## 3 Results and Discussion
### Functional Features, Limitations, and Directions of Potential Applications for the L-FDM Method
The printed replicas can incorporate slow-release materials that maintain an alkaline pH into the surrounding microenvironment, while soluble materials can be used to create nano/micropores that resemble natural porous corals. This facilitates rapid growth and enables live corals to penetrate the structures [32]. Artificial coral structures can be designed to provide a variety of microhabits for different species of corals and other marine life. The use of 3D printing in chemical engineering has proven to be highly valuable, particularly in the development of structural catalysts, mixers, and reactors. Through the use of 3D printing, complex and customized structures can be created, ultimately leading to an improved process efficiency and better results in a variety of chemical engineering applications [33]. A novel printing technology, capable of incorporating modifiers into polymer matrices, holds promise for advancement in materials engineering. Using the L-FDM method, scientists can use this as a tool for efficient, cheaper, and quick production of samples for research purposes and for imparting new properties to polymeric materials [34; 35]. The L-FDM technique holds significant potential in the field of bioengineering, particularly in the areas of implants, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. The \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Field of Application** & **Potential Application** & **Refs.** \\ \hline pharmaceutical & drugs, customized drugs, and therapy & [23; 24; 25] \\ isotope technologies & introducing radioactive isotopes into 3D prints & [26] \\ nuclear medicine & manufacturing individualized anthropomorphic phantoms in many & \\  & clinical applications and radiopharmaceuticals & [27; 28] \\ personal care & skin delivery platforms & [29; 30; 31] \\ oceanography & coral restoration; slow-release materials, maintaining an alkaline pH level & [32] \\ chemical engineering & chemical reactors, the introduction of some elements of catalyst & [33] \\  & (e.g., Pt and Rh) & [34] \\ material engineering & imparting new properties to polymer materials and testing & [34] \\  & new modifiers & \\ chemistry & testing of newly obtained chemical compounds directly in the laboratory & [35] \\ bioengineering & implants, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine & [36; 37] \\ agrochemistry & controlled release of micronutrients and pesticides & [38; 39; 40] \\ nanotechnology & formation nanoparticles from chemical precursors in thermal & [41] \\  & decomposition directly during 3D printing & \\ polymerization of materials & polymerization of monomers during printing, e.g., methacrylates & [42] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Potential applications. primary focus of tissue engineering lies in designing and producing scaffolds with specific properties, which can be achieved through the application of L-FDM. With the new method, it is possible to introduce ions found in the body's natural environment, resulting in biocompatible materials [36; 37]. The use of agrochemicals with controlled-release systems is beneficial, as it enables the maximum effectiveness while minimizing nonspecific side effects. Moreover, it reduces the negative impact on the environment, human health, and other organisms. There are different ways to release substances, such as microcapsules, nanoparticles, delayed-release formulations, and polymer matrices. Using the L-FDM method, materials can be designed to have active ingredients that enable a controlled release by responding to factors such as humidity, temperature, and pH [38; 39; 40]. Currently, the known technologies on the market indicate the possibility of in situ thermal formation of nanoparticles (e.g., silver nanoparticles) during filament extrusion. The use of the L-FDM method allows the omission of several processing processes, such as the homogenization of materials, granulation, and extrusion, because it is possible to obtain nanoparticles from chemical precursors as a result of thermal decomposition directly during printing [41; 42].