esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Offline Optimization Algorithm
### Offline Optimization Simulation Results  
To cover the different driving conditions including highways, urban suburbs, and congested streets, this article uses six standard driving cycles to simulate the operating conditions of the vehicle: (1) Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS); (2) SC03; (3) Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HWFET); (4) US06_HWY; (5) Manhattan; and (6) New York City Cycle (NYCC). Each driving cycle goes through multiple successive iterations to ensure a sufficient driving distance and duration time. Based on the MATLAB/Simulink platform, a numerical model of the vehicle components and the DP-A-ECMS strategy model are established, and a backward simulation model of the vehicle dynamics is built.  
Figure 5 shows the battery SOC change curve under different initial conditions for the 11-SC03 (a) and 9-HWFET (b) operating conditions. It can be seen that each curve always fluctuates slightly near the straight line formed by the initial SOC and the final SOC. Under this condition, the battery can be discharged smoothly throughout the cycle, and the vehicle can fully use battery energy to reduce the engine fuel consumption.  
Figure 6 shows the optimal sequence of the upper and lower limits of the equivalent factor with initial SOCs of 0.9, 0.6, and 0.3 under the 11-SC03 and 9-HWFET operating conditions, in which meaningless points (such as speed and demand torque values of zero) and the point of pure electric driving are removed. In the SC03 driving cycle, the optimal sequence of the equivalent factor increases as the initial SOC decreases, and the effective data points increase. This is because, when the battery capacity is sufficient, the vehicle tends to drive in pure electric mode. In contrast, the time of the hybrid mode is increased when the SOC is low, and the equivalent factor is maintained at a higher level to ensure the SOC balance. Under the HWFET operating condition, owing to the higher average vehicle speed, the equivalent factor is always larger, and the engine thus needs to output a higher power.  
Figure 5: Dynamic programming (DP)-approximate equivalent fuel consumption minimum control strategy (A-ECMS) algorithm battery state of charge (SOC) change curve, (**a**) 11-SC03; (**b**) 9-HWFET.  
Table 2 shows a comparison of the fuel economy and simulation calculation time for DP-A-ECMS and DP strategies under different initial SOCs, and the gap with DP-A-ECMS is calculated based on the DP. Because of the previous numerical fitting of the DP-A-ECMS algorithm, fuel consumption is increased by 0.18%-1.35% compared with DP. However, the control variable of DP-A-ECMS is limited to specific values instead of the entire feasible range, and its calculation cost is therefore reduced by more than 50%.
## 3 Results
### Comparison of the Predicted FSV Estimates among the Three Models (MLR, SVR, and RF)  
In the training phase, the MLR model had the worst performance with the smallest \(R^{2}=0.38\) and highest RMSE = 75.74 m\({}^{3}\) ha\({}^{-1}\) (Figure 8a). This model was followed by the SVR model with an \(R^{2}=0.54\) and RMSE = 65.60 m\({}^{3}\) ha\({}^{-1}\) (Figure 8c). The best performance among the three algorithms was that of the RF model, which had the highest \(R^{2}=0.91\) and smallest RMSE = 35.13 m\({}^{3}\) ha\({}^{-1}\) (Figure 8e). In the test phase, it was clear that the RF model also performed the best among the three kinds of models (\(R^{2}=0.58\), RMSE = 65.03 m\({}^{3}\) ha\({}^{-1}\)) (Figure 8f); the next best was the SVR model, with an \(R^{2}=0.54\) and RMSE = 66.00 m\({}^{3}\) ha\({}^{-1}\) (Figure 8d); the MLR model performed the worst, with the smallest \(R^{2}=0.49\) and highest RMSE = 70.22 m\({}^{3}\) ha\({}^{-1}\) (Figure 8b).  
Figure 7: Plot training results of the MLR model.  
Figure 8: Comparison between measured and predicted FSVs using the three algorithms. (**a**) MLR model prediction versus measured FSV using the training data, (**b**) MLR model prediction versus measured FSV using the test data, (**c**) SVR model prediction versus measured FSV using the training data, (**d**) SVR model prediction versus measured FSV using the test data, (**e**) RF model prediction versus measured FSV based on the training data, and (**f**) RF model prediction versus measured FSV based on the test data.
