esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Advantages of Using Modelling Platforms  
#### 4.3.1 Accessibility, Parameterization, and Exploring Data  
Scientific models can become accessible and not technology-demanding for researchers without special modelling expertise when they are embedded into a modelling platform such as _DIMONA_. The _DIMONA_ GUI allows not only for straightforward upload and download of files with model drivers, specific parameters, and output, simple entry of general model parameters in a browser, and fast execution of model runs online, but also for various activities that may facilitate modelling and research, as suggested earlier (Section 2.1.1). _DIMONA_ provides options to explore specialized websites that could be used for model parameterization or validation at various geographical locations (sites) worldwide. Such websites are SoilGrids REST [59] with data for soil bulk density and porosity, texture, chemical and nutrient properties, organic C and N contents, and soil classification categories; Agro API [60] with soil hydrology and temperature at 10 cm depth; OpenWeatherMap [61] with climate characteristics and various meteorological drivers; and the GBIF [62] with biota components, currently reached by _DIMONA_ via ngrok internet tunnels [63]. While the above information could be found via browsing the Internet, a specialized modelling platform may reduce the time and efforts needed for this by providing direct links to specialized sources, plus additional options to explore and/or download the data of interest, which may result in an organized and easy way of parameterizing models or collecting research data.
## 4 Methodology
### Evaluation of Future GPP  
The effects of the expected climate changes on forest GPP were simulated both separately and jointly to those of the corresponding ambient CO\({}_{2}\) increase. In particular, the effects of temperature and rainfall changes on GPP were assessed through the application of a statistical methodology. First, the strength of the present relationships between these variables was quantified by performing correlation analyses between annual GPP and seasonal temperature and rainfall values. Monthly GPP values were extracted from the pixels covered by each forest type. These values were aggregated on an annual basis and correlated to the corresponding seasonal values of the two weather variables derived from the same pixels. Correlation coefficients were computed for each ecosystem type using the ten years of observed GPP and weather data [33].  
Linear regression models were then developed which could explain GPP variability on the basis of the available meteorological data. A model was constructed for each forest type using the annual GPP as dependent variable and the seasonal temperature and rainfall as independent (explanatory) variables [33]. Since data from ten years were available to train each model, a maximum of six independent variables was considered, including temperature and rainfall series of all seasons from winter to summer. The exclusion of autumn was justified by the low influence which is generally exerted by this season on the GPP of the concurrent year, which was verified by examining the results of the previous correlation analyses (see results).  
The five models found were applied to predict the GPP which would correspond to the expected climate changes. First, the temperature and rainfall values of the expected scenario were extracted from the pixels covered by each forest type and averaged on a seasonal basis. These plausible temperature and rainfall averages were then inserted into the five models.  
The effect of changing CO\({}_{2}\) was simulated by considering the previously mentioned CO\({}_{2}\) concentration (670 ppm) within equation 2. The combined effect of changing climate and increasing CO\({}_{2}\) concentration was simulated by adding the effects of the two simulations. The interaction between the two factors was taken into account by using an increased temperature to compute K\({}_{\mathrm{m}}\) and K\({}_{0}\) within equation 2, which simulated the enhancement of future CO\({}_{2}\) fixation due to the expected climate change.
## 3 5G and TSN Integrated Networks for VPP
### Semi-Persistent Scheduling with Reserved Bandwidth Sharing and Pre-Emption
#### 4.2.1 Network Model  
The 5G system provides scheduling for different QoS flows. Each QoS flow has a QoS flow ID (QFI), which can be configured in the same way as 5 QI. The scheduler implements the same forwarding strategy for QoS flows with the same QFI. Therefore, different types of VPP traffic are assigned different 5 QI values to perform different scheduling strategies. When VPP traffic reaches the 5G network, it is mapped to the QoS flow of the corresponding PDU session together with the corresponding QoS profile. For this, a set of flows \(\mathbf{F}\) is defined in the network. Each flow \(f\in\mathbf{F}\) is defined by its cycle time \(T\), data size \(B\), and delay requirement \(D\), that is, \(f=<T,B,D>\). For ET flows, the cycle time refers to the minimum interval between events, expressed as \(T^{event}\). The cycle time of time-triggered (TT) flow is its period, expressed as \(T^{time}\).  
