# Anthropometric vs. Dental Variables of the Ageing Face: A Clinical Study
## 3 Results
### Correlations  
#### 3.2.1 Correlations between Age, Sex, and the Participants' Profiles and Intraoral Variables  
The mean age of the males was 53 (\(\pm\)15.01) years, while the mean age of the females was 51.88 (\(\pm\)13.46). There was no significant difference in age between the males and females (\(p\) = 0.07). Although statistically significant differences were found between the males and females for height (\(p\) < 0.001) and weight (\(p\) < 0.001), there were no statistically significant differences for BMI (\(p\) = 0.0402) (Table 3).  
Weight also showed a statistically significant impact on the length of the upper (Spearman's, \(rho=-0.262\), \(p\) = 0.047) and lower (Spearman's, \(rho=-0.277\), \(p\) = 0.035) lips to the e-line. Finally, a positive weak correlation was recorded between the distance between the pupil and the orbital point and height ([PERSON]'s \(rho=0.363\), \(p\) = 0.01) (Table 3).  
A positive weak linear correlation was also found between the ANB angle and horizontal overjet ([PERSON]'s, \(r\) = 0.278, \(p\) = 0.03).  
With respect to describing the intraoral values that are reflected in facial features, no statistically significant differences were found between males and females for FTUs  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Min** & **Max** & **Mean (SD)** \\ \hline Facial index (\%) & 73.93 & 95.39 & 83.94 (\(\pm\)5.09) \\ \hline Middle vertical facial proportion (\%) & 38.58 & 50.69 & 46.15 (\(\pm\)2.63) \\ \hline Lower vertical facial proportion (\%) & 49.31 & 61.42 & 53.85 (\(\pm\)2.63) \\ \hline Nose-to-mouth distance (mm) & 18.81 & 35 & 24.36 (\(\pm\)3.23) \\ \hline Mouth width (mm) & 42.07 & 70 & 52.53 (\(\pm\)4.86) \\ \hline Pupil-to-orbital height (mm) & 14.56 & 29.27 & 20.96 (\(\pm\)2.70) \\ \hline Height of the lower lip (mm) & 8.86 & 18.73 & 14.14 (\(\pm\)2.21) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Facial characteristics in frontal view for all participants (\(n\) = 58).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Min** & **Max** & **Mean (SD)** \\ \hline Frankfort plane (degrees) & \(-\)5.77 & 20.25 & 10.15 (\(\pm\)5.42) \\ \hline Nasolabial angle (degrees) & 71.14 & 122.22 & 95.99 (\(\pm\)12.35) \\ \hline Po-N-A angle (degrees) & 69.23 & 91.35 & 78.50 (\(\pm\)4.76) \\ \hline Po-N-B angle (degrees) & 62.24 & 79.22 & 71.97 (\(\pm\)4.24) \\ \hline ANB angle (degrees) & 0.98 & 13.02 & 6.53 (\(\pm\)2.14) \\ \hline E-line upper lip distance (mm) & \(-\)15.19 & \(-\)2.35 & \(-\)8.26 (\(\pm\)3.03) \\ \hline E-line lower lip distance (mm) & \(-\)13.97 & 2.61 & \(-\)5.77 (\(\pm\)3.61) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Facial characteristics in lateral view for all participants (\(n\) = 58).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Male** & **Female** & **Mann–[PERSON] Test \(p\)-Value** \\ \hline N (\%) & 33 (57\%) & 25 (43\%) & \\ \hline Age (mean \(\pm\) SD) & 53.00 (\(\pm\)15.01) & 51.88 (\(\pm\)13.46) & 0.702 \\ \hline Height in meters (mean \(\pm\) SD) & 1.77 (\(\pm\)0.07) & 1.62 (\(\pm\)0.06) & \textless{}0.001 * \\ \hline Weight in Kg (mean \(\pm\) SD) & 87.73 (\(\pm\)12.55) & 72.04 (\(\pm\)15.20) & \textless{}0.001 * \\ \hline BMI (mean \(\pm\) SD) & 27.84 (\(\pm\)3.54) & 27.39 (\(\pm\)6.09) & 0.402 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Profile characteristics of males and females (* indicates statistical significance).  
(\(p\) = 0.752), overjet (\(p\) = 0.059), overbite (0.316), the PDI index (\(p\) = 0.568), or the Angle classification (\(p\) = 0.434).