esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Graphene-Based Functional Hybrid Membranes for Antimicrobial Applications: A Review
## 5 Antimicrobial Applications
### Antiviral Applications  
In general, GO and its derivatives have broad-spectrum antiviral properties, such as against positive-sense and negative-sense viruses, RNA and DNA viruses, enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, etc. Therefore, these materials have great potential for developing antiviral surfaces and coatings to prevent contamination by virulent and infectious viruses, including _SARS-CoV-2_, and to control disease transmission. Graphene has shown potential to fight viral diseases by developing excellent diagnostic devices, and to control the spread of infection by developing various components and coatings. [PERSON] et al. revealed the development of masks with air filters fitted with functionalized graphene (fG) on 3D-printed mask replicas [115]. Mask replicas were fabricated using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). The fG combined with nanosheets has additional adsorption capacity, with a higher surface area to volume ratio. The fG coating was applied on polypropylene (PP) cloth by the dip-coating method to enhance antiviral and antibacterial properties.  
[PERSON] et al. evaluated the filtration effect of GO-coated textiles on a model of _human herpesvirus 6A_ (_HHV-6A_) infection of human glioblastoma cells (U373) [116]. Textiles coated with different amounts of GO were able to reduce the _HHV-6A_ infection of U373 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The antifouling, antiviral and antibacterial properties of LIG have been proven in air and water filtration applications. [PERSON] et al. developed a polyimide (PI) nonwoven supported laser-induced graphene (LIG) air filter with a negligible change in pressure drop compared to nonwoven supported materials, while a low current density can inhibit aerosolized bacteria [117]. Its low-pressure antibacterial mechanism was elucidated through antibacterial experiments on titanium surface and LIG surface prepared on high-density PI film. The results show that, at extremely low voltages, low current density levels are sufficient to inactivate a high number of bacteria and viruses. [PERSON] et al. found that copper-graphene (Cu-Gr) nanocomposites possess strong antiviral activity [118]. Using PVA as a confinement agent, we were able to generate a highly transparent coating based on Cu-Gr nanocomposites that retains the original antiviral activity in solid form, thus potentially realizing a wide variety of surfaces to reduce the spread of respiratory viral infections (Figure 7).  
Figure 6: (a) Synthesis of AGO and its UV activation on the surface of PA reverse osmosis membrane. (Printed image with permission from Ref. [109], copyright 2016, American Chemistry Society). (b) Synthetic route of GFG/PSF mixed matrix membrane. (Printed image with permission from Ref. [113], copyright 2019, Elsevier Ltd.).
# Single-Pixel Color Imaging Method with a Compressive Sensing Measurement Matrix
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis  
### Design of Single-Pixel Color Imaging System  
The single-pixel camera can be divided into several parts, namely, spatial light modulator, light path consisting of optical lens, signal acquisition and processing module, and signal recovery and reconstruction module.  
The single-pixel imaging system uses DMD(Digital Micro Mirror) device as spatial light modulator, and adopts DLP7000 from Texas Instruments of USA. DLP7000 comprises 1024 \(\times\) 768 micro-mirrors, in which each mirror can turn over through process control between left and right for \(+12^{\circ}\) or \(-12^{\circ}\), and the binary frame frequency can reach 32 KHz. The optical sensor used here is silicon photoelectric diode FDS1010 from Thorlabs, with sensitization area of 10 \(\times\) 10 mm. Weak optical signal processing is designed by using an LF411 amplifier, which amplifies and filters the optical signal and outputs differential signals to A/D digital-to-analogue conversion module. To achieve a better imaging effect, the camera uses two lenses of digital single-lens Reflex to form a light path.  
The existing single-pixel imaging equipment only can take grey-scale map, and cannot record color information, which restrains its application. The single-pixel color imaging system is designed based in the investigation and research on traditional imaging and projection equipment. Image processing and mixing methods are used to reconstruct the color image by collecting three kinds of color information of Red, Green, Blue (RGB). To better capture the color image, two groups of implementation scheme are designed based on the original single-pixel camera.  
