esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Synthesis and Summary
### Future Directions  
The analysis of prevalent themes in new technology in USV research reveals a pronounced emphasis on path-planning algorithms, marine navigation, the design of systems and collision avoidance, marine robots, sensor fusion, e-Navigation, multi-agent systems and simulation. However, throughout the period from 2014 to 2018, the discernible observation shows the limited emergence of novel topics, always focused on simulation and navigation. The heated keywords featured with the latest version are centered on machine learning, AI and deep learning, which were actually initiated 10 years ago. Hence, the application of AI in USVs is a little hysteretic, and there is still a long way for us to go. While scholars have made substantial contributions to the new technology of USVs, evident in the extensive publication of English-language articles across diverse subjects, the scarcity of groundbreaking methodologies or research focus during this period is conspicuous, despite tremendous efforts put into planning algorithms. This suggests a potential gap in impact or innovation. Consequently, there exists considerable scope for enhancement  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Rank** & **Country** & **TP** & **TC** & **AC** & **H-Index** \\ \hline
1 & China & 172 & 1455 & 8.46 & 19 \\
2 & USA & 68 & 1320 & 19.41 & 18 \\
3 & South Korea & 20 & 704 & 35.2 & 8 \\
4 & England & 29 & 605 & 20.86 & 10 \\
5 & Poland & 19 & 334 & 17.58 & 8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Notes: TP = total publications; TC = times cited; AC = average number of citations per publication.  
\end{table}
Table 6: The top five countries with highest number of citations.  
within specific subdomains of the research field in USVs, necessitating efforts to align with and potentially surpass advancements achieved at the current time.  
In light of these considerations, the prospect of shaping future research directions in the realm of USV is explored, drawing inspiration from the most recent advancements in global USV research. It is recommended that scholars should in future give further attention to the following research topics to achieve shipping safety, energy saving and emission reduction, and reducing operating costs.
# Evaluation of Fatigue Life of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
## 5 Analyses of Pavement Design Life
### Numerical Method
\(k_{1}^{\prime}\) is a parameter according to the formula:  
\[k_{1}^{\prime}=\frac{1}{0.000398+\frac{0.003602}{1+e^{(11.02-1.39+h_{ac})}}}. \tag{5}\]  
The criterion of subgrade strain according to the equation of the Asphalt Institute is:  
\[\varepsilon_{P}=0.0105\cdot Ngr^{-0.223}, \tag{6}\]  
where: \(N_{gr}\)--life (number of equivalent standard axles), \(\varepsilon_{p}\)--subgrade strain (\(\upmu\)m/m). The structure durability \(N_{min}\) is the lower of the \(N_{asf}\) and \(N_{gr}\) values. In addition, the fatigue calculations of the asphalt course were carried out using the so-called French method [33]. It allows for using the parameters of fatigue life of the bituminous mixture determined in the laboratory tests, unlike the 2004 AASHTO method. The equation includes the inclination of the Wohler curve and the \(\varepsilon_{6}\) value (value of strain under the fatigue test, during which durability is \(10^{6}\) cycles). In France, a two-point bending trapezoidal beam method is used, which is different from the four-point bending beam method used in Poland. However, based on the experience of the Road and Bridge Research Institute from comparative fatigue tests within the framework of the RILEM committee [34; 35] (which demonstrated compliance of the results obtained using those methods), it was established that the results of 4 PB tests can be used in the French method. In the French method, the relation between the elastic strain in the bottom of asphalt layers and the life of the structure is as follows:  
\[\varepsilon_{t}=\varepsilon_{6}\cdot(\frac{N_{sf}}{10^{6}})^{b}\cdot\left( \frac{E(10\ ^{\circ}\mathrm{C})}{E(\theta)}\right)^{0.5}\cdot k_{c}\cdot k_{r}\cdot k_{s}, \tag{7}\]  
where: \(\varepsilon_{6}\)--strain under the fatigue test, during which durability is \(10^{6}\) cycles; \(E\) (10 \({}^{\circ}\)C)--stiffness at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C (MPa); \(E(\theta)\)--stiffness at equivalent temperature (MPa); \(b\)--inclination of fatigue line, see Equation (1); \(k_{c}\)--coefficient dependent on mixture type; \(k_{s}\)--coefficient dependent on the pavement subgrade modulus; \(k_{r}\)--risk level coefficient. Parameters were taken from laboratory tests or were chosen according to French recommendations. Parameter \(k_{s}\) was taken as 0.9 (KR1-KR4) or 1.0 (KR5-KR7). Parameter \(k_{c}\) is 1.0 for ACWMS base course or 1.1 for typical asphalt concrete base course. Risk level coefficient was calculated with probability level 98% for KR5-KR7 structures, and 95% for other pavements.
