esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Methods to Apply a 3-Parameter Logistic Model to Wind Turbine Data
## 3 Methods Proposed
### Spline  
The reference case is based on the spline model. It uses the mean values on each interval (i.e., 0.5 m/s) to be the points of continuity of 3-degree polynomials. In those points, the derivation of the function are satisfied. The reference is considered because wind turbine manufacturers provide a number of pairs of points, and those pairs of values do not allow to obtain a better approximation than the spline. Its cons are the high number of parameters involved (four every 0.5 m/s) and the difficult combination of the function with others (i.e., the wind speed Probabilistic Density Function).  
The procedure to obtain the spline by means of filtered data is the following:  
1. Divide the data into intervals, one every 0.5 m/s. The identification of each interval is an integer or the mean value of two consecutive integers. Notice that the number of data on each interval may be different.
2. Obtain the mean power on each interval and assign that value to the identification of the interval on each one, too. The result is a number of pairs of values (wind speed, output power).
3. Finally, the spline according to Equation (1) is obtained. Using MATLAB (R2019a, Mathworks Inc.), all the points for the spline are provided. \[P(v)=a_{i}v^{3}+b_{i}v^{2}+c_{i}v+d_{i}\ \forall i\in[1:50]\] (1) where \(a_{i},\ b_{i},\ c_{i},\ d_{i}\) are the corresponding parameters for the wind speed (\(v\)) belonging to interval \(i\). The spline, the points used to obtain it and the filtered data can be seen in Figure 2.  
Figure 1: A comparison between data before and after filtering: (**a**) Raw data; (**b**) Filtered data.
## 2 Active Systems
### Field-Active Fluids in Energy Dissipating Systems
#### 2.2.1 Active Dampers  
Dampers are systems designed to dissipate kinetic energy by turning it into heat energy, that can be dissipated through the fluid. Basically, a damper consists of a piston and a tube filled with a fluid. The kinetic energy is transmitted to the piston, which makes the fluid flow through small orifices, dissipating in this way the energy. Most shock absorbers are either twin-tube or mono-tube types with some variations on these themes.  
One of the classical applications of field-active fluids (both, ERFs and MRFs) is in dampers, since the viscosity can be adapted for each kinetic energy applied and, thus, its performance can be optimized. Some interesting references on the applications of active-fluids in dampers or shock absorbers can be found in [77; 78; 79; 80; 81; 82] for ERFs and in [83; 84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89; 90; 91; 92; 93] for MRFs. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [94] published a magnificent review on the structure design and its analysis of magnetorheological fluid dampers.  
Mounts can be understood as a simplified version of dampers. They are rather simple components, but crucial to the proper function of many of the critical systems in a vehicle. Without the mounts, the engine would shift and buck violently in its compartment, damaging everything in its path, including crucial connections. The automobile vibrations have two main sources, the engine, with a typical frequency band in the range of 5-500 Hz, and with complex local oscillator properties due to the variety of working regimes, i.e., start/stop, acceleration, braking, etc.; and uneven pavement effects. Below 20 Hz, in order to effectively attenuate low-frequency vibrations of large amplitude due to uneven pavement, high rigidity and high damping characteristics are required; above 20 Hz, low stiffness and small damping, in order to reduce interior noise and improve the car's handling and stability. Currently, most of the suspension apparatus for automobile engines use passive vibration isolation rubber blocks or passive hydraulic suspension. Both are passive suspension with constant damping characteristics, which can not be adjusted to the required damping conditions and it ultimately affects the car's ride comfort. Thus, the conventional passive suspension has difficulties to meet the performance requirements of automotive vibration isolation. For these reasons, together with the fact that weight is not very relevant, active-dampers was one of the first applications for active-fluids. Very recently, an engine suspension device using electro-magneto-rheological fluid has been disclosed [64]. Its damping force increases either with the applied electric or magnetic field separately or both fields applied simultaneously, allowing the adjustment to the type of load (frequency and amplitude) in order to meet the optimal performance.
## Energy Efficient Routing and Node Activity Scheduling in the OCARI Wireless Sensor Network  
**[PERSON], [PERSON] \({}^{\star}\) and [PERSON]**  
Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA), Rocquencourt, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.A.)  
\({}^{\star}\) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +33139635233; Fax: +33139635566.  
