esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions  
The purpose of this study was to assess the usability of topic modeling algorithm as the user-centric aspects. Also, the affective level of text in a paragraph, as well as the frequency of existing words, were considered for the method of extracting subject words from text. The algorithms that summarize the characteristics of paragraph are employed for the case where LDA is used singly and the case where LDA and SA are applied together. The paragraphs provided to the users were composed of assignment tests. Subjects were asked to evaluate the perceived trust of a set of keywords derived using algorithms. At this time, the affective level of the paragraph was classified using the Stanford NLP to analyze the difference of the perceived trust evaluation according to the affective level of the paragraph. In analyzing this perceived trust, we also interpreted the results not only from the technical characteristics of the algorithm but also from the ergonomic viewpoint. As a result, the effect of affective level of text on the perceived trust of LDA algorithm was found to be statistically significant, and we found through post-analysis that the perceived trust of the paragraphs with low affective level was higher than those of the mid- and high-affective-level ones. In the case of LDA combined with SA, the effect of the affective level of text on the perceived trust was not statistically significant.  
From our results, we can draw the conclusion that it is possible to select and use algorithms that summarize subject words according to the affective level of the document. In terms of SA, there has been a focus on the classification of affirmative and negative vocabularies in text and then calculating the frequency of these polar vocabularies. In the future, in order to improve the effectiveness of SA, it is necessary to analyze not just the word level but the property of the text. Furthermore, it is expected that a corpus that accumulates affective expressions utilized by actual users will need to be constructed.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.P.; methodology, J.P.; formal analysis, Y.I. and M.K.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.I. and M.K.; writing--review and editing, Y.I., J.P. and K.P.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by the Incheon National University Research Grant in 2018 (Grant No.: 20180402).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Literature Review
### Knowledge Gaps  
The reviewed studies in the literature only track a limited number of characteristics (for example, temperature and humidity or current and voltage). There are few publications that combine a wide range of sensors to monitor the various parameters of a transformer to ensure complete condition monitoring of the transformer. New studies should try to close this research gap by combining various sensors into one cohesive system transformer condition monitoring system. The lack of standardization within IoT-connected devices sometimes causes problems when connecting devices and platforms in IoT systems. New researchers should focus on this gap and explore new innovative ideas to overcome standardization issues within this field. Although this aspect is a work in progress, it is critical that researchers highlight progress made in standardizing IoT protocols and how this affects the implementation of such systems in transformer condition monitoring. Improvements in connectivity technology and service providers might lead to service interruptions, increasing complexity because of gateway changes. To address and identify huge numbers of variable IoT devices, a distinctive address identity and ample space are required. Scalability is an obstacle because of the large number of IoT devices interconnected to just one application. Handling device dispersion and effectiveness demands flexible operations. Integrating protocols and standards is pricey and difficult, making expansion and expense minimization a significant problem. Internet of Things devices lack power-harvesting capabilities. The Internet of Things devices require extended battery lifespans to incorporate additional embedded devices, which results in challenges regarding battery replacement. Gathering energy from renewable sources, like a Battery Energy Storage System, might be a solution. Compatibility in diverse IoT infrastructures presents difficulties due to the diverse technological advances, platforms, communication protocols, and privacy and security measures involved. To ensure compatibility, programmers and producers must offer solutions that are independent. Protocols assist with handling problems, arrangement, effectiveness, and the security of networked gadgets. Reliability is crucial for compatibility, as both software and hardware must remain available and compatible to ensure ongoing services even during outages. Furthermore, communication protocols must be compact enough to fit in IoT devices with limited space [8].
## 6 Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Work  
After the analysis of the results of the user study, we can conclude that EVM can be a feasible tool for an introductory engineering graphics course. The positive impact on motivation, high score on the SUS questionnaire, equivalent ease of use as the SketchUp system (well known for its simplicity), and task completion times in a range near (95.4 min for EVM vs. 86.27 for SketchUp, as the total modeling time) SketchUp support this statement. It is important to mention that EVM was not designed to provide a faster way to model. The goal is to create a tool that is viable to deploy in a laboratory and provides reasonable task completion times. After the experiment was completed, conversations with participants revealed that the experiential learning facilitated by VR had a greater impact on students than a desktop application. Taking this into account, the small difference in total execution time is irrelevant.  
A significant contribution of the developed system is the immersive help system. One of the most praised features of EVM was the possibility of viewing multimedia tutorials on how to use the application within the virtual environment itself, as well as using the side virtual screens to view the modeling tasks that had to be performed. In addition, the fast learning curve and ease of use shed light on the feasibility of using a virtual reality environment to perform basic sketching and modeling tasks with minimal training. These features, coupled with the fact that HMDs are becoming less expensive and more powerful, justify investing the additional effort to improve the developed system.  
