# Acceptance Model for Mobile Building Information Modeling (BIM)
## 2 Literature Review  
### Mobile BIM in the Construction Industry  
A mobile device is defined as a personal tool that is portable [18; 19] and touchable [20; 21]. Because mobile devices are portable, they enable checking and writing information regardless of the location. Devices referred to as being mobile include smartphones, smart pads, and service books [8], and mobile devices can use software applications that provide multipurpose convenience. Accordingly, mobile devices and applications allow users to add or delete functions according to their personal preferences while developing and using new applications as needed. Mobile device use is increasing owing to characteristics such as the outdoor production of construction projects and the use of mobile devices by construction engineers to carry out field processes effectively [22]. Mobiles in construction are expected to contribute to reductions in construction time, capital costs, features, and components, while increasing the overall productivity [23]. BIM has been widely used in construction projects since the early 2000s. BIM is an integrated 3D object-based information storage system, which is used to pre-review tasks through model visualization, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Measure** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Frequency**} & **\%** \\ \hline  & Designer & 31 & 27.9 \\ the Respondent’s & CM & 37 & 33.3 \\ Organization & Contractor & 11 & 9.9 \\  & Engineer & 18 & 16.3 \\  & Researcher & 14 & 12.6 \\ \hline  & Total & & \\ \hline Respondent’s Average & Construction Industry & Approx. 11.6 years \\ Experience & BIM & Approx. 3.5 years \\ \hline  & Preference for Using BIM Tools & & 5.84/7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Characteristics of the respondents (\(n=111\)). such as building design, clash detection, and quantity calculation. Currently, the scope of the original BIM work has expanded considerably. BIM is also used in specialized fields such as structural analysis, energy analysis, and regulation checks. It is used in the design and construction phases, as well as in building inspection during the maintenance phase. However, it is difficult to utilize BIM in construction sites for real-time communication because the information is thus far generated and shared only in the office environment. Mobile BIM appears to improve the difficulty in sharing information and better utilizes BIM. Mobile BIM is defined as a mobile-based system that can be used on smartphones, smart pads, and surface books, and provides an environment in which BIM data can be utilized regardless of the location [8]. For example, mobile BIM is available in the applications of A360, BIM 360, BIM 360 Ops, BIM 360 Field, BIMx, Field 3D, FINAL CAD, Format, etc. Mobile BIM can address many issues that arise due to the difficulty in sharing information between teams in the collaboration process. On some sites, mobile BIM has significantly reduced costs. For example, FINAL CAD, a Mobile BIM, reduces construction time by an average of 11%, rework rate by an average of 25%, and defect rate by an average of 50% at construction sites worldwide [9]. Mobile BIM can reduce the safety, paperwork, and drawing management by three times. Moreover, it is expected that a mobile environment will enable providing desired functions according to personal preferences based on the characteristics of the mobile devices themselves. Various attempts have been made to use mobile BIM in practical applications. Mobile BIM is used on mobile platforms in certain projects for safety management or quality management by focusing on the construction phase; however, it is still underutilized. The reasons for low utilization of mobile BIM could possibly be the low usage of BIM tools and the age and experience of the users. However, other studies have noted that age and experience do not significantly affect the use of mobile BIM [24]. Low mobile BIM usage can also be interpreted as a lack of analysis regarding the factors that affect actual user acceptance and utilization.