## 1 Introduction
### Related Works
The simulation results provide spectrum efficiency, utilization of white interference management zones, and better power control between the cellular and the D2D communications. Meanwhile, in the article [37], the authors provide and analyze an overview of the study in the energy efficiency challenges with useful resource allocation and its potential applications toward the 5G broadband wireless access networks. It formulates an optimization problem to minimize the energy consumption with the auction-based offloading system, where the energy cost of both computing and data transmission tasks are taken into consideration. Besides, hybrid resource allocation approaches are studied to improve energy efficiency performance in potential 5G wireless networks. Another work carried out in [38]; in which the authors have considered the fair resource blocks allocation issue in a D2D communication overlay enabled cellular network. The authors exploited a blocking queuing model to enhance the effectiveness of resource block allocation for different users. The proposed work escalates the user's communication establishment possibilities which either utilize the D2D communication or the conventional cellular network, which co-exist with traditional users that can be only established by conventional cellular communication. Multi-objective and Markov decision process optimizations are formulated to address the resource blocks allocation issues. The results show that the proposed work balances and minimizes the probability of resource blocks unavailability for the different types of users in the network. In the article [39], the authors introduced a Spectrum based Energy-Efficient multi-hop multi-channel routing protocol in IoT mesh network (SpEED-IoT) based on D2D communications. The spectrum sensors gain radio environment map (REM) information through the spatiotemporal spectrum usage. The REM is utilized for the selection of the best route based on channel condition and transmission power for each hop in the route. The SpEED-IoT takes advantage of a selective flooding mechanism to mitigate the route request packets overhead and minimize the energy consumption of the IoT devices. The proposed protocol increased throughput performance of the network without compromising fairness and is spectrum agnostic. In [40], the authors proposed a Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing protocol-next Generation for mobile IoT networks (LOADng-IoT-Mob). The proposed routing protocol introduced a new short periodical control message harnessing mechanism that permits the network devices to track the change in the position of the devices and maintains the availability of the neighbor's device without significantly increasing the message overhead. As a result, these devices select the best path and avoid forwarding data packets toward the broken route (due to the movement of the devices) according to received signal strength, which increases network reliability and QoS performances. The LOADng-IoT-Mob routing approach has improved delay, control packets overhead, and energy efficiency in the mobile IoT network. Another study in [20], the authors have investigated a rank-based trust model routing protocol that aims to maximize the Trusted Connectivity Probability (T-CP) for multi-hop D2D communications over 5G IoT applications. The authors have suggested that when the base stations are randomly distributed, they provide the shortest path based on connectivity probability metric between D2D transmitter and receiver. In contrast, when the base stations are fixed, the optimal route selection depends upon the position of the base stations, which provide a useful understanding of the development of D2D communications for 5G IoT applications. Whereas in [27], the authors proposed a Multi-Path OLSR version 2 (MP-OLSRv2) to discover multiple disjoint paths for wireless networks.