esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Application and Evaluation of the Gaofen-3 Satellite on a Terrain Survey with InSAR Technology
## 2 Experimental Dataset  
The coverage of the images used for the terrain measurement experiment in this study was located in Dengfeng City, Henan Province. The temporal baseline for the images was a repeat cycle, which is 29 days, and the spatial vertical baseline was approximately 589 m. Since there were different degrees of surface deformation within the coverage of the whole image during the period between two observations, we demarcated an area that did not contain surface deformation as the experimental  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Satellite** & **Resolution (m)** & **Launch Time** & **Country/Area** & **Orbit Altitude** & **Band** & **Revisit Time** \\   ERS-1/2 & \(30\times 30\) & July 1991/April 1995 & Europe & 785/824 & C & 35 \\ JERS-1 & \(18\times 18\) & February 1992 & Japan & 568 & L & 44 \\ Radarsat-1 & 9–100 & November 1995 & Canada & 798 & C & 24 \\ Envisit-1 & 10–100 & March 2002 & Europe & 768 & C & 35 \\ ALOS-1 & 10–100 & January 2006 & Japan & 692 & L & 46 \\ TerraSAR-X & 1–18.5 & June 2007 & Germany & 514 & X & 11 \\  & & June 2007 & December 2007 & & & \\ COSMO-SkyMed & 1–100 & October 2008 & Italy & 619 & X & 16 \\  & & November 2010 & & & & \\ Radarsat-2 & 3–100 & December 2007 & Canada & 798 & C & 24 \\ TanDEM-X & 1–16 & June 2010 & Germany & 514 & X & 11 \\ ALOS-2 & (1–60) \(\times\) (3-100) & May 2014 & Japan & 628 & L & 14 \\ Sentinel-1A/1B & (5–20) \(\times\) (5–40) & April 2014/April 2016 & Europe & 693 & C & 6 \\ \hline Gaofen-3 & 1–500 & August 2016 & China & 755 & C & 29 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Basic parameters of interferometric synthetic-aperture radar satellites globally and the Gaofen-3 satellite in particular.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Imaging Mode** & **Incidence Angle** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Resolution (m)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Observation Width**} \\  & **(\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Range** & **Azimuth** & **(km)** \\ \hline Spotlight & 20–50 & 1.0–1.5 & 0.9–2.5 & 10 \(\times\) 10 \\ Ultrafine strip & 20–50 & 3 & 2.5–5 & 30 \\ Fine strip I & 19–50 & 5 & 4–6 & 50 \\ Fine strip II & 19–50 & 10 & 8–12 & 95–110 \\ Standard strip & 17–50 & 25 & 15–30 & 95–150 \\ Narrow scanning & 17–50 & 50–60 & 30–60 & 300 \\ Wide scanning & 17–50 & 100 & 50–110 & 500 \\ Global observation & 17–53 & 500 & 350–700 & 650 \\ Full polarization & 20–41 & 8 & 6–9 & 20–35 \\ strip I & 20–38 & 25 & 15–30 & 35–50 \\ Strip II & 20–41 & 10 & 8–12 & \(5\times 5\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Imaging modes and parameters of the Gaofen-3 satellite.  
area. The geographical coverage of the area is shown in Figure 1a, and the basic information is shown in Table 3. Figure 1b shows the single look complex (SLC) intensity of the Gaofen-3 data. The elevation of the experimental area was between 300 and 1000 m, and the topography is shown in Figure 1c.
# Design and Analysis on Decoupling Techniques for MIMO Wireless Systems in 5G Applications
## 4 The Methods of Decoupling
### External Decoupling
#### 4.1.3 DGS Technique  
By etching periodic or non-periodic slots on the antenna frame, the ground current on the antenna arrays can be effectively suppressed. The location is usually selected on the opposite sides to antenna elements, which are under the patch or in the middle of two elements. The behaviors of DGS act as the bandstop filter to ensure high isolation of ports placed closely.  
