# Antioxidant Capacity of Honey Enriched by Wildflowers
## 3 Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample/Plant Species**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Form of Enrichment**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Concentration**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **1\%** & **2\%** & **4\%** \\ \hline
**Rapeseed honey** & None & & 15.98 \(\pm\) 0.31 \({}^{\text{s}}\) & \\ \hline
**Lungwort** (_Pulmonaria officinalis_ L.) & Extract & 25.00 \(\pm\) 1.82 \({}^{\text{pr}}\) & 43.29 \(\pm\) 1.18 \({}^{\text{klm}}\) & 58.04 \(\pm\) 4.78 \({}^{\text{hi}}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  
tsfoot** (_Tussilago farfara_ L.) & Extract & 38.44 \(\pm\) 2.71 \({}^{\text{lm}}\) & 59.63 \(\pm\) 5.20 \({}^{\text{fg}}\) & 98.84 \(\pm\) 0.19 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) \\ \cline{2-5}
**Lawn daisy** (_Bellis preemuis_ L.) & Extract & 28.76 \(\pm\) 0.43 \({}^{\text{n}}\) & 41.57 \(\pm\) 4.29 \({}^{\text{jkl}}\) & 66.86 \(\pm\) 1.06 \({}^{\text{f}}\) \\ \cline{2-5}
**Black elderberry** (_Sambucus nigra_ L.) & Extract & 48.41 \(\pm\) 2.84 \({}^{\text{hjk}}\) & 66.52 \(\pm\) 1.20 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 98.12 \(\pm\) 0.72 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) \\ \cline{2-5}
**Positive control** & **Form of enrichment** & & **98.89 \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\text{ab}}\)** & 99.52 \(\pm\) 0.10 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \cline{2-5}
**Positive control** & **Form of enrichment** & & **15 \(\mu\)M** & **45 \(\mu\)M** & **60 \(\mu\)M** \\ \hline
**Trolox** & None & 13.25 \(\pm\) 0.75 & 47.50 \(\pm\) 1.00 & 67.50 \(\pm\) 1.00 \\ \hline
**BHT** & None & 17.75 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 55.75 \(\pm\) 1.25 & 76.50 \(\pm\) 1.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Total antioxidant activity (expressed as percentage \(\pm\) standard deviation) of the tested honey products against the ABTS radical. Based on studies on the antioxidative activity of different honey varieties, [PERSON] et al. [36] found that this kind of analysis can be a marker for individual honey varieties. Furthermore, they demonstrated that the antioxidative activity of rapeseed and multifiloral honeys was the lowest and that they were distinguished by the brightest colour among the tested honey varieties, which supports the selection of these two varieties for our experiment. Antioxidative tests are in vitro methods designed to imitate the oxidation and reduction reactions occurring in living biological systems to assess the antioxidative potential of different chemical and biological samples. According to [PERSON] et al. [37], the ABTS test values were, in general, significantly higher than the DPPH test values. Nevertheless, they should be considered a confirmation of the DPPH test. This was also confirmed by [PERSON] et al. [38], who, in their study on determinations of the antioxidative activity of essential oils, demonstrated that the synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene, which contain a phenol ring, strongly capture ABTS in comparison with the DPPH radical. The results of our total antioxidant capacity determinations in both tests are presented as percentage values to show how effectively the synthetic radical is neutralised in honeys with plant additives, because it is increasingly frequently suggested that synthetic antioxidants, such as BHA and BHT, exhibit toxic properties and are potentially harmful to human health [39; 40]. The second stage of the experiment consisted of the analysis of total phenolic content (TPC) in honeys enriched with dried flowers and floral extracts. The test results are presented in Table 5.  
The highest total phenolic content characterised the multifiloral honeys enriched with black elderberry (_Sambucus nigra_ L.) and cowslip primrose (_Primula veris_ L.), at a 4% plant material addition, both as an extract and as dried flowers, and honey enriched with high mallow (_Malva sylvestris_ L.), which exceeded the total phenolic content in the multifiloral honey samples by almost four times.