esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Visual-Based Positioning of Aerial Maintenance Platforms on Overhead Transmission Lines
## 5 Discussion
### Comparison with Existing Positioning Techniques
#### 5.2.2 Synthetic Aperture Radars  
For the positioning of transmission line aerial platforms, synthetic aperture radars (SAR) can be used for mapping of power lines and towers, monitoring environmental disasters and vegetation mapping. Although these systems offer sufficient solutions in terms of continuous functioning under variable environmental conditions and environmental three-dimensional modeling (vegetation, power structure, and elevation), SAR images are not easy to interpret and they are very expensive depending on the resolution. In addition, The visibility of power conductors can be extremely poor, depending on factors such as viewing geometry.
# Impact of Cryogenic Condition and Drill Diameter on Drilling Performance of CFRP
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Tool Wear  
Due to rapid tool wear and catastrophic tool failure, various problems such as short tool life, poor hole quality, low cutting efficiency, and high machining cost may occur. The formation of tool wear gives rise to several undesirable results, e.g., large machining force generation, heat accumulation in the cutting zone, extreme power consumption, etc. [27]. A study of the wear of the cutting tools was made using a SEM. Figure 11 shows the drill wear for a constant cutting speed (50 m/min) and feed rate (0.15 mm/rev) after drilling 324 holes in CFRP under dry and cryogenic conditions. Corner wear was observed in drilling experiments performed under both dry and cryogenic conditions. When a new drill is examined carefully, one can see that the tool's corner is highly sharp. From the figure, it can be seen that the dominant wear is at the outer corner and on the main cutting edge during the dry drilling of CFRP. These results point out the severe abrasive wear of the drill's carbon fibers [28]. Wearing of the chief edge was predominantly seen in the tests using cryogenic cooling. This can also be an indication of the high forces induced during the cutting process [29]. This is basically owing to the very high stress in the flow zone of the tool-workpiece interface that brings about erosion wear of the chisel edges [30].  
Figure 10: SEM images of drilled holes performed under cryogenic condition for the 1 st (**a–d**) and 324 th (**e–f**) holes.  
Figure 9: SEM images of drilled holes performed under dry conditions for the 1 st (**a–d**) and 324 th (**e–f**) holes.
# Deep Learning-Based Layout Analysis Method for Complex Layout Image Elements
## 5 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Analysis of Layout Results  
The proposed approach involves two phases. In the first phase, the improved DeepLabv3+ model is used to segment the elements of movie posters, including text, subject, and graphic regions. In the second phase, the spatial relationships among these segmented elements are analyzed, and the layout type of each poster is determined using the GoogLeNet classification model. The main layout styles correspond to the common types summarized in Section 2.  
The GoogLeNet model was first trained with the movie poster classification dataset, and in order to select the classification model with better performance, comparative experiments were performed using AlexNet [25], Mobilenet [26], and VGGNet [27], as shown in Figure 9, which shows the change in the loss during the training process of the four models, as well as the curve of the change in the classification accuracy rate under the same conditions.  
From Figure 9, it can be seen that the GoogLeNet model has the best performance in the whole training process, so in this paper, the GoogLeNet model is chosen to analyze the layout method classification of movie posters. The network is constructed based on the Inception network, which fuses feature information from different scales to achieve better recognition results. Although the loss of the GoogLeNet model did not drop to a very low level during training, the loss was trending down throughout. As can be seen from the  
Figure 8: Comparison of page segmentation test results. The original poster images were blurred post-experiment to comply with copyright regulations, preserving layout structure for visualization without impacting model training or evaluation.  
Figure 9: Loss and accuracy variation curves for four classification models.  
classification accuracy, iterating the same number of training times, GoogLeNet performs best in terms of accuracy.
## 5 Conclusions  
The study proposed an algorithm using 50% ACP and 50% SDA that can provide optimal performance for scoring apnea and hypopnea episodes. It provided an overall sensitivity of 74%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 80.0% for mild to moderate OSAHS. The method potentially provides fast screening for early diagnosis and treatment and can be applied on an embedded real-time system for portable monitoring as a reference for PAP titration with an accuracy of 85% when determining AHI \(>\)5. In the future, system sensitivity should be further improved, especially for hypopnea-dominant individuals with AHI \(>\)15. Sensor or data fusion, signal transformation, decision trees, and deep learning methods are promising approaches to increasing system sensitivity.  
