esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper studied the hybridization of CST and biomass in an existing GPP. PTC technology and OR combustion are used for CST and biomass, respectively. The paper focused on a case study using Zorlu Enerji's KZD-2 triple flash and binary GPP in Denizli, Turkiye. The GPP has had its power output decreased by around 31% due to brine enthalpy decreasing over the operating years, termed Issue 1 in this paper. Moreover, due to the low efficiency of WCT during summer months, the power output is lower in summer than in winter, termed as Issue 2. With this hybridization study, the effects of the intrinsic issues for GPPs, Issues 1 and 2, are mitigated using a topping cycle of hybrid CST and biomass that runs a steam Rankine cycle with shared steam generation. This share is adjusted so that each technology is utilized more during its peak availability. CST generates more steam during summer and during day hours, whereas biomass makes up for the intermittency of CST. This is even more so in winter and during night. In addition to producing additional power, the topping cycle also supplies the GPP with additional steam at the inlet conditions of IPT to utilize its excess turbine capacity as a result of Issue 1. With this hybridization, the results show that the excess turbine capacity of IPT and LPT can be utilized, and on top of this, more than 20 MWe of additional power can be produced in summer daytime. The LCOAE associated with this hybridization is 81.19 USD/MWh, with a payback period of five years for a plant under the YEKDEM incentive or nine years for a plant using the spot market prices.  
Conceptualization, B.C. and D.B.; methodology, B.C., N.C. and S.R.; software, B.C.; validation, B.C.; formal analysis, B.C., D.B. and P.D.-G.; resources, D.B., U.H. and T.H.; data curation, B.C., U.H. and T.H.; writing--original draft preparation, B.C. and D.B.; writing--review and editing, D.B., N.C., P.D-G., U.H., T.H. and S.R.; visualization, B.C., D.B. and P.D.-G.; supervision, D.B. and P.D.-G.; project administration, D.B., P.D.-G. and S.R.; funding acquisition, D.B. and S.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This paper is part of the project GeoSmart that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 818576.  
The data for the TRNSYS model built for the hybrid plant presented in the study are openly available at [[https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.13744496](https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.13744496)]([https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.13744496](https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.13744496)), accessed on 11 September 2024.  
Authors [PERSON] and [PERSON] were employed by the company Zorlu Enerji. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
# Fast Spectral Approximation of Structured Graphs with Applications to Graph Filtering
## 3 Topological Graph Theory
### Structured Graphs with Good Graph Separators  
Let us introduce the following definition by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1998).  
Definition 1: \([(\alpha,\beta)-\text{separator}]\) A class \(\mathcal{S}\) of graphs satisfies the \(f(n)\)-separator theorem for constants \(\alpha<1\) and \(\beta>0\) if every \(n\)-vertex graph in \(\mathcal{S}\) has a vertex partition \(\mathcal{A}\cup\mathcal{B}\cup\mathcal{C}\) such that  
\[|\mathcal{A}|,|\mathcal{B}| \leq\alpha n, \tag{2a}\] \[|\mathcal{C}| \leq\beta f(n), \tag{2b}\]  
and no edge has one endpoint in \(\mathcal{A}\) and the other in \(\mathcal{B}\). Here, \(f(n)\) denotes a function, e.g., polynomial, of \(n\).  
From the definition of \((\alpha,\beta)-\text{separator}\), families of graphs with \(\alpha\approx 1/2\), \(f(n)\in o(n)\) and that are closed under bisection, i.e., the induced graphs by the subsets are contained in the family itself, are the main candidates for families of graphs with good recursive separators.  
Although many sparse graphs do not have a nontrivial separator theorem in terms of Definition 1, there are many families that do. Examples of families that have good separators and are closed under bisection are planar graphs [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1998), e.g., graphs related to meshes and computer graphics, finite element graphs [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1998), e.g., graphs arising from tesselation of the space, and geometric graphs [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1998), e.g., \(k\)-nearest-neighbor graphs, sensor networks. Fortunately, these graph families enclose graphs that we encounter in typical (graph) signal processing applications such as field estimation, distributed sensor networks, smart grids, to name a few. For example, in the network of connections of a person, the sets depicted in Figure 1 could represent their family and close friends (\(\mathcal{A}\)), their coworkers or professional network (\(\mathcal{B}\)) and their acquaintances which interface with both networks (\(\mathcal{C}\)). In this setting, it is sensible to assume that the number of people that interface with both subnetworks is _small_ as in most cases these two domains barely intersect. Therefore, we can be encouraged to think that, similar to the fast Fourier transform (FFT), for graphs within these families we can devise algorithms for problems in GSP leveraging graph separators. For more details on these and other graph families, the reader is referred to Appendix A where more examples are the different families are explained in detail.
