esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
_applied sciences_  
_Article_  
**Non-Contact Monitoring of Operating Conditions for Solar Cells in a Photovoltaic Module Using a Surface Potential Meter for Detecting the Risk of Fire**  
**[PERSON], [PERSON]**  
**[PERSON], [PERSON]**  
**[PERSON]**  
**Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.O.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.N.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.N.) \({}^{*}\) Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel: +81-985-58-7366  
**Featured Application: Solar panel fire accident diagnosis, analysis, and prediction.**  
**Abstract:** Fires in photovoltaic modules are caused by hot spots, which are typically monitored by thermal images. This method helps visualize the hot spot, but it is affected by the environment (solar irradiance, wind, ambient temperature) and is not reproducible. Assessing the heat dissipation of the hot cell can be used for alternative assessment of the fire risk. This method was validated by comparing the value measured by the surface potential meter and the module potential measured directly by adding a bypass measurement circuit. The substantial reverse-bias voltage caused by mismatching or partial shading (depending on the operating conditions) leads to local heat consumption of the partially shaded solar cells and potentially causes fire. The fire risk can be assessed in the worst-case conditions (ex. 1380 W/m\({}^{2}\) solar irradiance) by non-contact measurement of the reverse-bias voltage and calculating the heat dissipation and temperature rise. This work suggested that \(-\)13 V is the criterion and was close to the known value of reverse voltage for Si cells. The current technology inspects solar cells before assembly to the module, and there is no way of inspecting in the product test or detecting after degradation that can be covered by the proposed method in this work.  
**Keywords:** photovoltaic module; hot spot; fire; surface potential meter; mismatching loss
# Compp-DDPG: Computation Offloading with Privacy Preservation in a Vehicular Edge Network
## 6 Numerical Results
### Simulation Results  
Firstly, the analysis of the COPP-DDPG algorithm's convergence is given in Section 6.3.1, and then we compare the performance and advantage of COPP-DDPG with those of the other four baseline algorithms in Section 6.3.2. Here, we consider using the average cumulative reward of each episode to evaluate the convergence of COPP-DDPG and the average cumulative reward of all 1000 episodes to compare the performance of COPP-DDPG to that of other four baseline algorithms.
## 1 Introduction
Despite the importance of 3D model data QCs, most previous research has focused only on automating the code compliance of building design, such as fire safety, structure, and sustainability [13], without adequately addressing and automating the quality and consistency of BIM data as a primary requirement for successful application of the ACC and QC processes. For efficient and precise outcomes, the data within the BIM model must be adequate, accurate, coherent, and of high quality [14]. The data provided in the design of BIM models must comply with the close-out checklists, procedures, and BEP documents to ensure appropriate and accurate project outputs. Automating the QC can speed up the process while improving the accuracy of the outputs. Therefore, an automatic QC system is needed to ensure the above-mentioned quality. The increasing use of BIM has led to the utilization of model QC tools, which largely rely on the accuracy of the 3D design models. However, gaps remain, such as lacking BIM-based evaluation requirements [15] and automated QC processes [16; 17]. This study aims to bridge these gaps by developing an automated QC system to detect inconsistencies, errors, and missing information in BIM models during the preliminary and detailed design phases of a public infrastructure construction project in Montreal, Canada. To achieve this aim, this study sets out the following objectives:  
1. Developing a comprehensive BIM quality checklist for various engineering disciplines aiming to assess data quality in BIM models that impact critical aspects of a project, including naming convention, quantity and cost estimation, coordination, and modeling accuracy. * Creating BIM-based data extraction, analysis, and storage modules utilizing programming and external data storage tools to facilitate this process. * Introducing an easily understandable, visualization-based method for tracking passing and failing scores of each item according to BIM close-out checklists. * Testing and evaluating the performance of the developed system across different engineering disciplines using a real-world case study project.
