esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Mobility Management of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks
## 7 Future Research Directions
### Full Duplex Communication  
In [114; 115; 116; 132], recent advancements in electronics, sensors, and communication systems have made the use of small UAVs possible for many various applications. However, small UAVs are insufficient. Multiple-UAVs can make create a system that is beyond the limitations of a single small UAV. FANETs can expand connectivity and communication range in infrastructure-less areas due to their mobility, lack of central control, self-organization, and ad-hoc nature. FANETs can provide a rapidly deployable, flexible, self-configurable, and relatively low-cost network in catastrophic situations; however, connecting multiple UAVs in ad-hoc networks is difficult. If some of the several UAVs are disconnected during the operation of a FANET due to weather conditions, they can still connect to the network via other UAVs. Furthermore, ad-hoc networking among UAVs, can solve complications such as short range, network failure, and limited guidance that arise in a single UAV system. Although such distinguishing characteristics make FANETs an appropriate solution for a variety of scenarios, they also introduce several challenging issues, such as communications and networking of multiple UAVs. This level of coordination requires a reliable communication architecture and routing protocols on highly dynamic flying nodes. Military applications, disaster response, and other uses for FANETs are some examples. Another potential application for UAVs is discussed; the Flying Ad-Hoc Network (FANET). UAV hubs are equipped with cameras and sensors that allow them to communicate and share data. Military applications, disaster response, and other uses for FANETs are just a few examples. The engineering of FANETs was further investigated to propose a new steering convention. A clustering calculation was also suggested to accelerate the execution of UAV systems.
###### Abstract  
Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a promising technique used to manufacture complex geometries in a layer-wised manner. Radiation during the LPBF process is influenced by the part geometry, e.g., the overhang angle and the wall thickness. Locally varying radiation can cause deformation of the product after manufacturing. Thus, the prediction of the geometry-caused radiation before the manufacturing can support the evaluation of the design printability to achieve first-time-right printing. In this paper, we present a framework to predict the geometry-based radiation information using a deep learning (DL) algorithm based on the part geometry from computer-aided design (CAD). The algorithm was trained using data from an LPBF-print job consisting of parts with varying overhang angles. Image data, which include the information of radiation, were captured with an optical tomography (OT) camera system that was installed on a LPBF machine used in a laboratory environment. For the DL algorithm, a U-Net based network with mean absolute error (MAE) loss was applied. The training input was binarized OT data representing the contour of the designed geometry. Complementary, the OT data were used as ground truth for the model training. For the application, the design contours of multiple layers were extracted from the CAD file. The result shows the applicability to predict the OT-like radiation by its contour, which has the possibility to show the anomaly due to the part geometry.  
laser powder bed fusion; laser radiation prediction; deep learning; U-Net +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Imaging  
doi:10.1007/s10022178854
# Kinetics Study of Gas Pollutant Adsorption and Thermal Desorption on Silica Gel
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Adsorbent and Adsorbates  
To understand the gas pollutant removal performance, a granular fine-pore silica gel (SG610-2.10, Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Co. Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China) was chosen as the adsorbent in this study. The physical properties of the silica gel sample were obtained through a nitrogen gas adsorption-desorption experiment at 77 K using an automatic sorption analyzer (Micromeritics ASAP2010, Micromeritics Instrument Corp., Norcross, GA, USA). Based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory, the physical properties were obtained and are listed in Table 1. Before the tests, the silica gel sample was kept in a drying vacuum oven at 393 K for at least two hours. This experimental pretreatment method can remove any impurities that might be adsorbed on the surface.  
Carbon dioxide, methane, and toluene were chosen as the gas pollutants, and they were made by Beijing AP BAIF Gases Industry Co. Ltd., Beijing, China. Both carbon dioxide and methane had purities of 99.9%. Toluene was produced from a toluene/nitrogen standard gas bottle and its concentration was 609 ppm.