## 4 Conclusions  
The type of fermentation had an important role in defining the aroma and polyphenolic composition of Plavac Mali wines. Significant differences were estimated for the 108 aroma and 30 polyphenolic compounds identified and quantified in Plavac Mali wines of three different fermentations. Sequential _Lachancea thermodeleras\(/\)S. cerevisiae_ fermentation led to wines with a lower alcohol content, higher residual sugar (>7 g/L), and total acidity. The L wines had significantly higher concentrations of 15 individual aroma compounds, among which higher alcohols predominate. The benefits of sequential fermentation were no detectable volatile phenols and significantly lower concentrations of higher alcohols, namely those responsible for green aromas (1-hexanol, _trans_-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-octen-3-ol) and other compounds, especially mehtionol. The L wines had a minimum of gallic acid, (8) anthocyanins, (4) flavonoids, (7) flavan-3-ols, and the total sum of each of those compounds.  
The spontaneous N wines had significantly higher concentrations of 25 individual aroma compounds, among which esters predominate. The N wines had a maximum of cafrate and total sum of hydroxcimamic acids, delphinidin-3-O-glucose and exfeoyl-glucoside of malvidin, mirticin-3-O-glucose, prodelphinidin monomer unit epigallocatechin, and B1, B3 and B4 dimers and the total sum of flavan-3-ols. The results of PCA analysis showed that the first two principal components describe 93.93% of the variation among selected aromas and 95.94% among polyphenolic compounds in wines produced by different fermentation trials. S and N wines were located on the positive side of PC1 and were characterized by five aroma compounds: linalool, \(\beta\)-damascenone, hexanoic acid, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-phenylethylly acetate, and seven polyphenic compounds: gallic acid, myricetin-3-O-glucose, quercetin-3-O-glucose, catechin, epigallocatechin, B1 and B4. L wines were located on the negative side of PC1 and correlated with TDN and isobutanol aroma compounds. This work demonstrates the importance of sequential and spontaneous fermentation in the improvement of Plavac Mali wines. Further knowledge of yeast interactions and strain-specific data in spontaneous fermentation are needed.  
Figure 3: Principal component analysis bi-plot of one non-flavonoid and 6 flavonoid variables of Plavac Mali wines produced by different fermentation treatments (sequential L, conventional S and spontaneous N fermentation).  
**Author Contributions**: Conceptualization, G.Z. and A.M.; methodology, A.M.; software, A.M.; investigation, A.M.; writing--original draft preparation, A.M.; writing--review and editing, A.M, I.B.-L. and G.Z.; visualization, A.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Data Availability Statement**: Data is contained within the article.  
**Conflicts of Interest**: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Security Analysis of the MAPP Protocol
### Security Requirement Analysis
#### 4.1.4 Privacy-Preserving  
Privacy is an important security requirement that should be satisfied by the proposed security protocol. Privacy preservation is satisfied by hiding the real identity of vehicles and providing anonymity using pseudo-identity. In our protocol, we provide anonymity while allowing certificate authority organizations to trace the misbehaving vehicle and revoke them under misbehaving conditions. The trade-off between hiding the real identity and allowing CA to trace vehicles is a critical requirement that is satisfied in our protocol by generating a \(pid_{i}\) that has a relation with the initial registered information of each vehicle. Under misbehaving conditions, CA maps the vehicle's pseudo-identity. In our proposed protocol, we assume that the pseudo-identity consists of two parts, the firstpart is \(pid_{1}=h(Ri)\), where Ri is a dynamic random number Ri, the second part is fixed \(pid_{2}=~{}pid_{init}\oplus h~{}(pid_{1})\), represented by the XORing between the initial pseudo-identity \(pid_{init}\) and the hashed value of \(pid_{1}\). \(pid_{init}\) reflects the real identity of each vehicle. The \(pid_{i}=pid_{1}||pid_{2}\) can preserve privacy while allowing the traceability of vehicles by the CA, under misbehaving conditions.
