# Review of Transition from Mining 4.0 to Mining 5.0 Innovative Technologies
## 3 Review of the Transition from Mining 3.0 to 4.0  
We consider the result of a systemic transformation of subsoil mining and primary processing technologies up to the Industry 4.0 level (Mining 4.0) in all the variety of intertwining technological and social and economic platforms [19]. The transition between platforms Mining 3.0 and 4.0 reflects the objective evolution of technology. It began in the 19 th century, with coal mining for steam engines and coke production (Mining 1.0); then, manual labor was replaced by machines in primary processes at the beginning of the 20 th century (Mining 2.0); and then there was a shift toward widespread automation and complex mechanization (Mining 3.0) [20]. Today, the defining stage is Mining 4.0 (digital computing and control systems that replace humans in a number of processes), which prepares the basis for the upcoming transition to Mining 5.0 as a more perfect optimization of production, with a characteristic symbiosis of humans and smart machines [21].  
The transition of mining technological platforms \"Mining 3.0-4.0-5.0\" does not occur linearly but in steps (as the potential of digital and convergent technologies accumulates), resulting in overlapping and interweaving of old and new technologies. Examples of such transitional technologies are the following:  
* In the transition from Mining 3.0 to 4.0: the use of artificial intelligence to control machines and their operators without replacing human intelligence with an artificial one (control of fatigue of dump truck drivers [22] and intelligent monitoring of machines for energy consumption optimization [23]); wearable smart sensors for monitoring the mine atmosphere and equipment operation [24]); using big data to control but not to manage the state of the rock array [25]; application of machine vision and learning to improve the quality of ore processing on existing flotation equipment [11].
* In the transition from Mining 4.0 to 5.0, a combination of postmining technologies is already observed today. It included 3D modeling of reclamation and the use of neural networks to analyze environmental damage, filling the restored ecosystem in surface mining clusters with genetically modified organisms, and installing renewable wind and solar energy facilities [26; 27]. Further, the technologies of underground mining and chemical extraction of coal are combined in its underground gasification [28].  
In general, the intersection and overlapping of old and new technologies (Industries 3.0 and 4.0) are quite rare; the most frequently observed picture is their coexistence and gradual displacement. In more detail, new technologies, the expansion of which marks technological transitions in mining, will be discussed below.  
The defining component of Mining 4.0 is associated with human-cyber-physical systems (HCPSs) [22; 23; 24], which are currently actively evolving in the industry (Figure 3 [29]) from HPS (human-physical systems) to HPS 2.0. The second generation of such systems, on the basis of which Mining 5.0 will be formed, should turn the current operators of partially robotic devices into operators of intelligent machines, thereby freeing themselves not only from manual but also intellectual labor, moving on to pure engineering creativity.  
Figure 3: Intelligent manufacturing evolution (Reprinted from Ref. [29]).