esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Validation: The Use of the Ontology to Extract a Historical Site Component from LiDAR Data
### LiDAR Data Acquisition  
A complete UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) survey has been carried out to obtain high-detailed point clouds for Norcia main square and Castellina [36; 37]. Over the analysed areas, some low altitude UAV flights were performed using the Phantom 4 PRO and DJI Spark platforms in order to accurately describe the outer part of the castles (an average elevation flight height of 50 m was used). Complying with the consolidated trends in UAV image acquisition, the flights over the fortified structures were planned to acquire nadir and oblique images, to obtain a GSD (ground sampling distance) with a magnitude of less than 2.5 cm, which is suitable for an architectural scale (1:100-1:200).  
Figure 9: Examples of conceptual formalisation of Castellina of Norcia with concepts and relations of the designed ontology.  
A geo-reference system was established thanks to the integration of a principal network acquired with a GNSS system, and a vast amount of artificial and natural targets that were measured to obtain a reliable network of controls and checkpoints, useful to optimise and evaluate the bundle block adjustment of the photogrammetric process.  
Figure 10: Outcomes of 3D survey (**a**), point clouds of Norcia main square and Castellina, (**b**) mesh model of the Rocca.
## 4 Electrical Tomography Applications
### Pulp Suspensions Characterisation Using ET: The Authors' Approach
#### 4.3.1 Overview of the Developed EIT System and of the Experimental Setup
This EIT system was used to characterise pulp suspensions in flow tests conducted in a pilot rig described elsewhere [129] and schematically shown in Figure 6. In short, the test section consisted of a horizontal PVC pipe, 7.5 m in length and 100 mm internal diameter. The flow rate could be regulated through the manipulation of two valves located after the pump and was measured by an electromagnetic flow meter. Appropriate lengths were inserted before and  
Figure 5: Block diagram of the actual tomographic system main modules. Figure 6: Pilot rig schematic. after the test section to account for entrance and exit effects. The EIT electrodes rings (constructed in Teflon), see Figure 7, consisted of 32 Titanium-based electrodes (each with a diameter of 5 mm which was previously optimised experimentally), circumferentially and equally spaced, and mounted in a Perspex tube inserted in the rig between the measuring pressure taps. For all tests reported here, an excitation frequency of 10 kHz with 2V\({}_{\text{pp}}\) amplitude was imposed, and opposite injection and adjacent measuring protocols were used. For image reconstruction, the open-source software EIDORS [130], considering direct differential measured voltages and using a structured Mesh consisting of 2304 linear elements and 1201 nodes, was used. EIDORS implements a non-linear back projection method using a regularised algorithm (Tikhonov regularisation). To solve the forward problem the Complete Electrode model (CEM) was chosen [131]. In the reconstructed images of the conductivity distribution in the pipe cross-section, electrode number 1 corresponds to the top position in the cross-section of the tube; a darker blue colour corresponds to a lower conductivity region, where the concentration of the fibres is higher, while yellow or red colours identify higher conductivities regions, where the fibres are present in lower concentrations.
# Deep Learning for Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) in Time Series Data +
## 6 Model Architecture Ablation Study  
In this section, we conduct a sequence of experiments to affirm the architecture outlined in Section 4.2. The primary objective of this investigation is to validate the model's architecture and substantiate that the chosen design elements are accurate and well-considered. To achieve this, we utilize the experimental configuration outlined in Section 5.1, wherein time series objects are generated from the entire sorted dataset, and the metrics are computed through cross-validation. The outcomes of this study are presented in Table 6.  
Here, we observe that the simple models consisting of a standalone LSTM or CNN perform the worst since they are too shallow and cannot handle complex patterns within the dataset. This is apparent for all three metrics displayed in the table. When it comes to the combination of LSTM and CNN, we observe an overall improvement in the metrics, which is due to the fact that the synergistic integration of both architectures leverages the strengths of each model. The differences from the simple LSTM are \(\sim\)0.4, 0.4, and 0.5 for the F1 score, precision, and recall. Finally, we see that the proposed model that adds an attention  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **F1 score** & **Precision** & **Recall** \\ \hline LSTM & 0.77 & 0.86 & 0.70 \\ CNN & 0.71 & 0.83 & 0.62 \\ CNN + LSTM & 0.81 & 0.90 & 0.75 \\ CNN + LSTM + ATT & 0.85 & 0.90 & 0.81 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Results for different architectures of the time-series model.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Time Steps** & **Labels** & **F1 score** & **Precision** & **Recall** \\ \hline \(T=1\) & 0:87\%, 1:13\% & 0.83 & 0.86 & 0.80 \\ \(T=10\) & 0:75\%, 1:25\% & 0.85 & 0.89 & 0.82 \\ \(T=20\) & 0:63\%, 1:37\% & 0.91 & 0.92 & 0.91 \\ \(T=30\) & 0:54\%, 1:46\% & 0.93 & 0.92 & 0.94 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Results for ascending prediction horizon with label distributions.  
layer between the two LSTM layers performs the best because the introduction of attention mechanisms allows the model to focus on the most relevant parts of the input sequence, enhancing its ability to capture intricate patterns and dependencies. This targeted attention mechanism mitigates information loss and facilitates more effective learning of long-range dependencies, contributing to superior performance across all evaluated metrics.