###### Abstract  
The precise positioning of anchoring-hole centers on the steel belts used for anchor support in coal mines is essential for improving the automation and efficiency of roadway support. To address the issues of poor positioning accuracy and the low support efficiency caused by the manual determination of anchoring-hole-center positions, this paper proposes a monocular-vision-based method for locating anchoring-hole centers. Firstly, a laser pointer and an industrial camera are used to build an anchoring-hole positioning device, and its visual positioning model is constructed to achieve the automatic and precise localization of the anchoring-hole center. Secondly, to overcome the difficulty of obtaining high-precision spot centers using edge and grayscale information-based spot extraction methods, a spot center extraction method based on two-dimensional arctangent function fitting is proposed, achieving high precision and the stable acquisition of spot pixel coordinates. The experimental results show that the average measurement errors of the anchoring-hole centers in the camera's coordinate system along the \(X\)-axis, \(Y\)-axis, and \(Z\)-axis are 3.36 mm, 3.30 mm, and 5.75 mm, respectively, with maximum errors of 4.23 mm, 4.39 mm, and 6.63 mm. The average measurement errors of the steel belt's pitch, yaw, and roll angles in the camera's coordinate system are 0.16\({}^{\circ}\), 0.16\({}^{\circ}\), and 0.08\({}^{\circ}\), respectively, with maximum errors of 0.21\({}^{\circ}\), 0.27\({}^{\circ}\), and 0.13\({}^{\circ}\). The proposed method can achieve the precise localization of anchoring holes, improve the efficiency of roadway support, and provide new insights for the automation and intelligitization of roadway anchor support.  
monocular vision; visual localization; anchoring hole; feature extraction; anchor support +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1
# Comparative Study of Blockchain Hashing Algorithms with a Proposal for HashLEA
## 3 Background
### Hash Functions
#### 3.3.11. SHAvite-3  
The SHAvite-3 family of cryptographic hash functions is proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] and is based on the HAsh Iterative FrAmework (HAIFA). Two variants are currently available. SHAvite-3-256 has been designed for the generation of digests of up to 256 bits, while SHAvite-3-512 is intended for larger digests of up to 512 bits. The design of SHAvite-3 emphasizes simplicity, security, and performance, leveraging well understood cryptographic primitives to address vulnerabilities in earlier hash standards like SHA-1 [77].  
The fundamental component of SHAvite-3-256 is the Feistel block cipher \(E_{256}\), which employs a round function that is iterated 12 times. Each round comprises three complete rounds of the AES, thereby ensuring a high level of security through the use of non-linearity and diffusion. The Davies-Meyer construction transforms the \(E_{256}\) block cipher into a compression function through the process of XORing the output with its input, thereby integrating the strength of cryptography directly into the hash process [78].  
The compression function in SHAvite-3-256 takes four inputs: a 256-bit chaining value \(h\), 512-bit message block \(m\), a 64-bit bit counter \(b\), and a 256-bit salt \(s\). The chaining value \(h\) is encrypted using \(E_{256}\), where the round keys \(k_{i}^{0},\ldots,k_{i}^{2}\) for each round \(i\) are derived from a message expansion function. This function alternates between a non-linear step (comprising four rounds of the AES, keyed by the salt \(s\) and partially XORed with the bit counter \(b\)) and a linear step (comprising XOR operations to derive new keys). The generation of the requisite 36 round keys for the cipher is achieved through the application of four non-linear and four linear steps to the input message block, which is designated as the first four round keys [79].
# CPW-Fed Transparent Antenna for Vehicle Communications
## 3 Results and Discussion
Figure 6: Simulated and measured radiation patterns: (**a**) H-plane patterns at 5.9 GHz; (**b**) E-plane patterns at 5.9 GHz; (**c**) H-plane patterns at 2.1 GHz; (**d**) E-plane patterns at 2.1 GHz. Finally, Table 5 presents a comparison of the proposed antenna with other transparent antennas. From the table, it can be noted that the antennas manufactured with ITO [22; 23; 24] do not report a fair agreement between the simulated and measured values of the reflection coefficient throughout the entire frequency range of the study, whereas in this work we can see a reasonable concordance between simulated and measured values. The frequency shift may be due to the manufacturing process and the variations in the permittivity of the substrate.
