## 3 Results
### Odonto/Osteogenic Differentiation of hDPSCs
#### 3.2.1 PCR Arrays for Odonto/Osteogenic Signaling Pathway

Table 1: PCR array results of fold changes and the statistical significance of genes that are involved in odontogenic differentiation and ossification. All groups were compared to day 1 of treatment. Red: upregulated genes, Green: Downregulated genes. The bold numbers represent significant p values. upregulated in a statistically significant manner in all treatment groups (\(p<0.05\)). Interestingly, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1 and COL5A1 were only downregulated significantly in the BD-treated group, compared to the other groups (\(p<0.05\)). For other extracellular matrix proteins, the BD-treated group showed significant upregulation of the major ECM proteins, such as MMP9, MMP10, ITGA2, ITGA3, ITGAM, FLT, and PHEX (\(p<0.05\)) (Table 2). These upregulated expression patterns were observed similarly in cells treated with positive osteogenic differentiation media (positive control). Untreated cells (negative control) showed an elevated expression level of the aforementioned ECMG proteins. However, ITGA2 and IRGA3 were highly upregulated in a statistically significant manner compared to the other control groups (\(p<0.05\)), whereas ITGA1 was only downregulated when the cells were treated with BD. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Symbol**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Up\(-\)Down Regulation (Comparing to Control Group)**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**BD**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Positive Control**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Negative Control**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fold Regulation**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(p\) Value**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Fold Regulation**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(p\) Value**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Fold Regulation**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(p\) Value**} \\ \hline COL10A1 & \(-1.48\) & 0.328066 & \(-5.86\) & **0.000000** & \(-6.94\) & **0.000001** \\ \hline COL14A1 & 6.03 & **0.002053** & 53.47 & 0.155544 & 15.37 & \(0.148270\) \\ \hline COL15A1 & 5.63 & 0.136740 & **10.45** & 0.147288 & **10.22** & \(0.106341\) \\ \hline COL1A1 & \(-13.35\) & **0.000021** & 1.41 & 0.241557 & \(-5.37\) & **0.000659** \\ \hline COL1A2 & \(-4.40\) & **0.000004** & \(1.11\) & 0.289958 & \(-4.63\) & **0.000110** \\ \hline COL2A1 & 7.06 & **0.026841** & **8.42** & **0.000001** & **5.74** & **0.001508** \\ \hline COL3A1 & \(-4.54\) & **0.000280** & \(-1.14\) & 0.064240 & \(-3.38\) & **0.021133** \\ \hline COL5A1 & \(-2.85\) & **0.041857** & 1.75 & 0.211971 & \(-2.52\) & \(0.539793\) \\ \hline FGFR1 & \(-2.77\) & **0.000008** & \(-1.25\) & 0.402002 & \(1.18\) & \(0.435306\) \\ \hline TGFBR1 & \(-10.70\) & **0.000006** & \(-1.76\) & 0.199559 & \(-3.70\) & **0.007490** \\ \hline EGFR & \(-1.81\) & **0.000008** & \(-2.27\) & 0.138319 & \(-1.39\) & **0.010765** \\ \hline VCAM1 & \(-3.37\) & 0.087270 & 1.24 & 0.393835 & \(-8.41\) & **0.000000** \\ \hline FLT1 & 5.35 & **0.041403** & 6.38 & **0.000021** & **5.94** & **0.000475** \\ \hline ITGA1 & \(-2.32\) & **0.034715** & 3.26 & 0.089661 & **3.77** & \(0.173366\) \\ \hline ITGA2 & 3.77 & \(0.153415\) & \(-1.37\) & \(0.176973\) & \(1.61\) & **0.001199** \\ \hline ITGA3 & **11.69** & **0.001542** & 6.73 & **0.000101** & **7.76** & **0.015945** \\ \hline ITGAM & 5.43 & **0.040022** & 6.47 & **0.000016** & **4.41** & **0.005348** \\ \hline ITGB1 & \(-3.51\) & 0.064370 & \(-1.70\) & **0.000253** & \(-2.13\) & **0.000332** \\ \hline PHEX & 5.13 & **0.038577** & **6.11** & **0.000008** & **4.17** & **0.004322** \\ \hline SERPINH1 & \(-4.45\) & **0.001103** & \(-1.51\) & 0.753602 & \(-5.49\) & **0.009375** \\ \hline ALPL & \(-5.31\) & **0.000026** & 1.25 & 0.388258 & \(-3.19\) & **0.000000** \\ \hline BGN & \(-2.70\) & **0.005630** & 2.03 & 0.160352 & \(-1.86\) & \(0.792866\) \\ \hline CD36 & 7.26 & **0.026215** & 8.65 & **0.000001** & **5.90** & **0.001419** \\ \hline MMP10 & 5.62 & **0.037035** & 6.70 & **0.000009** & **4.57** & **0.004108** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}