esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# ECGYOLO: Mask Detection Algorithm
## 2 Related Works  
YOLO is currently the most powerful open source target detection model and can be found in various fields, for example, one study reported in the literature applied YOLO to citrus orchards, which can save a lot of manpower and resources [12], another study also described in the literature used YOLO to detect whether drivers are distracted [13], and another study in the literature applied YOLO to ship detection [14]. The best of the YOLO series right now is YOLOv7, which was formerly known as YOLOv1 and has undergone several improvements in YOLOv2 [15], YOLOv3 [16], YOLOv4 [17] and YOLOv5 [18]. YOLOv7 introduces the residual module Darknet-53 [19] and the FPN [20] structure to achieve multi-scale fusion and prediction of objects at three different scales. In addition, YOLOv7 extends the original ELAN structure and proposes an Extended ELAN framework,which can increase the self-study capability of the circuit without damaging the primary gradient path. On the whole, YOLOv7 has great advantages in terms of parameters, calculation and accuracy and is a very advanced target recognition model.  
A study described in the literature uses a global attention mechanism to reduce the loss of feature information to some extent and Soft-NMS to improve the accuracy of the prediction frame [21]. The authors of another study reported in the literature use the Mish activation function to replace the LeakyReLU activation function, a dense SPP layer in feature extraction, and offer their own understanding of the detection of small targets. However, the F1 index in mask detection is poor, only 78%, and there is a large number of missed and wrong detections [22]. The authors of another study presented in the literature proposed to introduce CSPDarkNet53 into YOLOv4 with Hardswish activation function to achieve relatively high-accuracy mask recognition, but the computational cost of the model is high, and the model itself is more strenuous on low-computing-power hardware devices [23]. A YOLO mask detection framework using an improved Res2 Net module is proposed in the literature, but the improved model is more complex and not as good as YOLOv7 in terms of performance [24].  
However, it can be seen from the above literature that there is a lack of a mask detection system suitable for a low-computing-power platform with high accuracy and fast operation. Therefore, this paper proposes a dataset based on WIDER Face and MAFA and uses the lightweight YOLOv7 tiny model, combined with ECA attention mechanism, GhostConv convolution module, ECG module and EIoU loss function for improvement. Experiments show that these mends are profitable to improve the preciseness and rate of the model and realize the lightweighting of the model. The trial run on the dataset and suggested in this article shows that the arithmetic can effectually detect the face of the mask wearer and compare other existing object detection arithmetic on the market, so the accuracy and speed are improved, and the model is lightweight.
## 5 Case Study  
A micro grid in North China consists of a small factory, a market place and a residential building with 265-kW and 313-kW electric and thermal loads, respectively. The micro grid is provided by two C65 micro gas turbines, and the storage battery is made up of 60 cascaded 12-V/200-Ah VRL batteries with a maximum charging power of 20 kW and maximum discharging power of 40 kW. There are 20 EVs in the micro grid. Ten percent of EVs follow the schedulable contracts (charging-discharging), and the rest can be only charged. The distance per charge of an EV is 250 km, and the efficiency coefficient is set as 0.67. The travelled distance per day is 24.5 km, and the charging interval is seven days. Hence, there are two schedulable EVs per day and three EVs taken as the power load. The maximum power of the polycrystalline silicon PV array is 100 kW; the rated power of the micro wind turbine is 150 kW; and the rated power of the gas boiler is 300 kW. The topology of the micro grid system is illustrated in Figure 2.  
The unmet thermal load is balanced by the gas boiler (GB). The ramping constraint of the generator unit is presented in Table 1. The purchasing price and selling price of electricity of the microgrid in operation are presented in Table 2.  
The original investment is much larger than operation costs. We did not take the initial investment costs into consideration and mainly focused on the operational cost difference in the five operation modes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Type** & \(\mathbf{P_{\text{min}}}\)/**kW** & \(\mathbf{P_{\text{max}}}\)/**kW** & \(\mathbf{R^{\text{down}}}\)/(**kW\(\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\)**) & \(\mathbf{R^{\text{up}}}\)/(**kW\(\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\)**) \\ \hline MT & 5 & 65 & 5 & 10 \\ GB & 0 & 300 & 3 & 8 \\ WT & 0 & 150 & \(-\) & \(-\) \\ PV & 0 & 100 & \(-\) & \(-\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Operation parameters of generator units.  
