## 4 Discussion  
Currently, BR is widely regarded as a functional food due to its exceptional antioxidant properties, rich nutritional value, and significant health benefits [15]. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in plants have redox properties and exhibit significant antioxidant activity [16,17]. \(\gamma\)-Oryzanol is a natural compound primarily found in BR, particularly in BRB, and is associated with a variety of health benefits [18]. According to previous studies, the content of \(\gamma\)-oryzanol in BRB is relatively high and varies when extracted with different solvents [19,20]. The results indicated that the contents of \(\gamma\)-oryzanol, total phenolics, and total flavonoids in the 80% EtOH extract were significantly higher than those in the DW extract. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the 80% EtOH extract was also higher than that of the DW extract, with BR exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in BR extracts were significantly positively correlated with their antioxidant activity, which was consistent with previously reported results [9]. In addition, the bioactive compound \(\gamma\)-oryzanol in BR extract also showed a significant positive correlation with antioxidant activity. The fundamental cause of obesity is an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Excessive energy intake can lead to fat accumulation owing to promoted lipogenesis [21]. Therefore, the inhibition of adipocyte formation can effectively prevent and treat obesity. This study evaluated the potential of the 80% EtOH extract of BR, BRB, and MBR to inhibit lipid accumulation and exhibit anti-obesity and anti-obeseogenic effects using 3T3-L1 cells and BPA-induced 3T3-L1 cells. The results showed that BR, BRB and MBR were non-cytotoxic, and the 80% EtOH extract of BR significantly reduced lipid accumulation in adipocytes. The enhanced anti-obesity effect of the BR extract may be attributed to the abundance of bioactive compounds and antioxidants, which regulate adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. These results indicate the potential therapeutic effect of BR against obesity [22,23]. Therefore, the anti-obeseogenic effect of the 80% EtOH extract of BR was confirmed in vitro. This is in agreement with the findings of [PERSON] et al. [24], who reported the potential of BR to significantly reduce lipid accumulation and prevent obesity in mice fed with a high-fat diet. We also investigated the potential of the 80% EtOH extract of BR in anti-obeseogenic treatment by evaluating the levels of adipogenesis and lipolysis-related proteins in BPA-induced 3T3-L1 cells. Adipogenesis is the process of differentiation of fibroblast-like preadipocytes into mature adipocytes, which involves the activation of multiple transcription factors, including PPAR-\(\gamma\) and C/EBP-\(\alpha\)[25]. PPAR-\(\gamma\) is an important regulator of adipogenesis, and its activation leads to adipocyte differentiation and generation [26]. Our results showed that the 80% EtOH extract of BR inhibited the expression of adipogenesis-related proteins (PPAR-\(\gamma\), C/EBP-\(\alpha\), and FAS). Therefore, 80% EtOH extract of BR reduces lipid accumulation by inhibiting adipogenesis-related proteins. PGC-1\(\alpha\) is considered a key regulator that promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and function [27]. CPT-1 is the rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid oxidation [28]. PGC-1\(\alpha\) promotes fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria by regulating the expression of CPT-1 [29]. Our study found that the 80% EtOH extract of BR significantly increased the protein expression levels of PGC-1\(\alpha\) and CPT-1. Therefore, these results indicate that the 80% EtOH extract of BR exerts anti-obeseogenic effects by promoting fatty acid oxidation through the upregulating lipolysis and thermogenesis-related proteins (CPT-1 and PGC-1\(\alpha\)). Skeletal muscle atrophy is characterized by changes in muscle fiber contraction or loss [30].