esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract
As a corollary, recent developments in nanotechnology are focused on environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and biocompatible green synthesis methods. Green synthesis utilizes natural products as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in a one-step protocol. Plant-mediated synthesis was proven to be more economical than using microbial systems [20; 21]. Plant biodiversity is a potential reservoir for phytochemicals that can be used for the green synthesis of metallic NPs with enhanced biological applications [22; 23; 24]. _Aspalathus linearis_ (rooibos tea) has been used to synthesize AuNPs [19; 22], palladium, and palladium oxide NPs [25]. _Salvia africana-lutea_ and _Sutherlandia frutsccens_ were also used to synthesize AuNPs and silver NPs [23]. HB species were also explored in the synthesis of HB-AuNPs using water extracts from _C. intermedia_[4; 6]. These NPs were reported to inhibit microbial (fungi and bacteria) [22; 23; 24; 26] and cancer cell [4; 27] growth, alone or in combination with conventional treatments [4; 6]. In addition to the selective anticancer activity of the HB-AuNPs synthesized from _C. intermedia_ (HB-AuNPs_ci), the AuNPs demonstrated a unique property of drug sensitization. When co-administered with a chemotherapeutic drug (Dox), HB-AuNPs_ci were reported to increase the biocompatibility of Dox by sensitizing its therapeutic activity at a non-active dose, which might help reduce the drug's bystander effects [4; 6]. In the current study, another HB species (_C. genistoides_) was investigated to determine if species under the same genus will behave in a similar manner; either in AuNPs synthesis or their bioactivity. The HB-AuNPs from _C. genistoides_ significantly promoted the cytotoxic effects of Dox in Caco-2 cells during co-treatment, further highlighting the potential clinical value of biogenic nanomaterials. The clinical benefits of AuNPs-chemotherapeutic drug co-treatment were demonstrated in a pilot clinical trial performed on humans, where administration of Nano Swarna bhasma (AuNPs synthesized using mango peel and combined with five plant extracts) with Dox and cyclophosphamide showed no adverse effects in breast cancer patients [28].
## 5 Corrections for Off-Reference Conditions  
The aforementioned basic correlations have considered the effects of camber angle and solidity for the fixed orientation parameter, maximum thickness-chord ratio, inlet Mach number, and AVDR, which are regarded as the reference conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to correct the correlations with off-reference conditions so as to apply the model under practical compressor circumstances. Based on the basic correlations, the reference minimum-loss incidence and deviation angles can be modified with additional corrections from different factors, as shown in Equations (18) and (19):  
\[i_{\text{mod}}=i_{\text{bas}}+\Delta i_{\text{ori}}+\Delta i_{\text{th}}+ \Delta i_{\text{Ma}}+\Delta i_{\text{3D}} \tag{18}\]  
\[\delta_{\text{mod}}=\delta_{\text{bas}}+\Delta\delta_{\text{ori}}+\Delta \delta_{\text{th}}+\Delta\delta_{\text{Ma}}+\Delta\delta_{\text{3D}}, \tag{19}\]  
where the indexes ori, th, Ma, and 3D represent the corrections for orientation parameter, maximum thickness, Mach number, and AVDR, respectively.
# Design and Implementation of a Smart Traffic Signal Control System for Smart City Applications
## 5 System Implementation and Experiment Results
### V2R Module Test  
To test the communication range of the vehicular communication between OBU and RSU, two 802.11p modules are used for the receiving and the transmitting test. The receiving end is fixed at a point which acts as the role of RSU controller, and the transmitting end placed at a distance from the RSU is set up for evaluating the V2R/R2V communication range. The test communication distance ranges from 25 m to 400 m, and the transmission signal strength (in dB) and received signal strength (in RSSI) are listed in Table 3. The evaluation result shows that the distance of OBU and RSU that falls within 400 m can exchange data correctly.  
Figure 14: STSC system hardware implementation: (**a**) OBU embedded computer, (**b**) 802.11p module, (**c**) RSU controller, (**d**) RSU prototype system, (**e**) OBU prototype.
