# Review of Land Surface Albedo: Variance Characteristics, Climate Effect and Management Strategy
Zidong Zhu
1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.G. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.Y.) Zidong Zhu
1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.G. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.Y.) Zidong Zhu
1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.G. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.Y.) Zidong Zhu
1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.  
requires rapid and sustained decarbonization, especially before the assumed emissions peak by 2030 [5; 6]. Human-induced warming reached an estimated 0.93 \({}^{\circ}\)C \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\circ}\)C above mid-nineteenth-century conditions in 2015, is currently increasing by nearly 0.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C per decade [7], and increased to 1.07 \({}^{\circ}\)C in 2019, as recently reported in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR6 [8]; thus, there is a limited window in which to develop a more carbon-efficient future for climate mitigation. Implementation requirements were recommended for the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) with a view towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the implementation of the Paris Agreement, where surface albedo is listed as one of the Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) in the terrestrial biosphere domain in a phased 5-10 year implementation plan published in 2016 [9]. The IPCC AR6 highlights the intensity and frequency of hot temperature extremes over land due to continuous global warming dozens of times and calls for mitigation decisions rather than passive adaptation [10]. Numerous algorithms and products regarding surface albedo have been developed for decades and are widely applied in resolving climate problems. Bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) angular modelling [11] and narrow-to-broadband conversions [12] are the two main processes involved in surface albedo retrieval from satellite observations under cloudless conditions, and a series of surface albedo products have been generated, ranging from those of 250 m to 20 km, daily to monthly, and 5 to 30 years in spatial resolution, temporal resolution and temporal span, respectively [13], such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) [11] and Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) [14] surface albedo product. A general accuracy requirement of 0.02-0.05 is recommended within 5-10 years on a global scale [1; 2], and a smaller uncertainty of \(\pm\)0.02 for regional climate simulation is required [3]. Based on these mature algorithms and datasets, many studies have focused on monitoring the spatiotemporal variance in global surface albedo, as well as its effect on perturbations in Earth's radiative balance--or radiative forcing and climate feedback. Surface albedo presents different patterns over various land surfaces and their seasonable transformation [15], including soil, vegetation, urban areas, ice, snow and water surfaces. Subsequently, the change in surface albedo can affect heat and moisture exchange between the land surface and atmosphere, and a positive radiative forcing would lead to an increase in temperature [16], ice melt [17], snow melt [18] and vice versa.