esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Crowd Sourced Audio-Visual Evidence
### Victoria Stanley Cup Riots 2011  
In 2011, the Vancouver Police Department (VPD) encouraged the public to post to their Twitter feed whilst the VPD were managing the Stanley Cup playoffs. The Twitter feed allowed the public to engage with the authorities whilst at the same time allowing them to monitor unrest. In June of the same year--by which time VPD had more than 16,000 Twitter followers, a riot broke out following a game. Videos of the riots were captured by attendees to the event as well as passers-by on their mobile phones.  
Witnesses began to post videos of the riot to websites, blogs, Twitter feeds, and SMSs and proceeded to \"tag\" and thereby identify potential perpetrators. Further to this, witnesses posted more than 1000 emails to the VPD, this was in addition to the 10,000+ tweets posted during and after the event. The VPD recognized the evidentiary value of this crowd sourced evidence and encouraged the public to send these in to form part of the evidence being considered in the investigation.  
It took the VPD some weeks to establish a process which allowed citizens to send in the videos. The size of potential evidence submitted was staggering and by VPD's admission, it would take two years to process the data [17]. In fact, two years later, rioters were still being prosecuted following the investigation of individual cases.  
By 20 July, the VPD had acquired 1,500 hours of video, 15,000 images/photographs and more than 4,000 email messages with potential evidence. During the intermittting time period, a server hosting VPD press releases crashed because of the weight of traffic being generated from the on-going Twitter feeds relating to the event.  
This case study forms one of the first examples of the value and use of crowd sourced audio-visual evidence. It represents a problem of volume and velocity and less so of variety. The major form of evidence were videos, however there were a lot of them and the time frame within which to prosecute put pressure on the investigating authorities to show that justice was being done.
# A Reliable Scheme for Synchronizing Multimedia Data Streams under Multicasting Environment
## 4 Proposed Solution
### Proposed Design Requirements
#### 4.2.11 Additional Information Container  
We designed new APP packets for both sender and receiver. The App packet sent by sender carries playout time in NTP timestamp format. The structure of the packet is shown in Figure 9.  
On the other hand, receivers reply back to the sender with the following parameters as part of their feedback,  
1. Reception time of the packet reported in highest extended sequence number.
2. Idle time.  
Received time is 64-bit fields in NTP timestamp format. Idle time is 32 bit signed integer to carry the time (ms) in our case. The receiver side packet description is shown in Figure 10.
# Courtyard Sound Field Characteristics by Bell Sounds in Han Chinese Buddhist Temples
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Position and Height of the Bell Tower
As the sound source was raised from 1.5 m to 7.5 m above the ground, SPL(A) decreased by 1.9 dBA, 1.2 dBA, 2.4 dBA, and 2.3 dBA in the first through fourth courtyards, respectively, while the standard deviation of SPL(A) increased by 1.1 dBA, 2.1 dBA, 1.8 dBA, and 1.7 dBA, respectively. This may be attributed to the sound source's higher position, which reduced sound reflection from the courtyard walls. These results show that the SPL(A) of each courtyard would decrease in the presence of a two-storey bell tower compared with a layout in which the bell is placed directly on the ground without a tower. Of course, an increase in sound source height, especially when it exceeds courtyard wall height, would increase the bell sound's propagation distance outside the temple and increase the temple's influence on the surrounding area. The sound source height also affected the courtyards' RT (Figure 10a). The T\({}_{\rm 30m}\) and EDT\({}_{\rm m}\) of each courtyard reached maximum values when the sound source was 3 m above the ground (i.e., the same height as the wall), while a greater or lesser sound source height would significantly decrease T\({}_{\rm 30m}\). Compared to the maximum T\({}_{\rm 30m}\) value for a sound source at a height of 3 m, the T\({}_{\rm 30m}\) value for a sound source at other heights in the first through fourth courtyards dropped by about 42% to 76%, 16% to 29%, 9% to 39%, and 16% to 42%, respectively. EDT\({}_{\rm m}\) did not change significantly in the first courtyard, but it decreased by 20% to 47%, 51% to 119%, and 33% to 98% in the second through fourth courtyards, respectively. The reduced T\({}_{\rm 30m}\) and EDT\({}_{\rm m}\) values exceeded the JND. As shown in Figure 10b, when the sound source was 6 m high, C\({}_{80}\) reached maximum values in the second, third, and fourth courtyards, with a greater or lesser sound source height leading to decreases. C\({}_{80}\) decreased by 4.3 dB at most. These results indicate that the height and position of a temple's bell tower (sound source) will affect a Buddhist temple's courtyard sound field. Figure 10: Diagrams of the effects of bell tower height on courtyard sound fields. (**a**) Variation in RT. (**b**) Variation in C\({}_{80}\).