# Networked Microgrids: A Review on Configuration, Operation, and Control Strategies
## 2 Networked Microgrids' Configuration
### Formation
#### 2.1.4 Heuristic Approaches  
Heuristic techniques are problem-solving methods that rely on intuitive or rule-based approaches to find approximate solutions in a reasonable amount of time. These techniques, while not guaranteeing optimality, aim to quickly find good solutions meeting specific criteria or objectives. In the context of partitioning distribution networks into multiple microgrids, heuristic-based techniques are commonly used due to the complexity and computational challenges of the problem. Various heuristic methods are mentioned in references [42; 43; 44; 45; 46], each addressing optimization problems associated with NMGs' formation. These methods employ algorithms such as Brute Force Search (BFS) [42], Backtracking Search Optimization (BSO) [43], Tabu search [44], Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) [45], and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method [46]. These investigations have diverse objectives, encompassing the reduction of power losses [42; 45], enhancement of reliability [42], mitigation of interactions between microgrids [43], reduction of operational costs [46], and fortification of resilience against uncertain cascading failures [44]. Collaboration among MGs is addressed in [44; 46], with a focus beyond radial topologies. AC power flow analysis techniques, such as Backward Forward Sweep [42; 43] and modified Newton-Raphson [45; 46], are commonly employed in these studies during the configuration of NMGs to enhance solution accuracy.
## 2 Description of the Problem
### Spline-Based Penstock Layout  
As shown in Figure 3, possible MHPP layouts are modeled as a parametrized continuous curves, \(\Gamma\), connecting two points of the river: the water extraction and the turbine emplacement points. For an enhanced formulation, these curves \(\Gamma\) (candidate solutions) are spline-based interpolations of a subset of spatial points belonging to \(T_{i}(x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})\), named nodes (see Figure 4). This way, any given solution can be built through the interpolation of \(n\) nodes in the form of \((x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})\), as long as the first and last belong to the river. Thus, the solution \(\Gamma\) is written in terms of the cited coefficients as  
\[\Gamma(t)=\big{[}S_{x}(t),\,S_{y}(t),\,S_{z}(t)\big{]}, \tag{8}\]  
where \(S_{x}(t)\), \(S_{y}(t)\) and \(S_{z}(t)\) are the interpolation functions for \(x,y\), and \(z\) coordinates of the nodes, respectively. The parameter \(t\) is trivially defined to match the nodes index, and thus \(\Gamma(i)=(x_{i},y_{i},z_{i})\).  
It is relevant to note that, for any layout to be feasible, it is required for the slope of the penstock not to change its sign [26]. For this reason, a Hermite cubic interpolation has been employed for \(S_{z}(t)\), while natural cubic splines have been employed for \(S_{x}(t)\) and \(S_{y}(t)\) functions. This strategy guarantees that, as long as the nodes are ordered in height, the sign of the slope of the penstock will not change the layout. An illustrative example of this is shown in Figure 5 for the sake of understanding.  
Figure 4: Example of a node, acting as a base point for the spline interpolation. The height of the candidate solutions at the nodes are denoted as \(z_{i}\), in its difference with the height of the terrain at this point is \(\Delta z_{i}=z_{i}-z(x_{i},y_{i})=z_{i}-f(x_{i},y_{i})\).  
Figure 5: Example of interpolation functions for a solution with five nodes, whose coordinates are represented using squares. Note that \(S_{x}(t)\) and \(S_{y}(t)\) (in blue) are natural splines, while \(S_{z}(t)\) (in red) is a monotone Hermite spline.  
Figure 3: MHPP simplified model through 3D spatial curves.  
