## 3 Results and Discussion
### Headspace Volatile Analysis Using SPME-GC-MS of Mallab Samples (Roasted/Unroasted)
#### 3.4.1 Aldehydes/Ketones
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **Volatiles** & **KI** & **Rt (min)** & **WG** & **WE** & **RE** & **RRE** \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Total ketones} & & & 3.77 & 2.50 & 5.37 & 3.69 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Lactones**} & & & & & \\
112 & \(\gamma\)-Butylrolactone & 897 & 6.025 & 1.01 \(\pm\) 0.17 & 1.43 \(\pm\) 1.98 & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 \\
113 & \(\gamma\)-Pentalactone & 945.1 & 6.548 & 0.51 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.59 \(\pm\) 0.22 & 0.53 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.13 \\
114 & \(\gamma\)-Caprolactone & 1059.9 & 7.775 & 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 2.10 \(\pm\) 0.77 & 2.14 \(\pm\) 0.42 & 6.58 \(\pm\) 2.38 \\
115 & \(\gamma\)-Heptalactone & 1161.8 & 8.87 & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.26 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.86 \(\pm\) 0.27 \\
116 & \(\gamma\)-Otalactone & 1269.5 & 9.931 & 0.82 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 1.33 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 0.36 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 2.77 \(\pm\) 1.07 \\
117 & \(\delta\)-Otalactone & 1299.3 & 10.253 & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\
118 & Isomnilactone & 1356.2 & 10.736 & 1.74 \(\pm\) 0.68 & 4.34 \(\pm\) 1.03 & 1.19 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 8.31 \(\pm\) 1.60 \\
119 & \(\gamma\)-Nonalactone & 1373.6 & 10.921 & 0.76 \(\pm\) 0.30 & 2.49 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 0.88 \(\pm\) 0.17 & 4.20 \(\pm\) 0.55 \\
120 & \(\delta\)-Nonalactone & 1402.5 & 11.246 & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.30 \\
121 & Coumarin isomer & 1433.8 & 11.518 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\
122 & Coumarin * & 1451.3 & 11.702 & 7.28 \(\pm\) 3.33 & 19.75 \(\pm\) 8.56 & 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.30 & 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.18 \\
123 & Hernariarin & 1750.7 & 14.616 & 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.29 & 1.37 \(\pm\) 0.88 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Total lactones} & & & 14.24 & 33.99 & 6.84 & 24.25 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Monoterpenses**} & & & & \\
124 & Limonene * & 1033.6 & 7.529 & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 4.35 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\
125 & _p_-Cymene * & 1028.7 & 7.435 & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.06 \\
126 & Thymol * & 1309.1 & 10.313 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.06 \\
127 & \(\alpha\)-Terpineol * & 1084.2 & 8.106 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Total monoterpenses} & & & 0.31 & 0.57 & 4.74 & 0.57 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sesquiergenes**} & & & & \\
128 & Cadalene & 1706 & 14.127 & - & - & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\
129 & \(\alpha\)-Copaene & 1395 & 11.223 & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.13 \\
130 & Longfiolene & 1428.1 & 11.462 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
131 & \(\alpha\)-Muuronleene & 1507.2 & 12.269 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 \\
132 & \(\beta\)-Caryophyllene * & 1437.2 & 11.537 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Total sesquiterpenens} & & 0.12 & 0.18 & 0.39 & 0.28 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Unidentified volatiles**} & & & & \\
133 & Unknown & 1305.4 & 10.393 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.10 \\
134 & Unknown & 1667.4 & 13.841 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 4.98 \(\pm\) 7.03 \\
135 & Unknown & 1821.9 & 15.264 & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.29 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Total unidentified volatiles} & & 0.21 & 0.18 & 0.17 & 5.33 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{KI = Kovats index, Rt = retention time. * Denotes volatiles confirmed using authentic standards.} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table