Figure 2: Hybrid energy microgrid system chart.
# Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT):
## 5 Open Research Questions and Discussion
### Unified NB-IoT Testing Tool  
Since NB-IoT is a promising technology, there should be a unified testing tool used as a reference to verify if the produced products comply with the standards. Taking Bluetooth as an example, for better compatibility towards different available products from handsets to car kits, Profile Tuning Suite (PTS) software is used to automate the compliance testing to specific Bluetooth function. So, to support compliance with standards and hence backward compatibility and interoperability, what is the testing tool to validate if different available products will fit standards? Similarly, for simulation purposes, most of the works choose the parameters that can generate results easily. If there is a concrete simulation model that takes into account the major NB-IoT features and incorporating all the possibilities from repetition number allocation, mobility selection, modulation and coding scheme, real-time channel variations, etc. it would be easier to get realistic modeling for different scenarios.
### Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Analysis and Geliltration  
The subunit molecular mass of l-arabinose isomerase was determined by SDS-PAGE using a prestained ladder (MBI Fermentas, Glen Burnie, MD, USA) as a reference. Coomassieie brilliant blue was used to stain protein bands for visualization. The molecular mass of the native l-arabinose isomerase from _K. pneumoniae_ was determined by gel filtration chromatography using a Sephacryl S-300 HR 16/60 column (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA). Purified l-arabinose isomerase was applied to the column and eluted at 1 mL/min with 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 150 mM NaCl. The column was calibrated using conalbumin (75 kDa), aldolase (158 kDa), ferritin (400 kDa), and thyroglobulin (669 kDa) as reference proteins (GE Healthcare), and the molecular mass of the native enzyme was calculated by comparing its retention time with that of the reference proteins.
## 1 Introduction
Only the LO beam is shaped to a sequence of light pulses with AM and transmitted through the fiber with the continuously polarization-perpendicular signal beam. In the output port of the fiber, the signal beam and the LO beam are separated with a polarization beam splitter (PBS), then the LO beam is sent into a optical path delay (OPD) for realizing the proper delaying compared with the signal beam. When the LO beam and the signal beam are interfered in the BHD system, only the part of the signal beam without the influence of spurious GAWBS noise is directly measured. If quantum information is loaded into the part of signal beam without the influence of GAWBS, the information can be transferred with fidelity as high as possible in this condition.
# Correct Pronunciation Detection of the Arabic Alphabet Using Deep Learning
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Arabic Alphabet Classification  
In this section, we are going to present the result of the dataset before data augmentation and after data augmentation for Arabic alphabet classification-based on Arabic alphabet pronunciation classification using the deep learning network models. This section  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Resources** & **Speakers** & **Age** & **Ethnicity** \\ \hline Collected from expert & 20 Male (1 per speaker) & adults & non-native \\ Collected from novice & 20 Male (1 per speaker) & adults & non-native \\
**Dataset** & **Source** & **Augmented** & **Total** \\ Correct pronunciation (experts) & 20 samples & 120 samples & 4060 files \\ Mispronunciation (novice) & 20 samples & 120 samples & 4060 files \\ Total Data & & & 8120 files \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Dataset for alphabet pronunciation classification.  
is concluded with a brief discussion of the comparison of the results of the deep learning models using DCNN, AlexNet, and BLTSM, respectively.  
For the alphabet classification without data augmentation, the accuracy of the DCNN model is 65.89% with random splitting, 64.56% with the hold-out validation, and 64.03% with 5-fold CV. We trained the model 5 times by altering the neighboring sequence and then averaging out the accuracy. By using the TL approach, we have achieved an accuracy of 78.03% with random splitting, 78.73% with the hold-out validation, and we have achieved an accuracy of 79.15% with CV. BLSTM achieved 53.18% accuracy with random splitting, 52.62% with the hold-out validation, and after alternating sequences using 5-fold CV, the results are 53.17% as shown in Table 4.  
