esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Numerical Analysis on the Performance of a Radiant Cooling Panel with Serpentine-Based Design
## 2 Methods
### Simulation Domain and Boundary Conditions  
The boundary conditions are taken from real conditions selected from other research papers. The boundary conditions and domains are obtained from [1; 5] and are summarized as shown in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Mean Panel** & **Room Temperature/** & **qradiation** & **qconvection** & **qtotal** & **U, Overall Heat Transfer** \\
**Temperature (°C)** & **AUST (°C)** & **(W/m2)** & **(W/m2)** & **(W/m2)** & **Coeff. (W/m2)** \\ \hline
10 & 22 & 60 & 57 & 117 & 9.43 \\
13 & 22 & 47 & 41 & 88 & 9.14 \\
16 & 22 & 35 & 25 & 60 & 8.75 \\
18 & 22 & 19 & 13 & 32 & 8.23 \\
10 & 26 & 76 & 76 & 151 & 9.82 \\
13 & 26 & 63 & 60 & 123 & 9.65 \\
16 & 26 & 51 & 44 & 95 & 9.37 \\
18 & 26 & 38 & 28 & 66 & 9.03 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Heat transfer characteristics.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Materials** & **Density (kg/m3)** & **Specific Heat (J/(kg\cdot K))** & **Thermal Conductivity (W/(m\(\cdot\)K))** \\ \hline Water & 998.2 & 4182 & 0.6 \\ Copper & 8978 & 381 & 387.6 \\ Aluminum & 2719 & 871 & 202.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Thermophysical properties of materials.  
The boundary conditions are as follows:  
1. The mass flow rate at the pipe inlet is 0.004 kg/s, with a temperature of 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
2. The top and sides of the radiant panel are insulated.
3. Heat flux is applied from underneath the radiant panel as it is exposed to room temperature.
4. The ambient air temperature is assumed to be 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
There are also some assumptions made to simplify the simulation model. The assumptions are as follows:  
1. The flow inside the copper tube is laminar and incompressible.
2. The pipe wall thickness is proposed to be a thin layer, as the thermal conductivity of copper is high, and the wall thickness is very small. Therefore, the wall thickness is ignored.
3. The aluminum panel has perfect contact with the copper tube.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Design of the DC-DC Controllers
#### 2.2.2 Current Control  
For the current control \(G_{c}\), a 2-pole 2-zero compensator (2P2Z) is used. The pulse-transfer function of the 2P2Z control is:  
\[\frac{U(z)}{E(z)}=\frac{b_{0}+b_{1}z^{-1}+b_{2}z^{-2}}{1-a_{1}z^{-1}-a_{2}z^{-2 }}. \tag{38}\]  
If \(a_{1}=1\) and \(a_{2}=0\) are assumed, we can compare them with the pulse-transfer function of a PID, which is given by:  
\[\frac{U(z)}{E(z)}=\frac{(k_{P}+k_{I}+k_{D})-(k_{P}+2k_{D})z^{-1}+k_{D}z^{-2}}{ 1-z^{-1}}. \tag{39}\]  
By relating Equations (38) and (39), we obtain:  
\[b_{0}=k_{P}+k_{I}+k_{D}, \tag{40}\]  
\[b_{1}=-(k_{P}+2k_{D}), \tag{41}\]  
Figure 9: Flow diagram of the current-based incremental conductance algorithm.  
\[b_{2}=k_{D}. \tag{42}\]  
Using MATLAB and the flyback converter model found in Section 2, the controller is designed, and the constants \(k_{P}=0.0714\), \(k_{I}=0.0203\), and \(k_{D}=0\) are obtained. Therefore,  
\[b_{0}=0.0917,\quad b_{1}=-0.07138,\quad b_{2}=0.\]  
Figure 10 shows the scheme of the 2P2Z controller. \(U_{max}=0.8\) and \(U_{min}=0\) correspond to the upper and lower limits of the control signal or the duty cycle. The term \(i_{min}=-0.05\) is used to have a history of negative values, which can help to avoid oscillations in the output in case there is no load.