# Compressive Ghost Imaging of the Moving Object Using the Low-Order Moments
## 5 Conclusions  
To summarize, we have proposed a simple but trustworthy method of tracking and imaging the moving object based on the reconstructions of compressive GI and the low-order moments estimation. By exploiting the sparsity constraint of CS, the proposed method would achieve the image reconstruction with a much better visual quality and less measurements than is possible using the second-order correlations. Without any pre-processing operations, the proposed method applies the low-order moments of the image to directly extract the centroid position and the rotation angle of the moving object, which takes the advantage of saving time and computation. Our experiments demonstrated that the proposed method can locate and compensate both the translational and rotational motion blur in GI with high-accuracy and high-efficiency. In addition, the proposed methods do not require much prior knowledge of the motion information, e.g., the directions or  
Figure 7: The image performance of the moving object with a constant speed against (**a**) 100 to (**g**) 1000 number of measurements under different conditions: translational moving object using (**I**) CS, (**II**) GI, rotational moving object using (**III**) CS, (**IV**) GI.  
initial positions, and the experiment can be performed in a conventional GI setup without additional devices, which could benefit a practical approach for GI to observe the dynamic phenomena effectively and in a flexible manner.  
Methodology and data analysis, D.Y.; experimental validation, C.C.; writing review and editing, B.L. and L.Y., supervision G.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61631014, 61401036, 61471051); National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (61225003); the BUPT Excellent Ph.D. Students Foundation (CX2019224).  
The authors want to thank [PERSON] for helpful discussions.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cis-Element Prediction of _GpOSCs_  
Cis-elements, including promoters, enhancers, regulatory sequences, and inducible elements, play crucial roles, governing gene expression while also being integral components influencing post-transcriptional modifications [55]. To investigate how upstream sequences associated with _GpOSC_ genes affect their expression levels, cis-element prediction was carried out on the 2000 bp upstream region of 11 _GpOSC_ gene promoters (Figure S5). The analysis revealed significant differences in the upstream elements of the _GpOSC_ gene family, showcasing a wide diversity of regulatory elements. These include light-responsive elements, hormone-responsive elements (such as auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellin, methyl jasmonate, etc.), various abiotic stress-responsive elements (including drought, low temperature, and anaerobic conditions), and transcription factor-binding sites, such as MYB binding sites. Researchers have found that cis-elements are closely associated with gene function, and these elements align with the biological functions of GpOSC genes in response to stress and organismal injury [56]. Therefore, it was hypothesized that _Gpendphylum_ might regulate _GpOSC_ gene expression synergistically through various hormone response elements, such as auxin (TGA), salicylic acid (TCA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). This regulation could also involve stress response elements related to anaerobic conditions, drought, and low temperatures. Such interactions may influence saponin synthesis and accumulation in response to environmental stresses. Additionally, MYB binding sites were identified within the promoter region of _GpOSC_, similar to observations made in _C. quinoa_[45], suggesting that MYB transcription factors might play a role in regulating the expression of _GpOSC_ genes. Numerous hormone-responsive elements were also detected in the upstream regions of _CqOSC_ in _C. quinoa_, particularly MeJA-responsive elements, which constituted a substantial proportion. In _C. quinoa_, soaking leaves in MeJA for 30 s was found to enhance saponin synthesis [57], potentially offering valuable insights for future experimental endeavors.
