esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Manufacturing Processes of Integral Blade Rotors for Turbomachinery, Processes and New Approaches
## 2 Monolithic Components: Manufacturing Processes
### Conventional Machining Process: 5-Axis Milling
#### 2.5.2 Manufacturing Strategies
On top of that, for difficult-to-cut materials, it should be pointed out that the bigger the contact between tool and part is, the higher power, stability, chip evacuation and machine capabilities are required. In those cases that the geometries to be machined are developable ruled surfaces, the tool flank is maintained tangent to the surface along the entire tool axis. A ruled surface is a curved surface  
Figure 11: Point milling and flank milling applied to a single blade. Figure 10: IBRs roughing strategies: slotting, trochoidal and plunge milling. that can be generated by continuous motion of a straight line in space along a space curve called a directrix. Moreover, a developable surface is a special ruled surface that has the same tangent plane at all points along a generator. Therefore, flank milling strategies keep that tangential contact between the tool axis and the surface along each generatrix that defines the surface, permitting the use of the total effective tool length as the axial depth of cut (\(\mathrm{a_{p}}\)). This leads to a more productive process, with higher material removal rates and a machine time and cost reduction. Nevertheless, to ensure process stability and efficiency, the use of tools with big dimensions is required, reducing bending risks and vibration appearance inherent to this strategy. It is important to emphasize the differences between developable and non-developable ruled surfaces. A non-developable ruled surface is a ruled surface that does not have the same tangent plane at all points along a generator. The use of flank milling for non-developable surfaces implies an error studied by [PERSON] et al. [59]. The error expression was reduced analytically to an expression that relates the radius of the tool and the angle between the tangent planes at both extremes of the surface isoparametrics. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [59], considered three special cases: (1) the radius of curvature \(\mathrm{O_{i}}\) is larger than the tool radius, (2) when the twist angle (\(\mathrm{\alpha_{i}}\)) is small and (3) a combination of both, \(\mathrm{O_{i}}\) larger than the tool radius and a small twist angle, this last case being the one that fits with the ruled surfaces used for turbine blades. Figure 12 shows the tool cut into cross sections and the principle for error estimation. When ruled surfaces are also developable surfaces, both tangent planes to the isoparametric line are coincident, leading to a null error. It is noteworthy that there are numerous research works about flank milling optimization algorithms. Some of them are based on a surface approximation to the tool envelope and tool axis position optimization for each point in the surface to be machined.
# Structure Optimization and Control Design of Electronic Oxygen Regulator
## 2 Oxygen Regulator Principle Analysis
### Optimized Design  
The literature [15] proposes that the phenomenon of positive pressure fluctuations is caused by a combination of inlet pressure fluctuations and diaphragm deformation. At low lung flux, the effects of both causes are similar. At high lung flux, diaphragm deformation becomes the main cause of significant positive pressure fluctuations.  
To address this one drawback of the indirect oxygen regulator, a structural solution design was focused on the oxygen supply assembly. The lung-type flapper mechanism and the electronically controlled residual pressure flapper mechanism of the indirect electronic oxygen supply anti-charge regulator are combined and optimized to close or open the flapper for oxygen supply by direct motor drive. The design of removing the diaphragm can fundamentally improve the system performance of the oxygen regulator.  
The stepper motor is driven to open or close the oxygen supply door of the lung mechanism according to the parameters of cockpit height, acceleration, and product input and output pressure collected by the sensor set. The opening and closing of the oxygen supply door of the lung mechanism is realized by the electronic control device. The schematic sketch of the pulmonary mechanism is shown in Figure 2. The flow restrictor provides a continuous flow of oxygen supply. When the control or power failure occurs in the electronically controlled oxygen supply, and normal oxygen supply cannot be carried out, oxygen regulation must be implemented to downgrade the oxygen supply. When a power failure occurs or the electronic control device monitors the abnormal output of the subsystem, the electronic control device drives the normally open solenoid valve down to turn on the continuous flow and implement the downgraded oxygen supply. The oxygen supply assembly mainly consists of a shell assembly, a linear stepping motor, a normally open solenoid valve, a lung mechanism, a flow limiter, a time delay mechanism, a safety valve mechanism, an anti-asphyxiation mechanism, and a pressure limiting mechanism. The structure's schematic diagrams are shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively.  
