## 1 Introduction
The applications of nanotechnologies that are included in an IoT system are highly varied depending on the context [16; 17; 18; 19; 20]. For example, smart manufacturing factories employ IoNT devices to monitor the environmental humidity, temperature, water temperature, water quality, and air pollutants [3]. On the other hand, modern automobiles equipped with similarly small sensors can make accurate predictions about proximity, environmental conditions, and position information, which helps to assure the safety and efficacy of vehicle assistance systems [3; 4; 5; 6]. Further, in a typical smart city, in-place IoNT solutions are responsible for monitoring concentrations of toxic gases or particulates [4; 5]. Devices would be planted at various locations throughout the city to monitor pollution levels in order to maintain the residents' health and safety [20; 21; 22; 23]. Accordingly, it is evident that the IoNT is being highly incorporated into most applications involved with our lives such as phones, household appliances, vehicles, and large-scale infrastructure systems [16; 17; 18; 19; 20]. The important fact is that not many have noticed that they are using these IoNT applications, owing to their miniaturized nature. These devices have their control and monitoring procedures digitized and connected to the Internet, which raises many security and privacy issues and is becoming a huge risk as of now [4; 9; 17]. As mentioned previously, owing to their miniaturized nature, many may have not noticed such security and privacy violations, if they have occurred, for a prolonged period of time. In such cases, the critical data can be easily breached by hackers as it is available via the Internet gateway of IoNT [7; 8; 9; 10]. This may lead to damage to victims including theft, spying, and manipulation of their data [4; 7; 8; 9; 10; 17]. Therefore, new security and privacy techniques are required to protect sensitive data collected by IoT nanosensors [4; 8; 9; 10]. One of the main security risks of the IoNT is the potential for hackers to gain access to sensitive data transmitted by these devices. As these devices are often small and distributed in nature, it may be difficult to detect if they have been compromised [9; 10]. In addition, the data transmitted by these devices may be sensitive in nature, such as medical data or financial information [4]. If these data were to fall into the wrong hands, it could lead to serious consequences for the individuals involved. Further, another risk associated with the IoNT is the potential for denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. These attacks occur when a malicious actor floods a device or network with traffic, rendering it unable to function properly [4; 10]. As the IoNT consists of many small, interconnected devices, a DoS attack on one device could potentially affect the entire network [17]. This could have serious effects, particularly in cases where the IoNT is being used for critical infrastructure or emergency services. In addition to these security risks, the IoNT also raises privacy concerns. The proliferation of these devices means that individuals may be constantly monitored and tracked, potentially allowing companies or governments to gather vast amounts of personal data [4; 9; 10; 11; 12; 17]. This data could be used for targeted advertising or could even be sold to third parties without the individual's knowledge or consent which would tarnish one's privacy. Owing to the novelty in the field and as less research has been conducted in terms of the security and privacy of the IoNT, the eventual consequences of security and privacy breaches would lead to more disastrous consequences. Such consequences may include unavailability of services due to downtime of networks and servers, malfunction of IoNT solutions, tarnishing of the image of individuals and organizations due to privacy violations, and eventually, the loss of lives.