esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and the repeatability of two reference systems for three-dimensional facial scans (FSs) compared with a reference system based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Subjects and methods: A total of sixty subjects, thirty growing participants (8-17 years old) and thirty non-growing participants (older than 21 years old), with FSs and full-field-of-view CBCT were included. Two different reference systems on the same FS were constructed. To assess validity, the two reference systems based on FSs were compared with the reference systems built using the CBCT scans. After two weeks, all of the FSs were reassessed to evaluate intra-operator repeatability. Reliability and repeatability were evaluated by means of parametric and non-parametric tests, intra-class correlation, the Dahlberg formula, and Bland-Altman plots (\(p<0.05\)). Results: Both reference systems presented good reliability and showed a small difference with respect to the CBCT-based sagittal plane (Sagittal FS1 = 1.90 \(\pm\) 0.98\({}^{\circ}\); Sagittal FS2 = 1.80 \(\pm\) 1.13\({}^{\circ}\); \(p=\) 0.232). Between them, the two reference systems showed a small difference in the position of the sagittal plane (Sagittal FS1\({}^{\circ}\)Sagittal FS2 = 1.39 \(\pm\) 1.13\({}^{\circ}\)). Conclusions: Both reference systems assessed in this study showed good intra-operator repeatability and their use may be suggested as reliable reference systems for FSs.  
facial scan; CBCT; reference system; orthodontics
## 3 Results
### Functional Outcomes  
Modified Barium Swallow Studies (MBSS) were performed more frequently at the main cancer center than the satellite sites due to the presence of a comprehensive team of speech pathologists. 12 patients (24%) underwent feeding tube placement at the main campus, prophylactically (\(n=4\)) or during treatment (\(n=8\)). Two of the 12 patients continued to be feeding tube dependent after 6 months. Twenty-four patients (55%) underwent feeding tube placement at the satellite sites, prophylactically (\(n=20\)) or during treatment (\(n=4\)). Eleven of the 24 patients continued to be feeding tube-dependent at 6 months. Prophylactic feeding tube placement was associated with higher rates of 6-month feeding tube dependency (\(n=2\), 100% at main site, \(n=9\), 92% at satellite sites). Weight loss was recorded throughout CRT treatment and during the 6-month post-treatment follow-up. Thirty-seven patients (74%) lost \(\leq\)10% baseline weight during treatment while the remaining 13 (26%) lost \(>\)10% of their initial body weight at the main site. Twenty-six (59%) patients lost \(\leq\)10% baseline weight, while the remaining 18 (41%) lost \(>\)10% of their baseline weight during treatment at the satellite sites. Twenty-four patients (48%) lost \(\leq\)10% baseline weight at the 6-month post-treatment follow-up, while 26 (53%) lost \(>\)10% of their initial body weight at the main site. Fourteen patients (32%) and 30 patients (68%), respectively, lost \(\leq\) and \(>\)10% of their initial body weight at the 6-month post-treatment follow-up at the satellite sites. Overall, at 6 months after completion of treatment, both sites noted an increased number of patients experiencing \(>\)10% baseline weight loss (13 to 26 patients at the main campus and 18 to 30 patients at the satellite sites). Of the 12 patients who underwent feeding tube placement at the main site, 4 (33%) and 7 (58%) patients lost \(>\)10% baseline weight during treatment and at 6 months post-treatment, respectively. Of the 24 patients who underwent feeding tube placement at the satellite sites, eight (33%) and 16 (66%) patients lost \(>\)10% baseline weight during treatment and at 6 months post-treatment, respectively.  
Narcotic use was recorded at 3- and 6-month timepoints after completion of radiation therapy. At the main center, 16 (32%) patients had recorded persistent use of narcotics at a 3 months post-treatment interval and 9 (18%) patients required persistent narcotic use at the 6-month mark. At the satellite sites, a similar number of patients (\(n=13\), 30%) reported narcotic use 3 months post-treatment, and 10 (23%) patients registered persistent narcotic use at the 6-month mark.