## 3 Results and Discussion
Grass-fed beef reportedly has a higher concentration of trans vaccenic acid (C18:1 t11), an important MUFA for the de novo synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; C18:2 c-9, t-11), a potent anti-carcinogen that is synthesized within the body tissues [8]. The current study showed a similar trend to that of the previous study in terms of concentrate combinations with WCBS. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline  & **C 1** & **T 2** & **SEM 3** & **Pr 4** \\ \hline _Chemical composition_ & & & & \\ Moisture (\%) & 65.57 & 61.72 & 1.08 & 0.04 \\ Crude fat (\%) & 12.51 & 17.72 & 1.42 & 0.03 \\ Crude protein (\%) & 21.02 & 19.66 & 0.38 & 0.04 \\ Ash (\%) & 0.89 & 0.90 & 0.01 & 0.85 \\ _Meat qualities_ & & & & \\ Cooking loss (\%) & 26.09 & 24.98 & 0.76 & 0.33 \\ Shear force (kg) & 3.41 & 3.47 & 0.17 & 0.80 \\ Water holding capacity (\%) & 55.50 & 56.92 & 0.65 & 0.16 \\ pH & 5.67 & 5.65 & 0.01 & 0.32 \\ Surface Color & & & & \\ CIE L * & 40.28 & 42.30 & 1.53 & 0.37 \\ a * & 22.86 & 23.05 & 0.56 & 0.82 \\ b * & 10.93 & 11.29 & 0.42 & 0.57 \\ _Sensory evaluation_ & & & & \\ Juiciness & 4.92 & 5.10 & 0.31 & 0.44 \\ Tenderness & 4.90 & 5.04 & 0.24 & 0.45 \\ Flavor & 5.06 & 5.12 & 0.25 & 0.61 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Chemical composition and meat qualities of Hanwoo steer fed whole-crop barley silage (WCBS)/concentrate. Acidosis is related to the amount, frequency, and duration of grain feeding, due to the limit in buffering capacity in the rumen [40; 41]. Grain feeding decreases the rumen bacterium _Butyriviibrio fibrisolvens_, the main rumen bacterium concerned with the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid and alpha linolenic acid, through a low ruminal pH [8; 42]. From a significant increase in alpha linolenic acid, it was suggested that WCBS could improve ruminal metabolic disorders, such as low pH, by diminishing the usage of concentrate (pH data not shown). Several studies have attempted to improve the levels of these FAs for the benefit of the consumer [8; 9; 34; 39]. As reported in a previous study, omega-3 FAs in meat products have a beneficial role in neonatal development and human health [43]; the current study, which substituted a proportion of the concentrate diet with WCBS, exhibited beneficial FA enhancement properties. WCBS feeding increased concentrations of palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and alpha linolenic acid in muscle and adipose tissues. These results strongly indicate that beef industries need to re-evaluate feeding management to improve the efficiencies of feed usage as well as meat quality traits, which may also improve sustainability and competitiveness with food sources for humans in the agricultural marketplace. The present study demonstrated that Hanwoo steers fed WCBS had a high fat content similar to grass-fed animals, as was also suggested in a previous study [44].
# A Massively Parallel SMC Sampler for Decision Trees +
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
In this paper, we build upon our previous work on parallel SMC samplers for DTs on SM architectures [39] and extend it as follows.  
* We further explore the same problem on DM architectures. More precisely, by using a different approach than the one presented in [39], this work proves that, on DM (as well as on SM), it is possible to design a parallelization algorithm for the bottleneck, i.e., the redistribution step, which works for any variable-size samples, including DTs, and achieves asymptotically optimal \(O(\log_{2}N)\) time complexity. To the best of our knowledge, this is also the first time that a conventional SMC sampler (i.e., based on IS and resampling) has been applied in the context of DTs and parallelized on a DM.
* We then extend the numerical results with respect to those presented in [39]. More precisely, besides the results on SM for the three datasets considered in [39], we first add new numerical results on SM for a fourth dataset; we then present new results on a DM of 256 cores for the same four datasets. These additional results demonstrate that our proposed approach achieves roughly the same accuracy as MCMC but runs up to 51 times faster on SM and 640 times faster on DM, given the same problem size, or achieves significantly better accuracy for the same runtime.  