## 3 Numerical Modeling Process
### Simulation of Ground Fissures  
Ground fissures are filled with silty fine sand and silt. The interface contact element can simulate the relative dislocation or slip between elements and better reflect the physical and mechanical properties of the ground fissure. Therefore, the interface contact element was used to simulate ground fissures. Its mechanical mechanism is shown in Figure 5. The contact elements met the Mohr--Coulomb friction relationship, which can be expressed as:  
\[F_{\text{smax}}=c_{if}A+\tan\phi_{if}(F_{n}-uA) \tag{2}\]  
where \(F_{n}\) is the normal stress of the contact surface, \(F_{\text{smax}}\) is the ultimate tangential stress of the contact surface, \(c_{if}\) is the cohesion of the contact surface, \(\phi_{if}\) is the friction angle of the contact surface, \(A\) is the area of the contact surface, and \(u\) is the pore pressure.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Value** & **Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline Marshaling form/section & 8 & Marshaling weight/kN & 3884 \\ Bogie axde distance/m & 2.500 & Bogie axde weight/t & \(\leq\)15 \\ Vehicle width/m & 3.380 & Vehicle height/m & 3.700 \\ Length of intermediate/m & 25.000 & Length of head/m & 26.500 \\ Total length/m & 203.000 & Center distance of bogie/m & 17.500 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: High-speed train parameters [9].  
Figure 4: Excitation force load time–history curve.  
The parameters of ground fissures were set according to references [39; 40], where normal stiffness \(K\)\(n\) = 10,000 kPa, tangential stiffness \(K\)s = 1000 kPa, cohesion \(c\) = 12 kPa, and internal friction angle \(\varphi\) = 20\({}^{\circ}\).
# Networked Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Surveillance and Monitoring: A Survey
## 4 Wildlife Monitoring UAVs
### Research Gap and Future Directions
Particularly, wild animals can respond to both visual and auditory cues from UAVs in negative ways [89]. Studies show that, for animals in a noisy colony, any sign of discomfort can be attributed to visual rather than auditory contact with the UAVs [90] and vice versa for animals in ecosystems with little environmental noise [97]. There have been some commercialized quiet alternatives to standard UAVs. For example, DJI Mavic Pro claims to be 60% quieter than other models [98]. In addition, a Canadian company released the prototype of ultra-quiet UAV blades as their low-noise solution to multi-rotor UAVs, and field tests showed that their blades can achieve 10 dB average sound reduction [99; 100]. A demonstration video can be seen at [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1) LNKL92 kMKE]([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1) LNKL92 kMKE), accessed on 1 July 2021. Adopting such UAVs to monitor animals can cause less noise disturbance.
# Formation Control Algorithm of Multi-UAV-Based Network Infrastructure
## 4 Formation Control Algorithm
### Algorithm Analysis  
To validate our formation control algorithm, we prove that the output of the algorithm is a Nash equilibrium [37]. Let \(S_{i}=v\mathbf{t}\mathbf{d_{i}}/|\mathbf{d_{i}}|\) is the movement for the UAV \(d_{i}\) in a time period \(t\) with the speed  
Figure 4: An example of \(F_{coneq}\).  
