## 1 Introduction  
The application of nitrogen fertilizer has effectively promoted agricultural production, but it has also brought many environmental and ecological problems with increasing fertilizer use [1; 2; 3]. Currently, the nitrogen fertilizer consumption of China accounts for about 30% of the world's total consumption [4]. For a long time, the academic community has been committed to researching the mechanisms of nitrogen emissions in farmland [5; 6; 7] to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and control fertilizer dosing amounts to achieve a balance between environmental benefits and economic yield. Studies show that in rice production, the loss of nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 40-50% of the input amount [8], ammonia volatilization is one of the main methods of nitrogen gaseous release in farmland, and it is difficult to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. As the ammonia volatilization amount is difficult to measure accurately, the ratio of gaseous nitrogen losses found in earlier research accounted for 9 to 60 percent of the nitrogen dosage [9; 10] and a considerable proportion of total nitrogen loss [5; 11; 12]. Excessive chemical nitrogenous fertilizer was being applied in the field to heighten field production, which caused a great waste of fertilizer and energy, and also brought environmental and ecological risks. A large amount of ammonia evaporates into the atmosphere, causing air pollution and posing a threat to human health. When reacting with other components in the atmosphere, it forms acid rain, which returns to the land through precipitation and other pathways, leading to negative effects on terrestrial ecosystems, such as eutrophication of water and soil acidification [13]. Meanwhile, ammonia generates nitrogen oxides, which are greenhouse gases, through oxidation reactions, causing exacerbation of the greenhouse effect and affecting global climate change. Therefore, in the major rice producing areas arounds the world, it is urgent to reduce ammonia volatilization and increase crop yields to achieve higher yields, higher efficiency, and lower emissions in agriculture [14]. To reduce nitrogen gas emissions, some new fertilizers and chemical additive [15; 16; 17] are being applied in the field, and fertilization modes [18; 19], water management [20; 21], and crop management [22] are attracting extensive attention. [PERSON] et al. [23] showed that a urea and urease inhibitor can reduce the ammonia volatilization amount by 37% to 40%. The ventilation method is a common method of ammonia volatilization determination [24]. It can simulate well the actual conditions of the field and can also well describe the dynamic effect of ammonia volatilization under different conditions. A vacuum pump is used as a power source, which can bring the NH\({}_{3}\) of a closed vessel to an absorption bottle equipped with an absorption liquid of boric acid (2% \(w/w\)). And then, titration measurement is used to calculate ammonia volatilization [25]. Due to the limited absorption capacity of an acid absorption solution, this method cannot achieve all-weather monitoring, so samples are just taken for the fixation time to estimate the ammonia volatilization amount of a certain period. In earlier research, we took samples in the time periods of 9:00-11:00 AM and 14:00-16:00 PM to calculate the ammonia volatilization amount over 24 h. However, such simulation is flawed in relation to the ammonia nitrogen concentration, temperature, and pH in surface water of a paddy field, which changes continuously during the whole day, and these three factors have an important influence on the ammonia volatilization rate of paddy fields [26]. In earlier research, the effect of the ammonia nitrogen concentration, temperature, and pH on the ammonia volatilization rate was discussed separately [27; 28].