# Protective Effects Induced by a Hydroalcoholic _Allium sativum_ Extract in Isolated Mouse Heart
## 4 Conclusions  
In conclusion, our findings showed that the garlic hydroalcoholic extract exhibited cardioprotective effects on multiple inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. The chemical profile revealed the presence of selected classes of compounds (alcohols and fatty acid esters) in the hydroalcoholic extract, which can be responsible for such effects. Sulfur-containing compounds, describing the chemical fingerprint of this natural matrix, were revealed only as a powder in the sample. Intriguingly, the prominent phenolic compounds present in the extract, namely, gallic acid, protocatechic acid, alliin, and quercetin-3-galactosidase were also predicted to be adsorbed at the gastrointestinal level, with the putative bioavailability ranging from 20 to 30%. The same phytochemicals were also predicted to interact with cytokines and COX-2; this could explain, albeit partially, the observed inhibitory effects induced by garlic extract on the selected pro-inflammatory biomarkers. The present findings also add to the cardioprotective effects exerted by herbal extracts that are rich in phenolics, and are orally administered ([PERSON] et al., 2002); this further supports the potential use of the present garlic extract in contrasting oxidative stress and inflammatory processes occurring during cardiovascular diseases. However, future studies using independent experimental paradigms are required for an accurate evaluation of the in vivo activity. **Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/nu13072332/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/nu13072332/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/nu13072332/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/nu13072332/s1)). Figure S1: Optimization of HS-SPME conditions using (A) DVB-CAR-PDMS, (B) PDMS-DVB, (C) CAR-PDMS fibers with the following settings: \(\mathrm{t_{eq}}\) = 20 min, \(\mathrm{t_{sa}}\) = 35 min. Total peaks area (primary axes) and number of detected peaks (secondary axes) vs. equilibration/sampling temperature (in \({}^{\circ}\)C). Figure S2: Distribution of the principal classes of volatile compounds detected. The following HS-SPME conditions have been used: \(\rm{te_{q}}=20\) min, \(\rm{ts_{aa}}=35\) min. The HS-SPME temperatures are reported into the brackets for each employed fiber. Table S1: HS-SPME/GC-MS results obtained using PDMS-DVB fiber (\(\rm{te_{q}}=20\) min and \(\rm{ts_{aa}}=15\) min at T = 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C). Table S2: HS-SPME/GC-MS results obtained using CAR-PDMS fiber (\(\rm{te_{eq}}=20\) min and \(\rm{ts_{aa}}=15\) min at T = 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C). Conceptualization, L.R., L.B. and S.L. ; methodology, A.C. ([PERSON]), F.M., C.F. ([PERSON]), A.F., S.C., F.C. and A.M.; software, G.O., C.F. ([PERSON]) and L.M. ; validation, G.O., C.F. ([PERSON]) and L.M. ; formal Analysis, L.R., A.C. ([PERSON]), F.M., C.F. ([PERSON]), C.F. ([PERSON]), A.F., S.C., F.C., E.G., M.D.L., A.B., A.M., S.C.D.S., S.V. and A.C. ([PERSON]); investigation, A.C. ([PERSON]), C.F. ([PERSON]), A.F., F.M., F.C., E.G., M.D.L., A.B., A.M., V., G.O., C.F. ([PERSON]), S.C.D.S., S.V. and A.C. ([PERSON]); resources, L.R., A.C. ([PERSON]), L.B. and S.L. ; data Curation, L.R., A.C. ([PERSON]), S.C., A.M. and S.L. ; writing--original draft preparation, L.R., A.C. ([PERSON]), S.C. and S.L. ; writing--review and editing, L.R., A.C. ([PERSON]), F.M., L.B. and S.L. ; visualization, C.F. ([PERSON]), A.F., S.C. and F.C. ; supervision, L.B. ; project administration, L.R., A.C. ([PERSON]), L.B. and S.L. ; funding acquisition, L.R., L.B. and S.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by il Grappolo S.r.l. 2020 (Soliera, Modena, Italy). Housing conditions and experimentation procedures were strictly in agreement with the European Community ethical regulations (EU Directive no. 26/2014) on the care of animals for scientific research.