This idiosyncrasy avoids, in many cases, extending their use to the thousands of languages currently spoken in the world and, particularly, to the use case of aphasic speech recognition due to the lack of so many annotated data for training recognition models following the more traditional supervised learning methods. In this work, we explore the application of novel semi-supervised end-to-end (E2E) learning methods on ASR to perform aphasic speech recognition in English and Spanish in a very challenging scenario with few annotated data. More specifically, we make use of the _uaw2 vec2.0_ architecture [28], building models adapted to aphasic speech for English and Spanish and comparing the results with previous fully supervised technological approaches presented in the literature. In particular, we achieved a relative error reduction in Word Error Rate (WER) for the English test set by \(\sim\)25% when comparing with previous published results. In addition, we demonstrate that this technological approach can be extended to perform aphasic speech recognition with few annotated data. To this end, we built the first Spanish E2E model adapted to aphasic speech recognition with less than one hour of data from PWA and report the first results in the literature for this language and domain. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces previous work in aphasic speech recognition. Section 3 details the process performed over the main corpora used for the experiments in addition to the creation and compositions of the train, validation and test partitions. In Section 4, the speech recognition architectures and constructions are explained, whilst the evaluation results obtained over different configurations of the systems are presented in Section 5 for English and Spanish. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper and presents future work.
## 2 Mathematical Model of the Hybrid MG System
### Utility Grid  
The balanced three-phase four-wire system operating at 25 kV and 60 Hz utility grid is interfaced with the AC sub-grid at B3. It is modeled as a 3P programmable voltage source in series with an RL branch that generates a three-phase sinusoidal waveform with time-varying parameters. In grid-connected mode, the grid's frequency, voltage, and phase angle are employed as reference signals for the CVSI, which operate synchronously with the grid to ensure overall system stability.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Materials  
The materials used included natural rubber (NR) (SIR-20, place of origin: PT Mardec Musi Lestari, Indonesia). They also included styrene butadiene rubber (SBR-1502) specific gravity of 1.6-1.7 g/cm\({}^{3}\), hardness: 70-80 Shore A, tensile strength: 2-2.5 Mpa, and elongation at break: 300-400% (place of origin: China); nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR-2665, place of origin: Russian Federation); zinc oxide (ZnO) with a purity of 99.7% (place of origin: Hebei, China); and stearic acid (SA) Mf: C\({}_{18}\)H\({}_{36}\)O\({}_{2}\) with a purity of 99% (place of origin: China). Zinc stearate (ZS) with a moisture content of 0.2-1%, 118, a specific gravity of 1.1 g/cm\({}^{3}\), the fatty acid content of 0.0-0.3%, and a melting point of 125 \({}^{\circ}\)C was also used [20] (ZS place of origin: Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Indonesia (BPPT)). Kaolin 400 mesh (place of origin: Tanjung Pandan Belitung, Indonesia); glycol (PEG-4000) with a purity of 99% (place of origin: China); carbon black N330 with a purity of 99.9% (place of origin: Henan, China); CaCO\({}_{3}\) 400 mesh (place of origin: Indonesia); silica oxide (SiO\({}_{2}\)) with a purity of 96.0% (place of origin: Indonesia); resin coumarone indene Mf: C\({}_{90}\), Cas no.: 63393-89-5 with a softening point of 80-110 \({}^{\circ}\)C (place of origin: China); white solid paraffin wax (CnH\({}_{2}\)n + 2.IOCL) with a melting point of 63 (\(\pm\)2) degree Celsius (area of origin: China); dioctyl Phthalate (DOP) oil liquid plasticizer. Mf: C\({}_{19}\)H\({}_{33}\)C\({}_{5}\)O\({}_{2}\), Einecs no.: 247-864-7 (place of origin: Zhejiang, China); antioksidan BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl fenol), C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{240}\), beran molekul 220.36, Mf: C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{240}\) (place of origin: China); N-Isopropyl-N\({}^{\prime}\)-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (IPPD) chemical auxiliary agent rubber antioxidant, Einecs no.: 202-969-7, Mf: C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{18}\)N\({}_{2}\) (area of origin: Jiangsu, China); rubber accelerator tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD), Einecs no.: 205-286-2 with a purity of 96%; Mf: C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{12}\)N\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{4}\) purity of 98% min (place of origin: Jiangsu, China); diphenyl guanidine (DFG) MF: C\({}_{13}\)H\({}_{13}\)N\({}_{3}\), Einecs no.: 203-002-1 with a density of 1.08-1.19 and a purity of 99% (place of origin: China); rubber accelerator CBS/CZ N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothazole sulfenamide, Mf: C\({}_{13}\)H\({}_{16}\)N\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{2}\), Einecs no.: 202-411-2 (place of origin:Shandong, China); and rubber vulcanizer sulfur/OT20 used in tire sulfur with a purity of 99% (place of origin: Indonesia) were all used in this study.
