esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Advances in Emerging Memory Technologies: From Data Storage to Artificial Intelligence
## 2 Market and Trends of Memory Technologies
### Technology Trends of Nonvolatile Memories
#### 2.1.3 Trends in Embedded Nonvolatile Memory Technologies  
Although the majority of the market is represented by high-density standalone memories, the embedded nonvolatile memory market is finding increasing use in a wide array of integrated circuits with applications ranging from a few bits (analog trimming) to megabytes for data/code storage. In systems with embedded nonvolatile memories, the memory array occupies only a certain fraction of the total die area due to the relatively small number of embedded bit cells. For this reason, the cell size shrink is not essential and larger cell sizes can be adopted with respect to standalone memories [20]. However, high programming voltages can lead to the need of high voltage transistors in the periphery what can impact the circuit size.  
Three sectors can be distinguished for embedded memories, which are key enablers of today's wide variety of microcontroller products [21]:  
* Automotive microcontrollers: these represent the most important market. The main applications include powertrain, body and convenience, safety, connectivity, security, etc.
* Smartcard microcontrollers: these represent a wide range of applications, including ticketing, authentication, government ID, payment, security, etc. This market has recently increased with the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and connected objects.  
Consumer and industrial: these also represent a wide range of applications, and include any type of machine or equipment that can use memory.  
Smaller than the standalone memories market, the embedded market still represents tens of billion dollars every year with huge volume growth. Embedded specifications depend on the market and applications [22]. The most stringent market is the automotive, with aggressive specifications especially for grade 0 (\(-\)40 \({}^{\circ}\)C to +150 \({}^{\circ}\)C ambient operating temperature range).  
In terms of technology, each competitor develops and uses its own memory cell concept. They all rely on charge trapping mechanisms (in a poly-Si floating gate or in a nitride charge trapping layer) and differ in cell architecture, from 1 T (one transistor) and 1.5 T (self-aligned control gate, select gate, and split gate, which is discussed further on) to 2 T options (separated select gate and memory gate). Production is currently at the 40 nm node, while 28 nm technologies are increasing in volume production. The current main embedded NVM charge storage-based cell concepts in production are described in [20].
# Analysis of the Impact of Small Group Behavior on Cruise Ship Emergency Evacuation
## 3 Cruise Ship Personnel Evacuation Model Establishment  
### Cruise Ship Personnel Evacuation Stages and Evacuation Methods  
According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) MSC.1/Circ1533 circular [32] on the evacuation guidelines for new passenger ships and existing passenger ships issued by MSC, during the emergency situations, the area where passengers gather in an emergency is called the assembly station, and the boarding station is an area where passengers can board lifeboats. Each assembly station can serve multiple boarding stations and should be located close to them. On a cruise ship in an emergency, the crew instructs and directs passengers to follow emergency procedures. The crew first evacuates them to the assembly stations and then guides them to their respective boarding stations, and if necessary, organizes them to abandon ship procedures to board lifeboats. The emergency evacuation process on the cruise ship is divided into three parts as follows:  
(1) Response duration (R): It is the duration that takes for people to react to the station. This duration begins upon initial notification (e.g., alarm) of an emergency and ends when the passenger accepted the situation and begins to move towards an assembly station.  
(2) Total travel duration (T): it refers to the duration it takes for passengers to evacuate from an initial unsafe location to a relatively safe assembly station.  
(3) Embarkation and launching duration (E): the maximum allowed duration is 30 min.  
Therefore, the time to assemble is a crucial part of the evacuation process, which is vital for accurately assessing the safety performance of the cruise ship evacuations. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) established a time control standard for the emergency evacuation phase as described in Equation (8).  
\[1.25(\mathrm{R}+\mathrm{T})+\frac{2}{3}(\mathrm{E}+\mathrm{L})\leq\mathrm{n} \tag{8}\]  
Among them, \(\mathrm{n}\) represents the maximum allowed evacuation time. For passenger ships, it is 60 min for those with less than three levels, and 80 min for large ships with more than three levels. Therefore, the time taken to assemble is a crucial factor in determining the evacuation time, which is very important for accurately evaluating the safety performance of the evacuation personnel.  
