esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Pilot Studies of Vibrations Induced in Perambulators When Moving on Different Surfaces
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Subject  
The authors' intention is to show and compare the vibration transmission characteristics of an exemplary compact low weight perambulator (Figure 1a, Table 1) and an exemplary old-type, much heavier and bigger perambulator equipped with pneumatic tyres (Figure 1b, Table 1).  
Figure 1: Photograph of the tested perambulators: (**a**)—a lightweight modern “3 in 1” pram (hereinafter the modern pram), (**b**)—an “old type” heavy pram with pneumatic tyres (hereinafter the old pram).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Modern Pram** & **Old Pram** \\ \hline Mass & 12.7 kg & 17.2 kg \\ \hline Front wheel diameter & 16.5 cm & 29.5 cm \\ \hline Rear wheel diameter & 25 cm & 29.5 cm \\ \hline Tyre type & Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) & Pneumatic; inflation \\  & foam & pressure: 2 bar \\ \hline Front suspension & \begin{tabular}{c} Longitudinal arm \\ (\(\approx\)2 cm stroke) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Suspension straps \\ (Figure 1b) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Rear suspension & No suspension (rigid) &
\begin{tabular}{c} Suspension straps \\ (Figure 1b) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Wheelbase & 61 cm & 54 cm \\ \hline Front wheel track & 34 cm & 57 cm \\ \hline Rear wheel track & 46 cm & 57 cm \\ \hline Height of the frame bottom & 11 cm & 12 cm \\ \hline Contact surface (mattress) height & 53 cm & 50 cm \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of the tested perambulators’ design parameters.  
Thanks to the analysis of the registered signals, not only in time domain but also in frequency domain, it was possible to show to what frequencies, falling within the range of natural vibrations of the skeletal system and organs, a child is exposed to while travelling on specific surfaces, as shown in Figure 2 (asphalt road, concrete paving blocks, concrete plates, dirt road, lawn, damaged concrete).
# Enhancing the Content of Hesperidin and Nobiletin in Citrus Wines through Multi-Strain Fermentation
## 3 Results  
### Changes in Residual Sugar Content during the Fermentation of Nanfeng Tangerine Wine  
The impact of the fermentation method and inoculation rate on sugar consumption during the fermentation process with multiple strains was evaluated by monitoring changes in residual sugar content. Sc exhibited good fermentation performance. As shown in Figure 1, pure culture fermentation with Sc maintained its excellent fermentation performance, with sugar in the juice being completely consumed within 72 h, reaching the endpoint of fermentation. The multi-strain combination fermentation methods, except for the sequential fermentation of Hg-10-Sc, which took 96 h, reached the fermentation endpoint after 48 or 72 h. This confirms previous research findings that non-_Saccharomyces_ yeast have weaker fermentation performance compared to Sc [21]. The sugar consumption rate was faster in mixed fermentations with combinations of non-_Saccharomyces_ and Sc than in pure culture and sequential fermentations; this result is consistent with previous reports [22]. This is due to the complex interactions and vigorous metabolism between microbes in combined fermentations, which accelerate sugar consumption. The reduced sugar consumption rate observed in the later stages of multi-strain combination fermentation can be attributed to the lower alcohol tolerance of non-_Saccharomyces_ yeasts. Utilizing a blend of multiple yeast strains, including non-_Saccharomyces_ varieties and Sc, the fermentation process was accelerated, possibly leading to a shorter duration for wine fermentation. In comparison to non-_Saccharomyces_ yeast mixed fermentation, Sc demonstrated superior fermentation performance. Conversely, non-_Saccharomyces_ yeast mixed fermentation exhibited a significantly higher fermentation rate when compared to non-_Saccharomyces_ yeast fermentation alone. The fermentation rates were ranked as follows: Ce:Ht-1:1 \(>\) Ce:HG-1:1 \(>\) Ce:Hg:Ht-1:1:1.
# Manufacturing Processes of Integral Blade Rotors for Turbomachinery, Processes and New Approaches
## 2 Monolithic Components: Manufacturing Processes
### Electro Discharge Machining (EDM)  
The Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) is based on an electro-thermal machining process; an electric discharge is generated between an electrode and the desired part immersed in a dielectric medium, requiring both materials to be conductive. The heat generated by the discharge melts and evaporates part material and to a lesser extent the electrode. Despite of being a manufacturing process adequate to obtain complex geometries with tough tolerances, which cannot be achieved with other manufacturing processes, the main drawback lies on the reduced material removal rates. Moreover, the thermal nature of this process causes a molten metal superficial layer (with different properties than base material) that affects fatigue response [18]. Nevertheless, this technology evolved to eliminate these surface integrity issues for thermoresistant superalloys such as Ti6 Al4V and Inconel(r)718 [19].  