# Toward SDM-Based Submarine Optical Networks: A Review of Their Evolution and Upcoming Trends
## 4 Submarine Amplifiers
### SDM Technology-Multi-Mode EDFA (MM-EDFA)  
Until now, there has been significant progress in multi-mode EDFA amplifiers which succeed in amplifying signals propagating on multiple modes in a multi-mode fiber. A novel proposal includes a few-mode gain-flattening filter (FM-GFF) based on long-period fiber gratings (LPFG) in double-cladding few-mode fibers (DC-FMF). This proposed FM-GFF scheme, which is profitable for the practical design of FM-EDFAs, was presented in [53].  
In [54], [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. demonstrated a 73.7-Tb/s few-mode transmission by using DP-16 QAM modulated signals over 119 km cooperating with an inline multi-mode EDFA. Authors concluded that by reducing the mode coupling losses, a further increase in transmission distance may be achieved. In [55], authors measured the modal gain and noise figure characteristics of a few-mode EDFA supporting LP01 and LP11 propagation in the C-band. Experimental results showed that using a ring-doped EDFA enables modal gain to be equalized to ~11 dB at a useful gain value of ~12 dB per mode.  
A technique implementing a refractive index profile of EDFA's core by using a 3-mode ring-shaped core profile with a low DMG (1 dB) was studied in [56]. Another experiment in [57] achieved a DMG of 3 dB by optimizing the LP11 mode pump profile by using a phase mask. Finally, in [58] a trench-assisted 6-mode L-band EDFA with a very low differential modal gain compared with cladding pumping was showed to achieve a gain efficiency increase of 23.1% and a smaller differential modal gain when both average gains reached 20 dB.  
A latest proposed design of ring-core few-mode fiber (RC-FMF) with the erbium doping at the cladding region near the outer ring edge (demonstrated in [59]) showed that intensity overlapping difference between LP 01 and LP 11 modes can be diminished, leading to a DMG of 0.22 dB. Moreover, the saturated input power was enhanced from ~17.7 dBm for LP01 mode and ~16 dBm for LP11 mode to ~8.5 dBm simultaneously.
## 4 Experiments
### Ablation Experiment  
Experiments were conducted on SWAT, WADI, KDD99 and J10031 respectively by verifying the rationality of MTAD-GAN design. Removal of Hawkes temporal attention module is marked as K-GAN, removal of knowledge graph aware attention module is marked as H-GAN. As shown in the Table 7, the average accuracy of the MTAD-GAN algorithm has increased by 13.42\(\sim\)21.31%, the average recall rate has increased by 8.53\(\sim\)23.45%, and the average F1 has increased by 9.49\(\sim\)16.6%.  
Figure 8: Performance comparison between heat map distributions for different datasets.  
Figure 7: Performance comparison between scoring distribution map.  
To verify the effectiveness of the loss function used in this paper, the scoring loss network is removed from MTAD-GAN and marked as MTA-GAN, and the scoring loss (i.e., LSTMS-GAN) is introduced into LSTM-GAN for retraining. The abnormal samples are randomly deleted from KDD99, SWAT, WADI and J10031 datasets, and the abnormal rates are adjusted to 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% respectively. The test results are shown in Figure 9. It can be seen that the performances of LSTMS-GAN and MTAD-GAN are relatively stable when all loss functions are used; on the other hand, the AUCROC performance of MTA-GAN and LSTM-GAN has decreased to varying degrees on the four datasets with an average performance decrease of 15\(\sim\)87.5%.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Impact of Si/Al Ratio  
The mechanochemical characteristics, morphology, framework charge, stability, and hydrophobicity of the formed zeolite membrane layer are impacted by the Si/Al ratio in the gel precursor. Nevertheless, there is no measurable correlation between the Si/Al ratio of the initial reaction system and the product after the hydrothermal reaction [41]. According to Table S4, to achieve the optimal Si/Al ratio, five different ratios were investigated. At Si/Al = \(\infty\), N2 permeance is significantly high, which is representative of non-zeolitic pores, because a fully efficient all-Si CHA membrane is typically either synthesized in fluoride media [42] or the synthesis time is more than 48 h [43]. According to Figure 2d, as the Si/Al ratio in the precursor gel increases up to 20, the SF6 permeance reduced (e.g., Si/Al ratio of 40, which showed the lowest concentration of defects and non-zeolite pores), which is similar to other publications [41]. Consequently, a Si/Al ratio of 20 exhibited maximum CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, and H2/SF6 permelectivity of 80, 19, and 85, compared to other ratios,resulting in minimum CH\({}_{4}\) permeance. This effect is due to the increased Si/Al ratio, which decreases both intercrystalline defects and the polarity of the SSZ-13 framework. Also, the Si/Al ratio of 10 results in the highest SF\({}_{6}\) permeance and lowest CO\({}_{2}\)/CH\({}_{4}\) permselectivity.
