esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 System Architecture and Design Procedures
### Hybrid RF-Perovskite Energy Harvesting System  
Hybrid RF-perovskite energy harvesting optimises efficiency and addresses constraints of standalone systems, enhancing reliability across environmental conditions, extending device lifespans, and advancing sustainability, especially in IoT and wireless sensor networks. The proposed system aims to provide a continuous power supply to IoT devices, enabling autonomous operation. The total energy harvested over 24 h by the hybrid system is the cumulative sum of the energy captured by individual components, as defined by (31).  
\[E_{hybrid}=E_{RF}+E_{PSCs}. \tag{31}\]  
Mathematically, for the proposed MIMO and array configurations, (31) is expanded below:  
\[E_{hybrid}=\sum_{N=1}^{N=2^{a}}E_{RF_{N}}+\sum_{k=1}^{k=N_{p}}(P_{PSC_{k}}\times t _{PSC_{k}}). \tag{32}\]  
Here, \(N\) represents the number of antennas in the MIMO system, expressed as \(2^{a}\) (where \(a\) =1, 2, 3...), and \(k\) denotes the number of modules in an array. Equations (22) and (23) determine the energy harvested by the PSC array, taking into account the number of parallel modules, \((Xp)\) (Figure 8).  
The proposed RF-PSC energy harvester subsystems, connected in parallel, independently capture energy from RF signals and light irradiation, storing it in capacitor-based energy storage. This stored energy sustains IoT devices during low irradiation periods, such as at night when only RF-EH operates or in the daytime when PSCs and RF-EH face challenges due to low light or insufficient RF power. The hybrid system ensures uninterrupted power harvesting, even in subsystem failure or inadequate power generation, enhancing the overall efficiency. Mathematical determination, outlined in (33), considers the efficiencies of RF-EH, \(\eta_{RF}\), and the array, \(\eta_{A}\), derived from (9) and (30).  
\[\eta_{hybrid}=1-[(1-\eta_{RF})\times(1-\eta_{A})]. \tag{33}\]
# Ensuring Stable Operation of Wind Farms Connected to Distribution Networks
###### Abstract  
Wind farms with type IV wind turbines from various manufacturers are being massively put into operation. These wind turbines comply with the requirements of the grid codes of the countries where they are designed and/or manufactured, but do not factor in the specific features of the distribution networks of other countries to which they are connected. The study at issue involves a comparative analysis of the requirements of grid codes of different countries for the stable operation of wind turbines under standard disturbances. The low voltage ride through (LVRT) characteristic makes it possible to prevent wind turbine shutdowns in case of short-term voltage dips of a given depth and duration. The calculations of transient processes indicate that wind turbines may not meet the requirements of the grid code of a particular country for their stable operation. As a result, standard disturbances will block the reactive current injection and the wind turbine will be switched off. This is often caused by the relay protection devices with a time delay of 1-2 s, which are used in distribution networks and implement the functions of long-range redundancy. Excessive shutdowns of wind turbines lead to emergency rises in the loads for the generating units of conventional power plants, aggravating the post-accident conditions and disconnecting consumers of electricity. This article presents a method for checking the LVRT characteristic settings for compliance with the technical requirements for wind turbines. To prevent wind turbine outages, one should either change the configuration of the LVRT characteristic, upgrade the relay protection devices in the distribution network adjacent to the wind farm, or implement group or individual technical solutions at the wind farm. The performance of the proposed technical solutions is confirmed by the calculations of transient processes.  
wind farm; wind turbine; inverter; low voltage ride through characteristic; standard disturbance; voltage dip; relay protection +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
Article  
Ensuring Stable Operation of Wind Farms Connected to Distribution Networks  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Research on the Relationship Between Energy and the Economy, Energy Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117186 Moscow, Russia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.F.)  
2 Department of Hydropower and Renewable Energy, National Research University \"Moscow Power Engineering Institute\", 111250 Moscow, Russia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.)  
3 Department of Power Supply and Electrical Engineering, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 664074 Irkutsk, Russia  
4 Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.S.)
## 2 Formulation of the Problem
### Governing Equations  
For two-way coupling of Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, the liquid phase is treated as a continuum by using the Eulerian approach, while the dispersed particles can be tracked by applying a Lagrangian approach. The heat, mass, and momentum can be exchanged between two phases [25; 26]. The equations for two phases are presented separately as follows:
# Gain-Scheduled Disturbance Observer-Based Saturated Controllers for Non-Linear First-Order System +
## 3 Illustrative Example
### Choice of the Scheduling Parameter and Stability of Transients  
By the first experiment with a large step change of the desired output from 0 to 1 and a series of small downward steps in Figure 10, it can be shown that the size of the change in the reference setpoint itself does not significantly affect the shape of the transient responses.  
However, destabilizing the circuit by changing the setpoint value \(w\) before reaching steady state (Figure 11) has much worse consequences. When using local models ARC1 and DOB1, it leads to a loss of stability at \(T_{c}=0.5\). The conclusion that the use of \"more accurate\" local models in a non-linear context can lead to unstable, i.e., \"less accurate\" control results, has been known for several decades (see e.g., the application of local and ultralocal models in [74]).  
Closed-loop stability analysis when using the controllers ARC0 and DOB0 based on the ultralocal model (\(a=0\)) shows that they remain stable at arbitrary values \(T_{c}=T_{00}>0\), or \(T_{c}=T_{01}>0\). Thus, if the sign of the parameter \(K_{P}\) is correctly determined (\(K_{s}\) does not change its polarity depending on the scheduling parameter), stability does not need  
Figure 11: Step responses of one-tank hydro system with a variable cross-section (63) with gain-scheduling controllers according to Figure 3 with \(u_{P}\) (26) and a large step change of the desired output from 0 to 1 followed by a drop to 0.1; \(T_{c}=0.1\) (left) and \(T_{c}=0.5\) (right) \(T_{f}=T_{c}\).  
Figure 10: Step responses of one-tank hydro system with a variable cross section (63) with gain-scheduling controllers according to Figure 3 with \(u_{P}\) (26) and a large step change of the desired output from 0 to 1 followed by a series of small downward steps; \(T_{c}=0.1\); \(T_{f}=T_{c}\) and \(T_{f}=5T_{c}\).  
to be considered further. This is one of the most important advantages of using ultralocal models. When using local models, the stability of the circuit depends on the settings used, and its analysis usually requires much more attention. In order to keep the length of this article within a reasonable range, we will avoid it in the following text.
## 4 Case Study  
In order to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach in modern e-Government environments, a case study, where privacy policy hierarchy is incorporated into the Greek e-Government environment, is presented. The Greek e-government interoperability framework (Greek e-GIF) was first proposed in 2007 [17, 18], based on worldwide best practices along with the specific needs and restrictions set by the underlying legal and regulatory framework. The main objective of this framework is the support of common authentication and registration mechanisms for accessing all the electronic services offered. This is realized through a central portal, named \"Ermis\" ([[http://www.ermis.gov.gr/](http://www.ermis.gov.gr/)]([http://www.ermis.gov.gr/](http://www.ermis.gov.gr/))), which operates as a one-stop shop and provides to Greek citizens a common interface for all electronic services offered by SPs of the public sector. The framework's main characteristics are uniform registration and authentication procedures for every service provider, implemented by the Ermis Portal, and classification of services to levels of trust depending on the required level of identity assurance and data protection.
# Effects of Obesity on Adaptation Transfer from Treadmill to Over-Ground Walking
###### Abstract
Critical to advancing our understanding of gait adaptation and its usefulness in rehabilitating obese populations is discerning whether the adaptive effects observed on a treadmill transfer to over-ground walking. Previous studies demonstrated the transfer of split-belt treadmill walking adaptation to over-ground walking [21]. The results revealed that the adapted walking pattern following split-belt treadmill walking partially transfers to over-ground in healthy young adults, suggesting that the treadmill walking adaptation influenced some aspects of over-ground walking. Examining whether adults with obesity transfer walking from the treadmill to over-ground walking could provide support for the usefulness of treadmill walking as a rehabilitative tool. Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of obesity on adaptation and transfer from the treadmill to over-ground walking. We hypothesized that normal and obese BMI groups would successfully adapt both spatial and temporal parameters following split-belt perturbations and would transfer adapted walking patterns from the split-belt treadmill to over-ground walking. We also hypothesized that the extent of the adaptation and transfer would be less in adults with obesity than in adults with normal weight [12; 14; 14].
## 5 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research  
We have successfully developed a deep-learning-based object detection model (M4) that jointly uses YOLOv7 and Mask R-CNN alongside image-processing techniques for detecting speed limit signs, rockfalls, potholes, and car crashes. The training was performed in two levels. First, the images were divided into Class A and Class B using YOLOv7. Then, the Class A images were further subdivided into Class A_30, Class A_40, Class A_50, Class A_60, Class A_70, Class A_80, Class A_90, Class A_100, and Class A_110 using Mask R-CNN, thus effectively enhancing the model's detection efficiency. In addition, we employed Gaussian noise and image rotation to make up for the difficulty of acquiring images captured during poor weather conditions and with different object angles. We then used Canny edge detection to enhance the contours of the detected objects and the intensity of their features. Lastly, short videos from the dashcam footage of moving vehicles were mainly used as the training set. The experimental results showed that M4 outperformed all the other models, having a model mAP of 88.20%. The mAPs of YOLOv7 and Mask R-CNN in M4 were 85.80% and 89.30%, respectively--higher than those of the other models and a significant increase from those of M1. We also tested M4 using actual footage of various scenarios and found that the model had a rapid response time and an overall mean error rate of only 6.58%, thus attesting to its accuracy. Based on the relatively limited amount of training set images, M4 achieved a good overall performance, which demonstrates its superiority and efficiency.  
We recommend that future studies increase the number of cameras so that images from different angles can be captured. This would also reflect the distance of the detected objects in the images as well as the tradeoff between detection performance and power consumption. Furthermore, it is important to test different weather and road conditions and to increase the detection performance. Integrating this detection model with the IoV and 5G networks is also an issue that warrants further research, because this would increase the completeness and practicality of the system and facilitate the commercialization of the product.  
This research received no external funding.
## 4 Discussion
The penetrating activity of PG seems to be crucial for lowering \(\mu_{\text{OCT}}\). Studies have shown that a large proportion of light scattering from cells happens on the subcellular components and structures at the microscopic scale [42]. Therefore, for RI matching, OCAs must follow a two-stage diffusion scheme, where the initial diffusion into the ISF is followed by diffusion into the intracellular compartments through the cell's membrane. When PG is applied to the skin, it diffuses into the intercellular space causing tissue dehydration. The diffusion rate must be lower than the water flux to the tissue surface due to the high osmolarity of the solution and the molecular size of PG. This is further supported by Figure 2 where PG maximizes the epidermal thickness at t2 without achieving the lowest \(\mu_{\text{OCT}}\). The combination of PG and OA in PGOA, increases the diffusion rate of PG which, within the time frame of t2, subtracts intercellular water out from the tissue and ISF from the cells. The diffusion increases the RI of the sample volume while dehydration enhances the reflectance signal. PG undergoes passive diffusion through cells [43; 44] and during the second diffusion stage will eventually achieve a subcellular RI matching. However, due to the molecule's hydrophilicity, tissue re-hydration could happen at this stage with a negative effect on image contrast as it was previously observed for glycerol [7]. Yet, PG and PGOA equilibrium was reported to be achieved in a time scale beyond t2 (2.5-3.5 h) [41; 45; 46]. Therefore, we conclude that 90 min is a suitable period for OCT skin measurements as it is tolerable by patients and yields improved biophysical markers in terms of epidermal thickness and \(\mu_{\text{OCT}}\). An inverted scheme appeared with V and LV resulting in reduced \(\mu_{\text{OCT}}\) mostly at the time of application (t1). Vaseline is an occlusive embollient that forms a film on the skin surface increasing the skin's moisturizing ability [47]. The elevated water content contributes to the increased epidermal thickness (Figure 2b) while reducing the SC density and consequently the \(\mu_{\text{OCT}}\). At t2, V and LV \(\mu_{\text{OCT}}\) values increase due to the fact that these OCAs mostly remain at the SC level with declining concentration over time [47].
## 5 Experimental Results
### Results for Each Sector in DFSS
The most significant factors, in descending order, are financial, price, and technical indicators. This implies that the materials sector is profoundly influenced by financial indicators such as currencies, government bonds, market indices, and short-term price trends, alongside daily price movements. Consumer Discretionary: Indicators are evenly distributed, with financial, price, and market sentiment indicators being the most prominent. The order of significance, with market sentiment, technical analysis, and economic factors leading, suggests that, in the consumer discretionary sector, financial indicators moderately impact stock prices. Market sentiment and short-term price trends, coupled with long-term economic conditions, have a more pronounced role. Financial: Market sentiment and price features are fully included, with technical indicators constituting over 90%. The prominence of technical, economic, and price factors indicates that, in the financial sector, market sentiment has a lesser influence, and the sector is mainly affected by price variations, both in the short term and in relation to the overall economic conditions. As shown in the results, the DFSS identifies the feature selection algorithms that demonstrate optimal performance and stability for each sector at any given time. It involves a process of selecting feature sets in these instances, thereby reflecting market fluctuations. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Material**} \\ \hline
**Feature Class** & **Percentage** & **Feature Class** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Average Importance** \\ **Ranking of Feature** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Price & 1 & Financial & 10.500 \\ Technical & 0.591 & Price & 11.000 \\ Financial & 0.571 & Technical & 17.769 \\ Fundamental & 0.500 & Economic & 23.800 \\ Economic & 0.294 & Fundamental & 28.750 \\ Market Sentiment & 0 & Market Sentiment & - \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Consumer Discretionary**} \\ \hline
**Feature Class** & **Percentage** & **Feature Class** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Average Importance** \\ **Ranking of Feature** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Financial & 0.286 & Market Sentiment & 2.000 \\ Price & 0.250 & Technical & 5.750 \\ Market Sentiment & 0.200 & Economic & 6.667 \\ Technical & 0.182 & Fundamental & 8.000 \\ Economic & 0.176 & Price & 8.500 \\ Fundamental & 0.125 & Financial & 10.500 \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Financial**} \\ \hline
**Feature Class** & **Percentage** & **Feature Class** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Average Importance** \\ **Ranking of Feature** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Market Sentiment & 1 & Technical & 19.050 \\ Price & 1 & Economic & 22.667 \\ Technical & 0.909 & Price & 26.000 \\ Economic & 0.529 & Financial & 29.333 \\ Financial & 0.429 & Market Sentiment & 31.800 \\ Fundamental & 0.250 & Fundamental & 44.000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Optimal feature set of material, consumer discretionary, and financial sectors.
## 4 Discussion
### Mapping Rice Extent in Tropical Regions  
Our methods were applied in rice fields in tropical regions that are planted throughout the year with different planting dates and frequencies. In South-East Asia, different places can have different rice cropping calendars due to variable irrigation schemes. The noveltyof our method is that it can handle the complexity of rice fields in tropical regions. Most previous studies have used Sentinel-1 and 2 for mapping rice in temperate regions such as Japan [30], China [32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38], and India [31], which are only planted in summer. Our methods can map rice fields rapidly--in less than an hour for 100,000 ha--as rice fields can be easily identified from their unique phenology spectra without extensive surveys. Thus, our method has a high potential and capability for application in other regions.
## 3 Case Study: Apartent Building MedZEB Renovation
### Renoration Measures  
It is quite evident that the combination of all the design alternatives for the renovation of the building is theoretically infinite. However, it is also true that the building components market offers a finite set of renovation alternatives and decision-makers do not tend to stray from commonly-used solutions. Therefore, if the initial data are correctly inserted, identifying a fair number of feasible technical solutions does not take long [16].  
Many different renovation measures are considered in this study and are presented in Appendix A, from Tables 14-15. The building's renovation project had started to be drafted when the research started. Therefore, it was a great opportunity and the architect who was drafting the project was consulted and, the different set of renovation measures, that were considered, fitted to the market possibilities; the existing building possibilities; the project budget availability; and, the need to get 60% of energy savings.  
The main goal is to increase the thermal performance of the envelope by increasing thermal mass, adding insulation layers on the exterior, improving thermal bridges and airtightness, replacing external doors and windows, and installing new DHW production and ventilation systems. To perform the different calculations for evaluating the LCC and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Energy Use**} & **Primary Energy Consumption** \\  & **(PEr)** \\  & **Kwh/m2y** \\ \hline Heating & 49.24 \\ \hline Cooling & 17 \\ \hline Domestic Hot Water (DHW) & 19.79 \\ \hline TOTAL & 86.03 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Current PE consumption of case study pilot building.  
Figure 5: Energy modeling of one block of the building in its current state.  
energy performance, the existing condition of the envelope, openings and building systems have been considered. Therefore, each section includes the pre-renovation characteristics of the building.  
Regarding the technical solutions that shape the different sections, the national cost databases commonly used in Spain have been used [36]. In this database it is possible to establish a specific solution by its specifications [37], relating them to their estimated construction costs. Moreover, each section has a finite number of solutions due to the criteria followed to select them: costs, construction material adaptability, most common skills and qualifications of the contractors in this region, building constraints, and the energy and performance level to be achieved after renovation. Therefore, it is essential to take into account the socio-economic context of each renovation project when choosing the optimal solutions.  
In the following sections, renovation solutions for the facade, roof, slabs, openings and systems are described: