## 4 Discussion
These results were similarly confirmed by [PERSON] [26] in nine woody species where the start dates of spring and summer phenophases occurred earlier with time, while the beginning of autumn and winter phenology stages were delayed. The terms of flowering depend on weather conditions, such as chilling and heating, in early blooming almonds [64]. In this research, bud break (BBCH 07) in climber roses occurred earlier every next year except after frosty winters, when it would take place later. Bud break and leaf development (BBCH 11) in climber rose cultivars showed strict correlations with average monthly temperature in the autumn-winter-spring period in all cultivars (Tables 4 and 5), but they were also different depending on the origin of the cultivar (Tables 5 and 6). Similar relations between weather conditions and origin were observed in other groups of roses, e.g., the Spinossissima group [40], Rugosa-Hybrids [42; 43], Gallica-Hybrids [44], and rambler roses [45]. This relationship was especially relevant to the first phenological stages: bud breaking and leaf development (BBCH 07 and 11) and the period of initial flowering (BBCH 60 601) (Tables 5, 6 and 9). It was also observed gene expression and identified gene candidates connected with the processes of dormancy and flowering in flower buds of almond cultivars (_Prunus dulcis_ (Mill.) [PERSON]. [PERSON]). The information of this research can be used by the breeding programs of new cultivars by a climate change in temperate regions [59]. The _Rosaceae_ fruit trees like apricot are flowering earlier than roses. However, the research on apricot in the UK showed that blooming time was associated with changes in air temperature during effective chilling and warming periods in spring, with warming interval chilling caused the blooming delays by 4.82 d \({}^{\circ}\)C\({}^{-1}\), while warming during heat accumulation was connected with flowering advances by 9.85 d \({}^{\circ}\)C\({}^{-1}\). However, the apricot blooming term remained relatively unaltered notwithstanding a significant temperature rise. It may mean a decrease of frost risk for early spring blooming crops, e.g., apricot [65]. Similar phenomena for early phenological stages were observed in roses. The timing of leaf unfolding in climber roses was similar in the following years, but in the years 2014-2016, this phenological stage appeared earlier by one or two points in the scale. Both a longer growing season and higher total monthly temperature in March can result in earlier flowering (Table 9). The changing timings of flowering in the years 2000-2012 in ground cover, Rugosa Hybrid, Gallica Hybrid, and Spinossissima roses in PAS Botanical Garden were similar [38; 40; 41; 42; 44]. Nonetheless, in the research of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [55] on repeat-flowering climbing roses conducted across three years of observations (2004-2006), high temperatures (above 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in 2006 caused the flowering period to shorten. Moreover, the break between the first and the fallowed flowering in the season sustained longer than in previous years [55]. In the research of [PERSON] [56], 10 cultivars of repeat-floweringmodern shrub roses began to flower no later than in the first 10 days of June in the years 2005-2010, irrespective of the frost damage of shoots in winter. In this research, the timing of blooming in climber roses differed by a few days from timings shown after three different autumn-winter-spring seasons (Table 9). The height of shrubs was determined to a large extent by supports, and the plants' maximum height was measured in autumn. The climbers reached their maximal height after 3-5 years (Table 2), in contrast to the ground cover roses, where the shrubs reached their maximum height after two years of growth [39]. The climber can grow higher in warmer parts of Europe, where it also flowers reliably every year thanks to mild winters [1,2]. Additionally, the observed historical rambler [40,45] and climber are characterized by strong vigor and growth (Figure 6) compared with modern cultivars [55].