The decoupling method by combining DGS with complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) was used in a two-port MIMO for vehicular communication as depicted in Figure 3a[42]. For realizing acquired isolation, five slots were etched with split ring as DGS on the ground  
Figure 2: MIMO antenna with PDE: **(a)** front view; and **(b)** back view. (Results from [PERSON] and [PERSON], [36]).  
plane. The current density as shown in Figure 3b, which was found higher in radiation patches and a little in the ground plane with DGS determined effective isolation of \(>\)15 dB was achieved. A ten-port MIMO for 5 G mobile terminals was proposed [43]. The function of the proposed DGS was analyzed by CMA. It can be observed that the current was mainly concentrated on the slot with DGS rather than the entire frame. Thus, the isolation became higher and was better than 10 dB. The best location for placing DGS pointed by [PERSON] et al. [44] was the part with disordered currents to guide the current flow to the DGS slot. In order to get high isolation, hybrid decoupling structures were adopted, in which DGS decoupling slots on the back were combined with two EBG structures on the front. The decoupling results indicated that two decoupled structures played different roles, where EBG worked as high impedance blocked wave propagation and DGS guided currents flow along with the slots. The isolation was better than 20 dB.  
Moreover, different shapes of DGS slots can work together to improve isolation and bandwidth at the resonance frequency. The DGS with two zigzag grooves was arranged between two radiation patches on the opposite side to reduce coupling currents [45]. The grounding plane with rectangular, circular, and zigzag-shaped slots was designed [46]. From the consequence, the bandwidth and isolation (\(>\)17 dB) of the four-port mm-wave MIMO were enhanced at the same time.
# A Review of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Architectural Design Efficiency
## 5 Case Studies
### FUGenerator Platform and Interactive Architectural Design Inference  
The FUGenerator platform [88] integrates the Diffusion Model, GAN, CLIP (Collaborative Layout Integration Platform), and other algorithm models to support multiple application scenarios from semantic description to sketch generation and control generation. According to the architectural design workflow, the FUGenerator platform fosters collaboration between AI and architects by using a specialized architectural vocabulary library and an interactive interface to enable iterative design optimization.  
The FUGenerator platform leverages a Diffusion Model architecture, especially the Stable Diffusion algorithm for semantic to image conversion, Latent Diffusion Models for potential space modeling, and Transformer for encoding semantic information. By representing potential spatial vectors, semantic information is integrated into image generation, enabling the creation of images that align with specific semantics. In addition, the platform can realize image-to-image conversion through image feature combination.  
Figure 5: Training process of LoRA model.  
As shown in Figure 6, in terms of interaction mode, FUGenerator adopts the circular strategy of \"model reasoning--generation--result optimization--model reasoning\". Unlike Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, Dall-E, and other platforms, FUGenerator is designed for architects, facilitating iterative design processes. The platform focuses on workflow efficiency rather than raw generation speed, prioritizing the quality and accuracy of architectural renderings over speed. Users can adjust and optimize generated results semantically, reintroducing AI to refine models and align with architectural workflows. Based on self-evaluation, generation time depends on the complexity of the design and selected parameters, ranging from a few seconds for simple tasks to up to 10 h for medium-scale projects (250 MB to 10 GB) when using high-performance equipment.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Impact of Treatment in a BER on the Concentration of Other Macro- and Micro Elements
