esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Limitations and Applicability  
This level of accuracy in re-simulating structural responses and damage is achieved using a more complex hysteretic model. Equations (11) and (12) add four additional parameters (C1-C4) to the original BWBN model, which require careful calibration but can be identified. These extra parameters enhance the model's ability to control stiffness degradation and the lengthening of the pinching region, making it more flexible but also more complex.  
Moreover, due to the convergence and continuity problem, the energy-based equation, Equation (8), in the original BWBN model has been used here again to simulate the pinching behavior. The spread of this pinching region is also controlled by Equation (12). Therefore, there is not a fully and clear peak-oriented control over the pinching region length changes as exists in pinching stiffness degradation.  
For a robust and precise hysteretic model that accurately simulates structural responses and damage, further verification is highly recommended. This should include both experimental testing and, particularly, evaluations in real-world buildings exhibiting complex and unpredictable hysteretic behaviors in most cases. Future studies should focus on identifying and removing redundant parameters to simplify the proposed BWBN-VP hysteresis model. Additionally, a peak-oriented method should be developed to explicitly simulate the elongation of the pinching region, similar to how pinching stiffness degradation was handled in this study. This approach will enhance the simplicity, clarity, and efficiency of the model.  
The applicability of the proposed BWBN-VP model is especially relevant in areas with high earthquake risk, where understanding stiffness degradation and pinching effects is critical. It is particularly useful for structures such as reinforced concrete (RC) and timber that show significant pinching behavior when affected by earthquakes [43,48]. Using the BWBN-VP model allows for more accurate simulations of damage mechanisms. This enhanced accuracy can help predict how these structures will respond to future earthquakes, assess further damage or collapse risks, and guide effective retrofitting strategies. Overall, this improves the seismic resilience of the structures.
# Numerical Assessment and Repair Method of Runway
## 4 Proposal of Crater Repair Method
### Proposal of Rapid Damage Repair Method  
Based on the field test and the M&S, Figure 8 shows the repair area of 1.8 m \(\times\) 1.8 m and repair depth of 0.7 m including the drainage and separation layer. Therefore, the rapid repair method should be on a small crater scale. The use of FFM or AM-2 mat cover designed for 550 lbs (250 kg) explosive attack is insufficient for such damage. These mats are 18.3 m \(\times\) 16.5 m (60 ft \(\times\) 54 ft) which makes them too large compared to the crater. Furthermore, since CBU creates multiple craters, this method would require a longer repair time and an excess number of mats. Therefore, in order to propose a repair method suitable  
Figure 8: Runway rapid repair section.  
for specific damage, the advantages and disadvantages of different methods are presented in Table 7. The emergency repair of the airfield runway must take time of war into account and must be done safely and efficiently. The emergency repair must be done quickly, efficiently, economically, and without any further repair.  
According to the advantages and disadvantages comparison in Table 7, there are two methods suitable for CBU pavement damage repair. The first method is HES (High-Early-Strength) concrete, which seems most suitable for emergency repair. This method uses on-site mixed cement and may be sensitive to temperature. However, this method allows the material to obtain the desired strength early, has high durability, and does not depend on the shape of the crater, making it most suitable for small crater emergency repair. The second method is the precast concrete method. If 1 m \(\times\) 1 m or 2 m \(\times\) 2 m sized panels can be prefabricated based on necessity, it may be used for some cases. The prefabricated panels are kept in storage until damage occurs, and this method requires the damaged area to be cut to match to panels. However, it can be used regardless of the weather conditions. Hence, after comparing different methods of emergency repair for CBU pavement damage, HES is introduced as the most suitable method. In addition, the precast concrete method is proposed as a method of replacing the HES method depending on the situation of the field.
