## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of Ceramic Additives
#### 3.1.2 Compressive Strength  
Figures 7-9 show the variation of compressive strength of SCC samples containing various ceramic additives with time. Multiple samples were tested at different intervals ranging between 3 and 56 days, with the average compressive strength being reported. Figure 8: Compressive strength variation of samples containing various doses of CWFA. Figure 6: The time taken for SCC samples containing varying doses of CWCA, CWFA, and CWP to pass through a V-Funnel. Figure 7: Compressive strength variation of samples containing various doses of CWCA. Figure 7 shows how the compressive strength of SCC samples containing various doses of CWCA varied with curing age. As shown in the figure, introducing CWCA at low doses (5% and 10%) had a negative impact on the compressive strength at 3 days compared to the benchmark SCC mix. By examining the slope of the trendline for 5% CWCA, we see that the SCC continued to gain strength at a consistent rate up until the 21-day mark, after which the rate of strength gain plateaued with no significant strength gain up to the 56-day mark. All other trials exhibited similar rates of strength gain compared to the benchmark SCC mix. All trials had similar 56-day compressive strengths, ranging between 92-95 MPa, noting that the benchmark SCC mix had a 56-day compressive strength of 92.1 MPa. For the benchmark mix, the compressive strength results had a maximum standard deviation of 2.82 MPa and had a maximum variance coefficient of 3.13%, whereas the CWCA mixes had a maximum standard deviation of 6.70 MPa and a maximum variance coefficient of 7.41%. Figure 8 shows the variation of compressive strength of SCC samples containing various doses of CWFA. As shown in the figure, introducing CWFA at any dose initially improved the compressive strength measured at 3 days, when compared to the benchmark SCC mix. By examining the slope of the trendline for 20% CWFA, we see that the SCC gained strength at a much faster rate as compared to the benchmark SCC mix. The same mix gained most of its compressive strength by the 14-day mark, after which the rate of strength gain plateaued with no significant strength gain up to the 56-day mark. All other trials exhibited similar rates of strength gain compared to the benchmark SCC mix. All trials had similar 56-day compressive strengths, ranging between 92-96 MPa. The CWFA mixes had a maximum standard deviation of 4.32 MPa and a maximum variance coefficient of 4.92%. The compressive strength of SCC samples containing various doses of CWP is shown in Figure 9. As shown in the figure, introducing CWP at any dose initially had a negative effect on the compressive strength measured at 3 days, when compared to the benchmark SCC mix. 5% CWP began to match the benchmark SCC's performance at 14 days, while 10% CWP matched the benchmark SCC at 28 days. Both trials had similar 56-day compressive strengths, ranging between 90-92 MPa. The CWP mixes had a maximum standard deviation of 2.72 MPa and a maximum variance coefficient of 2.99%. Following the results of the CWP trials, an additional investigation was launched to see whether CWP could be used as a viable replacement of cement. Twelve mortar cubes measuring \(50\times 50\times 50\) mm were cast in accordance with ASTM C109 [25]. Three cubes were cast as a control sample that contained no CWP, with the remainder divided into three cubes with increments of 10% CWP. Figure 10 shows the variation of the compressive strength of these hydraulic cement cubes when tested at 7 days of age. As shown in the figure, introducing CWP at any dose increased the compressive strength of the mortar cubes when compared to the plain mortar cubes, with 20% CWP exhibiting the largest compressive  
Figure 9: Compressive strength variation of samples containing various doses of CWP. strength (31.2 MPa). The results of this test show that CWP is a viable replacement of cement in the preparation of mortar cubes, and that the compressive strength of the SCC mix can be improved if introduced at an appropriate dose.