This technology is commonly used for low-machinable materials as titanium and nickel-based superalloys (Figure 4). Due to the fact that there is no direct contact between the tool and the desired part, the effect of the material does not cause cutting force and does not influence the erosion process [20].  
Figure 3: Production costs of 20 process chains for impeller manufacturing; (P18) is considered the conventional reference process chain [15].  
[PERSON] et al. [21] performed a technological and economical comparison of roughing via milling, WEDM (wire electro discharge machining) and SEDM (sink electro discharge machining) for titanium and nickel-based blisk concluding that EDM as the most economical roughing process and a real alternative for large batches, up to 400 blisk per year.  
This manufacturing process is a feasible alternative for closed-type blisk and impellers (Figure 5), known as shrouded blisk, integrated impeller and hooded impeller. This type of geometry presents tool accessibility inconveniences for the conventional milling process to be manufactured from a monolithic part. The main challenges for EDM-ing these blisk and impeller components consist in optimizing electrode design and tool-path programing for the cavity performance [22].  
Furthermore, these applications require the use of a machine with more than 3-axis, which are difficult to interpolate. Additionally, various electrodes are necessary to achieve the final desired form [23]. Now, many technical studies about blisk/impeller manufacturing with cylindrical and complex form electrodes using multi-axes numerical control strategies are highlighted [24,25].
###### Abstract
[42] investigated the influence of transversely isotropic elasto-plastic material behavior on the evolution of shear bands during tunnel excavation, considering the approach by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] and including strain hardening and softening. For regularizing the softening behavior, a local second gradient model was used. The combined effect of the highly nonlinear material behavior and the inherent anisotropic response of rock is inevitable in particular for the numerical analysis of potential collapse of a tunnel structure in stratified or foliated rock mass. Thus, in this contribution the influence of both the highly nonlinear and anisotropic mechanical behavior of stratified or foliated rock mass on the deformation, stress distribution and stability during tunnel excavation, will be systematically investigated on the example of a well-monitored stretch of the Brenner Base Tunnel (BBT), which connects Austria and Italy through the Eastern Alps (cf. Figure 1). For a more detailed representation of the geology, interested readers are referred to, for example, [PERSON] et al. [43] or [PERSON] et al. [44]. To this end, the recently proposed continuum-based rock model will be enhanced for considering the influence of discontinuities, i.e., joints and faults, in rock mass. The latter are considered by reducing the intact rock parameters independent of the orientation of the discontinuities in terms of the geological strength index GSI, whereas the anisotropic mechanical behavior only refers to the stratification or foliation planes of intact rock. The material parameters will be identified by means of 3D finite element simulations of triaxial tests on specimens of _quartz-phyllite_ belonging to the Innsbruck quartz-phyllite  
Figure 1: Geology of the Brenner Base Tunnel (BBT) from Innsbruck (**left**) to Franzensfeste/Fortezza (**right**) and location (red circle) of the considered stretch (adapted with permission from Ref. [45], 2019, BBT SE). complex according to Figure 1. They were conducted for varying loading angles with respect to the foliation planes and different confining pressures. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, the equations of the TI-RDP model are briefly summarized and extended for modeling stratified or foliated rock mass (in contrast to intact rock). In Section 3, the calibration of the material parameters by means of 3D finite element simulations of triaxial tests on _Innsbruck quartz-phyllite_ with different loading directions with respect to the foliation planes and different confining pressures are presented. In Section 4, the influence of the orientation of foliation planes on the mechanical behavior of the rock mass during tunnel excavation is assessed by means of 2D finite element simulations, and a comparison with the results from a related study by [PERSON] et al. [12], using an _isotropic_ rock damage-plasticity model, is presented. Finally, in Section 5, the paper is closed with a summary and a discussion on recommended future research activities.
