esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Analysis Model for Cracking and Flexural Behavior of HPFRCC Beams
### A Sequential Cracking Behavior Model  
Unlike conventional FRC members in which an initial crack is mostly dominant, HPFRCC shows a pseudo-strain hardening behavior with finely distributed multiple cracks. This multiple cracking process occurs in sequence as the applied tensile load increases, as illustrated in Figure 6. After tensile stress reaches the maximum affordable tensile stress of the weakest section, the crack at the weakest section is localized. Therefore, through these sequential cracking processes, each crack shows a different crack opening history due to inhomogeneous material properties.  
Figure 6: Model for pure bending region in flexural member.  
In order to simulate this cracking behavior caused by inhomogeneous material properties, the pure bending region of the specimen was assumed to consist of several segments, and each segment was assigned to different material properties. These consisted of first cracking strength and ultimate strength which were randomly assigned according to the defined probability distributions, based on the proposal in JSCE TC 334 [8]. The detailed information for the distributions is provided for a problem in the later Section 4.2.
# Kinematic and Workspace Analysis of RRU-3 RSS: A Novel 2T2R Parallel Manipulator
## 4 Workspace Analysis
### Obtaining the Useful WS
#### 4.2.1 IKP Singularities  
The IKP singularity locus defines the external and internal boundaries (voids) of the WS. Hence, the first step to define any type of WS subset with the discretization method is to solve the IKP for all the discrete poses of the end-effector. We define a mesh with the candidate output variables (\(x\), \(z\), \(\varphi\) and \(\theta\)) and verify whether Equation (9) has real solutions for each of the four KCs. Among the discrete candidate poses, the set of poses that have real IKP solutions defines the WS.  
When a PM reaches the boundary of the WS, some KCs are completely folded/extended and a singularity in the IKP takes place. This means that there is a double solution for the inverse position problem of the corresponding KC. At these singularities, the end-effector of the PM is stuck and there is a direction along which it cannot move. However, reaching an IKP singularity is not critical as it does not imply losing control of the manipulator [34].  
All the working modes share the same IKP singularity locus, so for the proposed PM the 16 working modes have the same WS representation. Some examples of the translational WS and rotational WS of the RRU-3 RSS are depicted in Figures 6 and 7. Hereon, unless specified, the results shown correspond to a manipulator with the geometrical parameters given in Table 1, and the range of the axes for the representation of the translational and rotational WS is \(\pm 0.7\) m and \(\pm 180^{\circ}\), respectively.  
Once the WS is obtained, the fulfillment of other kinematic conditions is verified for the whole set of discrete poses that define it. That is, it is checked to determine which poses are in the region free of DKP singularities, which are free of collisions (between KCs or/and platform) and which discrete poses satisfy the physical limitation of the kinematic joints. In the following sections, to demonstrate that distinct working modes give rise to different results, we will present the results corresponding to those working modes for which the differences are most evident. Note, however, that we have the potential to compute the calculations for any of the 16 working modes.  
Figure 5: Proposed methodology for obtaining the useful WS.
# Speckle Noise Reduction in Digital Holography Using a DMD and Multi-Hologram Resampling
## 3 Optical Speckle Reduction
### Random Checkered Phase Pattern  
The second method evaluated consists of displaying a binary, random sized checkered pattern on the DMD superposed to the binary fringes for a plane wave modulation. This DMD pattern is constructed with the function \(\phi(x,y)\) being assigned a random checkered matrix containing 0 and \(\pi\) values. The function \(A(x,y)\) is again set to one to avoid amplitude modulation. The lateral displacement of the binary fringes, translates into _pi_ radians jumps in the phase modulation, thus creating a randomly phase-modulated illumination.  
Given the effect of the borders around each block element, there is a remainder of amplitude modulation on the illumination over the object, which is still visible on the reconstructed image. To diminish this effect, we project random patterns with differently sized block elements and consider  
Figure 3: (**a**) Square segment of the pattern for a plane wave illumination. (**b**) Square segment of the pattern for a randomly checkered phase modulated illumination.  
only the combination of multiple reconstructions from different patterns. The averaging of the reconstruction helps in diminishing this unwanted amplitude effect. Figure 3b presents a small region of a pattern of this kind. In here, the presence of the random checkered pattern can be observed, by noting the discontinuities in the fringes. The block elements are differently sized within the same pattern, and a new random distribution of the matrix assigned to \(\phi(x,y)\) is computed to generate each new DMD pattern.