# Fabricating Sustainable All-Cellulose Composites
## 4 All-Cellulose Composites
### Matrix-Reinforcement Compatibility  
Two main components forming a composite are the reinforcement and the matrix, where reinforcement gives strength and stiffness to the composite [162], and the matrix acts as a binder for the reinforcement and transfer external loads along the reinforcingfibres [138; 163]. Compatibility between reinforcement and matrix depends on fibre dimensions, microstructure, and morphology; as well as the mechanical, physical, chemical, and thermal characteristics of the different constituents present in the interfacial zone. During composite manufacturing the changes in the constituent's properties or structure also influence interfacial interactions. For instance, if the fabrication process involves cooling from high temperatures to ambient temperature, the difference in the expansion coefficients of two components might lead to thermal stress and can be the cause of plastic deformation and impaired matrix-reinforcement compatibility [4].  
The main performance challenge when using conventional biocomposites is the poor interfacial adhesion between the hydrophilic plant-based reinforcement and the hydrophobic matrix phases, which can lead to weakened mechanical performance, as well as problems in recycling due to the heterogeneous mixture [159; 164]. One way to overcome weak compatibility and recyclability challenges in conventional composites and biocomposites is to create single-polymer composite (SPC), where similar or identical polymers are used for both the reinforcement and the matrix [165]. The polymers can be of renewable or non-renewable origin [166]. Non-renewable SPCs are, e.g., all-polyethylene composites [167] and all-propylene composites [164], whereas renewable fully cellulosic SPCs are bio-based. Basically, all-cellulose composites are reviving old vulcanized fibre technology where a cellulosic material is converted into a unique SPC laminate product [168; 169].
# Enhancing Recognition of Human-Object Interaction from Visual Data Using Egocentric Wearable Camera
###### Abstract  
Object detection and human action recognition have great significance in many real-world applications. Understanding how a human being interacts with different objects, i.e., human-object interaction, is also crucial in this regard since it enables diverse applications related to security, surveillance, and immersive reality. Thus, this study explored the potential of using a wearable camera for object detection and human-object interaction recognition, which is a key technology for the future Internet and ubiquitous computing. We propose a system that uses an egocentric camera view to recognize objects and human-object interactions by analyzing the wearer's hand pose. Our novel idea leverages the hand joint data of the user, which were extracted from the egocentric camera view, for recognizing different objects and related interactions. Traditional methods for human-object interaction rely on a third-person, i.e., exocentric, camera view by extracting morphological and color/texture-related features, and thus, often fall short when faced with occlusion, camera variations, and background clutter. Moreover, deep learning-based approaches in this regard necessitate substantial data for training, leading to a significant computational overhead. Our proposed approach capitalizes on hand joint data captured from an egocentric perspective, offering a robust solution to the limitations of traditional methods. We propose a machine learning-based innovative technique for feature extraction and description from 3D hand joint data by presenting two distinct approaches: object-dependent and object-independent interaction recognition. The proposed method offered advantages in computational efficiency compared with deep learning methods and was validated using the publicly available HOI4D dataset, where it achieved a best-case average F1-score of 74%. The proposed system paves the way for intuitive human-computer collaboration within the future Internet, enabling applications like seamless object manipulation and natural user interfaces for smart devices, human-robot interactions, virtual reality, and augmented reality.  
egocentric; hand pose; human-object interaction; machine learning; object recognition; wearable camera +
Footnote †: journal:  
00C07
## 3 Effect of Damping Layers in ABH Array on Energy Dissipation and Sound Radiation of Plate
### Sound Radiation of Plate Embedded with ABH Array with Damping Layers  
To investigate the sound radiation of the plate embedded with the ABH array with the damping layers, a coupled acoustic-plate system is introduced, as shown in Figure 17, and the averaged sound pressure level of the top surface of the air field is calculated. At the same time, a reference acoustic-plate model embedded with the ABH array but without damping layers is also established and its sound pressure level is also calculated. In this way, the noise attenuation effect can be analyzed. In this paper, sound radiation simulation is carried out in COMSOL. Second-order mesh elements are used for acoustic-structure coupling analysis. The rule of thumb for meshing wave problems is to apply at least five to six second-order mesh elements per local wavelength in order to resolve waves [20; 21], so the maximum air element size is set to one-sixth of the wavelength. Besides, the thickness of the air layer is 250 mm and a perfectly matched layer (PML) is used for the boundary treatment to ensure the complete absorption of sound waves at the boundary. The results are shown in Figure 18 (\(p_{ref}=2\times 10^{-5}\)Pa, plate model under BC 1, with uniform thickness damping layers).  
