## 3 Proposed Protocol Design Scheme
### Energy Consumption and Network Model  
Three-dimensional (3D) UWSNs comprise equally distributed sensor nodes deployed in surveillance fields. The 3D UWSNs model is represented by \(G=(V,\,E)\) with \(m\) number of sensor nodes in this work. Three-way coordinates \((x,\,y,\,z)\) are assigned to every node. Moreover, with localization services in [19], we assume that every sensor node has information about its location. Underwater systems with fixed bottom-mounted nodes that already have location data can make such an assumption. Anchor nodes cannot always be deployed at the seafloor for Deepwater environments. An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with a self-driving system is used as a reference node in the distributed localization algorithms in this scenario. Three-dimensional (3D) Euclidean space is defined by the function \(\delta(u,\,V)\) as the distance between two points \(sv\) and \(su\) as follows:  
\[\delta:N\times N\rightarrow\,\,\Gamma\,:\,\delta(u,\,V) \tag{1}\]  
In UWSNs, every node has sensing devices for data gathering. They gather data from the exterior environment and send it to the sink node over one or multiple hops. The sink node is the node that produces data gathering results and is also the target site of transmitting data. Each sensor node can send and transmit data packets depending on \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Citations** & **Year** & **Technique Used** & **Advantages** & **Shortcoming** \\ \hline
[8] & 2019 & Single and multipath routing schemes, data & Improved performance in energy usage and reliable packet transfer. & High delays due to the node’s cooperation. \\ \hline
[9] & 2018 & The multipath routing technique is used for data transferring among the sensor nodes. & Improved the packet delivery ratio (PDR) & Increases the latency and decreases the reliability. \\ \hline
[10] & 2019 & Cooperative multirelay scheme, best forwarder nodes are selected by considering the weight function, use MRC technique. & Improved the network reliability & Consumes more energy. \\ \hline
[11] & 2018 & Fuzzy logic technique (FLT) with multihop method sends data to the sink. & Data transfer speed and the most significant number of active nodes. & Due to multihop high delay and maximum energy consumption \\ \hline
[12] & 2011 & Fuzzy logic interface and tree decision to select the next two forwarder nodes based on angle, residual energy, and distance. & Improved energy consumption, end-to-end delay, and PDR. & The different ocean factors, such as noise and transmission loss, are not considered. \\ \hline
[13] & 2019 & Manhattan and RSSI methods are used for data transmission. & Improved propagation delay, power constraint, and bandwidth. & High delay due to hierarchical structure method. \\ \hline
[14] & 2019 & Both the cooperative and noncooperative schemes used the node position information by considering distance and mobile sinks for information advancement. & Decreases latency and increases the throughput. & Consumes maximum energy due to the deficiency of the balanced energy technique. \\ \hline
[15] & 2015 & Divided the area into four regions, each region only one random selected node transfers the data to sink. & Improved network lifetime, throughput, and reliability. & Data transferring through only one random node chances of data loss will increase. \\ \hline
[16] & 2017 & Non-cooperative base routing scheme, used a region of interest. & Improved network lifetime, node loss rate, and network overhead & Less reliability, high propagations delay. \\ \hline
[17] & 2020 & joint optimization of sink mobility, hold and forward mechanisms, adoptive depth threshold (DITH) and data aggregation with pattern matching & Increase the PDR to avoid collisions in data packet propagation delays. & Consumes more energy \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Overview of the recently published schemes. its configuration. Every node can adjust its communication range from \(r_{\min}\) (minimum transmission radius) to \(r_{\max}\) (maximum transmission distance).