_Received: 22 July 2010 / Accepted: 11 August 2010 / Published: 17 August 2010_  
**Abstract:** Sensor nodes are characterized by a small size, a low cost, an advanced communication technology, but also a limited amount of energy. Energy efficient strategies are required in such networks to maximize network lifetime. In this paper, we focus on a solution integrating energy efficient routing and node activity scheduling. The energy efficient routing we propose, called EOLSR, selects the route and minimizes the energy consumed by an end-to-end transmission, while avoiding nodes with low residual energy. Simulation results show that EOLSR outperforms the solution selecting the route of minimum energy as well as the solution based on node residual energy. Cross-layering allows EOLSR to use information from the application layer or the MAC layer to reduce its overhead and increase network lifetime. Node activity scheduling is based on the following observation: the sleep state is the least power consuming state. So, to schedule node active and sleeping periods, we propose SERENA that colors all network nodes using a small number of colors, such that two nodes with the same color can transmit without interfering. The node color is mapped into a time slot during which the node can transmit. Consequently, each node is awake during its slot and the slots of its one-hop neighbors, and sleeps in the remaining time. We evaluate SERENA benefits obtained in terms of bandwidth, delay and energy. We also show how cross-layering with the application layer can improve the end-to-end delays for data gathering applications.  
**Keywords:** wireless sensor networks; energy efficiency; energy efficient routing; node activity scheduling; cross-layering; graph coloring
## 2 Healthcare Projects Using Wireless Medical Sensor Networks
Specifically, this research focused on reliable communication, data rate, routing, and QoS [54]. In their description of MEDiSN its authors acknowledged the need for encryption for PMs, but they did not describe which cryptosystem has been used for data confidentiality and how they have checked the authenticity of the delivered data. Thus, although the authors provided security to MEDiSN, their study did not reveal much information about their security implementation. Further, only authenticated clients can access and control the sensor network at back-end server, but which authenticated protocol they have used is unknown. As a result, from a security perspective authors failed to provide detailed information about their security mechanisms. In [55], the authors designed and developed a wearable personal monitoring service, called SATIRE, with the collaboration of the University of Illinois and the University of Virginia. SATIRE allows users to maintain a private searchable record of their daily routine activities (e.g., measured by two motion and location sensors). A person wearing a SATIRE jacket that can record his/her normal daily activities. When the person (_i.e._, wearing a jacket) comes into the vicinity of an access more (_i.e._, connected to a personal computer), the logged data is uploaded reliably to a private repository associated with that person. Later, this data may be used to reconstruct the activities and locations of the person. Although, authors properly address security and privacy issues in SATIRE, they did not implement any security and privacy for sensitive physiological data. We must assume that the authors intentionally considered security a topic for future work. As we have seen, all the above on-going healthcare monitoring projects enable automatic patient monitoring and provide potentiated quality of healthcare without disturbing patient comfort. All the projects focus on the reliability, cost effectiveness and power consumptions of their prototypes, but although most of the healthcare projects mentioned above addresses the need for security and privacy for sensitive data (e.g., CodeBlue [7,44], MobiCare [16], STAIRE [55]), only a few embed any security (e.g., ALARM-NET [13], MEDiSN [54]), which is not sufficient for such critical applications. Hence, security and privacy have not been investigated in much depth, and challenges still remain for real-time wireless healthcare applications.
## 2 Literature Review
### Scene Text Recognition
#### 2.2.1 Text Detection  
Given the similarity between text detection and general object detection, most text detection methods use a general object detection framework as core architecture. Combining a random forest word classifier and convolutional neural network (CNN) was proposed to achieve a high recall rate and precision [26]. In [27], Faster-RCNN was enhanced by the inception region proposal network, responsible for obtaining text candidate regions. Then an iterative bounding box voting scheme was applied to ensure high recall and the best results. In [28], an image processing method named non-maximum suppression was proposed to reduce overlapped and redundant effects. An SSD-based text detection method called TextBoxes ++ [25] was proposed to detect arbitrary-oriented scene text with high accuracy and efficiency using a quadrilateral rectangle without post-processing steps involved, such as non-maximum suppression. However, the accuracy of region proposal-based methods heavily relies on the candidate regions' generation. Unlike general objects,the text usually has varying aspect ratios. Therefore, it is necessary to manually design anchors with different aspect ratios and scales, which makes text detection complicated and inefficient.
# Optical Camera Communication as an Enabling Technology for Microalgae Cultivation +
###### Abstract  
Optical Camera Communication (OCC) systems have a potential application in microalgae production plants. In this work, a proof-of-concept prototype consisting of an artificial lighting photobieractor is proposed. This reactor optimises the culture's photosynthetic efficiency while transmitting on-off keying signals to a rolling-shutter camera. Upon reception, both signal decoding and biomass concentration sensing are performed simultaneously using image processing techniques. Moreover, the communication channel's theoretical modelling, the data rate system's performance, and the plant distribution requirements and restrictions for a production-scale facility are detailed. A case study is conducted to classify three different node arrangements in a real facility, considering node visibility, channel capacity, and space exploitation. Finally, several experiments comprising radiance evaluation and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) computation are performed at different angles of view in both indoor and outdoor environments. It is observed that the Lambertian-like emission patterns are affected by increasing concentrations, reducing the effective emission angles. Furthermore, significant differences in the SNR, up to 20 dB, perceived along the illuminated surface (centre versus border), gradually reduce as light is affected by greater dispersion. The experimental analysis in terms of scattering and selective wavelength attenuation for green (_Arthrospira platensis_) and brown (_Rhodosorus marinus_) microalgae species determines that the selected strain must be considered in the development of this system.  
