## 1 Introduction
Functionalization via electrospinning with bioactive agents like MgO, AuNPs, and calcium phosphates enhances both biological and mechanical characteristics [13, 16, 17, 34, 35]. Recent work has also explored novel fiber structures, including multilayered membranes and memory-shape materials that adapt to defect contours [19, 36, 37]. Numerous studies have explored membrane bioactivity and mechanical stability using metrics such as contact angle, swelling index, degradation rate, and cytotoxicity assays [18, 19, 20, 21, 38, 39, 40]. In this context, our study proposes the fabrication and evaluation of PLA membranes modified with MgO and AuNPs using electrospinning. We anticipate that the simultaneous incorporation of MgO and AuNPs will positively influence surface and structural properties, including porosity and support for osteoblast activity. [18, 20, 21, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42]. Characterization techniques such as SEM, FT-IR, and EDS are employed to analyze morphology and chemical composition, while porosity and density measurements provide insight into structural behavior during degradation [28, 30, 31, 43, 44]. Performance is benchmarked against contemporary materials used in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine [45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. This study also integrates findings from the scaffold mineralization, collagen interaction, and mechanical reinforcement literature to optimize membrane functionality [34, 35, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55]. Moreover, recent developments in biomaterials research emphasize the relevance of machine learning (ML) to predict nanoparticle toxicity, optimize material design, and improve clinical translation [53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60]. These computational approaches can support the evaluation of PLA-based membranes and expand their applicability across diverse regenerative contexts. promising antibacterial and bioactive effects of PLA membranes reinforced with MgO and AuNPs, indicating thermal stability and shape-memory behavior, which are relevant for guided bone regeneration (GBR) applications. Prior experimental studies have demonstrated vant for GBR [54; 55]. These reports form the foundation for the current investigation. In this study, we propose a dual-functionalization approach using MgO and AuNPs to create electrospun PLA membranes with enhanced regenerative properties for GBR applications. Our null hypothesis is that the incorporation of these nanoparticles does not significantly affect key functional parameters compared to pristine PLA. To test this, we formulate the following objectives: (1) to fabricate and characterize PLA-based membranes modified with varying concentrations of MgO and AuNPs, (2) to evaluate their surface properties (e.g., wettability via static contact angle), (3) to assess their degradation behavior in simulated body fluid (mass loss %), and (4) to determine their biocompatibility and osteogenic potential, particularly by quantifying osteoblast-driven calcium deposition via Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining. Our working hypothesis is that dual-functionalization will enhance calcium deposition, slow degradation in physiological conditions, and improve membrane wettability, thereby increasing clinical suitability for GBR.