esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Related Works  
In this section, we primarily summarize the works related to the analysis and evaluation of TEE technologies.  
For SGX-based TEE technologies, [PERSON] et al. [32] implemented LMbench using both the SGX SDK and Gramine, focusing on four scenarios: Forkless, SGX, NoSGX and Gramine. They compared the performance of the porting method and the shim-based method by analyzing system read/write performance and the overhead of certain system calls. They also tested Ecall and Ocall overhead, showing that the shim-based method is more optimization-friendly. After several iterations, LibOS-based technologies like Gramine and Occlum outperformed the port-based method in some scenarios. For SGXGauge, the authors of [66] examined SGX performance under different memory usage levels, using EPC size as a baseline and testing in low, medium and high memory usage conditions. They compared native Linux, SGX SDK-based and LibOS-based implementations, revealing a significant performance drop in the SGX SDK when memory exceeded the EPC, while LibOS-based implementations maintained stable performance. [PERSON] et al. [28] detailed Ecall and Ocall performance overheads in warm and cold cache environments. They also tested data exchange speeds between non-secure applications and enclaves across four buffer transfer modes: zero copy, copying in, copying out and copying in&out. The resultsshowed poor performance in the application-enclave interface, prompting the proposal of HotCalls to redesign the interface and improve performance.  
For other TEE technologies, analysis and evaluation are essential components. For Arm TrustZone, a study [79] comparing it with other TEE technologies concluded that Trust-Zone is more hardware-efficient and avoids the risks of a highly privileged \"black box\" controlling the system. For ARM CCA, the authors of [37] conducted detailed performance tests under various workloads, including hypercalls, I/O instructions and application benchmarks like Apache and MySQL, identifying key performance bottlenecks. On the RISC-V platform, the authors of [19] evaluated the performance of Penglai Enclave using the SPECCPU benchmark and addressed security challenges such as controlled-channel and cache-based side-channel attacks, proposing mitigation strategies to enhance security. Additionally, some studies focus on TEE technologies that adopt VM-based protection, such as AMD SEV and Intel TDX. For instance, recent work [75] conducted a comparative evaluation of TDX, SEV, Gramine-SGX and Occlum-SGX, analyzing computational overhead and resource usage under various operational scenarios with legacy applications. This study uniquely evaluates TDX, providing valuable insights into the performance of CVM-based TEEs under realistic conditions. In contrast, the abovementioned works do not consider the integration of TEE technologies into IoT environments. In resource-constrained edge intelligence scenarios, the performance and applicability of TEEs face significant challenges, where factors such as limited computational power and energy efficiency can heavily impact their effectiveness.
# Multi-Year Monitoring of Ecosystem Metabolism in Two Branches of a Cold-Water Stream
## 5 Conclusions  
It was predicted that gross primary production and ecosystem respiration would be greater when temperatures were warmer both seasonally and between years and that the streams might be autotrophic in the spring when light availability is greatest (less shading from the surrounding forest). It was also expected that higher discharge might influence ecosystem respiration bringing in more allochthonous material to be decomposed. Within our streams, increasing temperature was correlated with increased GPP, as predicted. However, between streams, the colder stream had higher levels of GPP each year, which could be due to differences in N availability and/or differences in autotrophic communities. There was increased GPP in the spring apparently correlated with greater light intensity before leaf-out and increased ER with increase discharge. The years of peak GPP and ER differed between sites indicating the need for long-term monitoring at multiple locations.  
While the continuous monitoring of various parameters (temperature, conductivity, discharge, and PAR) assisted with the examination of those factors influencing ecosystem metabolism in this study, monitoring of other features that might be important in explaining both annual and interannual variability would be helpful. Continuous monitoring of chl \(a\), soluble reactive phosphorus, turbidity, and others, important in influencing ecosystem metabolism, is needed to enhance our understanding of the response of aquatic ecosystems to changing human impacts and climate [81].  
This research received no external funding.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
I would like to acknowledge the Belvin Conservancy for providing access to Valley Creek. Thanks to [PERSON] who constructed the piezometers and holders for the water sensors and to [PERSON] of the St. Croix Watershed Research Station of the Science Museum of Minnesota for providing water quality data. [PERSON] from the Washington County Watershed District, MN provided discharge data. Thanks to the Macalester College Aquatic Ecology class who helped collect data in the fall of 2017. Additionally, thanks to [PERSON] who helped install water sensors and retrieve data on many occasions.  