# Research on Optimized Energy Scheduling of Rural Microgrid
## 2 Rural Microgrid Architecture Based on Cloud Energy Storage (CES)  
Compared with the traditional smart microgrid, a rural microgrid not only needs to consider the daily electricity consumption of residents, but also needs to study the power consumption of crops in agricultural greenhouses and the operating mechanism of ESS. In this paper, a shared ESS model called CES is applied to a rural microgrid. All users in the rural microgrid can participate in the CES system and meet their own energy-storage requirements by ordering the energy-storage services of CES without the need to purchase physical energy-storage equipment separately. In addition, the rural microgrid is grid-connected, allowing energy exchanges between all users and the grid.  
Rural microgrid architecture is mainly composed of four parts, which are the control unit, distributed generation unit, energy-storage unit, and load unit. Figure 1 is a summary architecture diagram of the rural microgrid, which shows the components and the relationship between them. As shown in Figure 1, the control unit connects each part to help realize coordinated management of electrical energy. The energy-storage unit provides energy-storage services for all users in the microgrid. The load unit includes residential loads and greenhouse loads.
## 2 Regulation of CTPS Activity by GTP
### Structure-Activity Studies
#### 2.3.4 \"Pinching\" the NH\({}_{3}\) Tunnel  
The X-ray crystal structures of _Ec_CTPS (with no GTP bound, vide infra) revealed that the NH\({}_{3}\) tunnel had a constriction formed by three residues (Pro 54, His 57, and Val 60, shaded dark blue in Figure 2) at the entryway to the synthase domain that are highly conserved among CTPSs [32; 44]. To permit the passage of NH\({}_{3}\), which has a molecular diameter close to 4 A, the constriction must open since it is only-2.4 A in diameter in the crystal structures. The proximity of this putative molecular gate to the proposed GTP-binding site suggested that GTP might play a role in controlling the opening of the gate to regulate the delivery of NH\({}_{3}\) to the synthase domain. By conducting kinetics and biophysical analyses on _Ec_CTPS variants with different amino acid substitutions of the gate residue Val 60, which resides at the most constricted part of the NH\({}_{3}\) tunnel, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [86] explored the role of the putative NH\({}_{3}\) gate in coordinating the reactions required for CTPS catalysis. All amino acid substitutions (i.e., Ala, Cys, Asp, Trp, and Phe) at position 60 appeared to cause local structural perturbations that had a detrimental effect on the ability of GTP to bind and activate the enzyme, as anticipated based on the proximity of Val 60 to the GTP-binding site [82; 83; 84; 32]. Most interestingly, these authors discovered that replacement of Val 60 by the bulkier Phe residue unveiled the coordinated role of both GTP binding and the glutaminase activity in facilitating the passage of NH\({}_{3}\) through the tunnel gate. The V60F variant exhibited a slightly reduced coupling efficiency at maximal glutaminase activity that was ameliorated by slowing the rate of Gln hydrolysis, suggesting a \"bottleneck\" effect. Moreover, the inability of V60F _Ec_CTPS to use exogenous NH\({}_{3}\) as a substrate could be overcome in the presence of GTP, and more so if the enzyme was modified by DON. When NH\({}_{2}\)OH was employed as an alternative, bulkier substrate, its use was more efficient when it was concomitant with the glutaminase reaction. Hence, GTP-dependent activation appears to act in concert with the glutaminase activity to open the molecular gate for the passage of NH\({}_{3}\)[86].