# Experimental Study on Flexural Properties of Polyurethane-Cement Composites under Temperature Load
## 3 Synthesis Mechanism of Polyurethane Cement Composites
### Chemical Mechanism of Silicate Cement
#### 3.2.3 Band Structure Analysis of Calcium Oxide and Silica  
In order to thoroughly reveal the adaptability mechanism between silicate cement and polyurethane, the electronic structure of the main components of silicate cement (CaO, SiO\({}_{2}\)) was analyzed by the energy band. The energy band structure diagram shows the dependence of the electron energy on the k-vector along the high symmetry direction in the Brillouin zone, the electron transfer direction flows from high to low energy levels, and the high energy orbitals are reductive, and the low energy orbitals are oxidative. The energy band structure directly determines the physicochemical properties of the substance [42]. According to the CASTEP theory, using the GGA-PBE useful function, the energy band structures of CaO and SiO\({}_{2}\) were calculated, as shown in Figure 10. As shown in Figure 10a, the top of the valence band of CaO is located at point X, and the bottom of the conduction band is also at point X. The forbidden bandwidth separating the conduction band and the entire band is more significant, and the forbidden band is about At 5 eV. A significant amount energy is required to excite electrons. Under normal conditions, the number of excited electrons in calcium oxide crystals is small, and the melting point is high; that is, calcium oxide is challenging to conduct electricity and has relatively stable physical and chemical properties. As shown in Figure 10b, the energy band of SiO\({}_{2}\) is more comprehensive and has a greater degree of undulation in the diagram, which indicates that the SiO\({}_{2}\) structure has a less effective mass of electrons in the valence band, the atomic orbitals are more extended, the electrons are confined between the layers, and there are no electrons that can move freely, so SiO\({}_{2}\) is an anisotropic insulator. It is difficult to react chemically with polyurethane molecules, thus ensuring the stability of polyurethane cement composites.  
Figure 9: The fractional density of states of calcium oxide and silica: (**a**) fractional density of states of calcium oxide; (**b**) fractional density of states of silicon dioxide.
# Reducing Defense Vulnerabilities in Federated Learning:
## 4 Attack Scenarios and Results
### Performance Analysis
#### 4.3.2 Model Poisoning Scenario and Results (IID)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**F-MNIST**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MNIST**} \\ \hline  & **\%0** & **\%20** & **\%40** & **\%0** & **\%20** & **\%40** \\ \hline Krum [14] & 62.62 & 43.65 & 36.89 & 82.87 & 45.71 & 38.04 \\ Median [16] & 80.01 & 68.31 & 61.17 & 95.66 & 71.22 & 56.64 \\ TMeans [16] & 79.83 & 54.31 & 42.13 & 95.92 & 55.39 & 45.48 \\ Ours OC-SVM & 82.77 & **78.81** & 73.53 & 97.89 & **87.35** & **74.77** \\ Ours Agg-C & **84.01** & 80.46 & **73.67** & **97.99** & 86.65 & 73.95 \\ Ours k-NN & 80.33 & 69.13 & 63.17 & 96.65 & 71.16 & 61.16 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: LIE attack results for F-MNIST and MNIST. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**F-MNIST**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MNIST**} \\ \hline  & **\%0** & **\%20** & **\%40** & **\%0** & **\%20** & **\%40** \\ \hline Krum [14] & 62.62 & 43.65 & 36.89 & 82.87 & 45.71 & 38.04 \\ Median [16] & 80.01 & 68.31 & 61.17 & 95.66 & 71.22 & 56.64 \\ TMeans [16] & 79.83 & 54.31 & 42.13 & 95.92 & 55.39 & 45.48 \\ Ours OC-SVM & 82.77 & **78.81** & 73.53 & 97.89 & **87.35** & **74.77** \\ Ours Agg-C & **84.01** & 80.46 & **73.67** & **97.99** & 86.65 & 73.95 \\ Ours k-NN & 80.33 & 69.13 & 63.17 & 96.65 & 71.16 & 61.16 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: LIE attack results for F-MNIST and MNIST. to manipulate parameters without affecting overall statistical distributions, they still create distinctive patterns in specific neurons. The OC-SVM classifier, with its ability to define a tight decision boundary around benign behavior in the dimensionally reduced feature space, proves especially effective at identifying these subtle neuron-level anomalies.
# Drowsiness Transitions Detection Using a Wearable Device
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Driving Simulation Procedure  
In order to extract physiological data for drowsiness detection, driving simulations were conducted. All participants had to sign an informed consent form, where the purpose of the study as well as the devices that were going to be used were described, permission to collect biometric information was obtained, and anonymity was guaranteed.  
Four questionnaires about sleep disorders were filled out; the sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality), level of daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), circadian rhythm (Morning-Eveningness), and risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea (Stop-Bang) were assessed [28; 29; 30; 31]. The purpose of collecting this information is to characterize each participant's sleep, which involves more than just its quality.  
In terms of the simulated driving environment, the steering wheel, acceleration, and brake pedals from the Logitech(r) G27 driving system were used. The commercial American Truck Simulator was the game played to simulate truck driving since it provides long monotonous highways courses, with low speed, day and night conditions, and speed limits that were set as 90 km/h. In order to familiarize the participants with the controls, a 10-minute adaptation period was given and, after that, a one-hour exam was performed. It was set in a continuous route, for all participants, where the first and last minutes were driven in the city. This means that for a major part of the driving simulation they had to drive on the highway. The participants were asked not to exceed the maximum limit and that the rules of the road had to be followed as well. Besides that, monotonous music was played, during the exam, to induce more drowwsiness.  
