# Adaptive QoS-Aware Multi-Metrics Gateway Selection Scheme for Heterogenous Vehicular Network +
###### Abstract  
A heterogeneous vehicular network (HetVNET) is a promising network architecture that combines multiple network technologies such as IEEE 802.11p, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), and third/fourth generation cellular networks (3G/4G). In this network area, vehicle users can use wireless fidelity access points (Wi-Fi APs) to offload 4G long-term evolution (4G-LTE) networks. However, when using Wi-Fi APs, the vehicles must organize themselves and select an appropriate mobile gateway (MGW) to communicate to the cellular infrastructure. Researchers are facing the problem of selecting the best MGW vehicle to aggregate vehicle traffic and reduce LTE load in HetVNETs when the Wi-Fi APs are unavailable for offloading. The selection process utilizes extra network overhead and complexity due to the frequent formation of clusters in this highly dynamic environment. In this study, we proposed a non-cluster adaptive QoS-aware gateway selection (AQAGS) scheme that autonomously picks a limited number of vehicles to act as LTE gateways based on the LTE network's load status and vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) application's QoS requirements. The present AQAGS scheme focuses on highway scenarios. The proposed scheme was evaluated using simulation of Urban mobility (SUMO) and network simulator version 2 (NS2) simulators and benchmarked with the clustered and non-clustered schemes. A comparison was made based on the end-to-end delay, throughput, control packet overhead (CPO), and packet delivery ratio (PDR) performance metrics over Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) applications. Using VoIP, the AQAGS scheme achieved a 26.7% higher PDR compared with the other schemes. vehicle network; long-term evolution network (LTE); heterogeneous vehicular network; quality of service +
Footnote †: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons. technologies [1]. The concept of a vehicle ad hoc network (VANET), which is defined by self-organization and decentralization, makes the transportation system agreeable and efficient [2; 3; 4]. The extent to which this reversal is possible has been shown by the establishment of many exploration projects concerning vehicular communication systems. Several international research projects have been launched to better understand this type of system, such as the AKTIV venture in Germany [5]. In addition, significant progress has been made inside of the vehicles themselves. Onboard units (OBUs) are now installed in the vast majority of vehicles, and they are used for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications [3; 6]. It will be standard by the end of 2027 that all vehicles will be outfitted with OBUs [7]. However, a critical exertion appears in the exercises conducted around the world to normalize the technology. The improvement of IEEE 802.11 technology to IEEE 802.11p is an example of such an effort [8]. IEEE 802.11p is a VANET correspondence protocol that uses dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) remote channels for connectivity [9; 10; 11]. It offers an easy and simple organization. However, it suffers from high deferral, poor quality of service (QoS), and powerless adaptability. Due to these shortcomings, IEEE 802.11p VANET is unable to meet the increasing demand for high QoS network applications that vehicles' passengers need when driving. In vehicular communication, this demand highlights the importance of heterogeneous network architecture. The heterogeneous vehicular network (HVN) combines VANET with another network technology to provide a robust and reliable network system [12]. The VANET and long-term evaluation network (LTE) integration mechanism allow the VANET network to maintain a stable and continuous connection while maintaining the QoS of multiple VANET applications [13].