esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Three-Dimensional Model
In addition, the results of trace lines 2 and 3 are shown with the purpose of investigating whether crack detection was possible in the case where a crack generated in the turbine blade was traced in parallel, and in the case where a portion slightly away from the crack was traced in parallel with the crack. Figure 16 shows the \(z\)-direction displacement for trace line 2 of Model 3D. The largest displacement in the \(z\)-direction in the negative direction exists at \(x=75\) mm where the crack exists. There is no striking difference in the macro displacement depending on the presence or absence of the crack. Accordingly, Figure 17 shows the difference in displacement in the \(z\)-direction between the models with and without a crack. It can be observed that the displacement in the minus direction is large due to the presence of the crack, especially when \(x\) is approximately 75 mm in the model with a crack. As the change is in the order of tens of nm, it is considered that the change can be detected by DHM. Figure 18 shows the \(z\)-direction displacement for trace line 3 of Model 3D. Similar to the results of trace line 2 shown in Figure 16, the displacement in the \(z\)-direction is the largest in the negative direction at \(x=75\) mm where the crack exists. There is no remarkable difference in the macro displacement according to the presence or absence of a crack. Accordingly, Figure 19 shows the difference in displacement in the \(z\)-direction between the models with and without a crack. Due to the crack, the displacement in the negative direction is large at the ends, but the displacement in the positive direction is large at the center. This corresponds to the raised part shown in Figure 13. As the change is in the order of tens of nm, it is considered that the change can be detected by DHM. Figure 16: The \(z\)-displacement of the surface of Model 3D along trace line 2. The \(z\)-displacement implies the change in \(z\)-direction due to loading. Figure 15: The strain distribution (\(\varepsilon_{z}\)) of Model 3D, \(a=0\), 1.5 mm. As described above, the results of trace lines 1, 2, and 3 indicate that in all cases, i.e., when the trace is perpendicular, parallel to the crack, and slightly away from and parallel to the crack, the difference in displacement in the \(z\)-direction varies from nanometers to tens of nanometers according to the presence or absence of a crack of several millimeters. This suggests that DHM can be used to detect cracks in turbine blades.
# Development of an L-Band SAR Microsatellite Antenna for Earth Observation
## 3 Antenna Gain Estimation
### Effect of Mesh Reflectivity  
The reflector antenna surface is composed of a fine knitted mesh wire of \(28\) openings per inch (OPI), molybdenum core diameter of \(30\) um and gold-coated surface of \(0.2\) um. The small wire diameter together with the excellent RF conditions and softness of the gold plating creates low wire-to-wire contact resistance, which is essential for maintaining good RF performance. The mesh type adopted is woven in a single wire, namely, single atlas pattern. Given that mesh opening size is 325 times smaller than the center wavelength, computer simulation of the mesh parabolic reflector becomes an impossible task. For that reason, transmission loss \(\eta_{t}\) of the mesh sample was estimated experimentally by placing a mesh sample between 1 Tx and 1 Rx horn antennas, and measuring the S21 value. Within operational bandwidth, \(\eta_{t}=-40\) dB. Therefore, the parabolic reflector is assumed solid in antenna simulations, and reflectivity loss is then estimated by direct comparison with measurements of antenna radiation pattern.