The author declares no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
## 5 Human-Assisted Within-Show Diarization  
The proposed Human-assisted Speaker Diarization (HASD) system is depicted in Figure 1 and includes four modules: a fully automatic baseline diarization system, a question generation module, a correction module and an adaptation module. This section describes the proposed question generation and hypothesis correction modules. The adaptation module is out of the scope of this work and will be considered in future work.  
Given a single audio stream, within-show speaker diarization consists of producing a segmentation hypothesis, i.e., a list of segments and speaker IDs with each segment allocated to a single speaker ID (segments might overlap). Within-show speaker diarization errors can be due to errors in the segment borders or to a wrong label allocation. The latter error being the most harmful in terms of performance [5], this work only focuses on correcting labeling errors.
# Flexible Antennas: A Review
## 5 Miniaturization of Flexible Antenna
In another study [199], Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna on Hilbert slot pattern ground was introduced. Shorting posts and cutting slots are two other common techniques that have been used in many studies [200; 201; 202; 203]. The space-filling curve (SFC) is a popular method to reduce antenna size [204]. In an earlier study [205], the authors combined these two miniaturization techniques with half mode substrate integrity waveguide cavity to reduce the size of the antenna further. Newly developed electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures have received attention for their ability to reduce the physical structure of the antenna without compromising on the radiation efficiency. Artificial magnetic conductors (AMC) and high impedance surfaces (HIS) [206] were applied to design low profile antennas. The first EBG-based wearable antenna was introduced earlier [207]. Even though it was designed as a wearable antenna, the antenna is not built on a flexible substrate. However, this study shows for the first time how to incorporate the EBG surface to reduce the antenna dimension. AMC based flexible M shaped antenna was proposed [208] (Figure 12c) for telemedicine applications that used polyimide Kapton flexible material as the substrate. The AMC structure helps to isolate the antenna radiation and human tissue; besides, it reduces the impedance mismatch caused by the permittivity of the user's body. A textile wearable EBG antenna was developed in [209], where fleece fabric was used as the substrate. Here the EBG surface improved the bandwidth by almost 50%, and the reduction of the antenna size is about 30%. The authors also investigated the rigidity of the antenna in different bending conditions and its effect on the impedance bandwidth. With the success of this work, researchers extended the research on EBG integration in antenna to develop compact, high-performance antenna in the following works [210; 211; 212; 213; 214; 215; 216; 217; 218; 219] (Figure 12a). Photonic bandgap (PBG) structures, another form of EBG, can prevent the propagation of a certain wavelength because of its periodic nature. PBG is a 3-D structure with stacked EBG layers. It is usually a combination of multilayer metallic and tripod array. Earlier work [220] shows the effect of PBG material on a conventional antenna system and the way to reduce the size of the antenna without compromising radiation efficiency, gain, and impedance bandwidth. The authors also demonstrated a new flexible antenna using the proposed PBG material. PBG periodic structure was used in the conformal antenna and array to suppress the surface wave propagation [221] (Figure 12b). It is shown to help to reduce the effect of radiation on the cylindrical curvature that is supposed to affect the resonance frequency. The gain and directivity of the antenna were improved by using PBG.
# Point of Interest Recognition and Tracking in Aerial Video during Live Cycling Broadcasts
## 3 Methodology
### Point of Interest Reference Database  
For each race, a database is constructed by the broadcaster or broadcast service provider, which serves as a central resource for the POI recognition system and includes several key pieces of information of all POIs. First, the name of each POI is listed, which is required to transmit the correct identifier to the visualization engine when a POI is suc  
Figure 1: High-level overview of the complete point of interest recognition and tracking methodology.  
cessfully recognized. Second, the world coordinates of the POI are included, enabling the system to determine which POIs are near the helicopter at any given point in time. Lastly, a small selection of reference images (up to four) for each POI is added to the database. These images play an important role in the POI recognition process, as they are used to match the contents of the current helicopter frame with the reference images.  
The reference images can be sourced from various origins. A quick and low-effort method is to use high-quality images from the internet. Alternatively, pictures can be specifically captured for this purpose, ensuring a more tailored and controlled set of reference images. However, another good approach is to extract reference images directly from the helicopter footage of previous race editions. Using images from past footage results in representative references, as they will closely match the expected visual characteristics and perspective of the POIs within the new broadcast.  
The process of constructing the reference database can also be automated using race course data. Online services, such as OpenStreetMap ([[https://www.openstreetmap.org](https://www.openstreetmap.org)]([https://www.openstreetmap.org](https://www.openstreetmap.org)), accessed on 14 August 2024), can be queried to find POIs along the race course, of which a few reference images can be automatically retrieved from the internet. Although this saves preparation time before the race, this does not guarantee that all required POIs are available and are accompanied by high-quality reference images. Therefore, it is recommended to check the quality and completeness of the automatically retrieved data to ensure a smooth operation of the recognition pipeline during the live broadcast.