Finally, to ease further calculations related to the length of the penstock, an arc-length reparametrization \(s(t)\) such that  
\[s(t)=\int_{0}^{t}||\Gamma(t)^{\prime}||dt\quad\xrightarrow{t(s)=s(t)^{-1}}\quad \Gamma=\Gamma(t(s)) \tag{9}\]  
Note that, with this reparametrization, the curve \(\Gamma(s)\) is defined for \(s\in\left[0,L_{p}\right]\). Once the curve \(\Gamma(s)\) has been built, the performance of the resulting MHPP (power and water flow rate) can be determined using Equations (6) and (7). In addition, this approach permits a simple estimation of the cost, as will be discussed in the next section.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Microbial Community of Commercial Kimchi Manufactured in Korea, China, and the United States
These  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Korea** & **China** & **United States** \\ \hline
1,2-Epithiopropane & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.01 b  & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.08 a  & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.021 b  \\
1-Methoxyhexane & - & 0.31 \(\pm\) 0.53 & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.21 \\
1-Pentene-3-ol & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.03 a  & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.01 b  & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.05 ab  \\
2-3-Butanediol & 0.37 \(\pm\) 0.24 NS & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.31 \(\pm\) 0.26 \\
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.00 NS & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\
3-Methyl-1-butanol & 0.86 \(\pm\) 1.1 a  & 0.38 \(\pm\) 0.21 ab  & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.18 b  \\
3-Pentententitrile & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.03 ab  & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.03 b  & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.09 a  \\
5-Cyano-1-pentene & 0.50 \(\pm\) 0.16 b  & 0.35 \(\pm\) 0.20 b  & 0.96 \(\pm\) 0.52 a  \\
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.36 NS & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.167 \(\pm\) 0.09 \\ Acetic acid & 1.91 \(\pm\) 0.40 b  & 2.79 \(\pm\) 0.63 a  & 2.56 \(\pm\) 0.60 a  \\ Benzeneethanol & 0.55 \(\pm\) 0.25 c  & 1.50 \(\pm\) 0.38 a  & 1.13 \(\pm\) 0.48 b  \\ Benzenepropanentirile & 3.77 \(\pm\) 2.20 NS & 7.45 \(\pm\) 5.19 & 6.77 \(\pm\) 7.54 \\ cis-3-Hexene-1-ol & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.01 b  & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.02 ab  & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.11 a  \\ cis-Geraniol & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.11 NS & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.49 \(\pm\) 0.43 \\ Dially disulfide & 2.33 \(\pm\) 1.76 a  & 0.93 \(\pm\) 0.86 b  & 0.92 \(\pm\) 1.58 b  \\ Dially sulfide & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.01 NS & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ Dimethyl trisulfide & 0.31 \(\pm\) 0.2 a  & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.14 a  & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.03 b  \\ endo-Borneol & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.06 b  & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.07 b  & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.07 a  \\ Ethanol & 6.1 \(\pm\) 6.25 NS & 8.23 \(\pm\) 3.86 & 5.33 \(\pm\) 3.13 \\ Ethyl Acetate & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.11 NS & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.08 \\ Eucalyptus & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.02 b  & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.02 b  & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.04 a  \\ Eugenol & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.02 b  & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.08 a  & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.11 b  \\ Linalol & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.04 NS & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.07 \\ Linalyl\_propionate & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.02 b  & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.03 b  & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.06 a [FONOTE:a]Footnote a: footnotemark: [ENDFOOTNOTE] \\ Methyl allusulfide & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.05 a  & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.06 a  & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.02 b  \\ Methyl disulfide & 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.86 a  & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.35 b  & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.03 b  \\ Octanoic acid & 0.44 \(\pm\) 0.26 a  & 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.05 b  & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.07 b  \\ S-Methyl thioacetate & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.08 b  & 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.35 a  & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.03 b  \\ Zingbierene & 0.33 \(\pm\) 0.66 NS & 0.02 \(\pmresults indicate that Korean commercial kimchi contains diverse organisms, which could influence the fermentation and quality of the kimchi.
# Virtual Fire Evacuation Drills through a Web-Based Serious Game
## 3 Technical Methods
### Drill Evaluation
#### 3.4.2 Safety Evacuation  
To improve the evacuation capabilities of the trainees, they need to receive immediate feedback from the evacuation safety score after the drill is finished. The assessment of evacuation safety is a key issue for this feedback.  
In this study, the integrated hazard dose (IHD) [27] was adopted to assess the safety of different evacuation paths. The IHD can assess the hazards of indoor fires by considering toxic gases and heat using values from 0 to 1. A higher IHD implies a more severe hazard. When the IHD is 1.0, the corresponding hazard is fatal.  
