# Intelligent Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Technologies: An Overview
## 3 Result Analysis
### Thematic and Topic Analysis
The 15 keywords with the highest total link strength are presented in Table 11. \"Artificial intelligence\" (\(n\) = 457, total link strength = 1184), \"virtual reality\" (\(n\) = 338, total link strength = 951), \"augmented reality\" (\(n\) = 251, total link strength = 677), \"metaverse\" (\(n\) = 152, total link strength = 431), and \"machine learning\" (\(n\) = 77, total link strength = 268) were the top five keywords with the highest total link strength. It should be noted that in case a keyword existed in both keyword sets, it was counted only once to avoid any bias. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Topic Keywords** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Relevant Keywords**} \\ \hline
**Words** & **Occurrences** & **Words** & **Occurrences** \\ \hline “artificial intelligence” & 410 & “machine learning” & 65 \\ “virtual reality” & 276 & “generative artificial intelligence” & 46 \\ “augmented reality” & 211 & “deep learning” & 37 \\ “metaverse” & 144 & “education” & 31 \\ “extended reality” & 75 & “blockchain” & 27 \\ “mixed reality” & 43 & “human-computer interaction” & 23 \\  & & “digital twin” & 22 \\  & & “internet of things” & 20 \\  & & “computer vision” & 18 \\  & & “explainable artificial intelligence” & 16 \\  & & “simulations” & 16 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Most frequently used author’s keywords. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Topic Keywords** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Relevant Keywords**} \\ \hline
**Words** & **Occurrences** & **Words** & **Occurrences** \\ \hline “virtual reality” & 225 & “e-learning” & 53 \\ “artificial intelligence” & 182 & “machine learning” & 44 \\ “augmented reality” & 154 & “deep learning” & 37 \\ “metaverse” & 57 & “immersive” & 37 \\ “mixed reality” & 31 & “students” & 31 \\ “extended reality” & 20 & “human-computer interaction” & 23 \\  & & “learning systems” & 23 \\  & & “engineering education” & 21 \\  & & “blockchain” & 19 \\  & & “education” & 18 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Most frequently used keywords plus (indexed keywords). Figure 6: Keyword co-occurrence network—Bibliometrix. Figure 7: Keyword co-occurrence network—VOSviewer. As it can be observed, a total of five clusters emerged in both networks. Table 12 summarizes the clusters and related keywords for the Bibliometrix-based network while Table 13 summarizes the clusters and related keywords for the VOSviewer-based network. The clusters that arose highlight the multidimensional role and wide applicability of combining AI with XR technologies. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Cluster** & **Keywords** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Red cluster (\(n=21\))} & “adversarial machine learning”, “computer vision”, “current”, “deep learning”, “engineering education”, “generative adversarial network”, “generative artificial intelligence”, “human-computer interaction”, “immersive”, “immersive learning”, “learning algorithms”, “learning systems”, “students”, “teaching”, “three dimensional computer graphics”, “user interfaces”, “virtual environments”, “virtual reality”, “virtual reality environments”, “wital evaluation””, “wital “avatars”, “big data”, “blockchain”, “challenge”, “distantness”, “distantness”, “distantness”, “distantness”, “distant  
Specifically, emphasis is being placed on the use of generative AI and the metaverse to aid teachers and learners as well as on the use of XR simulations to enrich medical and healthcare education. Additionally, there is a clear focus on the adoption and use of machine learning and deep learning methods. Education is revealed as one of the main domains in which their use is mostly examined due to their potential to offer immersive, personalized, and interactive learning experiences. Studies have also focused on adopting additional novel technologies and approaches including virtual agents and avatars, virtual worlds, big data, internet of things, generative AI, blockchain, etc.