# The Emergence of Antibioticstics Resistance Genes, Bacteria, and Micropollutants in Grey Wastewater
## 3 Irrigation with Treated GW
[114] assessed the survival of bacterial pathogens in GW-irrigated soils. While many pathogens were present in GW, no significant differences were observed between GW-irrigated soils and freshwater-irrigated soil. [PERSON] et al. [115] compared fields irrigated with treated wastewater to fields irrigated with freshwater. The relative abundance of ARBs was similar or higher in the freshwater-irrigated soils. The relative abundance of ARGs was higher in the freshwater-irrigated soils at three sites and higher in wastewater-irrigated soils at the fourth site. [PERSON] et al. [116] investigated private gardens irrigated with GW treated by recirculating vertical flow constructed wetland. Several pathogens were detected (_Klebsiella pneumoniae_, _Shigella_ spp., _Salmonella enterica_) in soils irrigated with the treated GW, but the same pathogen levels were also detected in soils irrigated with freshwater. In China, [PERSON] et al. [117] compared a field irrigated with TWW and a non-irrigated field, finding no differences in the relative \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Research** & **Location** & **Findings** & **Reference** \\ \hline Soil from water storage basins & & - & no increase in ARGs regardless of irrigation treatment \\ irrigated either with TWW or groundwater & USA & - & more MDR bacteria were detected in sediments from \\ \hline Soil columns in plastic containers irrigated with TWW and synthetic freshwater & USA & - & no significant differences in microbial diversity \\ \hline Household gardens irrigated with with either treated GW or freshwater & Israel & - & no difference in the abundance of tetracycline-resistant bacteria \\ \hline The field was irrigated with 92\% TWW from 10 wastewater treatment plants, compared to the field with groundwater irrigation & Spain & - & increase in the relative abundance of _tetM_, _mccA_, and _bla_OXA-58 genes with TWW irrigation, while the genes blaTEM and sull [120] were unaffected \\ \hline Two experimental plots & Israel & - & almost no correlation between ARG abundance in irrigation \\ irrigated with either freshwater or TWW & Israel & - & _intI_I may not always be a reliable indicator to determine the impact of TWW irrigation \\ \hline Field irrigated with either TWW or freshwater & Germany & - & increase in the relative abundance of some ARGs, including _suI_ and _intI_, with TWW irrigation \\ \hline Soil microcosms with either freshwater or TWW & Israel & - & in freshwater-irrigated soil, Gram-positive bacteria _Bacillacane_ strongly proliferated \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._abundance of ARBs between the fields. However, the relative abundances of _tet_ and _su_ genes were significantly higher in the TWW-irrigated field compared to the non-irrigated field. [PERSON] et al. [118] compared the soil of a basin recharged with TWW for over 20 years and the soil of a groundwater-filled basin. A higher proportion of MDR bacteria was detected in the groundwater-filled basin than in soil exposed to TWW. [PERSON] et al. [36] compared soils irrigated with treated GW from constructed wetlands to soils irrigated with freshwater, with no difference in the abundance of tetracycline-resistant bacteria between the two types of soils. [PERSON] et al. [120] investigated a field irrigated with river water receiving wastewater (up to 92% of the water flow was wastewater effluent). The relative abundance of _mecA_, _tetM_, and _blaOXA-58_ genes was higher in the field with TWW irrigation, while _su1_ and _bla_TEM remained unaffected. Commercial agriculture fields irrigated with TWW were studied by [PERSON] et al. [121] compared to fields irrigated with either surface water, groundwater, or desalinated water. However, even with TWW irrigation, almost all ARG concentrations were below detection limits in all the tested soils. They found no correlation between ARG abundance in irrigation water and those detected in soil. [PERSON] et al.