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Cross-Validation Evaluation Strategy  
In order to strengthen the reliability of our model evaluations, we adopted a 5-fold cross-validation approach [61]. This technique is especially relevant for EEG-related research, given the considerable inter-subject and inter-session variability found in datasets such as BCI Competition IV 2a. By partitioning the data into multiple subsets, cross-validation permits a detailed examination of classifier performance, whether using LinearSVM, CART, GSVM, SVM with a polynomial kernel, or SGD, while mitigating overfitting risks and producing stable accuracy estimates.  
Implementing k-fold cross-validation (with \(k=5\)) means that about 80% of the data is used to train the model in each fold, while the remaining 20% serves as a test set. Every sample ultimately appears in a test split exactly once and in training splits the rest of the time. This process ensures that the performance metrics reflect diverse data partitions, thereby encouraging balanced generalization across the entire dataset.  
Importantly, the BCI Competition IV 2a dataset is inherently balanced in terms of class distribution. Each of the four motor imagery tasks (left hand, right hand, feet, and tongue) is represented equally, with 12 trials per class per run. This consistent class structure eliminates the need for data rebalancing techniques. Consequently, the classification performance is not influenced by class imbalance.
# Mobile Network Performance and Technical Feasibility of LTE-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
## 4 Results
### Uplink and Downlink Throughput Comparison with 3 GPP Standard  
The throughput values will determine the performance quality of the drone while flying using an LTE mobile network. The most important value that must meet the requirement as suggested by 3 GPP in Release-15 [18] is the uplink throughput, since the drone is required to stream a live feed video from the drone to the ground station. This application will require a high bandwidth due to the size of the video itself.  
3 GPP command and control standards provide an essential guide to maintaining proper operational control of drones. For CC communications, a 200 kbps uplink data rate, a packet error rate of less than 0.1%, and network latency less than 50 ms is required. For payload communications, drones need to send back live telemetry data, pictures, or videos in cases such as flying cameras and remote surveillance. The drone requires around 4 Mbps data throughput for a 1080p quality streaming video resolution for the current setup.  
Based on the field trial results, as plotted in Figure 15 and summarized in Table 2, it can be observed that the LTE network considered is capable of providing sufficient data rates with acceptable network latency for CC transmission as well as payload transmission for drone use cases. However, the results show that by increasing height, the latency increases as well, which means for use cases with the need of very low latency, e.g., remote real-time control, which needs less than 20 ms network latency, the network needs further enhancement.  
Figure 14: Reference signal received quality (\(RSRQ\)) distribution at (**a**) 0 m, (**b**) 40 m, (**c**) 80 m, (**d**) 170 m.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Mechanical Performance of the Rolled Plates
The work by [PERSON], amongst others [11; 18; 43; 44], has reported the formation of highly strained bands within the deformed grain structure after rolling, which was similar to our observation in this work for 37% and 68% rolled specimens. It was notable that [PERSON] et al. reports that at 1000 s at 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the grain structure was completely recrystallized, but that 5000 s of annealing at temperature were required to cause the microstructure to become equiaxed [10]. If the performance of the sheet were affected by this change in the grain structure, then additional annealing may significantly improve its tensile properties. Examination of the fractured specimens shows that the fracture occurred at an approximately 45\({}^{\circ}\) angle with respect to the loading axis in all specimens, regardless of the orientation of the sample or its rolled thickness (e.g., Figure 8). Further improvements in the elongation can be obtained by utilizing a suitable heat treatment process. For example, [PERSON] et al., were able to greatly improve the elongation to failure of ZK60 hot-rolled to a 63% reduction in thickness by using an electropulsing treatment [45]. Understanding the microstructural changes through the flattening of hollow tubes generated via ShAPE was crucial to understand the application limitations and benefits to Mg alloys. The ShAPE-fabricated tubes must retain their properties through flattening and additional forming steps for feasible use as rolling feedstock. This work has demonstrated that the ShAPE extruded tubes can feasibly survive the process of forming into plates. This work has also established that it was possible to hot roll ShAPE extruded ZK60 to the thicknesses required for industrial applications. Modifications to the rolling schedule used in this work has the potential to lead to further improvements over the measured properties. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Direction**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**68\% Reduction**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**93\% Reduction**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **YS (MPa)** & **UTS (MPa)** & **ET \%** & **YS (MPa)** & **UTS (MPa)** & **ET \%** \\ \hline
**RD** & 292.16 \(\pm\) 1.11 & 341.74 \(\pm\) 5.96 & 6.95 \(\pm\) 1.94 & 256.93 \(\pm\) 18.4 & 260.76 \(\pm\) 22.4 & 3.38 \(\pm\) 0.51 \\ \hline
**TD** & 286.19 \(\pm\) 1.13 & 336.09 \(\pm\) 1.58 & 5.15 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 251.91 \(\pm\) 18.9 & 262.83 \(\pm\) 21.2 & 4.00 \(\pm\) 0.87 \\ \hline
**45\({}^{\circ}\)** & 284.33 \(\pm\) 3.18 & 334.61 \(\pm\) 2.12 & 6.31 \(\pm\) 0.71 & 272.81 \(\pm\) 19.1 & 289.28 \(\pm\) 14.8 & 3.64 \(\pm\) 0.12 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The tensile properties of ShAPE-processed ZK60 after hot rolling. Figure 8: 68% rolled fractured specimens taken from RD, TD and 45\({}^{\circ}\) to extrusion axis.