Figure 1: Indirect oxygen regulator structure schematic. P1: breathing chamber pressure measuring point; P2: residual pressure chamber pressure measuring point; P3: inlet pressure measuring point; 1: pulmonary valve; 2: air valve; 3: limiting hole; 4: ventilation valve; 5: safety valve; 6: residual pressure valve; 7: high residual pressure valve; 8: membrane; 9: sizing hole.
# From Sensor Networks to Internet of Things. Bluetooth Low Energy, a Standard for This Evolution
## 6 Discussion
### Coverage Study for CSR Devices  
When deploying a real wireless sensor network, the first step is to carry out a coverage study to determine the least number of needed devices to cover the largest possible area with the lowest cost. For this reason, this coverage study was performed in the first floor of our research institute (48 m in length and 15 m in width).  
An important consideration when we want to evaluate the range of a device is the antenna. CSR1010 devices have an Inverted-F Antenna [52]. The radiation pattern in this antenna is circular in the XZ plane. So, we can distinguish two different area according to the device placing: the coverage range is favourable in the XZ plane (see Figure 10) and unfavourable in the rest of the plans.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Transmissions of Each** & **Packet Loss Rate (\%)** \\
**Data Packet** & **for Original Packets** \\ \hline
1 & 16.24 \\ \hline
2 & 2.79 \\ \hline
3 & 0.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: PLR (%) in data transmission between a single broadcaster and a single CSR observer device, according to the number of packet repetition.  
In open areas with a direct line sight, the coverage range of CSR1010 devices is around 30 m. However, this range is lower in inside environments with obstacles, so it was necessary a study to evaluate this range in our laboratory.  
In this experiment, two devices were used: a broadcaster placed 4 m from a observer, with constructive elements between them (see Table 2). This study is not used for any building, it means, it must be repeated for any building to ensure the minimum number of devices needed to cover its own area. In our experimental scenarios, 80 RSSI samples were taken in coexistence with other wireless technologies (Wi-Fi and ZigBee).  
For each evaluated scenario, two experiments were carried out, regarding the device position: favourable and unfavourable position. The obtained results are shown in Table 2.  
Using this previous evaluation, we were able to study how different construction elements affect the coverage range. For this purpose, we deployed a mesh network, avoiding the problematic elements, like columns, walls and particular storage racks.  
We begun deploying a 10-CSR device network. Of course, all coverage area was covered, but our aim was to know the minimum number of devices needed to cover it. So that, the number of devices was gradually decreased up to we found that two devices were not able to cover the whole area. Therefore, we established that the minimum needed devices to cover this area was three.