To summarize, this work demonstrates that, independently of the type of memory architecture, it is always possible to parallelize SMC in the context of DTs with an optimal runtime and outperform alternative Bayesian approaches to DTs based on MCMC.  
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: to provide context, Section 2 gives brief details of SM and DM architectures, highlighting the pros and cons of each architecture. Section 3 briefly describes the topology of a DT. Section 4 describes SMC and MCMC, with a view to emphasizing their implementation details in the context of DTs. Section 5 outlines the algorithmic details of our approaches on SM and DM and analyzes the time complexity in both cases. Section 6 reports the numerical results on both SM and DM. Section 7 draws the conclusions and gives suggestions for future work.
# Assessment of Drought Severity and Vulnerability in the Lam Phaniang River Basin, Thailand
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Assessment of Water Availability and Demand
#### 2.5.2 Water Demand Calculation for Different Purposes  
In the Lam Phaniang River Basin, the water demand for four different purposes, i.e., ecology as the 1 st priority, domestic use (2 nd priority), agriculture (3 rd priority), and industry (4 th priority), was estimated by the WEAP model. In detail, the calculation of ecological water demand was carried out using the functions \"Flow Duration Curve shift\" or \"FDC shift\", to estimate the environmental flow requirements based on a range of Environmental Management Classes (EMC), from \"Class A: Natural Flow\" to \"Class F: Critically Modified\" for maintaining the stream in a given ecological condition [24]. For the ecosystem of Lam Phaniang, the \"Moderately Modified\" condition (Class C), which corresponds to moderate modification of the natural state, was considered. The water demand for domestic use was based mainly on the water consumption per capita and the 2017 population of all 29 sub-districts within the Lam Phaniang River Basin (see Figure 1 for their locations). For the agricultural water demand calculation, the MABIA Method in WEAP, which uses the \"dual Kc\" approach to simulate the daily soil water budget under various water availability situations, and the calculation of crop water requirement (ETC) and irrigation water requirement (IWR) based on the FAO Penman-Monteith equation, was applied. Based on the 2017 list of factory type and classification specified by the Department of Industrial Works, the industrial water demand was calculated from the industrial area of 130 factories covering 2.2 km\({}^{2}\) within 29 sub-districts, and the water consumption per area of water used by each factory.
# Dog Identification Method Based on Muzzle Pattern Image
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Performance Evaluation
#### 4.2.1 Basic Method  
Many of the studies used general-purpose feature extraction algorithms such as SIFT and SURF for the cattle muzzle pattern recognition. Most of them did not apply any preprocessing but did apply the postprocessing to reduce the number of incorrect matches. A system representing previous studies for the cattle muzzle pattern recognition was implemented and it is called as a basic method. The basic method consisted of CLAHE, feature extraction and matching, and RANSAC.  
Table 1 shows the result of the performance evaluation of the basic method. The EER was 3.1% for SIFT, 11.2% for SURF, 14.6% for BRISK, and 15.5% for ORB. SIFT was relatively better than other feature extraction algorithms. However, the identification performance for the dog muzzle pattern images was not satisfactory for all four feature extraction algorithms.
# A Lexicon-Based Framework for Mining and Analysis of Arabic Comparative Sentences
###### Abstract  
People tend to share their opinions on social media daily. This text needs to be accurately mined for different purposes like enhancements in services and/or products. Mining and analyzing Arabic text have been a big challenge due to many complications inherited in Arabic language. Although, many research studies have already investigated the Arabic text sentiment analysis problem, this paper investigates the specific research topic that addresses Arabic comparative opinion mining. This research topic is not widely investigated in many research studies. This paper proposes a lexicon-based framework which includes a set of proposed algorithms for the mining and analysis of Arabic comparative sentences. The proposed framework comprises a set of contributions including an Arabic comparative sentence keywords lexicon and a proposed algorithm for the identification of Arabic comparative sentences, followed by a second proposed algorithm for the classification of identified comparative sentences into different types. The framework also comprises a third proposed algorithm that was developed to extract relations between entities in each of the identified comparative sentence types. Finally, two proposed algorithms were developed for the extraction of the preferred entity in each sentence type. The framework was evaluated using three different Arabic language datasets. The evaluation metrics used to obtain the evaluation results include precision, recall, F-score, and accuracy. The average values of the evaluation metrics for the proposed sentences identification algorithm reached 97%. The average evaluation values of the evaluation metrics for the proposed sentence type identification algorithm reached 96%. Finally, the average results showed 97% relation word extraction precision for the proposed relation extraction algorithm.  