## 1 Introduction
We associate groups of states with safety-levels and map these states with context-dependent un/safe control actions, analyzed during the STPA analysis. We tackle the system's partial awareness regarding the collaborative ecosystem by modeling the finite number of expected observations with a probability density function. We prove that Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) can act complementary to STPA analysis in order to create an active safety-related prompting tool that defines the loss scenarios during the system's operational phase. The system is prompted through a sequence of selected actions to transit into states of higher safety through a reward mechanism. The outcome POMDP modeling procedure is the formulation of a policy graph that can operate in real-time with the evolution of the collaborative task to continuously balance the system into safe states, as graphically illustrated in Figure 1. The main contributions of this work are summarized as follows:  
* The introduction of the system's state and action space partitioning based on group of safe, unsafe and recovery states resulting from their association with the respective actions, that outline the system's current safety level. * The interpretation of the STPA control structure as a decision making tool (based on POMDP models) to be utilized in the operational phase in order to decide on the most appropriate next action that will bring the system into a safer state. * The application of STPA on a classic HRC topology and the evaluation of our decision making method with the formulated policy graph. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses the relevant literature to the studied domain. The theoretical background and the problem formulation is presented in Section 3.1, while the proposed methodology is thoroughly analyzed in Section 4, where the STPA-related POMDP formulation is presented along with the prompting mechanisms on different safety levels. Section 5 appends a case study with the HRC example, interpreted with the safety prompting method, and conclusions are drawn in Section 6.
## 2 Analyzing the Complex Conditions of Iced Conductors
### Wind Load at Different Wind Attack Angles  
Strong wind usually refers to an instantaneous crosswind speed of 10 m/s or more. In order to assess the maximum impact of wind load, this paper considers the direction of airflow perpendicular to the wire. Changes in wind direction and eccentric twisting of iced conductors can lead to different wind attack angles, as shown in Figure 2. The size of the wind attack angle will affect the wind resistance and lift on the conductor, thereby affecting the stability and operation of the conductor. The bouncing process induced by ice shedding on overhead conductors under strong wind conditions is subject to lateral airflow, which is a complex fluid-solid coupling vibration process, resulting in the bouncing of ice shedding on transmission lines to change from simple vertical bouncing to three-dimensional motion. Therefore, the traditional formula for calculating the bounce height of ice shedding on transmission lines is no longer used.  
As shown in Figure 2, the unit lengths of iced conductor lift and resistance were calculated as  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}F_{D}=0.5C_{D}\rho V^{2}d\\ F_{L}=0.5C_{L}\rho V^{2}d\end{array}\right. \tag{2}\]  
where \(F_{D}\) is the resistance of the iced conductor (N/m), \(F_{L}\) is the lift force of the iced conductor (N/m), and \(C_{D}\) and \(C_{L}\) are the resistance and lift coefficients of the iced conductor, respectively. \(V\) is the air velocity (m/s), and \(d\) is the length of the windward movement (m). \(G_{cd}\) is the self-weight of the conductor (N/m), and \(G_{ice}\) is the gravity of the icing (N/m).  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the cross-sectional shapes of iced conductors. **(a)** circular-shaped; **(b)** crescent-shaped; **(c)** fan-shaped; **(d)** D-shaped; **(e)** elliptical-shaped.  
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of lift, resistance, and wind attack angle.
## 1 Introduction  
Microstrip antennas are commonly used in modern wireless communications, as they present the advantages of low cost, low profile, and ease of fabrication, although they might suffer from a narrow bandwidth (BW) in certain configurations [1; 2]. Furthermore, the integration of microstrip antennas into small cavities leads to antenna performance degradations. These have been investigated over the past decades in [3; 4; 5; 6], and more recently in [7; 8; 9]. In particular, the reduction of the antenna diameter and its integration into a metallic cavity result in a significant decrease of its BW.  
Furthermore, it was demonstrated in [7] that, for small cavities of rectangular shape (edge size of 0.25 \(\lambda_{0}\), where \(\lambda_{0}\) is the wavelength in vacuum at the operating frequency), a patch antenna placed at the aperture of the cavity does not offer the best performance in terms of BW: The maximum reachable BW was shown to be achieved by replacing a standard patch at the aperture with a metasurface composed of one or several layers of capacitively coupled strips [8], whose dimensions are typically smaller than one tenth of the wavelength [10]. As introduced in previous works [7; 8; 9; 11], loading the aperture of a metallic cavity antenna with a capacitance-only impedance offers two benefits: Increasing the antenna BW [7], particularly compared to stacked patch antennas embedded in a larger cavity [11]; or reduction of the antenna and cavity size for a given BW [9].  