# Viability of Cupola Slag as an Alternative Eco-Binder and Filler in Concrete and Mortars
## 1 Introduction
The level of research on these new recycled concretes is very advanced nowadays, with studies on their micro-porosity [12], influence of curing conditions [13], their behavior under fatigue [14], and even on the durability of ecological concrete [15]. The use of another waste, such as cupola slag, as an aggregate or as an admixture, would be another way of obtaining ecological concrete. Studies on the manufacturing of ecological concrete with granulated cupola slag as fine and coarse aggregates (recycled aggregate) have concluded that the material is not viable for this type of application, since the strengths obtained have not been satisfactory [16]. The use of ground cupola slag in the literature has produced both inconsistent and non-significant effects. [PERSON] et al. [17] found an increase in compressive strength of 8% and a similar flexural strength for mortars after 28 days using cement replacements of 35% with cupola slag. [PERSON] et al. [18] characterized the mechanical properties of concrete with granulated cupola slag, replacing cement ratios of up to 50% and testing different water/cement ratios, demonstrating the slowness of the pozzolanic reactions of this material, and showing the conservation of mechanical properties for replacements of 10%. [PERSON] et al. [19] analyzed the evolution of compressive strength for various replacements of Portland cement by cupola slag, concluding that replacement proportions of cement greater than 10% may yield a loss in concrete's compressive strength. There are no studies in the literature on the use of cupola slag as an admixture in concrete, except in studies carried out by the authors on its application to high-performance ecological concretes, both its mechanical properties [20] and its durability [9], where cupola slag offers excellent performance when it is recovered in the right way. The use of admixtures in concrete tends to increase its resistance, to a greater extent, when using admixtures with pozzolanic properties. According to [PERSON] [21], the type and proportion of admixture have a greater influence on the compressive strength than the water/fines ratio (cement + admixtures). [PERSON] et al. [22], observed an increase in compressive strength with increasing admixture content, maintaining the effective water/cement (w/c) ratio and the amount of cement. This study aims to clarify the effects of the use of value-added cupola slag in standardized mortars, in order to propose recommendations for its use, given that there are practically no studies in the literature. To do this, in the first phase, the mechanical properties of mortars with the addition of ground cupola slag are compared with those produced with the most common admixtures, such as limestone filler or fly ash. A second phase will consist of comparing the mechanical properties of mortars with different levels of OPC replacement by ground cupola slag, performing a final analysis of the benefits of using this by-product.
# Spiral-Resonator-Based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Design for Sub-6 GHz Applications
## 4 Conclusions
This novel frequency reconfigurable antenna design makes a valuable contribution to the field, surpassing existing literature in terms of its unique combination of antenna elements, control mechanisms, performance advantages, and application potential. The findings of this study lay the foundation for further advancements in wireless communication systems and inspire future research and development efforts in the field of frequency reconfigurable antennas. Conceptualization, D.N.G., S.C. and M.P. ; Methodology, D.N.G., S.C. and M.P. ; Software, D.N.G. ; Validation, D.N.G., S.C. and M.P. ; Formal analysis, D.N.G. and M.P. ; Investigation, D.N.G., S.C. and M.P. ; Writing--original draft, D.N.G. ; Writing--review & editing, D.N.G., S.C. and M.P. ; Supervision, S.C. and M.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Not applicable. This work is supported by the Scientific Research Projects Unit (BAP) in Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University. Project No: 21803003. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Digital-Twin-Based Monitoring System for Slab Production Process
## 3 The Proposed System
### Production Management Module
#### 3.3.2 Defect Prediction  
In the realm of steel production, the quality control of slabs is of paramount importance. Various environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and illumination, can exert an influence on the quality of slabs. To anticipate the probability of defects in slabs, statistical models can be employed, with logistic regression being a commonly utilized approach [45].  
In logistic regression, a predictive model is established using measurements of environmental factors (e.g., temperature, humidity, and illumination) to ascertain the probability of defects in slabs. The formula for the model is as follows:  
\[P(D=1)=\frac{1}{1+e^{-(\beta_{0}+\beta_{1}T+\beta_{2}H+\beta_{3}L)}} \tag{5}\]  
In this context, \(P(D=1)\) represents the probability of defects in slabs. The coefficients \(\beta_{0},\beta_{1},\beta_{2},\beta_{3}\) correspond to the regression model. T denotes temperature, H denotes humidity, and L denotes illumination.  
In this model, when the values of temperature, humidity, and illumination are specified, the model estimates the probability of defects in slabs. The coefficients of the model, \(\beta_{0},\beta_{1},\beta_{2},\beta_{3}\), can be estimated through statistical methods. Once the coefficients are estimated, the actual measurements of environmental factors can be used to calculate the probability of defects in slabs.  
The advantage of the logistic regression model lies in its ability to consider the combined influence of multiple environmental factors on slab quality, providing a mathematical framework to quantify the contribution of different factors to the probability of defects. This facilitates the formulation of adjustment strategies in the production process to reduce defect rates. This approach offers a scientific method for quality control in steel production to minimize defects and waste. Once the parameters are given, the system can estimate the likelihood of defects in real time based on the real-time parameters of the production process. Workers can adjust the relevant slab production environment according to the estimated likelihood of defects during the slab production process.
