# The Latest Advances in Wireless Communication in Aviation, Wind Turbines and Bridges
## 4 WSN Systems in Different Applications: Aerospace, Bridge Structures, and Wind Turbines
### WSN in Wind Turbines
#### 4.3.1 Large Wind Turbines and Wind Turbine Farms  
The basic aspect to renewable energy cost effectiveness is robustness and longevity of turbine blades. Essential also are control systems implemented in wind farms. The adequate understanding of the links between environmental conditions and their wear impact on wind turbine structure is required. This allows for reducing uncertainty in design and operation effectiveness. Upgrading of blades to be more efficient and robust requires advances in models, testing, and improved analyses. These should be linking what is observed in the real world to more appropriate modelling and design systems. Now. the strongly developing machine learning and big data analysis allow the systems to optimize virtual models (\"digital twins\") to better match testing data and its implementation to turbine design and operation. This will allow for improving production and use, and lower costs. The SCADA system is the main system for data acquisition and for the monitoring of wind turbine operation. As far as wind turbines and wind farms are concerned, SCADA data are used in order to analyse the individual turbines operation or the interaction between wind turbines incorporated in a given wind farm. The main features of the SCADA system may be listed as follows:  
* farm overview and control;
* turbine overview and control;
* report generator. The farm overview shows a graphical presentation of the wind farm, providing conditions of each individual turbine. Another important piece of information provided by the SCADA system is the wind data and the wind turbine energy production parameters. These data may be used for deciding to start or stop the whole farm, a chosen number of turbines, or a selected turbine. The turbine overview displays all relevant parameters of the wind turbine--among others, temperatures, pitch angle, yaw system, rotor speed, electrical parameters, etc. The report generator is also an important feature of the system. It allows for graphical presentation to provide the best possible overview. The above scope of features of the SCADA system requests large information transfer possibilities. Most important, however, is the necessity for two ways of communication. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (also known as SCADA) consists of many devices such as computers, controllers, instruments, but also actuators, networks, and interfaces. This system allows for monitoring and controlling processes taking place among different remote sites. The SCADA system allows for saving time and effort, as servicemen are not needed to visit each site in order to inspect, collect/log data, or realize the systems. Data collection [83] allows the management of the control of automated industrial processes and allows analysis of those systems. SCADA means a system where data acquisition and simultaneously supervisory controls are conducted. Using SCADA through the mobile phone network as the underlying communication medium is called mobile SCADA. Wireless communication technology GSM is commonplace today for transmitting data worldwide through SMS using mobile phones [84; 85]. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is selected as the specific mobile communication protocol. It allows for online interconnection without any time-based charges. SMS is a wireless service allowing for the transmission of alphanumeric messages between mobile users and external systems such as paging, electronic mail, and voice-mail systems. It is a comfortable method of transmitting messages between mobiles [86]. Advantages of SMS include delivering information and alerts, messages, and reliable communication mechanisms for compact information at low cost. It also gives the ability to screen messages and return calls in a selective way. SCADA systems normally consist of several components (Figure 13):  
Master Unit--system heart under the operator's control. Remote Unit--installed at a remote location, sends required data to the master unit.