# Health Project Prioritization in Meta, Colombia, Using Anp-Dematel
## 2 Theoretical Framework  
### Participatory Process Theory  
Participatory Process Theory establishes that meaningful engagement of diverse stakeholders is fundamental to effective decision-making processes in social, organizational, and community contexts [9]. In this article, the theory provides a critical conceptual foundation for integrating participatory mechanisms into the multiciteria decision-making process. It supports the inclusion of stakeholder knowledge and values into each phase of the ANP-DEMATEL model, ensuring that the prioritization of health projects reflects both technical criteria and local needs. This perspective is consistent with previous research highlighting that participatory decision-support systems are more legitimate and context-relevant when they integrate stakeholder knowledge and values throughout the entire process [10]. This interdisciplinary approach generates more inclusive and sustainable outcomes through two complementary mechanisms: the promotion of shared governance structures and the systematic enhancement of participants' capabilities, as demonstrated in recent meta-analyses (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.68 for policy implementation success) [11].  
Empirical studies confirm that active and sustained citizen participation strengthens public administration efficiency through three primary pathways: incorporation of heterogeneous perspectives (showing \(\beta\) coefficients of 0.42-0.56 in structural equation models), facilitation of evidence-based consensus building, and increased legitimacy of health policy decisions [12; 13]. Contemporary implementations emphasize the dual importance of institutionalizing participatory mechanisms while investing in continuous capacity-building programs for community representatives, with longitudinal data showing 28-37% improvements in healthcare access metrics following such interventions [9]. Despite these demonstrated benefits--including measurable enhancements in both government legitimacy indices (23% increase) and public service delivery outcomes (19% improvement)--significant challenges remain in ensuring equitable representation and maintaining decision-making efficiency, particularly in resource-constrained settings [14]. Within healthcare systems specifically, community oversight committees have emerged as particularly effective governance tools, with documented successes in three key areas: improved service monitoring through real-time feedback mechanisms (reducing giveancesby 28% in the Meta Department), enhanced patient satisfaction scores (19% increase), and more accurate identification of localized health needs through participatory research methodologies [15].
# Trends in Performance Limits of the HOT Infrared Photodetectors
## 3 The Ultimate HgCdTe Photodiode Performance  
In 2007, the Teledyne Technologies published an empirical expression, called \"Rule 07\", for estimation of the P-on-n HgCdTe photodiodes dark current versus normalized wavelength-temperature product (\(\lambda_{\text{c}}\)T) [22]. This metric is closely related to Auger 1 diffusion-limited photodiode with n-type active region doping concentration \(\sim\)10\({}^{15}\) cm\({}^{-3}\). In the past decade, the Rule 07 has become very popular as a reference level for the other technologies (especially to III-V barrier and T2 SLs devices). However, at present stage of technology, the fully depleted background limited HgCdTe photodiodes can reach the level of 300 K dark current considerably lower than predicted by the Rule 07. The discussion below explains exactly this statement.
# Spot Market Cloud Orchestration Using Task-Based Redundancy and Dynamic Costing
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed a novel cloud orchestration algorithm that seeks to achieve an optimal solution for reliability relative to the spot market price and cost of failure.  
Using a Task-Based Redundancy (TBR) model, we developed an algorithm for the orchestrator which, in comparison with a static reliability control algorithm, achieved improvements of between 37% and 46% in total cost for clouds where failures were immediately identified and remedied, and between 68% and 72% for clouds where there was latency in detecting and remedying the failure.  
Thus, in cloud environments where the financial cost of a failure can be approximated with reasonable accuracy, the results indicate that our algorithm can be used to improve the cloud redundancy configuration, giving a lower overall total cost in comparison with an algorithm based on a static reliability requirement.  
Future research may seek to extend our model to include more complex spot market behavior through the creation of new _Orchestrator_ subclasses (Figure 5), and to investigate the effects of different latency periods on the magnitude of the improvement. Anotheravenue of further inquiry may be to create more complex probabilistic failure models by overriding the failure functions of the microservices. Further studies may also consider the possibility of combining PAYG, OD, and SM models within the same cloud. In this study, we compared our proposed approach with a control algorithm that used a static reliability level, typical of scenarios where a service level is specific in an SLA. However, future research may explore comparing our proposed algorithm with other non-TBR algorithms, including consideration of their comparative performance across such factors as efficiency, scalability, adaptability to varying workloads, and other factors.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed equally to the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
[PERSON] was supported in this research by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship.  
The source code for Cloud Reliability Simulator is publicly available at [34].  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Electrochemical Degradation of Crystal Violet Using Ti/Pt/SnO\({}_{2}\) Electrode
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Influence of Operating Parameters
#### 3.2.2 Influence of Initial pH  
The active chlorine can be in different forms depending on the pH. For that reason, the influence of pH on CV degradation was studied using different initial pH (2, 4, 7, 8, and 10), by adjusting the solutions to the desired values, using H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (1M) and NaOH (1M), while keeping constant the other operating conditions. The pH effect on the initial rate of CV decolorization as a function of time by imposing a current intensity i = 50 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) on the Ti/Pt/SnO\({}_{2}\) electrode in an aqueous solution of 10 mg L\({}^{-1}\) CV is shown in Figure 5. Samples are taken during the oxidation process and analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy.  