## 2 Material and Methods
### Statistical Analysis  
The data collected in this study were analyzed using SPSS statistics 28 (IBM, North Castle, NY, USA). To compare the mean CBL between an MSC and DCC implant at the different timepoints, linear mixed models were used with fixed effects including time (6Y vs. 1Y), group (MSC vs. DCC) and a two-way interaction between time and group. The estimated marginal means were computed by time and group. All hypothesis testing was performed at the two-sided 5% significance level.  
Mean crestal bone loss might not be fully representative of the actual clinical situation. Therefore, CBL was transformed from a continuous variable into a binary variable. Taking into account the study by [PERSON] et al., (2021), 0.5 mm was taken as a cut-off value for clinically relevant bone loss [16], i.e., \(\leq\)0.5 mm bone loss equated to the binary value 0 (no CBL). The difference in the percentage of clinically relevant CBL (>0.5 mm) after 6 years was evaluated by applying a binary logistic GEE (Generalized Estimating Equations).  
Differences in plaque, BoP and PPD between the MSC and DCC groups after 6 years were also analyzed using GEE models for a negative binomial distribution with a log-link function. Differences in OHQoL were compared between baseline (when the new complete denture was placed without connection to the implants), 1 year and 6 years after connection. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests were applied for the OHIP-14 and paired Student's \(t\)-tests were applied for the VAS. These tests were performed for each of the three paired time points and only patients present at both paired time points were included. Patient files were checked and maintenance interventions which occurred after the installment of the final prosthesis were summarized and described by their absolute frequencies. A fixed sequential procedure was incorporated to correct for multiple testing.
## 1 Introduction
According to (13), cooper-hydroxide expressed significant contact activity by inhibiting the development of pathogens on the leaf surface [13]. Such an effect was achieved when fungicide was applied before the infection and when the total coverage (creating a good fungicide deposit) of the entire foliar surfaces was accomplished, including the undersides of leaves where the pathogen typically sporulates. Moreover, it is very important to decrease the influence of environmental conditions such as rainfall by, for example, adding a wetting agent to a working solution. According to [14], controlling the CLS population is the most important thing with different types of fungicides. However, farmers should be aware that, in some cases, fungicide efficacy will be absent, as reported by [15; 16; 17]. The quality and efficiency of preventive contact preparations significantly depend on the application technique, nozzle type, and the properly adjusted working parameters of a treatment [18]. These include the size of the droplets in the jet and the uniformity of transversal distribution of the spray swath, which is determined by the coefficient of variation (CV) and its distribution [19]. The use of wetting agents contributes to the quality of application by increasing the deposit of a contact fungicide (copper hydroxide in particular) and provides better coverage and the efficiency of applied fungicides. The type of nozzle may also lead to reduced usage of pesticides in crops. The standard flat fan nozzles produce fine (F) and medium (M) droplets, which are more drift-able, while the air induction nozzles generate coarse (C) and very coarse (VC) droplets, which are less prone to drift. Timetable for application should also be considered among the nozzle typesbecause [20] points out that the optimized management for CLS control must be prepared according to the prediction model of pest infestation as well as a forecast of weather conditions. In this paper, satellite images of plant condition were used, i.e., vegetation indexes were monitored with the aim of accurate detection of disease infestation. The weather conditions not only affect the efficacy of pesticide application but also have an impact on the spread of the pests [21]. The aim of this work is to determine the influence of a wetting agent, applied at different rates, on the deposit quantity of a copper hydroxide-based fungicide solution and also to assess the influence of a nozzle type on the deposit amount. The obtained results will enable environmentally friendly pesticide treatments or integrated plant protection practices for sugar beets.
# Detection of Helminthosporium Leaf Blotch Disease Based on UAV Imagery
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Algorithms in Comparison
#### 2.4.3 Vegetation Index  
Eight vegetation indices (VI) were calculated as the feature vector of the UAV imagery. They were calculated because of their potential to discriminate different HLB infected categories. The UAV imagery only contained the RGB bands in this work. Thus, VI involved with other bands cannot be used. Instead, several VI only involved with RGB bands were selected. Table 2 listed the formula and references of the selected vegetation indices.
