## 5 Effect of RAS on Performance Properties of Asphalt Binders and Mixtures
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference Study** & **RAS Type and** & **RAS Mixing Details** & **RAS Dosage (\% by** & **Mixing Method** & **Asphalt** \\
**Study** & **Particle Size** & **in Asphalt Binder** & **Binder/Mix Weight)** & **Used Dry/Wet** & **Mixture Type** \\ \hline
[38] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} TOSS and RAP \\ extracted binder \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} & 5\% by aggregate & Dry & HMA \\ \hline
[39] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} MWSS and TOSS \\ ultrafine powder \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Single mixing 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C, \\ 30 min, 1500 rpm \\ \end{tabular} & 10, 20, 40\% by binder & Wet & Binder only \\ \hline
[40] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 3\% by binder \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Dry (plant mix) \\ Wet (lab tests) \\ \end{tabular} & HMA \\ \hline
[41] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 3, 5\% by mixture \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} HMA \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[42] & \begin{tabular}{c} MWSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 0-10\% by mixture \\ \end{tabular} & Dry & HMA \\ \hline
[43] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 5\% by mixture \\ \end{tabular} & Dry & HMA \\ \hline
[44] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(<\) 9 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 5\% RAS \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} HMA \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[45] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 2.5, 5, 7.5\% RAS by mix \\ \end{tabular} & Dry & HMA \\ \hline
[46] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(\leq\) 3 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 2.5, 7\% RAS by mix \\ \end{tabular} & Both & HMA \\ \hline
[47] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 10, 15, 17, 30, 34\% by mix \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} HMA \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[48] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS binder \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 5-10\% by binder \\ \end{tabular} & Wet & WMA \\ \hline
[49] & \begin{tabular}{c} MWSS, TOSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 5\% by mix \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} & HMA \\ \hline
[50] & \begin{tabular}{c} MWSS \(<\) 1 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 5, 10\% by aggregate \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} & HMA \\ \hline
[51] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 5\% by mix \\ \end{tabular} & Both & HMA \\ \hline
[52] & \begin{tabular}{c} MWSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 3, 5\% by aggregate \\ \end{tabular} & Dry & HMA, WMA \\ \hline
[53] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 5\% by mix \\ \end{tabular} & Dry & HMA \\ \hline
[54] & \begin{tabular}{c} MWSS, TOSS binder \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \
\begin{tabular}{c} Shingle mixing 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C, \\ 30 min, 1500 rpm \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 2.5, 5, 10\% by binder \\ \end{tabular} & Wet & Binder only \\ \hline
[55] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 5\% by mix \\ \end{tabular} & N/G & HMA \\ \hline
[56] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(\leq\) 4.75 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Shingle mixing \\ \(150\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, 1500 rpm \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 2.5, 5\% by mix \\ \end{tabular} & Wet & HMA \\ \hline
[57] & \begin{tabular}{c} MWSS, TOSS \(<\) 9.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 4.5 and 6\% by mix \\ \end{tabular} & Both & HMA \\ \hline
[58] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(<\) 9.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 3.5 and 7\% by mix \\ \end{tabular} & Dry & WMA, HMA \\ \hline
[59] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 5\% by mix \\ \end{tabular} & Dry & HMA \\ \hline
[60] & \begin{tabular}{c} TOSS \(<\) 12.5 mm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} N/G \\ \end{tabular} & Dry & HMA \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}