Cavities of circular form are much more practical and common than rectangular ones. However, the integration of a metasurface antenna into a circular cavity is more difficult, because the field lines in rectangular cavities are parallel to the vertical wall, which is not the case for circular cavities, as will be shown in the following sections. The novelty of the proposed work resides in two main aspects. First, our previous work on small rectangular cavity antennas [8] is extended here to the cases of circular cavities with a small diameter (0.25 \(\lambda_{0}\)), with the main objective to enlarge the antenna BW. Second, the metasurface antennas proposed here are integrated in very small cavities (0.15 \(\lambda_{0}\) and 0.12 \(\lambda_{0}\)). In such cases, it is not possible to integrate standard patch antennas inside the cavity, provided that they are printed on dielectric substrates (\(\varepsilon_{\mathrm{r}}<10.2\)) that comply with the huge acceleration constraints and shocks imposed by the telemetry applications with flying vehicles we are considering here.  
This paper is organized as follows: First, the concept of metasurface antennas in circular cavities is described in Section 2. The principle is explained, followed by a set of numerical results and the comparison with classical printed circular patches. Experimental results are presented. Section 3 deals with the analysis of metasurface antennas in smaller cavities optimized for integration on flying vehicles for telemetry applications. Conclusions are drawn in Section 4.
# Low-Cost IoT Air Quality Monitoring Station Using Cloud Platform and Blockchain Technology
## 3 Methodology
### ESP Wi-Fi Module  
The Esp01S module with ESP8266 Wi-Fi is a compact module that is compatible with the Arduino. It is used to provide wireless internet connectivity to various devices. It is a cost-effective single-chip system-on-a-chip (SoC) solution that integrates both Wi-Fi capabilities and a microcontroller, all of which make it an excellent choice for the Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems. It is always preferred because of its small size, low power consumption, and ease of use [20]. The module is shown in Figure 7.
# Pseudorange Measurement Method Based on AIS Signals
###### Abstract  
In order to use the existing automatic identification system (AIS) to provide additional navigation and positioning services, a complete pseudorange measurements solution is presented in this paper. Through the mathematical analysis of the AIS signal, the bit-0-phases in the digital sequences were determined as the timestamps. Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to compare the accuracy of the zero-crossing and differential peak, which are two timestamp detection methods in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Considering the low-speed and low-dynamic motion characteristics of ships, an optimal estimation method based on the minimum mean square error is proposed to improve detection accuracy. Furthermore, the \(\alpha\) difference filter algorithm was used to achieve the fusion of the optimal estimation results of the two detection methods. The results show that the algorithm can greatly improve the accuracy of pseudorange estimation under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. In order to verify the effectiveness of the scheme, prototypes containing the measurement scheme were developed and field tests in Xinghai Bay of Dalian (China) were performed. The test results show that the pseudorange measurement accuracy was better than 28 m (\(\sigma\)) without any modification of the existing AIS system.  
pseudorange measurement; Gaussian baseband; timestamp detection; optimal estimation; AIS-R mode
## 4 Conclusions  
This study was a hydrogeochemical study covering the major towns and cities underlying the eastern Dahomey Basin using stable isotopes of \(\delta^{18}\)O, \(\delta\)D, and geochemistry. Static water levels were used to identify the recharge sources and zones, and also characterise groundwater dynamics in relation to stable isotopes in the shallow coastal aquifers of the basin. Na-Cl is the dominant water type followed by Ca-HCO3, Na-HCO3, Ca-SO4, and Na-SO4 with other mixing water types, such as Ca-Cl, K-Cl, and Mg-SO4. The dominant of the Na-Cl water is thought to have two origins, namely sea spray and saltwater intrusion. Although these water types reflect the mineralogical characteristics of the aquifers' units within the basin, the lack of consistency distributed across the geologic unit is attributed to the heterogeneity within the aquifers and possible impact of human activities. Relationship between \(\delta^{18}\)O and \(\delta\)D revealed the wet season groundwater data plots closer to the Global Meteoric Water Line, while those of the dry season showed deviation towards evaporation. The relationship between the D-excess and \(\delta^{18}\)O clustered between the recharge and evaporation zone. Comparing the results with the regional precipitation data collected from the selected station of GNIP at Doula (Cameroon), Cotonou (Republic of Benin), and Kano (Nigeria) showed groundwater in the region is dominated by localised young water recharge with short residence time (with a slight influence of evapotranspiration), as expected with observed high static water tables. The variation of \(\delta^{18}\)O and \(\delta^{2}\)H has no consistent pattern along flow paths is an indication of the influence of multiple effects of altitude and temperature on the isotopic composition of the groundwater other than the normal evaporation. This study can help in both understanding aquifer resilience and vulnerability for developing a groundwater quality monitoring strategy for sustainable groundwater management in the eastern Dahomey Basin.  