# Simulation Model and Method for Active Torsional Vibration Control of an HEV
###### Abstract  
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) might cause new noise vibration and harshness (NVH) problems, due to their complex powertrain systems. Therefore, in this paper, a new longitudinal dynamic simulation model of a series-parallel hybrid electric bus with an active torsional vibration control module is proposed. First, the schematic diagrams of the simulation model architecture and the active control strategy are given, and the dynamic models of the main components are introduced. Second, taking advantage of the characteristics of hybrid systems, a method of determining the key dynamic parameters by a bench test is proposed. Finally, in a typical bus-driving cycle for Chinese urban conditions, time domain and frequency domain processing methods are used to analyze vehicle body jerk, fluctuation of rotational speed, and torsional angle of the key components. The results show that the active control method can greatly improve the system's torsional vibration performance when switching modes and at resonance.  
torsional vibration; active control; hybrid electric vehicle; powertrain; parameter determination Article
# On the Design of a Decision Support System for Robotic Equipment Adoption in Construction Processes
## 3 Development of the Prototype
### Evaluation  
To evaluate whether the system provides reasonable output, the obtained results are analysed in collaboration with the domain experts that contributed to the development of the DSS following an axiomatic design guideline. For the development of the knowledgebase, we agreed on the qualitative and quantitative part of the decision model also involving the domain experts. The qualitative part concerns both the definition of the variables to be considered within the DSS and their relevance for the different use cases, as well as the structure of the complete decision model, and the simplified decision model for UC4--marking and spraying. The quantitative part concerns the definition of the numbers to be used for performing the computations within the inference engine. Here, we agreed with the domain experts on the utility function, preferences, and on the subjective utilities that are selected so that none of the available options can penalised or preferred by the system. Due to missing comparison values between robot and conventional method, we defined the conditional probability tables by performing educated guesses, by combining both experience and the expected performance of the system.  
The behaviour due to user interaction is also analysed in collaboration with domain experts. For this reason, we explained how the inference engine is constructed and how the system is reasoning and reacting to user interventions. The changes in the system's advice due to the user's intervention are shown in Table 6:  
* if we consider equal weightings of preferences without adding evidence the preferred solution is the collaborative robot. Results change if we set evidence on the chance nodes BIM and PS. The conventional system is suggested if the BIM model is not available or if we have a small project. The robotic system is suggested if a BIM model is available or if we have a large project. Looking at the \(VPI\) we see that the best information to be acquired is the project size.
* if we focus on productivity and cost, the preferred solution is mostly the conventional system. Additionally, different settings of preferences and evidence have an impact on the decision and on the best information to be acquired by the user.
* if we focus on quality, the preferred solution is mostly the collaborative robot. The conventional system is mostly preferred if the BIM model is not available or if we have a small project.
* if we focus on safety, the preferred solution is mostly the collaborative robot. Here, the conventional manual process is suggested for only one preference setting and when the BIM model is not available or if we have a small project.  
The evaluation of the output with domain experts has been considered satisfactory.
###### Abstract  
Herbivoore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) play important ecological roles in defense against stresses. In contrast to model plants, reports on HIPV formation and function in crops are limited. Tea (_Camellia sinensis_) is an important crop in China. \(\alpha\)-Farnesene is a common HIPV produced in tea plants in response to different herbivore attacks. In this study, a _C. sinensis_\(\alpha\)-farnesene synthase (CsAFS) was isolated, cloned, sequenced, and functionally characterized. The CsAFS recombinant protein produced in _Escherichia coli_ was able to transform farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) into \(\alpha\)-farnesene and also convert geranyl diphosphate (GPP) to \(\beta\)-ocimene _in vitro_. Furthermore, transient expression analysis in _Nicotiana benthumian_ plants indicated that CsAFS was located in the cytoplasm and could convert FPP to \(\alpha\)-farnesene in plants. Wounding, to simulate herbivore damage, activated jasmonic acid (JA) formation, which significantly enhanced the _CsAFS_ expression level and \(\alpha\)-farnesene content. This suggested that herbivore-derived wounding induced \(\alpha\)-farnesene formation in tea leaves. Furthermore, the emitted \(\alpha\)-farnesene might act as a signal to activate antibacterial-related factors in neighboring undamaged tea leaves. This research advances our understanding of the formation and signaling roles of common HIPVs in crops such as tea plants.  