Conceptualization, M.-F.W. and T.-WS.; methodology, M.-F.W. and T.-WS.; software, P.-C.L., C.-H.K., C.-W.H., and T.-W.S.; validation, M.-F.W., P.-C.L., C.-H.K., C.-W.H., and T.-WS.; formal analysis, M.-F.W., W.-C.H., K.-M.C., P.-C.L., C.-H.K., C.-W.H., and T.-WS.; investigation, M.-F.W., W.-C.H., K.-M.C., P.-C.L., C.-H.K., C.-W.H., and T.-WS.; resources, M.-F.W., W.-C.H., K.-M.C., and T.-W.S.; data curation, [PERSON]-F.W., W.-C.H., and K.-M.C.; writing--original draft preparation, [PERSON]-F.W., P.-C.L., C.-H.K., C.-W.H., and T.-WS.; writing--review and editing, M.-F.W. and T.-WS.; visualization, [PERSON]-F.W., C.-H.K., and T.-WS.; supervision, M.-F.W. and T.-WS.S.; project administration, M.-F.W. and T.-WS.; funding acquisition, M.-F.W. and T.-W.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by FCU/TVGH project and Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, grant number TCVGH-FCU1088205 and 108-2221-E-035-034-MY2 respectively.  
The authors would like to thank the Sleep Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan for supporting this work.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Practical Applications of NAS in GANs
#### 4.5.4 Creative Content Generation  
Beyond clinical applications, GANs have transformed the creative industries by generating novel, aesthetically pleasing images. NAS methods help discover generator architectures that yield diverse visual styles and high realism. A prominent example is the work by [PERSON] et al. on a style-based generator architecture (StyleGAN) [59], which has been widely adopted in artistic content generation. Similarly, the progressive growing approach for GANs [60] further enhances the capacity of models to produce high-resolution, creative images.  
NAS in GANs offers a versatile toolkit, enabling advances in fields from medical imaging to creative art. By automating the architecture design process, NAS-GAN methods improve performance, reduce design time, and tailor models to specific needs. Continued research and published works in these areas pave the way for future innovations.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methodology for Measuring Thermal Comfort
#### 2.1.2 Air Tightness of the Building Envelope  
When designing or renovating a building, it is crucial to ensure adequate indoor conditions regardless of the external climate. This applies to both residential and commercial buildings. Achieving the required thermal comfort involves ensuring that the building envelope is sufficiently airtight. Uncontrolled airflow through gaps and cracks in the building envelope significantly impacts both thermal comfort and actual energy demand. Defects and leaks in the building envelope can be effectively detected using non-invasive airtightness testing methods, including the 'Blower Door Test' system and the tracer gas method.  
In Poland, airtightness testing of buildings is still relatively uncommon and often treated as an additional, but not compulsory, method of verifying building construction. The acceptable ranges of values recommended in Poland depend on the type of ventilation system used and should characterize the airtightness of a building as follows:  
* Buildings with gravity ventilation: n50 \(\leq\) 3.0 [1/h].
* Buildings with mechanical ventilation: n50 \(\leq\) 1.5 [1/h].  
The determination of the air change rate n50 is carried out in accordance with EN ISO 9972:2015-10 [25]. The concept of airtightness itself is defined as a characteristic of a material, building envelope, or part thereof. The airtightness test of the building envelope was conducted using the 'Blower Door' system. This device works on the principle of pressure generation and is designed to test airtightness at an airflow rate of 28,200 m\({}^{3}\)/h with a pressure difference of 50 Pa. The system for measuring the airtightness of the building envelope is shown in Figure 6. The building enclosure leakage test kit includes a pressure gauge, fan, speed controller, radio remote-controlled smoke generator, and necessary software for kit operation.
## Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.2.4 EMR Shielding, Reflection and Absorption
\[\left[\mathrm{n}\times\left(\mathrm{H}_{\parallel}(0_{+})-\mathrm{H}_{ \parallel}(0_{-})\right)\right]=\mathrm{J}_{\mathrm{s}}=\sigma_{\mathrm{s}} \ \mathrm{E}_{\parallel}(0) \tag{7}\]  
where n is \(z\) axis directed unit vector perpendicular to the surface of the conductive layer, \(\mathrm{H}_{\parallel}\) (\(0_{-}\)) and \(\mathrm{H}_{\parallel}\) (\(0_{+}\)) are tangential components of the magnetic field at the left and right sides from the layer, \(\mathrm{J}_{\mathrm{s}}\) is a surface current density, and \(\mathrm{E}_{\parallel}\) (\(0\)) is the tangential component of the electric field in the layer (bolded letters in (7) correspond to vectors). Assuming that the amplitude of electric field of the incident wave is continuous, the amplitudes of electric and magnetic field in the first region can be written in the following way  
\[\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{E}}(z)=\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{e}}_{x} \left[1e^{-ikz}+E^{(r)}e^{ikz}\right], \tag{8}\]  
\[\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{H}}(z)=\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{e}}_{y} \left[\frac{1}{\eta}e^{-ikz}-\frac{E^{(r)}}{\eta}e^{ikz}\right], \tag{9}\]  
where \(k=\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\) is a wavenumber and \(\eta\) is the impedance of free space. In the second region components of the electric and magnetic fields read:  
\[T=\frac{P_{t}}{P_{t0}} \tag{3}\]0  
\[T=\frac{P_{t}}{P_{t0}} \tag{3}\]1 The model of fabric covered with conductive paste. On the left side of the sample there are incident and reflected waves. The later is denoted by superscript (\(r\)). On the right side the only transmitted wave appears. Its amplitudes are denoted by superscript (\(t\)). \[T=\frac{P_{t}}{P_{t0}} \tag{3}\]2  
The following boundary conditions should be satisfied at the interface  
\[T=\frac{P_{t}}{P_{t0}} \tag{3}\]3  
\[T=\frac{P_{t}}{P_{t0}} \tag{3}\]4  
Inserting there the expressions of amplitudes (8)-(11) one can get the system of two equations from which the reflection and transmission coefficients for amplitude can be obtained:  
\[T=\frac{P_{t}}{P_{t0}} \tag{3}\]5  
\[T=\frac{P_{t}}{P_{t0}} \tag{3}\]6  
As follows from the obtained expressions, reflection and transmission coefficients are real since the conductive sheet does not change a phase of reflected and transmitted waves. Reflectance and transmittance will be expressed as  
\[T=\frac{P_{t}}{P_{t0}} \tag{3}\]7  
\[T=\frac{P_{t}}{P_{t0}} \tag{3}\]8  
Absorption in the layer can be easily calculated multiplying the drop of the amplitude of magnetic field with the amplitude of electric field in the layer leading to  
\[T=\frac{P_{t}}{P_{t0}} \tag{3}\]9  
It is easy to check that the sum of \(\Gamma\), \(T\) and \(A\) equals to 1 that should follow from the energy conservation law. The obtained expressions (16), (17), and (18) can be used for the calculation of electromagnetic characteristics of the fabric samples covered with the conductive paste.
# All About Audio Equalization: Solutions and Frontiers
## 4 Graphic Equalizers
### FIR Graphic Equalizers
#### 4.4.2 Parallel and Multirate FIR Graphic Equalizers  
A parallel FIR filter structure leads to a filterbank in which bandpass filters handle each individual frequency band [72; 73; 92]. This implies that all bands are first separated, and this requires in principle a high order FIR filter for each band. [PERSON] proposed a straightforward method in which he approximated the responses of the IIR peak/notch filters of a parallel graphic equalizer using FIR filters [92]: the impulse responses of IIR band filters were simply sampled and truncated to the length of 1024 samples, when the sample rate was 48 kHz. Since all band filters have the same input signal, as seen in Figure 10, the FIR equalizer could be implemented as a single 1024-tap filter, which was obtained as the weighted sum (command gains were used as weights) of the 30 truncated band filter responses [92].  
