###### Abstract  
Previous studies focused on the status and driving factors of non-grain cultivated land (NGCL), but lacked research on the impact mechanism of NGCL on sustainable agricultural development from the perspective of farmers' household livelihoods and agricultural production factor allocation. Therefore, the concept of resilience was introduced. According to official statistics of China from 2010 to 2021, such as the local statistical yearbooks, the impact of NGCL on agricultural development resilience (ADR) in the main grain-producing area of Northeast China was explored based on the threshold effect model and the spatial lag model. The results indicate that (1) the overall level of NGCL in the study area from 2011 to 2020 show an upward followed by a downward trend; (2) the size of agricultural labor force and average area per labor constrain the impact of NGCI on ADR, and the change can be characterized by negative to positive, increasing and then decreasing respectively, and the former is more constrained than the latter; (3) a negative effect of the NGCI trend on ADR exists without spatial spillover effect. The expansion of food production exacerbates the risk of factor mismatch, which is accentuated by the governance environment that pursues food production excessively. Establishing the NFP governance standards should consider the transformation of farmers' livelihoods and the optimization of production factor allocation. Constructing a resilient risk management mechanism, promoting moderate scale operation and optimizing agricultural labor scale are specific paths for improving the governance mechanisms of NGCI. This study provides a theoretical reference for the development of policies and governance strategies for NGCI in underdeveloped areas. c 20231338141  
and the factor allocation of agricultural production, resulting in enormous hidden losses in grain productivity that exceed those caused by farmland conversion explicitly [6; 7]. NGCL has threatened the national food security, social stability and sustainable development of agricultural systems. Additionally, the process of NGCL reflects the practical problems of intensified human-land conflict, single functions, lower benefits, and rigid systems in agricultural space [8]. Therefore, to promote rational use of agricultural space, the influence mechanism of NGCL on the sustainable development of agriculture should also be explored. Clarifying the internal logic of NGCL governance is also important to promote high-quality development of agricultural space and ensure food security. A key principle of Chinese national food security is food self-sufficiency based on domestic grain production, which requires adjusting governance to local conditions and coordinating food security and production factors [9; 10]. Moreover, the bottom-line mind and protection priority idea emphasized in territorial spatial planning coincide with the food security idea of China--that is, staying above the red line of 120 million hectares of total farmland [11; 12]. In reality, a strict agricultural land use control requirement of China's territorial spatial planning has provided institutional constraints for strengthening the control of general cultivated land and permanent basic farmland [13]. Meanwhile, a \"production-living-ecology space\" concept and scientific layout have contributed to the high-quality development of agricultural space in territorial spatial planning [14]. Therefore, starting from the unified governance of all factors advocated by the territorial spatial planning, the concepts of agricultural development resilience (ADR) are endowed in this research. Further, ADR refers to the ability to maintain existing characteristics and key functional structures for adaptation, risk response, and internal recovery while digesting and absorbing external disturbances [15; 16]. This concept of resilience was learned from many fields.