a _Camellis sinensis_; \(\alpha\)-farnesene synthetase; herbivore; jasmonic acid; signaling; tea; volatile
## 7 Impact on User Due to Smartphone Antenna (SAR Analysis)
### Effect of SAR Analysis on Radiation Pattern (3D)  
Figure 20 shows the 3D radiation pattern of the MIMO antenna in the close vicinity of human tissue. As illustrated, good radiation patterns with adequate pattern coverage and gain values are achieved for the MIMO antenna with the human tissue model. Clearly, the human tissue model reduced the antenna characteristics. As seen, the antenna with human tissue in its vicinity still achieves gain values more than 3 dB. The patterns are radiating in different directions, and thus the antenna demonstrated decent spatial diversity at a resonating frequency of 3.5 GHz and 5.1 GHz.
## 4 Classification of Routing Protocols
### Cross-Layered Routing Protocols  
The last category of the WBSNs routing protocols discussed in this paper is the cross-layered routing protocols. These protocols address and try to solve the issue and challenges of both network and MAC layers at the same time to improve the overall performance of the network. We have discussed some of the important cross-layered routing protocols in the following sections.
# Querying on Federated Sensor Networks
###### Abstract  
A Federated Sensor Network (FSN) is a network of geographically distributed Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) called islands. For querying on an FSN, we introduce the Layered Federated Sensor Network (L-FSN) Protocol. For layered management, L-FSN provides communication among islands by its inter-island querying protocol by which a query packet routing path is determined according to some path selection policies. L-FSN allows autonomous management of each island by island-specific intra-island querying protocols that can be selected according to island properties. We evaluate the applicability of L-FSN and compare the L-FSN protocol with various querying protocols running on the flat federation model. Flat federation is a method to federate islands by running a single querying protocol on an entire FSN without distinguishing communication among and within islands. For flat federation, we select a querying protocol from geometrical, hierarchical cluster-based, hash-based, and tree-based WSN querying protocol categories. We found that a layered federation of islands by L-FSN increases the querying performance with respect to energy-efficiency, query resolving distance, and query resolving latency. Moreover, L-FSN's flexibility of choosing intra-island querying protocols regarding the island size brings advantages on energy-efficiency and query resolving latency.  
Federated Sensor Networks; Wireless Sensor Networks; in-network querying +
Footnote †: journal: Sensor and Actuator Networks
## 3 Results and Discussion
### L-DOPA Content
In other legumes belonging to the Mucuna gender, relatively high L-DOPA has been detected in different organs, such as leaves and seeds, containing as much as 1% DW and 4-7% DW L-DOPA, respectively [33; 34; 35]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [36] compiled L-DOPA content in other genera, such as Canavalia, Glycine, Vigna, and others, with relatively low concentrations (0.2-1.9% DW). Regarding tyrosine availability in plants, recent findings suggest that enhanced tyrosine supply would enhance betalain synthesis (other DOPA-derived secondary metabolite) in betalain-producing Caryophyllales [13]. Our results do not prove any stimulatory growth effect (Figure 2), nor an enhanced L-DOPA content. On the contrary, we found that tyrosine treatment decreased DOPA content, and this could be related to tyrosine degradation as an energy source (catabolic pathway). Tyrosine-free levels can vary inside plants, and its catabolism has the highest amino acid energy yield feeding the tricarboxylic acid cycle [37]. Additionally, it must be noted that another potential route for tyrosine catabolism has been suggested via L-DOPA catabolism by [PERSON] et al. [38]. Other possible final destinations of tyrosine have to be considered as well, such as protein synthesis and other molecules, because