In 5G networks, time-frequency resources are quantified as resource blocks (RBs). An RB contains 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain and a transmission time interval (TTI) in the time domain. A TTI has 14 OFDM symbols by default, which is the minimum time unit for scheduling. \(R\) represents the total available transmission resources in the 5G network, \(R^{5}\) represents the number of resources reserved for traffic, and the remaining resources \(R-R^{5}\) are used for dynamic allocation when traffic arrives.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Test Procedure  
To investigate the physical and mechanical properties of EPS composite soil, conventional testing methods, such as the unconfined compression test, the uniaxial compression test, the direct shear test, and the triaxial compression test, are always adopted. The current researches paid many attentions to interpret the mechanical behavior and its influence on strength, deformation, and failure modes under static loading [19; 20; 21]. However, as embankment fill subgrades, the EPS composite soil is likely to undertake cyclic loadings, such as the traffic loading or the seismic loading. Therefore, the dynamic properties of the EPS mixed lightweight fill are a concern for engineering [14]. In general, the conventional dynamic characteristic study on EPS composite soil is focused on the dynamic stress-state relationship, dynamic modulus and strength, damping ratio, and so on [15].  
Although the conventional resonance column test and dynamic triaxial test would be the most commonly used methods to conduct the above research activities, the modification or new use of conventional test instruments can also fulfill some research tasks. Therefore, a conventional strain-controlled triaxial apparatus (Nanjing Soil Instrument Factory Co., Ltd. (type-ASPTTS) in China, 2012) was adopted to carry out the consolidated undrained (CU) test under confining pressures of 50, 100, and 150 kPa [22]. The CU test procedures in ASTM D4767-11 [23] were followed in the laboratory. In the traditional dynamic cyclic loading test, a cyclically changing direction dynamic load is applied to the specimen. However, the cyclic loading in this study is defined as a different repeated loading process. For example, under a confining pressure of 50 kPa, the specimen was firstly loaded by lifting the triaxial chamber with a rate of axial strain to a predetermined total strain value,and then the acted load was gradually removed by declining the chamber. Subsequently, the reloading and reunloading action would be developed repeatedly. In the scheme of this experimental study (see Figure 3), each specimen underwent nine repeated actions and the corresponding unloading strains were 2%, 3%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, and 16%, respectively.  
To reveal the dynamic properties of the EPS composite soil under repeated loading conditions, several affecting factors, such as the stress state, soil type, and cement content should be evaluated, as well as the effect variation on mechanical characteristics. The stress state and loading-unloading times were also checked for accessing the dynamic response of the lightweight material. Several mechanical indexes were evaluated, such as the axial cumulative strain, the resilient modulus, and the damping ratio.
# State of the Art in Metal Matrix Composites Research: A Bibliometric Analysis
## 2 Publication Distribution along Various Verticals
### Publication Sources  
This subsection provides insights into the top sources publishing metal matrix composite research indexed in WoS. Figure 4 indicates these sources and their respective published article counts through a colorful pictorial presentation. The source-wise distribution analysis shows that the journal 'Materials Science and Engineering A: Structural Materials, Properties, Microstructure and Processing' published maximum articles (640) in the field of metal matrix composites, comprising 6.39% of all published material. The 'Journal of Alloys and Compounds' stood second with 468 (4.67%) MMC publications. 'Materials Today Proceedings', 'Materials Design', Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing' and 'Composites Part B Engineering' published the third (435, 4.34%), fourth (273, 2.73%), fifth (200, 2.00%) and sixth (199, 1.99%) biggest number of MMC papers during 2001-2020. The other journals to make it to the top ten MMC publisher list were 'Materials Science  
Figure 3: The top 10 publication types.  
Forum' (seventh), Composites Science and Technology' (eighth), 'Journal of Composite Materials' (ninth) and 'Journal of Materials Processing Technology' (tenth). These journals published 187 (1.87%), 185 (1.85%), 160 (1.60%) and 157 (1.57%) articles during the surveyed period, respectively.
# A Novel Multipath Transmission Scheme for Information-Centric Networking
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Flow Completion Time  
The average FCT can reflect the speed at which data transmission is completed, so we use this metric to evaluate our scheme. In this subsection, we simulated the average FCT of each transmission method under different link bandwidths by setting the link bandwidth between backbone nodes to 50 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 150 Mbps, and 200 Mbps, respectively. We performed five rounds of simulations. In each round, the data source node S connects with one of the receiver nodes (C1 to C5) and transmits 100 chunks. Figure 6 shows the average FCT of all connections transmitting 100 chunks under different bandwidths. As we expected, the average FCT of the single path method is the longest, about 36.5 s, 18.8 s, 12.8 s, 9.5 s, respectively, because it can only use the bandwidth resources on the shortest path. It  
Figure 4: The average throughput under different number of relay nodes.  
Figure 5: The average throughput under different link bandwidths.  
can also be observed that under different bandwidths, ECMP can reduce the average FCT to about 27.7 s, 15.2 s, 10.8 s, and 8.6 s, respectively. The data packets will be transmitted to the destination along multiple equal-cost paths, thus reducing the average FCT. Compared with the other two methods, our proposed method can significantly reduce the average FCT to 19.5 s, 10.1 s, 6.9 s, and 5.7 s, respectively. This illustrates the effectiveness of our proposed method.
