## 2 Literature Review  
Agricultural activities are known to have caused considerable environmental impacts. Soil damage and water resources, which are overused or polluted by fertilizers and pesticides, contribute to biodiversity loss as farming has become industrialized. These negative effects of agriculture attract global attention to the fact that agriculture has impacts on the climate, human health, and global ecosystems [39]. There are various aspects to sustainable agriculture that need to be considered, including the emphasis on methods used to improve soil productivity while minimizing detrimental effects on the soil, water, air, biodiversity, and human health; minimizing the use of farm inputs from non-renewable sources; and a focus on local communities and their needs, knowledge, skills, and socio-cultural values. This study explored the implementation of sustainable agriculture, particularly in the framework of sustainable consumption and production (SCP) in the horticulture sector as a subsector of agriculture. Although SCP literature on sustainable horticulture practices by smallholder farmers in developing countries was not readily available, the study identified relevant literature of existing concepts and approaches that could provide a foundation for SCP practices in the horticulture sector. These approaches include good agricultural practices (GAP), climate-smart agriculture (CSA), and sustainable value chain (SVC). The following section offers a brief literature review of these approaches to explore the state of knowledge regarding the implementation of sustainability practices in the agricultural sector. The FAO [40] defines good agricultural practices (GAPs) as a \"collection of principles to apply for on-farm production and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while taking into account economic, social, and environmental sustainability\". [PERSON] et al. [41] reported a positive relationship between implementing GAPs and a better growth rate, yield, and economic profitability in choy sum cultivation in northern Cambodia. The research put more focus on the controlled use of organic and chemical inputs to limit overdose of chemical inputs, as compared to organic farming methods where growers used solely biological inputs without pesticides. On the other hand, GIZ [42] investigated an adaptation of \"good practices\" in African farming contexts and identified six categories of potential practices for scaling up, which included the use of improved seeds, soil and water management, the timing of farming practice, changing crop/livestock distribution and densities, tillage and associated practices, and farm crop and livestock diversification. Clearly, good agricultural practices include many different farming methods. GAPs are voluntary for farmers but mandatory for those who want to obtain the GAP certification. Obtaining the certification proves to be challenging, especially to smallholder farmers and small agri-businesses, since the audit costs money and time [43]. The cost of complying with the standards imposes an important challenge that affects the implementation of these sustainability practices by farmers and smallholders in developing countries. [PERSON] [44] offers information about the financial impact of GAP standard compliance for the entry of the upstream supply chain from sub-Saharan Africa. According to his estimations, an initial investment cost amounts to about GBP 400 per small-scale farmer. Even though the actual costs vary per farm, overall, the initial cost is a high financial burden for many small-scale farmers in relation to local standards. This is an important obstacle for the adoption of GAP by farmers. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) represents an approach to developing the technical, policy and investment conditions to achieve sustainable agricultural development for food security under climate change [45].