## 3 Results and Discussion
### Pearson's Correlation Analysis  
To investigate the possible relationship between the functional parameters of BSF larvae proteins and the variables listed earlier, the correlation coefficients were calculated between these variables. The Pearson correlation matrix is shown in Figure 6. To our  
Figure 5: Effect of extraction methods on emulsion stability index and emulsion activity index of black soldier fly larvae isolate obtained by AAF (alkaline–acid extraction), AAFSI (salting-in technique), AAFSO (salting-out technique), and AAFSISO (salting-in and out technique). Various letters suggest notable contrasts with statistical significance at \(p\) < 0.05. Error bars depict standard deviation.  
knowledge, there are no comparable studies on BSF larvae protein available currently. The current session describes the results of a study in which various correlations were examined. A strong positive correlation was observed between the emulsion activity index and foam capacity (r = 0.98, \(p<0.001\)), as well as with the solubility at pH 4 (r = 0.98, \(p<0.001\)).  
Additionally, a moderate positive correlation was noted between solubility at pH 8 and foam stability (r = 0.85, \(p<0.01\)), as well as with foam capacity (r = 0.98, \(p<0.001\)) and water-binding capacity (r = 0.84, \(p<0.01\)), while a negative correlation was observed with oil-binding capacity (r = \(-0.64\), \(p<0.05\)) and the emulsion stability index (r = \(-0.75\), \(p<0.05\)). Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was observed between surface hydrophobicity and oil-binding capacity (r = 0.74, \(p<0.05\)), as well as emulsion stability index (r = 0.83, \(p<0.05\)). The data depicted in Figures 3 and 5 suggest that the enhanced oil-binding capacity and emulsion stability index observed in BSF larvae proteins after the addition of salt is attributable to the increased surface hydrophobicity, which enhances the ability to bind water and convert it into immobilized water, as well as the stronger interactions among the exposed hydrophobic group. Lastly, a weak, positive correlation was observed between bulk density and foam stability (r = 0.65, \(p<0.005\)) and foam capacity (r = 0.31, \(p<0.005\)).  
Additionally, a statistically significant negative correlation was observed between the water-binding capacity and surface hydrophobicity (r = \(-0.82\), \(p<0.01\)). To the best of our understanding, this research is the first to explore the impact of salt on BSF larval proteins. The findings of this study are of significant importance in formulating alternative, sustainable food ingredients for growing populations. The results revealed significant interrelations (\(p<0.05\)) between the functional properties of BSF larvae proteins, suggesting that BSF larvae protein could be a suitable candidate for use in food formulations.  
Figure 6: Correlation matrix between the black soldier fly larvae protein isolate functional properties via [PERSON]’s linear correlation analysis; the color gradation and the size of the circle represent the correlation coefficient (r value). Significance levels: \({}^{\star}p<0.05\) (moderate significance); \({}^{\star\star}p<0.01\) (higher significance); \({}^{\star\star\star}p<0.001\) (highest significance); blue represents negative correlation; green represents positive correlation.