As shown in Figure 1, the passenger assembly method is divided into two categories in this paper:  
Figure 1: Two ways of evacuating passengers.  
Evacuation method I: in the event of an escalation of incidents on the cruise ship, it requires immediate action to abandon the ship and direct passengers to move directly from their initial location to the boarding stations.  
Evacuation method II: if the accident on the cruise ship does not exceed the accident limit range, and the cruise ship still has the ability to safely return, arrange for passengers to evacuate to the nearest assembly station.
# Evolution of the Complex Supply Chain Network Based on Deviation from the Power-Law Distribution
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper briefly analyzes the topological structure and characteristics of SCNs with small-world and scale-free characteristics, explains the evolution of complex SCNs and node degree value distribution models, and analyzes the power law distribution deviation of the network node degree values phenomenon. Based on the above research, three mechanism conditions were set up, including a new node and new connection and connection reconnection, and then an SCN evolution model considering deviation from the power law distribution was established. Combined with the above, a simulation analysis of the evolution of the SCN based on the deviation of single and double power law distributions is carried out, and the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The power index of the region with a large degree in the SCN is generally less than 3 and the power of the index can change with the change in parameters; (2) The deviation of the two-stage power law distribution of the network nodes is not caused by the addition of nodes or the reconnection process of the edges, because when \(n=0\) or \(p_{1}=0\), the nature of the law distribution still exists, but the increase of nodes and the reconnection process of the edges have a certain effect on the change in the power index of the network distribution; (3) The deviation of the power law distribution of the SCN is proportional to the evolution time; (4) The growth speed of the chain network in the early stage of evolution is relatively fast, while in the later stage the growth rate gradually slows down and stabilizes, and the enterprise relationship structure on the network also gradually stabilizes from the chaotic state. It is an evolution process that follows the nonuniform growth mechanism. Therefore, the model constructed in this paper can be used to describe the complex network SCN in  
Figure 7: Evolution diagram of the network degree distribution under different time steps.  
the evolution process in different periods to more accurately characterize the distribution of network node degrees and analyze the dynamic mechanism of network evolution. In future work, we will further extend the analysis to more general distributions, such as Lerch distribution.  
Conceptualization, X.Q.; methodology, X.Q.; software, X.Q.; validation, X.Q.; formal analysis, X.Q.; resources, Y.D.; data curation, Y.D.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.D.; writing--review and editing, Y.D.; visualization, Y.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Cooperative Content Caching Framework Using Cuckoo Search Optimization in Vehicular Edge Networks
## 5 System Model
### Delay Calculation Model  
In \(V2I\) communication, the transmission process determines the size and delay requirement of delivering file \(f\). \(N_{f}^{f}\) denotes the number of file segments at time \(t\). The duration of fetched file segments is defined as \(T_{n}^{f}\), \(n\) = 1,2,3... _Ntf_ and downloaded data volume during the fetching time period is \(S_{n}^{f}\), \(n\) = 1,2,3... _Ntf_. If data are downloaded from RSU, then the amount of downloaded data in nth segment will be \(S_{n}^{f}\) = \(S_{n}^{f}\) and the transmission delay of each packet delivered by RSU is defined using Equation (5).  
\[t_{R}^{f}=T_{n}^{f}/S_{R}^{f} \tag{5}\]  
Here, the number of fetched files in a limited time duration is divided by the total amount of downloaded data. The transmission delay from MBS is calculated using Equation (6).  
\[t_{B}^{f}=L/R_{B}^{f} \tag{6}\]  
where \(L\) is the size of delivered packets divided by the average transmission rate from the MBS. To evaluate the delay performance, the mean delay of total downloaded packets is calculated.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Processing
#### 2.6.2 EMI  
The Golden Surfer software was used to process the EMI data and formulate the maps of conductivity. This processing had six steps: (i) Edition of the data spreadsheets; (ii) Importation of the data to the software; (iii) Interpolation of the data by triangulation; (iv) Formulation of initial conductivity maps; (v) Application of the color filters; (vi) Formulation of the final map of conductivity.
