# Artificial Intelligence Implementations on the Blockchain. Use Cases and Future Applications
## 3 Use Cases and Future Applications
### The Integrity and Validity of Information  
Blockchain as a data and framework store presents a number of advantages over the Internet or over internal stores. By way of two exemplary challenges to the AI world, we present how blockchain can address these in novel ways. One of the biggest challenges in data science today is the collection of a proper dataset, which can be utilized for training a neural network. The pluralism of data over the Internet is enormous, but the quality is minimal due to the habit of people to post inaccurate things, mainly, because there is no control. A characteristic paradigm is the \"fake news\" explosion in recent years, which tends to propagate faster than well documented and verified news [25]. Internet giants like Facebook and Google have tried to tackle the problem via several computational methods, but even though there seems to be a sufficient theoretical basis for separating \"signal\" from \"noise\" [26], the problem still thrives as of today. A second challenge is adversarial interference with the processing. Tesla's autopilot was shown to be vulnerable to remote root privilege attacks that could control the steering system and disturb the \"autowipers\" function [27]. By introducing false information in the physical world such as minor changes in the road, it was possible to mislead the car into the opposite lane. The consequential risks of such vulnerability include, but are not limited to, human injuries and death. Many other examples abound. Blockchains can address these issues in a comprehensive way through integrity, security, triple entry and provenance. **Data as fact integrity**: The cryptographic inventions of digital signatures and hashes have led to a general technique for making data reliable within the context and limitations of the technical means, a characteristic called integrity. In practice this means that we can state with (cryptographic) certainty that a piece of data existed no later than a particular time, and that it remains untampered with. These cryptographic techniques need some software to deliver results. Timestamping [28] involves taking the hash of a document and placing it in a timed sequence of hashes that is kept alive essentially without limit on time. Each new document's hash is placed in a block, which is then hashed, along with a hash of the last block and the current time. As the cryptographic hash is essentially unforgeable without the actual block, this ensures both the inclusion of the new document(s) and the proof that the last block, and by induction all previous blocks and included documents, are securely timestamped. The reliability of the stamp of time is the reliability of the recording of the time in each block, and the space between the blocks. **Facts by people, securely**: Digital signing takes the evidence of a hash one step further by indicating who it was that made that stamp. Digital signatures are made by a private key, and verified by a public key, which latter also takes the form of an identifier for the private key called a pseudonym. This security model is essential for a blockchain as it ensures that only the proper pseudonymous agent, as holder of the private key, can make new transactions. Money is perhaps the most harshly attacked activity of humanity after wars, and therefore can only survive if protected by strong security. The cryptographic security model of pseudonymous digital signing used in blockchains is battle-hardened and is available for free for all other applications beyond transfers of value. This is no trivial benefit as the Internet has quite poor security models, and big Internet applications such as online banking and autonomous vehicles generally have trouble deploying robust security to users. Injection of information from unknown sources is rampant, and simply adding data stamping and signing as used in blockchain makes the attacker's job harder.