## 4 Data Analyses and Results
### Bivariate Analyses  
In order to investigate whether virtual relationship violence varies by gender and/or nationality, bivariate tests were performed. Cross-tabulations revealed a statistically significant difference between _Gender_ and _Socially Interactive Intimate Victimization_ (\(\chi^{2}=16.36\), df = 1, \(p<0.001\)). The results suggested that more females reported experiencing socially interactive intimate victimization than not, but more males reported no victimization than having experienced it. Specifically, about two-thirds of females reported being victimized (66.1%) compared to less than one-half of males (46.9%). This supports the hypothesis that suggests that rates of socially interactive violence would be equal or slightly higher among females; here, it is moderately higher for females. Cross-tabulations also indicated that there was a significant relationship between _Nationality_ and _Socially Interactive Intimate Victimization_ (\(\chi^{2}=34.36\), df = 1, \(p<0.001\)). The results indicated that about two-thirds of American students reported victimization (65.8%) while only one-third of Polish students did (30.3%). See Tables 1 and 2. While results revealed a significant relationship, it was in the opposite direction of what was expected. Americans had reported experienced higher levels of socially interactive intimate violence than Poles. An additional examination was undertaken to explore the means by which individuals were victimized. It revealed that American students were hurt by both text(s)/SMS and SN post(s), followed by text(s)/SMS only, then SN post(s) only while Polish students were hurt most by text(s)/SMS only, then both text(s)/SMS and SN post(s), then SN post(s). This is interesting to note and it appears that Poles may not as bothered by negative social network behavior as their counterparts. It also might point to the more personal nature of text messaging in serving as a platform to transgress. In addition, preliminary results from qualitative focus group interviews (not shown) may offer some insight here, as Polish students indicated that they shared less personal information on SN sites than American students, which may explain why Poles reported less victimization. Nevertheless, the finding revealed that nationality was associated with reports of socially interactive intimate violence experiences. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Gender**} \\  & **Male** & **Female** \\ \hline Victimization \% Yes & 46.9 & 66.1 \\ \hline \hline \(\chi^{2}=16.36\); df = 1; \(p<0.001\). & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cross-tabulations of gender and socially interactive intimate violence (N = 526). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Nationality**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & The United States & Poland \\ \hline Victimization \% Yes & 65.8 & 30.3 \\ \hline \hline \(\chi^{2}=34.46\); df= 1; \(p<0.001\). & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cross-tabulations of nationality and socially interactive intimate violence (N = 526). Bivariate analyses were also performed for the second aim of the study to examine whether a relationship exists between _Gender_ and _Attitudes toward the Punishment of Virtual Relationship Violence_, and _Nationality_ and _Attitudes toward the Punishment of Virtual Relationship Violence_. Cross-tabulations revealed statistically significant differences for both. See Tables 3 and 4. There was a statistically significant difference between Gender and Attitudes toward the Punishment of Virtual Relationship Violence (\(\chi^{2}=19.70\), df = 1, \(p<0.001\)), and between Nationality and Attitudes toward the Punishment of Virtual Relationship Violence (\(\chi^{2}=1.06\), df = 1, \(p<0.001\)). The results suggested that most females believed punishment was warranted (82.2%) and most males also felt the same way (61.5%), but to a lesser extent.