# Enhancing Communication Security in Drones Using QRNG in Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
## 7 Evaluations
### Results and Observations
By virtualizing the shared memory over the network, we enable each drone to have access to high-quality random numbers without the need for a physical shared memory. This approach makes our methodology practical and implementable for drones that are flying, allowing each drone to independently implement its own FHSS system while maintaining synchronization with the rest of the network. The use of secure communication channels and robust synchronization protocols ensures that the system remains resistant to jamming, interception, and other forms of interference, thereby enhancing the overall security and reliability of drone communications in complex operational scenarios. Additionally, we conducted Chi-squared and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) tests on the generated frequency sequences to assess the randomness and distribution uniformity across the frequency spectrum. The test results for each drone are shown in Table 1. \begin{table}
**Drone** & **Statistical Analysis** & **Performance Outcome** & **Key Observations** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Drone 0} & Chi-squared: 263.59, \(p<10^{-30}\) & Reliable communication & Dynamic response to \\  & KS: 0.01704, \(p=0.0053\) & under interference & frequency jamming; high \\  & & at 5500 Hz & resilience in message integrity \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Drone 1} & Chi-squared: 240.11, \(p<10^{-27}\) & Stable communication & Effective avoidance \\  & KS: 0.01572, \(p=0.0107\) & with reduced selection & of jammed frequency \\  & & of jammed frequencies & maintaining data integrity \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Drone 2} & Chi-squared: 233.88, \(p<10^{-25}\) & Consistent resilience to \\  & KS: 0.01679, \(p=0.0070\) & Interference, with effective \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Drone 2} & Chi-squared: 233.88, \(p<10^{-25}\) & Consistent resilience to \\  & KS: 0.01679, \(p=0.0070\) & Interference, with effective \\ \end{tabular} \
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Drone 3} & Chi-squared: 233.88, \(p<10^{-25}\) & Consistent resilience to \\  & KS: 0.01679, \(p=0.0070\) & Interference, with effective \\ \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Drone 4} & Chi-squared: 240.11, \(p<10^{-27}\) & Stable communication & Effective avoidance \\  & KS: 0.01572, \(p=0.0107\) & \(p=0.0107\) & of jammed frequency \\  & & of jammed frequencies \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Drone 2} & Chi-squared: 233.88, \(p<10^{-25}\) & Consistent resilience to \\  & KS: 0.01679, \(p=0.0070\) & Interference, with effective \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Qualitative Summary of Performance and Statistical Analysis for Each Drone. Figure 12: Drone 1: Frequency Sequence over 100 hops of the total 100,000 hops. The results indicate a high level of randomness, with Chi-squared values suggesting non-uniformity at a fine scale (in part due to active jamming interference introduced at 5500 Hz). This impact aligns with the frequency distribution patterns observed in each drone's logs, where a slight dip occurs around the jammed frequency. The low \(p\)-values for the KS tests indicate statistically significant deviations from perfect uniformity, suggesting that QRNG technology, while highly effective in generating random sequences, may still require further refinement to reduce short-term correlations in the frequency hopping sequences. Figure 14: Drone 2: Autocorrelation. Figure 13: Drone 1: Spectral Analysis. The performance logs provide further insight into the stability and robustness of the QRNG-based frequency hopping system. Drones 0, 1, and 2 each maintained reliable communication despite jamming interference, with performance variations reflecting the adaptive response capabilities of the frequency exclusion list management. * Frequency Exclusion Management: Each drone demonstrated successful avoidance of the jammed 5500 Hz frequency during the experiment, which is evidenced by fewer frequency selections in the impacted range.