# Evaluation of Biodentine Tricalcium Silicate-Based Cement after Chlorhexidine Irrigation
## 3 Results
### Cement Surface Chemical Composition  
The results of the EDS spectroscopic examination of the tested Biodentine specimens' surface are presented in the form of spectrograms on Figure 3 and atom weight percentages are displayed in Table 1 and Figure 4.  
Figure 3: Cement specimens’ chemical composition on spectrograms. A certain regularity can be observed in the atom weight percentage of the tested specimens. Results are comparable between pairs of cement specimens such as in group B after 5 min and 20 min CHX irrigation (X-45-5 and X-45-20) as well as after 5 min and 20 min CHX irrigation protocol involving ultrasonic activation (X-45-5-US and X-45-20-US). Analogous tendency was recorded between specimens from group C (X-24-5 and X-24-20; X-24-5-US and X-24-20-US). Also, the atom percentage of the cement surface after 45 min of setting and nonactivated CHX irrigation was quasi-alike to the cement surface after 24 h of setting followed by ultrasonically activated CHX irrigation (X-45-5, X-45-20, X-24-5-US and X-24-20-US). When compared to the control groups, the observed changes revealed the percentage increase in carbon (C) after all investigated irrigation protocols from 11.35 wt% (X-45-0) to maximum 28.0 wt% (X-45-20) in group B and from 10.41 wt% (X-24-0) to maximum 28.7 wt% (X-24-5-US) in group C. Similarly, the decrease in oxygen (O) was observed in every specimen from 49.61 wt% (X-45-0) to minimum 36.9 wt% (X-45-5) in group B and from 49.93 wt% (X-24-0) to minimum 37.1 wt% (X-24-5) in group C. A tendency was identified concerning the percentage of calcium (Ca). In group B, it was increased after CHX irrigation protocol involving ultrasonic activation from 28.87 wt% (X-45-0) to maximum 33.2 wt% (X-45-5-US), and slightly decreased after nonactivated rinsing procedure from 28.87 wt% (X-45-0) to minimum 24.4 wt% (X-45-20). The opposite scenario was discovered in group \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Element**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**45 min Setting Time (Group B)**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**24 h Setting Time (Group C)**} \\ \cline{2-11}  & \multirow{2}{*}{**X-45-0**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**X-45-5**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{X-45-5} & \multirow{2}{*}{**X-45-20**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**X-45-20-US**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**X-24-0**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**X-24-5**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**X-24-5**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**X-24-20**} \\  & & & & & & & & & & **US** & & **US** \\ \cline{2-11}  & \multirow{2}{*}{**No**} & **No** & **2\% CHX** & **1\% CHX** & **2\% CHX** & **2\% CHX** & **2\% CHX** & **2\% CHX** & **2\% CHX** \\  & **Irrigation** & **5 min** & **5 min** & **20 min** & **20 min** & **Irrigation** & **5 min** & **5 min** & **20 min** & **20 min** & **20 min** \\ \hline C & 11.35 & 27.8 & 14.4 & 28.0 & 14.1 & 10.41 & 22.5 & 28.7 & 22.6 & 28.0 \\ C & 49.61 & 36.9 & 43.2 & 37.8 & 46.5 & 49.93 & 41.3 & 37.1 & 42.0 & 43.1 \\ Si & 5.96 & 3.4 & 6.3 & 3.3 & 5.8 & 9.09 & 2.3 & 3.9 & 2.6 & 1.0 \\ Zr & 0.56 & 1.1 & 2.0 & 1.2 & 1.6 & 0.74 & 0.8 & 1.2 & 1.1 & 0.5 \\ Cl & 3.64 & 4.9 & 0.7 & 5.3 & 0.2 & 2.09 & 3.7 & 4.8 & 3.2 & 5.7 \\ Ca & 28.87 & 25.9 & 33.2 & 24.4 & 31.7 & 27.74 & 29.4 & 24.3 & 28.2 & 21.8 \\ Na & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.3 & 0.0 \\ Al & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.1 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ Mg & 0.0 & 0.1 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.1 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.1 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Atom percentage [wt%] of Biodentine specimens’ surface in control group, group B (after 45 min setting time) and in group C (after 24 h setting time). Figure 4: Changes in the chemical composition of the surface of Biodentine specimens. C where the percentage of Ca slightly rose after the CHX irrigation protocol without US activation from 27.74 wt% (X-24-0) to maximum 29.4 wt% (X-24-5), and decreased after ultrasonically enhanced irrigation from 27.74 wt% (X-24-0) to minimum 21.8 wt% (X-24-20-US).