## 2 Theory  
### Elasticity of the Film-Substrate Interface  
The main mechanism of film-substrate adhesion involves a collection of chemical bonds. Although the types and orientations of the chemical bonds are complex, each individual bond is associated with a certain elastic constant [14]. Thus, the film-substrate interface can be viewed as a complex combination of a number of springs, each having a different spring constant from one another. In an actual thin-film system, some of the bonds will not be perfect, leading to a lower elastic constant than the better bonds. Figure 1 illustrates the situation schematically where the middle two springs are weaker than the side springs. When this system is oscillated at a frequency lower than the resonance associated with some of the springs from the rear side of the substrate, the weaker springs oscillate more than the stronger springs. Consequently, the film surface can bulge back and forth as the film oscillates, as illustrated in the lower part of Figure 1. This type of membrane-like oscillation can occur locally in a specimen. By measuring the amplitude of the film surface oscillation scanning through the entire film surface, it is possible to characterize the elasticity of the film-substrate interface as a function of the position in the in-plane coordinates.  
The ultrasonic technique known as scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) probes the film-substrate interface by oscillating it at ultrasonic frequency. By measuring the acoustic velocity, SAM evaluates the elastic constant of the interface. Thus, SAM can potentially detect weak adhesions of thin-film systems. However, when the oscillation associated with adhesion weakness has a resonant frequency significantly lower than the ultrasonic frequency at which SAM is operated, the applicability of SAM becomes questionable for the following reason. When a thin-film system is driven acoustically, an oscillator whose resonance is the closest to the driving frequency responds most sensitively. The transmissibility (the transfer function) of a mechanical oscillator decreases with a quadratic dependence on the frequency (\(f^{-2}\)) on the high frequency side of the resonance. If the driving frequency is higher than the resonance, the response of the oscillator decreases quadratically. It is possible that bond imperfection reduces the overall stiffness so significantly that the ultrasonic frequency falls in a range where the sensitivity is unrealistically low.
## 3 Experimental Results Analysis
### Investigation of Damage Evolution Patterns under Different Cyclic Loading and Unloading Scenarios  
Rock damage refers to the process where internal microcracks, initiation, and propagation gradually evolve to the macro surface of the rock due to external load, resulting in the deterioration of the rock's mechanical properties. Based on the previous analysis of the energy evolution patterns of rocks during cyclic loading and unloading, it was found that the accumulation of dissipative energy is the main cause of rock damage and deformation. Some researchers have achieved certain results by studying the accumulation of rock damage based on the energy dissipation method. According to the method used in reference [20] to calculate the damage characteristics of rocks during different cyclic processes, the calculation formula is as follows:  
\[U_{e}(i)=\sum_{k=1}^{i}U_{e}^{k} \tag{5}\]  
In Equation (5), we use symbol to represent the accumulated dissipated energy for the -th cycle, and symbol to represent the dissipated energy for the \(k\)-th cycle.  
\[U(i)=U_{e}(i)+U_{d}(i) \tag{6}\]  
In Equation (6), we use symbol to represent the accumulated total strain energy for the -th cycle, and symbol to represent the elastic strain energy for the -th cycle.  
\[D(i)=\frac{U_{e}(i)}{U(t)} \tag{7}\]  
In Equation (7), we use symbol to represent the damage of the rock sample at the -th cycle, and symbol to represent the accumulated total strain energy of the rock sample during the last loading.  
By calculating Equations (5)-(7), the total strain energy of the rock under graded cyclic loading and unloading is determined to be 141.82 J, while under variable lower cyclic loading and unloading, the total strain energy of the rock is found to be 53.55 J. Substituting these values into the above equation, the damage results for each cycle of loading and unloading in the rock are obtained, and the relationship between rock damage and cycle number is illustrated in Figure 10.  
Figure 9: Energy storage rate, energy dissipation rate, and number of cycles.  
