## 4 Discussion  
Spatial analysis of fire recurrence showed a distinct effect considering land use/land cover and biophysical variables. The Amazon (not adapted to fire) and Cerrado (adapted to fire events of low recurrence) areas showed negative EVI and GPP trends and positive LST trends with the increase in fire recurrence, despite their different natural adaptations [43]. Most phytophysiognmies showed a negative EVI trend with the fire recurrence increase, highlighting a possible environmental fragility. The EVI and GPP variables demonstrated a high association between altered vegetation and fire recurrence, achieving the highest R\({}^{2}\) values. ANP-CSP showed high rates of degradation even though it contained a mosaic of protected areas of full protection. In the rest of the biome, the low rates of protected areas resulted in natural vegetation indiscriminate use [44]. In the Amazonian biome, the protected areas in the JPRB were essential for the maintenance of biophysical parameters. The indigenous lands, which present a low incidence of fires, allow more remarkable vegetation preservation [45]. Land cover governs changes in the post-fire albedo. Fire can increase albedo rates in forest areas, while grass and savanna areas may decrease due to different vegetation regeneration rates [10]. However, post-fire albedo changes do not remain long-term on the surface because of ash removal and vegetation recovery [46; 12]. We could not see a pattern in the relationship between albedo temporal trends and fire recurrence in this analysis. Other studies have found a similar pattern of albedo changes [10; 12]. Right after the fire, albedo values may drop from 0.01 to 0.15, attenuating over the years. As the albedo change is ephemeral, we found less significant values in the last 15 years (between \(-0.001\) and \(-0.004\)), similar to that described by [PERSON] et al. [47] with losses of up to \(-0.008\). The vegetation albedo behavior was consistent with other studies [10; 48]; areas with a higher density of trees show less loss of albedo compared to grassland. In our case, the savanna formations from the ANP-CSP area showed a more significant decrease in albedo than the forest areas of the JPRB area. Several studies analyze the fire action through time series of vegetation indexes [12; 19; 49]. The vegetation indices can estimate the removal of vegetation by fire and the elimination of fragile species. In this research, the EVI index allowed us to quantify vegetation changes and correlate with fire recurrence. Studies confirm that fires negatively affect EVI annual slopes, with changes that can reach \(-0.07\) to 0.07 EVI per year, but with the highest concentration range between \(-0.01\) and 0.01 [50; 51], the same as observed in the ANP-CSP and JPRB areas. In both study areas, EVI had an increase in protected forest areas and a decrease in altered vegetation. The protected area had an accumulation of biomass and growth in woody species. On the other hand, altered vegetation areas have less regeneration capacity due to the loss of fire-resistant species and exotic species [19]. The recurrence of fire by anthropic action was the leading cause of the decrease of EVI during the 15 years, proving that even the savanna (fire-adapted vegetation) has a fragility to the anthropic perturbation [1]. The GPP is one of the main variables of the global carbon cycle, being correlated with climate change and fire activities [52]. The study areas had a negative GPP trend in the vegetation with high fire recurrence. Although GPP generally has a high correlation with EVI [20], the study areasdid not have this behavior due to the predominance of non-significant GPP trends, indicating the rapid recovery of photosynthetic processes after fire [13]. [PERSON] et al. [53] show in a global study that most of the Brazilian territory increased the GPP trend from 1982 to 2015, except for the semi-arid region. However, the survey did not consider a significance test. [PERSON] et al.