## 1 Introduction  
Structures based on porous carbons form an important group of nanomaterials and functional nanocomposites intended for natural environment protection including protection against pollution [1; 2; 3; 4] and greenhouse gas emissions [5; 6]. They are used in low-emission systems and as strategic substitutes for environmentally hazardous materials [7; 8; 9]. Porous carbons are known for their environmental efficiency and high recyclability. Finally, they enable the development of innovative technologies for producing new and functional adsorbents, elements of electrochemical devices and energy storage, electrode materials catalyst supports, bioscaffolds, and biosensors [10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. The family of nanostructured carbon forms is very rich and has been developed over the last 20 years [18; 19; 20; 21]. It includes activated carbons, ordered porous carbons,mesoporous and microporous carbon materials, and hierarchical porous carbon forms. Activated carbon is produced by heating carbon-rich materials such as coconut shells [22; 23] or wood [24; 25; 26; 27] in the presence of a gas, creating many small pores. Activated carbon with well-developed microporovosity is known for its large surface area, which makes it useful for applications such as adsorption, separation, and environmental remediation; however, its applicability may be limited for substances with large molecular sizes. Ordered porous carbon has a well-defined and ordered pore structure, usually created through the templating during their synthesis. Ordered porous carbons are often appreciated in catalysis and gas separation [18; 28]. However special interest is caused by the mesoporous forms, which have medium-sized pores, typically in the range of 2 to 50 nm. Mesoporous ordered carbons are used in drug delivery and catalysis [29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37]. Finally, hierarchical porous carbons are a type of carbon material that have a complex pore structure with different pore sizes and distributions [38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43]. These materials are typically synthesized through a combination of templating and carbonisation processes, which generate the hierarchical pore structure. A large surface area and open access network make them useful for energy storage, catalysis, and gas separation. In addition, their porous nature allows for easy diffusion of molecules, making them ideal for adsorption and separation processes [44; 45; 46; 47; 48]. A variety of approaches have been developed for the production of carbon materials with enhanced porosity. These include a hard templating method, a soft templating method, and a combined templating/activation method. The hard templating method is a popular approach for synthesizing carbon materials with hierarchical porosity. In this method, a sacrificial template material such as silica, silica nanophases [40; 49], or insoluble metal, metal oxide, and metal hydroxide templates such as alumina allow porosity control. In the soft templating method, a self-organized block copolymer, consisting of two or more chemically different polymers spontaneously organizing into a well-defined periodic structure, is used as a template. The resulting carbon structure inherits the hierarchical porosity from the template, with the pore sizes and distributions determined by the type of the block copolymer. The advantage of this method is that it allows the synthesis of carbon materials with a wide range of pore sizes and shapes. In the combined template/activation method, a suitable template is used to create a carbon structure, and an activation process is used to modify its properties. The template can be made from a variety of materials such as silicon dioxide or polymers and is used to create a specific carbon structure. The activation process can involve chemical or physical treatments, such as heating or etching, which change the carbon structure and create new surface sites. A great advantage of mesoporous carbon materials is the possibility of their easy recycling and effective reuse.