It has been shown that after 30 min, a quasi-complete CV decolorization is reached at initial pH = 4 and at neutral pH. At more acidic pH (pH = 2) or basic (pH higher than 7) the rate of decolorization is lower (60% for pH = 2, 58% for pH = 8 and 66% for pH = 10). However, if the duration of the electrolysis is long enough, a quasi-decolorization of the solution is reached in the various cases.  
In order to understand the differences depending on the pH value, a comparison of the CV removal rate with the preponderance diagram of the chlorinated species (Figure 6a [47]) was performed.  
The results presented in Figure 6b were obtained as follows: each solution containing only the NaCl electrolyte and after adjusting the pH in the range 2-10, was electrolysed by applying a current density of 50 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) during 40 min, after stopping the polarization, the dye was added and stirred for 4 h. From these results, we observed that the decolorization is higher at pH = 4 and 7, because HClO is more stable. Therefore, from these results,  
Figure 5: Effect of initial pH of CV removal ([CV]\({}_{0}\) = 10 mg L\({}^{-1}\), i = 50 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) and temperature = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C).  
we can conclude that the species responsible for the oxidation of the organic matter is the form of HClO.
# Experimental and Modeling of Residual Deformation of Soil-Rock Mixture under Freeze-Thaw Cycles
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Specim Preparation and Test Protocol
#### 2.2.2 Equipment and Programs for the Test  
The test used the precision triaxial frost heave tester of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering to carry out the freeze-thaw cycle test. The main instruments used in the freeze-thaw cycle system are shown in Figure 3 and the schematic diagram is shown in Figure 4. In the test, EYELA's NCB-3100 precision low-temperature constant temperature water tank was connected to the top plate to provide a \(\pm\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C circulating cold bath for one-way freezing test, freezing for 6 h, thawing for 6 h, and circulating for 20 times, and the Martens bottle was used for free water replenishment. The top of the sample was equipped with an infrared displacement sensor, which could monitor the deformation of the sample in the vertical direction. The temperature and relative displacement changes were collected by Keysight's 34972A data acquisition instrument. The acquisition accuracy was 0.01 mm, and the acquisition interval was 5 min. The effects of different boulder contents on the residual deformation of saturated soil under the action of freeze-thaw cycles were systematically studied through the data system of frost heave, thaw settlement, and residual deformation of samples after freeze-thaw cycles.  
Figure 3: The main instrument used in the experiment: (**a**) Precision frost heave triaxial instrument; (**b**) Constant temperature water tank; (**c**) Data collector.
## 3 The End-to-End Instrument Performance Simulation System (EIPS) Framework
### EIPS Block Design and Organisation  
Here we discuss the component models of the EIPS. In the top-level, the EIPS framework can be decomposed into: (1) the sensor parameter model, (2) the atmospheric radiative transfer model, and (3) the information and error analysis model. These component models will provide the three  
Figure 2: A flow-diagram for the visualisation of the process of design and optimisation of a satellite atmospheric observing system via end-to-end simulation.  
main elements of our end-to-end simulation system (as discussed in Section 2). The organisation of these component models to form the EIPS framework is represented with the help of a schematic block diagram in Figure 3.
# Interference Management in Femtocells by the Adaptive Network Sensing Power Control Technique
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we have proposed an interference mitigation technique for an inadequately deployed lower power femtocell. The proposed technique is as follows: the femtocell uses the information from the macrocell and tunes the downlink transmit power. We presented an interference indication function, which compares the interference level with the threshold value and then sends CQI feedback via the MUE to the macrocell. The macrocell then instructs the femtocell to take the necessary steps to adjust its transmission power and reduce interference to cell-edge macro users, satisfying the necessary QoS requirement of femto users. The simulation results show that the proposed ANS power control technique efficiently decreases the cell-edge macro user's interference and enhances the throughput performance of the macro user, while also optimizing the femtocell coverage and capacity.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 61620106001.  