###### Abstract  
Lightning data assimilation (LDA) is a powerful tool to improve the weather forecast of convective events and has been widely applied with this purpose in the past two decades. Most of these applications refer to events hitting coastal and land areas, where people live. However, a weather forecast over the sea has many important practical applications, and this paper focuses on the impact of LDA on the precipitation forecast over the central Mediterranean Sea around Italy. The 3 h rapid update cycle (RUC) configuration of the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model) has been used to simulate the whole month of November 2019. Two sets of forecasts have been considered: CTRL, without lightning data assimilation, and LIGHT, which assimilates data from the LIghnting detection NETwork (LINET). The 3 h precipitation forecast has been compared with observations of the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) (IMERG) dataset and with rain gauge observations recorded in six small Italian islands. The comparison of CTRL and LIGHT precipitation forecasts with the IMERG dataset shows a positive impact of LDA. The correlation between predicted and observed precipitation improves over wide areas of the Ionian and Adriatic Seas when LDA is applied. Specifically, the correlation coefficient for the whole domain increases from 0.59 to 0.67, and the anomaly correlation (AC) improves by 5% over land and by 8% over the sea when lightning is assimilated. The impact of LDA on the 3 h precipitation forecast over six small islands is also positive. LDA improves the forecast by both decreasing the false alarms and increasing the hits of the precipitation forecast, although with variability among the islands. The case study of 12 November 2019 (time interval 00-03 UTC) has been used to show how important the impact of LDA can be in practice. In particular, the shifting of the main precipitation pattern from land to the sea caused by LDA gives a much better representation of the precipitation field observed by the IMERG precipitation product.  
l pacs: 28 December 2020  
9 February 2021  
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## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds
#### 3.4.5 Acids  
Major wine volatile fatty acids in wine, including saturated linear short- to medium-chain butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acids, are produced through a series of enzymatically catalysed reactions. These reactions involve the elongation of acetyl-CoA units, primarily driven by acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the fatty acid synthase (FAS) complex. On the other hand, saturated branched short-chain fatty acids are generated through the catabolism of amino acids through the Ehrlich pathway, similar to their higher alcohol analogues [48]. The biosynthesis of fatty acids is strongly influenced by yeast species used in fermentation [1]. Higher levels of octanoic acid were found in SCE wines across both years, while the same wines contained higher levels of hexanoic and decanoic acid compared to SPA wines in specific years (Table 9). Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the differences in medium-chain fatty acid levels between fermentations conducted with _S. cerevisiae_ and _S. paradoxus_[5, 12]. [PERSON] et al. [4] observed varying results among _S. paradoxus_ strains. Some strains produced higher levels of hexanoic acid than _S. cerevisiae_, while others showed similar production levels. Octanoic acid levels varied significantly, and decanoic acid production was consistently lower in _S. paradoxus_ than in _S. cerevisiae_ fermentations. Conversely, [PERSON] et al. [13] found higher levels of medium-chain fatty acids in _S. paradoxus_ wines. The authors hypothesized that this increase may be due to a greater carbon flux toward acetyl-CoA formation in _S. paradoxus_. This process contributes to fatty acid synthesis and cell membrane remodelling, as a strategy for improved ethanol tolerance of _S. paradoxus_ which is less adapted to alcoholic fermentation than _S. cerevisiae_. Other acids found to be more abundant in SCE wines were propanoic and isohexanoic acid in 2021 and nonanoic acid in 2022 (Table 9). Higher levels of isobutyric and 2-methylbutyric acid were found in SPA-21 compared to SCE-21 wines. The differences in isovaleric acid were significantly affected by harvest year, with higher values found in SCE-21 and SPA-22 wines, respectively. The noted divergence in fatty acid production with respect to their origin (FAS complex vs. Ehrlich pathway) suggests differing regulatory mechanisms between the two yeasts studied. Several acids also showed variation due to harvest year.