Figure 1: The design is based on the operating principle of DLP projector. Images are captured in red, green, and blue by using an optical filter with three RGB colors on the color wheel, and three groups of data are mixed to obtain the RGB image. The disadvantages of this scheme is poor instantaneity and ability to shoot static color targets only.  
Figure 2: This scheme is designed to obtain better color information. In this scheme, chromatic dispersion theory is used to disintegrate the incident light into monochromatic light with different wavelengths, and sampled lights with different wavelengths are integrated to recover and obtain the original image. Specifically, this scheme uses a spectroscope to separate red, green, and blue light, and three optical sensors are used to sample the three kinds of light. The integration of three groups of data results in an RGB image. The sampling rate of this scheme is remarkably improved compared with that of Figure 1. Under 2000 sampling times, the shooting rate of the constructed single-pixel color imaging system is approximately 10 FPS. In addition, methods such as weighting should be used to calibrate the collected data by using sensors to make the recovered image reproduce the color information of the target because different spectroscopes have different dispersive powers on incident light.
# Method to Measure Light Spot Position in Beacon-Less Inter-Satellite Communication System
## 3 Method of Separating the Two Light Signals
### Simulation  
The derivation in Sections 3.2 and 3.3 is simulated and analyzed. The QD output signal \(s(t)\) is defined as:  
\[\begin{array}{ll}s(t)=&x(t)+y(t)+n(t)\\ &=A_{1}\cdot\cos(2\pi\cdot f_{1}t+\varphi_{1})+A_{2}\cdot\cos(2\pi\cdot f_{2}t+ \varphi_{2})+n(t)\end{array} \tag{21}\]  
The simulation parameters are set as: \(A_{1}\) = 0.0117, \(A_{2}\) = 1.17 and the sampling frequency \(f_{s}\) = 100 MHz. Then, we need to find the appropriate data length \(N\) and the appropriate modulation frequencies to match Equation (20). First, modulation frequency was set to \(f_{1}\) = 280 kHz and the involved period number of \(x(t)\) is \(M_{4}\) = 14. Therefore, the effective data length \(N\) is equal to 5000 points. Then, we made the frequency \(f_{2}\) change within 200-360 kHz with the step of 1 kHz. At every frequency point, we recorded the calculated amplitude. It can be seen from Figure 3 that when \(f_{2}\) is equal to 200 kHz, 220 kHz, 240 kHz, 260 kHz, 300 kHz, 320 kHz, 340 kHz and 360 kHz, respectively, the CCR method can accurately detect \(A_{1}\). At these frequency points, the involved period numbers \(M_{5}\) of \(y(t)\) are equal to 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17 and 18, respectively. In contrast, due to the decrease of effective data points, \(A_{1}\) cannot be obtained by NCR method.
## 4 Numerical Results  
In this section, we assess the DG-VDI flow solver on several test cases. In the first step, the numerical accuracy of the DG space discretization is verified on the Kovasznay flow, a steady flow test case with an analytical solution. Then, the accuracy of the ESDIRK time integration is shown for the Guermond-Quartapelle manufactured solution. The third test case is specifically designed for the mass conservation analysis and involves the advection of two one-dimensional density waves, one smooth (sine wave) and one discontinuous (square wave), featuring different values of the density ratio \(r_{p}\). Afterward, the numerical approach is applied for the simulation of a 2D droplet impingement over a thin film, where, thanks to the stabilization approach proposed in Section 3.4, the interface between the two fluids (water and air) is handled in a diffuse fashion.  
The DG-VDI approach considered in this work is implemented within the DG solver MIGALE [41; 42]. Steady-state numerical solutions are sought by means of a [PERSON]'s globalization strategy named _pseudo-transient continuation_[43]. Unsteady computations are integrated in time by means of the implicit fifth-order eight-stages ESDIRK scheme (ESDIRK5(8) [27]) coupled with the time step adaptation algorithm. At each Newton iteration of the ESDIRK stage, the linearized equations system is solved using the GMRES method included in the PETSc library [44], with the additive Schwarz method employed as a preconditioner.