For the alphabet classification with data augmentation, the accuracy of the DCNN model is 95.95% with random splitting, 93.32% with the hold-out validation, and 93.46% with 5-fold CV. The accuracy of the pre-trained AlexNet is 90.91% with SVM classifier which increased up to 98.41% using Adam optimizer with random splitting, 96.72% with the hold-out validation, and 96.36% with 5-fold CV. In BLSTM, we achieve an accuracy of 87.90% with random splitting, 88.38% with the hold-out validation, and 89.95% with the CV experiment as shown in Table 4. In Table 5 the values of mean, standard deviation (SD), and standard mean error (SME) are shown for DCNN, AlexNet, and BLSTM network.
# Regional Seismicity of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau Revealed by Crustal Magnetic Anomalies
## 7 Curie Point Depths
### Relationship Between the Curie Point Depth and Heat Flow  
The thermal gradient was calculated from the CPD data (\(Z_{b}\)) below the ground surface (\(\Delta T\)) using the Curie-Weiss law, \(\Delta T\) = (\(T-T_{0}\))/\(Z_{b}\)[47], assuming the temperature of the ground surface (\(T_{0}\)) is 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the Curie point (\(T\)) is 580 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Figure 13 shows the \(\Delta T\) values in the study area. \(\Delta T\) varies from 14 to 32 \({}^{\circ}\)C/km, with an average of 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C/km. The area in which the Curie surface is shallow has a high \(\Delta T\), while the area in which the Curie surface is deep has a low \(\Delta T\). The \(\Delta T\) distribution in the study area is similar to that of the CPDs (Figure 12). This indicates that the general trend in the crustal thermal structure can be obtained using \(\Delta T\) derived from the CPDs.  
Figure 13: Map of the thermal gradient (\(\Delta T\)) and CPD in the study area. For black lines, please see Figure 1. \(\Delta T\) varies from 14 to 32 \({}^{\circ}\)C/km, with an average of 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C/km.  
The CPDs exhibit a correlation with the surface heat flow \(Q\)s in the study area. The heat flow data were acquired from the literature [48] and from the Global Heat Flow Database ([[http://www.heatflow.und.edu/data.html](http://www.heatflow.und.edu/data.html)]([http://www.heatflow.und.edu/data.html](http://www.heatflow.und.edu/data.html)) (accessed on 1 January 2025)) (Figure 12). There is a low heat flow in the Tarim, Sichuan, Qaidam, and Ordos basins, with values of 20-70 mW/m\({}^{2}\), corresponding to CPD values of >30 km. In contrast, the NETP has a high heat flow (>70 mW/m\({}^{2}\)), corresponding to CPD values of <25 km. The Qiangtang Block has the shallowest CPD (18 km) and a heat flow as high as 318 mW/m\({}^{2}\).  
There is an inverse relationship between the heat flow values and CPDs. We undertook a nonlinear least-squares regression of the data in a plot of the heat flows versus CPDs. Given the study region consists of several blocks with different levels of heat production, we divided it into four blocks: the NETP (mainly the Qinling-Qilian orogenic belt), the Qaidam Basin, the Ordos Basin, and the Sichuan Basin. Using the heat flow data, the CPD values in Figure 12, and Equation 8, we obtained the relationships between these parameters (Figure 14). These results can be used to estimate the heat flow in the study area as follows:  
\[Q_{s}=aH^{-b}, \tag{8}\]  
where \(Q\)s is the heat flow and \(H\) is the CPD (in km).
