# Development of an Ergonomic User Interface Design of Calcium Imaging Processing System
## 5 Discussion
For example, the user needs of visibility, accessibility and preferred design characteristics such as adaptive and collapsible UIs were incorporated into the proposed O-BMI UI design. The usability testing showed that the proposed O-BMI UI design was preferred to the UI designs of the existing O-BMI systems (Miniscope, nVista, Mosaic, and Suite2p) by reducing the task completion time by 10.1% to 70.2% on average, scan path length by 14.4% to 88.7%, and perceived workload by 12.2% to 37.9%, and increasing satisfaction by 11.3% to 74.3% in data acquisition and signal extraction tasks. The usability testing was conducted in the present study using both subjective and objective methods. A usability testing on the UI design of a system is generally performed by considering both subjective measures such as ease of use and ease of learning and objective measures such as task completion time and error rate at the same time [32; 33]. Systems have been developed in neuroscience by focusing on functional aspects in data processing, experimental management, and data visualization rather than on usability or by considering only subjective measures in usability testing. As an example of function-oriented system development, [PERSON] et al. (2021) did not mention any UI design or usability testing in their study of system development for measuring, processing, and analyzing neural signals using optical methods [34]. As an example of usability testing in neuroscience research considering only subjective measures, [PERSON] et al. (2012) assessed the usability of a BMI system in terms of ease of use, learnability, and overall satisfaction [35]. In contrast, the O-BMI UI designs in the present study were compared by analyzing task completion times measured by a screen recording program and scan-path length data measured by an eye-tracking system as well as subjective evaluation scores obtained by a usability questionnaire. The usability testing protocol of the present study can be used to design, evaluate, and improve UI designs of various systems in neuroscience research in the future. The usability testing results of the present study showed that the designs of (1) modularized structure UI, (2) task sequence-based UI, (3) adaptive and collapsible UI, and (4) integrated UI were effective for better usability for an O-BMI system. First, the modularized UI design was found to be effective by providing layouts and functions specialized for four main tasks (data acquisition, offline or online signal processing, signal extraction, and decoding). The effectiveness of a modularized UI design was also addressed by [PERSON] et al. (2008), which applied a modularized UI-design approach to a web-based collaboration system to reduce the processing time by about 45% [36]. Second, the task sequence-based UI design was found to be effective for convenient and efficient use by arranging functions and UI components in the sequence of tasks. [PERSON] et al. (2017) reported that high levels of satisfaction (6.1 out of 7 points) and time efficiency were achieved in a virtual surgery-planning system for the liver by incorporating a menu that displays tasks in sequence [16]. Third, the adaptive and collapsible UI design was found to be effective in reducing the completion time and effort required to navigate a menu and functions by appropriately adjusting the amount of information to the user in data acquisition and signal-extraction tasks. [PERSON] et al. (2019) recommended an adaptive and collapsible UI to reduce the selection time by exposing necessary information only in the UI design of a digital information display [37]. Lastly, the integrated UI design of the lever pressure display and control function was found to be effective for time efficiency. [PERSON] & [PERSON] (1987) reported that the reaction time decreased by 16% in an integrated display compared with a separate display when performing a task of checking and reacting to various information [38].