optical camera communications; visible light communications; microalgae cultivation; artificial lighting; light management; smart farming; Agriculture 4.0 +
Footnote †: Published: 26 January 2021
# Adaptive Truncation Threshold Determination for Multimode Fiber Single-Pixel Imaging
## 1 Introduction
The latter is believed to be the state of the art for threshold noise signals. Unfortunately, both show a low correlation with the recovered image of the benchmark threshold as noise increases. This study aims to develop an adaptive truncation threshold determination (ATTD) method for TSVD-based MMF-SPI in disturbed environments, aiming to improve image quality under various noise levels. Simulations and experiments suggest that ATTD can approach the clairvoyant benchmark, which represents the upper bound of performance achievable with prior knowledge of the target. Even under high-noise conditions where fixed truncation thresholds and SURE are less effective, the ATTD method exhibits robust performance. Additionally, the ATTD parameters are self-determined, and their stability is examined. The unique aspects of this work include the adaptive nature of the thresholding mechanism, which adjusts to varying noise levels without requiring prior knowledge, and the notable improvements in image recovery under high-noise conditions, offering a potentially robust solution for real-time applications.
## 2 Preliminaries
### Succinct Data Structures for Rank  
Let \(T[0,n)\) be a _bit-string_ of length \(n\). The fundamental _rank_- and _select_-operations on \(T\) are defined as follows: \(\mathsf{rank}_{\downarrow}(T,i)\) gives the number of \(\mathbb{1}\)'s in the prefix \(T[0,i]\), and \(\mathsf{select}_{\downarrow}(T,i)\) gives the position of the \(i\)'th \(\mathbb{1}\) in \(T\), reading \(T\) from left to right (\(0\leq i<n\)). Operations \(\mathsf{rank}_{0}(T,i)\) and \(\mathsf{select}_{0}(T,i)\) are defined similarly for 0's.  
In [PERSON] and [PERSON] developed the basic structure to solve rank/select queries in constant time within \(n+o(n)\) space. Most newer rank/select dictionaries are based on their work, and so is ours. We partition the input bit string into large blocks of length \(b_{l}:=\log^{2}n\). For each large block we store the number of \(\mathbb{1}\)'s before the block, which is equal to a rank sample at the block border. As there are \(\frac{n}{b_{l}}\) large blocks and we need at most \(\log n\) bits to store each of those values, this requires only \(o(n)\) bits of storage. We call this the _top-level structure_.  
Similarly, we partition each large block into small blocks of size \(b_{s}:=\frac{\log n}{2}\). For each small block we store the number of \(\mathbb{1}\)'s before the small block and within the same large block, which is equal to a rank sample relative to the previous top-level sample. As there are \(\frac{n}{b_{s}}\) small blocks and we need at most \(\log(b_{l})\) bits, this requires only \(o(n)\) bits of storage. We call this the _mid-level structure_.  
As the size of small blocks is limited to \(b_{s}\), there are \(2^{b_{s}}=\sqrt{n}\) different small blocks possible. Note that not all possible small blocks necessarily occur. For every possible small block and each position within a small block we store the number of \(\mathbb{1}\)'s within this small block before the given position in a table. This table requires \(\sqrt{n}\cdot b_{s}\log b_{s}=o(n)\) bits. We call this table the _lookup table_.  
For each small block we need to find the index of the corresponding line in the lookup table. This is, in fact, the original content of the block, and we get it from the text \(T\) itself. As we intend to solve this problem with something different than a plain storage of \(T\), we call the representation of \(T\) the _bottom-level structure_. If we use an alternative bottom-level structure the rank structure can still simulate \(T\) for constant time read-only random access.
## 1 Introduction  
Hypouricemia is defined as serum uric acid concentrations below 119 umol/L (2 mg/dL). It is characterized by increased uric acid clearance or decreased uric acid production. Hypouricemia is a relatively rare condition, occurring in about 0.15-3.3% of the general population and 1.2-4% in hospitalized patients [1; 2]. Malignancy is ranked first as a possible etiology of secondary hypouricemia, followed by diabetes mellitus, renal tubulopathies such as Fanconi syndrome, and medication. Excretion fraction of uric acid (EF-UA) is a key biochemical marker for a differential diagnosis of primary hypouricemia. Markedly elevated EF-UA suggests renal hypouricemia while lower or normal EF-UA suggests hereditary xanthinuria [3].  