# Dynamic Cooperative MAC Protocol for Navigation Carrier Ad Hoc Networks: A DiffServ-Based Approach
## 2 Related Works
However, these MAC protocols cannot fulfill the unique requirements of core-function-aware networks. Take NC-NET, for example; navigation service is the core function of NC-NET, which is essential to other multimedia services, even the services with stringent constraints on real-time variable bit rate, packet loss, and average delay. Thus, in this study, the design and analysis of the DiffServ mechanism, which can separate the kernel service from other functions, will be a basis for other technical details. Cooperative communication is another effective technique for realizing the advantages of spatial diversity, especially when NC-NET requires robust and real-time data communication, or the communication is impacted by high mobility, intermittent connectivity, and unreliability of the wireless medium. Thus, the theory behind it, depending on the application scenarios, can be classified into two categories: cooperative diversity, and packet relay by selected neighbor nodes. Cooperative diversity aims to offset the multi-path fading effect of wireless channels through multiple cooperative antennas, which can maximize the total network channel capacity [19; 20; 21]. For instance, CoopMAC [20] takes full advantage of the broadcast nature of the wireless channel, thus creating spatial diversity. Packet relay by selected neighbor nodes improves the link utilization probability by transmitting through the selected relay nodes, instead of transmitting directly to the destinations. In previous works, EC-MAC in reference [22], and 2 rcMAC in reference [23] are similar to our proposed protocol. EC-MAC adopts the best partnership selection algorithm to select the cooperative node with the properties of best channel conditions, highest transmission rate, and most balanced energy consumption. In 2 rcMAC, the nodes update their relay table through a passive listening method, and obtain spatial diversity by a two-best-relay approach. However, this literature [20; 21; 22; 23] is mainly confined to the scenarios with features such as short transmission range, low dynamic or static nodes, and omni-directional antennas. The cooperative MAC for large-scale sparse network is still an open issue, and does not have full-rate network codes for directional transmission [24; 25; 26]. Both of them restrain the use of cooperative communication in a practical large-scale dynamic network. Furthermore, in the majority of works, only the relays that can decode the packet successfully during the first transmission can be activated and get involved in the possible ARQ retransmission; meanwhile, the other relays keep silent during the whole ARQ process. Nevertheless, they ignore the fact that the relays, which cannot decode the packet correctly during the first transmission, still have the chance to decode the packet correctly in the ARQ process.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Site and Experimental Design  
This study was performed in the Yumwushan Natural Grassland Protection Zone (36\({}^{\circ}\)13\({}^{\prime}\)-36\({}^{\circ}\)19\({}^{\prime}\) N, 106\({}^{\circ}\)24\({}^{\prime}\)-106\({}^{\circ}\)28\({}^{\prime}\) E) near Guyuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, in the centre of the Loess Plateau (Figure 1). The grassland protection zone was established in 1984, with an area of 4000 km\({}^{2}\) and elevation ranging from 1800-2148 m a.s.l. The study area has a continental monsoon climate. The mean annual temperature is 6.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the annual maximum and minimum temperatures occur in July (24 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and January (\(-\)14 \({}^{\circ}\)C), respectively. The mean annual precipitation is 448 mm (from 1957 to 2011). The growing season (May to September) precipitation accounts for 81% of the total annual precipitation. The soil in the study area is a mountain grey-cinnamon soil classified as a Calci-Orthic Aridisol according to the Chinese taxonomic system, which is equivalent to a Haplic Calcisol in the FAO/UNESCO system.  