## 4 Discussion  
The strong coupling of the rib waveguides enabled the device design with large CD (200 nm), which was compatible with typical existing silicon photonics foundries. It was noted that the top oxide cladding could be added without significant changes in the device's performance. We also investigated the fabrication tolerance of the device using EME simulations. Figure 7a shows the calculated transmissions of the power splitter with the deviations of the waveguide width and the gap from the optimum designs, confirming good fabrication tolerance of our power splitter design. The calculated excess loss of the device exhibited an excess loss as low as 0.07 dB, even with considerable fabrication variations (dark and light purple regions). For example, the excess loss of the power splitter can be below 0.07 dB as long as the waveguide width and gap are controlled within the fabrication variations of \(\pm\)50 nm, which can be readily achieved from commercial silicon photonics foundries. For our fabricated device (the corresponding dimensions for waveguide width and gap spacing of 740 nm and 340 nm, respectively), the excess loss was expected to be lower than 0.07 dB. Our measured excess loss of 0.06 dB agrees well with this fabrication tolerance study. In addition, the tolerance simulation for the tip width was also performed. The excess loss was below 0.05 dB as long as the tip width was controlled to be smaller than 300 nm, as shown in Figure 7b.  
Figure 6: Experimental results (**a**) for excess loss at 1550 nm and (**b**) normalized transmission in broad bandwidth.  
Figure 7: Fabrication tolerance to deviation (**a**) of the waveguide width and the gap and (**b**) of the tip width of the power splitter using EME simulation.  
Table 1 shows the summary of previously reported experimental power splitters and this work. Power splitters based on adiabatically tapered waveguides exhibited relatively low excess losses compared to other types. Whereas adiabatic power splitters with strip waveguides suffered from their small CDs, adiabatic power splitters with shallow-etched rib waveguides are promising in large-scale integrated photonic devices, considering their low loss (0.06 dB) and relaxed CD (200 nm), which are compatible with typical existing silicon photonics foundries.
# A Reliable Publish-Subscribe Mechanism for Internet of Things-Enabled Smart Greenhouses
## 2 Related Approaches
The principles of event-driven architecture and distributed systems are the foundation of the research on the topic categorization within the MQTT framework and the evaluation of interactions between various terminals (including broker, publisher, and subscriber) through the pub-sub system. The arrangement of distributed data is made simpler by the topic categorization in MQTT, which enables receivers to select and acquire only relevant data. At present, there is a restricted number of scholarly articles that delve into the topic of pub-sub systems and analyze the performance of MQTT through topic classification. Our proposed research aims to develop an architectural framework that specifically incorporates three essential characteristics-flexibility, extensibility, and simplicity-that make it unique to the greenhouse environment. In addition, a new method is suggested to create a consistent communication protocol in MQTT employing a unique structural approach. This method entails dividing data into several subjects and assigning priority to a particular issue in cases of crucial or urgent conditions in the greenhouse environment. The objective of the proposed research is to improve the usability of MQTT in smart greenhouse environments by refining its protocol architecture and optimizing pub-sub mechanisms to satisfy the changing requirements of agricultural IoT systems.
