## 5 Conclusions  
Transport of NORMs and associated consumer products is inevitable in our public domain owing to their potential applications in our daily life. Artificial and natural ionizing radiation could exert harmful effects on the public and the environment. Therefore, radiological safety assessments must be conducted before the transportation of NORMs and consumer products to ensure that people and the environment are protected from unwarranted radiation exposure. This study estimated the dose and risk to the public involving transport accidents of NORM materials and consumer products containing NORMs. Microbiode code was used to estimate the external dose rate, which serves as input for analysis in RADTARN. A RADTRAN code was used to assess the dose and risk during a fire transport accident. The collective dose and risk to the general public were estimated and were found to be far below the annual regulatory limits of 1 man-Sv recommended by the IAEA, and the individual doses were also insignificant. To overcome the conservative estimate, sensitivity analysis was conducted for released, aerosol, and respirable fractions. The sensitivity analysis results have also indicated that radiological safety can be secured regardless of whether all radionuclides (\({}^{238}\)U, \({}^{232}\)Th, and \({}^{40}\)K) contained in the transported shipments are released, aerosolized, and respired as well. Therefore, there is a need to conduct radiological safety analysis during accident transport involving NORM and consumer products incorporating NORM. Moreover, a comparison of population collective dose from another study on the transport accident involving low level waste (decommissioning wastes) was made, and the dose and risk were found to be further below the annual regulatory limit recommended by IAEA. Therefore, dose and risk do not rely on whether the source of radiation is artificial or natural, but the intensity of activity concentration. Similar studies are also recommended to estimate the dose and risk involving other transportation modes (rail, sea and air) and NORMs from various geological settings, as well as considering other type of class stability such as stability class A, B, C, D, and E. In accordance with the fundamental principle of radiation protection (GSR-part 3), the person or organization responsible for the facilities and activities that pose a radiation risk bears primary responsibility for safety. As a result, individuals involved in the transportation of NORM and associated consumer products should exercise extreme caution when traveling through areas where accidents are more likely to occur.  
Conceptualization, H.H.R. and J.K.; methodology, H.H.R.; software, J.K.; validation, H.H.R. and J.K.; formal analysis, H.H.R.; investigation, J.K. and, H.H.R.; resources, J.K. and H.H.R.; data curation, H.H.R.; writing--original draft preparation, H.H.R.; writing--review and editing, J.K.; visualization, H.H.R.; supervision, J.K.; project administration, J.K.; funding acquisition, J.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Nuclear Safety Research Program through the Korea Foundation Of Nuclear Safety (KoFONS) using the financial resource granted by the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) of the Republic of Korea (No. 2003015). This research was also supported by the 2021 Research Fund of the KEPCO International Nuclear Graduate School (KINGS), the Republic of Korea.  
Not applicable.  
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.