## 4 Discussion  
In the present study, we demonstrated the effectiveness of various decontamination treatments in removing biofilm from the surface of titanium discs and confirmed the formation of a bone matrix surrounding the discs. Furthermore, we measured the FD and mean GV obtained from the micro-CT scans after the implantation of these discs onto the tibia of rabbits. The purpose of the comparative analysis of the FD and mean GV was to assess the degree of osseointegration of the titanium discs, and we used the obtained values as reliable indicators of the extent of bone growth and density around the disc site. Various treatments have been proposed in the literature for the effective decontamination of titanium implant surfaces. Decontamination using air-powder polishing, chlorexidine, and lasers has shown significantly decreased bacterial colony-forming units [9,18,31]. Also, the air-abrasive system with glycine powder causes less alterations on a titanium surface [17,18]. In the current study, specimens that underwent different decontamination procedures were observed using SEM for the assessment of the surface tomography. The surface of the positive group was covered with _S. aureus_, indicating the biofilm formation. The effectiveness of different decontamination methods could be assessed by observing the remaining _S. aureus_. The results showed that the decontamination methods were effective for the removal of _S. aureus_. For the evaluation of osseointegration, previous research on dogs revealed the success of treatment using an Er:YAG laser followed by saline irrigation and the air-polishing method. Also, the authors showed that the combination therapy of laser and chemical decontaminants, like chlorexidine or saline solution, obtained higher osseointegration [20,32]. The effect of osseointegration depends on the bone matrix ingrowth and trabecular micro-structures [33]. In this study, the results showed fair bone formation around the disc, as confirmed by the histologic images. We could observe osteoid and mineralized bone formation between the cortex and the disc. The micro-CT data were obtained to evaluate and quantify the degree of osseointegration. The data acquired from the micro-CT scans and histological specimens were compared to evaluate the accordance between them, and the difference between the two techniques was not statistically significant. Based on this, the results from the micro-CT scans were consistent with the results from the histophotomicrograph images [30]. The images corresponding to the histologic specimen images in the micro-CT data were collected for the selection of the ROI and fractal analysis, confirming the formation of trabecular bone in both data. The ROI was placed between the disc and the cortical border of the tibia that excluded the disc. Other studies have reported a greater emphasis on the location of the ROI for fractal analysis than on its size [34]. A rectangle of 25 \(\times\) 100 pixels was selected as the ROI, considering the thickness between the cortex and the disc. FD has been used for the assessment of osteoporosis, bone healing, periodontitis, and the stability of implants on radiographs [25,34,35,36]. It is a well-known method for investigating bone mineral density (BMD), where higher box-counting values imply complex trabecular and medullary bone. Also, a decrease in bone density corresponds to a decrease in FD [37,38]. It was previously reported that the trabecular patterns became thickened and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Mean GV (\(\pm\)Standard Deviation)** & **Median GV (Interquartile Range)** \\ \hline N & 77.6699 (\(\pm\)2.5269) & 78.5748 (2.2575) \\ P & 69.4922 (\(\pm\)0.8613) & 69.5208 (1.2497) \\ A & 76.9430 (\(\pm\)2.3153) & 77.3686 (2.6425) \\ AC & 76.0333 (\(\pm\)2.7649) & 75.5185 (1.9444) \\ ACE & 78.7824 (\(\pm\)2.0657) & 79.1574 (2.0424) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Measured GV of each group. radiographic features changed in the bone implant interface [25].