing to the development of robust multi-orbit satellite communication systems.  
multi-orbit systems; satellite communication; link budget; link sensitivity; link margin; digital modulation; satellite network performance Article
###### Abstract  
As an effective technology for boosting the performance of wireless communications, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems based on symmetric antenna arrays have been extensively studied. Using low-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) at the receiver can greatly reduce hardware costs and circuit complexity to further improve the energy efficiency (EE) of the system. There are significant research on the design of MIMO detectors but there is limited study on their performance in terms of EE. This paper studies the effect of signal detection on the EE in practical systems, and proposes to apply several signal detectors based on lattice reduction successive interference cancellation (LR-SIC) to massive MIMO systems with low-precision ADCs. We report results on their achievable EE in fading environments with typical modeling of the path loss and detailed analysis of the power consumption of the transceiver circuits. It is shown that the EE-optimal solution depends highly on the application scenarios, e.g., the number of antennas employed, the cell size, and the signal processing efficiency. Consequently, the signal detector must be properly selected according to the application scenario to maximize the system EE. In addition, medium-resolution ADCs should be selected to balance their own power consumption and the associated nonlinear distortion to maximize the EE of system.  
ADC; massive MIMO; lattice reduction; energy efficiency +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Optics and Photonics
# Roles for Exosomes in the Pathogenesis, Drug Delivery and Therapy of Psoriasis
## 3 The Immunological Function of Exosomes That Are or Are Not Associated with Soriasis
### Immune Cell-Derived Exosomes
#### 3.1.4 Mast Cell-Derived Exosomes  
TNF\(\alpha\) is produced primarily by mast cells in psoriatic lesions [56]. Mast cell-derived exosomes contain external antigens and heat shock protein complexes. These exosomes induced immature DCs to upregulate MHC-II, CD80, CD86 and CD40 and to acquire potent capacity of Ag presentation to T cells [35]. Mast cell-derived exosomes also stimulated T cell activation through the OX40L-OX40 pathway, resulting in the induction of Th2 cell differentiation [57]. Furthermore, exosomes released from mast cells reportedly promoted the development of psoriasis. [PERSON] et al. found that circulating and skin-derived T cells from patients with psoriasis showed an elevated response to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) compared with healthy controls. Exosomes released from IFN-\(\alpha\)-induced mast cells could transfer cytoplasmic PLA2 activity to neighboring CD1a-expressing cells, leading to the generation of neolipid antigens. These antigens were subsequently recognized by lipid-specific CD1a-reactive T cells, resulting in the production of IL-17A and IL-22 [36]. These results highlighted a critical role of mast cell-derived exosomes in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, suggesting that inhibition of PLA2 or CD1a may have therapeutic potential for psoriasis.
# Climate Perspectives in the Intra-Americas Seas
## 3 Regional Climate Features
### Low-Level Circulation
#### 3.2.2 Choco Jet  
The Choco jet is often studied for its association with heavy rainfall patterns, making north-western Colombia one of the rainiest regions on Earth. The Choco jet was first introduced as an extension of the south-westerly cross-equatorial flow in Reference [99]. The annual cycle of the Choco jet is defined by the regional SST gradient, which allows the Choco jet to transition from its weakest intensity during February-March to its peak in October [12]. In contrast to the CLLJ, the Choco jet exhibits only one peak, and its intensity is nearly half the CLLJ maximum intensity at its primary maximum. The Choco jet structure is confined below 850 hPa, so that the Choco jet may be considered a purely boundary layer LLJ. Although, it has often been analysed in terms of an intensity index defined as the longitudinal average of wind speed, as that the Choco jet also exhibits meridional displacement [15]. This has been traditionally neglected in previous generation reanalysis, as a coarse resolution reanalysis does not adequately reproduce this feature. Variations in the meridional positioning of the jet core are important, as shifting may modulate moisture transport and disrupt interactions with other systems, creating an impact on rainfall distribution. The Choco jet advects moisture from the eastern tropical Pacific, which largely dominates the hydro-climatology of northern South America [100; 101; 102]. Moisture supply from the Choco jet is also important for the Central American Pacific coast [78; 79; 103]. The relevance of the Choco jet is not restricted to moisture transport, as the Choco jet is also connected with deep convective development over the region [104]. Connectivity between the Choco jet and deep convection is complex and involves interactions with the ITCZ, and this may be connected to the meridional positioning of the jet core [15]. A recent experimental campaign was conducted to investigate the dynamics of the Choco jet and its role in regional rainfall. CHOCO-JEX was developed as an inter-institutional effort led by Colombia to assess the observational aspects of Choco jet dynamics [105]. The effect of inter-annual variability on the Choco jet was a decrease in intensity during warm ENSO conditions, with a corresponding rainfall decrease [106]. The ENSO modulates rainfall extremes, where warm ENSO is linked with drying and a cold ENSO is associated with heavy rainfall via moisture transport enhancement, as per the 2010-2012 anomalous wet season [101]. The Choco jet response to the ENSO is the inverse of the response from the CLLJ. This also explains the wetter conditions during the cold ENSO over the Pacific coast of Central America where the Pacific moisture supply had increased [79].
# Leveraging Blockchain Technology for Secure 5G Offloading Processes +
## 2 State-of-the-Art
### Blockchain-Based Marketplaces
* Consensus mechanisms in public networks are usually more energy demanding, reducing efficiency and increasing costs. These limitations can be overcome by considering a permissioned Blockchain network, where access and participation is restricted to authorized users and, as a result, control and security are increased. There are several alternatives in the literature, such as Hyperledger Fabric [51], R3 Corda [52], and ConsenSys Quorum [53], which offer privacy, robustness, scalability, and improved performance over public technologies. Among all of them, Hyperledger Fabric [51] is probably the most widespread and used technology, it is supported by both official and unofficial channels and it is well documented [54]. Additionally, it is the most prominent modular and extensible open-source system under the Hyperledger umbrella, hosted by the Linux Foundation. Fabric is widely recognized for its flexibility and scalability [55], making it suitable for a variety of industrial applications,including supply chain management, financial services, secure sharing of medical records, or governmental issues [56], which require high throughput and low latency. Additionally, security and privacy are paramount in Fabric. In this sense, Fabric includes (i) identity management that ensures that only authorized participants can access the network; (ii) confidential transactions among subsets of participants; (iii) access control policies which restrict access to resources and operations. For these reasons, Fabric has been widely regarded as a reliable guarantee of integrity, privacy, and transparency for all types of information [57] and is suitable to be considered as the core technology of a marketplace for 5G offloading processes.