## 3 Multimedia
### Challenges and Metrics of Study in Multimedia
The architecture includes mechanisms for cluster formation, cluster head selection, and QoS provisioning based on factors such as vehicle speed and network congestion, which demonstrates its effectiveness in improving QoS by reducing packet loss and enhancing network stability. Multimedia applications in DSRC networks face significant challenges in meeting low-latency and high-reliability requirements due to limited bandwidth and the dynamic nature of vehicular environments. Moreover, these applications are susceptible to errors introduced by noise, interference, and fading. Their study, Ref. [46], focuses on evaluating the performance of safety applications in DSRC vehicular ad hoc networks, with a specific emphasis on fading. Fading refers to variations in the received signal strength caused by obstacles, interference, or distance between vehicles. Understanding the impact of fading on safety applications is crucial for enhancing road safety and accident prevention. The findings from [46] underscore the challenges posed by fading in vehicular ad hoc networks and highlight the necessity for robust communication mechanisms to mitigate its effects. The authors propose adaptive transmission power control and diversity techniques as potential solutions to address fading and enhance the reliability of safety applications. Therefore, in order to ensure reliable and efficient communication for enhancing road safety, DSRC networks must be designed to be error-resilient and consider the correction of fading effects. Security and privacy concerns need to be addressed to protect the integrity and confidentiality of transmitted multimedia data [47]. The inclusion of images, videos, and audio in DSRC could facilitate better traffic management, driver decision-making, and vehicle detection. Emergency notifications, traffic monitoring, and roadside incident management could help improve safety if modalities are in place for the efficient transmission of multimedia data [48; 49]. In searching for possible approaches to solving technical resource challenges in VANETs, Ref. [49] attempts to address the unique challenges faced by VANETs and proposes a protocol designed to tackle these issues. The primary goal of the protocol is to ensure the dependable and efficient transmission of messages between vehicles within VANETs. The protocol operates on the principle of message broadcasting, where messages are disseminated to all nodes in the network. Upon receiving a message, and as a means of a security check, each node verifies if it is the intended recipient and discards it otherwise. Additionally, multimedia, such as video, image, or audio-visual transmission, could contribute to collision avoidance, cooperative awareness, road safety, and passenger services. Overcoming implementation challenges and addressing practical considerations are necessary to fully realize the benefits of multimedia transmission in VANETs. There is a need to study and seek ways to address these challenges in VANET multimedia transmission. Gaining deeper insights into these issues will make it possible to optimize the system for effective, efficient, and reliable communication of multimedia content within VANET. This entails examining bandwidth requirements, managing latency, and ensuring the reliable delivery of multimedia data. All of these factors impact the overall performance and Quality of Service provided. By exploring and understanding these challenges related to the key metrics as presented in Table 1, researchers can develop effective strategies for optimizing compression techniques, adapting to varying network conditions, and establishing robust protocols to ensure the efficient and timely transmission of multimedia content.