# Health IoT Threats: Survey of Risks and Vulnerabilities
## 5 Discussion
#### Standards and Solutions
risk assessments, vulnerability scans, and penetration testing to identify and address security gaps. The review highlights that stakeholders have a shared responsibility to ensure the security and privacy of healthcare IoT. Healthcare organizations, device manufacturers, and software developers must work collaboratively to identify and address security and privacy issues and attacks. This requires implementing security-by-design principles, such as threat modeling, secure coding practices, and regular software updates. Security-by-design principles enable software developers to critically analyze and identify the security needs of the software systems [156]. Subsequently, these security needs can be embedded into the software architecture, so that the software developers can make sure that the developed software systems include all necessary security controls. Healthcare organizations should also provide training and education to staff and end-users to ensure that security and privacy protocols are followed. Healthcare organizations should follow a zero-trust approach, where they understand that the networks are vulnerable to security threats all the time and there are many internal and external security threats in a network regularly. Thus, healthcare organizations should follow the basic principles of the zero-trust approach such as taking necessary measures to ensure user authenticity and allowing users to access company resources only using trusted devices [157]. Additionally, regulatory bodies and policy makers must collaborate with industry stakeholders to establish and enforce standards and regulations that promote the security and privacy of healthcare IoT. These standards should encompass rigorous data privacy regulations to safeguard sensitive patient information [158], robust security certification programs to ensure the integrity of IoT devices and networks [159], and clear incident reporting requirements to address any security breaches or vulnerabilities promptly [160]. Furthermore, it is essential to strike a delicate balance between regulation enforcement and technological advancement to foster innovation in the healthcare IoT sector. Overregulation could stifie innovation and impede the development of new technologies that could significantly benefit patient care and healthcare delivery. Therefore, regulatory frameworks should be flexible enough to accommodate technological advancements while still prioritizing patient safety and privacy [161]. Collaboration among industry stakeholders, regulatory bodies, policy makers, and cybersecurity experts is crucial to developing effective and adaptable regulatory measures that mitigate risks without hindering progress [162]. Our review suggests that ensuring the security and privacy of healthcare IoT requires a coordinated effort among all stakeholders. This includes adopting a multilayered security approach, implementing security-by-design principles, following the basic principles of the zero-trust approach, providing training and education, and complying with relevant regulations and standards. By doing so, stakeholders can mitigate the risk of security and privacy issues and attacks and enhance the trust and reliability of healthcare IoT. The review identifies several gaps in the current research on IoT security and privacy issues and attacks in healthcare. First, most studies have focused on individual layers of the IoT architecture, rather than examining the entire IoT system. Second, there is a lack of empirical research that evaluates the effectiveness of different security measures and strategies in mitigating security and privacy risks. Third, there is a need for more research on the human factor in IoT security, including end-user behavior, security awareness, and training. Fourth, there is a lack of research on the ethical implications of IoT security and privacy, particularly concerning data ownership, consent, and transparency [163].