# Determination and Risk Assessment of Flavor Components in Flavored Milk
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Risk Exposure Assessment of Flavored Milk
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Compounds**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Maximum EDI (ug kg\({}^{-1}\), bw d\({}^{-1}\))**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Male/Years**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Female/Years**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**ADI (ug kg\({}^{-1}\), bw d\({}^{-1}\))**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & **c+18** & **18-24** & **25-30** & **31-40** & **41-50** & **>50** & **<18** & **18-24** & **25-30** & **31-40** & **41-50** & **>50** \\ \hline
2-methyl/propanal & 0.92 & 0.60 & 0.49 & 0.35 & 0.55 & 0.47 & 0.73 & 0.64 & 0.44 & 0.24 & 0.41 & 0.43 & 500 \\ ethyl3-methyl/butyrate & 0.03 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 1500 \\ 1-hexand & 0.24 & 0.16 & 0.13 & 0.09 & 0.14 & 0.13 & 0.19 & 0.17 & 0.12 & 0.06 & 0.11 & 0.11 & 1200 \\ ally1 hexanoate & 0.37 & 0.24 & 0.20 & 0.14 & 0.22 & 0.19 & 0.29 & 0.26 & 0.17 & 0.09 & 0.16 & 0.17 & 130 \\
2,3,5-trimeth/pyrazine & 3.23 & 2.09 & 1.72 & 1.25 & 1.92 & 1.92 & 2.55 & 2.26 & 1.53 & 0.83 & 1.43 & 1.50 & 500 \\ furral & 5.19 & 3.36 & 2.77 & 2.00 & 3.08 & 2.68 & 4.10 & 3.64 & 2.46 & 1.34 & 2.30 & 2.41 & 960 \\ benzaldehyde & 1.26 & 0.82 & 0.67 & 0.49 & 0.75 & 0.65 & 1.00 & 0.88 & 0.60 & 0.33 & 0.56 & 0.58 & 5000 \\ Inhaled & 6.07 & 4.34 & 3.57 & 2.59 & 3.98 & 3.46 & 5.30 & 4.70 & 3.18 & 1.73 & 2.98 & 3.11 & 500 \\
5-methylfurral & 1.42 & 0.92 & 0.76 & 0.55 & 0.84 & 0.73 & 1.12 & 1.00 & 0.67 & 0.37 & 0.63 & 0.66 & 5000 \\ benzyl acetate & 0.87 & 0.56 & 0.46 & 0.34 & 0.52 & 0.45 & 0.69 & 0.61 & 0.41 & 0.22 & 0.39 & 0.40 & 5000 \\ methyl salicive & 0.04 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.03 & 0.03 & 0.02 & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 500 \\ benzerementhand & 20.27 & 13.12 & 10.80 & 7.82 & 12.04 & 10.47 & 16.02 & 14.22 & 9.60 & 5.23 & 9.00 & 9.41 & 5000 \\ malid & 2.27 & 1.47 & 1.21 & 0.88 & 1.35 & 1.17 & 1.80 & 1.60 & 1.08 & 0.59 & 1.01 & 1.06 & 1000 \\ methyleuepond & 0.03 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.03 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 5000 \\ phenol2-methoxy-4(2-propyl)- & 1.92 & 1.24 & 1.02 & 0.74 & 1.14 & 0.99 & 1.52 & 1.35 & 0.91 & 0.50 & 0.85 & 0.89 & 2500 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of maximum EDI and ADI between different consumer groups.
# Experimental Assessment of the Effect of Vertical Earthquake Motion on Underground Metro Station
## 3 Test Results and Discussion
### Influence of RVH on Structural Dynamic Strain  
The dynamic strain is defined as the difference between the total strain during shaking and initial static strain before shaking. As an example, Figure 13 compares the time histories of the dynamic strain between RVH = 0 and RVH = 1 from one side of every cross section (Figure 3d). Just as the characteristics of the DSNS mentioned earlier, the time histories of the dynamic strain also resemble that of the input motion. In terms of the two different RVH, their phases are extremely consistent for all the measuring points and their amplitudes have minor differences for most of the measuring points.  