The efficiency showed the lowest results in R2 and R4--10.7% and 10.5%, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [21] treated hydroponic effluent in an SBR at a methanol dose of 3.27 g O\({}_{2}\) COD/g N-NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\) and removed from 10.4% to 30.9% of the potassium ions. The lowest sulphate concentration was found in R3 effluent (982.5 \(\pm\) 135.2 mg SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\)/L). The SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) removal efficiency in this reactor was 31.1%. The highest removal efficiency was observed in R2 (1317.3 \(\pm\) 89.6 mg SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\)/L). In R1 and R4 a similar SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) ion concentration was observed--1082.5 \(\pm\) 60.156 mg SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\)/L and 1063.3 \(\pm\) 98.0 mg SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\)/L, respectively. With an excess of organic carbon, the full denitrification process is followed by sulphate reduction to hydrogen sulphide, which is toxic to bacteria [42]. [PERSON] et al. [21] removed up to 81.5% of sulphates in their study. The Cl\({}^{-}\) concentration in treated wastewater increased with increasing current density. The values were within the range from 80.7 \(\pm\) 0.3 mg Cl\({}^{-}\)/L (R1) to 88.0 \(\pm\) 5.7 mg Cl\({}^{-}\)/L (R4). Among the drawbacks of electrocoagulation, there is electrode passivation (formation of oxide layers on electrodes), which limits the electrochemical process efficiency. Chloride ions help to crush the layer of oxides being formed, by penetrating the oxide layer where acid is formed [43]. [PERSON] et al. [44] also claim that the use of Cl\({}^{-}\) ions helps to counteract electrode passivation. They also report that the use of alternating current helps to reduce oxide formation on electrodes. An increase in the Fe\({}_{\text{tot. }}\) and Cu\({}^{2+}\) concentrations, as a result of secondary contamination during the treatment process, does not cause the effluent to exceed the maximum permissible levels in accordance with legal acts [7, 8]. The zinc and chloride concentrations also meet the maximum permissible levels laid down in these regulations. However, the effluent after bio-electrochemical treatment does not meet the regulations for the maximum permissible potassium or sulphate concentrations. Due to the fact that the boron ion concentration is exceeded, it is not possible to discharge treated wastewater into the environment. Nevertheless, its concentration, both in hydroponic effluent and treated in BER wastewater, enables it to be discharged to the sewage collection system, where the maximum element concentration is 10 mg B\({}^{2+}\)/L [7]. Particular emphasis should be placed on high secondary contamination of hydroponic wastewater with molybdenum ions, as a result of treatment. Neither the hydroponic effluent nor wastewater treated in BERs meets the norm. Polish legislation does not provide information on the highest permissible concentrations of Ca\({}^{2+}\), Mg\({}^{2+}\) or Mn\({}^{2+}\) ions in effluent discharged into the environment or in the sewage collection system.
# FUXYA2020: A Low-Cost Homemade Portable EDXRF Spectrometer for Cultural Heritage Applications
###### Abstract  
The project FUXYA2020 was intended to design and prototype a low-cost basic energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for all those cases where there is not enough financial support to buy a commercial device. Indeed, home-made instruments are ideal when funds are low but constant over the years, as this approach allows the costs to be spread over a longer period of time. The FUXYA2020 was intended mostly for cultural heritage (CH) applications: we optimized the geometry to meet the requirements for both low Z matrix objects, such as glasses and ceramics, and medium-high Z materials, such as metals; besides, we designed a positioning system through Arduino components to obtain good results and repeatability for samples with a complex geometry. The FUXYA2020's performance was tested both for qualitative and quantitative analyses, the former on pigment layers, and the latter on gold-based certified alloys, exploiting Axial-QXAS software for data elaboration. The classification of ancient ceramics based on multivariate analysis obtained through R environment was also carried out. The qualitative data on pigments have also been compared with the same data obtained by a commercial XRF spectrometer, demonstrating how our very simple and inexpensive prototype can be of great help for a rapid and reliable characterization of cultural heritage materials whenever commercial devices are unaffordable.  