# Online Detection and Fuzzy Clustering of Anomalies in Non-Stationary Time Series +
## 1 Introduction
We provide a detailed empirical investigation of its efficacy using two datasets: the first, a year-long univariate nonlinear time series representing traffic on a telecommunications network, and the second, a multivariate real-data example from the Skoltech anomaly benchmark (SKAB) [16] pertaining to systems control. The remaining sections are organised as follows. Section 2 outlines existing techniques and the main building blocks of our framework, while Section 3 defines our integrated approach. Our empirical results, firstly for the detection phase, are presented in Section 4, with a detailed consideration of the clustering aspect following in Sections 5-7, before the final conclusions are presented in Section 8.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
The resulting Doppler shift due to the sea state effect is given by \(f_{\mathit{ss}}=-k_{\mathit{s}}sin\theta U_{\mathit{ss}}/\pi\), where \(k_{r}=113\) m\({}^{-1}\) is the electromagnetic wavenumber for C-band Sentinel-1 SAR. For detailed descriptions of these correction procedures, refer to [20]. Once all the corrections are applied, the residual Doppler shift signal (\(f_{\mathit{osc}}\)) is assumed to arise solely from the surface currents. The radial current velocity (\(U_{\mathit{rcl}}\)) is then calculated using the following equation:  
\[U_{\mathit{rcl}}=\frac{\pi f_{\mathit{osc}}}{k_{\mathit{r}}sin\theta} \tag{7}\]  
This equation converts the current-induced Doppler shift along the radar line-of-sight into the corresponding radial current velocity. Accordingly, \(U_{\mathit{rcl}}\) represents only one component of the full OSC vector. It is important to note that \(U_{\mathit{rcl}}\) is negative when the surface current flows toward the radar and positive when it flows away. The SAR-retrieved radial OSC velocities are subsequently validated using both the drifting buoy measurements and the SMOC product. The complete workflow for the Doppler correction and resultsvalidation is illustrated in Figure 2. To evaluate the performance of the surface current retrieval, two representative case studies are presented, followed by a comprehensive statistical analysis based on the full dataset collected over the SCS.
# Radio Frequency Interference, Its Mitigation and Its Implications for the Civil Aviation Industry
## 2 Theoretical Background
### Mitigation Strategies  
Addressing RFI requires a combination of technological, regulatory, and operational approaches: Technological Solutions: Filters, shielding, and adaptive antenna designs help mitigate RFI at the system level. Advanced algorithms are also being developed to detect and counteract interference dynamically. Spectrum Management: Regulatory bodies such as EUROCONTROL in Europe enforce strict frequency allocation and emission standards to protect aviation bands from unauthorized use or overlap. Monitoring and Detection: Continuous monitoring of the RF spectrum using tools like spectrum analyzers and UAVs aids in identifying and addressing interference sources.  
Recent work also demonstrates the effectiveness of structured safety approaches. For example, [PERSON] et al. (2021) [5] proposed a three-stage enhancement framework for UAV systems involving electromagnetic shielding, digital filtering, and real-time diagnostics. Similar architectures may be adapted for aviation platforms where mission-critical electronics must withstand burst noise and high-power emissions. Additionally, frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) has emerged as a resilient technique for reducing susceptibility to narrowband interference, especially in airborne communication links exposed to hostile RF conditions.