## 3 Results and Discussion
### Structure and Morphology Studies  
The crystallography and structural changes of the prepared materials were determined using XRD (X-ray diffraction) characterization. Figure 2a depicts a plot of the XRD patterns obtained from electrode samples. The ICDD Number 32-Q456 is well-matched to the observed peak intensities, indicating that all samples are cubic phases of In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\)[11]. These values are consistent with previously reported values and attributed to the cubic \(\beta\) phase In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\)[31]. Clearly observed intense peaks at 16.77\({}^{\circ}\), 22.28\({}^{\circ}\), 27.55\({}^{\circ}\), 33.88\({}^{\circ}\), 43.81\({}^{\circ}\), 48.13\({}^{\circ}\), 51.65\({}^{\circ}\), 56.58\({}^{\circ}\), and 66.82\({}^{\circ}\) correspond to different lattice planes of (211), (220), (311), (222), (400), (422), (511), (533), (444), and (440), respectively. The SWNT introduces structural changes in the phase structure that can be seen in the XRD results as well as weaker diffraction peaks [7]. Furthermore, the addition of SWNTs at various weight ratios provides an active nucleation site for the growth of INS materials and an increase in the crystallinity of these materials [32]. The results showed that SWNTs could enhance the crystallization process of INS materials, which is in line with previous research [33]. Due to the low SWNT concentration in the nanocomposites, no SWNT peaks can be seen in the results. This is attributed to the main characteristic peak of SWNTs at 26.6\({}^{\circ}\), which coincides with the (311) peak of cubic In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) at 27.2\({}^{\circ}\) in this case [34]. The average crystallite sizes of In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) and various SWNT addition ratios are summarized in Table 1.  
Figure 2: (**a**) XRD patterns, (**b**) FTIR spectra, (**c**) XPS survey spectrum, (**d**) high-resolution, In 3d XPS spectra, (**e**) high-resolution S2p spectra, and (**f**) high-resolution C spectrum of INS1 and INS5 samples. The Scherrer formula (D = 0.89\(\lambda\)/\(\beta\)cos\(\theta\)) is used to calculate the average crystallite sizes of InS samples based on the (422) peak of the XRD patterns (inset of Figure 2a). Here \(\lambda\) is the wavelength (Cu K\(\alpha\) = 0.15406 nm), \(\beta\) is FWHM of the peak in radians, and \(\theta\) is the corresponding diffraction angle [35]. The average crystallite sizes of InS nanocomposites are similar, implying that the addition of SWNTs to the matrix of In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) has no discernible impact on the crystallite sizes of In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) particles. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) was analyzed to determine its molecular structure and functional groups (Figure 2b). The O-H vibration mode of chemisorb water molecules corresponds to broad peaks near 3208 cm\({}^{-1}\), the bend vibration mode of H\({}_{2}\)O corresponds to 1654 cm\({}^{-1}\), and the sulfonic vibration mode corresponds to sharp peaks between 800 and 1500 cm\({}^{-1}\)[11; 36]. INS samples show a characteristic peak at 1418 cm\({}^{-1}\), which corresponds to the typical bending vibrations of C=C or carbon skeleton vibrations of SWNTs, indicating the presence of SWNTs [37]. The characteristic bands at 1201 and 1141 cm\({}^{-1}\) indicate the presence of the sulfonic group (SO\({}_{3}\)H) [29]. The sulfone group (SO\({}^{2-}\)) is associated with the band at 1103 cm\({}^{-1}\). Furthermore, we used X-ray photoelectron spectra to verify the sample's chemical composition and bonding state. The INS survey spectrum of samples INS1 and INS5 in Figure 2c reveals the presence of In, S, and C elements. The O 1s signal could be caused by a residue oxygen-containing group of adsorbed oxygen on the sample surface. The formation of S-C bonds may be linked to the appearance of In\({}^{3+}\). In Figure 2d, the In 3d spectra of the two compounds have comparable characteristics, with shifted peaks. Meanwhile, shifted peaks are observed in INS5, demonstrating the carbon existence on the substrate surface.