## Case Study
### Evaluation Results of PQI Model  
The PQI model, currently the primary pavement performance evaluation approach in China, was applied to the inspection data from section K67 to K70. Table 4 presents the PQI evaluation results. The PQI rating of the forward heavy traffic lane in sections K67 to K68 and K68 to K69 was good, while the rest of the sections were rated as excellent. Overall, the PQI rating of section K67 to K70 is excellent. Among the various sub-indicators, the PBI and PCI indicators are slightly lower, whereas the RQI, PBI, SRI, and PSSI indicators are better. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Number**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Stake**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Direction**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Lane**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Sub-Indictors**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PQI**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Performance Rating**} \\ \cline{5-10}  & & & & **PCI** & & & **RQI** & & & **RQI** & & **RQI** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1} & K67–K68 & Forward & Light & \multirow{2}{*}{87.67} & \multirow{2}{*}{93.71} & \multirow{2}{*}{94.28} & \multirow{2}{*}{100.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{94.74} & \multirow{2}{*}{99.95} & \multirow{2}{*}{92.41} & \multirow{2}{*}{Excellent} \\
2 & K68–K69 & Forward & Light & \multirow{2}{*}{88.08} & \multirow{2}{*}{93.06} & \multirow{2}{*}{92.97} & \multirow{2}{*}{100.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{93.88} & \multirow{2}{*}{99.94} & \multirow{2}{*}{92.08} & \multirow{2}{*}{Excellent} \\
3 & K69–K70 & Forward & Light & \multirow{2}{*}{85.81} & \multirow{2}{*}{93.74} & \multirow{2}{*}{93.87} & \multirow{2}{*}{100.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{92.46} & \multirow{2}{*}{99.99} & \multirow{2}{*}{91.48} & \multirow{2}{*}{Excellent} \\
4 & K67–K68 & Forward & Heavy & \multirow{2}{*}{81.82} & \multirow{2}{*}{94.01} & \multirow{2}{*}{89.67} & \multirow{2}{*}{100.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{96.35} & \multirow{2}{*}{99.98} & \multirow{2}{*}{89.93} & \multirow{2}{*}{Good} \\
5 & K68–K69 & Forward & Heavy & \multirow{2}{*}{81.73} & \multirow{2}{*}{94.12} & \multirow{2}{*}{89.71} & \multirow{2}{*}{100.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{96.65} & \multirow{2}{*}{99.92} & \multirow{2}{*}{89.95} & \multirow{2}{*}{Good} \\  & & traffic & & & & & & & & & \\
5 & K68–K69 & Forward & Heavy & \multirow{2}{*}{81.73} & \multirow{2}{*}{94.12} & \multirow{2}{*}{89.71} & \multirow{2}{*}{100.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{96.65} & \multirow{2}{*}{99.92} & \multirow{2}{*}{89.95} & \multirow{2}{*}{Good} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Evaluation results of the PQI evaluation model. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Number** & **Stake** & **Direction** & **Lane** & **RQI** & **R\({}_{\text{r}}\)** & **C\({}_{\text{r}}\)** & **P\({}_{\text{r}}\)** & **PSI** \\ \hline
1 & K67–K68 & Forward & Light traffic & 93.71 & 0.832 & 0.311 & 0.234 & 99.95 \\
2 & K68–K69 & Forward & Light traffic & 93.06 & 0.876 & 0.286 & 0.167 & 99.94 \\
3 & K69–K70 & Forward & Light traffic & 93.74 & 0.756 & 0.437 & 0.209 & 99.99 \\
4 & K67–K68 & Forward & Heavy traffic & 94.01 & 0.955 & 0.799 & 0.289 & 99.98 \\
5 & K68–K69 & Forward & Heavy traffic & 94.12 & 0.917 & 0.741 & 0.197 & 99.92 \\
6 & K69–K70 & Forward & Heavy traffic & 94.29 & 0.866 & 0.568 & 0.213 & 99.98 \\
7 & K67–K68 & Reverse & Light traffic & 94.80 & 0.452 & 0.149 & 0.251 & 99.73 \\
8 & K68–K69 & Reverse & Light traffic & 94.92 & 0.291 & 0.046 & 0.255 & 99.82 \\
9 & K69–K70 & Reverse & Light traffic & 95.23 & 0.856 & 0.144 & 0.324 & 99.81 \\
10 & K67–K68 & Reverse & Heavy traffic & 92.81 & 0.398 & 0.091 & 0.195 & 99.66 \\
11 & K68–K69 & Reverse & Heavy traffic & 94.50 & 0.321 & 0.052 & 0.312 & 99.88 \\
12 & K69–K70 & Reverse & Heavy traffic & 93.82 & 1.672 & 0.471 & 0.364 & 99.89 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Inspection data of sections K67 to K70. The measurement and calculation methods of PCI, RDI, PBI, and SRI are in accordance with Chinese standard (JTG 5210-2018) [3]. Among sub-indicators, PCI and PBI values were slightly lower, while RQI, PWI, SRI, and PSSI performed better.