### Internet of Everything  
IoT is considered the backbone of many smart applications such as the manufacturing industry, smart healthcare, intelligent transportation, smart grid, smart city, etc. \"Instrumentation\", \"Interconnections\", and \"Intelligence\" are essential elements of smart applications  
Figure 4: Generalized IoT Architecture.  
Figure 3: IoT Elements and Paradigm.  
of IoT and also referred to as 3 Is. On the other hand, IoT acts as an integrated component of IoE [14]. Initially, Cisco coined the concept of IoE in 2013 [15]. The primary objective of the IoE technology is to transform gathered data into information or actions, and assist data-based relevant decision-making. Moreover, IoE aims to facilitate new capabilities, proficiency, and great experiences to become a self-contained and productive system. Figure 5 presents the main \"four pillars\" of IoE [16; 17; 18]: (1) People, (2) Data, (3) Process, and (4) Things.
* _People_, in a system, are a critical element of the IoE environment. With the introduction of IoE, people share their personal insights through innumerable new ways of communication such as social networks, data-collecting smart sensors, actuators, smartwatches, etc. These data are being transmitted to the servers for analyzing and providing relevant information according to their personal, system, industry, or business demands. The information assists the people or system in quickly resolving open issues or reach to decisions.
* _Data_ are transferred as a traditional IoT network. Data, complete or partial, collected by devices could either be sent directly or after initial transformation in the edge layer. The raw data captured or generated by the device has no importance. Nevertheless when these pieces of data are transformed, summarized, classified, and analyzed by the device itself or by the cloud server at the edge layer, it becomes priceless content that can monitor and control numerous systems, make accurate and faster decisions, and entitle smart solutions.
* _Process_ based on various systems such as artificial intelligence, deep learning, social networks, computer vision, or other technologies helps to deliver the proper information to the designated people/device/place at the expected time. Through this process, information will be extracted from data, and the data communication will be controlled through the network. The purpose of processes is to get the optimum outcome for further processing or decision making.
* _Things_ encounter the definition of IoT. Different kinds of sensing elements are embedded with physical items that serve the purpose of the data collection. Different devices must have communication capabilities, wireless or wired, for transmitting generated and processed data to the right destination across the system.  
Figure 6 shows the general architecture of the IoE system [15; 19]. The IoE system is a combination of blocks of a visualized data center, intelligent network, and connected devices. A virtual data center consists of an operating system, desktop virtualization software, etc. It communicates with an intelligent network to provide services to connected devices (smart sensors, devices, actuators, mobile terminals, wearable devices, etc.) and  
Figure 5: IoE Components.  
ultimately human beings. Connected devices are categorized into three segments: human to human, machine to machine, and machine to human. The backbone is an optical fiber network to guarantee a high velocity of the networks to ensure a high presence, low latency, and excellent quality of IoE services [15]. The fiber-optic network can also be replaced with a wireless network.