# Effects of Distracted Pedestrian Behavior on Transportation Safety: Causes and Contributing Factors
## 3 Results
### Heuristic Bin Analysis  
The video data taken at 10 study intersections were tallied to extract the data points for the analysis. Approximately 1933 crossing events were observed, of which there were 982 females and 951 were males. A total of 938 and 995 pedestrians were tallied during the AM and PM peaks, respectively. A lookup table was used to quantify the level of distraction shown by pedestrians while crossing the street. The variables included mobile phone usage, engagement in conversations with others, and apparent awareness of one's surroundings. Weightage (the assignment of varying importance or \"weights\" to different bins or categories within a heuristic algorithm) was given to the level of distractions shown by pedestrians while crossing the street and is presented in Table 11.  
A distraction weightage of +0.25 was added if the pedestrian demonstrated any form of audio distraction, and +0.5 was added if they demonstrated any form of visual distraction. Likewise, +0.5 was added if the pedestrian demonstrated a lack of awareness of the traffic signal and surroundings, and +0 was added if the pedestrian demonstrated awareness. To take a conservative approach, +0.25 was added if the pedestrian demonstrated awareness of the surroundings but glanced at their mobile phones while crossing the street. Table 12 presents the findings of the Heuristic Bin analysis. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Phone** & **Conversation** & **Awareness** & **Weightage** \\ \hline
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0.5 \\
1 & 1 & 1 & 0.25 \\
1 & 1 & 0 & 0.75 \\
0 & 1 & 1 & 0.25 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0.75 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Distraction lookup table. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Mean** & **Standard Deviation** \\ \hline Male & 0.105 & 0.219 \\ Female & 0.126 & 0.226 \\ Walking Alone & 0.099 & 0.232 \\ Walking in a Pair & 0.187 & 0.181 \\ Walking in a Group & 0.136 & 0.171 \\ AM Peak & 0.117 & 0.242 \\ PM Peak & 0.114 & 0.204 \\ Cloudy & 0.127 & 0.250 \\ Sunny & 0.114 & 0.220 \\ Major Street & 0.112 & 0.230 \\ Minor Street & 0.117 & 0.219 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Heuristic bin results. The results indicated that females were slightly more distracted than males while walking alone, in pairs, or in a group (0.126 on average compared to 0.105 on average). People were also significantly more distracted when walking in a pair (0.187) than when walking alone (0.099) or walking in a group (0.136). Pedestrians were also more distracted in the AM peak (0.227) as compared to the PM peak (0.114), more distracted during cloudy weather (0.127) as compared to sunny weather (0.114), and more distracted while crossing the minor street (0.117) as compared to the major street (0.112). The distraction levels, in conjunction with different variables, were also evaluated. Using gender as the reference variable, time of day, pedestrians walking alone/in a pair/in a group, and weather conditions were analyzed to see the trends in distraction. The distributions of pedestrians' level of distraction by gender  
Subspace interaction of variables was carried out for people walking alone, in a pair, or in a group; gender and time of day; gender and weather; time of day; and people walking in a pair or in a group. Tables 13-15 present the results of the subspace analysis to further determine the underlying patterns within the data obtained from video playback tallies. The results from the subspace analysis show that females are more likely to be distracted than males while walking alone, in a pair, or in a group. Females are also more likely to be distracted when they are walking in a pair than when walking alone or in a group. Both males and females were found to be most distracted when walking in a pair. The most significant type of distraction for both males and females when they were walking in pairs was auditory distractions, i.e., they were engaged in conversation while crossing the road.