## 2 Distributed Fair Rate Allocation Algorithm
### Proposed Algorithm
#### 2.4.3 Primal Subproblems  
Once the sensors receive the corrected allocation \(\hat{y}_{j}^{k}\), they solve the following optimization problem,  
\[p_{j}(\hat{y}_{j}^{k})=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}\max\limits_{r_{j}}&U_{j}(r_{ j})\\ s.t.&m_{j}\leq r_{j}\leq M_{j}\\ &r_{j}\leq\hat{y}_{j}^{k}\end{array}\right. \tag{19}\]  
As above, note that Problem (19) coincides with the subproblems of a plain primal decomposition [22], thus we keep the nomenclature. As a result of computing Problem (19), the inner Lagrange multiplier \(\hat{\lambda}_{j}^{k}\) associated with the constraint \(r_{j}\leq\hat{y}_{j}^{k}\) is obtained. In the dual projection, we use the values of \(\hat{\lambda}_{j}^{k}\) from all the subproblems to update the values of \(\mathbf{\mu}\), that is, to obtain \(\mathbf{\mu}^{k+1}\).
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Joule Heat
#### 4.1.2 The Effect of Air Pressure on the Temperature Measurement Process of the Temperature Sensor  
We selected the temperature sensor of Insulator 5 for simulation tests in this scenario. The initial temperature of the sensor was 231.15 K, and the ambient temperature was set to 233.15 K. The temperature sensor was simulated and analyzed at air pressure environments of \(5\times 10^{0}\) Pa, \(5\times 10^{1}\) Pa, \(5\times 10^{2}\) Pa, \(5\times 10^{3}\) Pa, \(5\times 10^{4}\) Pa, and \(5\times 10^{5}\) Pa to compare the difference in steady-state time and response speed. The results are shown in Figure 6. As the air pressure increases, the response rate of the temperature sensor becomes faster, and the steady-state temperature is closer to the ambient temperature. Therefore, the higher the altitude and lower the air pressure, the less effective the heat transfer and the greater the temperature error value.
# The Life-Cycle Environmental Impact of Recycling of Restaurant Food Waste in Lanzhou, China
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods and Data Sources  
We used the CML2001 method provided by the Gabi software to assess the life cycle of the treatment of restaurant food waste in Lanzhou City. There are eight types of environmental impact, specifically, acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), freshwater aquatic ecological toxicity potential (FAETP), global warming potential (GWP100), human toxicity potential (HTP), marine aquatic toxicity potential (MAETP), photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), and terrestrial ecotoxicity potential (TETP). The paper applied the CML2001 method (CML2001 April 2013, World, year 2000, excluding biogenic carbon (global equivalents)) to conduct standardization of LCA results, thereby allowing a better comparison of environmental impact among various treatment methods of food waste. In addition, to ensure the reliability of the calculation results, we also used the ReCiPe1.08, IMPACT 2002+, and TRACI 2.1 methods. The ReCiPe method is one of the most widely used methods in LCA analysis at present and considers 18 midpoint categories [24]. IMPACT 2002+ is a life-cycle impact assessment methodology developed by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. The IMPACT 2002+ life-cycle impact assessment methodology proposes the feasible implementation of a combined midpoint/damage approach, linking all types of life-cycle inventory results (elementary flows and other interventions) via 14 midpoint categories to four damage categories [38]. TRACI, a stand-alone computer program developed by the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency, facilitates the characterization of environmental stressors that have potential effects [39].  
The data of material and energy inputs and outputs were obtained from ChiNai Bioenergy Limited which is the only company that conducts the centralized recycling and harmless treatment of food waste from restaurants in Lanzhou city, supported by the local government. Some data came from previous works [40; 41; 42; 43; 44], and the Gabi software was employed, as it is the most robust LCA method used in the field of sustainable development research (Table 1).  
Figure 2: Life-cycle inventory of restaurant food waste in Lanzhou.
# Structure-Enhanced Prompt Learning for Graph-Based Code Vulnerability Detection
## 4 Experiments
### Result Analysis  
#### 4.3.1 RQ1: Parameter Analysis  
To rigorously evaluate and optimize our model's performance and efficiency, we undertook a multi-faceted analysis, which we delineate in this section.  
