# Geotechnical Property Modeling and Construction Safety Zoning Based on GIS and BIM Integration
## 3 Implementation on the Peshawar Region Borehole Data
### Visualization, Management, and Volume Calculation  
Before integrating the geotechnical map information into a BIM platform to enhance the visualization of the geotechnical information and aids the volume calculation of each soil type available below the ground, setting up the coordinate system is necessary to georeferenced the IFC file. The Autodesk Civil 3D software has been used widely in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry for modeling, visualization, managing, and documentation the geometrical information. In addition, it can manage coordinate systems and integrating non-geometric information with the geometric model. The AutoCAD Map 3D can be opened inside the Civil 3D software that supports the export and import of CityGML based models [64]. Boreholes are represented in the BIM environment providing three-dimensional visualization showing soil layers with different colors along with the depth (Figure 7). All layers are differentiated by color and type information are stored in the Civil 3D database. As each borehole has its coordinates, so  
Figure 6: Experimental Validation of Generated maps in Figure 5, (**a**) validation of the SPT map, (**b**) validation of the plasticity index map, and (**c**) validation of the UCS map. they can be shown on the map on its actual location. Figure 7a shows the visualization of boreholes that contain soil type information with depth. The color shows the different types of soil types. Geotechnical information was represented in the civil 3D surfaces that interpolate all points of the same soil type and create surfaces (Figure 7b). The points created in the civil 3D are known Coordinate Geometry (COGO) points [65]. The advantage of the COGO is that, in addition to the x, y, and z coordinate information, it support appending of extra information such as points numbering, name, description etc. Borehole points are considered as COGO points that are stored in the COGO point database containing information. Figure 7a illustrates the detailed information about the borehole with the soil type information in different color representations. Furthermore, Geotechnical surfaces are visualized for all types of soil that are categorized by colors as shown in Figure 7b. The top and bottom layer surface was utilized for the volume calculation using the surface-to-surface volume calculation method. The red color shows the clay layer distributed over the whole area. The quantity of clay available underground is calculated with the surface-to-surface method by overlaying the upper surface layer on the lower layer. Figure 8a shows the overlaying by vertical projection between lower and upper clay layer, while Figure 8b illustrates the prisms created by the projection of the two surfaces. It can be seen from the borehole representation (Figure 7a), two clay layers are available. The four surfaces joined by the points of the same type and order are visualized in Figure 8a. Civil 3D has the functionality to extract solid between two surfaces from up to some depth, elevation, or to some target surface. Solids can be extracted from each top and bottom surface. All top and bottom surfaces are created for each type of soil in borehole data and categorized in colors. Solids are extracted from clay top and bottom surface shown in Figure 8b and the volume of that solid represents the quantity of the available clay in the site. Extra information is appended to the geotechnical solids in the BIM environment to enhance the model capability. The understanding of the distribution of the soil layer in the construction site is very significant for the site engineers and managers for deciding on the construction method. The use of BIM for the surface and solid modeling of the underground geotechnical layers provides practitioners and researchers a better approach to visualize, manage, and calculate the volume.