tyrosine is the precursor of many other diverse metabolites, so its final destiny can be molecules such as isoquinoline alkaloids, lignin, and tyramine, among others [13]. As stated earlier, environmental stress is associated with both enzyme activity and secondary metabolite accumulation. Faba bean is a Nitrogen fixing plant and tyrosine contains Nitrogen; hence, there is a possibility that seedlings could have experienced stress by Nitrogen supplementation. Our results cannot support such an association. Indeed, considering GPX as stress marker (see Section 3.3), no increment in this enzyme activity or in the L-DOPA content was found (see Figure 1). This latter finding is in agreement with a recent report that describes that a wide range of an inorganic fertilizer supplementation (calcium ammonium nitrate) in faba bean does not reflect any significant difference in L-DOPA content [32]. Studies in which tyrosine is provided to cultured cells (of other plant species) have shown an increment in L-DOPA content. Apart from the study of [PERSON] et al. [12] performed in Mucuna tissue culture, a high biotransformation rate of tyrosine to L-DOPA in liquid medium cultured cells of _Portulaca grandiflora_ has been reported as well [39]. Figure 2: Effect of tyrosine treatment on root length, number of roots, and length of sprouts in _V.faba_ at the early stages of development: S1: 3–4 days, S2: 8–9 days, and S3: 2–4 leaves. Bars indicate \(\pm\) standard error (\(n=3\)). No significant differences between controls and tyrosine treatments were found, Tukey (\(P<0.05\)).
# Comprehensive Analysis of PPP-B2b Service and Its Impact on BDS-3/GPS Real-Time PPP Time Transfer
## 3 Results
### Quality Evaluation of PPP-B2b Corrections
#### 3.2.2 PPP-B2b Clock Offset Corrections  
The GBM final clock product was used as a benchmark to assess the quality of PPP-B2b and CNES clock offsets. It is worth noting that the clock offset of the broadcast ephemeris  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Constellation** & **Service** & **R** & **A** & **C** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{BDS-3} & PPP-B2b & 0.082 & 0.288 & 0.262 \\  & CNES & 0.073 & 0.166 & 0.138 \\ \cline{1-1}  & PPP-B2b & 0.093 & 0.386 & 0.278 \\ \cline{1-1}  & CNES & 0.034 & 0.052 & 0.034 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Average RMSEs of BDS-3 and GPS orbits in the RAC directions (in meters).  
Figure 5: RMSEs of the PPP-B2b orbits for GPS satellites.  
Figure 6: RMSEs of the CNES orbits for GPS satellites.  
and GBM final products could not be directly compared. Typically, a double-difference approach is adopted to assess the quality of the real-time clock product [38]. First, the difference between the real-time satellite clock offset and the satellite clock offset calculated by the GBM is required, which can be expressed as  
\[\Delta dt^{s}=dt^{s}_{real-time}-dt^{s}_{GBM} \tag{18}\]  
where the \(dt^{s}_{real-time}\) is the satellite clock offset of the PPP-B2b or CNES; the \(dt^{s}_{GBM}\) is the satellite clock offset obtained by the GBM.  
As the GNSS-specific timescales datum from different analysis centers and the frequency reference are different for the two products [39], there is a systematic bias in the difference. The double-difference method is used to eliminate the systematic bias:  
\[\
abla\Delta dt^{s}=\Delta dt^{s}-\frac{1}{m}\sum_{l=0}^{m}\Delta dt^{i} \tag{19}\]  
where \(\
abla\Delta dt^{s}\) is the double-difference sequence and \(m\) is the available satellite number at each epoch.  
Owing to the above biases, the standard deviation (GNSS) was used to assess the accuracy of the PPP-B2b clock offset products. Figures 7 and 8 show the average STD values of GPS and BDS-3 clock offset errors recovered from PPP-B2b and CNES over a seven-day period in the dataset. For the BDS-3 constellation, the average STDs of PPP-B2b and CNES are 0.10 ns and 0.17 ns, respectively. For the GPS constellation, the STD values of the PPP-B2b were comparable to that of the CNES, with average STDs of 0.11 ns and 0.09 ns, respectively. The average STD of BDS-3 is smaller than that of GPS for PPP-B2b, which also benefits from the ISL.