This experiment was established in an _S. capillata_ grassland derived from farmland that was abandoned 30 years ago. The grassland has been protected from moving and grazing by the Yunwushan Natural Grassland Management Bureau since the farmland was abandoned. In the experiment, a random block design was used with four replicates and 1.0-2.0 m between blocks. Each block contained three 4.0 m \(\times\) 5.0 m plots randomly arranged with 1.0 m between plots. The three plots in each block received one of the following three precipitation treatments: ambient precipitation (AP), decreased precipitation (DP), or increased precipitation (IP). Soil properties were the same among the plots. A movable rainout shelter (6.0 m long \(\times\) 5.0 m wide \(\times\) 2.1 m high), consisting of a steel frame supporting a clear plastic roof, was installed in each block to intercept precipitation in the plots with decreased precipitation. The rainout shelters were manually moved to cover the DP plots before the rain, and they were removed after approximately one-third of the duration of the rain. The amount of precipitation excluded was calculated from the measurement of rainfall over time and recorded with an automatic rain gauge at the site every 10 min. Water, equivalent to approximately 20% of the precipitation event, was added manually and evenly to the IP plots immediately after the end of the rain over both plants and soil; thus, the rate of application was similar to the rate of infiltration into the soil. Snowfall, accounting for \(<\)5% of the total annual precipitation, was not manipulated in this experiment. The precipitation was manipulated from July 2013 to September 2015.
# Decimal Multiplication in FPGA with a Novel Decimal Adder/Subtractor
## 3 Decimal Adder/Subtractor
### BCD/Excess-6 Adder  
The fundamental idea of the adder proposed in [45] is to consider addition of one digit represented in BCD, \(w\), and the other in excess-6 (BCD digit plus six), \(z\). The result is correct if \(w+z+6\geq 16\), but if \(w+z+6\leq 15\) then the result is in excess-6 and must be corrected by subtracting six to obtain a BCD number. The advantage of the method is that the carry out bit from each digit addition is always correct independently of whether the result as to be corrected or not. These avoids carry propagation to correct the result. The carry-out bit of each digit addition indicates if the result digit is BCD or excess-6. A carry out of 1 means that the digit is in BCD, while a carry-out of 0 means that the result is in excess-6 and must be corrected.  
A generic decimal adder in which each of the operands can be independently represented in BCD or in excess-6 was designed in [45]. Each digit has an extra bit (isbcd) that specifies if the digit is represented in BCD (isbcd = 1) or excess-6 (isbcd = 0). Since the BCD/excess-6 adder needs one of the operands to be in BCD and the other in excess-6, the inputs may have to be converted accordingly. If both are represented in BCD, one of the operands must be converted to excess-6. If both are represented in excess6 then one must be converted to BCD.  
The adjustment of the operands and their addition were designed with a single level of LUT-6 and the carry-chain of the FPGA. The expressions of the generate and propagate signals of a single digit adder are as follows [45]:  
\[p[3] =\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{z[3]\oplus(z[2]\lor z[1])\oplus w [3]}{z[3]}&\text{if }wbcd=zbd=1\\ \frac{z[3]\oplus(z[2]\ z[1])\oplus w[3]}{z[3]}&\text{if }wbcd=zbd=0\\ z[3]\oplus w[3]&\text{if }wbcd\
eq zbd\\ \end{array}\right.\] \[p[2] =\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\overline{z[2]}\oplus z[1]\oplus w[2]& \text{if }wbcd=zbd=1\\ z[2]\oplus z[1]\oplus w[2]&\text{if }wbcd=zbd=0\\ z[2]\oplus w[2]&\text{if }wbcd\
eq zbd\\ \end{array}\right. \tag{1}\] \[p[1] =\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\overline{z[1]}\oplus w[1]&\text{if }wbcd=zbd\\ z[1]\oplus w[1]&\text{if }wbcd\
eq zbd\\ \end{array}\right.\] \[p[0] =z[0]\oplus w[0]\]  
The generate signals are always  
\[g[3] =w[3]\] \[g[2] =w[2]\] \[g[1] =w[1] \tag{2}\] \[g[0] =w[0]\]  
Signals _wbcd_ and _zbcd_ indicate whether the digits \(w\) and \(z\) are represented in BCD or in excess-6.  
The addition of two decimal numbers whose digits are represented in BCD or excess-6 is implemented with a chain of single digit BCD/excess-6 adders.
