## 3 Results and Discussion
### Carbon Sinks in Bamboo Forest Ecosystems
#### 3.1.1 Bamboo as a Carbon Sink
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Species** & **Region** & **CSR (tCO/ha/yr)** & **Note** \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al. [37]) & _Phylostachys pulscons_ & Zhejiang, China & 1.67 & Lingfeng Bamboo Farm \\ ([PERSON] et al. [38]) & _Phylostachys pulscons_ & Zhejiang, China & 1.48 & Tanumt Mountain Natural Reserve \\ ([PERSON] et al. [39]) & _Phylostachys pulscons_ & Zhejiang, China & 0.29 & Carbon occluded in phytolith (Phy/OC) \\ ([PERSON] et al. [40]) & _Phylostachys pulscons_ & China & 18.69 & 60-year managed bamboo forest \\ ([PERSON] et al. [40]) & _Bamboo cathernosis_ & Assam, India & 4.77 & Bamboo-based family forest \\ _Bambus vulgaris_ & Assam, India & 8.43 & Bamboo-based family forest \\ \(Bambus\) bulicon & Assam, India & 5.86 & Bamboo-based family forest \\ ([PERSON] et al. [41]) & _Phylostachys pulscons_ & Hubei, China & 41.38 & Management with application of herbicide \\ ([PERSON] et al. [42]) & _Dendrocalanus seagrass leitfirms_ & China & 40.48 & National-scale investigation \\ _Dendrocalanus morphancus_ & China & 34.91 & National-scale investigation \\ _Dendrocalanus morphancus_ & China & 38.43 & National-scale investigation \\ _Dendrocalanus morphancus_ & China & 37.09 & National-scale investigation \\ _Dendrocalanus morphancus_ & China & 45.21 & National-scale investigation \\ _Dendrocalanus morphancus_ & China & 55.26 & National-scale investigation \\ _Bambus tamguli_ & China & 55.26 & National-scale investigation \\ _Nossiculanus affinis_ & China & 51.08 & National-scale investigation \\ _Dendrocalanus giganteus_ & China & 70.11 & National-scale investigation \\ ([PERSON] et al. [43]) & _Phylostachys pulscons_ & Zhejiang, China & 1.86 & Bamboo forest plantation (year 1-5) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of research on the carbon sequestration rate (CSR) of bamboo forests. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Species** & **Region** & **NEP (kg** & **Note** \\  & & **CO\({}_{2}\)/mi/yr)** & **(  
accumulation rate of local bamboo family forests to be 4.77-8.43 tCO\({}_{2}\)/ha/yr. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [53] showed that the total carbon stock of a 5-year-old _B. vulgaris_ forest was much higher (15.53 Mg ha\({}^{-1}\) year\({}^{-1}\)) compared with fast-growing tree species such as _Acacia auriculiformis_ (recording 10.21 Mg ha\({}^{-1}\) yr\({}^{-1}\) after 11 years) and _Eucalyptus camaldulensis_ (recording 10.12 Mg ha\({}^{-1}\) yr\({}^{-1}\) after 18 years) in Bangladesh. Regarding NEP, the growing season of Moso bamboo and Lei bamboo have extraordinary capacity, reaching around 20 kg CO\({}_{2}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/yr [32], which is in line with the fast-growing characteristic of bamboo forests. [PERSON] et al. [46], using the integrated terrestrial ecosystem carbon budget model, showed that all bamboo forests in Zhejiang Province sequestered 0.51 kg CO\({}_{2}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/yr from 2001 to 2017. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [49] used the process-based model and found a comparable value of NEP, equal to 0.41 kg CO\({}_{2}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/yr, for all bamboo forests in Zhejiang in 2015. In Assam, India, the NEP for different species, ages, and village physiography ranged from 0.20 to 0.74 kg CO\({}_{2}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/yr [53]. Other tools, including carbon flux measurements [48] and the triple-flux model [52], also demonstrated the great NEP potential of bamboo forests. The estimation of bamboo forest biomass carbon storage for a diverse grouping of regions and species worldwide was comprehensively studied. [PERSON] et al. [28] used airborne LiDAR data and showed that the intensively managed Moso bamboo forest (173.47 t/ha) in Jiangsu, China, can accumulate much higher aboveground biomass than an extensively managed forest (67.61 t/ha). Similarly, a well-managed _Yushania alipina_ forest, including harvest, fertilization, and prescribed flooding, in West Amhara, Ethiopia, can accumulate 92.20 to 118.60 tons of total biomass per hectare [58].