As a general method reducing the computational burden of FIR graphic equalizers, multirate filterbank techniques can be used [74; 93]: the sample rate of the system is reduced in stages, so that the highest band filter uses the largest sample rate while the lowest band filter uses the smallest sample rate. After applying all filters, the sample rate of each branch is elevated back to the original rate, and the outputs of all branches are added to obtain the output signal. [PERSON] _et al._ have shown how to design a cosine modulated multirate FIR filterbank for implementing an octave graphic equalizer [94]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] have discussed how to implement graphic equalizers using a quadrature mirror filterbank [77]. An alternative way is to allow some overlap between band filters, such as in the cubic B-spline FIR graphic equalizer proposed by [PERSON] [80].
## 2 Background and Related Works
### Related Works
#### 2.2.3 Quantification of the Explanations  
In XAI, the quality of the explanation is measured on a case-by-case basis because the explanations can be presented in various forms. [PERSON] et al. in [23] summarized the evaluation measures for XAI, comprising different aspects such as the mental model, usefulness and satisfaction, user trust and reliance, human-AI task performance, and computational measures. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24] presented the quality and trust metrics for AI explanation that are based on response time, mutual information, and agreement between XAI and humans. [PERSON] et al. [25] used KL-divergence to measure suboptimal attributes in an explanation to detect bias and failure. [PERSON] et al. [26] performed a more similar evaluation to our work, where they evaluated the improvement of the human mental model after being presented with a certain type of explanation. In that work, both input and output explanations were presented without any correlation. Our proposed work presents not only the correlation between input and output explanations but also a focus value to quantify the desired properties set by the user.
# Low Dose Ionising Radiation-Induced Hormesis: Therapeutic Implications to Human Health
## 4 The Phenomena of LDIR
### Genomic Instability  
Low dose ionising radiation that induces genomic instability has received considerable attention. Genomic instability is defined as an increase in the frequency of mutations and chromosome aberrations induced by radiation and is not only observed in irradiated cells but also the progeny of irradiated cells even in the subsequent multiple generations [126,127]. The impact of radiation on cytogenetics is potentially large, especially when considering not only chromosome aberrations but also mutagenesis and carcinogenesis as among the leading causes of human genetic disease. These chromosome aberrations may include genomic rearrangements, mutations, DBSs, deletions, gene amplifications, and transformation [128,129]. In severe events, the unrepaired cells may undergo cell death and mutation which results in cancer. More recent evidence of genomic instability induced by LDIR have clearly been seen in human peripheral blood lymphocytes [130]. High energy linear accelerator radiation at low doses from 0.1 to 0.5 Gy have shown a significant number of dicentric chromosomes, while increased micronuclei frequency has been observed for irradiations in the range of 0.1 to 2 Gy, and acentric chromosomes have been apparent at 2 Gy, indicating the damaging effects induced by LDIR [130]. Furthermore, mitochondria appear to be positively related to genomic instability, which may lead to vascular disease, neurodegeneration, ageing, and carcinogenesis. With 0.01 Gy/fraction and 0.05 Gy/fraction exposures in human fibroblasts, [PERSON] at al. (2016) recently demonstrated the genomic instability induced by chronic low-dose fractionated radiation (FR), this being strongly associated with the abnormal nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1 resulting from mitochondrial ROS perturbation [131]. Chronic low dose FR not only decreases cellular antioxidant activity in human cells, but also releases excessive ROS to cellular environments. Mitochondria are the target organelle for low dose radiation and mitochondrial ROS is identified as the causal factor that leads to serious subsequent oxidative damage. In this case, the accumulation of ROS from mitochondria has been linked to cycle perturbation where protein phosphatase PP2A activity is inhibited, subsequently triggering a disruption in the normal negative feedback control of AKT/cyclin D1 signalling in cells [131]. Ultimately, the abnormal nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1 causes defects in DNA replication and results in DNA double-strand breaks and the genomic instability that is associated with growth retardation and cellular senescence [132].