## 3 DI-distributed Localization (DIL) Algorithm  
In this section, we propose our DI-distributed Localization (DIL) algorithm, where a rectangular outdoor monitoring region is considered to find the location of the nodes. In our localization scheme, all deployed nodes are classified as _Normal_, _Beacon_ or _Anchor_ nodes to locate the position of the normal nodes. Normal nodes and beacon nodes are deployed randomly over the monitoring region, where normal nodes have no location information. However, beacon nodes have location information with higher capability of computation and energy resource. Anchor nodes have larger communication range and are deployed manually. In our protocol, it is assumed that anchor nodes provide angle information to each normal nodes of the network and percentage of anchor nodes is less than the beacon nodes. As shown in Figure 1, the whole network is divided into several clusters such that only one anchor node can be available in each cluster. In order to ensure that each normal node gets enough information to calculate its location, there must be at least one beacon node in each cluster. Otherwise, additional beacon nodes should be redeployed in each cluster. Though more than one beacon node may be available in each cluster, incoming packets from at most three different beacon nodes are used to find the location of a normal node. The deployment strategy of those three types (anchor, beacon and normal) of nodes is described in the following subsection.
###### Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a significant increase in the research and innovation of IDS for secured IoVs/ICVs [33]. The design and implementation of dedicated, advanced IDS are mandated by demanding controls for real-time operation and data integrity, regular traffic patterns, and a limited choice of telecommunication protocols [34]. Although there are several survey studies on security threats and key management schemes, this article provides an exhaustive contemporary systemic survey of the XAI-based IDS for secured ICVs/IoVs approaches with recourse to confirming their adherence to the key properties of XAI such as fidelity, completeness, simulability, and compactness. Put in perspective, the main contributions of this review are as follows:  
1. This study employed the PRISMA article selection approach to acquire articles focused on ITS, IDS, and XAI with a focus on the trends, challenges, and open research issues in ICV security IDS and designs and dynamics. 2. This study reviewed articles published within a five-year duration between 2017 and 2022. This is to obtain recent information, trends in the design of AI-based IDS, and open issues. 3. This study assessed the performance of various XAI techniques, with fidelity, completeness, simuability, and compactness as focus. 4. This study investigated issues of ethics and policy concerns of ICV and safety of road users [35]. 5. This study gave an evidence-based technology strategy for evaluating the performance of different datasets, collection methods, and how close to reality they are. We highlight data gathering issues, how some researchers tackled the problem, and testbed-based research. The organization of this work is as follows: Section 2 gives background information on ITS, vulnerabilities, and justification for securing the IoV network with XAI. It also presented a review of related works while emphasizing the uniqueness of our paper. Section 3 elaborates the employed methodology for the study, highlighting IDS techniques and benchmark public datasets. Section 4 discusses the state-of-the-art frameworks and performance evaluation. Section 5 concludes the study with open issues and future direction. A list of abbreviations in this work is listed at the end of this paper.
## 3 Results
### In Vitro Modulation of the Expression of 5\(\alpha\)-Reductase Gene in Skin Fibroblasts  
The results of the in vitro assay are reported in Figure 2. The expression of gene in the untreated control cells (negative control--CN) has been arbitrary setted to 1 and corresponds to the full expression of the enzyme, without any interference. Cells were then treated with \(\text{WSWSCO}_{2}\) extract (0.5 and 5 mg/mL) and the positive control _Serenoa repens_ (saw palmetto) extract (10 \(\text{\mu g}\)/mL). The assay confirms that \(\text{WSWSCO}_{2}\) extract can significantly inhibit 5\(\alpha\)-reductase type I (SRD5A1) gene expression levels after 48 h of treatment at the concentration of 5 mg/mL. At the lowest concentration (0.5 mg/mL), the inhibition is not statistically significant, compared to CN. Compared to wild strawberry and considering the concentration tested, the positive control (CP) _Serenoa repens_ extract is almost 500 times more effective than \(\text{WSWSCO}_{2}\).
## 4 Mathematical Formalism of Consensus Through Path-Laplacian Matrices
### Consensus Dynamics on Undirected Networks  
We start reviewing the standard consensus process on an undirected network and then describe its extension using the multi-hop Laplacians introduced above. Consider an undirected network of \(n\) agents (nodes) whose goal is to reach agreement on some vector \(\boldsymbol{\phi}_{0}=[\phi_{01},\ldots,\phi_{0n}]^{T}\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\). Let \(\phi_{j}(t)\) denote the state (value of \(\phi\)) held by agent \(i\) at time \(t\). In a consensus algorithm, each agent updates its state by interacting with its neighbors, gradually reducing differences between agents' values. We distinguish two common frameworks: continuous-time and discrete-time consensus dynamics. Later, we will see how to introduce multi-hop interactions.
