## 1 Introduction  
The evaluation of the problems associated with floods has typically been fundamentally approached from a hydrological perspective [1, 2], although several points of view can be found in the scientific literature. However, in the field of flood risk management, apart from traditional methodological approaches based on the simulation of flood models [3, 4], there are other perspectives based on multicriteria socioeconomic assessments [5], statistical rainfall indicators [6], or several different natural resilience strategies [7, 8, 9, 10], for example. Currently, the increasing effect of climate change on the phenomena associated with torrential rains is forcing a rethink in those methodologies and approaches in many places [4, 11, 12]. One of the locations where this change has been particularly virulent is in Spanish Mediterranean basins. There, the appearance of the DANA phenomenon (Spanish acronym for _depresion aislada en inveles alto_, meaning upper-level isolated atmospheric depression) has replaced the traditional flash floods associated with cold fall phenomena [13]. Technically, it is a depression isolated at high levels, where a cold front clashes with warm air and produces heavy storms and torrential rains. In practice, DANA is a weather phenomenon quite similar to a cold drop, but its intensity and effects are proving to be much more devastating. Some researchers have already begun to warn Europe about the growing phenomenon of \"medicanes\" [14, 15, 16]. These meteorological phenomena, named after the analogy in their effects with the usual hurricanes in the USA, are increasingly present every year in the Mediterranean due to climate change [17]. Mediterranean coastal areas have traditionally been characterized as being subject to frequent flooding, some of which are even quite relevant. However, during the last two decades, relevant flooding events and damage have increased exponentially (Figure 1). This phenomenon, which occurs in most of the Mediterranean basins, is likely influenced by the effects of climate change, as some recent studies have begun to notice [18; 19]. In general, the existing predictions in the meteorological studies carried out in Mediterranean basins such as this one [20; 21] show a global trend towards desertification in the area due to the annual loss of rainfall. This is in contrast to an increasing value of the maximum daily rains that denote an increasing trend of these extreme episodes (Figure 2). However, these meteorological analyses, which are carried out by the administrations responsible for the matter and which also underline the statistical increases in frequency and intensity detected in rainfall for recent years, do not justify the increase in damage from catastrophic episodes that appeared in the historical series. A common variable to all these Mediterranean basins is the intense anthropogenic process that these territories have undergone [24; 25]. The Spanish Mediterranean coast is undoubtedly the European region in which activities such as tourism, agriculture, infrastructure expansion, etc., have experienced the greatest degree of growth in recent decades [26]. Nevertheless, it has traditionally been difficult to analyze the extent to which  
Figure 1: Impact level of flooding events between 1950 and 2020 in the Campo de Cartagena basin. Source: AEMET and Consorcio de Compensación de seguros de España [22; 23]. Figure 2: Climate change scenarios for 2020–2100 regarding precipitation in the Region of Murcia area using multiple regression models: annual rainfall (**a**) and maximum daily rainfall (**b**). Source: AEMET [22]. phenomena such as diffuse anthropization processes are responsible for the increasing vulnerability to the flooding of an area.