## Materials and Methods
### Preparation of polysaccharide Extracts from the Selected Plants  
Reported methods [35; 36; 37] were adopted for the polysaccharide preparation with slight modifications. Briefly, the seeds and leaves of _Moringa oleifera_ plants and leaves of _Allium sativum_ were dried separately at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C and pulverized into powder. Afterward, pigments and lipids from all the dried plants (including those obtained dried from EcoHerba) were removed from the powder with a (1:5) ethanol: chloroform mixture (80:20, \(v/v\)) twice for 24 h each time. The residue was dried at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C and used for the polysaccharide extraction. Deionized water was added to the residue at a ratio of 1:20 (material: water), and the sample was placed in an incubator shaker (New Brunswick Scientific Excella E 24 Incubator Shaker Series) for 3 h at room temperature and 220 rpm. This procedure was repeated, but at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the supernatants were recovered by centrifugation (MPW-35 IR) at 4000 rpm for 10 min and then pooled together. The pooled supernatant was concentrated to about 1% of its volume on the magnetic stirrer at a temperature between 50-60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The concentrated samples were treated with Sevag's reagent (chloroform: n-Butanol; 4:1 \(v/v\)) and then precipitated with an 80% final concentration of absolute ethanol (1:4) and were kept at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C overnight; the precipitates were centrifuged at 9200 rpm for 15 min and then rinsed successively with diethyl ether, absolute ethanol, and acetone. These were dried at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C to remove organic solvents. They were reconstituted with deionized water and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min to remove any insoluble particles. Then, they were freeze-dried and used for this study. To perform assays, the freeze-dried crude polysaccharide extracts were reconstituted in water to make a stock concentration of 20 mg/mL. Three different polysaccharide extracts were obtained from _Moringa oleifera_ seeds using slightly different \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Samples**} & **Plant** & **Where They Were** & **Part of Plant** & **Form of Plant** \\  & **Species** & **Obtained** & **Used** & **Used** \\ \hline Snct-P & _Ocimum sanctum_ & Eco-Herba, Poland & Leaves & Dried leaves \\ ML-P & _Moringa oleifera_ & Osun State, Nigeria & Leaves & Dried leaves \\ Ginkgo-P & _Ginkgo biloba_ & Eco-Herba, Poland & Leaves & Dried leaves \\ Onion-P & _Allium cepa_ & Local market, Poland & Bulbs & Fresh bulbs \\ Garlic-P & _Allium sativum_ & Local market, Poland & Leaves & Dried leaves \\ Dan-P & _T. offcinale_ & Eco-Herba, Poland & Roots & Dried roots \\ MSP-50 & _Moringa oleifera_ & Osun State, Nigeria & Seeds & Dried seeds \\ MSP-80 & _Moringa oleifera_ & Osun State, Nigeria & Seeds & Dried seeds \\ MSP-RT & _Moringa oleifera_ & Osun State, Nigeria & Seeds & Dried seeds \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Information concerning the selected plants used for this study. modified protocols. _Moringa oleifera_ seed polysaccharide 80 (MSP-80) was obtained by following the above protocol; _Moringa oleifera_ seed polysaccharide 50 (MSP-50) was obtained by precipitating with 50% ethanol (this is the only difference between MSP-50 and MSP-80); while the third extract, _Moringa oleifera_ seed polysaccharide room temperature (MSP-RT), was obtained with a slight modification: _Moringa_ powder was defatted and the residue dried as described above. Then, the residue was extracted twice with a 1:20 volume of water for 3 h at room temperature, and finally, the supernatants were recovered by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 min and pooled together. Afterward, the supernatant was freeze-dried and then reconstituted with deionized water at room temperature, treated with Sevag's reagent as above, and precipitated with an 80% final concentration of ethanol overnight at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The precipitate was treated as above and named MSP-RT.