# Adhesion Performance between Solid Waste and Bitumen Based on Surface Energy Theory
## 1 Introduction  
An increasing number of roads have been constructed in recent years. However, road construction requires an abundant amount of natural aggregate resources, which will cause a shortage in resources and rising prices [1]. Therefore, finding new materials with social and economic benefits to replace natural aggregates is an inevitable trend. Solid waste, such as construction and demolition waste, must be examined first, considering renewable resources. Construction and demolition waste is solid waste generated during the construction or demolition process of buildings. If a long-term neglect attitude toward construction and demolition waste is adopted, then such an attitude will have a poor impact on the urban environment, living conditions, and land quality. Therefore, the effective and reasonable utilization of solid waste in road engineering is of considerable importance to solve the shortage of natural aggregates. Glass and ceramics can be seen everywhere in daily life. These materials are typically used as utensils in industries and belong to construction and demolition waste, both accounting for a large proportion of all solid waste. In some developed countries in Europe and America, waste glass accounts for 4-8% of urban waste generated yearly. In China, the annual output of waste glass is approximately 10.4 billion kg [2], and the output of waste ceramics is approximately 18 billion kg [3]. The development of the construction industry has made natural resources scarce, and the reasonable disposal of solid waste generated from other industries is a problem faced by countries all over the world. Therefore, scholarshave conducted a considerable amount of research from multiple angles and aspects, thus aiming to achieve the goal of solid wastes replacing natural aggregates. Waste glass was used in urban road construction in many places in the United States in the 1960s. The asphalt-glass mixture design has currently been incorporated into the specification by more than 10 states in the United States [4]. In New South Wales, Australia, waste glass has been used in municipal road construction, replacing some natural aggregates. The mechanical properties of new aggregates are within the specification requirements, and their overall permeability is also improved [5]. Six kinds of waste glass were added in asphalt mixture, thus improving the reflective performance of new asphalt pavement. However, the dynamic stability, water damage resistance, and low-temperature crack resistance performance were reduced, leading to the conclusion that the recommended glass content should not be more than 9% [6]. The adhesion performance between bitumen and glass was found to be poor, which can be improved by adding modified bitumen or stripping agent; the strength and road performance of the mixture met the requirements of the specification [7]. Instead of natural aggregates, many research experiments on asphalt mixture using glass have been conducted, and the final research results show that the use of glass in the range of 5% to 15% has the best effect [8]. The effect of glass fiber on the mechanical properties of concrete under different dosages and lengths was examined through a combination of theoretical analysis, laboratory tests, and engineering applications. The best length of glass fiber is 12 mm, and the optimal volume rate is 1% [9]. Waste ceramics were first used in building materials by the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1920s. Instead of sand and gravel aggregates, Japan used waste ceramics in cement pavement in the 1960s and 1970s [10]. Ceramics were later applied to asphalt mixtures to study their road performance; results revealed that ceramics can meet the requirements of medium-grade and low-grade roads when their content does not exceed 30% [11]. Ceramics content should also not exceed 40% during coarse aggregate replacement of SMA-13.