## 3 Design Consideration on Radiation-Grafted AEM
### Selection of Polymer Backbone, Irradiation Dose and Dose Rate
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**AEM**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Irradiation**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**D.O.G (\%)**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Water**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Tensile**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**(meq g\({}^{-1}\))**} & **IEC** & & \multirow{3}{*}{**Ionic Conductivity**} & **Cell** \\  & **Dose/Dose** & & & & & & & & **Performance** \\  & **Rate (kGy/Gy)** & & & & & & & **(mS cm\({}^{-1}\))** & **(mW cm\({}^{-2}\))** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{StIm-ETFE} & Dose: 50 & \multirow{3}{*}{6 Marting time: 40 to 72 min} & \multirow{3}{*}{8 to 18} & \multirow{3}{*}{5 to 10} & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.26 to 0.54} & 17 to 50 (at & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & \multirow{3}{*}{[90]} \\  & Grafting time: 40 to 72 min & & & & & & 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\ \hline BPI-LDPE-g-VBC & \multirow{3}{*}{Dose: 10 to 20} & \multirow{3}{*}{50.4 to 74.6} & \multirow{3}{*}{285} & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & \multirow{3}{*}{2.4 to 3.2} & 90 to 110 (at & \multirow{3}{*}{608 (at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C)} & \multirow{3}{*}{[64]} \\  & VBC & & & & & & (at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\ \hline ETFE-g-VBC & \multirow{3}{*}{Dose: 40 to 30} & \multirow{3}{*}{89 to 76} & \multirow{3}{*}{57 to 53} & \multirow{3}{*}{262 to 416} & \multirow{3}{*}{2.13 to 2.01} & 68 to 60 (at & \multirow{3}{*}{1160 (at & \multirow{3}{*}{[70]} \\  & AEM & & & & & & 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\ \hline UHMWPE-g-VBC-TMBG & \multirow{3}{*}{Dose: 3 to 5} & \multirow{3}{*}{8.5 to 12.5} & \multirow{3}{*}{3.25 to 4.5} & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.22 to 0.33} & 14.4 to 27.7 (at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\  & & & & & & & (at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\ \hline LDPE-g-VBC-TMA & \multirow{3}{*}{Dose rate: 67 to 2000} & \multirow{3}{*}{68 to 65} & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & \multirow{3}{*}{2.8 to 2.7} & 84 to 99 (at & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & \multirow{3}{*}{[75]} \\  & & & & & & & 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\ \hline HDPE-g-VBC-TMA & \multirow{3}{*}{Dose rate: 35 to 67} & \multirow{3}{*}{58 to 66} & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & \multirow{3}{*}{2.6 to 2.9} & 84 to 101 (at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\  & & & & & & (at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Properties of anion exchange membrane (AEM) at a different irradiation dose and dose rate. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [13] selected the biodegradable cellulose acetate (CA)-based polymer as the backbone for the first time because it is low-cost and environmentally benign. The use of natural polymers as a base for AEM in fuel cell and electrolysis cell applications offers a green alternative to modern energy production. The CA polymer was grafted with VBC and functionalized with TMA, using \(\gamma\)-ray at an irradiation dose of 40 kGy. An average ionic conductivity of up to 163 mS cm\({}^{-1}\) at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C was achieved; however, the performance of the CA-g-VBC-TMA membrane deteriorated drastically beyond 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C due to excessive water uptake. By reducing the total irradiation dose treatment to 25 kGy, CA-g-VB-TMA membrane was able to operate in up to 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a maximum ionic conductivity of 93 mS cm\({}^{-1}\). Apart from LDPE and HPDE, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is another class of low-cost and extremely tough polyethylene that can be used as the base polymer.