## 3 Key Contributions to Smart Grids
### Socio-Economic Impacts  
Since EVs are alternative energy sources, owing to their storage capability, their integration with smart grids creates various prospects for future human life. With the  
Figure 7: Frequency variation for supply/demand situations.  
integration of EVs into smart grids, they can have some social and economic contributions. Social changes will create new job opportunities, play an important role in environmental cleanliness, and indirectly affect human health. The environmental role of EVs in smart grids is to reduce carbon dioxide gas emissions and pave the way for the transition to low-carbon energy. It is known that EVs contribute to nature by reducing gas emissions in traffic. It is clear that conventional fuels significantly increase environmental pollution and affect the life expectancy and quality of life of people living in these environments. The influences of automobiles on environmental pollution will increase as the electrical network's carbon emissions decline. Because of this, it has been demonstrated that EVs have significant environmental advantages in an energy grid without carbon emissions [111].  
Conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels and wind turbines in smart grids create noise pollution in the regions where they are installed [112; 113]. For this reason, it is a serious issue to reduce this noise pollution for human health and living standards and to find new solutions. For this reason, the utilization of energy storage units such as batteries and fuel cells in EVs also contributes to reducing noise pollution [114].  
Along with industrial and technological developments, energy production methods are developing and renewing. With the use of EVs, it is expected that new jobs and new occupational groups will be formed in the smart grid industry as well as in the automotive industry [115; 116]. Current and potential jobs for the integration of EVs in smart grids can be listed as follows:  
* Research and development engineers;
* EV charge point installer;
* Sales and marketing staff;
* Scheduling center director;
* Installation and maintenance staff;
* Charging analysis and control system researcher.  
Smart grid technology improves the proportion of impermanent clean power generation sources like hydrogen, wind, and PVs, and increases the capacity of on-grid renewable generation in the network system. Furthermore, smart grids facilitate energy savings in power supply systems. A key benefit of smart grids is the ability to enhance the utilization and energy consumption efficiency of power systems [117]. Electricity consumed from the smart grid can be stored in EVs via charging stations for later use. The overall electricity bill can be diminished by charging an EV energy storage unit using the smart grid's energy resources together with optimally priced tariff schemes. By integrating communication, control, and software technologies into the system, it is also aimed to provide electrical energy with higher reliability and lower costs through smart grids connected with EVs. As a result, it reduces system costs related to energy production, storage, distribution, and facility maintenance through EV integration [118].