## 1 Introduction  
Under the influence of urban development, population growth, and traffic congestion, as well as strict control over road excavation by large and extra-large cities, extensive excavation operations are subject to numerous restrictions. Consequently, trenchless jacking technologies are increasingly being applied in urban areas. In jacking engineering, the caisson plays a crucial role as an ancillary structure, due to its high rigidity and good overall integrity. However, it is typically not dismantled after jacking construction is completed. Direct abandonment can lead to resource waste; thus, secondary utilization aligns more closely with the concept of urban sustainable development. The stability of caissons during the operational phase is primarily influenced by fluctuations in groundwater levels due to their relatively deep burial depth. Changes in the service environment and hydrogeological conditions during both construction and operation phases may cause soil non-compaction and local soil slippage. Moreover, the caisson structure itself may experience horizontal tilting, all of which can have unpredictable effects on the stability of the caisson structure. [PERSON] et al. [1] investigated empirical estimation methods for the unit frictional resistance of large caissions, revealing a reduction in unit frictional resistance with increasing depths of submersion. [PERSON] et al. [2] examined the soil deformation mechanisms during caisson construction in dry sand, suggesting that larger shaft diameters can mitigate surface minimal displacement. [PERSON] et al. [3] studied the migration patterns of soil components and elucidated the mechanisms of stratum response patterns. [PERSON] et al. [4] investigated the behavior of large deepwater caissions in sand, indicating that the distribution pattern of blade resistance is related to burial depth, mud surface height, and submersion status, with stress concentration occurring near the corners of rectangular caissions. [PERSON] et al. [5] investigated the creation of enlarged foundations by wellbore expansion to provide undrained uplift resistance, demonstrating significant impacts of the cone angle on uplift bearing capacity and horizontal resistance. [PERSON] et al. [6] studied the mechanical characteristics of caissions in soft soil layers. [PERSON] et al. [7] established a mechanical model for caisson submersion, derived the kinematic equations for the caisson process, and revealed the kinematic characteristics and influencing mechanisms of caissions. [PERSON] et al. [8] discovered a three-stage distribution of sidewall frictional resistance of caissions and investigated its distribution mechanism using limit analysis theory. [PERSON] et al. [9] proposed a method for calculating end resistance considering the morphology of caisson blades. [PERSON] et al. [10] proposed a corrective method for significant inclinations of large circular caissions in collapsible loess areas, achieving satisfactory correction results in practice. [PERSON] et al. [11] conducted centrifuge model tests (100 \(g\)) to investigate the vertical and horizontal bearing characteristics of caissions in clay; the findings reveal that cyclic loading markedly improves the horizontal bearing capacity of the caissions, evident in both the load-displacement response and the evolution of soil pressure and pore pressure. [PERSON] et al. [12] proposed that the bearing capacity under lateral loading significantly influences the regular operation of caissions. Employing numerical methods, the horizontal bearing characteristics of caissions and optimized reinforcement schemes were analyzed. [PERSON] et al. [13] developed an Abaqus6.14 model for reinforced concrete piles surrounding caissions to examine the extent and magnitude of deformation in the top caisson and surrounding soil subjected to the jacking force.