## 4 Conclusions  
This study successfully improved the adsorption capacity of natural zeolite by forming a nanocomposite with graphene oxide. A simple thermal process was used to modify  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline
**T (K)** & **K\({}_{\textbf{d}}\) (L mg\({}^{-1}\))** & **\(\Delta\)G\({}^{0}\) (kj mol\({}^{-1}\) )** & **\(\Delta\)H\({}^{0}\) (kj mol\({}^{-1}\))** & **\(\Delta\)S\({}^{0}\) (j mol\({}^{-1}\) K\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \hline
298 & 0.22 \(\pm\) 0.02 & \(-\)29.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 & & \\
318 & 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.09 & \(-\)32.6 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 40 \(\pm\) 1 & 228 \(\pm\) 6 \\
323 & 0.95 \(\pm\) 0.12 & \(-\)33.9 \(\pm\) 0.5 & & \\
333 & 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.19 & \(-\)35.5 \(\pm\) 0.9 & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Thermodynamic parameters for MB adsorption on ZGO10.  
the material's structure, resulting in the nanocomposites ZGO2.5, ZGO5, and ZGO10. Characterization techniques such as UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, BET technique, and EDS confirmed the impregnation of graphene oxide onto zeolite. These analyses also revealed an increased surface area and enhanced stability, further supported by the presence of graphene oxide's characteristic functional groups. The significant increase in adsorption capacity is attributed to the presence of these functional groups and the \(\pi\)-\(\pi\) interactions between the aromatic ring of methylene blue (MB) and the structure of the zeolite-graphene oxide nanocomposite (ZGO). Adsorption experiments were conducted in a pH range of 5 to 10, observing that the adsorption capacity increased with temperature. A maximum adsorption capacity of 119 mg g\({}^{-1}\) was achieved at 333 K. The adsorption mechanism was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while the adsorption isotherms showed the best fit to the Freundlich and D-R models. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was physico-chemical in nature, spontaneous, and endothermic. Thanks to the improved adsorption capacity provided by the combination of zeolite and graphene oxide, this composite material emerges as a low-cost and highly efficient alternative for the treatment and removal of dye contaminants in industrial wastewater. Additionally, the material demonstrated high reusability, maintaining its adsorption performance for up to five cycles, with minimal capacity loss.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15052824/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15052824/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15052824/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15052824/s1)), Figure S1. Natural zeolite micrograph and measurements of grains. Figure S2. (a) BET surface area plot of ZGO10; (b) pore size distribution in ZGO10. Figure S3. Linear fit of adsorption isotherm data section. (a) 298 K; (b) 313 K; (c) 323 K; (d) 333 K. Figure S4. Reusability study of the solution containing 10 mg of ZG10 in 10 mL of MB solution (10 mg mL\({}^{-}\)1), using 10 mL of 0.1 N HCl as the desorption liquid at 298 K for 3 h.  
G.T.-U.: conceptualization, methodology, writing--original draft preparation. C.C.: validation, investigation, formal analysis. S.P.: validation, formal analysis, investigation. A.B.: data curation, writing--review and editing. F.A.A.: conceptualization, data curation, writing--original draft preparation, investigation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Tech'You--Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation and Quality of Life Improvement grant number [ECS 00000009, CUP H23C22000370006].  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors are very thankful to the Faculty of Sciences--ESPOCH for the facilities provided for the UV-Vis and SEM characterization.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.