Figure 14 shows the variation of the peak dynamic tensile strain (DTS) with different RVH for different measuring points of the model station. To easily observe the rate of change in the dynamic strain over different RVH, the value of the y-coordinate in Figure 14 represents the ratio of the peak DTS under RVH = i (i = 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5) to that under RVH = 0. Since two strain gauges are arranged for every cross section (Figure 3d), the strain results on one side are displayed in Figure 14a and the opposite ones are shown in Figure 14b, where the layouts of corresponding strain gauges are plotted again. As can be seen from Figure 14a, with increasing RVH, the DTS will change in an undulating fashion (decrease, increase, and decrease again), which is different from the response characteristics of the soil, in that the soil acceleration at any depth increases rapidly with increasing RVH. It means the influence of the RVH on the structural DTS is rather complex.  
Figure 13: _Cont._  
Figure 14: Peak dynamic tensile strain (DTS) of model station under different RVH: (**a**) strains on one side; and (**b**) strains on another side.  
Figure 13: Comparison of time histories of dynamic strain on one side of structural components between RVH = 0 and RVH = 1.  
The soil and structure behave differently in the seismic responses with increasing RVH. It can also be seen from Figure 14a that the DTS with bidirectional input motion may be less than those with only horizontal input motion (the value of the y-coordinate is less than 1). This conclusion is verified by the numerical simulation conducted on a prototype atrium-style metro station [31], and can also be found in [38]. This phenomenon can be explained as follows: the presence of a cavity can cause, under certain conditions, intense and selective de-amplification of the free-filed motion, which is referred to as \"shadow zone\" [37]. When comparing the results of the DTS in Figure 14a,b, for every cross section, the DTS on one side is not equal to the opposite one. It reveals that the stresses in the cross section of every structural element are uneven under bidirectional input motion.
## 2 Data and Methods  
This section describes the satellite input features, and the implementation of the predictive regression NN models. In Section 2.1, the FSSCat mission and the Flexible Microwave PayLoad (FMPL-2) \(T_{B}\) data are presented. The selected set of ancillary data comprising SIC, surface temperature (T\({}_{S}\)), sea ice Fb, and the ground truth SIT datasets are described in Sections 2.2. Section 2.3 explains the processing of the input features and the architecture of the NNs, which are separately trained under the optimization of the model hyperparameters to predict both thin SIT over the Arctic, and full-range SIT over the Arctic and Antarctic.
# Improved Subsidence Assessment for More Reliable Excavation Activity in Tehran
## 5 Conclusions  
The maximum settlement of the surface was 32.9 mm according to the instrument report (Monitoring and instrumenting of tunnel behavior, CVR consultant engineers, design consultant of Tehran third south subway line). On the other hand, the subsidence obtained from PLAXIS was 30.01 mm, regarding Figures 6 and 7; hence, these numbers prove the validation and accuracy of the modeling and also the reliability of PLAXIS 3D Tunnel for this region.  
Analyzing Figures 9-11, it becomes evident that pattern D emerges as the most viable excavation procedure for the region under consideration. Moreover, its applicability extends to comparable geological conditions and mega cities grappling with high traffic congestion. Implementing pattern D not only addresses existing challenges but also strives to minimize surface settlement, offering an effective solution for complex urban environments. This strategic approach not only ensures optimal excavation outcomes but also underscores the potential for widespread application in regions facing similar infrastructural and geological constraints.  
The conducted research underscores the significant impact of adopting specific excavation patterns and altering the priority of excavation on both surface subsidence and effective mean stress. The findings suggest that the choice of excavation pattern plays a crucial role in influencing these outcomes. By strategically modifying the excavation priorities, it is possible to observe substantial changes in surface subsidence and the effective mean stress experienced in the geological context under consideration. This recognition highlights  
Figure 11: Effective mean stress of excavation patterns.  
the importance of thoughtful planning and decision-making in excavation methodologies, as they can directly contribute to minimizing surface subsidence and optimizing the distribution of the effective mean stress during the construction process.  
Methodology, M.D.; validation, M.D. and Z.V.; data curation, M.D.; writing--original draft preparation, M.D. and Z.V.; writing--review and editing, Z.V.; supervision, Z.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data that supports the findings of this study are available within the article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.