## 2 Proposed MOT Method
### Diverse and Hierarchical Matching Strategy
```
0: Trajectories set K, Detections set D
0: Set of unmatched trajectories \(U_{K}\), set of unmatched detections \(U_{d}\), set of matches M
1: Initialize set of confirmed and tentative trajectories \(\text{K}_{CT}\) and set of vanished trajectories \(\text{K}_{V}\), set of high-confidence trajectories \(\text{K}_{H}\) and set of low-confidence trajectories \(\text{K}_{L}\), set of high-confidence detections \(\text{D}_{H}\) and set of low-confidence detections \(\text{D}_{L}\)
2: Initialize \(U_{K}\), \(U_{d}\) and M to \(\varnothing\)
3: Compute affinity matrix \(A\) and appearance affinity matrix \(A_{app}\) using Equation: (3) (4) (5)
4: Associate \(\text{K}_{H}\) and \(\text{D}_{H}\),\(\text{K}_{H}\) and \(\text{D}_{L}\),\(\text{K}_{L}\) and \(\text{D}_{H}\),\(\text{K}_{L}\) and \(\text{D}_{L}\) according to \(A\)
5: Associate remaining trajectories and remaining \(\text{D}_{H}\) and \(\text{D}_{L}\) according to IoU
6: Associate \(\text{K}_{V}\) and remaining \(\text{D}_{H}\) and \(\text{D}_{L}\) according to \(A_{app}\)
7: Update \(U_{K}\) to remaining trajectories
8: Update \(U_{d}\) to remaining detections
9: Update M to successful matches
10:return\(U_{K}\), \(U_{d}\), M
```  
**Algorithm 1** Trajectories Association
# Rapid Detection of Key Phenotypic Parameters in Wheat Grains Using Linear Array Camera
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Detection System
#### 2.2.1 Hardware Build
The motion control card is connected to the industrial computer via an Ethernet network interface, and the MODBUS_TCP communication protocol is adopted for data exchange. In accordance with the received instructions, the motion control card transmits signals to the light source controller to activate the bar light source. Additionally, it controls the servo driver by sending pulse signals, causing the servo motor to operate the double-rail synchronous belt module and facilitating the reciprocating motion of the material tray. Limit sensors are installed on the synchronous belt module, which perform positioning and limit control. The image acquisition card controls the camera to take images through the Camera Link interface to support subsequent image processing and analysis. During this process, the signals fed back by the motor encoder are transmitted to the servo controller to ensure the accuracy and stability of the motor operation. At the same time, the shaft encoder transmits the position information of the material tray to the industrial computer and saves it in the database such that, when the program is started next time, the accurate position of the material tray can be quickly obtained and restored. Through the coordinated operation of precise motion control and image acquisition, this system improves the automation level and operation efficiency of the production line and ensures the high precision and reliability of the production process.
## Particle Number Measurements Directly from the Tailpipe for Type Approval of Heavy-Duty Engines  
**[PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 4, [PERSON] 5, [PERSON] 6, [PERSON] 7 and [PERSON] 7**  
1 European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra 21027, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2 Daimler AG, Mercedesstr. 120, 70372 Stuttgart, Germany; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.K.); [PERSON]ESS] (H.R.)  
3 CNH Industrial, via Puglia 35, 10156 Torino, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
4 DAF Trucks N.V., Hugo [PERSON] 1, 5643 TW Eindhoven, The Netherlands; [PERSON]  
5 MAN Truck & Bus AG, Vogelweirestr. 33, D-90441 Nurnberg, Germany; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
6 Volvo Powertrain Engineering, 99 Route de Lyon, 69806 Saint-Priest, France; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
7 Scania, CV AB, 15187 Soderstlije, Sweden; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.I.); [PERSON] (H.L.K.)  
*Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +39-0332-78-5312 check for updates  
Received: 7 October 2019; Accepted: 16 October 2019; Published: 18 October 2019  
Featured Application: Particle number measurements directly from the tailpipe of heavy-duty engines are possible for type approval regulatory purposes.  
**Abstract:** The type approval of heavy-duty engines requires measurement of particulates downstream of a proportional to the exhaust flow partial flow dilution system. However, for particle number systems, which measure in real time, this is not necessary and a fixed dilution could be used. In order to assess this dilution possibility, an inter-laboratory exercise was conducted, where a \"Golden\" system measuring directly from the tailpipe with \"hot\" (150 \({}^{\circ}\)C) fixed dilution was compared with the laboratory regulated systems. Additional \"Golden\" counters were measuring from 10 nm, below the current cut-off size of 23 nm defined in the regulation, in order to collect data below 23 nm and to confirm that the direct sampling is also possible for smaller sizes. Seven diesel engines and two CNG (compressed naturals gas) engines were used in six laboratories. The results of the \"Golden\" instruments were within 25% in most cases, reaching 40% in two laboratories for both \(>\)23 nm and \(>\)10 nm. The repeatability of the measurements (10% to 40%) remained the same for both systems with both cut-off sizes. One test with regeneration showed clear difference between the 10 nm systems, indicating that the thermal pre-treatment only with evaporation tube might not be adequate. Another system measuring from the tailpipe with a fixed \"cold\" (at ambient temperature) dilution gave differences of up to 50% in most cases (on average +26%). Dedicated tests with this system showed that the differences were the same with fixed or proportional dilution, indicating that it is not the concept that resulted in the overestimation, but the calibration of the system. The main conclusion of this study is that direct sampling with fixed dilution from the tailpipe can be introduced in the future regulation.  
