## 3 Materials and Methods
### Driving Scenario and Environment  
The interface of the driving simulator is illustrated in Figure 3, with the red box representing the vehicle's front section or bonnet. Immediately below this, the dashboard is displayed, incorporating both a speedometer and status indicators for the ADAS and AV functions. These indicators illuminate in green when the corresponding ADAS functions are activated; for example, as presented in Figure 3, the LKA is active. The three-dimensional virtual environment incorporates key elements commonly encountered on actual roadways. This includes varying traffic flows, which feature a representative mix of vehicle types such as passenger cars, commercial vehicles, and emergency vehicles in motion, which contribute to the realistic traffic pattern as demonstrated in Figure 4. Specifically, the traffic density within the urban areas is depicted as higher than that of freeway driving, reflecting the frequent encounters with emergency vehicles and pedestrian crossings. The presence of streetlights and road markings is designed to mirror urban and suburban settings, presenting a spectrum of driving scenarios. Pedestrians are strategically placed within the environment to emulate real-life pedestrian behaviours and interactions, prompting participants to make more sophisticated driving choices. Designated speed limits, architectural features, and natural scenery are also accurately depicted, contributing to the ecological validity of the simulator. These elements serve to enhance the ecological validity of the simulator, aiding participants in navigating their virtual surroundings [51].  
Figure 5 provides an aerial perspective of the designated driving path, with a red circle indicating the vehicle's starting point. The route consists of low-speed (60 km/h) and high-speed (120 km/h) segments, highlighted by red and green arrows, respectively. These segments serve to simulate the transition between urban and freeway driving conditions, offering participants a diversified driving experience. Participants commence in the low-speed area, passing through an intersection to enter the high-speed segment, then cross another intersection before returning to the initial low-speed zone. A series of pre-programmed triggers (T1 to T4) are strategically positioned along the route, each initiating specific events when the vehicle passes. The audio instructions associated with these triggers are outlined in Table 1 and are played to prompt participant actions.  
Figure 4: A snapshot of the simulator interface: [o: pedestrian crossing (magenta colour), p: other car \(0\), q: emergency vehicle, r: truck].  
In the current investigation, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of multiple variables, including steering angles (degree), patterns of acceleration and braking (m/s\({}^{2}\)), event trigger timestamps, and the specifics of button activations including their timing. In this study, the accuracy of participants in using ADAS and AV functionalities was quantified as a percentage. This percentage represents the proportion of participants who successfully executed the required actions with these systems during the experiment. Additionally, we assess participants' response latencies, captured in seconds, following the initiation of triggered events.