Renal hypouricemia (RHUC) is a heterogeneous hereditary disorder caused by a dysfunction of the main renal urate transporters, URAT1 and GLUT9. Characteristic biochemical markers include markedly decreased serum uric acid concentrations (S-UA) and elevated EF-UA. Clinical markers include exercise-induced acute renal failure, urolithiasis, and hematuria along with fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and diffuse abdominal discomfort. However, RHUC is also characterized by clinical variability, and only about 10% of all patients with a URAT1 defect have nephrolithiasis and/or acute kidney injury due to spasms of the renal artery. Currently there is no treatment for RHUC; however, allopurniol has been used to prevent recurrence of acute kidney injury episodes, and oral supplementation with antioxidants is recommended [4].  
The role of URAT1 and the association of genetic variants of the _SLC22A12_ gene with renal hypouricemia (RHUC type 1, OMIM no. 220150) were identified in 2002 [5], and to date, about 200 patients have been identified. The relationship between the GLUT9 transporter (gene _SLC2A9_) and renal hypouricemia (RHUC type 2, OMIM no. 612076) was reported in 2008 [6], and to date, about 15 patients have been identified. Homozygous or compound heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the _SLC22A12_ gene lead to a partial defect in absorption of uric acid, while variants in the _SLC2A9_ are responsible for severe hypouricemia and hyperuricosuria (SUA \(<\) 10 umol/L, EF-UA \(>\) 90%), which is often complicated by nephrolithiasis and acute kidney injury, such as that seen in RHUC1. Genetic variants in the _SLC22A12_ gene are the primary cause of renal hypouricemia (\(>\)90%) with major variants reported in Asia region (Japanese and Korea, variant p.W258X with frequencies 2.3%) and in the Roma population (p.L415_G417 del and p.T467M with frequencies of 1.9% and 5.6%, respectively) [7; 8; 9; 10].  
This case study expands our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of renal hypouricemia and confirms the distribution of dysfunctional URAT1 variants in non-Asian patients.
## 1 Introduction
It has been demonstrated that different species of _Trichoderma_ spp. can be manipulated as a natural enemy of _Moniliophthora roreri_ in vitro [13]. The success of these species as BCAs is due to the activation of multiple abilities encompassing mycopparasitism, competition for nutrients, deactivation of enzymes of the phytopathogens, and antibiosis. In addition, the growth rate of _Trichoderma_ is substantially faster than that of _M. roreri_; consequently, it can effectively disable their growth. This living technology promotes host plant development, controls the density and activity of unwanted organisms, and improves nutrient use efficiency. The direct introduction of _Trichoderma_ spp. through fungal spore-based biopreparations into the agricultural environment is subject to a myriad of interactions that may modify the efficacy it initially showed in in vitro trials. For field trials of biocontrol agents (BCA) to be effective, it is necessary to develop biological products that have the greatest compatibility between the three levels (invader, environment and plant) [14]. This situation is complex and difficult to predict due to the constant changes in ecological characteristics and circumstances, as well as other factors that vary the desired impact. In this context, it is essential to examine the performance of _Trichoderma_ spp. in individual circumstances as well as in antagonism interactions with _M. roreri_, by means of data mining tools that contribute to the improvement of agricultural systems [15; 16]. In recent years, the multivariate statistical analysis of agronomic data has received a great boost because it allows the identification of complex relationships between multiple variables simultaneously. This massive data analysis technology combines mathematical algorithms and big data techniques to broaden the understanding of the interdependence between variables and treatments. The visual representation of existing patterns aids in decision making and, consequently, favors significant advances in agronomic research. There are several algorithms and methodologies that focus on the relationship between different attributes, such as PCA biplot clustering algorithms. The application of these data mining techniques facilitates the understanding of patterns hidden at first sight, synthesizing large amounts of information in a space of smaller dimension [17]. The main objective of this article was to use the multivariate technique PCA biplot to determine the strain of _Trichoderma_ spp. that has better mycelial characteristics and greater capacity to induce systemic antagonism in vitro against two exclusive pathogens of cocoa crop: _Moniliophthora roreri_ (MRCP) and _Moniliophthora roreri_ (MMCA). In addition, the prevalence of moniliasis and the effectiveness of the treatment based on _Trichoderma_ spp. were evaluated using the DUNCAN test with a significance level of \(p<0.05\) to compare the treatments based on _Trichoderma_ spp., with respect to the control treatment.