**Keywords:** heavy-duty engines; particle number; sub-23 nm; catalytic stripper; crankcase emissions; regeneration; proportional partial flow dilution system; calibration
## 3 Mode Pairing Using the Energy-Based Modal Assurance Criterion (EMAC)  
An efficient and robust mode-pairing criterion is a key aspect to assure the stability of any model-updating methodology based on experimental modal data. Undoubtedly, the MAC is the most used criterion for this task. However, due to its drawbacks (presented in Section 2), it might be unsuitable in some situations. Some of these issues may be solved by a proper weighting of the MAC values. The criterion based on strain energy gathers the information from the mathematical correlation between the modal vectors with the physical information of the degrees of freedom observed in the dynamic test and related to the stiffness or mass distribution.  
In this criterion, the correspondence of the numerical modes with the experimental ones is carried out through the EMAC parameter (Energy-based Modal Assurance Criterion) which is given by:  
\[\text{EMAC}_{ijk}=\prod\
olimits_{jk}\text{MAC}_{ij} \tag{5}\]  
This parameter results from the weighting of the MAC parameter by the relative modal strain energy (\(\prod\
olimits_{jk}\)) of one or several groups of degrees of freedom of the numerical model, called clusters. Each experimental mode is paired with the numerical mode corresponding to the highest value of the EMAC parameter.  
The success of the criterion based on the EMAC parameter largely depends on the selection of the degrees of freedom of the numerical model that form the various clusters. Clusters must allow for the separation of measured degrees of freedom from unmeasured degrees of freedom in the test. In complex structures, the clusters must also consider the different substructures constituted by groups of elements with a dynamic behavior different from the global structure.  
This criterion was developed and successfully applied by [PERSON] et al. [12] for the case of real vibration modes. Its application to complex vibration modes based on a state-space formulation is innovative and is not reported in the bibliography in detail.  
In this section, the mathematical formulation of the EMAC criterion is presented. First, the formulation proposed by [PERSON] et al. [12] for real modes is briefly presented, as it represents the basis for the understanding of the formulation for complex modes. Then, the mathematical formulation of the newly innovative approach to dealing with complex modes is presented.
## 2 Message Replication in OppNets for Sensed Data Collection
### Handheld User Devices and OppNets for Sensed Data Collection
#### 2.2.1 General Characteristics  
The general characteristics of OppNets for sensed data collection introduced by portable handheld user devices are mainly related to technological challenges. Due to the versatility of these devices, users are willing to contribute only a limited amount of their resources (in terms of battery, memory and processing power) to the network. OppNets preferably exploit the short-range communication interfaces available on portable handheld devices in order to minimize energy consumption. The use of short-range communication interfaces also introduces additional characteristics, such as limited bandwidth on the network side. Hence, it is important that overheads in OppNets are minimized as much as possible, in order to maintain feasibility and encourage user participation.
