## 1 Introduction  
The world's population is continuously growing across every continent and will continue to grow into the future, and there is also an expansion of human habitats for land use and land cover (LULC). Urbanization is progressing rapidly in most countries as a result of population growth, migration to urban centers, and socio-economic factors. Population growth is the one of the main factors of LULC changes, and contributes to urbanization due to built-up areas, agricultural activities, energy generation, etc. However, similar to other countries, urban areas are expanding with population growth and the development of networks in Turkey. LULC changes have impacts on attributes of the environment, landscape, natural resources, and the Earth's surface [1, 2, 3, 4]. Developed urban areas easily provide many socio-economic resources for human life, and cities undergoing unplanned growth provide negative conditions due to the restriction in required resources and the increase in consumption. Also, these cities consume resources faster than developed ones, and negative environmental impacts occur, such as pollution, global warming, and climate change [3, 5]. Urban areas undergo changes due to natural events and human-induced factors such as floods, earthquakes, landslides, construction, agriculture, and the management of urban fabric. Nowadays, human-induced factors cause urban sprawl and LULC changes. In particular, new settlement areas, transportation networks, and transportation types are developed according to the distribution of the population in cities, and this leads to LULC changes [6; 7]. Urban sprawl has had a great impact on demographic structure, natural ecosystems (temperature, air pollution, water pollution, water level, climate, etc. ), consumption, and the expenditure of social services due to different LULC areas and their geometric patterns, such as asphalt, concrete, vegetation, stones, and the environmental impacts vary within cities. Therefore, LULC urban patterns affect the budget, consumption, production, and environmental activities of cities [4; 5; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19]. LULC changes and the consequential urbanization will continue with increasing time, spatial expansion, and construction areas, and the management of urbanization is crucial to protect human life and natural resources with spatio-temporal data. Spatio-temporal monitoring, which demonstrates the demands of city dynamics and provides insight into population growth, allows us to observe the relationship between LULC and human activities [7; 20]. Spatio-temporal monitoring with remote sensing data is used to monitor changes with regard to temperature, air, vegetation, residential areas, the military, the public, and industry using bands and LULC methodology, and provides information about monitoring the Earth's surface with flexibility, less time, and low cost [7; 21; 22; 23]. In addition, remote sensing data can provide detailed information about the LULC of the Earth's surface from past to present within certain time periods. Attributes of urban information systems can be determined for cities, such as urbanization, natural resources, pollution, disaster history, the protection of cultural heritage, and the level of development, by analyzing current data and satellite image analyses of the past. Therefore, LULC changes and predicting the future of cities will be examined with spatio-temporal data [2; 7; 24]. LULC facilitates planning on policy-making, transportation network development, urban sprawl, environmental improvement, and economic growth, enabling more orderly and human-harmonized development. Priority areas can be identified and controlled, such as agriculture, water resources, and forests, with the monitoring of LULC changes. More sustainable cities will be created for the future in areas such as natural resources, human health, and material losses by strengthening the connections between urbanization, land use, and ecosystem change [3; 18; 25].