## 7 Colorectal Cancer  
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in both men and women, and the most frequent malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract [131]. The American Cancer Society predicts that, in 2019, 101,420 new cases of colon cancer and 44,180 new cases of rectal cancer will be diagnosed, and 51,020 CRC patients will die (www.cancer.org). Most (\(>\)90%) CRCs are adenocarcinoma. Other types, such as neuroendocrine, squamous cell, adenosquamous, spindle cell, and undifferentiated carcinomas, are very rare [132]. In this article, we will focus only on colorectal adenocarcinoma.  
Age is a major risk factor for sporadic CRC. The risk of developing a malignancy increases significantly after 50 years of age [131]. Moreover, genetic factors are an important player in CRC development. Autosomal inherited syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer; HNPCC) are associated with a higher risk of CRC development (approximately 5% of CRC cases). About 10% of CRC cases result from pathogenic mutations that are not associated with HNPCC or FAP; most are mutations in genes with high penetrance, such as _apc_, _mutyth_, brc1/2, _palb2_, cdkn2a, and _tp53_, and those of moderate penetrance, such as _mutyth_, _apc_ allele p.I1307K, and _chek2_[131; 133]. Additionally, several gastrointestinal diseases are reported to increase the risk of CRC outcome. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease increase the risk of CRC by about 15%. Cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and insulin resistance are also related to CRC [134].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**BTC** & **BBP** \\ \hline _Fusobacterium_\(\uparrow\) & \\ _Prerotella_\(\uparrow\) & \\ _Helicobacter_ & \\ _Campylobacter_\(\uparrow\) & _Nesterenkonia_ \\ _Methylophilaceae_ & _Rothia_ \\ _Sinobacterium_ & _Mesorhizobium_ \\ _Actinomyces_ & _Dialister_ \\ _Novosplingobium_ & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Differences in most abundant bacteria species in bile tract microbiota composition isolated from biliary tract cancer (BTC) patients and patients with benign biliary pathology (BBP) (distribution of clones at the genus level).  
Although genetic factors play an important role in CRC development, most colorectal malignancies are more sporadic than familiar. CRC is 25% more common among men than women. Low socioeconomic status, physical inactivity, and an unhealthy diet (especially extensive consumption of red and processed meat, as well as a high-calorie, fat-rich, and fibre-deficient diet) all increase the risk of CRC development, as well as smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity [131; 134]. Moreover, several bacterial and viral agents such as [PERSON] virus, human papillomavirus, _Streptococcus bovis, Helicobacter pylori, Fusobacterium_, pathogenic strains of _E. coli_, and decreased diversity of commensal microbes in the gut have been proposed as risk factors for CRC [134].
## 6 Methodology
### Weiner Filtering  
The RGB format of the input image was used then transformed to a grayscale image before being processed further. The Wiener filter with a mask size \(7\times 7\) was used to remove the noise from the CXRs because it is one of the best methods to remove noise from CXRs, which often contain artifacts or noise due to patient movement.  
For images with additive noise and blurring, the Wiener filter is the MSE-optimal stationary linear filter. The Wiener filter is calculated assuming second-order stationary signal and noise processes (in the random process sense) [22]. An observed image or degraded images can often be modeled as  
\[x(i,j)=\iint h\big{(}i-i^{\prime},j-j^{\prime}\big{)}\;s\big{(}i^{\prime},j^{ \prime}\big{)}\;dif^{\prime}dj^{\prime}+n(i,j) \tag{1}\]  
where \(h\) is the imaging system's point spread function, and \(n\) is the additive noise. We estimated the original images from the degraded image \(x\) in this case for image restoration.  
\[x(i,j)=h(i,j)\;\times\;s(i,j) \tag{2}\]  
Figure 1: Block diagram of the proposed method.  
where \(h(i,j)\) is considered as the filter of the degraded image; \(s(i,j)\) is considered as the original image; and \(x(i,j)\) is considered as the modified or degraded image.  
Hence, from Equations (1) and (2), we can derive the following generative model.  
\[x(i,j)=h(i,j)\ \times\ s(i,j)\leftrightarrow X(a,b)=H(a,b)\ \times\ S(a,b)+N(a,b) \tag{3}\]  
and for the moment, we ignore \(n(i,j)\).  
