# Green Manufacturing of UHPFRC Made with Waste Derived from Scrap Tires and Oil Refineries
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Test Methods  
A Calmetrix I-Cal 8000 HPC was used to monitor the heat developments for six days at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 65% relative humidity (RH) in laboratory circumstances, in accordance with ASTM C1702 [37]. Approximately 30 g of fresh cement paste was put into the calorimeter channel within a few seconds of mixing. Four paste samples containing ECAT at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 15% were prepared using a water-to-binder ratio of 0.4. The flow table \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **CaO** & **SiO2** & **Al2O3** & **Fe2O3** & **SO3** & **MgO** & **Na2O** & **K2O** & **Ignition Loss** \\ \hline Cement (\%) & 64.6 & 21.4 & 3.7 & 4.6 & 1.5 & 0.8 & 0.3 & 0.4 & 2.7 \\ Silica fume (\%) & 0.1 & 94.2 & 0.8 & 0.3 & 0.4 & 0.5 & 0.3 & 1 & 2.4 \\ Fly ash (\%) & 5.2 & 46.8 & 26.2 & 9.9 & - & 2.7 & 2.8 & 5.5 & 0.9 \\ ECAT (\%) & - & 54.2 & 38.1 & - & 3.9 & 3.4 & - & - & 0.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: XRF results of the raw materials. Figure 1: (**A**) SEM image of the ECAT, (**B**) dimensions of the RSF, and (**C**) PSD of the cementitious materials. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **Steel Fiber** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Cemetitious Materials (\% by Weight)**} \\ \cline{3-6}
**Designation** & **(\% by Volume)** & **ECAT** & **Cement** & **Fly Ash** & **Silica Fume** \\ \hline S0E0 & 0 & 0 & 71 & 13 & 16 \\ S0E5 & 0 & 5 & 66 & 13 & 16 \\ S0E10 & 0 & 10 & 61 & 13 & 16 \\ S0E15 & 0 & 15 & 56 & 13 & 16 \\ S1E0 & 1 & 0 & 71 & 13 & 16 \\ S1E5 & 1 & 5 & 66 & 13 & 16 \\ S1E10 & 1 & 10 & 61 & 13 & 16 \\ S1E15 & 1 & 15 & 56 & 13 & 16 \\ S2E0 & 2 & 0 & 71 & 13 & 16 \\ S2E5 & 2 & 5 & 66 & 13 & 16 \\ S2E10 & 2 & 10 & 61 & 13 & 16 \\ S2E15 & 2 & 15 & 56 & 13 & 16 \\ S3E0 & 3 & 0 & 71 & 13 & 16 \\ S3E5 & 3 & 5 & 66 & 13 & 16 \\ S3E10 & 3 & 10 & 61 & 13 & 16 \\ S3E15 & 3 & 15 & 56 & 13 & 16 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mix details of the different cement-based samples. apparatus recommended in ASTM C230 [38] was used to assess the workability of the fresh cement mixes. The fresh sample was loaded into the firmly placed truncated cone at the center of the table. The cone was then removed, leaving the sample, which was dropped 15 times. The flow diameter was measured using a standard ruler, and the average of three replicates was calculated. A mortar sample of 40 \(\times\) 40 \(\times\) 40 mm\({}^{3}\) was destroyed on a Zwick Roell universal testing machine at a rate of 0.6 MPa/s according to EN 12390-3 [39]. The failure load was divided by the cross-sectional area to calculate the compressive strength. The average of four replicates were calculated. In accordance with ASTM C348 [40], a mortar sample measuring 40 \(\times\) 40 \(\times\) 160 mm\({}^{3}\) was utilized to ascertain the flexural strength. Both notched and unnotched samples were tested. Using a precision saw with a diamond tip, a rectangular notch measuring 2 mm in thickness and 10 mm in depth was cut. The Zwick 1455 UTM was employed, which was outfitted with a QuantumX model data-gathering system. To record load variations, a load cell with a capacity of 20 kN was employed. Using a stiff semi-cylinder with a constant displacement of 0.5 mm per min, the load was released at the center of the sample. A rigid steel profile held the entire system in place to prevent sample distortion during loading, and two rigid semi-cylinders set 120 mm apart supported the samples. After that, an HBM WA10 linear variable displacement transformer (LVDT) with a 10 mm stroke was used to instrument the samples. To measure vertical deformations, LVDT was vertically mounted on the samples. This three-point bending technique was applied to unnotched samples, and the average of three replicates was computed. Equation (1)--where P is the applied load, l is the length between the roller supports, and b and h are the sample's width and height--was used to determine the flexural strength in the sample's center.