From Figure 10, it can be observed that the damage variation curves of the rock under both cyclic loading and unloading paths exhibit a concave shape, and the growth rate of the damage variable gradually accelerates with an increase in the number of cycles. The differences in damage values for the rock under different cyclic loading and unloading paths are 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.09, 0.13, 0.19, 0.25, 0.32, and 0.39, respectively. This indicates that different loading paths have a certain influence on rock failure when the compressive strength of the rock exceeds 40%. The final damage for the rock under the variable lower cyclic loading and unloading path is 0.85, while for the graded cyclic loading and unloading path, it is 0.45. This suggests that the variable lower cyclic loading and unloading path has a greater impact on the accumulation of internal rock damage.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antifungal and Antibacterial Assays
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Molecules** & **CAS Number** & **T\({}_{\text{fit}}\)** & _T. Capittatus_ EO & **EO + b-CD** & **Effects** \\ \hline Thymol & 89-83-8 & 11.20 & X & X & Antibacterial and antifungal \\ Carvacrol & 499-75-2 & 12.43 & X & X & antibacterial \\ Isosacardiole & 512-85-6 & 12.47 & X & X & \\
1-1-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butyl & 128-37-0 & 16.1 & X & X & Antioxidant \\ benzene (BHT) & & & & & \\ Caryophyllene oxide & 1139-30-6 & 18.27 & X & X & Relaxant effects, analgesic, tumor suppressing agent \\ Heptadecanitrile & 5399-02-0 & 24.82 & X & X & \\ Oleanitrile & 112-91-4 & 28.20 & X & X & Plant Metabolite \\ Tricosane & 638-67-5 & 32.08 & X & X & \\
9-Octadecenamide (oleamide) & 301-02-0 & 33.07 & X & X & Cannabinoid mimic \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Molecules found in both the _T. capitatus_ EO and the relative tablet that show a biological function or are typical of this EO. Figure 6: Tablet preparation steps. (**A–C**) b-CD–EOs powder mixtures embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). (**D**) The obtained solid-state composite powder was pressed in order to obtain 1 cm diameter round tablets. a greater possibility of efficacy in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Potential applications of this tablet in daily practice could be as a chewable tablet for oral infections or as a vaginal tablet. In both cases, a prolonged dissolving time favors a gradual administration of EOs. In fact, the pure EOs may have a mildly inflammatory effect given by the mild cytotoxicity demonstrated in previous works [17]; the slow release that is mediated by the tablet form could reduce this potential side effect. Figure 7: Disk diffusion assay. The halo diameters (mm) were recorded using calipers. Two EOs extracted from _S. montana_ and _T. capitatus_ were tested as both pure oils or as tablets. Clotrimazole and vancomycin were used as positive controls. (**A**) _C. albicans_ ATCC 14053, (**B**) _C. glabrata_ ATCC 15126 and (**C**) _S. aureus_ NCTC 6571. Different letters above the boxes indicate significant differences according to one-way ANOVA followed by [PERSON]’s HSD test (_p_ < 0.05).
# Auditory Localization in Low-Bitrate Compressed Ambisonic Scenes
## 1 Introduction
Firstly, a review of the research on human auditory localization, binaural reproduction of Ambisonics, and localization performance in spatial audio systems is presented in Section 2. Section 3 then details the methodology for the described experiment, along with results presented in Section 4. The results are discussed and planned future work is described in Sections 5 and 6.
## 4 Simulation Analysis
### Planning Results  
From the above results, calculated with the objective of optimal flexibility and economy, the results of the five optimal planning schemes from the simulation are shown in Table 5.  