# Survey on Ranging Sensors and Cooperative Techniques for Relative Positioning of Vehicles
## 4 Cooperative Relative Positioning
### Coordinate Frame Transformation  
Cooperative approaches are mainly based on GNSS positioning information, which is always referenced to an Earth-fixed coordinate frame. Ranging sensors, on the contrary, output the relative position information of another vehicle in an ego vehicle reference frame. Since the ego vehicle motion control is also executed in this frame, it makes sense to translate the relative position of other vehicles from the Earth-fixed frame to the ego vehicle reference frame when using a cooperative approach. When considering a two-dimensional relative position and two vehicles driving on the same plane, the ego vehicle's heading is required to rotate the absolute position of the target vehicle into the ego vehicle's reference frame. This is displayed in Figure 4 for two target vehicles located at a 30 m (blue) and a 50 m (red) distance in front of the ego vehicle, respectively. Figure 4a shows the relative positions in an east-north coordinate frame with an estimation error of 0.5 m (1\(\sigma\)). Figure 4b,c show the relative position in the ego vehicle reference frame after a rotation with the ego vehicle heading angle, which has an error of 1\({}^{\circ}\) and 5\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. A higher relative position uncertainty is the result after performing the coordinate frame translation.  
Thus, it is crucial to have an accurate estimate of the heading of the ego vehicle for accurate 2D relative position. GNSS-based velocity information is able to offer heading information below 0.25\({}^{\circ}\) at a higher driving speed and good satellite signal conditions [106]. [PERSON] et al. obtain heading accuracies of 0.5\({}^{\circ}\) (1\(\sigma\)) by using a GNSS carrier phase resolution algorithm with a one-meter separated antenna setup in [107]. For bridging GNSS outages and sections of slow driving, sensor fusion techniques with inertial sensor and/or steering angle sensor information are required [108].
# Full Information Numerical Simulation of Two-Dimensional Steady Ground Temperature Field
## 8 Model Example
### Complex Model of High and Low Thermal Conductivity Combination  
In order to verify that the algorithm can still accurately simulate the distribution of ground temperature field in the face of relatively complex underground media, a complex model with high and low thermal conductivity was set, as shown in Figure 8.  
The background of the model is a uniform half-space medium, the background thermal conductivity is \(2\leavevmode\
obreak\ \mathrm{W}/(\mathrm{m}\cdot{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C})\), and there is no radiogenic heat production. There are prismatic anomalies with a radius of 2 Km in the center of the space and in all surrounding positions. The distance between the peripheral anomalies and the adjacent boundaries is 1 Km, and the horizontal and vertical distance between the central prism and the peripheral anomalies is 1 Km. The central anomalies body is the anomalous body with high thermal conductivity and thermal conductivity is \(6\leavevmode\
obreak\ \mathrm{W}/(\mathrm{m}\cdot{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C})\), and the surrounding anomalies body with low thermal conductivity is \(0.5\leavevmode\
obreak\ \mathrm{W}/(\mathrm{m}\cdot{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C})\). The calculation area of the model is \(-5\)-\(5\) km in the x direction and \(0\)-\(10\) km in the z direction. The first type of boundary condition is used for the upper boundary, the temperature is \(10\leavevmode\
obreak\ {}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\); The second type of boundary condition is adopted for the lower boundary, and the heat flux value is \(41.86\leavevmode\
obreak\ \mathrm{mW}/\mathrm{m}^{2}\). The grid nodes are \(101\leavevmode\
obreak\ \times\leavevmode\
obreak\ 101\).  
The calculated results of the model are shown in Figure 9. It can be seen that the isolines inside the central prism with high thermal conductivity are more sparse, and the isolines inside the anomalies body with low thermal conductivity around it are more dense. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can still reflect the location of the anomalies body  
Figure 8: Complex model of high and low thermal conductivity combination.  
Figure 7: Isoline map of ground temperature field of cylinder model with different thermal conductivity (**a**) Ground temperature field distribution of cylinders with high thermal conductivity (**b**) Ground temperature field distribution of cylinders with low thermal conductivity.  
through isoline distribution in the face of the complex distribution of underground media, and effectively and accurately simulate the distribution of temperature field in space.