[PERSON] is the main author of this article. All the authors have contributed to this manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Analysis of Influential Factors
### Effect of Varying Impulse Sequences on the Rate of De-Icing  
An electric-impulse de-icing system changes the sequence of impulses acting on doublers one and two. The optimal de-icing effect can be achieved by modifying the impulse sequence given to doublers one and two. The impulse interval parameter \(\alpha\) represents the impulse sequence acting on doublers one and two. The doubler one starts to be loaded \(\alpha\) ms after the electric impulse is applied to the doubler two. The larger \(\alpha\) is, the longer the impulse interval between doublers one and two. In this work, A ranges from 0 to 80 ms, and the de-icing rates at various impulse sequences are presented in Figure 20. Depending on the impulse sequence \(\alpha\), the residual response of doubler one to doubler two and the superposition of doubler two's impulse response fluctuate, resulting in varying de-icing rates. When \(\alpha<20\) ms, the superposition effect is better due to the shorter impulse interval, and as \(\alpha\) increases, the superposition effect worsens, and the deicing rate decreases; when \(\alpha=20\) ms, the superposition effect is the best, and the deicing rate reaches a peak of 100%; and when \(\alpha>20\) ms, the superposition effect worsens due to the longer impulse interval, so the deicing rate decreases as \(\alpha\) increases. An impulse interval of 20 ms is recommended when deicing an airplane. At this point, the impulse response of the two coils can provide a better superposition effect and a better deicing effect.
## 2 Background
### User Experience  
Standard ISO 9241-210 defines user experience (UX) as \"The perceptions and responses of people, as a result of the anticipated use, of a product, system or service\" [3].  
UX is a subjective concept that depends on each person and their experiences. These experiences can be constructed in different periods of time and can be sporadic or they can accumulate. To explain the UX in greater depth, in 2004 [PERSON] created a scheme that groups the main factors that must be considered to create a good user experience, called \"the honeycomb model\", which considers a detailed design of the aspects that comprise the UX [4]. These are:  
* Useful: The site must be able to cover a need, in addition to having a real purpose for its construction. The content is expected to be useful and this is associated with innovative solutions.
* Usable: The site must be simple and easy to use so that its design is familiar and easy to understand; thus, a site can be used effectively and efficiently to achieve a goal established by the product and the user.
* Desirable: Image, identity, brand, and other design elements that are used to evoke emotion and gratitude.
* Valuable: The site must add value for interested users.
* Findable: The information must be easy to find and easy to navigate. If problems arise, the user should be able to find a solution quickly. The navigation structure must be configured in a way that makes sense.
* Accessible: The product must be designed so that even people with disabilities can have the same user experience as others.
* Credible: The products must be reliable so that they fulfill the function for which they were designed.  
UX is a concept that extends the usability concept. Standard ISO 9241-11 defines usability as: \"the extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use\" [5].
# Reduced-Complexity Tracking Algorithms on Chip for Real-Time Location Estimation
## 5 The Proposed VLSI Architecture and Implementation
### Predicted State Module  
As shown in Figure 8, this module is the VLSI architecture of the prediction state module. Using the current state and the amount of change to estimate the state at the next moment. At the same time, the noise of the current state is used in conjunction with the noise of the update state in the current state. Estimate the noise of the state at the next moment.
Prevention of Mandible Fractures in Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: The Role of Virtual Surgical Planning and Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing in Two Clinical Case Reports  
[PERSON]  
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of skeletal-related events among patients with multiple myeloma and bone metastases from a variety of solid tumors [1; 2]. Although the pathomechanism of MRONJ is not fully understood, new studies and consensuses have proposed dental infections as the potential main factor in MRONJ onset and suggested a dose-dependent deleterious effect of bisphosphonates on periodontal ligament stem cells [3; 4; 5; 6]. Recent studies suggest that surgical treatment aiming at the complete resection of necrotic bone can be successful in healing all stages of MRONJ [7; 8; 9]. A high success rate in achieving symptom resolution and complete epithelial healing has been reported with surgical treatment, whereas non-surgical treatment appears to provide residual healing rates over several months of therapy [7; 10; 11; 12]. Moreover, conservative treatment can lead to MRONJ progression with the extension of bone necrosis and upstaging [9].  
Pathological mandible fracture is a known complication of MRONJ [1; 13]. Furthermore, elderly patients with osteoporosis are more likely to develop maxillofacial fractures following low-impact trauma [14]. Therefore, it is logical to assume that patients simultaneously suffering from osteoporosis and MRONJ have an increased risk of mandible fracture, especially those undergoing mandible resection. There is a lack of studies regarding what residual height of mandibular bone implies a significant fracture risk; however, some authors advise preventive osteosynthesis with a reconstruction plate for residual unaffected bone of 6 mm or less [13]. Despite the sparsity of the literature, virtual surgical planning (VSP) and the computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of surgical guides and reconstruction plates may provide superior outcomes in comparison to conventional approaches and surgical materials [15; 16; 17; 18].  
The aim of this case series is to evaluate the clinical outcomes of two cases of elderly MRONJ patients with osteoporosis submitted for marginal mandible resection with the aid of VSP and CAD/CAM surgical guides and reconstruction plates to prevent mandible fracture.