## 3 Results and Discussion
### Gastroprotective effect of BSBHE:\(\beta\)-CD Inclusion Complexes
Figure 8 shows the results of the protective effect in an ischemia and reperfusion (RI) ulcer model. The saline group presented 10.34 mm\({}^{2}\)\(\pm\) 1.05 of gastric lesion area. The BSHE showed a significant decrease in gastric injuries areas at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, which was of 5.12 mm\({}^{2}\)\(\pm\) 0.52, 3.76 mm\({}^{2}\)\(\pm\) 0.85, and 2.68 mm\({}^{2}\)\(\pm\) 0.39, respectively, showing a gastoprotection percentage of 50.50%, 63.60%, and 74.10%, respectively, when compared to the negative control group. Furthermore, the BSHE:\(\beta\)-CD inclusion complex also showed a decrease in lesions area of 3.97 mm\({}^{2}\)\(\pm\) 0.82, 2.70 mm\({}^{2}\)\(\pm\) 0.52, and 2.48 mm\({}^{2}\)\(\pm\) 0.41 at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively, leading to a reduction percentage in 61.60%, 73.90%, and 76.10% when compared to saline group. The positive control (N-acetylcysteine) reduced the lesions by 79.40% (area equivalent to 2.13 mm\({}^{2}\)). These results demonstrate that the BSHE and BSHE:\(\beta\)-CD inclusion complex have excellent gastoprotective activity, with an inhibition statistically similar to the positive control, which is a derivative of the natural amino acid cysteine and acts as a precursor to the reducing agent glutathione, an endogenous molecule with a crucial role in the defense mechanism of toxic agents and gastric ulcers [101, 102, 103, 104]. Figure 7: Analysis of gastoprotective activity BSHE:\(\beta\)-CD inclusion complexes in gastric lesions induced by absolute ethanol in mice. BSHE and BSHE:\(\beta\)-CD inclusion complexes were used at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. For negative control, saline was used, and for positive control, carbenoxolone (100 mg/kg) was used. Data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) E.P.M., *** \(p\) < 0.001, compared to control (ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test), **\(p\) < 0.01 comparing BSHE in BSHE:\(\beta\)-CD inclusion complexes. The ischemia and reperfusion (IR) ulcer model is used to assess drug response in an ulcerogenesis process without the use of chemical agents, pathogens, or somatic stress, as in the ethanol, _H. pylori_ and cold and containment models, isolating ulcerative factors related to free radicals formed by inflammatory and vascular processes [105; 106; 107; 108]. The perfusion of the gastric mucosa is an essential factor in the ability of the mucosa to protect itself against injuries, and its defense is reduced in ischemic conditions, resulting in cell death and damage to the mucosa [109; 110; 111; 112; 113]. Ischemia is able to induce lesions in the gastric tissue; however, after reperfusion, there are the main damaging events that can increase by about three times in relation to those caused in the ischemia process [114]. The results of gastoprotection activity by I/R (Figure 8) suggest that the protection of the lesions may be related to the antioxidant activity of the bacuri extract. Figure 9 shows the evaluation of malonaldehyde (MDA) production in gastric tissues. MDA is a biomarker of the damage caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (EROs and ERNs) derived from the lipid peroxidation of cell membranes [115; 116; 117; 118]. In the present study, a reduction in malonaldehyde levels after treatment with BSHE, BSHE:\(\beta\)-CD inclusion complexes, and carbonaceous was observed. The chemical components of _Platonia insignis_, such as xanthones and benzophenones, have antioxidant activity similar to the activities catalyzed by superoxide dismutase [99; 100]. Thus, the results indicate that BSHE:\(\beta\)-CD inclusion complexes may carry this compound types, which has promising potential application for gastoprotection. Figure 8: Analysis of gastoprotective activity BSHE:\(\beta\)-CD inclusion complexes in gastric lesions induced by I/R in rats. BSHE and BSHE:\(\beta\)-CD inclusion complexes were used at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. For negative control, saline was used, and for positive control, N-acetylcysteine (200 mg/kg) was used.