## 5 Discussion
### Limitations  
This study presents several limitations. First, the sample size, consisting of approximately 60 subjects, may not provide sufficient statistical power to detect small effects, and the duration of the experiment may not be adequate to generalize the results to other populations or educational contexts. Additionally, the study was conducted at a university in Chile, which limits the generalizability of the findings to other cultural and educational settings. Variables such as motivation and perceived usefulness were measured through self-reported questionnaires, which could introduce response biases.  
Another limitation is the lack of data regarding students' familiarity with video games, which could have influenced their perception of the tools used and, consequently, the results obtained. For future studies, it is recommended to include an initial assessment of prior experience with video games to control for this potential confounding factor.  
Moreover, the random assignment of students to groups, although a common practice, did not account for individual characteristics such as programming experience or initial motivation, which prevents confirming the statistical equivalence of the groups. This could influence the results; thus, future studies should consider a prior analysis of these variables.
###### Abstract  
Tyre wear particles are a significant source of primary microplastics in the natural environment with the potential to accumulate in aquatic sediments, yet our understanding of the ecological impact of these particles is limited. Using mesocosoms of estuarine sediment containing a model macrofauna community (_Scrobicularia plana_ and _Hediste diversicolor_), meiofauna, and microphotobenthos, we investigated the impact of exposure to sedimentary tyre particles (0.2, 1, and 5% kg sediment(dw)\({}^{-1}\)) upon meiofauna community structure, primary production, secondary production, and nutrient fluxes. Under the conditions (13 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and timescale (31 days) investigated, exposure to sedimentary tyre particles did not lead to any significant differences in nutrients for primary productivity, with limited impact on meiofaunal secondary productivity. An increase in Tanaidacea was observed in 1% and 5% tyre particle treatments, putatively due to reduced macrofaunal predation. Previous studies have highlighted the ecotoxicity of tyre wear particles. The limited impacts on meiofauna may be due to our experimental particles being too large for meiofauna to ingest or the timescale of the experiment being too short to witness changes at the community scale. Impacts from tyre particle leachates were likely limited due to dilution in the partial recirculation system. Leachate dilution will occur naturally in marine systems and should be a consideration in the design of future studies.  
microphasics; marine plastic pollution; tyre wear; ecosystem functioning; meiofauna; community structure; primary production; nutrient cycling +
Footnote †: journal: Marine Science and Engineering
## 4 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Vision Capabilities Simulations
#### 4.2.4 Comparison with State of the Art
* Grape bunches in environments other than the vineyard (for instance, markets and kitchens);
* Berries and clusters of completely different varieties of fruit, like currants (which can also be considered a counter-measure to mitigate overfitting problems during network training with OID). This justifies the clear improvement (nearly 20%) in the **608@VOC+WA-WGISD** detection performances against the OIDv7 when the Grape class is pre-processed in a way that single berries are not considered in the counting of TP, FP and FN (fifth and sixth rows of Table 5). It is arguable that not considering clusters and bunches of other fruit could further improve the detection capabilities of the **608@VOC+WA-WGISD** against the dataset. The rationale behind the evaluation of the **608@VOC+WA-WGISD**'s capabilities on different datasets is crucial to express an objective opinion when comparing the proposed CNN network to recently proposed models for grapevine bunch detection, which was the subject of the second exploratory study, and whose results are reported in Table 6.  
The metrics regarding the proposed model are quite in line with the state of the art, except from F1-score. Notice, however, only the F1-score of [26] is directly comparable with the performance of the **608@VOC+WA-WGISD**, being the Mask R-CNN in their work trained on a subset (WGISD) of the VOC+WA-WGISD. On the other hand, although Refs. [33; 36] show impressive recognition performances, their training processes have been conducted on WGISD-unrelated datasets (specifically, 2331 grape images in grape fields in Shihezi and Turpan, Xinjiang from July 2020 to September 2020 for [36], and the GBDDv2 for [33]); only a comparative evaluation of their models against the VOC+WA-WGISD would give a more faithful meter of comparison. For instance, the results in Table 5 directly compare the **608@VOC+WA-WGISD** with the model in [33], showing a best-case F1-score of 89% against the GBDDv2.