In a virtual evacuation, the IHD along different paths (i.e., IHD\({}^{path}\)) can be calculated by the toxic and heat hazards along the evacuation path, as shown in the following equation:  
\[\text{IHD}^{path}=\text{max}\left(\text{FED}^{path}_{6-Gas},\text{FED}^{ path}_{heat}\right) \tag{1}\]  
where \(\text{FED}^{path}_{6-Gas}\) is the toxic hazard caused by six common gases along the evacuation path and \(\text{FED}^{path}_{heat}\) indicates the heat hazard along the evacuation path. The details of these two hazards are elaborated in the reference [27] by [PERSON] et al.  
In the evacuation drill, the data of smoke toxicity and thermal radiation are obtained from the results of the CFD simulation according to the current coordinates of the trainees, and the IHD of the current position can be calculated by Equation (1). Finally, the IHD values of different locations along the evacuation path are accumulated as the safety results of this evacuation path. In this study, the location coordinates of the evacuation path were obtained by a fixed time (i.e., 1 s). The safety score of the evacuation is the percentage score converted from the \(\text{IHD}^{path}\), as shown in Equation (2).  
\[\text{Score}=\left(1-\text{IHD}^{path}\right)\times 100 \tag{2}\]
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Volatile Compounds  
During heat treatment of meat products containing nitrite ions, a number of complex chemical reactions occur, resulting in the formation of a variety of volatile compounds, including aldehydes, ketones, and other organic compounds, which are responsible for the specific cured flavor [66]. However, the above effect depends on many factors, including the amount of nitrite ions added, the composition of the product, and the processing conditions used. Volatile compounds analysis might help to optimize the recipe and production process to achieve a desired aroma profile. Differences in the aroma profiles of the analyzed liver pates on different days of storage were demonstrated by principal component analysis (PCA) in Figures 3-6. In each figure, the samples were plotted on a two-dimensional plane based on the selected components, PC1 and PC2. The values on the vertical axis (88.034%--Figure 3; 78.557%--Figure 4; 35.587%--Figure 5; 29.764%--Figure 6) and on the horizontal axis (9.515%--Figure 3; 14.802%--Figure 4; 21.935%--Figure 5; 19.596%--Figure 6) explain the differences among samples along the respective axes, indicating that the differences are more significant on the vertical axis than on the horizontal axis in each figure. This indicates that on each analyzed day, there were significant differences in the aroma profile between the NC group and the groups containing nitrite ions. [PERSON] et al. [8] found that the use of cold plasma can alter the volatile compounds in food products. In the case of smoked sausages, the application of a cold plasma-treated phosphate solution resulted in higher levels of ketones and esters compared to the group treated with nitrites. Although liver pates with plasma-activated egg whites had a slightly different flavor (less than 10%) on day 1 compared to the group containing 60 ppm of sodium nitrite (PC1), no discernible variations were observed in the aroma profile among those groups (PTEW1, PTEW2) and the group containing 120 ppm of sodium nitrite (PC2), as shown in Figure 3.  
Additionally, the study by [PERSON] et al. (2022) found that the type and content of volatile compounds in roast lamb treated with plasma for 45 min were more similar to samples containing 0.005% sodium nitrite than to those without sodium nitrite. This is due to the fact that nitrite is known to be effective in preventing oxidative reactivity in heat-treated meat products, thereby inhibiting the formation of aldehydes, including hexanal, which, due to
## 4 Conclusions  
To authors' knowledge, up to date, this work reported for the first time in the literature the production of biodiesel from residual babassu oil through enzymatic esterification. Novozym(r) 435 has been studied as biocatalyst and the reaction parameters have been optimized to maximize conversion to fatty acid ethyl esters. The ideal reaction conditions were determined by RSM and a biodiesel yield of 96.84% was obtained under the optimized production conditions (0.14 g biocatalyst, 1:18 (FFAs/alcohol), 48 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 4 h). Under the optimized conditions, Novozym(r) 435 was used in 10 consecutive cycles of esterification, with a slight reduction in the biodiesel yield of 5.84% after the tenth reuse. The biodiesel properties were analyzed and showed reasonable agreement with the specifications of the European standard EN 14,214 and ASTM D6751, which implies that the free fatty acids of the residual babassu oil may be a promising raw material for the production of biodiesel.  