# Study of Oxidative-Reductive Potential Changes in the Enrichment of Oxidized Polymetallic Ores
###### Abstract
At high reagent dosages, the sulfidizer begins to act as a depressant, even for oxidized minerals [13; 14; 15]. In the work of [PERSON], dedicated to the processing of refractory polymetallic ones, special attention is given to the flotation of oxidized forms of lead and zinc after sulfidization. It is noted that, when processing oxidized minerals, higher consumption of sodium sulfite and strict control of the redox potential (ORP) of the pulp during flotation are required. Monitoring the ORP helps avoid incomplete sulfidization or, conversely, excessive sulfidization, both of which can lead to losses in recovery [16]. In the studies by [PERSON] et al., the flotation of oxidized copper ore was examined with the use of redox potential (ORP) control. The authors noted that controlling the optimal pulp potential significantly improved the recovery of oxidized minerals. The work confirm3e that maintaining a set Eh (approximately \(-300\) mV on the Ag/AgCl electrode) during the addition of NaHS enhanced the activation of oxidized copper minerals and improved flotation efficiency compared to uncontrolled addition of the sulfidizer [17]. Based on the above, it follows that determining sodium sulfite consumption alone does not provide a comprehensive assessment of the flotation of oxidized minerals. Therefore, for the regulation and control of oxidized ones, it is necessary to know the exact level of redox potential (ORP). This is because, during the processing of oxidized ones, it is difficult to maintain consistent ore parameters. The redox potential integrally characterizes the ratio of oxidizing and reducing components in the pulp and is directly related to the presence of active sulfide ions. The flotation of oxidized ones is influenced not only by the content of the valuable minerals in the ore but also by the ore's phase composition and the ratio of oxidized sulfide minerals, which, in turn, significantly affect the consumption of sodium sulfite. Therefore, for successful flotation after sulfidization, it is important to maintain the potential within a specific optimal range, where both the stability of the sulfide film and the collector's ability to strongly adhere to the surface are ensured. According to reviews, the combined use of pH and ORP control is a promising flotation management method that deserves special attention in industrial conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of sulfidization on the enrichment processes of oxidized polymetallic ones from the Koskudyk deposit, determine the optimal conditions for converting oxidized minerals into sulfide forms, improve the flotation properties of ores, and enhance the extraction of valuable components, such as lead and zinc. The study also aims to determine the optimal ORP values to ensure the hydrophobization of the surface of oxidized minerals [8; 9; 10; 11; 12].
# Application and Assessment of Cooperative Localization in Three-Dimensional Vehicle Networks
## 2 Motivation  
Research works on multi-agent systems have focused on 2D vehicle models, even treating vehicles as simple nodes [15]. CL methods have focused primarily on maneuvering in 2D space [16; 17; 18; 19] and particularly using wheeled mobile robots [20; 21; 22] and vehicles [23] due to the complexities involved in the singularity-free representation of 3D orientation. It is, however, critically important to apply CL to three-dimensional (3D) vehicle models to improve the localization of networks with homogeneous and heterogeneous air, marine, and ground vehicles. Others only consider relative localization without any regard to the global reference frames [24; 25]. There is also a CL method [26] that only uses range measurements of a vehicle with access to absolute measurements via GPS and therefore does not take advantage of cross-covariances terms. A common theme in these methods is suffering from singularities due to using Euler angles to represent orientation. EKF-based CL with relative pose measurements to improve the absolute pose of networks with 3D vehicles has remained relatively unexplored due to the intricacies involved in the kinematic representation and linearization of state and measurement equations. Alternative relative localization methods [27] have also been explored. Euler angles are normally used to measure orientation, but are associated with singularities in aggressive vehicle maneuvers with relative or absolute angles reaching \(90^{\circ}\). Quaternions, on the other hand, do not have any singularities but are not measurable by any sensors. Hence, they are calculated from the rotation matrix, which may be challenging in the case of relative orientation representation.
