## 3 Results
### Microbiome Varies According to Grapevine Phenological Stage  
In the three phenological stages (bark and bud, berry set, and fruit harvest), fungal OTUs were 442, 433, and 448, respectively(Figure 1A).The bacterial OTUs were 371,713, and 975(Figure 1B), for thebark and bud, berry set, and harvesting phenological stage, respectively.Out of all fungal OTUs identified in the present study, 48% were detected in more than one phenological stage, almost half (311, 52%) of which represented a core across all sample types (Figure 1A). However, many fungal OTUs were unique. A percentage of 11.3%, 11.1%, and 10% (Figure 1A) of the detected OTUs were exclusively observed in berry set, harvest, and bark and bud samples, respectively. The three phenological stages have an almost similar number of fungal OTUs. A percentage of 84% bacterial OTUs were uncovered in more than one grapevine phenological stage, a subset of which (212; 16%) OTUs were shared across all sample types (Figure 1A). A greater number of OTUs (975) were found at the fruit harvest stage, whereask and bud samples contained the least OTUs (371). About 48% and 27% of the OTUs detected at the harvest stage were shared with berry set andbark and bud stage, respectively. However, several OTUs were unique; for example, 35.3% of the detected OTUs were exclusively observed in harvest samples (Figure 1B). Regardless of the phenological stage, Ascomycota was the most abundant fungal phylum, comprising 96.6% of all sequences, followed by Basidiomycota (3.4%), Chytridiomycota (4%), and Glomeromycota (0.02%). The major fungal genera were _Aureobasitium, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Davidiella, Phoma, Epicoccum, Rhodosporidium, Glomerella, Botryosphaeria, Metschnikowia, Isatchenkia_, and _Lewia_, with relative abundance greater than 1.0% across all samples (Table 2A and Figure 2A). Some taxa associated with harvest samples, such as _Isatchenkia_ and _Metschnikowia_, were almost absent (<0.001% relative abundance) in berry set and bark and bud samples. _Apergillus_, having the second-highest relative abundance (17.4%) in harvest samples, showed significantly lower abundances (ANOVA, F = 4.325, \(p\) < 0.010) in berry set and bark and bud samples (Table 2A and Figure 2A). Others, such as _Cladosporium_ and _Alternaria_, had more presence at berry set and bark and bud, respectively. Figure 1: Venn diagrams showing the distribution of (**A**) fungal and (**B**) bacterial OTUs among the three phenological stages. Compared with fungi, bacteria were more diverse. Proteobacteriaxia was the most abundant bacterial phylum comprising 77.7% of all sequences, followed by Bacteroidetes 15.2%, Actinobacteria 4.8%, Firmicutes 1.9%, and the rest (Chlorofexi, Gemmatimonatedes, Deinococcus-Thermus, Cyanobacteria, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydia, Acidobacteria, Fusobacteria, Tenericutes, Fibrobacetres, Nitrospirae, Spirochaetes, Synergistetes, Aquificae, Chlorobi, Lentisphaerae, and Thermotogae) comprising <0.3% of all sequences. At the level of the phenological stage, Proteobacteria were more prevalent in berry set and harvest samples, while Bacteroidetes wereprominent in bark and bud samples. The major bacterial genera detected among the three phenological stages were _Hymenobacter_, _Glucanocetobacter_, _Buchnera_, _Pantoea_, _Erwinia_, etc., with a relative abundance of more than 3.0% across all samples (Figure 2B and Table 2B). Of these taxa, _Glucanocetobacter_, _Glucanobacter_, and _Zymobacter_ were highly associated with harvest samples (ANOVA, F = 14.325, \(p\) < 0.001) compared to berry set and bark and bud samples (Figure 2B and Table 2B). Whereas _Buchnera_, _Pantoea_, _Pseudomonas_, and _Raoultella_; _Hymenobacter_, _Pedobacter_, _Massilia_, and _Frigoribacterium_ were more associated with berry set and bark and bud samples (ANOVA, F = 7.09, \(p\) < 0.014; 4.22, \(p\) < 0.050) (Figure 2B and Table 2B), respectively.