## 5 Major Equipment and Technologies
### Advanced Machines Used to Advance Agriculture
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Wireless Sensors** & **Employment** & **References** \\ \hline Acoustic Sensor & Acoustic sensors provide other tools for farm management, such as weeding and fruit harvesting. The major advantage of this advanced technology is its low price with quick response capabilities, particularly when considering convenient devices. & [33; 117; 118] \\ Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) & This technology is utilized in different agricultural applications, including segmentation, land mapping, farm 3D models, determining soil types, yield prediction, soil loss, and monitoring erosion. Moreover, LiDAR is also utilized to monitor dynamic measurements, such as leaf area and fruit. & [119; 120; 121; 122; 123; 124] \\ Optical Sensor & These sensors use the phenomenon of light reflection to help measure soil organic matter, soil moisture, and color, the presence of minerals and their composition, clay content, etc. These sensors can be used to evaluate the soil’s ability to reflect light based on different parts of the selector’s magnetic field. & [125; 126] \\ Ultrasonic Ranging Sensor & This type of sensor can be one of the best choices in various agricultural applications because of its low price. It is easy to use, and its sampling rate can easily be adjusted/modified. & [127; 128; 129] \\  & Frequent uses are tank monitoring, spray distance measurement (for example, boom height sensor and width control for uniform spray reporting, object detection, and collision avoidance), and crop canopy monitoring. & \\ Optoelectronic Sensor & Optoelectronic sensors can distinguish plant types; hence, they help to detect weeds, and other plants, particularly in wide-row crops. Optoelectronic sensors are also capable of differentiating between vegetation and soil from their reflection spectra. & \\ Electromagnetic Sensor & Electromagnetic sensors are used to record conductivity and transient electromagnetic responses, identify electrical responses and adjust variable-rate applications in practical situations. Sensors based on this technology use electrical circuits to measure the ability of soil particles to conduct or accumulate charge, which is mainly accomplished by two methods; contact or non-contact. & [130] \\ Electrochemical Sensor & This is used to assess soil characteristics to analyze the soil’s nutrient level, for example, pH. & [132; 133] \\ Mechanical Sensors & Mechanical sensors evaluate the mechanical resistance (compaction) of the soil to indicate variable compaction. Mechanical sensors enter or pass through the soil and record forces evaluated by strain gauges or load cells. & [134] \\ Airflow Sensor & These sensors measure the soil’s permeability and moisture content and identify the soil structure to distinguish different soil types. Measurements can be made in a single position or dynamically during movement, for example, in a fixed position or mobile mode. & [135] \\ Mass Flow Sensor & This sensor is used for yield monitoring because it provides yield information by measuring the amount of grain flow (for example, when passing through a combine harvesting). & [136; 137] \\ Eddy Covariance-Based Sensor & This sensor can be utilized to quantify the exchange of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and other hydrologic and climatic parameters. This eddy covariance technique provides a robust technique to quantify the gas fluxes among soil, vegetation, and atmosphere, which are essential for most agricultural applications in various ecosystems. & [134; 138] \\ SWLB Sensor & Soft water level-based (SWLB) sensors are utilized in advanced agricultural watersheds to monitor hydrological behavior, including flow and water level, inflexible time-step acquisitions. & [9; 136] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: This list is an effort to compile most of sensors used in the advanced agriculture. It is not meant to be a comprehensive list as many more sensor devices are used in agriculture.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Cont. by 2028 [139; 5].