## 3 Types of Underwater Communication Systems
### Applied Underwater Modulation Schemes
In reference to noise, whether thermal from electronic systems such as underwater acoustic transceivers or ambient noise from marine life, shipping traffic, and ocean currents, it interferes with signal reception [5; 21; 81].
## 2 Data and Methods
### Data Sets  
#### 2.2.1 Pleiades Imagery and DSF Atmospheric Correction  
Table 1 presents and compares the specifications of Pleiades, SPOT-4, OLI and MODIS in terms of spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions. Twelve Pleiades images (Table 2) were recorded mainly from April to June 2017 over the GE: six images over the MTZ (test site 1), including one recorded in September 2018, and six images over the estuary mouth (test site 2). The full list of satellite images and corresponding tidal information is given in Table 2, as the tide may cause short timescale variability of SPM in the estuary.  
Figure 1: Study area: the Gironde Estuary (**a–c**). Locations of test site 1, test site 2 and Pauillac station (black star) (**b**). Pleiades quasi-true color images of the two test sites: test site 1 (**a**) and test site 2 (**c**). The red and blue lines in test sites 1 and 2 show the transects presented in Section 3.3.  
In order to retrieve water reflectance (the water reflectance used all along the study is the water-leaving reflectance, defined as \(\rho=Rrs^{\ast}\pi\), dimensionless) and turbidity, the Dark Spectrum Fitting (DSF) atmospheric correction was applied, a method which maximises the strengths (spatial resolution) and minimises the weaknesses (spectral resolution) of Pleiades [33]. This method assumes negligible surface reflectance in at least one of the sensor bands, over the darkest pixel(s) in the image. Due to the typically small swath width of the sensors and hence the relatively limited spatial extent of the imagery, the path reflectance can be considered constant over an image or subscene. The atmospheric path reflectance was computed by using the radiative transfer model 6 SV [35; 36] for a number of aerosol models and for a number of bands, considering dark targets automatically detected in the scene. The best fitting aerosol model was then selected according to user defined criteria (e.g., the best fit to blue and NIR bands). In the present study, the model giving the lowest path reflectance was selected. Detailed information can be found in [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) [33].
## 3 Proposed Methodology  
This work presented an improved channel estimation algorithm DFT-LS-WIENER integrated with a differential approach. Moreover, this paper uses the L.M.DFT approach for channel estimation in the wireless communication medium. The middle area of the MIMO framework is where the suggested DFT-LS-WIENER is located. MIMO systems typically include several transmitters and a receiver antenna for parallel data transmission. The proposed model is examined for two transmitters and four-receiver antennae. Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying modulation (QPSK) is utilized for input modulation on the transmitter side [43; 44; 45; 46; 47]. Then, I.S.I. is mitigated through the utilization of P.S.A., where P.S.A. is involved in transmitting waveform pulses and effectively utilizing available bandwidth.  
If signal bandwidth is more effective than channel bandwidth, it leads to signal distortion. This distortion is observed in the I.S.I. environment. To control I.S.I. in wireless communication, a pulse shaping filter (P.S.F) is utilized for analysis. On each transmitter side, symbol mapping and IFFT operations are performed. Subsequently, this leads to transmitting information over the Multipath channel and includes AWGN noise on the receiver side. At the receiver, this operation is performed inversely with the utilization of DFT-LS-WIENER. With the utilization of LMMSE and DFT, a semi-blind review is performed. Figure 1 details the overall flow of constructing a MIMO system with ICEA-DA.
## 3 Material and Methods
### SPME Volatiles Analysis  
Headspace volatiles analysis using SPME was adopted from [PERSON] et al. (2021) [56], with a few modifications. Three grams of each sample were placed inside 20 mL clear glass vials. Vials were then immediately capped and placed on a temperature-controlled tray for 30 min at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C with the SPME fiber coated with (DVB/CAR/PDMS, 50/30 \(\upmu\)m) 203 divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane inserted into the headspace above the sample. A system blank containing no plant material was run as a control.
