## Article
### Large-Scale Fire Tests of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV): Slovak Case Study
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Parameters**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**LIB Cathode Material**} \\ \hline Abbreviation/designation & LFP & LMO & LCO & NCM & NCA \\ \hline Formula & LiFePO\({}_{4}\) & LiMn\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) & LiCoOO\({}_{2}\) & Li(Ni\({}_{x}\)Co\({}_{y}\)Mn\({}_{x}\))O\({}_{2}\) & LiNi\({}_{0.8}\)Co\({}_{0.15}\)Al\({}_{0.05}\)O\({}_{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Average voltage (V)} & 3.2 (working & 3.7 & 3.7 & 3.6 & 3.6 \\  & range 2.5–3.65) & (range 3–4.2) & (range 3–4.2) & (range 3–4.2) & 3.6 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Specific capacity * \\ (mAh.g\({}^{-1}\)) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{130–140} & \multirow{2}{*}{100–120} & \multirow{2}{*}{135–150} & \multirow{2}{*}{160–220} & \multirow{2}{*}{180\_200} \\  & 2000–5000 & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Cyclical life *, (100\% DoD)} & 2000–5000 & 300–700 & \multirow{2}{*}{500–1000} & \multirow{2}{*}{800–2000} \\  & 1000–2000 & 500–2000 & & & 1000–2000 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Safety performance *} & excellent & good & low & low \\ \hline Specific energy (Wh.kg\({}^{-1}\)) & 90–120 & 100–150 & 150–200 & 150–220 & 200–260 \\ \hline Charging current (C) & 0.7–1 & 0.7–1 & 0.7–1 & 0.7–1 & 1 \\ \hline Discharge current (C) & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Application} & \begin{tabular}{c} Loads requiring high current and endurance. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Medical devices, \\ electric drives. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Mobile phones, \\ tablets, laptops. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Electric bicycles, \\ healthcare, \\ industry. \\ \end{tabular} & Healthcare, electric drives. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Comment} & \begin{tabular}{c} Safety, \\ increased \\ self-discharge. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} High performance, \\ safer than \\ LCO. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} High specific \\ energy, high \\ price Co. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} High capacity and \\ performance. \\ \end{tabular} & Similar properties to LCO. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
*[12].  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of parameters for the LIB cathode according to [11], supplemented in [12]. In general, common separators for LIBs (Table 3) are polyolefin membranes such as poly-ethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), but they would melt at temperatures of 130 and 170 \({}^{\circ}\)C [16]. During the melting process, the micropores of the separators are destroyed, isolating the path of Li-ions between the electrodes, and drastically increasing the internal resistance of the LIB [17]. If the separator is melted, an internal short will occur, which can lead to a lot of heat and trigger thermal leaks [18; 16]. Depending on the required capacity and performance, the battery consists of several cells [1]. In the normal range of voltages and temperatures, only \"shuttle transport of Li\"-\" occurs in the electrolyte during insertion/extraction cycles at the cathode and anode. Under high temperature and high voltage conditions, the electrochemical reactions become more complex, namely, the decomposition of the solid electrolyte interface film at the anode, oxygen release at the cathode side, and other parasitic electrolyte/electrode side reactions. Decomposition of the SEI film and interfacial reactions initially accelerate the temperature rise, increasing the risk of oxygen release from active cathode materials [13]. These reactions eventually lead to LIB thermal runaway, which causes the battery to rupture and explode due to the reaction of the hot combustible gases from the battery with the ambient oxygen [20]. An illustrative explanation of thermal runway BEV was provided by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21]. They refer to the thermal runway as \"the phenomenon of exothermic chain reactions within the battery\". These reactions usually cause a sharp increase in the internal battery temperature, causing the inner structures of the battery to destabilize and degrade, which can lead to the total failure of the battery [21].