# Multi-Sensor Photoelectric Fire Alarm Device Implementation for Early Fire Detection in Campsites
## 5 Conclusions  
This study proposes a fire alarm system that incorporates both temperature and humidity sensors. The proposed alarm system has an enhanced capability to detect fires more rapidly than traditional alarm systems. This enhancement is achieved by dynamically adjusting the alarm threshold based on temperature and humidity changes, which is particularly advantageous in environments such as camping sites, where false alarms caused by smoke from sources such as mosquito coils and insecticides are common. The experimental results revealed that the proposed fire alarm system detected fires approximately 40 s (20%) faster than conventional alarms. By incorporating temperature and humidity sensors, which are cost-effective components, the proposed approach provides a more affordable solution than more complex detection systems. This study introduces a novel concept for enhancing existing fire alarms with temperature and humidity sensing capabilities. The study also incorporated an analysis of actual fire incident data from the National Fire Data System [13] and regional meteorological data from the Meteorological Administration's disaster prevention system (AWS) [14]. This analysis culminated in the formulation of a multiple linear regression equation: y = 0.07145995281326634 \(\times\) temperature \(-\) 0.37967797357088395 \(\times\) humidity + 0.4160213392065553. Leveraging this equation, a fire alarm system was implemented using a Raspberry Pi, a DHT11 sensor, and a light sensor. This system uniquely addresses the environmental characteristics of camping sites where smoke is commonly present, allowing for threshold adjustment without increasing error rates, thereby facilitating faster fire detection. The experiments conducted in a shower tent demonstrated that the proposed fire alarm system detected fires significantly faster than traditional alarm systems. Future research directions should focus on advancing this prototype into a fully operational fire alarm system, with extensive experiments in diverse environments to further validate the efficacy of integrating temperature and humidity sensors into fire detection systems. In conclusion, this study posits that the findings and applications of this research are not confined to camping sites, but extend to any environment where temperature and humidity are critical factors in fire detection, such as small rooms or semi-basement apartments. This broadens the potential applicability of the proposed fire alarm system and makes it valuable in diverse settings where early fire detection is essential. [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON] wrote the paper; and [PERSON] reorganized and corrected the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (No. 2021R1F1A1064345). **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Detection Method** & **[PERSON] [15]** & **[PERSON] [16]** & **[PERSON] [17]** & **[PERSON] [18]** &
\begin{tabular}{l} **Multi-Sensor Fire** \\ **Alarm (Proposed)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Has the error rate decreased? & O & O & X & X & O \\ \hline Has the accuracy increased? & O & O & O & O & O \\ \hline Is no prior training required? & X & X & O & O & O \\ \hline Is the construction cost affordable? & X & X & O & X & O \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison with conventional fire alarms. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because the data are part of an ongoing study. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to W.C.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.