\(v\), then \(S=S_{1}\times S_{2}\times\cdots\times S_{|D|}\) is the set of strategy profiles. Since the objective of the algorithm is the enhancement of the network performance, payoff function could be expressed by the overall network throughput difference of the infrastructure such as  
\[f(x)=\Delta\mathcal{N}(\Delta D,\Delta M) \tag{14}\]  
where \(x\) refers to a certain direction (unit vector) of the UAV at \(t\). On the circumstances that all \(x^{*}=\mathbf{d}/|\mathbf{d}|\) is given, let \(x^{\prime}_{i}\) satisfies \(f(x^{\prime}_{i},x_{-i})>f(x^{*}_{i},x^{*}_{-i})\). If \(x^{\prime}_{i}\) causes the loss of ad hoc connection of a UAV, \(f(x^{\prime}_{i},x_{-i})\leq f(x^{*}_{i},x^{*}_{-i})\) due to Equation (9) where \(T^{\prime}_{d_{j}}\geq 0\). Otherwise, if \(x^{\prime}_{i}\) causes the changes of the connected devices, there are total 4 cases as follows.  
* Decrement of the \(C(d_{j})\) leads to the decrement of the \(T_{d_{j}}\) except the case of the excessive \(C(D_{j})\), which is already reflected by \(x^{*}_{i}\) in Equation (13). It leads to the decrement of the \(T^{\prime}_{d_{j}}\) by Equation (8).
* Increment of the \(C(d_{j})\) leads to the decrement of the \(\mathcal{D}\) except the case of the redundant \(R\), which is already reflected by \(x^{*}_{i}\) in Equation (12).
* Bringing already connected devices from other UAVs leads to the decrement of the \(\mathcal{D}\) of \(i\) and the redundant \(R\) of the other UAVs, except the case of the congestion equalizing addressed in Section 4.3, which is already reflected by \(x^{*}_{i}\).
* Yielding already connected devices to other UAVs leads to the redundant \(R\) of \(i\) and the increment of the \(\mathcal{D}\) of the other UAVs, except the case of the congestion equalizing addressed in Section 4.3, which is already reflected by \(x^{*}_{i}\).  
Otherwise, \(x^{\prime}_{i}\) induces the delay of the network coverage expansion and the reduction of the possibility to discover a new connection, while \(x^{*}_{i}\) reflects the best possible point by Equation (11). In conclusion, the above statement is contradictory to the assumption that there is a \(x^{\prime}_{i}\) which satisfies \(f(x^{\prime}_{i},x_{-i})>f(x^{*}_{i},x^{*}_{-i})\). Hence, the algorithm is proved that the output \(S\) is a Nash equilibrium.
## 3 Tissue Engineering Approach
### Lithography  
Lithography is a technique that allows the formation of precise and complex 2D and 3D microarchitectures and nanoarchitectures. In the field of biomedicine, photolithography has offered a promising alternative to a conventional fabrication method [109]. Photolithography is a photon-based technique that exploits light to project a mask into a photosensitive emulsion (photoresist) coated onto a substrate. The master fabricated by photolithography can be used to create a polymer negative mold typically of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for a polymeric scaffold fabrication [109]. Retinal progenitor cells were successfully seeded onto structures fabricated through photolithography [110; 111; 112]. The microfabricated topography enhanced the attachment, organization and differentiation of the progenitor cells into photoreceptor-like cells [111]. Hence, these structures could be used for photoreceptor replacement in the treatment of photoreceptor degeneration. Photolithography might be followed by wet and ion etching. For instance, [PERSON] et al. developed and tested in vitro a parylene-C membrane artificial Bruch's membrane for an RPE cell culture as a potential treatment for dry AMD [8; 113]. In vivo studies demonstrated the safety and potential of a parylene membrane as an RPE scaffold [8]. In particular, the implantation of the membrane previously seeded with cells was compared with the injection of a cell suspension. The results showed that cell survival was greater in animals that were transplanted with the cell membrane patch than those that received the cell suspension. Moreover, when injected, cells were observed as clumps whereas an RPE monolayer was visible in rats transplanted with the patch. These findings suggest that this approach may improve visual function at least in the short term in a few patients suffering from advanced stages of dry AMD. Currently, there is an ongoing clinical trial at phase I/IIa (NCT02590692) to study the safety of subretinal implantation of human embryonic stem cells seeded onto a parylene membrane [114].  
The retinal scaffolds fabricated via photolithography are listed in Table 3.