## 2 Challenges and Innovations in Hearing Aid Fitting: From Conventional Molds to Digital Molds  
### Conventional Mold  
The custom production of ear molds is a crucial component in the hearing device fitting process. According to recent research conducted in the United States, more than 60% of these devices require a specific ear mold to ensure a proper fit in the user's ear [8]. This mold is essential not only to ensure effective sound insulation but also to promote high-quality sound transmission and prevent audio loss. To obtain this mold, an accurate acquisition of EEC geometry is necessary to create a 3D model. This model is the basis for the additive printing of the ear mold, into which the electronic components of the hearing aid are integrated. Once assembled, the device is returned to the audiologist, who fits the device to the patient. However, if the fit is not perfect, the process of obtaining a new mold must be repeated, resulting in significant additional costs and time [27]. This complexity highlights the need for more efficient and accessible methods in the field of audiology, which justifies the development of the video otoscope with an integrated scanner presented here.  
The conventional method for creating EEC molds involves inserting a silicone blend into the patient's ear, to which a catalyst is added to solidify the material and generate the desired EEC geometry. This procedure must be performed in specialized clinics by qualified professionals to ensure the required safety and accuracy. However, in cases where the obtained mold lacks accuracy, it becomes necessary to repeat the process. Furthermore, the quality of the mold is compromised by factors such as an excessive presence of wax, infections, or wounds in the ear, in addition to the possible inexperience of the audiologist. These circumstances increase the likelihood of an inadequate mold. Still more serious is that due to its invasive nature and potential for unexpected complications, including abrasions, trauma, inflammation, bruising, or injury to the tympan membrane and internal auditory structures, and in severe cases, eardrum perforations, this procedure is viewed as the riskiest procedure performed by audiologists [28; 29]. Furthermore, the existence of hidden mastoid cavities can bring about serious risks when filled with impression material, which requires surgical removal [28; 30; 31; 32; 33].  
In the face of these challenges, adopting non-invasive, indirect ear contact procedures, such as EEC scanning, appears to be a safer and more comfortable alternative, offering significant advantages for both patients and hearing healthcare professionals.
## 3 Results
### Analysis of Interviews
#### Decision Making  
Interviewees agreed that consensus is the preferred desired decision-making principle, but may be difficult to reach. Yet, decisions on some issues, e.g., adding a new partner to the network, need to be taken by consensus. On other issues, decisions can be taken by a majority vote. The opinions of interviewees who commented on this are equally split--some consider simple majority sufficient, while others call for decision-making by qualified majority.
## 4 Methodology
### Case Study 3: Passive Outdoor Site Interference Measurement  
This case study further investigates the possibility of interference in the 868 MHz ISM band in Glasgow CBD. This study is performed to ascertain if interference from SRDs and sub-GHz technologies or other sources was responsible for the LoRaWAN outdoor packet losses measured from Glasgow CBD in which outdoor packet losses were 50 X greater than the indoor measurement test results. Numerous and different signal patterns were intercepted for later observation and analysis. These measurements help to establish an understanding of signal activity in the 863-870 MHz ISM band. The study of measurement results should indicate whether the behavior of signals occupying LoRa channels may have affected packet losses for the LoRaWAN core channels in Glasgow CBD.  
The measurement of signal activity is based on the principle of energy detection. The utilised measurement equipment, Tektronix RSA306B [46] has a sensitivity of approximately \(-107\) dB when set between 863 MHz and 870 MHz to capture signal activity in the span of 7 MHz and the Resolution Bandwidth (RBW) at 10 kHz. The Tektronix RSA306B is a portable real-time spectrum analyser with a 100% Probability of Intercept (PoI), capable of intercepting as short as 100 us transient signals. It was fitted with an omnidirectional Whip antenna which continuously captured the RF signals from the 863-870 MHz band. The Tektronix RSA306B analyser was controlled with the SignalVu-PC software installed in Lenovo ThinkPad P51 series laptop with Intel Xeon E3-1505M v6. The computer hosted the control software and supplied the power to the analyser, and stored the collected data through a USB 3.0 cable.  