EDXRF; cultural heritage materials; pigment analysis; ceramics classification; metal alloy quantitative analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# Airglow Observation and Statistical Analysis of Plasma Bubbles over China
## 2 Processing Method for Airglow Images
### Azimuth Correction  
All-sky airglow imagers often do not carry out azimuth calibration when performing optical imaging, so the orientation of an airglow image is generally uncertain. Through azimuth correction, the airglow image with unknown azimuth can be corrected to the right position. Firstly, it is important to find the orientation of the north, which can be identified by the position of the Polaris. Next, we need to figure out the orientations of the east and west. By observing the motion of multiple stars over time, we can obtain the directions of east and west in the airglow image. For the continuous time images, the stars are observed to move from right to left, it can be inferred that the east-west direction is correct, that is, west is on the left and east is on the right, so no flipping is required for east-west orientation. Then, we need to rotate the north to the top of the airglow image, centered on the zenith position, and the rotation angle can be calculated by Equation (1) as follows. In Equation (1), (\(X_{n}\), \(Y_{n}\)) represents the coordinates of Polaris in the airglow image, (\(X_{0}\), \(Y_{0}\)) refers to the coordinates of the zenith in the image, and \(\alpha_{N}\) is the azimuth of Polaris, which can be obtained through the software Stellarium. Moreover, the nearest interpolation method is adopted to obtain the corrected image; thus, the azimuth correction of the airglow image is accomplished.  
\[\theta=-\text{arctan}\frac{X_{0}-X_{n}}{Y_{0}-Y_{n}}-\alpha_{N} \tag{1}\]
## 5 Discussion  
### The Reliability Analysis of InSAR Monitoring in the Muyubao Landslide  
Interferometry techniques have a huge potential to monitor landslides, as demonstrated by worldwide examples [12; 15; 32]. The monitoring accuracy of InSAR is affected by various factors, such as the atmosphere and terrain. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the reliability of the time series displacement before it is applied for landslide analysis. In the InSAR monitoring of the Muyubao landslide, the reliability analysis of the results can be carried out from two aspects.  
(a) Comparison of InSAR monitoring results at different locations. The monitoring point PSI-12 outside the Muyubao landslide was selected for comparative analysis. According to the InSAR monitoring results (Figure 12), the monitoring location of PSI-12 did not deform during the monitoring period, which is consistent with the results of the field investigation. While the monitoring points (PSI-01\(\sim\)PSI-11) within the landslide were deforming during the same period (Figure 8). By comparing the InSAR results of the monitoring points within and outside the landslide, it demonstrates that the InSAR monitoring in this study can identify the deformation and nondeformation zones.  
Figure 11: Deformation velocity value distribution of the Muyubao landslide (time-yymmdd), the subfigures of (**a**–**i**) are refer to the different time range of InSAR monitoring.  
(b) Comparison of monitoring results with different techniques. GPS is a reliable monitoring technique of ground deformation, which has been widely used in various fields [36; 37]. In order to verify the accuracy of InSAR monitoring, the comparison was carried out between the monitoring results of GPS and PSI points at similar locations of the Muyubao landslide (the locations are shown in Figure 7). Considering that the automatic GPS monitoring equipment was installed in June 2016, the monitoring results from June 2016 to September 2017 were used for comparison. The results of GPS-01-PSI-08 and GPS-02-PSI-07 are shown in Figures 13 and 14, respectively. The cumulative displacement of InSAR and GPS at similar locations are highly consistent in magnitude. It indicates that the InSAR monitoring of this study is reliable and can be utilized for landslide analysis.  
Figure 12: The InSAR monitoring results of PSI-12.  
Figure 13: Results comparison of GPS-01 and PSI-08.
## Materials  
### Study Area  
Our study was conducted in two study areas, that was sites A and B as shown in Figure 1. Site A is Heilongjiang Province (43\({}^{\circ}\)25\({}^{\prime}\)-53\({}^{\circ}\)33\({}^{\prime}\)N, 121\({}^{\circ}\)11\({}^{\prime}\)-135\({}^{\circ}\)05\({}^{\prime}\)E), which is located in northern China (Figure 1a). Heilongjiang is a land of varied topography, with the average elevation varying from 200 m to 350 m. The forest survey in 2005 reported that Heilongjiang Province with forestry land area was 23.86 million hm\({}^{2}\), and the forest volume was 1.432 billion m\({}^{3}\), the province's forest coverage was as high as 41%; more than 60.4% of the forests were middle and young forests with an average diameter at breast height (DBH) of 12.8 cm [37]. The dominant forest types include larch (_Larix spleniliu_ ([PERSON].) [PERSON]), birch (_Betula platyphylla_ [PERSON]), and scotch pine (_Pinus sylvestris_ var. _mongolica_); the proportion of these three forest types is about 50% [38]. GLAS campaigns of forest over this study area were used to conduct LAI inversion; here, we termed it province-level LAI inversion.  
Site B is the Saihanba National Forest Park (42\({}^{\circ}\)24\({}^{\prime}\)N, 117\({}^{\circ}\)15\({}^{\prime}\)E) located in Heibei Province, China (Figure 1b), which is state-owned and managed by the government. This park is the largest artificial forest in the world and serves as an important forest service research site in China. The climate is a temperate continental climate, with an average annual temperature of -1.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C and an average annual rainfall of 452 mm. The terrain is complicated, with an elevation varying from 1500 m to 2067 m. Forest types are mainly composed of larch (artificial forest) and birch (natural forest), among which larch has an absolute advantage; larch area accounts for more than half of the total forest area [39]. At present, the forests are dominated by middle-aged and near-mature forests: the average age of larch is 29 with an average DBH of 19.04 cm and an average height of 12.71 m; the average age of birch is 30 with an average DBH of 16.84 cm and an average height of 11.61 m [40]. Validation work based on ground-based measurements was implemented in this area.
###### Abstract
In addition, the large amount of water that is used generates a great deal of concrete sludge, which can lead to environmental pollution. Therefore, for complete prefabricated construction in the future, it will be necessary to develop a technology for demountable shear connections between girders and slabs such that the slab can be easily demounted during slab rebuilding rather than simply performing new construction. This report proposes demountable stud bolts that can replace traditional welded stud shear connectors. In the case of the existing bolted separable shear connector, a friction grip as well as a single- and double-nut type buried nut are applied as shown in Chapter 2. In this case, it is essential to machine the thread on the stud column to the upper part where the buried nut is fastened. This causes a loss of the cross-sectional area of the stud, and a large slip occurs even at an initial low load owing to the flange hole machining tolerance. For this reason, compared to general welding studs, the initial stiffness is low and fracture tends to occur at a relatively low load. Recently, to improve this problem, research has been conducted on the locking-bolt or locking-nut type separable shear connector. These methods showed excellent promising results, as reviewed in Chapter 2 of the related studies. However, these approaches also require processing the thread on the stud column up to a certain height in order to be fastened with the embedded nut to the bolt embedded in the concrete floor plate. Therefore, in this study, a stud bolt having a Y-shape in which the buried nut part is integrated with the stud column is presented so as to play the role of a buried nut and to avoid any cross-sectional loss of the stud column, to compensate for the problems presented above. The proposed detachable stud bolt has a Y-shape tapered surface, thus it can prevent the loss of stiffness by suppressing the initial slip. In addition, it is a structure that can fully exhibit the function of a separable stud, while also significantly improving shear resistance by increasing the cross-sectional area of the mid-enlarged stud column. Above all, the key feature is that the stud bolt has no threads at the interface between the concrete slab and the upper flange of the girder, which receives the greatest shear force. In this study, to verify the performance of the proposed stud bolts, we conducted experimental and analytical comparative studies for general welding studs and embedded nut type of demountable studs. To verify the performance of the proposed stud bolts, push-out tests were performed by fabricating the main type of shear connection specimen that is used in sheer testing on steel composite slabs. The proposed bolts were compared to the conventional connectors that have welded studs and embedded nuts, and their static strength and slip displacement were examined. In addition, finite element (FE) analysis was performed on each specimen model to confirm the reliability of the experimental results using analytical methods.