esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 General Classification of Modern Haptic Interfaces
### Piezoelectric Haptic Interfaces  
Piezoelectric actuators transform electrical energy into mechanical deformations or stress using the inverse piezoelectric effect, generating forces on the skin as tactile input. Moreover, piezoelectric-based devices' mechanism and mode of operation enable the production of vibrational tactile feedback with a fast response time (Figure 5a).  
Numerous piezoelectric materials, including lead zirconate titanate (PZT), potassium niobate (KNbO\({}_{3}\)), barium titanate (BTO), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), sodium tungstate, etc., can be used in haptic interfaces. Due to its excellent piezoelectric performance, PZT is the most common piezoelectric material for implementing sensors and actuators due to its excellent piezoelectric performance (Figure 5b). Furthermore, for use in biocompatible devices, lead-free piezoelectric materials such as KNbO\({}_{3}\) have been created. In short, piezoelectric-based haptic actuators make use of their compact size and quick reaction time as a typical vibrotactile haptic technology. However, even at their resonance frequency, the displacement of piezoelectric actuators makes it hard to reach hundreds of micrometers. Multilayer piezoelectric transducers, or those operating at the resonance frequency, can amplify the actuator's deformation to provide a stronger feeling. These latter are very difficult to fabricate, restricting their use in permanent haptic feedback systems.  
Figure 5: Examples of interfaces with piezoelectric actuators for generating haptic feedback. Illustration of the piezoelectric haptic feedback system (**a**). To give rapid feedback on the contraction and release of haptic sensations, a smart glove incorporates sensors and PZT stimulators (**b**) [34].
## 3 Platform Design Criteria
### Gateway Design Criteria
#### 3.2.3 Gateway Functions  
Besides the main function to collect and forward to the application server the field data from the sensor nodes (and from the on-board sensors, if any), the gateways can implement other functions that improve the overall system reliability and cost.  
The gateways should prevent the loss of the aggregated field data in case of non-fatal hardware faults or of self-resets due to software defects. Moreover, in case of repeated or fatal software errors, the gateways should fall back to a safe operation mode, which allows remote debugging or recovery to reduce service interruptions and the cost of in-field maintenance.  
During field deployment, the gateways should assess the suitability of the installation position in terms of network reachability and link quality with the other nodes and the server, as well as the effectiveness of the energy harvesting (if available).
# A Review on Design Considerations and Connection Techniques in Modular Composite Construction
## 3 Area of Research
### Non-Destructive Evaluation of Connections  
Building upon experimental investigations that analyse the structural efficacy of diverse connection systems, non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methodologies have surfaced as supplementary approaches to examine connections' internal quality and integrity without inflicting damage. These practices are crucial in precast connections, where aspects like compactness, identifying defects, and bond strength are essential for maintaining the structure's long-lasting durability and load-bearing strength.  
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is a prominent technique that uses high-frequency guided waves [26] to identify internal defects, including voids, cracks, and inadequate grout compactness. UT has effectively detected anomalies within grout-filled sleeve connections by assessing wave attenuation patterns along reinforcement bars [82]. Nevertheless, challenges such as wave dispersion in thick or heavily reinforced concrete sections may compromise its reliability when utilised in complex structural connections  
Figure 12: Comparison of ultimate load and ductility for different structures and connections.  
Acoustic Emission (AE) Monitoring provides real-time detection capabilities by capturing elastic waves produced from crack propagation, debonding, and void formation during loading and grouting activities. This technique has demonstrated efficacy in identifying compactness concerns and detecting early-stage defects, thereby improving the monitoring of connection performance both during construction and under service conditions [83].  
Another technique, Impact-Echo (IE) testing, assesses internal compactness by examining reflected acoustic wave patterns, which can disclose incomplete grout filling, voids, or other irregularities that may undermine the connection's load-bearing capacity [27]. Table 6 presents a comparative overview of the applied NDE techniques, their primary evaluation parameters, and key observations to summarise the findings from these NDE studies.  
Incorporating these non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methodologies into the assessment of composite joints, structural dependability can be significantly enhanced, and quality control protocols can be implemented within modular construction practices. As these techniques undergo further optimisation, they present the possibility of advanced monitoring systems proficient in real-time damage identification and predictive maintenance.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Analysis  
#### 2.3.1 Microsatellite Diversity  
For each microsatellite locus, the number of alleles per locus (\(N_{a}\)), polymorphic information content (_PIC_), and probability of identity (_PI_) were calculated using Cervus v3.0 (Cervus, 2016).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Strengthening Mechanism of Al-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) Nanocomposites  
The strengthening mechanism of Al-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanocomposites can be described by the strengthening of fine nanoparticles. Fine Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) particles can act throughout the matrix as barriers to the dislocations and thus the elevated mechanical properties may significantly improve the hardness and ductile properties of the composites compared to the base alloy. The contributions of different strengthening mechanisms were estimated according to well-known formulas [43] (Table 6).  
