# Surface Coatings and Treatments for Controlled Hydrate Formation: A Mini Review
###### Abstract
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Hydrate Formers** & **Substrates** & **Coatings** & **Experimental Conditions** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Tetrahydrofuran (19.1 wt.\% in water)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-1-Butanethiol,} \\  & & -1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluorodecane-thiol,} \\  & & -Methyl 3-mercaptoethanolpropionate, & \\  & & -4-Mercapto-butanol, & \\ Tetrahydrofuran & -Clean glass & -50/50 Butanethiol/methyl & Atmospheric pressure, \\  & & -3-mercaptoethanolpropionate, & \\ (19.1 wt.\% in water) & -Bare steel & -50/50 Butanethiol/4-Mercapto-1-butanol, & \textless{4.4}\,^{\circ}\text{C}\) & [40] \\  & & -Trichloro (1H), 1H, 2H, 2H & \\  & & perfluorooctyl) silane, & \\  & & -Octadecyl trichlorosilane, & \\  & & -80 wt.\%/20 wt.\% PERMA/fluorodecyl POSS & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Cyclopentane (in water)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-Oleamide (CH\({}_{3}\))(CH\({}_{2}\))\(\textless{}\)(CH\({}_{2}\))\(\textless{}\)COH\({}_{2}\);} \\  & & -Critic acid ester, based on & \\  & & -HOC(COOH)(CH\({}_{2}\)COOH), & Atmospheric pressure, \\  & & -Nonanedithiol 1 HCH\({}_{2}\)(CH\({}_{2}\))\(\textless{}\)CH\({}_{2}\)SH, & T-n.a. & [41] \\  & & -Commercial Rain-Xs (anti-wetting agent), & \\  & & -Graphite (based on planar sheets of carbon) & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Tetrahydrofuran (19.0 wt.\% in water)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-poly-divinyl benzene/poly(perfl)} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-wordoglycerately(pDVB/pPFDA)} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Bilayer (BL)} \\  & & -linker free grafted coatings (LFG) with & \(-15\,^{\circ}\text{C}\) & [42] \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{pPFDA thickness of 10 and 40 nm} \\ \hline Cyclopentane (in water) & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-Rough Steel (-Flat Silicone} \\  & & -pDVB/pPFDA (BL-LFG) with pPFDA & Atmospheric Pressure, \\  & & -flat Silicone & thickness of 10 and 40 nm & \(-15\,^{\circ}\text{C}\) & [43] \\ \hline Methane (in water and + LDHIs) & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-Stainless steel crystallizer} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-perfluoroalkoxy alkane polymer from DuPont Teflon coating, Cantech Precision} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Coatings Inc. (PFA)} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Tetrahydrofuran (1:15)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-Glass test tubes (Heavy wall} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-(3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{ethylenediamine (AEAPTMS)} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{with succinic acid (SA) linker to a glycerol at 1-} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{or 2-position.} \\ \hline Cyclopentane (in water) & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-Silicon} \\  & & -octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) & Atmospheric Pressure, \\  & & -tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2 tetrahydrorocyl & \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(-5\,^{\circ}\text{C}\)} \\ \hline Cyclopentane (in water) \& \multicolumn{3}{c}{-Carbon Steel (Pristine & -Cornighobic \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(500\) psig and \(1\,^{\circ}\text{C}\)} \\ \hline Tetrahydrofuran \& & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-A green fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)} \\  & & -A blue polytetrafluoro ethylene (PTFE) & \\ Methane & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-Carbon Steel (-B black polytetrafluoro ethylene (PTFE)} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-B green fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Cyclopentane (19.1 wt.\% in water)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-poly-divinylbenzene} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{(pDVB)/poly-perfluorodecylacrylate (pPFDA)} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{bilayer covalently bonded and grafted to} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(-15\) and \(5\,^{\circ}\text{C}\)} \\ \hline Methane (74.7 mol\%) + & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-Stainless Steel} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-Superomniphobic} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(<\)4.4\(\,^{\circ}\text{C}\)} \\ \hline Methane & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-Glass} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-n-dodecyltriethoxysilane (DS)} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(-n\)-octyltriethoxysilane (OE)} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{(transient experiments)} \\ \hline Tetrahydrofuran (19.1 wt.\% in water) & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-Needymium Magnet} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{-Ferrofluid (Iron oxide/magnetic 8\% \(\,\
icefrac{{\it\tau}}{{\it v}}\), \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(-5\,^{\circ}\text{C}\); Mechanical tests} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(-5\,^{\circ}\text{C}\); Mechanical tests} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{for adhesion were} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{performed at \(-15\,^{\circ}\text{C}\)} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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