# Emerging Industrial Internet of Things Open-Source Platforms and Applications in Diverse Sectors
## 9 Open IIoT Research Issues  
The exploration of the IIoT and the use of open-source platforms and edge computing offer a wide range of possibilities. However, there are still some open research issues that need to be tackled to make the most of these technologies. According to our investigation, the following research issues should be addressed:  
* Interoperability of open-source IIoT platforms: Platforms such as DeviceHive, and Thingsboard provide flexibility, but the interoperability between different open-source IIoT platforms and existing legacy systems is still a challenge. Research into the development of universal standards or middleware solutions that allow for a smooth integration could significantly improve efficiency and scalability across various industries. * Security and privacy: The integration of IIoT into critical infrastructure has raised security and privacy concerns that should be addressed. To ensure the safety of these systems, research is necessary to create secure protocols that can protect against advanced cyber threats without sacrificing the efficiency and effectiveness of IIoT systems. * Edge computing optimization: EdgeX Foundry and other similar platforms are enabling the processing of data to be closer to its source. This raises the issue of optimizing the allocation of resources and the computational efficiency of the edge. This includes dynamic resource management, fault tolerance, and self-healing capabilities in edge computing nodes. * Real-time data analysis: The IoT generates large quantities of data, and it requires real-time analysis to make timely decisions. To do this, advanced analytical algorithms and machine learning models must work within the limits of the edge computing system. * Scalability and management of IIoT devices: The exponential growth of interconnected devices has created a need for research into scalable architectures and management tools that can handle the increased load while still providing performance and reliability. Such research is essential to ensure that these devices can be managed effectively. * Energy efficiency: The energy requirements of IIoT devices, particularly when they are used in large numbers, present a major issue. To improve energy efficiency, it is necessary to investigate novel solutions such as green computing and energy-harvesting. * Quality of Service (QoS): Achieving a high level of Quality of Service (QoS) in IIoT systems, particularly in mission-critical applications, is an area of ongoing research. This requires addressing network dependability, latency problems, and service continuity in the face of device mobility and changing environmental conditions. * Customization and user-friendly solutions: The IoT has the potential to change many industries, but its implementation often requires a high level of customization to meet the specific needs of each sector. To make this process easier, research is needed to create user-friendly design interfaces and customization toolkits that can be used by non-experts to tailor IoT solutions to their individual requirements. * Economic models for open-source IIoT deployment: The economic effects of utilizing open-source IIoT platforms are not completely comprehended. Investigating sustainable economic systems that can validate the expenditure in open-source technologies will be essential for broad acceptance. * Legal and regulatory compliance: The adoption of the IoT into various industries has made it difficult to comply with legal and regulatory requirements. It is, therefore, necessary to investigate regulatory frameworks that can keep up with the growth in IoT applications. * Patent analytics and valuation: The importance of intellectual property in the IIoT is undeniable, thus necessitating the creation of advanced techniques for patent analysis and evaluation. Such tools should be able to measure the influence of patents on market movements and pinpoint potential areas for innovation.