The ultra-hard \(\alpha\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanoparticles in the Al matrix acted as barriers to the motion of dislocations generated in the matrix. The higher particle density caused the Orowan strengthening, which is the main influence according to Table 6. It is obvious that the experimental values were much closer to the sum of the load transfer (\(\Delta\sigma_{\text{load}}\)) and Orowan strengthening (\(\Delta\sigma_{\text{Orowan}}\)). The yield strength of the composites increased mostly because of the Orowan strengthening.  
Figure 11: Fracture morphologies of Al (**a**) and AMMC with 14 wt.% of Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) (**b**) after room temperature stress–strain tests.  
However, an increased addition of \(\alpha\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanoparticles up to 14 wt.% did not lead to the agglomeration of the reinforcement, and we did not observe any subsequent degradation of the hardness values as opposed to [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al. [1; 7]. Further increase in the concentration of highly dispersed \(\alpha\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanoparticles up to 19 wt.% did not result in any hardness improvements as compared to the composite containing 14 wt.% of \(\alpha\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), but we did not observe any deterioration in the hardness. The concentrations above 19 wt.% Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) in the composite were not produced by our method. The strengthening from fine nanoparticles can describe the strengthening mechanism of Al-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanocomposites. Fine Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) particles spread throughout the matrix can act as barriers to the dislocations, and thus mechanical properties of composites (hardness and ductile properties) are improved as compared to the base alloy.  
The increase in hardness and strength (approximately 1.2-1.3 times) of the new composite material compared to the original aluminum is explained by the inclusion of \(\alpha\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) particles into the aluminum matrix. The \(\alpha\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) particles are in their strongest allotropic corundum modification, which has a hardness close to that of a diamond. An unusual increase in the relative elongation of the composite by a factor of three makes it possible to roll up to 15 \(\upmu\)m thick foil on conventional rolling equipment with a deformation of about 500%, as well as to draw 0.2 mm thick wire from Al-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanocomposites (Figure 12).
## 3 Link Level Simulation Model for Interference Evaluation in 5G UDN with LAB
### SIR Dependence on the Terrestrial Separation of Two gNB-UE Links in 5G UDN with LAB
#### 3.1.1 Simulation Model for SIR Dependence on the Terrestrial Separation
located on the same road side, relative to UE's trajectories; scenario is in Figure 1a; (2) two UEs moves towards each other at two parallel lines, separated by the distance \(\Delta y\), two gNBs are located on opposite road sides of UE's trajectories; scenario is in Figure 2a; green straight line indicates SOI link, while red straight line indicates SNOI link for gN\(\mathrm{B}\)1; green dotted line indicates SOI link, while red dotted line indicates SNOI link for gN\(\mathrm{B}\)2. Figures 1a and 2a illustrates gNB with AA pattern and UE trajectories on the x-y plane. Figures 1b and 2b illustrates a map of SIR values with location and orientation of AA of the serving gNB (Ant gNB 1) and neighboring gNB (Ant gNB 2). Figures 1c and 2c illustrates a map of SIR values in dB; points on the UE trajectory are plotted along the x axis, and the value of \(d\) is along y axis. Figures 1d and 2d illustrates a map of SIR values, that exceed  
Figure 2: Simulation scenario 2: (**a**) gNB with AA pattern and UE trajectories on the x-y plane; (**b**) Map of UE SIR values with gNB location on the x-y plane; (**c**) Map of SIR values along UE trajectories; (**d**) Map of SIR values exceeding a given threshold along UE trajectories. a given threshold 10 dB: areas of the SIR map with values, exceeding 10 dB are shaded in green. Terrestrial and angular separation are not the only aspects, influencing the maximum allowable UE separation. From the physical layer perspective other aspects, such as utilized modulation and coding schemes at the gNB and UE, also contribute to the admissible SINR. However, from the perspective of link and network layer of abstraction, resulting map with SIR values, exceeding a given threshold, could serve as a reference point to assess allowable UE separation in terms of interference distance at first approximation. From Figures 1d and 2d we can conclude, that at some point, defined by interference distance, UE\({}_{1}\), being SOI, begin to experience SIR deterioration, when ARP from SOI gNB\({}_{1}\) and SNOI gNB\({}_{2}\) are directed to closely located UE\({}_{1}\) and UE\({}_{2}\) respectively. To overcome such SIR deterioration gNB inter-site distance (ISD) could be reduced. Besides interference distance, authors in [56] investigate BS density per km\({}^{2}\) and km\({}^{3}\) for allowable network densification evaluation and state, that directional transmissions are seen as one of the solutions to push fundamental densification limits as far as possible.