As future work, we plan to improve the capabilities of EVM by first porting the application to a standalone HMD such as Oculus Quest 2 and then completing the functionality of the application with elements that the user study revealed, such as the possibility of scaling parts and a complete implementation of undo/redo commands. Other ideas that are being considered to enrich the current system to facilitate the learning of spatial relations is the representation of the lateral projections of the objects under construction, to be able to easily analyze the connection between 3D objects and their orthogonal projections, which are often a difficult concept to work with in traditional teaching environments. Finally, we would like to conduct user studies with larger sample sizes and longer interventions to overcome the limitations of the study presented in this paper, which had a sample size of 23 subjects and a duration of the modeling tasks of approximately 90 min.  
Conceptualization, J.C.-P. and M.C.; methodology, M.C.; software, J.C.-P.; validation, J.C.-P.; writing--original draft reparation, J.C.-P. and M.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
# Remote Radio Frequency Sensing Based on 5G New Radio Positioning Reference Signals
## 5 Results
### Signal-to-Noise Ratio Impact on Radar Sensing  
In this set of simulations, the impact of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on radar detection is measured. For this purpose, the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is used to simulate different levels of SNR. Noise is added directly to the radio signal \(y_{RX}\), which is defined by Equation (11). All targets specified in Table 4 are used, and the observation time is 100 ms (ten 5G frames).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Short Name** & \(\mathbf{k}_{comb}^{PBS}\) & \(L_{PBS}\) & \(\mathbf{l}_{start}^{PBS}\) & **No. PRS Resources** & \(p_{f_{s}}\) [Hz] for \(\mu=\) 1 &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Occupied RE in Single** \\ **Slot with 12 Subcarriers** \\ \end{tabular} & **Overhead [\%]** \\ \hline PRS-2-2-1-RES & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 2000 & 12 & 7.1 \\ PRS-4-4-1-RES & 4 & 4 & 1 & 1 & 2000 & 12 & 7.1 \\ PRS-6-6-1-RES & 6 & 6 & 1 & 1 & 2000 & 12 & 7.1 \\ PRS-12-1-RES & 12 & 1 & 1 & 2000 & 12 & 7.1 \\ PRS-12-1-RES & 12 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 2000 & 1 & 0.6 \\ PRS-6-6-2-RES & 6 & 6 & 1,8 & 2 & 4000 & 24 & 14.2 \\ PRS-4-4-2-RES & 4 & 4 & 1,8 & 2 & 4000 & 24 & 14.2 \\ PRS-2-2-2-RES & 2 & 2 & 1,8 & 2 & 4000 & 24 & 14.2 \\ PRS-12-1-2-RES & 12 & 1 & 1,8 & 2 & 4000 & 2 & 1.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: PRS configurations for simulations.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Values** \\ \hline Range [m] & 54.67, 213.42, 123.10, 245.140 \\ Velocity m/s & 16.18, 32.53, \(-9.91\), \(-43.28\) \\ Reflection gain & \(\frac{0.01*(1+1)}{\sqrt{2}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Radar targets used in simulations.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline \(\mu\) & 1 \\ RB & 133 \\ BW & 50 \\ Nyft & 2048 \\ \(N_{cp1}\) & 176 (7.9\%) \\ N\({}_{cp2}\) & 144 (6.5\%) \\ \(f_{c}\) & 2.655 \\ \(f_{s}\) & 61.44 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Carrier parameters for performed simulations.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter Name** & \(\mathbf{k}_{offset}^{PBS}\) & \(\mathbf{N}^{RB}\) & \(\mathbf{l}_{start}^{PBS}\) & \(\mathbf{T}_{pr}^{PBS}\) & \(T_{offset}^{PBS}\) & \(T_{offset,res}^{PBS}\) & \(\mathbf{T}_{rp}^{PBS}\) & \(\mathbf{T}_{gap}^{PBS}\) \\ \hline Value & 0 & 104 & 0 & 32 & 0 & 0 & 32 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: PRS configuration parameters shared among all configurations in Table 6.
