# Use of Lignin, Waste Tire Rubber, and Waste Glass for Soil Stabilization
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, it is very important to find an environmentally friendly way to dispose of used tires [29; 30]. They showed that recycled tire waste mixed with soil can be used as a lightweight fill material for embankments, road and pavement bases, and retaining walls to increase strength. [PERSON] et al. [31] used waste tires as additives to increase the strength of soft soils. Using CBR tests, they added less than 10% rubber powder to stable soils to investigate their strength. [PERSON] et al. [32] used six different ratios of waste tires on clay soils. They found that this had a positive effect on the density, the direct shear strength, the uniaxial compressive strength, and the CBR value. The proportion of used tires increases the CBR value and contributes positively to the results of shear strength and uniaxial compressive strength. [PERSON] [33] investigated the strength properties of clay soils with low plasticity improved with marble dust and rubber waste. In his study, he obtained the highest unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values at the end of 28 days of curing in a mixture of clay and three different proportions of waste tires. [PERSON] et al. [34] found that the addition of 3% waste tires to clay soil changed the distribution of pore volume, increased the pore size, and improved the mechanical properties of the soil by making the structure of the soil more complex. Less than 30% of the used glass produced is recycled, which means that a large proportion of glass waste is generated. This shows that glass waste management plans in particular need to be improved [35]. [PERSON] et al. [36] investigated the stabilization of low-plasticity clay using waste glass powder. For the mixtures, the soil was mixed with glass powder in an amount of 3, 6, 9, and 12% of its dry weight. As a result of the mechanical tests, it was found that the mechanical properties improved with increasing glass percentage increased. [PERSON] et al. [37] found an increase in CBR, Proctor density, and shear strength with the addition of different fine glass powders to the clay soil sample. [PERSON] et al. [38] added different percentages of waste glass powder to the dry weight of the soil and conducted experiments (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 25%). It was found that the percentage of waste glass powder at 25% made a positive contribution to the Afterberg limits such as plasticity limit, liquid limit, plasticity index, and shrinkage. It was found that the proportion of 15% glass powder increased the CBR value by 171% and then decreased. [PERSON] et al. [39] conducted experiments with different proportions of waste glass powder (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) in relation to the dry weight of the clay soil. They found that the values for the plasticity limit, plasticity index, and liquid limit decreased as the proportion of waste glass powder increased. Based on their results, [PERSON] et al. [40] concluded that the optimum addition of glass powder that best improves the overall mechanical and physical properties is an addition of 15%. They found that the CBR contributes positively to improving the elastic modulus and properties of clay with low plasticity. Waste glass, car tires, and lignin as forest waste, which accumulate in large quantities due to human activities, are a major problem for many countries. This type of waste causes environmental problems such as air pollution in the case of incineration, the need for storage areas, soil pollution, and the pollution of surface water and groundwater and has indirect negative effects on human health [41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46]. For example, rainwater collected in used tires is an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes. This situation leads to an increase in mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and deaths [47]. Glass waste increases the rigidity and compressive strength of the soil. Rubber tires ensure a more even distribution of loads due to their elasticity.