## 2 System Model
### Primary Network and Cognitive Radio ad hoc Network Model
It is worth noting that the received data sequence of SSR will be removed by SU \(i\) within a time interval \(\Delta t\) in order to free storage capacity of the internal buffer. **Remark 1**. : _From Figure 1, there are \(|\mathcal{N}_{IT}|+|\mathcal{N}_{ET}|\) hop-by-hop fluid flows of the data sequence of SSR injected from SSNs to a single SU (i.e., FC), in addition to the amount of data traffic from upstream SUs. Apparently, this single SU, also known as a possible bottlenecked SU, is a little more inclined to be a congested SU node as a consequence of its buffer overflow. For convenience, the terms bottlenecked SU is used in the following to describe a possible congested SU. It is worth noting that our work in this paper mainly concentrates on how to attain effective congestion mitigation for a single possible congested SU due to buffer overflow caused by the data sequence of SSR injected from SSNs by means of the proposed distributed power control framework for SSNs. However, it is conceivable that the amount of data traffic from upstream SUs may also lead to the congestion of bottlenecked SUs. This problem can be resolved by the specific congestion control technique (e.g., [25]) which is out of the scope of this work._
## 1 Introduction  
Cassava (_Manilot esculent_ Crantr) is a root crop harvested for its starch underground tuber and is second to maize as a staple starch source [1]. Therefore, it is a highly valued agricultural crop in developing countries. Cassava flour is made from the whole edible portion of its roots and is mainly utilized in baked products and sometimes alcohol production [2, 3]. The flour is typically composed of approximately 67-88% starch and 1-5% fiber, and a much smaller amount of protein, fat, and ash [4, 5]; its functionality is majorly driven by its starch.  
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) modification of food biopolymers, specifically starches, offers a non-thermal approach to gelatinization and physical modification [6]. Several studies have looked at the effect of HPP processing parameters on isolated starches from various botanical origins, crystallinity patterns, and amylose content. Differences in the degree of gelatinization, crystallinity, and pasting properties were found to depend on the type of starch and the HPP processing parameters, i.e., pressure-temperature combination, holding time, starch concentration, and suspending media [6, 7, 8, 9]. In general, HPP-modified starch (in water suspensions) is gelatinization-driven and is characterized by (1) imposed permeation of water into crystalline and amorphous regions of granules that lead to irreversible swelling and gelatinization of starch granules, (2) partial or complete gelatinization of the starch granule's internal regions below the gelatinization onset temperatures induced by heat treatment, and (3) the granular shape staying intact even after HPP [6].  
However, fewer studies have been dedicated to starch matrices such flour. To date, flours subjected to HPP were mainly of cereal, pseudo cereal, grain, and legume origin [10; 11; 12; 13]. Most of the studies looked at noodle, batter, dough, and bread quality of single or composite flours subjected to HPP [14; 15; 16]. Like isolated starches, the effect of increasing pressure on the flour's gelatinization temperatures varied depending on botanical origin, hydration level, and pressurizing time, but consistently decreased the enthalpy of gelatinization. Previous studies have also observed a reduction of pasting properties for HHP-treated flours due to the pressure-induced starch gelatinization that disrupts the crystalline structure [10; 13; 14; 16; 17], which consequently lowers its retrogradation tendency [18].  
The objective of this study was to utilize HPP to modify cassava flour as a function of HPP processing parameters (i.e., pressure level and pressure holding time) and flour concentration. Since cassava is a poor source of protein and fat, the current study focused only on starch modification through HPP. Three-way ANOVA was applied to identify possible interaction effects between process variables. This allows for a wide-ranging study on the impact of HPP processing variables on cassava flour and informs the food industry of potential new applications.