###### Abstract  
An accurate second-order spatial and temporal finite-difference scheme is applied to solve the dynamics model of a depth-averaged avalanche. Within the framework of the MacCormack scheme, a total variation diminishing term supplements the corrector step to suppress large oscillations in domains with steep gradients. The greatest strength of the scheme lies in its high computational efficiency while maintaining satisfactory accuracy. The performance of the scheme is tested on a granular plume flow-obstacle interaction scenario and a granular dam breaking scenario. In the former, the plume flow splits into two granular streams when an obstacle is encountered. The opening between the two granular streams widens when the side length of the obstacle increases. In the simulation, shock waves with a fan-shaped configuration are captured, and successive waves in the tail of the avalanche between the two streams are observed. In the latter scenario, the average values and the fluctuations in the flow rate and velocity (at relatively steady state) decrease with the width of the breach. The capture of complex and typical granular-flow phenomena indicates the applicability and effectiveness of combining the TVD-MacCormack Scheme and S-H model to simulate dam breaking and inclined flow-obstacle interaction cases. In this study, the dense granular flow strikes on a rigid obstacle that is described by a wall boundary, rather than a topographic feature with a finite slope. This shows that the TVD-MacCormack scheme has a shock-capturing ability. The results of granular dam break simulations also revealed that the boundary conditions (open or closed) affect the collapse of the granular pile, i.e., the grains evenly breached out under closed boundary conditions, whereas the granules breaching out of the opening were mostly grains adjacent to the boundaries under open boundary conditions.  
Keywords:finite-element scheme; granular flow; avalanche; dynamic model; interaction +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
# A Survey of Vehicular VLC Methodologies
## 7 Vehicular VLC Research Trends and Future Directions
### Future Directions  
In the future, several technologies and applications based on vehicular VLC should be explored to achieve safe conditions for ITSs. For instance, digital twin technology has been recently introduced to enable smart, connected, and automated vehicles [142; 143; 144; 145; 146; 147; 148; 149; 150]. The authors of [148; 150] discussed its applicability in vehicular VLC systems and its ability to provide effective improvement, meeting various requirements for emerging applications. Digital twin-assisted vehicular VLC systems can also help in optimizing the phase shifts of RIS elements installed in the infrastructure of roads, cars, bus stations, and buildings [150]. Another promising research direction is the applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in vehicular VLC, which can help in the optimization and security of vehicular VLC systems. Integration between vehicular VLC networks and mm Wave networks is also considered an open research direction to further ensure continuous connectivity and low latency.
## 4 Experimental Methodology
### Fault Resilience and Self-Healing Validation  
Fault resilience was evaluated through carefully orchestrated simulations of realistic fault conditions, including instantaneous power disruptions lasting 30 s to assess rapid recovery capabilities, severe packet loss scenarios emulating significant network congestion events, and controlled process failures and software crashes to evaluate the robustness of the system's self-healing mechanisms. Recovery metrics such as mean recovery time and packet retransmission rates were rigorously documented. The effectiveness of the intelligent self-healing algorithm, featuring automated relay-chain reconstruction triggered by fault detection mechanisms, was validated through repeated testing across these scenarios. Statistical analysis was employed to ensure the significance and reliability of recovery performance outcomes.  
Each experimental condition was replicated multiple times to ensure statistical validity and reduce variance in measurements. Data were aggregated, and statistical significance was quantified using confidence intervals and standardized statistical tests, ensuring robust and reliable conclusions aligned with the rigorous standards typical of IEEE and MDPI Applied Sciences publications.
# Driving Safety Improved with Control of Magnetorheological Dampers in Vehicle Suspension
## 4 Simulation Results
### Skyhook Control of the Suspension Quarter (Skyhook-1 DOF)  
The Skyhook-1 DOF control algorithm is dedicated to damping of the body vibration, as indicated in Section 3. A variant of Skyhook that is discussed in this subsection is intended for independent control of front and rear suspension parts. Thus, its performance is discussed based on transmissibility characteristics for velocity signals of front and rear parts of the vehicle body and presented in Figure 13. Similarly to the analysis performed for constant current, the results are also discussed here for the vehicle longitudinal velocity \(v_{\text{sx}}\) equal to 5 ms\({}^{-1}\).  
The simulations were performed for Skyhook parameter \(c_{sh1}\), ranging from 0 to 3000 Nsm\({}^{-1}\), with the same values for both parts of the body. Of course, it is a constraint that can deteriorate results of optimization for front and rear Skyhook. However, it allows for limiting the possible combinations of control parameters and reducing the time that is needed for optimization.  