## 1 Introduction
In this study, all three analytical models (the rigid joint model, the semi-rigid joint model, and the flexible joint model) are used to derive analytical solutions regarding the contact force. The formulation is based on the FSDT and takes into account extension-bending coupling phenomena, shear deformations, and residual hygothermal stresses. The solutions for each joint model using the boundary conditions of the ENF and ELS tests are reconsidered and additional terms that account for the presence of the friction force are added. The derived formulas of the contact force are then used to compute the ERR. The results of the analytical models are compared with regard to the contact force and the ERR with finite element (FE) models developed using the Cohesive Zone Method (CZM) and the Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT). In this study, the analytical formulation of the contact force, including the effects of friction, is derived in order to address three key points. Firstly, the analytical solution of the contact force is determined for three distinct models and the effects of different interface boundary conditions are evaluated. This is crucial because the existing literature often uses the contact force from the rigid joint model to predict the ERR in any of the three joint models. However, the rigid joint model presents errors with respect to the prediction of the ERR; hence, it is necessary to derive the contact force using the semi-rigid and flexible joint models. Secondly, the effect of residual stresses on the contact force is examined, as the residual stresses are a significant driving force in inducing delamination. Finally, the importance of friction at the interface between two arms on the ERR is investigated, since it can impact the accuracy of experimental data.
# Biochar Affects Heavy Metal Uptake in Plants through Interactions in the Rhizosphere
###### Abstract  
Heavy metals in soil pose a constant risk for animals and humans when entering their food chains, and limited means are available to reduce plant accumulation from more or less polluted soils. Biochar, which is made by pyrolysis of organic residues and sees increasing use as a soil amendment to mitigate anthropogenic C emissions and improve agronomic soil properties, has also been shown to reduce plant availability of heavy metals in soils. The cause for the reduction of metal uptake in plants when grown in soils enriched with biochar has generally been researched in terms of increased pH and alkalinity, while other potential mechanisms have been less studied. We conducted a pot experiment with barley using three soils differing in metal content and amended or not with 2% biochar made from _Miscantthus x giganteus_, and assessed plant contents and changes in bioavailability in bulk and rhizosphere soil by measuring extractability in acetic acid or ammonium nitrate. In spite of negligible pH changes upon biochar amendment, the results showed that biochar reduced extractability of Cu, Pb and Zn, but not of Cd. Rhizosphere soil contained more easily extractable Cu, Pb and Zn than bulk soil, while for Cd it did not. Generally, reduced plant uptake due to biochar was reflected in the amounts of metals extractable with ammonium nitrate, but not acetic acid.  
Keywords: rhizosphere; heavy metal; bioavailability; plant; uptake +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 4 Application Examples
### Chaos Theory: Lorenz System  
The three-dimensional Lorenz system, developed by [PERSON] in 1963 [57], is a simplification of the seven-dimensional system developed by [PERSON] in 1962 [58]. The Lorenz system is a classic example of a nonlinear system exhibiting chaotic behaviour. It is given by three ordinary differential equations (Lorenz equations):  
\[\frac{dx}{dt}=\sigma(y-x)\,\quad\frac{dy}{dt}=x(\rho-z)-y\,\ \frac{dz}{dt}=xy- \beta z \tag{5}\]  
with the system parameters \(\sigma\), \(\rho\) and \(\beta\) that determine the dynamic behaviour of the system.  
To demonstrate the capability of the proposed AMPD algorithm, (i) the system of ordinary differential equations given by (5) was solved for the parameter values \(\sigma=10\), \(\rho=28\), \(\beta=8/3\), and \(t\in[1,3000]\) ; and (ii) the peaks of the time series \(x(t)\) were detected. The results are given in Figure 10. All 53 peaks were correctly detected (no false negative errors) and no false detection occurred (no false positive errors).  
Figure 9: Results of applying the AMPD algorithm to aLOD time series.
# Studies of General Precipitation Features with TRMM PR Data: An Extensive Overview
## 4 Latent Heat Measurements of PR Data
### Retrieval Algorithms of the LH  
Before the LH analysis was contemplated, algorithms needed to retrieve the LH from PR data. Commonly used retrieval algorithms included convective and stratiform heating (CSH) [86; 87], spectral latent heating (SLH) [88; 89], trained radiometer algorithm (TRN) [90; 91], and precipitation radar heating (PRH) [92]. It was noted that some parameters played crucial roles in the algorithms like the surface rainfall rate and the proportion of stratiform rainfall, as well as the height of the echo top and the rainfall rate at the melting level.  
Figure 4: Lightning flash densities observed by TRMM for December-February of 1998–2000 and June–August of 1998–1999. TRMM-PR analysis boxes are indicated. ([73] © American Meteorological Society. Used with permission.).
# Evaluation of Keratin/Bacterial Cellulose Based Scaffolds as Potential Burned Wound Dressing
## 4 Conclusions  
Scaffolds based on bacterial cellulose (as a result of the _Komagataeibacter xylinum_ bacterial species activity) and keratin derivates were obtained and tested. The scaffolds have been seeded with stem cells isolated from the rabbit's adipose tissue. The stem cells have initiated tissular growth with an appropriate viability. The composite biomaterials were grafted on the burned wounds on rabbits of the common breed. The treated wounds presented a favorable evolution. The process of scarring, with the necrotic tissue detersion and reconstruction of damaged structures by the action of the heat agent, was carried out much faster in comparison with control, which demonstrates the important role of keratin, cellulose and stem cells. Cellulose and keratin played the role of an important barrier, with protection and support activities for the cells involved in detersion and regeneration. The stem cells, by differentiation, contributed alongside local and immigrant elements to the restoration process of the affected structures.  
Conceptualization and project administration C.D.R., investigation and data curation L.V. and C.V.M., methodology and supervision C.D.R. and C.M., methodology and investigation S.P., E.G., C.T., B.M.C., M.C., formal analysis and investigation E.U., V.V., B.M.C., L.B., F.D.L., C.T., I.S., C.V.M., and B.I., writing--review and editing and validation C.D.R. and C.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The work did not use financial resources involving any company or institution.  
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the tests on animals received the approval USAMV (University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine) Iasi, no 89/31 st of January 2019 from the Ethics Commission concerning in vivo tests on animals.  
Not applicable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Healing Parameters** & **Control** & **BC-\(\beta\)-Keratose** & **BC-\(\beta\)-Keratose-Cells** \\ \hline
**7 days post grafting** & & & \\ Inflammation & ++++ & ++++ & ++++ \\ Dermis regeneration & & & \\ (fibroblasts, & - & - & - \\ connective tissue, & & & \\ vascular neogenesis) & & & \\ Epidermal & - & - & - \\ regeneration & +++ & ++ & + \\ Dermis regeneration & & & \\ (fibroblasts, & & & \\ vascular neogenesis)– & + & ++ & +++ \\ connective -vascular & & & \\ bud & & & \\ Epidermis & - & - & - \\ regeneration & & & \\ **21 days post grafting** & & & \\ Inflammation & + & - & - \\ Dermis regeneration & & & \\ (fibroblasts, & ++ & +++ & ++++ \\ connective tissue, & & ++ & +++ \\ vascular neogenesis) & & & \\ Epidermis regeneration & + & ++ & +++ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Legend: “+”—–
## 2 Materials and Methods
This increased the likelihood of receiving a birth alert if there were other collared cows with Brand 1 nearby after birth. In contrast, the Brand 2 VIT could only communicate with its paired GNSS collar. In comparison, Brand 2's inactivity threshold was 50 min and temperature threshold was below 34 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Brand 2's system also had two types of alerts, each with different triggering criteria. The first alert type was an 'expelled alert' that was sent when the VIT was below 34 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 50 min, changing the status of the VIT from 'implanted' to 'expelled'. However, once the 'expelled' alert was triggered, the status changed back to 'implanted' if the VIT detected movement for more than approximately 22 min and measured a temperature above 34 \({}^{\circ}\)C for the duration of this time. This process can occur multiple times for each collar and VIT combination, enabling multiple alerts to be received once the criterion was met. Figure 1: Sketch of the Brand 2 Vaginal Implant Transmitter (VIT) size dimensions. The second Brand 2 alert type was a 'no contact' alert. In normal circumstances the collar and the VIT communicate every 5 min in a 'listen interval', which confirms the VIT was still in place. If the collar and VIT are unable to communicate at their 'listen intervals' for one hour, the 'no contact' alert was triggered. This usually occurred when the cow had calved and the VIT was expelled, but the cow moved away from the VIT before an 'expelled' alert was triggered (i.e., the cow moved out of UHF range of the VIT before the 50-min threshold was reached, so an 'expelled' alert was never sent through to the collar). In this instance, a 'no contact' alert was repeated if the criteria were met. However, an 'expelled' alert may never be triggered unless the cow moves back within reach of the VIT again. For both Brand 2 and Brand 1, the birth alert was missed if the cow moved away from the birth site and out of the UHF range of the VIT within 50/60 min of birth. In Brand 2 collars, this would result in a 'no contact' alert. The success of both birth alert systems in providing a timely notification of birth relied on two main factors; (1) that the collar and VIT were able to communicate via UHF to create a birth alert, and (2) that the collar had a clear path of communication to the satellite enabling an alert to be sent. If the collar was hindered by vegetation, or the position of the collar on the cow's neck was not facing upwards, the birth alert notification would be delayed.