Conceptualization, J.A.A., and R.M.K. methodology, J.A.A. R.M.K., M.N.T. and P.S. software, J.A.A. and I.H. validation, J.A., R.M.K. and I.H. formal analysis, J.A.A.; investigation, J.A.A. and M.N.T.; resources, J.A.A. and R.M.K. data curation, J.A.A., R.M.K. and I.H. writing--original draft preparation, J.A.A. writing--review and editing, J.A., R.M.K., I.H., M.N.T. and P.S. visualization, J.A.A. and I.H.; supervision, R.M.K. and P.S. project administration, R.M.K. and J.A.A. funding acquisition, J.A. and R.M.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the Petroleum Technology and Development Fund (PTDF) under the Overseas PhD scholarship scheme and supported by the Scottish Government under the Climate Justice Fund Water Futures Program, awarded to the University of Strathclyde (R.M.K.).  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] for field and laboratory assistance.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Point-of-Conflict Prediction
### Single Diagonal Movement Obstacle  
A single diagonal movement obstacle is an obstacle that is mostly moving in one direction and with a uniform speed. Some examples of this obstacle's type are a pedestrian crossing the environment or a road construction machine moving slowly on the sidewalk. This type of obstacle does not include a vehicle moving at normal speed. In that case, the pedestrian agent should exclude its navigation area from the model's environment, as it would be too dangerous to navigate inside that area.  
Figure 4: Obstacle avoidance with point-of-conflict.  
Figure 5 illustrates the POC prediction process in the case of a single diagonal movement obstacle. In order to specify the area of the POC, we need to figure the approximate time until the obstacle is getting close. As the prediction process is carried out before the path-planning task, we could only estimate this using the agent's general direction toward its destination. The calculation for this approximate time is formulated as:  
\[t=\frac{\delta}{v_{agent}\cos\theta_{a}+v_{obs}\cos\theta_{o}}\quad\text{if }(v_{agent}\cos\theta_{a}+v_{obs}\cos\theta_{o})>0, \tag{13}\]  
where \(\delta\) is the distance in y coordinate between the agent and the obstacle, and \(v_{agent}\) and \(v_{obs}\) are the velocity of the agent and the obstacle; \(\theta_{a}\) is the agent's direction angle relative to the upward vertical axis, and \(\theta_{o}\) is the obstacle's direction angle relative to the downward vertical axis.  
As a result, the POC's position \((x_{POC},y_{POC})\) is specified as follows:  
\[(x_{POC},y_{POC})=(x_{obs},y_{obs})+t\ \lambda\ v_{obs}\ \hat{\mathbf{e}}_{obs}, \tag{14}\]  
where \((x_{obs},y_{obs})\) is the position of the obstacle, \(\hat{\mathbf{e}}_{obs}\) is the unit vector having the direction of the obstacle, and \(\lambda\) is the environment's scale as presented in Section 5.1.  
If the \((v_{agent}\cos\theta_{a}+v_{obs}\cos\theta_{o})\leq 0\), it is unlikely for the agent to collide with the obstacle. In this case, the POC is omitted in the planning task of the model. In addition, if the calculated POC's position is outside the range of the agent's environment, the POC is also ignored in our model.