## 3 Results  
### Two Typical Cases  
Various types of convective clouds frequently occur in the summertime on the TP. Under different synoptic conditions, the clouds may have different macro and micro properties. The two typical cases selected below were used to study the characteristics of cloud processes and vertical air motions. The first case is a series of fair-weather shallow cumuli collected from 19:00 to 21:30 UTC on 16 July 2015, during a typical convection process induced by a weak unstable atmosphere caused by daytime surface heating, with no synoptic system. The 2.5 h cloud radar measurements and retrievals are shown in Figure 6. From the mapping, a series of small-scale cumuli are found at 2-3 km with a reflectivity range from \(-\)30 to 5 dBZ. An alternating variation was observed in radar-measured Z, MV, and \(\sigma_{\mathrm{v}}\) across the cumuli, thus indicating that inhomogeneous \(\omega\) and microscopic properties were being generated in the interior of the clouds, a feature that is strikingly similar to aircraft observations from previous studies ([PERSON] et al., 2016). As expected, the derived vertical air velocities show updrafts that occur in the middle of cumulous cells with the cores corresponding to positive MV and downdrafts located on both sides. Figure 7 shows the curves of the height-averaged results of Z, \(\sigma_{\mathrm{v}}\), and \(\omega\). It indicates that the general trends of \(\omega\) and Z are similar: the updrafts are associated with high cloud radar Z,and the downdrafts are correlated with low Z. The cloud-inner updrafts can be produced by both environmental upflow and potential heating, with an average speed of 1 m\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\), and the downdrafts can be caused by mixing of the environmental air at cloud top and evaporative cooling, with an average speed of \(-0.3\) m\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\). Spectrum widths less than 0.25 m\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\) are observed in the updraft areas, suggesting less turbulent flow associated with relatively weak horizontal variability of vertical air motions and a gradual vertically accelerating motion. However, at the edges of the updraft, the \(\sigma_{\mathrm{v}}\) increased to about 0.25-0.3 m\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\), particularly in the narrow areas between the updrafts and downdrafts. This broadening of the spectra may be due to sharp horizontal gradients in the vertical wind. As seen in Figure 6, the intensity of the smallest traced targets (Z\({}_{\mathrm{traced}}\)) is low, with a range from \(-48\) to \(-33\) dBZ. This demonstrates that the retrieval results can be quite accurate, with a negligible particle terminal speed when compared with the motion of the air itself. Figure 6: Cloud radar measurements and retrieval results of a series of fair-weather shallow cumuli collected from 19:00 to 21:30 UTC on 16 July 2015; (**a**) is the reflectivity; (**b**) is the mean Doppler velocity; (**c**) is the spectrum width; (**d**) is the vertical air velocity; (**e**) is the reflectivity of traced spectral bin. The second case is a light convective precipitation process collected from 13:40 to 19:00 UTC on 18 August 2015, under the synoptic condition of a plateau shear line, which can be found clearly over the 500 hPa weather chart (not shown). The 5.2 h radar measurements and retrievals of cloud and precipitation are shown in Figure 8. The \(Z\) mapping illustrates that there are seven different convective clouds (marked as A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) that pass over the radar site during the observation period. Of these, C is a layer of cirrostratus clouds located at 7 to 10.5 km, with a reflectivity range from \(-5\) to 15 dBZ, while the others are precipitating cumulonimbus clouds with a maximum \(Z\) of over 25 dBZ. A and B are stronger and deeper than D, E, and F, with top heights near 4.5 km and 7 km, respectively. D, E, and F have 3-4 km cloud tops. The derived vertical air velocities indicate that the updrafts appear in the upper half of the convective cells, with strong cores corresponding to positive MV.