## 4 Results Analysis
### Temporal Change Characteristics of the ESV
A comprehensive analysis of ESV across various service functions revealed that regulating services were the most prominent in Pution City, contributing 73.95% of the total ESV, reaching 17.118 billion CNY over 20 years. Supporting services followed closely, accounting for 20.03%, while provisioning services held the least share, contributing only 1.97% of the total ESV. A notable trend was the continuous decline in provisioning services, from 703 million CNY in 2000 to 455 million CNY in 2020, representing a decline of 35.26%. The primary cause of this decline was the conversion of cultivated land into built-up land. It is anticipated that the expansion of built-up land in Pution will continue in the future, potentially leading to a further decrease in provisioning services. Despite the decline in PS, RS, SS, and CS all exhibited an upward trend over the study period. Regulating services increased from 11.1 billion CNY to 17.1 billion CNY, while supporting services  
Figure 6: Structure comparison of ESV in Pution City from 2000 to 2020. Note: Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. Sources: Drawings from this study. increased from 2.996 billion CNY to 4.636 billion CNY, and cultural services increased from 602 million CNY to 939 million CNY. In terms of specific ecosystem service types, the average value of each function varied significantly. The highest-valued service was hydrologic adjustment, with an average value of 7.13 billion CNY, followed by climate regulation (4.44 billion CNY), soil conservation (1.95 billion CNY), biodiversity (1.75 billion CNY), gas regulation (1.58 billion CNY), purify environment (1.30 billion CNY), aesthetic landscape (787 million CNY), food production (633 million CNY), material production (527 million CNY), maintaining nutrient cycle (192 million CNY), and water supply (\(-\)565 million CNY). Among these services, hydrologic adjustment exhibited the most significant increase, with a growth of 62.61%. Biodiversity and the aesthetic landscape also experienced notable growth, while maintaining the nutrient cycle, purifying the environment, and food production experienced slower growth rates. Gas regulation showed the slowest growth among all ecosystem services, with an increase of only 33.17%. A district-wise analysis of ESV (Figure 7) revealed a consistent upward trend across all districts and counties, with Xianyou County demonstrating the most remarkable growth, reaching 4.186 billion yuan. Hanjiang District followed closely with 1.674 billion CNY, while Chengxiang District (1.103 billion CNY), Xiuyu District (479 million CNY), and Licheng District (304 million CNY) trailed behind. In terms of ESV intensity, Xianyou County and Hanjiang District exhibited a similar pattern, with their ESV intensity increasing from 39,300 CNY/hm\({}^{2}\) to 62,000 CNY/hm\({}^{2}\) and 39,000 CNY/hm\({}^{2}\) to 61,200 CNY/hm\({}^{2}\), respectively, between 2000 and 2020. This represented growth rates of 57.83% and 56.94%. In contrast, Xiuyu District displayed the lowest ESV intensity, with only an increase of 8600 CNY/hm\({}^{2}\) from 2000 to 2020, reflecting an average annual increase of 427.58 CNY/ha. This disparity is attributed to the conversion of high-service-value ecological land, such as cultivated land, orchard land, and grassland, into low-service-value built-up land in the Xiuyu District.