First, we analyzed the structural properties of the CPGs constructed from the FFmpeg+Qemu, SVulD and Reveal datasets, focusing on four key metrics: node length, fused node count and node count per sample before and after fusion. As illustrated in Figure 9, these insights guided our design choices for initial node dimensions and function representation architecture. Across both datasets, we observed consistent statistical patterns, leading us to define a 32-dimensional embedding space for initial node representations. Additionally, we structured fused syntax-aware nodes in an \(8\times 32\) configuration, where 80% of the fused nodes contain fewer than eight individual nodes. Furthermore, we present the number of nodes per sample before and after syntax-aware fusion. The significant reduction in node count after fusion mitigates the long-range dependency problem in GNNs, particularly improving the effectiveness of information exchange between distant nodes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline
**Parameter** & **Setting** & **Parameter** & **Setting** \\ \hline Loss function & CE \& Triplet Loss & Batch & 64 \\ Activation function & ReLU & Learning rate & \(1\times 10^{-2}\) to \(1\times 10^{-4}\) \\ Optimizer & AdamW & Epoch number & 300 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Parameter settings in our model.  
Figure 9: We measured the node length, fused node count and node count per sample before and after fusion in the graph structure.  
Second, selecting an optimal batch size requires a nuanced understanding of task-specific factors. Smaller batch sizes enhance model robustness but prolong training, whereas larger batches accelerate training but may introduce memory constraints and gradient estimation inaccuracies. To determine the most effective batch size, we conducted experiments on the three datasets mentioned earlier, evaluating batch sizes of 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and 512, as depicted in Figure 9(a). The results consistently indicated that a batch size of 64 achieved the best performance, guiding our selection for subsequent experiments.  
Third, we examined how prompt dimension affects model performance on three datasets. By combining textual and structural prompts, we tested dimensions of 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128. As shown in Figure 9(b), accuracy initially improved with larger dimensions but declined beyond a certain threshold. A dimension of 32 achieved the best balance between accuracy and stability and was used in subsequent experiments.
# Singular Integral Solutions of Analytical Surface Wave Model with Internal Crack
## 3 Computational Simulations Model
### Model Description  
Typically, an FE simulation requires a large-sized simulation model to avoid unexpected waves reflected from the boundary; otherwise, it will show considerable computation time. Several researchers [10] have conducted the FE simulation with damper and energy-absorbing elements (i.e., infinite elements) to reduce the size of the model. The study of FE simulation with damper and infinite element recommends 10 damping zones in an 0.4-0.6/length (distance between wave source and boundary) with 1000 to 2000 of step damping factor increase. Since the simulation model of this study has a shorter distance between the wave source and boundary, 1000 of the initial damping factor, and 5000 of the incremental damping factor are chosen. The FE models in this study compose of three groups: the solid medium group, damper group and wave absorbing infinite element group. The solid medium size is 4000 mm (width) \(\times\) 1000 mm (height). The 500 mm damper zone is at the boundary of the solid medium group and is represented in the rainbow color of Figure 2. The infinite element is placed at the dampers' end. The applied material properties are assumed for the typical solid material (\(\rho\) = 2400 kg/m\({}^{2}\), \(E\) = 35 GPa and \(\upsilon\) = 0.2), which is the largest component in the model. Both the analytical model and the FE model have applicability limitations for typical material cases having material nonlinearities that may affect wave propagation. We assume linear elastic wave propagation. The explicit FE simulation does not enforce the structural equilibrium [17], therefore the structural boundary condition is not necessary for the structural equilibrium of the internal structure forces under the external load. The model of the ABAQUS solver is designed using a two-dimensional (2-D) four-node plane strain element (CPE4R) with 2 mm mesh size for the solid medium group and dampers.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Case** & \(a\) **(mm)** & \(a\)**/\(b\)** & **Crack Size, \(b-a\) (mm)** & **Number of Model** \\ \hline C12–0.1 & 12 & 0.1 & 108 & 27 \\ C12–0.2 & 12 & 0.2 & 48 & 27 \\ C18–0.1 & 18 & 0.1 & 162 & 25 \\ C18–0.2 & 18 & 0.2 & 72 & 25 \\ C24–0.1 & 24 & 0.1 & 216 & 23 \\ C24–0.2 & 24 & 0.2 & 96 & 23 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Designed crack geometry and simulation numbers by the wavenumber range.  
The artificially attenuated dampers are designed by gradually increased alpha mass-proportional damping factors, as described in Table 3. Typically, the damper zone allows attenuating low-frequency waves, while the infinite element absorbs high-frequency waves [10]. The type of the element is an infinite element, CINPE4.