From the aforementioned table, it can be observed that the capacity of Scheme 2 to access SOP is greater than that of Schemes 4 and 5, and the capacity of Scheme 3 to access ESS is greater than that of Schemes 4 and 5. This indicates that the capacity required to access SOP or ESS individually is greater than that required for the synergistic planning of  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Scheme**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{C}_{\text{OM}}^{SOP}\)/**Ten**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{C}_{\text{CM}}^{SOP}\)/**Ten**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{C}_{\text{CM}}^{S}\)/**Ten**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{C}_{\text{OM}}^{C}\)/**Ten**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{C}_{\text{OC}}^{C}\)/**Ten**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{C}^{L}\)/**Ten**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{F}_{\text{mp}}\)/**Ten**} \\  & & & **Thousand** & & **Thousand** & & **Thousand** & & **Thousand** \\  & **Dollars** & **Dollars** & **Dollars** & **Dollars** & **Dollars** & **Dollars** & **Dollars** \\ \hline
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 381.95 & 25.01 & 406.96 \\
2 & 4.28 & 0.42 & 0 & 0 & 381.95 & 15.77 & 402.42 \\
3 & 0 & 0 & 59.61 & 0.30 & 316.25 & 24.20 & 400.36 \\
4 & 3.82 & 0.38 & 35.77 & 0.18 & 341.02 & 15.29 & 396.46 \\
5 & 4.13 & 0.41 & 29.81 & 0.16 & 342.53 & 16.01 & 395.05 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparison of economies of different schemes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Scheme**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**SOP Planning Results**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**ESS Planning Results**} \\ \hline
1 & – & – \\
2 & 6-16-33 (840 kVA) & – \\
3 & – & 16 (300 kW, 2000 kW-h) \\
4 & 6-16-33 (750 kVA) & 16 (200 kW, 1200 kW-h) \\
5 & 6-16-33 (810 kVA) & 6-16-33 (150 kW, 1000 kW-h) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Planning results of different schemes.  
the two. This is due to the fact that both are optimized from a temporal and spatial view of ADN and can be complementary to each other. The capacity of Scheme 4 to access SOP is smaller than that of Scheme 5, but the capacity of Scheme 4 to access ESS is larger than that of Scheme 5. This is due to the fact that Scheme 5 ESS is installed on the DC side of SOP, and the active power will flow through the side of SOP, thereby increasing the access capacity of SOP. However, the ESS is also subjected to the constraints of SOP, and thus the access capacity of ESS becomes smaller.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Photocatalytic Activity
#### 3.5.2 Degradation of Nile Blue Dye  
The photocatalytic activity of TiO\({}_{2}\) was also investigated against the Nile blue in the same experimental conditions as those used for bentazon, under UV and sunlight irradiations. The absorption spectra of NB in the presence of TiO\({}_{2}\) catalyst from 0 to 160 min are shown in Figure 6a,b under UV and natural sunlight irradiations, respectively.  
Figure 6c shows the percentage degradation of NB dye. The percentage degradation of NB was 98% and 100% after 160 min under UV light and sunlight, respectively. Figure 6d represents the curve of \(\ln(C/C_{0})\) vs. time of irradiation. The values of rate constants (k) and \(R^{2}\) for NB are listed in Table 3. The obtained results indicated that NB has a slightly higher percentage of degradation under sunlight as compared to UV light. A comparison of the TiO\({}_{2}\) photocatalytic activity against NB of our system with the other previous literature reports is given in Table 4.
# Research on Energy Harvesting Mechanism and Low Power Technology in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 Methods
### Data Fusion Mechanism Based on Integer Wavelet Transform
#### 3.3.1 Integer Wavelet Transform  
Spatiotemporal data have strong linear features that consist of multiple curves and are well suited for applying the wavelet transform. After wavelet transformation, most of the energy of the data is stored in the low-frequency component, and the detail information is stored in the high-frequency component. It does well in removing the redundant information from the original data.  
The integer wavelet transform is a new wavelet construction method and has the following advantages: (1) It has only the integer shift and addition and subtraction operation, processes data quickly, has low hardware requirements, and is easy to implement. (2) It is completely reversible, which can perform both lossy coding and lossless coding. There are 12 commonly used integer wavelet filters, which have different computational complexity and compression performance. Among them, 5/3 wavelet has a small calculation amount and a good compression effect, which is often used to perform lossless compression of spatiotemporal data [37]. Its transformation formula is as follows:  
\[\begin{split}& d_{1,j}=s_{0,2i+-1}-\left\lfloor\frac{s_{0,2i+ 0,2i+2}}{2}\right\rfloor\\ & s_{1,j}=s_{0,2i}+\left\lfloor\frac{d_{1,j-1}+d_{1,j+2}}{4} \right\rfloor\end{split} \tag{2}\]  
where \(s_{ij}\) is the \(j\)-th approximation of the \(k\)-level transformation decomposition, \(d_{ij}\) is the \(j\)-th detail value of the k-level transformation decomposition, and \(\lfloor\cdot\rfloor\) means rounding down. In practice, we need to use symmetric periodic extension for boundary data.