Conceptualization, J.C.S.d.S. and K.S.M.; methodology, J.C.S.d.S., K.S.M., M.C.M.d.S., L.S.M.J., R.R.C.M.; software, K.S.M., L.S.M.J.; validation, K.S.M.; formal analysis, K.S.M., T.M.F. and C.P.V.; investigation, K.S.M. and J.C.S.d.S.; resources, J.C.S.d.S., P.B.A.F., M.C.M.d.S., G.F.-L. and J.M.G.; data curation, P.B.A.F.; writing--original draft preparation, K.S.M.; writing--review and editing, A.L.B.d.O., and P.B.A.F.; visualization, J.C.S.d.S., R.R.C.M., and A.L.B.d.O.; supervision, J.C.S.d.S. and M.C.M.d.S.; project administration, J.C.S.d.S. and M.C.M.d.S.; funding acquisition, M.C.M.d.S., J.C.S.d.S. and P.B.A.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Fundacao Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (FUNC), grant numbers BP3-0139-00005.01.00/18 and PNE-0112-00048.01.00/16, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), grant numbers 422942/2016-2, 409058/2015-5, 408790/2016-4, and 311062/2019-9. Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Ensino Superior (CAPES-Finance Code 001).  
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Brazilian Agencies for Scientific and Technological Development, Fundacao Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (FUNCAP BP3-0139-00005.01.00/18), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, 408790/2016-4, 422942/2016-2, 311062/2019-9), Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Ensino Superior.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript or in the decision to publish the results.
# Large Field-Size Elliptic Curve Processor for Area-Constrained Applications
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
The contributions are given as follows:  
* We have presented an area-optimized hardware accelerator of a large field-size elliptic curve point multiplication processor over binary \(GF(2^{409})\) and \(GF(2^{571})\) fields. The design details are described in Section 3.
* Towards the area reduction, we have first proposed a hybrid polynomial multiplier architecture for efficient polynomial multiplications. Subsequently, we have utilized the proposed polynomial multiplier to operate modular square and addition chains of the Itoh-Tsujii algorithm [27] for modular inverse computation. A hybrid approach in our polynomial multiplier design is achieved in two steps: (i) 4-level polynomial splits for multiplying large polynomial operands using a general Karatsuba multiplier and (ii) traditional schoolbook multiplication for smaller polynomial multiplications of length 35 and 36 bits. The details of the hybrid approach are presented in Section 3.3.
* An efficient finite-state-machine (FSM) based controller is implemented to provide read/write operations from/to utilized memory block. Moreover, the implemented FSM (also) generates the corresponding control signals for the routing networks (i.e., multiplexer(s) and demultiplexer(s)). We have provided the relevant details in Section 3.4.  
For validation, the Verilog model of the proposed architecture is simulated and synthesized Vivado IDE tool. We have provided implementation results on Xilinx Virtex 7 FPGA and 65 nm ASIC technologies. The hardware resource utilization of the proposed architecture on ASIC is 30,561 \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) and 36,857 \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) over \(GF(2^{409})\) and \(GF(2^{571})\), respectively. Similarly, the FPGA slicesares 4439 and 5683 over \(GF(2^{409})\) and \(GF(2^{571})\), respectively. For \(GF(2^{409})\) and \(GF(2^{571})\), the clock cycle requirements of the proposed design are 13,903 and 20,551, respectively. The proposed architecture over \(GF(2^{409})\) operates on a maximum frequency of 1800 MHz (for ASIC) and 357 MHz (for FPGA). Similarly, the proposed architecture over \(GF(2^{571})\) operates on a maximum frequency of 1450 MHz (for ASIC) and 317 MHz (for FPGA). The time for one PM computation on ASIC is 7.72 \(\upmu\)s and 14.17 \(\upmu\)s over \(GF(2^{409})\) and \(GF(2^{571})\), respectively. Similarly, the time for one PM computation on FPGA is 38.94 \(\upmu\)s and 64.82 \(\upmu\)s over \(GF(2^{409})\) and \(GF(2^{571})\), respectively.  
This article is organized as: Section 2 provides the required mathematical knowledge to implement the ECC PM operation. The proposed crypto processor architecture design is described in Section 3. The implementation results and comparisons are given in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 concludes the article.