# Recent Advances in the Targeting of Head and Neck Cancer Stem Cells
## 2 Cancer Stem Cells
### Stemness-Associated Signaling Pathways
#### 2.2.4 EGFR Signaling Pathway  
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is another relevant player in HNSCC. EGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase that supervises cell proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. Overexpression and overactivation of EGFR are prevalent in the majority of HNSCC and are related to poor prognosis [26]. Therapies that focus on the inhibition of EGFR, such as cetuximab, have been successfully employed to treat HNSCC, especially in combination with radiotherapy [27]. However, resistance mechanisms, including EGFR mutations, the activation of different signaling pathways, and tumor heterogeneity, often restrain the effectiveness of the therapy [28].
## 3 Experiments and Results
### Results
#### 3.2.2 Effect of the Number of Speckle Patterns  
Next, we analyze the effects of the number of speckle patterns on the proposed imaging method. In the proposed ptychographic imaging setup, a series of speckle patterns of the subobject are required to estimate the corresponding Fourier modulus. As mentioned above, the high-quality power spectrum can be obtained with the increase of speckle frames. Compared with conventional imaging correlography, the ptychographic imaging correlography theoretically requires a large amount of calculation because of the scanning measurements. We experiment with various speckle frames and find that the proposed imaging implementation is not sensitive to the number of speckle frames. Since a large amount of redundant data is provided by the adjacent measurements, ptychographic imaging correlography can significantly reduce the requirement for speckle patterns. Figures 10 and 11 are reconstruction results of ptychographic imaging correlography with various speckle frames. It is clear that the effects of the number of speckle patterns on reconstructed images are much lower than conventional imaging correlography. The proposed method can recover the object using only 50 speckle frames, although  
Figure 9: Reconstruction results with the conventional method and ptychographic method, respectively.  
the results have some noise and blurred edges. Note that it is impossible for conventional imaging correlography to reconstruct the object with only 50 speckle frames. To achieve low noise and a smooth image, the speckle patterns of each subobject are set to 150 in most cases, which is about one-sixth of the conventional method.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Time-Series Data Testing Results  
The purpose of the time-series data testing experiment was to evaluate the performance of the proposed method in handling dynamic time-series data, particularly its ability to effectively capture temporal dependencies in multimodal scenarios and enhance predictive capabilities. The experimental comparison included federated learning, MPC, homomorphic encryption, TEE-based methods, and the proposed approach. Performance was assessed using four evaluation metrics: precision, recall, accuracy, FPS, and F1-score [46; 47; 48]. The results demonstrated that the proposed method outperformed all the baseline models across these metrics, achieving precision, recall, accuracy, and F1-score values of 0.95, 0.91, 0.93, and 0.93, respectively. These findings underscore the advantages of the proposed sliding-window computation network and sliding loss function in processing dynamic time-series data while effectively integrating multimodal characteristics to enhance the ability to capture temporal patterns.  
As shown in Figure 4 and Table 3, the observed performance differences among models can be attributed to their respective algorithmic characteristics and design logic. Federated learning, which employs distributed training to optimize a global model while preserving data privacy, exhibited sensitivity to imbalanced data distributions, resulting in a recall of only 0.81 and limiting its coverage of time-series data. MPC, leveraging cryptographic protocols for privacy preservation, demonstrated improved performance over federated learning but faced limitations in capturing complex data patterns due to significant communication overhead. Homomorphic encryption, enabling direct computation on encrypted data, enhanced both security and model performance; however, its high computational complexity constrained its support for real-time applications, which affected recall and accuracy. TEE-based methods, which rely on hardware isolation technologies, achieved superior performance across all four metrics compared to the aforementioned methods, but their dependence on hardware led to limitations in feature modeling capability. In contrast, the proposed method leveraged a sliding-window attention mechanism to precisely model temporal dependencies and utilized a sliding loss function to optimize local dynamic characteristics. This design resulted in significant improvements in precision and F1-score compared to the baseline methods, validating the model's effectiveness. These mathematical advantages stem from the efficiency of the sliding-window mechanism in localized computations and the sensitivity of the sliding loss function to local dynamic changes. Consequently, the model effectively captures both global trends and local fluctuations within time-series data, demonstrating superior robustness and generalization in multimodal time-series tasks.