## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Key** & **ETO Digital** & **Comparison with** & **Comparison with** & **Comparison with** & **Comparison with** & **Opportunity for** \\
**Achievement** & **Twin Design** & **Conventional** & **IoT-Based WMS** & **AI-Enhanced** & **BIM Integration** & **Further Systems** \\  & & **WMS** & & **WMS** & **in WMS** & **Integration** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Improvement of } & Dynamic & \multirow{4}{*}{Static inventory} & \multirow{4}{*}{Dynamic inventory} & \multirow{4}{*}{Warehouse optimization of } \\  & inventory & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & real-time & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & organization of & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & warehouse areas & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & and production & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & planning & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Real-time information} & Real-time & \multirow{4}{*}{Lacks real-time capabilities} & Comparable, but & Comparable, but & Comparable, but & Comparable, but & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & DT offers better & DT integrates & DT integrates IoT & production \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & and AI & planning, \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Predictive } & Enhanced & Limited & \multirow{4}{*}{Limited} & Comparable due & Limited & Integration with \\ \cline{1-1}  & production & predictive & predictive & to integrated AI & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & planning risks & planning & capabilities & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Decision-making support} & \multirow{4}{*}{Data-driven } & \multirow{4}{*}{Manual and less} & Improved, but & \multirow{4}{*}{Comparable due } & Improved, but & \multirow{4}{*}{from ERP and} \\ \cline{1-1}  & decision-making & & & & & not as & production \\ \cline{1-1}  & & data-driven & & integration & analytics & comprehensive & planning for \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & better decision \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & support \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Operational  efficiency} & High operational & \multirow{4}{*}{Efficient but not optimized} & Improved, but & \multirow{4}{*}{High but depends } & Improved, but & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & efficiency & High operational & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & efficiency & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Cost considerations} & High initial costs, & Lower initial & High & High & High initial and & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & long-term savings & costs & maintenance & computational & design costs & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Integration challenges} & Complex but & Simple but & Moderate, needs & \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & challenges & comprehensive & limited & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & quality data & limited & planning for \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{User-centric design} & Aligns with user & Not/slightly & Partially & Partially & Partially & \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & needs and KPIs & user-centric & user-centric & user-centric & user-centric & with business \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The results of the research compare the achievable results in ETO digital twin designed with state-of-art alternative solutions. changes in components lead to unique challenges in inventory management, communication, and overall efficiency. The role of ERP and the production scheduling tool adopted are a key component for warehouse optimization. Indeed, these software already have key data which can be integrated in a DT to boost the collaboration among users as well as support warehouse task organization and optimization in line with materials and products in-house, orders to be delivered, and the production time slot.