## 3 Results  
To provide a more digestible tool applicable to real drilling operations with a focus on stick-slip mitigation and MSE minimization, matrices were developed, serving as an alternative for the field populations and an optimization tool for drilling surveillance and efficiency improvement support. The results can be observed in Table 11.  
Figure 7: Workflow company #C.  
The legend indicates the degree of desirability with four levels: excellent, high, medium, and low. Excellent is for desirability greater than 90 [%]; high is for desirability greater than 75 [%] and less than or equal to 90 [%]; medium is for desirability greater than 50 [%] and less than or equal to 75 [%]; and low is for desirability less than or equal to 50 [%]. To exemplify the applicability of the decision matrix presented in Table 11, three parameters can be adjusted with the goal of minimizing torsional vibration and therefore minimizing stick-slip as well. For example, when setting the FLOW to 2500 [L/min] and the RPM to 110 [rev/min], it is observed that the maximum WOB for these parameters would be 15.20 [tf]. However, this scenario may increase the likelihood of vibration occurrence as noted in the matrix. If this happens, adjustments to the FLOW, RPM, or WOB parameters are necessary. If only the FLOW is modified, it is noted that the average desirability condition (represented in yellow) remains unchanged. By keeping the FLOW value constant, to achieve an excellent desirability condition (represented in dark green), the WOB must be adjusted to a maximum of 12.66 [tf], while the RPM must be increased to at least 140 [rev/min]. In this way, drilling efficiency is optimized by reducing unwanted vibrations along with the MSE. It is observed that regions with excellent desirability are linked to high RPM (above 120 [rev/min]) and WOB between 5 and 13 [tf], with FLOW above 2300 [L/min]. In contrast, low RPM (100 to 110 [rev/min]) results in low or medium desirability for STICK RATIO and MSE, indicating to be less favorable for drilling and should be avoided (highlighted in orange and red). If MSE decreases and torsional vibration increases, parameters should be adjusted toward green areas, as highlighted in the matrices. To better understand the STICK RATIO behavior and eventual final value as a function of input data (drilling mechanic parameter WOB/RPM/FLOW), a decision matrix demonstrating torsional vibration-influencing parameters for each WOB is created and shown in Table 12.
## 2 Configuration of the Proposed Wireless Battery Charging System for a Quadcopter
### Control Part
#### 2.3.1 Signal Backscattering  
Signal backscattering is a phenomenon basically used in wireless communication for RFID (radio-frequency identification). The transmitting side voltage tends to decrease by increasing the coupling between the transmitting and receiving coils. When the drone lands on the charging station, the \(XY\) table starts the aligning process and, during the time of movement, the voltage at the transmitting side decreases rapidly. This change in voltage produces a natural backscattered signal. This backscattered signal at a very high sampling frequency of 84 MHz is continuously read by the ADC of the microcontroller. Figure 6 shows the sampling process of the voltage signal during one period of time for aligned (transmitting coil voltage at load) and misaligned (transmitting coil voltage at no load) coils. Inside of the microcontroller, an envelope detection algorithm is used to detect the envelope of the backscattered signal. After the detection of an envelope, the peak value of the voltage signal is selected and this peak value is observed continuously to provide the information about aligned or misaligned coils. In the case of aligned coils, the peak value will be very low (almost 25 V; Figure 6) and, in the case of misalignment, the peak value will be high (almost 70 V; Figure 6). The hill climbing algorithm processes this voltage information data and finds the optimum solution by moving the \(XY\) table in a specific direction and aligning the transmitting and receiving coils.  
Figure 5: Misalignment of coils for wireless power transmission.  
Figure 6: Sampling of voltage signal during one time period.
# Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11 ah Networks With High-Throughput Bidirectional Traffic
## 3 IEEE 802.11 ah Overview

Table 2: IEEE 802.11 ah has a number of novel MAC features in comparison with other Wi-Fi amendments [10]. Figure 1: TIM segmentation distributes the stations in a hierarchy, enabling effective management of a large number of stations as well, energy conservation and contention reduction in a structured manner. Each station is assigned a unique AID that represents the station in a hierarchical structure.