Both of the subfigures presented in Figure 12 indicate the proper operation of the Skyhook algorithm for front and rear suspension parts. It can be seen, for the front vehicle part, that the height of the resonance peak of vertical velocity vibration was decreased from 3.5 to 1.8. In the case of rear vehicle part, the resonance peak decreased from 4.5 to 2.5. Additionally, a slight deterioration of vibration damping for a frequency range from 2.2 Hz to 6 Hz can be noticed, especially in the front of the vehicle. Similarly to the passive suspension, an invariant point of the transmissibility characteristics can be determined at 2.2 Hz for front and rear parts of the body.  
Figure 14 presents the PSD characteristics that are evaluated for the front and rear normal forces. It can be stated that, as in the case of the body, velocity variations of normal forces for both wheels are significantly reduced. Here, an invariant point can be noticed at frequency equal to 2.2 Hz. Values to the left of the invariant point are decreased for increasing control parameters, whereas values to the right are increased. The frequency of the resonance peaks for the front and rear wheels are approximately constant and they are equal to 1.8 Hz.  
Figure 13: Transmissibility characteristics of vehicle body dynamics for Skyhook control of suspension parts and vehicle longitudinal velocity equal to 5 ms\({}^{-1}\): (a) front body velocity, (b) rear body velocity.
# A Digitalization Algorithm Based on the Voltage Waveform of the Multifunction Vehicle Bus
## 4 Discussion
### Performance of the Algorithm under Different Conditions  
Under different conditions, there is a significant difference in steady-state amplitude, and the overshoot is also different.  
When the terminator is replaced with a 90 \(\Omega\) resistor and the terminator is removed, the steady-state amplitude changes slightly; after the line impedance characteristics change,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Features** & **Normal Condition** & **Abnormal Resistance** & **Open Circuit** & **Short Circuit** \\ \hline Package loss rate/\% & 0 & 0 & 0 & 18.5 \\ Average & 2.34 & 2.07 & 2.54 & 0.31 \\ State amplitude/V & 22.30 & 19.60 & 24.79 & 6.07 \\ Average overshoot/\% & 14.8 & 8 & 25 & 674 \\ Average & 0.54 & 0.48 & 0.53 & 1.36 \\ Edge distortion/\% & 1969 & 2753 & 3378 & none \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Waveform features under different conditions.  
the reflected signal is enhanced. There is also a slight change in overshoot under these two conditions, but it does not affect the decoding and synchronization process of the MVB physical-layer waveform.  
However, when the terminator is short-circuited, a strong reflected signal can be seen in Figure 12d, and the steady-state amplitude of the voltage waveform drops rapidly, with an overshoot exceeding 600%. In such extremely harsh conditions, signals with an amplitude less than 1.5 V will not be recognized by MVB devices, causing abnormal MVB network communication. Therefore, the protocol analyzer cannot collect link-layer data, but the voltage waveform digitization algorithm can adjust the threshold to capture frame data.  
Through normal operating conditions and fault-condition tests of the MVB voltage waveform digitization algorithm, the experimental results show that this algorithm can achieve waveform feature extraction and data decoding functions.
## 4 Met-Ocean Strategy for Assessing the Feasibility of Marine Renewable Energy near Ports
### Pre-Operational Validation and System Calibration  
Using the spectral reconstruction codes, the system underwent pre-operational validation and, if necessary, calibration. The purpose was to assess the quality of the results produced by the developed wave and agitation operational system at each port before its implementation by Puertos del Estado. To accomplish this, the developed codes were executed on dates when coincident wave data were available at the study port (SAPO system input for the MSP model, to be provided by Puertos del Estado), along with in situ instrumental data from coastal buoys and radar tide gauges operated by Puertos del Estado. The goals of this validation process were twofold: (a) to understand the functionality of the numerical wave propagation and port agitation system, the discrepancies it introduces compared to reality, and potential errors that might arise, and (b) to recalibrate the results within the generated MSP numerical grids. If necessary, this recalibration aimed to refine the initially considered reflection coefficients (an iterative process). The numerical system was validated using standard statistical indicators (see Table 2)--BIAS, RMSE, SI, CORR, and R\({}^{2}\)--by comparing instrumental measurements and numerical predictions (see Figure 6), which provide a clear visualisation of the model's performance and accuracy. This task quantified the predictive capability of the agitation model and concurrently identify weaknesses that contribute to divergent predictions, potential errors in the numerical setup, or disparities in the bathymetric and geometric information of each port compared to the physical reality of the problem.  
Figure 5: An example of one monochromatic wave run at Valencia Port. Free surface (**left panel**) and wave height (**right panel**), for a H = 0.25 m, T = 11 s, and Dir = 150\({}^{\circ}\) N.  
Figure 6: Hs scatter plot for data measured vs. modelled at Valencia Port (Ports of Valencia, Sagunto and Gandia).