Last, the participants had to fill out a new questionnaire to collect personal information (gender, age, body mass index, practice of sport), substances ingested (coffee, medicine, alcohol, cigarette), the existence of stress in the last 24 h, participant experience (symptons, difficulty controlling the vehicle and recognize obstacles, accidents) and the classification of the drowsiness level (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale) felt during the simulation.  
Figure 1 presents, in a summarized way, the procedure followed for the driving simulations, discriminating what was developed in the sleep disorders questionnaires, driving simulation, and the final report.  
During the simulation, a facial recognition algorithm was developed to automatically detect the blink duration based on the work [32]. Even though the blink duration was collected for all the participants and that information could be used as ground truth, it was perceptible that most of the results were not reliable. The algorithm developed was sensitive to facial and body movements, the use of glasses, and lighting, and the blink duration was not always detected at the correct instant. Due to this, we opted not to use that information. This issue could be overcome by using image recognition with deep residual learning [33].
# Seismic Response of Foundation Settlement for Liquid Storage Structure in Collapsible Loess Areas
## 2 Finite Element Analysis Model
### Analysis Model  
Taking an LSS in Gansu Province as an example, the LSS has a height of 15.85 m, an inner diameter of 21 m, and an effective volume of 5210 m\({}^{3}\), with the stored liquid having a density of 859 kg/m\({}^{3}\) and an elastic modulus of 916 MPa. LSS consists of eight walls with thicknesses of 14 mm, 12 mm, 10 mm, 8 mm, 8 mm, 6 mm, 6 mm, and 6 mm from bottom to top. The wall is made of Q345 steel (its strength is 345 MPa).  
The ADINA finite element analysis software was employed to establish a finite element model for the liquid-solid coupling structure, aiming to study the dynamic response patterns of LSS. This study constructed a 1:1 scale model of LSS. Given that LSS is a typical spatial thin-walled structure, SHELL elements were used to simulate the wall panels during model creation. The liquid elements use potential-based fluid elements, and 3-D FLUID elements are used for simulation. The soil material is modeled using 3-D SOLID elements, with the material being loess. The soil constitutive model adopts the Mohr-Coulomb model. The calculation depth of the soil in this paper is chosen to be 20 m, and the length and width of the foundation soil model are both taken as 60 m. Spring elements are used to simulate the three-dimensional viscoelastic artificial boundaries of the foundation nodes, as illustrated in Figure 2.  
The modal response of the liquid storage tank structure under 100% liquid storage condition can reveal the dynamic response pattern of the liquid storage tank structure under the action of earthquake forces. In order to better obtain the modal response pattern of the liquid storage tank structure, a liquid-solid coupling analysis model of the structure is established to analyze the liquid-solid coupling modal response of the liquid storage tank structure in the full liquid state, and the first four orders of liquid-solid coupling modal response are obtained as shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 2: Finite element analysis model. (The symbol in the center of the figure is the coordinate system, with the z-axis positive upward, the x-axis positive to the left, and the y-axis positive to the right).  
From Figure 3, which shows the coupled modal response of the liquid storage tank and the liquid, it can be observed that under the coupled action of the liquid and the structure, the sloshing of the liquid includes not only the vertical displacement of the liquid surface but also local splashing phenomena. In the third and fourth modes, the shell structure also undergoes local deformation. The first and second modes are mainly dominated by the sloshing of the liquid, while the third and fourth modes are primarily caused by the deformation of the storage tank that leads to the sloshing of the liquid.
## 1 Introduction
Application of physical planning to reconfigurable constellations for disaster observations is introduced by [14]. In general, the multi-objective optimization algorithm is one of the best methods to solve the constellation reconstruction problem at present, but the problem that it can easily fall into the local optimum cannot be ignored. In this paper, a constellation reconfiguration method based on satellite orbit manoeuvring to cope with the task of tracking moving targets at sea is proposed. The NSAM algorithm is designed to solve the local optimal problem and realize the constellation reconstruction optimization. In Section 2, the motion prediction model of the moving target at sea will be introduced. In Section 3, the three-phase orbital manoeuvring method is proposed, and its dynamic equation is given. A new multi-objective memetic algorithm based on the NSAM is introduced in detail in Section 4. In Section 5, taking ship target tracking at sea as an example, the effectiveness of the proposed method is proved by comparing non-moving satellite tracking with moving target observation at sea by means of simulation. Finally, the main findings are summarized in Section 6.