## 1 Introduction  
The use of X-rays in medical diagnosis is one of the most significant advancements in modern medicine [1]. Discovered by [PERSON] in 1895, X-rays were quickly recognized as a revolutionary tool in the field of medicine [2]. Since then, X-rays have greatly improved diagnostic processes by enabling the non-invasive examination of bone structures and internal organs [3, 4]. Over time, X-rays have become more sophisticated and have been applied across a wide range of disciplines, from dentistry to orthopedics [5, 6]. In the examination of various tissue layers, from hard tissues like dental enamel to soft tissues like subcutaneous layers, X-rays have emerged as an indispensable tool for the early diagnosis of diseases [7, 8].  
Careful examination of the dose accumulated in tissues during the use of X-rays for medical diagnosis is of great importance [9; 10]. Exposure to high doses of X-rays can lead to cellular damage and, consequently, serious long-term health issues such as cancer [11; 12]. Therefore, calculating the dose accumulated in tissues during medical imaging in advance and ensuring that this dose remains within safe limits is crucial for safeguarding patient safety and minimizing potential risks [13; 14]. X-ray safety concerns are closely related to the energy levels of the X-rays being used. Lower-energy X-rays (in the range of 50-60 keV) tend to be absorbed more significantly by tissues, resulting in more energy deposition and a higher potential for biological damage. This makes the use of low-energy X-rays particularly concerning in medical imaging, where the absorbed dose needs to be carefully controlled to prevent adverse health effects. In contrast, higher-energy X-rays (>60 keV) are absorbed less by tissues, allowing more of the radiation to pass through, which typically results in less energy deposition and reduced biological harm [11; 12; 13; 14]. In the context of our study, the energy range of 50-100 keV allows us to observe both the higher absorption characteristics of low-energy X-rays and the relatively lower absorption of high-energy X-rays, which is essential for understanding their respective safety implications [11; 12; 13]. The differences in absorption at different energy levels play a critical role in dose calculation and patient safety in medical applications such as imaging and radiotherapy. Ensuring that the energy levels are appropriate for the specific medical procedure is therefore crucial to minimize the risks associated with X-ray exposure [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16].  
Dental phantoms are utilized as a critical tool in the estimation of X-ray doses [15; 16]. Phantoms, which simulate real human tissues, allow for the reliable calculation of the dose used during X-ray procedures [17; 18]. Monte Carlo simulation systems are commonly employed in these dose calculations [19; 20]. Advanced simulation systems, like PHITS, further enhance the safety of diagnostic processes by accurately modeling the propagation of X-rays and the accumulation of doses [21; 22].  
This study aims to contribute to the existing literature both theoretically and practically. By integrating dental phantoms and simulation systems, this research offers a novel approach to improving the accuracy of X-ray dose estimations and ensuring patient safety. It is expected that significant contributions will be made in determining safe dose limits in medical imaging applications and the practical application of these limits. This research is important as it contributes to improving the accuracy of X-ray dose calculations, particularly in medical imaging and radiotherapy. Accurate dose estimation is crucial for minimizing the risks associated with X-ray exposure, such as tissue damage and long-term health complications like cancer. By comparing real tissues with tissue-equivalent materials, this study aims to refine dosimetric models, which in turn helps improve patient safety and optimize medical procedures that involve radiation.