# Algebraic Point Projection for Immersed Boundary Analysis on Low Degree NURBS Curves and Surfaces
## 5 Results and Discussion  
Four numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the algebraic point projection methodology of Sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.2. Two of the examples are projections to curves and the remaining two to surfaces. The curve examples show the performance of algebraic point projection in simple tests to achieve the accuracy of the Newton-Raphson method. The examples also reveal the superiority of second-order point projection over first-order point projection. The surface examples further demonstrate the cheaper computational cost of second-order algebraic point projection when compared against the Newton-Raphson method.  
The procedure for algebraic point projection implemented in the examples is summarized as follows and illustrated through a flowchart in Figure 15:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Step**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Time Complexity**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Curve** & **Surface** \\ \hline Computing algebraic level set & \(O(np^{3})\) & \(O(np^{3}q^{3})\) \\ Determining the closest Bézier segment & \(O(n)\) & \(O(n)\) \\ Projection in physical space & \(O(p^{3})\) & \(O(p^{3}q^{3})\) \\ Point inversion to parametric space & \(O(p^{3})\) & \(O(p^{3}q^{3})\) \\ Scaling and offset & \(O(1)\) & \(O(1)\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Time complexity of each step in Algorithm 2 for algebraic point projection. Time complexities are listed for NURBS curves of degree \(p\) and NURBS surfaces of degree \(p\times q\).  
1 Decompose NURBS curve or surface and get the corresponding implicit form for each Bezier entity.
2 Construct algebraic level sets for the decomposed Bezier entities.
3 Compose level sets on Bezier patches using R-functions to construct algebraic level sets on the NURBS entity.
4 Find nearest Bezier entity for a given quadrature point in the domain.
5 Project test point on the nearest Bezier entity to get foot point in the physical space.
6 Apply point inversion and decide if recursive projection is needed.
7 Obtain global parametric solution by scaling the parameter value of the Bezier entity to that of the NURBS entity.
## 1 Introduction
### Level of Silicon Contamination  
In this study, we categorized the severity of contamination into three levels (Table 1). Level 1 includes deposits of contaminating fine powder around the bumps; given the granule size, this is by far the most difficult to remove using current technology. Level 2 comprises deposits of silicon contamination in non-bump areas, which are easy to remove using existing agents on the market. In Level 3 are the water marks left on the wafer surface; these are also easy to clean using existing cleaning agents on the market.
## 4 Applications
### Encrypted Mechanical Signals  
As the number of devices belonging to a user increases, transferring authentication to other related devices becomes important. A recent project called _SlickLogin_[20] has proposed a natural SSO (single sign-on) system to reduce the number of interaction between user and mobile devices based on inaudible ultrasonic sound. In their proposed scenario, a mobile phone can be automatically signed in once it listens to the inaudible sounds that contain authentication data from a PC on which the user is already signed in.  
In a similar manner, our system can unlock a touch device or cause it to seamlessly sign in to a specific application once it receives authentication data from the smartwatch. Figure 8 illustrates this scenario in which smartwatch leverages physical contact between a user's hand and a doorknob for realizing the function of unlocking the door. Without loss of generality, this configuration can be scaled to generic IoT devices.  
Although this method has advantages in terms of keeping data confidentiality in that signals are not revealed to the air, this approach has one fundamental drawback: _signals can be captured on the way to the sensor_. In other words, a hacker can capture, decode, and emulate the signals. This issue can be handled by adopting the concept of a one-time password that hashes a message, \(m_{1}\), along with time information, \(m_{2}\), which results in time-varying encoded signals, \(c\). With this approach, the actuation signals, e.g., \(c=\mathrm{SHA}(m_{1}+m_{2})\), may be captured by attackers, but cannot be decoded or used at a different time. Although the encryption can be further secured using a variety of cryptographic methods such as public-key cryptography, this is beyond the scope of this study.  
Figure 7: Results with additional low frequency vibrations.