## 4 Results and Discussion
In this paper, we have shown that penetration depths in the order of a few centimeters are experimentally possible in tissue-mimicking breast phantoms and that our proposed system is able to correctly identify the target position in all the presented scenario. In particular, for _Phantom2_, with an attenuation slightly below 2 dB/cm,a penetration of around 3 cm was achieved. It is worth noting that deeper penetrations are possible, provided that a thicker phantom can be realized. For _Phantom3_, with an attenuation slightly above 41 dB/cm, a penetration of around 1.5 cm was still possible, despite the sub-optimum hardware possibilities, most notably the use of a standard VNA instead of a dedicated transmit/receive module. This performance (both in terms of penetration depth and scanning time) can undoubtedly be improved, through the use of dedicated transceivers and switch matrices, although it should be noted that penetration depths of a few centimeters are sufficient to entirely scan a flattened breast (derived from the woman supine position). In addition, it has been shown in [9] that about 40% of post-menopausal women included in the database [7; 8] have a breast characterized by a high percentage of adipose tissue (with dielectric permittivity values between 2.6 and 4.9 for the real part and between 0 and 2.7 for the imaginary part), so it is realistic to assume particularly low dielectric permittivity values, making significant penetration depths possible also at mm-waves. In this regard, it is important to note that, since the proposed imaging technique is intended to be a screening system, the target population is not the whole female population (where the percentage of very fat breasts would not be high), but the one considered at risk (depending, among other factors, on age), where a higher percentage of fat breasts is expected.
## 3 Preliminaries
### Notation Definition  
The main notations used in this paper and their descriptions are shown in Table 1.
# Design and Implementation of a Smart Traffic Signal Control System for Smart City Applications
## 4 EVSP Process  
As shown in Figure 5, four components are interacted in the EVSP sequence diagram, which are OBU, RSU controller, traffic signal controller, and CMS. The interaction messages sequence can be divided into two phases, before and after the EV passed through the intersection, which are mapping to the seven stages illustrated in Figure 4. The RSU controller collects the EV message, decides if it should be responsible for the EV (host RSU), controls the signal control, and displays messages on the CMS. After EV passes through the intersection, the RSU controller switches back the signal, CMS, and starts traffic compensation as discussed later in Section 4.5.  
The major component where the EVSP control algorithm executed is the RSU controller, where the system flowchart is shown in Figure 6. The EVSP algorithm processes the OBU message, identifies the vehicle type and status (A), determines if it is the host RSU by the HostRSU algorithm (B), entering the EVSP state, and running the traffic signal control algorithm (C), determining if OBU leaves the intersection (D), and switches to the compensation mode (E).  
EV broadcasts an on-duty preemption message, RSUs which received the message will determine if it should be responsible for this EVSP message by the host RSU algorithm (discussed in Section 4.2).  
Figure 5: Sequence diagram of the EVSP mode.  
Figure 6: EVSP algorithm.  
RSU switches to S3 (EVSP mode) if it is the host RSU, and activates the preemption process and signal guarding mode (yellow + all red). It displays EV information on the CMS to inform all the drivers and passengers. The RSU controller continuously monitors the location and status of the EV, and determines if it has passed through the intersection. When the EV has left the intersection, it switches the state from S3 to the original state, turns off the CMS message, and begins the traffic compensation process.
## 2 Literature Review
### Networked Color Sensors
#### 2.5.1 Color Sensors  
Color sensors are one type of many functional sensors with a significant role in daily life. The color of objects hold a lot of information. Many factors, such as radiation light and reflections, light source azimuth, observation orientation and the performance of the sensor, easily affect them [33].  
Figure 7: Several client/server models. (a) all sensor nodes send data directly to the processing center; (b) hierarchical data processing solves transfer problems step by step.  
Changing any parameter will lead to change in the observed color. At present, two basic types of sensors exist based on type of color identification:  
1. RGB color sensors (red, green, blue) that detect tristimulus values. Three sensors, one for each color, record the proportions of red, blue, and green. Changing the detection distance changes only the light intensity but not the proportion of the colors. This allows for correct use even on targets with mechanical vibrations.
2. Spectral sensors with multiple sensors, each sensitive to spectral reflectance at each wavelength or in a narrow wavelength range. These instruments have high accuracy and the ability to measure absolute colors. Research uses these sensors often, but they are sensitive to movement of the target.