## 5 Conclusions  
Studying the spatial representativeness of the field GPP for typical land cover types may provide important information for the measurement of carbon flux, as well as the validation of GPP at multiple scales. In this paper, field GPP was firstly derived from field eddy covariance systems. Seasonal trends and daily trends of field GPP were analyzed at nine flux tower sites over seven land cover types in the Heihe River Basin, China. Then, the real-time footprint distance and climate footprint distance of field GPP were described by using a footprint source area model. Lastly, MODIS GPP and downscaled GPP products were validated at the footprint scale, and the impacts (measurement height, surface roughness and atmospheric stability) on the footprint distance of field GPP were analyzed. The results of this paper provided information about the spatial representativeness of field GPP for the typical land cover types in the Heihe River Basin, and also demonstrated the influence factors on the footprint of field GPP in arid and semi-arid areas in Northwestern China.  
Generally, significant diurnal and seasonal variation trends could be found at all land cover types, except bare land. Climate footprint distances ranged from about 500 m to 1500 m for different land cover types in the Heihe River Basin. When validating at footprint scale, the accuracy of the MODIS GPP and downscaled GPP was higher compared with validation at field scale. The field GPP footprint distance increased with the increase in the height of the eddy covariance systems and atmospheric stability, while the GPP footprint distance of field GPP decreased with the increase in surface roughness.  
Data curation, T.Y., Q.Z. and R.S.; writing--original draft preparation, T.Y. and Q.Z.; writing--review and editing, R.S.; visualization, T.Y. and Q.Z.; funding acquisition, R.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017 YFA0603002), and the Fundamental Research Funds of CAF (CAFYBB2021 SY009).  
MODIS products data used in this study are available at [[https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/](https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/)]([https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/](https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/)) (accessed on 9 December 2021), Meteorological and Land-cover data used in this study are available at [[http://data.casnw.net/portal/](http://data.casnw.net/portal/)]([http://data.casnw.net/portal/](http://data.casnw.net/portal/)) (accessed on 9 December 2021).  
Thanks for the reviewers' suggestions and comments to improve this paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 SSB Signal Generation and SSBN Mitigation Techniques
### Kramers-Kronig Approach  
The Rx-DSP that exploits the KK algorithm and the Rx-EDC is shown in Figure 6(e). Rather than considering SSBN terms as a perturbation that should be eliminated as in the case of other linearization approaches, the KK algorithm reconstructs the optical phase of the transmitted SSB signal based on its detected intensity [22]. It is noteworthy that out of all the linearization schemes being considered, the KK algorithm offers the best performance [29; 50; 55]. Based on this, we give further information on the KK algorithm and the means of addressing the associated challenges in Section 5.  
In general, to realize an ultimate compensation gain, the amplitude scaling factor, \(\eta_{(\bullet)}\), used in the linearization scheme has to be optimized. In a configuration that exploits a scaling factor, it can be optimized by sweeping its value and then choosing the best value that can realize the minimum BER. Furthermore, for the scheme that has two scaling factors, the scaling factor of the primary linearization stage is firstly optimized. Therefore, based on the optimized value of the first stage, the second scaling factor can also be optimized. In addition, either the Tx-EDC or Rx-EDC can be employed in the DD scheme when an appropriate linearization technique is implemented. It is remarkable that the performance difference between both EDCs depends mainly on the adopted linearization scheme's effectiveness. Moreover, a summary of SSBN mitigation techniques is given in Table 5. Furthermore, provided that the beating interference is effectively suppressed, both EDCs can accomplish comparable performance. With the Rx-EDC, the system operation can be considerably simplified, resulting in relatively low system complexity. This is due to the link dispersion knowledge that is not demanded at the transmitter [29].