## 5 Modeling and Simulating Si-SC Structures
### Modeling and Simulation of Si-SC with Patterned MLARC
* Reduced reflection losses: The optimized pattern design minimizes reflection at the top surface of the solar cell, allowing a higher proportion of incident light to be coupled into the device. These combined effects contribute to the significant improvements in Jsc, EQE, and overall PCE observed for the patterned MLARC configurations.
# Characterization of Slag Cement Mortar Containing Nonthermally Treated Dried Red Mud
## 2 Nonthermally Treated Dried Red Mud (NTRM) Manufacturing
### Characteristics of NTRM
#### 2.3.2 Chemical Properties  
Figure 2 compares the oxide chemical compositions of NTRM obtained using XRF analyses with those of RM. In general, the components of RM are similar regardless of the production areas of the raw materials, but the component proportions in RM are known to be significantly different depending on the production method of aluminum or the production area of bauxite ores [4; 17; 18]. The RM used in this study consisted of SiO\({}_{2}\), Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), MnO, MgO, CaO, Na\({}_{2}\)O, K\({}_{2}\)O, TiO\({}_{2}\), P\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\), and SO\({}_{3}\), and its major oxides were Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), SiO\({}_{2}\), and CaO. These four oxides accounted for 87% of the total mass.  
Figure 1: Water content in NTRM with aging time.  
The chemical composition of NTRM was not considerably different from that of RM, but a slight difference in component proportions was observed. SiO\({}_{2}\), Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), and Na\({}_{2}\)O proportions for NTRM were 28.00%, 5.50%, 10.00%, and 4.51% lower, respectively, than those for RM. However, the CaO proportion for NTRM was 21.60% higher than that for RM. It appeared that NTRM had a higher proportion of CaO because the PSA and HCFA used for production of NTRM had high proportions of CaO (59.70% and 41.20%, respectively).  
Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns of RM and NTRM. RM included iron oxides such as hematite (Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)); titanium oxides such as perovskite (CaTiO\({}_{3}\)), rutile (TiO\({}_{2}\)), and anatase (TiO\({}_{2}\)); and aluminum oxides such as boehmite (AlO(OH)). It also included quartz (SiO\({}_{2}\)) and calcite (CaCO\({}_{3}\)). The minerals in NTRM, which were very similar to those in RM, included hematite (FeO\({}_{3}\)), boehmite (AlO(OH)), rutile (TiO\({}_{2}\)), quartz (SiO\({}_{2}\)), calcite (CaCO\({}_{3}\)), and portlandite (Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\)). Note that NTRM included portlandite, which was not found in RM. These observations confirmed that Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\), which was a hydration product, was produced from the reaction between the moisture in RM sludge and the CaO in PSA and HCFA.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Samples Preparation  
The current investigation entailed a comprehensive examination of 54 single hole segments of low-profile MatrixMIDFACE(r) (Raynham, MA, USA) titanium plates, each with a thickness of 0.4 mm. The plates were manufactured by DePuy Synthes, a respected medical equipment company based in the United States.  
The materials used for coating purposes were categorized into two groups:  
* Carrier: copolymers of polylactic-co-glycolic acid \"PLGA\" and chitosan \"CH.\"
* Antibiotic: Meropenem (MEM).  
The coating materials PLGA or CH and MEM were investigated using 1% \(w/v\) in acetone (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) of each solution. They were sprayed onto the entire surface of the plates using an airbrush system (Harder & Steenbeck, Oststeinbek, Germany) [27].  
In the safety cabinet, the plates were let air-dry overnight at room temperature.  
The coating procedure was then carried out as follows:  
* Solution 1: 25 mg PLGA, and 5 mg MEM in 2.5 mL acetone.
* Solution 2: 25 mg CH, and 5 mg MEM in 2.5 mL acetone.
* Solution 3: 5 mg MEM in 2.5 mL acetone.  
Each plate was weighed prior to and following spraying to ensure that the final modified plates contained 5 mg of MEM and 25 mg of the polymer [28].  
Drug release profiles were studied on 54 MEM-coated plates, divided into two sterile and non-sterile groups each with 27 samples. They were immersed in 10 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 5% ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) as an antioxidant and incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C while stirring at 130 rpm (Heidolph Unimax, Schwabach Germany).  