The degree of signal activity in the 868 MHz ISM band was investigated in five different open space locations within Glasgow CBD for the duration of two hours per location in ten days. The time was set to two hours to allow transmission in two DC. The first measurement was conducted in a relatively small garden at Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU). This garden is closely surrounded by two tall buildings and a short traffic police building. The second measurement location was a relatively large garden, Rottenrow Garden. It is surrounded by Strathcyle University buildings in the south, Glasgow College in the East, a multi-story residential building in the north, and an unused old building in the west. There is a small car park near this garden. The third location, George square, is in downtown Glasgow, with commercial, administrative buildings, and roads with busy traffic surrounding it. The fourth measurement location was inside Buchanan bus station, the biggest bus station located at the heart of Glasgow city. The Kelvingrove park was the fifth location. The park constitutes Kelvingrove Museum, numerous playgrounds, and nature with a river flowing through the middle of the park. The measurement locations circled in red in Figure 4 shows the measurement locations.  
Figure 4: Interference Measurement Locations in Glasgow.
###### Abstract  
Though copper nano-pillars (CNPs) filled in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) film has been developed for many years, the high pore-filling percentage in AAO is still a bottleneck. We have demonstrated a new electrodeposition method to fill CNPs in AAO without the seed layer which is required in the traditional electrodeposition process. CNPs with uniform heights were obtained and the pore-filling percentage reached up to 97.5%. Low current density is beneficial for the high pore-filling percentage due to the uniform growing rate in different nanoscale pores. The high temperature increased the diffusion velocity of ions and enhanced the pore filling percentage but also corroded the AAO film simultaneously. Results showed that CNPs grains with \(<\)220\(>\) orientation were fabricated. Electrodeposition with low electric current could contribute to the forming of CNPs with (220) preferred orientation due to the promotion of dehydration reduction processes. The thermal conductivities of Cu-AAO interposers reaches 92.34 W/(m\(\cdot\)K) and 3.19 W/(m\(\cdot\)K) in vertical and horizontal directions, respectively.  
Keywords:electrodeposition; electronic materials; interposer; electronic package +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Cutting Blade Measurement of an Ultrasonic Cutting Machine Using Multi-Step Detection
###### Abstract  
An algorithm for measurement of the cutting blade of the ultrasonic vibration cutting machine used in an automation machine is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm, which is based upon a multi-step detection method, is developed for the accurate measurement of the cutting blade by exactly determining its rotation angle, length, and thickness. Instead of the commonly used Otsu method, we propose a new curvature-based adaptive binarization method, which provides more accurate details about the dimensions of the cutting blade. A region of interest containing the cutting blade from the acquired image is first extracted in the multi-step detection method, which is further processed to remove the noise, which increases the measurement reliability. An important feature of the proposed process is the restoration of the cutting blade's tip data, which used to be lost during the fine noise-filtering process. The rotation angle and length are measured using the minimum rotated rectangle while the line fitting based upon the least square method is applied to increase the reliability of the thickness measurement. Experimental results validate the superiority of the proposed method over the conventional Otsu method.  
cutting blade detection; dimension measurement; adaptive binarization; multi-step region of interest (ROI) detection; object detection +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 4 System Architecture
### Packet Structure
#### 4.7.1 Undersampling  
The undersampling case occurs if the frame rate drops below the transmitter's packet rate. The payload is lost in this case. Figure 5 depicts the use of the SN to detect a missed payload. The SN can identify the missed payload if the SN length is long enough. The SN is represented as \(n-1\) in the data frame obtained from the payload \(n-1\). The SN in the following data frame is \(n\); however, the actual data frame has an SN of \(n+1\). The loss is identified by matching the SN of two adjacent data sub-packets, demonstrating that the payload n is missed. However, depending on the SN's length, a variety of states are formed. The sequence number, for example, can detect seven missing payloads of transmitted packets if the SN length is 3 bits. When problems are recognized, it is much easier to correct them. The mistakes occur when two successive packets have two non-consecutive SN (\(n-1\) and \(n+1\)), as revealed in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: The proposed data frame structure for RS-OFDM system.  
Figure 5: Detection of lost packets and merging packet method using sequence number.