## 1 Introduction
Additionally, in practical applications, some studies have found that frost is mainly deposited on the windward side, causing the airflow passage to be blocked by frost quickly [26]. [PERSON] et al. [27] performed an experimental investigation on the frosting characteristics of a two-layer FTHX with different refrigerant and airflow directions. Results reveal that the amount of frost accumulation on the front side was significantly different from that on the rear side. For a counter-flow heat exchanger, the blocking rate on the front side was 94%, and that on the rear side was only 77%. For a parallel-flow heat exchanger, the blocking rate on the front side was 98%, and that on the rear side was only 67%. The frost distribution characteristics of MCHX were investigated experimentally by [PERSON] et al. [28]. Results reveal that the blocking rate of the windward side was 100%, and the leeward side was only 68% when frosting for 200 min. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [28] claimed that optimizing the fin shape on the windward side plays a key role in improving the thermal performance of the MCHX. [PERSON] et al. [29] carried out an experimental study on the frost formation of a louver fin with vortex generators. Results show that the vortex generators can reduce the blocking rate of the front side by 15%, and the heat transfer performance could be improved by 28%. [PERSON] et al. [30] also found that frost growth is mainly on the front side; reducing fin density and increasing louver pitch could effectively improve the frosting uniformity. As demonstrated above, the frost blocking on the front side louver fin is the main factor that reduces the heat transfer rates of MCHX. Delaying the fast blocking on the front side is a very effective method to improve the frosting performance of MCHX. However, for the design of the MCHX, to pursue a compact structure, the windward side fin area is often smaller [31]. This will cause frost to quickly block the spaces between the louvers on the front side, and the louver fins on the rear side will not effectively work anymore. To delay frost blocking on the front side, increasing the fin area on the windward side is an effective method. For MCHX, this method has not been reported in the literature. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the structure of the louver fin to be suitable for frosting conditions. The purpose of this study is to propose a modified louver fin to improve the frosting performance of MCHX. In this study, a modified louver fin MCHX was developed to improve its thermal-hydraulic performance under frosting conditions. The modification scheme is to lengthen the fin length on the windward side. The heat transfer and pressure drop performance of the novel design MCHX was compared with the conventional MCHX under frosting conditions. Moreover, the influences of air velocity, RH, and inlet coolant temperature on the heat transfer rate, frost accumulation rate, and pressure drop behavior were conducted. The results can provide useful guidance for the optimization of the MCHXs under frosting conditions.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Experiment 4 (Softer Elastomer)  
In this experiment, before indentation, the plate was pressed firmly against the elastomer to ensure strong adhesive contact. Therefore, the experiment was similar to the experiment whose results are shown in Figure 6, with the difference being that the softer material, TANAC CRG N0505 (TANAC Co., Ltd., Gifu, Japan), was used here. To achieve the same level of normal force, indentation to a greater depth was required, which amounted to \(d=1.3\) mm. The results of the experiment are presented in Figure 11.  
It follows from the figure that at the indentation stage, the linearity of the \(F(d)\) dependence was violated, becoming especially pronounced after point C. This was due to plastic deformation of the elastomer sheet. Plastic deformation is clearly visualized in the unloading curve in Figure 11. Here, at point H, at zero normal force, there was residual deformation. Note that plastic adhesive contact is a complicated problem, and our experiments can potentially be used to verify existing theoretical models, such as those in [30; 31; 32].  
As thermoplastic polystyrene-type gel (polymer is swollen with oil) is used, plastic deformation can be caused by extrusion of the filler from the high-pressure areas of the volume at the center of the contact. At the end of the experiment, the elastomer sheet visually appeared deformed, but no traces of filler were visible on the surface. This meant that filler was extruded into the elastomer volume. The harder material, CRG N3005, did not show plastic deformation. This is logical, since, as a rule, with an increase in the elastic modulus of the material, the amount of filler (oil) decreases, and the percentage of elastic matrix material increases. Moreover, in experiments with the more rigid CRG N3005, the depth of indentation was significantly lower, which means that the deformation of the elastomer was smaller.  
Figure 11: Experimental dependence of normal force \(F\) on indentation depth \(d\) in an experiment using the softer material, TANAC CRG N0505. The letters A–H correspond to the indentation stages shown in Figure 12. Supplementary Video S4, which shows the whole experiment in detail, is available.
## 3 Spectrum Management
### Dedicated IoRT Spectrum  
This spectrum management scheme dedicates two separate frequency bands for machine type communications (IoRT devices) and human to human communications (video streaming, web browsing etc.) respectively. A relatively small portion of the bandwidth is dedicated for IoRT devices and the remaining part of the bandwidth is dedicated for human type communications. Hence, the machine type communications are always guaranteed this dedicated, but relatively small frequency band (smaller proportion of Resource Blocks (RBs)).  
Where \(B_{IoRT}\) is the bandwidth dedicated for IoRT, \(B_{T}\) is the total bandwidth, \(B_{H}\) is the bandwidth dedicated for human type communications, \(S_{IoRT}\) is the available resource blocks for IoRT devices, \(S_{n}\) is the allocated resource blocks that have been assigned to the scheduled or selected IoRT devices, \(I\) is the number of IoRT devices and \(m_{i}(j)\) is the scheduling metric for IoRT \(i\) for RB \(j\).