## 3 Results
### Medium Term Performance  
The coating material applied on membranes 5-7 is advantageous for membrane distillation based on its superior wetting resistance and homogeneity. Membranes 5 and 6 were tested for a longer period. The flux and salt retention for membrane 6 are shown as an example in Figure 9, but similar results are obtained for membrane 5. The steady decrease in flux is caused by the increasing salt concentration, while jump in flux is explained by the addition of water to the feed solution after a certain amount of time to maintain the concentration at 35 g\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\). During a period of 80 h, salt retention was always above 99.9% and flux remained constant. To confirm the stability of the coating on the active membrane surface, the LEP of the used membrane was measured. The initial LEP was 1.8, while the LEP of the membrane after 80 h of operation equals 1.4 bar. This reduction is caused by the reduced surface tension after long term exposure to salts, which is also reported in the literature [51]. However, this reduction is not severe enough to indicate that the coating is washed off during operation. In that case, 0.1 bar would already result in the penetration of liquid through the membrane.
## 2 Electro-Thermal Modeling and Analysis of Composite Materials Under Lightning Strike
### Finite Element Model
#### 2.2.4 Key Processes of the Analysis Method  
The electro-thermal coupling analysis method is a multiphysics simulation technique utilized to delineate the damage state of materials by simulating the temperature field distribution, thereby predicting the extent of damage and informing the design of repair measures. Lightning-induced damage is conducted using the Abaqus FEA software, as shown in Figure 3. The detailed components of this analysis have been previously described in Section 2, including mesh generation and boundary conditions (Section 2.2.1), material properties (Section 2.2.2), and current load (Section 2.2.3). In the initial step, the potential subjected to lightning current is computed under prescribed electrical boundary conditions, while transient heat transfer is performed by applying the generated Joule heat to each finite element under given thermal boundary conditions. The analysis incorporates temperature-dependent material properties, with full coupling between electrical and thermal analyses. Phase changes due to temperature increases are monitored for ablation damage indicators. If an element reaches the critical temperature, its properties are adjusted; otherwise, they remain unchanged. The final temperature distribution identifies ablation areas.  
Figure 2: Typical simulated lightning current waveform.
# Aquasafe: A Remote Sensing, Web-Based Platform for the Support of Precision Fish Farming
## 2 Materials and Methods
### System Architecture  
The \"Aquasafe\" web platform is a custom content and data management platform developed in the framework of a national project. The implementation of the application has been based on modern and open-source software technologies. The platform is based on a 3-tier architecture (Figure 3). The data tier is supported by a spatially enabled Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). The application (business logic) tier has been implemented by utilizing Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and by deploying data harvesting, data curation, and product deriving mechanisms. The APIs concern both the content-related elements and operations of the platform, as well as geospatial information services' provisioning. The geospatial services are based on interoperable and de juro/facto ISO/OGC standards, i.e., Web Mapping Service (WMS) and Web Feature Service (WFS). The web interface (presentation tier) harnesses the APIs' capabilities to provide the derived functionality.  
The platform development has been based on custom development with free and open-source software components. Technologies involved are PostgreSQL/PostGIS as RDBMS, object-oriented PHP (backend) with the user interface (frontend) implemented in modern Javascript libraries (ReactJS, OpenLayers).
# QoS-Aware Resource Management in 5G and 6G Cloud-Based Architectures with Priorities
## 3 Transmission Waiting Time FIFO Queue  
After the pre-empted IP packet enters the buffer and waits for an average \(\overline{W}_{schedule}\) period of time, it has to leave the pre-emption buffer and enter the MAC/Ethernet transmission buffer, where other packets have already been scheduled in a FIFO sequence. In that phase, we must calculate the average delay time a packet spends on the transmission buffer before being transmitted over the LAN towards the EPC core.
## 3 Proposed Model
### Question Constraint Extraction  
The goal of the constraint extraction subtask is to discover the constraints in the question and determine the kind of constraints and corresponding operands. The constraint extraction model proposed in this paper takes as input a given question \(S_{S}=\{w_{1},w_{2},\ldots,w_{n}\}\), and it detects the constraint information present in the question \(C=\{c_{1},c_{2},\ldots,c_{n}\}\), where \(c_{i}=(O,T,COP)\), \(O\) is the constrained object, \(T\) is the constraint type, and \(COP\) is the set of constraint operands.  