Wiener filters are typically used in the frequency domain. Given a degraded image \(x(i,j)\), the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is used to produce \(X\ (a,b)\). The original image spectrum is reconstructed by taking the product of \(X(a,b)\) and the Wiener Filter \(G(a,b)\).  
\[\hat{S}(a,b)=G(a,b)\cdot X(a,b) \tag{4}\]  
where \(X(a,b)\) is DFT of \(x(i,j)\).  
\(G(a,b)\) is Weiner Filter  
\(\hat{S}(a,b)\) is filtered or degraded image.  
The following Equation (5) will define the Wiener Filter.  
\[G(a,b)=H*(a,b)\ Ps(a,b)\left/\left|H(a,b)\right|^{2}\ Ps(a,b)+Pn(a,b)\right. \tag{5}\]  
where \(Ps(u,v)\) is considered as the signal process by taking the Fourier transform of the signal autocorrelation. \(Pn(u,v)\) is considered as a noise process by taking the Fourier transform of the signal autocorrelation.
## 1 Introduction
Moreover, there is a lack of understanding of the inherent differences between polymer batches/grades and the optimal compaction pressures to create samples with the desired properties. This study investigates pellet preparation for accurate determination of RI and loss coefficient by THz-TDS. This study highlights the issues that must be considered in the fabrication of polymer pellets for THz-TDS analysis. These include compaction pressure required to minimise sample porosity, time needed for completion of axial relaxation and the effect of particle size. This study also indicates the suitability of both PTFE and HDPE as a polymer matrix for accurate determination of the RI and loss coefficient of the test material, respectively. Pellets were created using two commonly used matrix materials: PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) and PE (polyethylene) powders. A series of such pellets was created utilising a range of compaction pressures to investigate the optimal compaction setting to minimise porosity and to prevent pellet lamination or capping. The pellets were created in a well-controlled environment employing a compaction simulator (force- and displacement-controlled hydraulic press), and the results were compared to a standard hydraulic press with and without applying a vacuum. The pellets were monitored for axial relaxation before THz-TDS analysis to obtain both the pellets' RI and loss coefficient, followed by breaking force testing to determine tensile strength.
# Resilience in the Internet of Medical Things: A Review and Case Study
## 2 Framework and Outcomes of This Review  
This review paper aims to describe the importance of resilience for data transmission in IoMT networks. This review article investigates several existing works and concludes with a finding that the integration of SDN, ML, and MSA can provide the capabilities to fulfill the requirements for achieving resilience in IoMT networks.  
To provide a critical review of the existing literature, a systematic identification of the most relevant articles in this area has been conducted. The process contains the following steps:  
* Selection of premium research database sources, such as IEEE, Elsevier, Springer, MDPI, and Science Direct.
* Selection of a range in a timeframe to obtain only recently published research articles in this area.
* Application of the keywords, \"Internet of Medical Things\", \"Data Transmission\", and \"Resilience\", for data extraction and synthesis.  
Based on the above-mentioned steps for the research literature extraction, we further discussed the following:  
* The background of the Internet of Medical Things in Section 3.
* A clear definition of \"Resilience\" in the aspect of IoMT in Section 3.2.
* The key capabilities of achieving the resilience for data transmission identified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in Section 4.
* An analysis of resilience in existing works in Section 5.  
Based on the analysis of the existing works, we further considered the following:  
* The four major requirements to achieve resilience for data transmission in IoMT networks, i.e., monitoring, control, diagnosis, and recovery, that are presented in Section 5.
* The top technologies that can be used to achieve resilience for data transmission in IoMT networks, i.e., SDN, ML, and MSA, which are presented in Section 5.  
Thereafter, we provide the following:  
* A case study from the current IoMT networks, which describes the remote patient monitoring (RPM) of heart patients in IoMT networks, in Section 6.
* An explanation of a failure scenario that describes a single point of failure in more detail in Section 6.
* The proposal of a methodology that can mitigate the problem of single-point-of-failure and can provide resilience by using the integration of technologies, SDN, ML, and MSA, in Section 6.  
* A discussion of the challenges for future work in Section 7.