###### Abstract  
This work deals with the safety analysis of an air data system (ADS) partially based on synthetic sensors. The ADS is designed for the small aircraft transportation (SAT) community and is suitable for future unmanned aerial vehicles and urban air mobility applications. The ADS's main innovation is based on estimation of the flow angles (angle-of-attack and angle-of-sideslip) using synthetic sensors instead of classical vanes (or sensors), whereas pressure and temperature are directly measured with Pitot and temperature probes. As the air data system is a safety-critical system, safety analyses are performed and the results are compared with the safety objectives required by the aircraft integrator. The present paper introduces the common aeronautical procedures for system safety assessment applied to a safety critical system partially based on synthetic sensors. The mean time between failures of ADS's sub-parts are estimated on a statistical basis in order to evaluate the failure rate of the ADS's functions. The proposed safety analysis is also useful in identifying the most critical air data system parts and sub-parts. Possible technological gaps to be filled to achieve the airworthiness safety objectives with nonredundant architectures are also identified.  
angle-of-attack; flow angle; air data system; synthetic sensor; analytical redundancy; avionics; neural network +
Footnote †: This paper is an extended version of our paper published in [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; Safety Assessment for Certified Air Data Systems based on Synthetic Sensors. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 7 th International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace), Pisa, Italy, 22-24 June 2020.
# Long-Term Monitoring of the Behavior of Modified Bitunens of RC Type
## 1 Introduction  
The idea of recycling and environmental protection has become increasingly important in recent years [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. In road construction, this is particularly the case for RAP. The main advantage of this material is that the asphalt mixture, made from non-modified bitumen or polymer-modified bitumen, is 100% reusable. This makes bitumen and asphalt mixture a significant technology in terms of sustainability, reuse and circular economy.  
If we want to rejuvenate the aged binder of RAP containing non-modified bitumen in the production of asphalt mixtures, it is possible to use either a softer binder or to use so-called rejuvenating additives (rejuvenors/softeners), or to combine both options [6]. However, in the case of asphalt mixtures with polymer-modified bitumen (PmB), the situation is more complex. It has been shown that the use of rejuvenating additives in combination with aged PmB may not be functional, as, in such cases, the function of the modification system is not restored, but only the binder is softened [7]. This fact is a logical consequence of the different nature of the modified binder, in which the functional material properties are determined by the modifying additive (today, mainly the elastic and tensile properties of the binder) and not by the bituminous binder itself. In contrast, rejuvenating additives were originally developed for use with non-modified bitumen, where they ensured the restoration of viscosity characteristics degraded by ageing processes [8].  
Based on information from the OMV, there is a reliable way to allow the use of both recycled asphalt mixture with polymer-modified bitumen (PmB-RAP) and RAP during the production of asphalt mixtures with PmB without necessarily reducing the quality of the mixtures thus produced. This is the choice of specially designed modified binders for recycling purposes, and these binders can be found in the literature under the designation polymer-modified bitumen for recycling (PmB RC). The development and first use of these types of binders was pioneered by the German road construction industry at the beginning of the 21 st century [9].  
The aim of this paper is to present the issue of PmB RC. The theoretical part will describe the approach to the use of binders in these mixtures in Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic, as well as the regulations governing asphalt mixture manufacturers in these countries.  
In the practical part of this paper, data on three test sections, built in 2015 and 2019 in the Czech Republic, on which asphalt mixtures of the asphalt concrete type for the wearing and the binder course with RAP, bound with the binder type PmB RC, were used, are presented. The paper describes the properties of the materials used and the evolution of the behaviour of these asphalt layers over time of use.
