## 4 Results  
### Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Ecosystem Quality in Henan Province from 2010 to 2020  
According to the calculated ecosystem quality index, the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of ecosystem quality in Henan Province from 2010 to 2020 were obtained, as shown in Figure 2. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the quality of ecosystems in southern Henan Province was generally stronger than that in the central and northern regions. Specifically, the high-value areas of ecosystem quality were mainly concentrated in the southwest of the mountainous and hilly areas in Western Henan and the north of the mountainous and hilly areas in Tongbai. The low-value areas of ecosystem quality were mainly distributed in the Yellow River Plain, especially in the surrounding cities with Zhengzhou as the center.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Criterion** & **Interaction** \\ \hline \(q(X1\cap X2)<\min(q(X1),\,q(X2))\) & Nonlinear decrease \\ \(\min(q(X1),\,q(X2))<q(X1\cap X2)<\max(q(X1),\,q(X2))\) & Single-factor nonlinear decrease \\ \(q(X1\cap X2)>\max(q(X1),\,q(X2))\) & Double-factor enhancement \\ \(q(X1\cap X2)=q(X1)+q(X2)\) & Independent \\ \(q(X1\cap X2)>q(X1)+q(X2)\) & Nonlinear enhancement \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Interaction relationships.  
An evaluation of the county-level ecosystem quality in Henan Province from 2010 to 2020 showed that in 2010, there were no \"very high\" counties in Henan Province, and only three categories of ecosystem quality were found, namely, \"low\", \"moderate\", and \"high\", accounting for 6.62%, 61.47%, and 31.92% of the area of Henan Province, respectively. In 2015, the ecosystem quality in Henan Province was divided into four categories: \"low\", \"moderate\", \"high\", and very high\", accounting for 2.75%, 35.11%, 52.78%, and 9.35% of the area of the province, respectively. In 2020, the counties with \"low\", \"moderate\", \"high\", and \"very high\" ecosystem quality levels in Henan Province accounted for 2.19%, 36.95%, 53.27%, and 7.59% of the area of the province, respectively.  
By measuring the change trend of ecosystem quality in Henan Province from 2010 to 2020, it can be seen that the quality of ecosystems in Henan Province showed a trend of slow improvement (Figure 3). From 2010 to 2015, the ecosystem quality index of Henan Province increased significantly. The ecosystem quality index in 2015 increased by 26.6% compared with that in 2010, which was related to the implementation of the projects of turning farmland into forest in Henan Province during this period. From 2015 to 2020, the quality of ecosystems in Henan Province showed a comprehensive interaction process between two forms of continuous regional improvement and deterioration. In 2020, the ecosystem quality in Henan Province only increased by about 0.7% compared with that of 2015. The ecosystem quality index of Henan Province basically remained stable; although it slightly improved, it was not significant. During this period, Henan Province entered a period of rapid development in terms of urbanization and industrialization. A large amount of arable land was used for industrial and transportation construction, and deforestation and reclamation further caused conflicts in the relationship between humans and the land. The changes in the quality of ecosystems in different regions showed significant instability.