Figure 4 depicts the model. The constraint detection section of the model is on the left side and is responsible for recognizing \(T\) and \(COP\) from the question. It comprises of a semantic encoding layer, a semantic reasoning layer, and a constraint type detection layer. The constrained subject detection section of the model, which consists of a constraint subject detection layer and a fully connected layer, is on the right side of the model and is responsible for calculating \(O\). In the following, we first give the range of values of \(T\) and \(COP\), and then introduce each section of the model.
## 3 Results
### Spatiotemporal Error (NRMSE)  
Repeated-measure ANOVA revealed no significant main effect of: condition \(F\)(1, 26) = 0.02, \(p\) = 0.892, \(\mathrm{np^{2}}\) = 0.001; time, \(F\)(2, 52) = 0.324, \(p\) = 0.725, \(\mathrm{np^{2}}\) = 0.012; or condition \(\times\) time interaction, \(F\)(2, 52) = 1.92, \(p\) = 0.157, \(\mathrm{np^{2}}\) = 0.069. All observed effect sizes ranged from small to medium, indicating limited practical significance. Since the ANOVA did not yield any statistically significant effects, no follow up t-tests were performed.  
In the rPMS condition, spatiotemporal error increased by 2.1% immediately post-stimulation (Post 0), decreased by 0.8% at 30 min (Post 30), and increased by 3.6% at 60 min (Post 60) relative to baseline. In the sham condition, errors decreased by 1.4% at Post 0, increased by 6.7% at Post 30, and 0.7% at Post 60 (see Figure 2). Although descriptive trends indicated a slight increase in error following rPMS, this change did not reach statistical significance and should therefore be interpreted with caution (Figure 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **Value** \\ \hline Demographics & \\ \hline Age (years), mean (SD) & 60.6 (10.3) \\ \hline Sex, n (female/male) & 4/12 \\ \hline Race/ethnicity, n (\%) & \\ \hline – White, not Hispanic or Latino & 7 (43.8\%) \\ \hline – White, Hispanic or Latino & 3 (18.8\%) \\ \hline – African American & 6 (37.5\%) \\ \hline – Asian American & 0 (0\%) \\ \hline Side affected, n (right/left) & 7/9 \\ \hline Stroke type, n (hemorrhagic/ischemic) & 6/10 \\ \hline Years since stroke, mean (SD) & 8.1 (5.9) \\ \hline Clinical Assessments & \\ \hline MMSE, mean (SD) & 29.3 (0.9) \\ \hline FMLE Sensory Score—affected side, mean (SD) & 10.7 (2.3) \\ \hline FMLE Sensory Score—non-affected side, mean (SD) & 12.0 (0.0) \\ \hline
10 MWT—Comfortable speed (m/s), mean (SD) & 0.81 (0.2) \\ \hline
10 MWT—Maximal speed (m/s), mean (SD) & 1.14 (0.3) \\ \hline Timed up and go (TUG) test (s), mean (SD) & 16.9 (5.2) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Participant demographics and clinical characteristics at baseline (n = 16). Abbreviations: MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; FMLE = Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity; 10 MWT = 10-m walk test; TUG = timed up and go.
# A Hybrid Scheme for Disaster-Monitoring Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Scheme Description
### Steady-State Stage
Consequently, the predecessor node allows this node to leave and gives the successor node a special token informing it that the predecessor has changed. This procedure is illustrated in Figure 3. Node 1 sends a message to Node 4 when Node 1 is about to leave the ring, as shown in Figure 3a; then, for setting up the predecessor to Node 4, a token for setting up the predecessor is passed from Node 4 to Node 2. Node 2 accepts this token and establishes Node 4 as its predecessor. Subsequently, Node 2 sends a token reply to Node 4, which establishes Node 2 as the successor. The situation after Node 1 leaves is shown in Figure 3b. In the case that multiple nodes leave the ring at the same time, since only the nodes that obtain the token can leave the ring network, the multiple nodes will leave the ring successively, according to the order in which the token is obtained. The procedure for initiating a virtual ring is as follows. Each cluster has a cluster head node based on the proposed clustering method. Initially, the virtual ring has only one node, the cluster head node. The cluster head broadcasts an invitation token to join. One of the ordinary nodes in the cluster is verified as joining the virtual ring. This operation continues, and all ordinary nodes in the cluster finally join the virtual ring. The virtual ring initialization is complete.