## 3 Research Method
### Experimental Test  
Compared with numerical simulations, experimental results are able to more accurately reflect the practical distribution and variation of the temperature fields and effects of steel structures. Common temperature test equipment includes infrared radiation thermometers [117], thermal resistance sensors [23] and thermocouple sensor [29]. The measurement accuracy of infrared radiation thermometers is relatively low, so thermal resistance sensors and thermocouple sensors are mainly used in temperature field tests for steel structures. [PERSON]'s experiment showed that the temperature of a single steel member along the length direction was relatively uniform, and the temperature difference along the thickness direction was negligible, but the temperature distribution through the cross-section was significantly non-uniform [22]. Therefore, temperature sensors are usually arranged along the mid-span section of a single steel member, as was adopted in the experiments of [PERSON] [21] and [PERSON] [20; 118]. Space structures are composed of many steel members, and it is not realistic to monitor the temperatures of all of the members; only a  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Number** & **Expression** & **Considered Factors** & **Variables Description** \\ \hline
1 [112] & \(h_{c}=5.7+3.8v\) & Wind speed & \\ \hline
2 [113] & \(h_{c}=(2.5\,-6.0)+4.2v\) & Wind speed & \\ \hline
3 [114] & \(h_{c}=5.6+4.0v\) for \(v\lesssim 5\) m/s & & \\  & \(h_{c}=7.2v^{2.8}\) for \(v>5\) m/s & & \\ \hline
4 [115] & \(h_{c}=6.31m^{6.66}+3.25e^{-1.95v}\) & Wind speed & & bottom slab and web; \(h_{c,j}\) is the convective heat transfer of the \\ \hline
5 [104] & \(h_{c,l}=4.67+3.83v\) & & & \\  & \(h_{c,b}=2.17+3.83v\) & Different parts of box grider, & & \\  & \(h_{c,w}=3.67+3.83v\) & wind speed & & \\  & \(h_{c,i}=3.5\) & & & \\ \hline
6 [101] & \(h_{c}=2.6\sqrt{[l_{a}-7]}+4.0v\) & Temperature difference between the structure surface and air, wind speed & & \\ \hline
7 [95] & Windward: & & & \\  & \(h_{c}=\sqrt{\left(0.84A^{1/3}\right)^{2}+\left(2.38v_{0}^{0.89}\right)^{2}}\) & Windward and leeward, & & \\  & & Temperature difference between the structure surface and air, wind speed & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline
8 [92] & For a flat surface of total length L, & & & \\  & Laminar flow: & & & \\
8 [92] & \(h_{c}=0.664(\)\(\left|{{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{ \it{     \it{      }}}}}}}}}}}}}}\right|^{1/2}}\)PR\({}^{1/3}\)/\(L\) & Fluid state, wind speed & & \\  & turbulent flow: & & & \\  & \(h_{c}=0.036(\left|{{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{\it{ \it{\it{  
few representative steel members are selected for temperature monitoring, and the selection of these representative members depends on the purpose of the measurements. To study the temperature characteristics of steel members under transparent and non-transparent roofs, [PERSON] arranged the measurement areas under glass and light steel roofs, respectively, in the test scheme for the temperature field of the indoor water recreation project Tien Rice Cube [29]. Meanwhile, to further study the differences in temperature characteristics between the different types of steel members, [PERSON] selected the top chord member, the bottom chord member, and a web member for temperature monitoring in the measurement areas, and four temperature sensors were set up along the mid-span section of each monitored member in order to measure their non-uniform temperature distributions.