## 2 Concepts Review
### Smart City Model
Smart grids are electrical distribution grids that, by integrating ICT into their operation, allow for the bidirectional flow between the other technological components of a smart energy system, and the intercommunication between the economic agents of the electric markets, such as consumers, producers, and the system operator [50; 51]. Energy transition to an electricity supply without CO\({}_{2}\) emissions depends on the deployment of smart grids [52]. These networks are essential for achieving energy security, affordable energy, and climate change mitigation--the three elements of the \"energy trilemma\" of energy sustainability [53]. The deployment of smart grids has had different objectives in the main economic regions (for the countries of the European Union (and the regulatory proposal \"clean energy for all Europeans\"), the United States, and Canada, the main drivers in the development of smart grids have been decarbonization and energy efficiency. For Japan and Korea, it has been the \"green economy growth agenda\". For emerging countries, it has been the rapid growth of their infrastructure [53]) of the world [54]. However, the technical benefits of smart grids will require specific regulation for new electricity market conditions with the entry of new players and incentives for investment in transmission grids [55]. Compared to traditional electricity grids, smart grids allow for the limits of penetration of renewable energies to be exceeded, and grant greater efficiency based on operational control and reliability [56; 57]. smart grids ensure an economically efficient and sustainable power system with low losses but high levels of quality, security, of supply and safety [58; 59]. The points that are interconnected  
Figure 4: Integration of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) in urban management towards smart cities in the framework of the Urban Energy Transition. via the smart grids have double or triple functionality: buildings, lighting systems, and vehicles go from simply consuming energy to being able to generate, store, and export it, thus providing support to the intermittent nature of renewable energies [60]. In this way, smart grids adapt the holistic concept of a smart city in terms of flexibility through smart meters and electrical generation in buildings. Smart meters are electricity meters that replace traditional electromechanical meters. In front of these, the smart meters measure for the flows of electrical energy imported and/or exported to the grid at time intervals of less than an hour [61]. They also allow the consumer to view this information in real-time via telemetry and obtain new services such as demand side management [62]. This mechanism allows the consumer to respond (demand side response, DSR) to the energy information feedback and non-linear pricing schemes that the market offers. The objective is for the consumer to modify their energy consumption and receive economic benefits in return, while the system benefits in the management of electricity generation. Three of the responses that the consumer can give to these signals are the peak clipping, which is the reduction of the consumption in the peak periods; load shifting, which is the change of the consumption of the peak periods to the off-peak periods; and strategic conservation, which is the change in consumption patterns that reduce energy consumption [63].