Figure 18 shows that, for the first peak value in this frequency band, the sound pressure level of the plate with damping layers at about 956 Hz is below that of the plate without damping layers for approximately 1 dB. In addition, the second and third peak values at about 1075-1088 Hz are below these of the plate without damping layers for about 3-4 dB, which shows a significant noise reduction effect in the range of 920-1100 Hz. At the same time, Figure 15 shows that the plate embedded with the ABH array has a significant vibration energy dissipation effect in the frequency range of 1020 to 1040 Hz. That is, the plate embedded with the ABH array with damping layers designed in this paper can obviously reduce both vibration and noise in that frequency band.
_Energies_**2015**, \(8\), 11315-11341; doi:10.3390/en81011315  
_energies_  
**ISSN 1996-1073**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/energies  
_Article_  
**A Tabu Search Algorithm for the Power System**  
**Islanding Problem**  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2,*, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 1**  
\({}^{1}\) School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;  
E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.T.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.Z.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.J.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.G.)  
\({}^{2}\) School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037, Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel./Fax: +86-27-8754-2354.  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 6 July 2015 / Accepted: 30 September 2015 / Published: 13 October 2015_  
**Abstract:** The power system islanding problem aims to divide the power system into several different islands after serious disturbances occur. The objective of this problem is to minimize the total generation-load imbalance of all islands while placing the coherent generators in the same island and maintaining the connectivity of each island. Two main challenges of solving this problem are the large scale of the power system and the requirement of a short computation time. In this study, we propose a tailored tabu search algorithm to solve this problem, which employs a novel initial solution generation procedure and a neighborhood operation based on the movement of the boundary nodes. The numerical experiments on 15 test instances show that this algorithm can deal with the power systems with up to 3120 nodes within 0.7 s. Then, the comparisons with some existing islanding methods based on the IEEE 39-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system prove the validity and accuracy of our method. Finally, time-domain simulations based on three power systems demonstrate the importance of our tabu search algorithm in minimizing the impacts of the disastrous disturbances. The computational results imply that our tabu search algorithm is very effective and efficient and satisfies the requirements of islanding power systems of various sizes.  
keywords:tabu search; power system; islanding; power imbalance +
Footnote †: journal: Journal of Computational Physics
# Investigation of the Influence of Splitter Blades on the Resonance Conditions of Impellers
## 1 Introduction
[29] conducted vibration analysis based on the duplicated sector of the impeller during multidisciplinary design optimization for a centrifugal compressor, but only the modal frequency was investigated. [PERSON] et al. [30] also performed modal analysis based on the duplicated sector with focus on mistuning identification for the high-speed centrifugal impeller. [PERSON] et at. [31] investigated the effects of cracks on the resonance characteristics. As a continuation of [PERSON] et al. 's research, [PERSON] et al. [32] proposed the quantitative identification method for blade crack faults in the centrifugal impeller based on the historical sensor-dependent vibration data. When calculating the forced response in the numerical simulation parts of their research, the engine order excitation was only applied on the main blades. Although [PERSON] et al. [33] used the finite element model of the whole impeller to calculate the resonant response under unsteady aerodynamic excitation, the research focused on the influence of inlet distortion on the main blades' forced responses. Therefore, an in-depth study on the influence of splitter blades on the resonance conditions of impellers with splitter blades is necessary. The influence of splitter blades on the resonance conditions of impellers is investigated in this paper and the resonance conditions of impellers with splitter blades are proposed. The study is organized as follows. In Section 2, a lumped parameter model of the impeller is established. The blade-based RMV is defined with the influence of splitter blades taken into consideration. The influence of splitter blades on the traits of modes is investigated by spatial harmonic contents analysis to the RMV. Then, with given the specific form of the diffuser-induced engine order excitation acting on the main and splitter blades, the resonance conditions of impellers with splitter blades are derived. In Section 3, numerical examples are provided. In the tuned case, the potential resonance is identified by the proposed resonance conditions and the conventional resonance conditions, respectively. In the mistuned case, the dangerous engine orders of excitation are determined with the help of the proposed resonance conditions and the harmfulness of these excitations is evaluated. The evaluation result is also compared with that obtained based on the conventional resonance conditions. In Section 4, the proposed resonance conditions and the hazard evaluation results are validated by the harmonic response calculations. The differences between the proposed resonance conditions and the conventional ones are discussed. Finally, the main conclusions of the research are summarized in Section 5.