Each measurement of drug release was performed on three samples of coated plates for each time point (1, 3, and 7 days) within the three groups. Samples of the release media were extracted at the predetermined time points and replenished with fresh PBS with an antioxidant.  
The MEM concentrations were measured by UPLC according to the following protocol.
## 2 Numerical Approach
### Simulation Strategy  
The commercial CFD solving software Fluent (ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA) was used to conduct the numerical simulation of the friction pair with a hemispherical-pit surface. For the computational fluid field shown in Figure 1d, compared with the pit depth (0.5 mm), the seawater film thickness is extremely thin (10 \(\upmu\)m). Therefore, the seawater between the friction surfaces and in the pits should be meshed respectively. The upper surface of the seawater film was first meshed with quadrilateral face grids, with a grid number of 98,990. Then, the face grids were stretched into volume grids along the direction of the seawater film's thickness, with a layer number of five to avoid the distortion rate of the body grid being too large. The seawater in the pits was meshed with tetrahedron grids, with an approximate grid number of 30,000,000.  
The flow of seawater film is similar to a plate differential pressure flow where \(Re\) is about 50, and can be regarded as a laminar state. On the other hand, for the seawater in the pits, considering the surface roughness of the solid, the low viscosity of seawater means that the flow inertia force is almost in the same order of magnitude as the viscosity force [30], which is vulnerable to generate local eddy currents in the pits and around the micro-peaks. The \(Re\) is about 2483, and can be regarded as a turbulence state. Therefore, the standard \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\) viscous model was selected for the calculation.  
The upper surface of the seawater film was set to the moving wall boundary condition (rotational motion, clockwise around the specimen axis, \(n=1500\) r/min). The bottom surface of the seawater film and the upper surfaces of the pits were set to the interface boundary condition to transmit data between these two parts. The bottom surfaces of the pits were set to the stationary wall boundary condition. The front half cylinder surface of the seawater film (along the direction of rotation) was set to the pressure-inlet boundary condition, and the back half was set to the pressure-outlet boundary condition.
Simple Design of Broadband Polarizers Using Transmissive Metasurfaces for Dual Band Ku/Ka Band Applications  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Electronics & Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China 1  
[PERSON]  
2 Electrical Engineering Department, University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan 2  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Electronics & Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China 13 Beijing Key Laboratory for Microwave Sensing & Security Applications, Beihang University, Beijing 10091, China 3
# Digital Shearography for NDT: Phase Measurement Technique and Recent Developments
## 4 Recent Developments of Shearographic NDT  
The digital shearography technique has many advantages, including real-time and full-field measurements, simple setup, direct measurement of strain information, and relative insensitivity to the environment. More importantly, with the development of phase-shifting technology, the sensitivity of digital shearography has correspondingly improved, and smaller flaws can be detected. For some flaws that cannot accurately be measured conventionally, digital shearography can also detect them by determining the second derivative of the deformation [44]. At the same time, however, some limitations  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Phase-Shift Digital Shearography Method** & **Advantage** & **Disadvantage** \\ \hline TPS-DS & Easy to implement with & Generally cannot measure \\  & high precision. & dynamic phase. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Multichannel spatial phase shift} & Ability to measure & Position matching is \\  & Ability to measure & needed between \\  & dynamic phase. & interferograms or can only \\  & & dynamic phase information in \\  & & one dimension. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{SPS-DS} & Mach–Zehnder & No requirement for & Small measurement size, \\  & based & shearing amount. & poor phase map quality, \\  & Carrier-frequency & Double-aperture & \\  & based & Good phase map quality. & Small measurement size \\  & & based & and poor stability. \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Easy to use due to its & \\  & Michelson based & simple structure and & \\  & & good stability. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: A comparison of phase-shift digital shearography methods.  
Figure 9: Results of an application of Michelson-based SPS-DS system during dynamic loading.  
exist for digital shearography, and research in the past few years has focused on these and will focus on them in the future. Some of these limitations have been addressed, and the solutions developed for these limitations will be covered in this section. Others, such as only being able to measure surface flaws and suitability for high-strength materials, currently have no solution. However, the lack of solution for these limitations does not affect the suitability of digital shearography as a measurement method for NDT.