# A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies
## 2 The State of the Art
All these techniques are characterized by the presence of pumps and compressors, which require a major part of the total energy demand for the process. The last two categories have limited examples. Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization desalination require the generation of an electric field between two electrodes, separated by an anion membrane and a cation membrane (selective membranes that allow positive and negative ions to cross, respectively). In this case, electricity is the only way to supply the process. As regards the Ions Exchange Resin, the working principle is the chemical replacement of positive and negative ions. In the case of FO, a solute replacement occurs to extract water from a saline solution. It is important to underline that mechanical energy and electricity can be easily converted in both directions, with high efficiency. For this reason, the technologies that require a mechanical energy input, through pumps or compressors, can be easily supplied  
Figure 2: The timeline of desalination technologies. by electricity by using common electrical motors. Similarly, mechanical energy can be converted by alternators into electricity to supply the desalination processes that require electrical energy as input. Thermal energy is a different case, because it can be easily obtained from electricity, through the Joule Effect or heat pumps. The conversion from thermal energy into mechanical or electrical energy is obtained by using thermal machines or plants, affected by a low energy efficiency in comparison with the previous cases, for thermodynamic and technical reasons. It is important to underline that thermal sources can be successfully adopted to produce electricity, in specific conditions. For example, in the case of a high temperature geothermal source, a power plant can be realized [21]. Thus, in order to supply the desalination process with renewable energy sources, it is convenient to distinguish the energy sources that can be used to produce electricity (or mechanical energy) from those producing thermal energy. With this goal, the renewable energy sources can be sorted in the following categories, according to the usual energy output that can be produced:  
* Electricity producers, such as wind, hydro, tidal and wave. * Thermal and electrical energy producers, such as solar, geothermal and biomass. The energy output is usually selected according to the features of the local energy resource. Combining the technologies for renewable energy sources utilization and the desalination solutions, Figure 4 is obtained. In the following paragraphs, each technology is analyzed in detail, describing the entire process, and reporting the state of the art. Figure 3: The classification of desalination technologies by main energy input.
# Design and Development of a Flexible 3D-Printed Endoscopic Grasping Instrument
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Workspace of the Distal Tip  
As a measure of maneuverability, the workspace of the instrument's distal tip was mapped. The workspace is defined as the curve traced by the distal tip during bending, depicting its positions at different bending angles. To measure the workspace of the instrument, each segment of the distal tip was traced during bending, and points were marked on a millimeter paper. Based on the marked points for each segment, a set of polygons were generated, depicting the positioning of the distal tip at various bending angles.  
Additionally, a benchmark workspace was modeled and used as the gold standard for comparison, as it represents the ideal range of motion of the designed distal tip. For modeling the benchmark workspace, several assumptions were considered. In particular, it was assumed that the bending is planar and gradual, and that the total length of the bending section does not change during bending.
## 6 Field Test of the WSN Platform
### Field Deployment of the WSN Nodes
#### 6.1.2 Field Deployment of Sensor Nodes  
Once the gateways were in place and operational, we started to deploy the 50 sensor nodes in the locations shown in Figure 6 with the procedure described in Section 5.1. Due to the limited time we had to prepare the field test, the deployment procedure was only partly automated. While the deployment mode of the sensor nodes can be quickly activated using a magnet, the operator would still need to manually record the node ID and position coordinates read from a handheld GPS. These operations proved to be time-consuming and error-prone and required us to make several passes through the field to recheck node IDs and positions. Moreover, as can be seen in Figure 6, some positions were still slightly out of the field (e.g., Sensor Nodes 2, 6, 7) due to the limited accuracy of the GPS receiver.  
Using the node deployment procedure presented in Section 5.1 (only partly automated, as we have mentioned), we needed about 4-5 min to install one sensor node in a relatively simple field (see Figures 6 and 9): the trees were well spaced and organized in rows; most ground vegetation and obstacles were cleared; and the GPS signal was received without the typical attenuation from dense tree crowns.  
Nevertheless, it took us about four hours to deploy all 50 sensor nodes. This means that node deployment is generally effort intensive and can significantly increase the cost of larger applications.
# Comprehensive Survey on VLC in E-Healthcare: Channel Coding Schemes and Modulation Techniques
## 6 Future Directions and Challenges
### Hybrid VLC-RF Systems for E-Healthcare  
Although VLC offers several advantages, including immunity from electromagnetic interference and high data security, there are certain situations where RF technologies may still be required, particularly for long-range communication or through-wall transmissions [55; 79; 81]. Therefore, the development of a hybrid VLC-RF system could be an effective way to combine the strengths of both technologies. Hybrid systems would allow seamless communication in complex healthcare environments, enabling robust indoor VLC for high-speed data transmission, while RF could be used for long-distance communication or where direct line of sight is not possible. More research is needed to develop efficient handover mechanisms between VLC and RF technologies, to ensure uninterrupted service and optimize network performance in healthcare applications.  
Figure 5 shows a diagram of a hybrid VLC-RF system consisting of a personal area network of real-time sensors, which allows remote monitoring of the patient's health.