Keywords:natural language processing; Arabic text mining; comparative opinion; comparative sentence identification; type identification; relation extraction; preferred entity extraction
## 3 CWT-SSSM Feature-Based Damage Index
### Damage Identification Process  
The index \(SSSM_{DI}\) constructed in the above way possesses the following advantages: 1 The calculation process of \(SSSM^{i}\) is extremely simple without a complex modal processing procedure; furthermore, it does not require known excitation data and baseline information before the damage. 2\(SSSM^{i}\) contains strain mode shapes, which are more sensitive to damage than displacement modes, and the strain is less expensive to monitor than displacement and acceleration. 3\(SSSM_{DI}\) fuses the damage information of multi-order \(CS(b,s)\) and introduces the damage threshold \(SSSM_{DI}^{TH}\) based on the three-sigma rule, which makes \(SSSM_{DI}\) have a higher identification sensitivity and localization accuracy for multiple damages and a stronger immunity to noise interference. Figure 1 shows the flow chart of the damage identification based on the CWT-SSSM feature method.  
However, it is worth noting that CWT has a boundary problem. Take the CWT mode shape of the free-free (FF) beam as an example. Figure 2a shows the third mode shape of the FF beam, and Figure 3a shows the corresponding third CWT mode shape (choosing the gauss wavelet). It can be seen from Figure 3 that the CWT coefficients at the free end have significant mutations (boundary distortion). If there is damage in the beam, then the extremely high value of the boundary is likely to conceal the abrupt change caused by the damage. To deal with the boundary distortion, iterative weighted least squares fitting  
Figure 1: Flow chart of CWT-SSSM feature-based damage identification.  
(IWLSF) is introduced to extend the boundary of the third mode shape [33], and the IWLSF theory is detailed in Appendix A. Figure 2b shows the third mode shape after the extension, and Figure 3b shows the third CWT mode shape after the extension. It can be seen from Figure 3 that after extending the boundary, there is no significant abrupt change in the CWT coefficient graph at the free end, and the boundary distortion is significantly reduced.
## 2 Description of the Simulation Models and Experimental Set up
### Experimental Setup Used to Measure Electron and Proton Spectra at 3 cm Distance from Target \(n\)  
The mapping of the radiation dose inside the target chamber has been performed during experiments [24] of high power-thin solid target interaction for a laser intensity in focus of about \(5\times 10^{19}\) W/cm\({}^{2}\) (40 fs pulse duration [24; 37]). The target was tilted at 45\({}^{\circ}\) with respect to the laser beam focus position. The laser spot surface area was (9 \(\times\) 23) 207 \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) and the fraction of energy in the laser spot (at full width half maximum) was \(\sim\)30%. The elliptical shape of the focal spot was previously attributed to the slightly ellipticity of the incoming beam [8; 38].  
The experimental set-up from Figure 2, was designed to allow a straightforward analysis of laser accelerated electron and proton beams.  
It is composed of the targets and passive detectors holder ensemble, a magnetic spectrometer (B \(\sim\) 0.6 T), and an optical analysis ensemble. The target and detector holder system consist in two parallel metallic plates centered using a horizontal metallic ax. The targets were positioned on the first plate while the passive detectors used for proton beams analysis were placed on the second plate. The spectral analysis of the proton beams achieved using CR-39 detectors was reported in [24]. Behind the second plate a centered (to the drilled holes) magnetic spectrometer, for the estimation of the energy of the laser accelerated electrons, was placed in a fix position, while the target and detector holder ensemble can be rotated. Around the magnetic spectrometer can be observed a metallic cylinder that can be simultaneous rotated with the target and detector holder plates. On the inner surface of the cylinder (see Figure 2) EBT3 radiochromic films were positioned. A maximum electron energy of about 13 MeV was estimated from the coloring of the EBT3 radiochromic films. Such values of the electron energies were also reported in similar experimental conditions [5].  
The target and detector holder ensemble are placed on mechanical translation and rotation stages for precise alignment of each target in the focus of the laser beam. The optical analysis system is described in detail in [24].