## 2 Materials and Methods
### Specim Preparation  
Models were prepared using typodont teeth positioned in regions 36, 44, and 46, and Type III dental stone (Cerestone, Istanbul, Turkiye) was employed to create the models. The tooth at position 45 was removed from the gypsum model to mimic a clinical situation with a missing tooth. The gypsum study model and opposing models were mounted on a semi-adjustable articulator (Stratos 200, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). The same operator prepared the teeth in positions 36, 44, and 46. The preparation included 1.5 mm of occlusal reduction, 1 mm of axial reduction, and 1 mm of chamfer finishing line at 1 mm above the cement-enamel junction, with a 6-degree convergence angle. Three experimental groups were generated according to the manufacturing techniques for the provisional restorations (\(n\) = 20 for each type of production technique and restoration). The materials and their production techniques are presented in Table 1.  
Group 1: Conventionally manufactured group (CM)  
To simulate conventional manufacturing, one each of the milled crowns and fixed partial dentures were used as reference restorations. Impressions of these restorations were taken using a hand-mixed condensation silicone material (Oxasil, Kulzer GmbH,Hanau, Germany; lot number: K010162) with a double-mix technique to create a putty matrix. PMMA acrylic resin (Imicryl, Imident, Konya, Turkiye) in powder and liquid form was mixed for 1 min with a set powder/liquid ratio (2.4:1), following the manufacturer's instructions, and applied to the putty matrix of the prepared abutments to fabricate crowns and fixed partial dentures (\(n=20\)). The prepared teeth (36, 44, and 46) and models were scanned separately using a lab scanner (Dental Wings 7 Series, Straumann, Basel, Switzerland) to reproduce the subtractive manufacturing method. Crown and fixed partial denture designs were created in a CAD program (Exocad DentalDB 2.4 Plovdiv, Darmstadt, Germany), allowing 1.5 mm occlusal and 1 mm marginal axial wall thickness. The connector cross-sectional area for the fixed partial dentures was designed to be 16 mm\({}^{2}\). The digital designs are shown in Figure 1.  
The cement space was set to 50 \(\upmu\)m. To reproduce the subtractive manufacturing method, crowns and fixed partial dentures were fabricated with PMMA blocks (Telio CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) using a 5-axis milling machine (Redon Hybrid, Redon Group, Istanbul, Turkiye). Group 3: Additively manufactured group (AM)  
To reproduce the additive manufacturing method, crowns and fixed partial dentures were fabricated using methacrylate resin (P pro Crown & Bridge, Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland). Slicing software (Neffabb 2023, Autodesk, San Francisco, CA, USA) was used to process the standard tessellation language (STL) file for 3D printing and to set the printing parameters as recommended by the provisional resin manufacturer. The printer (P30 DLP device, Rapid Shape, Heimsheim, Germany) settings were as follows: layer thickness of 50 \(\upmu\)m, wavelength of 385 nm, resin color of A2, and degree orientation of 0\({}^{\circ}\). After printing, the specimens were subjected to post-processing procedures. The specimens were washed in 99% isopropanol (P wash, Straumann Cares, Basel, Switzerland) for 10 min, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **Content** & **Brand** & **Manufacturer** & **Lot Number** \\ \hline PMMA powder and liquid & Powder: PMMA & & Imident, Konya, & \\ Liquid & Liquid: Methyl methacrylate & & Turkiye & \\  & (MMA) & & & \\ PMMA & & & Ivoclar Vivadent, & \\  & 99.5\% and Pigments (<1.0\%) & & & \\  & Acryl resin urethane & & & \\  & dimethacrylate (UDMA) & & & \\  & 2,2-bis(acryloyloxymethyl)butyl & & & \\ Methacrylate resin & acrylate, trimethyl toleropane & P pro Crown \& Bridge & \\  & triacrylate & & & \\  & Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) & & & \\  & phosphine oxide) & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The materials and production techniques used in the study.