## 3 Results
### Researching Stigma toward Survivors of IPV  
Both qualitative and quantitative studies have investigated stigma toward IPV survivors. The qualitative studies included in the present review implemented semi-structured [28; 53; 54; 63; 64] and in-depth interviews [51]. Some of the methodologies and approaches used for the interviews were: The phenomenological approach [51], the life history approach [54], the analytic method [49]. Two studies have also included a focus group [51; 54]. Qualitative research allows one to investigate the first-person experience, which results in a deep understanding of human behavior [70]. In this field, to the best of our knowledge, only interviews and focus groups have been conducted. Concerning the quantitative studies included in the present review, four of them used the vignette methodology to investigate public perceptions of IPV survivors [38; 50; 52; 65]. Furthermore, the following self-reports were used in the research included in the present review: The Social Reactions Questionnaire (SRQ; [PERSON] [40]), which focused on social responses to the disclosure of survivors of violence. Survivors had to report how often they received 48 different reactions from other people to their disclosure. The instrument had good validity and reliability [40]. The Domestic Violence Myth Acceptance Scale [DVMAS; [PERSON] [45]], which is an 18-item questionnaire that measures the endorsement of domestic violence myths by participants. The reliability of the questionnaire is excellent and presents good validity in terms of face and content. However, divergent validity was only partially supported in the study by [PERSON] [46]. The Supportive Attitudes Toward Victim Scale (SAVS) is a 15-item questionnaire developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [58] to assess the degree to which a person has supportive attitudes toward a survivor of violence. A principal component analysis reported the presence of four subscales: Insisting Victim to Leave subscale (\(\alpha\) = 0.76), Imposing Judgment subscale (\(\alpha\) = 0.75), Traditional Value for Intimate Relationships subscale (\(\alpha\) = 0.69), and Work Out Relationship (\(\alpha\) = 0.60). The Domestic Violence Blame Scale (DVBS) [55] is a 23-item scale that aims to assess the amount of blame an individual attributes to survivors of domestic violence. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [55], it presents adequate reliability and validity. The Victim Blame Attribution Scale (VBA) [59] investigates victim-blame attitudes. VBA has five items, and [PERSON]'s alpha was 0.73 for an American population. The Perceived Seriousness of Violence measure is a 5-item questionnaire aimed at assessing the degree to which individuals perceive the severity of IPV episodes [59]. [PERSON]'s alpha was 0.84. The Excuse Perpetrator Measure [56] is a 4-item questionnaire that evaluates the excusing of the baterer of the respondents. The [PERSON] alpha was 0.58. The Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) is a questionnaire designed to assess the self-perceived readiness of physicians [71] or students [61] to handle patients with a history of violence. The questionnaire is reliable and valid, and it allows one to discriminate between trained from non-trained physicians. A questionnaire was designed to evaluate the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of health care providers about IPV recognition and handling [61]. The questionnaire consists of 39 items with good internal reliability (\(\alpha\) = 0.88). The Attitudes Toward Crime Victims index assesses law personnel's beliefs about survivors of violent crimes' attitudes and behaviors [45; 47]. The questionnaire showed high internal reliability (\(\alpha\) = 0.822). To the authors' knowledge, four other questionnaires have been developed to investigate aspects of public stigma toward IPV survivors. Articles related to the validation of these questionnaires did not meet the inclusion criteria of the present review, however, they may be useful to those conducting research in this field.