## 3 System Model and Methodology
### Transmitter Block  
The transmitter block of the proposed technique is highlighted in Figure 1. Using 16 QAM modulation, the generated data are modulated. The data are then reshaped using a number of symbols. The definition of approximation coefficient vectors (CA) involves transposing the reshaped data. Detailed coefficient vectors (CD) are created by transposing the reshaped data and adding zeroes to their length. Thus, if XX is the data after reshape,  
\[\texttt{XX}\ =[\texttt{d}1,\texttt{d}2,\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\texttt{dn}] \tag{1}\]  
CA can be define as by taking its transpose,  
\[\text{CA}=\texttt{XX}^{\texttt{T}} \tag{2}\]  
Then, CD can be expressed as by taking its transpose. Here, I is the length,  
\[\text{CD}\ =[0,0,0\ldots\ldots\texttt{1}(\text{CA})]^{\texttt{T}} \tag{3}\]  
Finally, a built-in MATLAB function of IDWT is used to conduct a one-dimensional reconstruction with respect to the wavelet type using the vectors representing the approximation and detailed coefficients. We chose the dB8 wavelet type for our study. The channel receives the data that have been rebuilt and are used for transmission. Therefore, employing IDWT eliminates the need for cyclic prefix insertion, improving spectral efficiency.
## 3 Problem Statement
### No Mechanism in Data Loss Situation  
Since link asymmetry can happen at either end, an asymmetric link can be found where Sender 1 tries to transmit data to the receiver. ASYM-MAC does not have a method stating how the sender can transmit in this situation. Figure 4 describes the problem in the data loss situation. Our protocol considers that the link asymmetry can happen at any end. Thus, our protocol can handle the data loss situation.
## 2 Results and Discussion
Additionally, the signal derived from the ester with APTES-OH monomer revealed the highest intensity in the mass spectrum, which correlates with \({}^{1}\)H NMR and GPC results, so it can be assumed that the conditions of MALDI-ToF analysis favor the conversion of APTES-OH monomer into oligomers. The architecture of the obtained oligomers, including the type of branching, was investigated by means of \({}^{29}\)Si NMR (Figure 9). Four resonance peaks in the range of \(-45.75\div-45.25\) ppm are visible on the spectra. The resonance peak of the chemical shift of 45.71 ppm, which was predominant in the case of the T2 sample, which was rich in APTES-OH monomer, is related to a silicon atom with three ethoxy groups attached. It might be attributed to the monomer molecules, as well as to the end monomeric unit of the oligomer. The other significant second signals present in the T9 (vacuum condensation product) spectrum at a chemical shift of \(-45.66\) and \(-45.40\) ppm correspond to the silicon atoms bonded to two and one ethoxy groups, respectively, whereas the minor peak at \(-45.25\) ppm most likely represents the Si atom without such substituent. The presence of numerous Si atoms comprising some or all ethoxy moieties replaced with other alkoxy groups coupled via carbosilane bonds to another Si(OR)\({}_{3}\) species proves that the obtained sillysiloxane oligomers are (hyper) branched. Figure 8: MALDI-ToF analysis of the reaction product of T2 with oleic acid.
###### Abstract  
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology is among the most efficient techniques for purifying and separating hydrogen. A layered adsorption bed composed of activated carbon and zeolite 5A for a gas mixture (H\({}_{2}\): 56.4 mol%, CH\({}_{4}\): 26.6 mol%, CO: 8.4 mol%, N\({}_{2}\): 5.5 mol%, CO\({}_{2}\): 3.1 mol%) PSA model was built. The simulation model was validated using breakthrough curves. Then, a six-step PSA cycle model was built, and the purification performance was studied. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) method was utilized in Design Expert software (version 10) to optimize the PSA purification performance. The independent optimization parameters included the adsorption time, the pressure equalization time, and the feed flow rate. Quadratic regression models can be derived to represent the responses of purity and productivity. To explore a better optimization solution, a novel optimization method using machine learning with a back propagation neural network (BPNN) was then proposed, and a kind of heuristic algorithm-genetic algorithm (GA) was introduced to enhance the architecture of the BPNN. The predicted outputs of hydrogen production using two kinds of models based on the BPNN-GA and the BBD method integrated with the BPNN-GA (BBD-BPNN-GA). The findings revealed that the BBD-BPNN-GA model exhibited a mean square error (MSE) of 0.0005, with its R-value correlation coefficient being much closer to 1, while the BPNN-GA model exhibited an MSE of 0.0035. This suggests that the BBD-BPNN-GA model has a better performance, as evidenced by the lower MSE and higher correlation coefficient compared to the BPNN-GA model.  
back propagation neural network; genetic algorithm; Box-Behnken design; optimization; hydrogen purification +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences