esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Atmospheric GNSS RO 1D-Var in Use at UCAR: Description and Validation
## 2 Materials and Methods
### The UCAR 1D-Var
#### 2.2.3 A Priori Profiles
Currently, atmPrf provides bending angle profiles of equally spaced data points. The data interval is about 20 m, exceeding the theoretical resolution limit of the observation. We thin the observations so that each layer of the computational grid holds no more than three observation data points. While the specifics of the thinning are somewhat arbitrary, we intend to retain as much observational information as possible. The thinning is insignificant at heights below 30 km. We use MSIS to specify the atmospheric states above the top of NWP models. In doing so, an abrupt switch to MSIS would cause a discontinuity at the top of the NWP data. To prevent such a discontinuity, we transition temperature from NWP to MSIS as follows:  
\[T(z)=T_{MSIS}(z)+\left\{1-\frac{z-z_{b}^{*}}{z_{t}^{*}-z_{b}^{*}}\right\} \Delta T, \tag{13}\]  
where \(z_{b}^{*}\) (\(z_{t}^{*}\)) is the lower (upper) boundary of the transition layer and \(\Delta T\) is the departure of NWP temperature (\(T_{NWP}\)) from MSIS temperature (\(T_{MSIS}\)) at \(z_{b}^{*}\), i.e., \(\Delta T=T_{NWP}(z_{b}^{*})-T_{MSIS}(z_{b}^{*})\). The temperatures below \(z_{b}^{*}\) and above \(z_{t}^{*}\) are identical to \(T_{NWP}\) and \(T_{MSIS}\), respectively. Since MSIS is largely irrelevant to current weather, \(z_{b}^{*}\) is currently set to the top of NWP data. The depth of the transition layer, \(\Delta z_{c}=z_{t}^{*}-z_{b}^{*}\), is 5 km. The humidity is constrained in such a manner that the specific humidity is required to be not less than one part per million by weight at all heights. After filling in the computational grid with the temperature and the moisture, we reconstruct the pressure by integrating the hydrostatic equation in the bottom-to-top direction. In doing so, we assume a uniform air composition for simplicity's sake. The hydrostatic pressure reconstruction completes the preparation of the background states. The backgrounds consist of hydrostatically balanced temperature, moisture, and pressure profiles on the computational grid.
# Generation of Pure State Photon Triplets in the C-Band
## 2 Tripartite State and Joint Spectrum  
### Model  
Quasi-phase matching is adopted because of the simpler and more flexible matching condition. The theoretical model consists of two parts, which are two nondegenerate SPDC processes [13]. A pair of photons called idler photons \(\omega_{0}\) and signal photons \(\omega_{1}\) are generated from the first SPDC process. The idler photons continue to be the pump source of the second SPDC process, producing photons \(\omega_{2}\) and \(\omega_{3}\).  
The phase-matching conditions of the two processes are type \(\mathrm{e}\rightarrow\mathrm{o}+\mathrm{o}\) and type \(\mathrm{e}\rightarrow\mathrm{e}+\mathrm{o}\), respectively. As shown in Figure 1, the lengths of the two crystals are \(L_{1}\) and \(L_{2}\) while the periodicities are \(\Lambda_{1}\) and \(\Lambda_{2}\), respectively. When the pump light with center frequency of \(\omega_{0}\) is incident into the first crystal, the generated photon pairs will be correlated in time and frequency due to the conservation of energy and momentum. The relation between the wave vectors and the frequency of the three photons are \(k_{p}=k_{1}+k_{0}+k_{g1}\) and \(\hbar\omega_{p}=\hbar\omega_{1}+\hbar\omega_{0}\), where \(k_{g1}=2\pi\omega/\Lambda_{1}\) is the compensated wave vector. In the second down-conversion process, photon \(\omega_{0}\) splits into \(\omega_{2}\) and \(\omega_{3}\) while the conservation conditions are also satisfied, which are \(k_{0}=k_{2}+k_{3}+k_{g2}\) and \(\hbar\omega_{0}=\hbar\omega_{2}+\hbar\omega_{3}\), where \(k_{g2}=2\pi\omega n/\Lambda_{2}\). Therefore, in the whole frequency conversion process, the energy conservation and momentum conservation are also satisfied between the initial pump photon and the resulting three photons.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Meat Quality Traits
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Trait** & **Control** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Biostarter**} \\ \hline  & **Before Aging** & **After Aging** & **Before Aging** & **After Aging** \\ \hline pH & 5.68 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 5.73 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 5.66 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 5.88 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ L\({}^{\text{s}}\) & 33.71 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 35.99 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 35.51 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 33.70 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ a\({}^{\text{s}}\) & 19.70 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 16.81 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 18.23 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 17.44 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ b\({}^{\text{s}}\) & 16.93 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 15.99 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 18.40 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 15.96 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ Protein content (\%) & 17.40 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 21.55 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 17.73 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 23.15 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ Fat content (\%) & 17.93 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 21.90 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 17.91 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 21.20 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ Collagen content (\%) & 1.14 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.7 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.10 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.52 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ Water holding capacity (cm\({}^{2}\)) & 6.21 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & - & 5.77 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & \\ \hline \end{tabular} The results marked with the letters a, do not differ significantly (\(p<0.05\)).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Beef characteristics before and after 21 days of dry-aging. In addition, the samples with the biostarter were characterized by significantly higher flavor liking and better overall acceptability (\(p<0.05\)) compared to the non-biostarter samples (Figure 1). [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12] claimed that an isolated mold strain, identified as _Mucor flavus_, gradually decreased the hardness of the beef, so the described tenderness was higher. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12] and [PERSON] et al. [34] stated that _Mucor flavus_ growing on dry-aged beef emits a pleasant aroma note. These findings emphasize the significant influence of _M. flavus_ on enhancing or altering the flavor of beef. In contrast, [PERSON] et al. [35] observed that the palatability of beef aged in different ways did not differ, possibly due to the lack of visible fungal growth on the beef cuts.
# An Efficient Neural Network for Shape from Focus with Weight Passing Method
## 4 Initial Weight Setting
### Proposed WP Method
8:\(z^{(1)}_{(x,y)}\leftarrow\phi\left((\mathbf{v})^{T}\cdot\phi\left(\mathbf{u} \right)+w_{b}\right)\)
9:if\(|z^{(1)}_{(x,y)}-z_{r}(\hat{x}(1),\hat{y}(1))|\leq T_{1}\)then
10:\(\mathbf{u}^{(1)}\leftarrow\mathbf{u}\)
11:\(\mathbf{v}^{(1)}_{(1)}\leftarrow\mathbf{v}\)
12:\(w^{(1)}_{b}\gets w_{b}\)
13:break
14:endif
15:endfor
16:for\(t=1\) to \((I_{W}\cdot I_{H})\)do
17:\(d(\hat{x}(t),\hat{y}(t))\leftarrow\) estimated depth at \((\hat{x}(t),\hat{y}(t))\) pixel position by using Equations (7)-(21) (or Equations (1)-(5))
18:\(\mathbf{u}^{(1)}\leftarrow\) updated weight \(\mathbf{u}^{(N)}\)
19:\(\mathbf{v}^{(1)}\leftarrow\) updated weight \(\mathbf{v}^{(N)}\)
20:\(w^{(1)}_{b}\leftarrow\) updated weight \(w^{(N)}_{b}\)
21:endfor
22:endprocedure
```  
**Algorithm 2** Weight Passing method. Note that the initial depth of \((\hat{x}(i+1),\hat{y}(i+1))\) is close to \(d(\hat{x}(i),\hat{y}(i))\), because \(\mathbf{W}^{(1)}\) for \((\hat{x}(i+1),\hat{y}(i+1))\) is allocated from \(\mathbf{W}^{(N)}\) for \((\hat{x}(i),\hat{y}(i))\). In addition, there is high probability that the resultant depths for \(d(\hat{x}(i+1),\hat{y}(i+1))\) and \(d(\hat{x}(i),\hat{y}(i))\) may be very close to each other. Accordingly, \(z_{i}\) satisfies the condition \(|z^{(1)}_{(x,y)}-z_{r}(\hat{x}(i),\hat{y}(i))|\leq T_{1}\) when \(i\geq 2\). In summary, WP is advantageous in (1) reducing the chances of local minimization problem; (2) decreasing the total numbers of iterations for the stable solution; and (3) decreasing computational complexity for setting initial weights for all pixels. Figure 5: The proposed WP initial weight setting method. (**a**) \(z_{r}(x,y)\) is a reference depth map estimated by Sum-Modified-Laplacian (SML) or Gray-Level-Variance (GLV); (**b**) \(z_{r}(s)\) is 1-dimensional vector form of the \(z_{r}(x,y)\) and \(s\) is the index of \(z_{r}(s)\); (**c**) \(\hat{z}_{r}(t)\) is the sorted reference depth map into depth order, \(t\) is the index of \(\hat{z}_{r}(t)\), \(\hat{s}(t)\) is the index of \(z_{r}(s)\) corresponding to the depth of \(\hat{z}_{r}(t)\), and \((\hat{x}(t),\hat{y}(t))\) is the index of \(z_{r}(x,y)\) corresponding to the depth of \(\hat{z}_{r}(t)\).
# An Energy Efficient Sink Location Service for Continuous Objects in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 1 Introduction
The location updates are essential for supporting sink mobility, but lead to wasting energy. Our previous work focuses on the connection the origin point to each sinks [15]. We extended the work for energy efficiency. To achieve energy-efficiency, we propose Origin-based Continuous Object Tracking scheme (OCOT). The OCOT provides integration of the location updates by using origin-based structure thereby reducing the overhead for supporting sink mobility.The main contributions of our work are as follows:  
* We intensively investigated the energy efficiency in continuous object tracking with mobile sink by analyzing the location update and data report to prevent hot spot problem and to prolonging network lifetime. * The proposed scheme provides the integrated location update by mobile sink and distributed data report for reducing overall energy consumption and mitigating hot spot problem. * Our simulation results in various environment provides the analytical insights for revealing the radical limitation of the existing schemes and the key principles of the proposed scheme thereby promoting the future developments. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. We present the related work in Section 2. The proposed scheme, OCOT is described in Section 3 and the experiment result of OCOT is showed in Section 4. Finally, We conclude this paper in the Section 5.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Specimen Design  
Commercially pure titanium Grade 2 (Ti) was used as substrate material. Square disks (10.0 mm per side) and cylindrical non-screwed implants (\(\varphi\)1.0 \(\times\) 2.0 mm) were prepared for the in vitro and in vivo tests (Figure 1). Each specimen was polished with wet abrasive paper (#1500, Japanese Industrial Standards, Sankyo-Rikagaku Co, Saitama, Japan). These samples were washed with a surfactant, followed by ultrapure water; both were used in an ultrasonic cleaner for 5 min, and samples were then dried at room temperature. CaTiO\({}_{3}\) films were prepared by MOCVD using Ca(dpm)\({}_{2}\)(bisdipivaloylmethanato-calcium) and Ti(O-i-Pr)\({}_{2}\)(dpm)\({}_{2}\)(bissopropoxy-bisdipivaloylmethanato-titanium) precursors as reported in Reference [14]. Briefly, a vertical cold-wall type chemical vapor deposition (CVD) apparatus was employed to prepare CaTiO\({}_{3}\) films. The source vapors which generated from headed these two source precursor powders were carried into the CVD reactor with Ar gas. O\({}_{2}\) gas was separately introduced and mixed with the precursor vapors above a substrate holder. The total pressure in the CVD reactor was kept at 0.8 kPa, and the substrate temperature was changed from 700 to 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C. We designed two types of CaTiO\({}_{3}\) films on Ti surfaces, dependent on the deposition condition of the heating temperature of the substrates, 700 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C for the in vitro test (CTO 700 and CTO 800) (Figure 1). Following the in vitro test, only one candidate that showed significant difference in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity compared with Ti was evaluated by the in vivo test. All samples underwent 15-W UV irradiation (UV cross linker FS-1500, Funakoshi, Japan) at a wavelength of 254 nm for 2 h before the experiments.  
Figure 1: Specimen design for the in vitro and in vivo tests. (**A**) Square disks (10.0 mm per side) and cylindrical non-screwed implants (\(\varphi\)1.0 \(\times\) 2.0 mm), made of cpTi; these were used for the in vitro and in vivo tests, respectively. (**B**) Square disks of CTO 700 (left) and CTO 800 (right). Bars = 4 mm.
## 4 Assessment of the Developed Approach  
As depicted in the introduction of this paper, three items were considered for the development of the approach: the degree of automation, the transferability and the geometric quality. The assessment of the developed approach will consider these items. The developed approach is applied to two datasets  
Figure 10: Rendering of the ifc file into Revit (Autodesk) —1 st floor of the INSA building.  
Figure 9: Creation of architectural entities in FreeCAD —1 st floor of the INSA building.  
with the same thresholds in order to conclude about the degree of automation and the transferability of the approach. The assessment of the approach is divided in two parts. First, results obtained for the segmentations into sub-spaces and planes and the classifications of points into several categories are studied. Then, results of wall and slab reconstructions are presented. The geometric quality of generated models of both buildings under study are analysed. A complete automation of the reconstruction seems utopian. It is essential to be able to locate possible errors in order to proceed to a manual reconstruction in this case. Two quality indexes are proposed to visualise and locate these errors.
# Low-Cost Full Correlated-Power-Noise Generator to Counteract Side-Channel Attacks
###### Abstract
A hiding countermeasure is introduced in this work, as a solution to counteract PA attacks with no significant influence on the overhead and frequency degradation of the cipher implementation. This countermeasure introduces an evolution of Correlated-Power-Noise Generator (CPNG), introducing an interference noise power signal that correlates with both the manipulated data and the encryption key, improving the scheme presented in [7]. The main contributions of this paper are:  
* A state-of-the-art review regarding the hardware attacks and countermeasures on AES cipher is performed. * A CPNG design methodology is proposed to increase the security os AES cipher. * A comprehensive security assessment is conducted by comparing the unprotected AES with the AES protected using the countermeasure introduced in this study. The organization of the rest of the paper is as follows. Section 2 contextualizes actual and effective PA attacks and their countermeasures to counteract them. We introduce in Section 3 the AES architecture and discuss the differences between its versions with 128- and 256-bit key lengths, their characteristics, and vulnerabilities. Section 4 puts forward the new architectural countermeasure providing the overhead and degradation in comparison with the unprotected AES. The experimental results and security evaluation are given in Section 5. Finally, in Section 6, the conclusions are presented.
# QESIF: A Lightweight Quantum-Enhanced IoT Security Framework for Smart Cities
###### Abstract
The main contributions of this study are as follows:  
1. A framework is proposed to integrate QKD with heterogeneous and resource-constrained IoT networks in smart city infrastructures. 2. A novel Q-IDS is designed that uses quantum signal anomalies--such as increased QBER--to detect eavesdropping and intrusion attempts in real time. 3. A hybrid protocol stack that supports seamless switching between quantum-secure and classical communication modes is developed, enabling scalable and backward-compatible deployment in evolving smart city environments. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a review of the related works. Section 3 describes the proposed QESIF in detail. Section 4 presents the simulation environment and experimental results, including a comparative analysis with traditional security models. Section 5 discusses the findings and implications of the QESIF in smart city deployments. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.
## 4 Results and Discussions  
### Distribution of Flow Fields and Polymetallic Nodules  
Figure 12 gives the flow field distributions of the hydraulic collector. As can be seen in Figure 12a,b, the front and rear acquisition nozzles produced two high-speed seawater jets at the bottom of the collector. The two sweater jets scoured the seafloor and the reflected seawater jets converged together. Meanwhile, the transmission nozzle ejected a high-speed seawater jet; thus, the seawater flow in the conveying channel was accelerated. The above flow velocity distribution was consistent with the operating principle in Section 2.2. As a result of the scouring of the seawater jets, there were significantly three high pressures on the seafloor and upper baffle, as shown in Figure 12c. The reflected seawater jet was blocked by the upper baffle and diverted to the two sides. In combination with the high-speed water jets from the acquisition nozzle, two vortices were formed, as shown in Figure 12b. Moreover, two low pressures in Figure 12c were generated in the vortex region. In addition, the static pressure gradient between the entrance of the conveying channel and the seafloor could further drive the polymetallic nodules to be lifted into the conveying channel.  
By taking the drag coefficient \(C_{D}\) as 0.44 [29; 30] and substituting the relevant parameters in Section 3, the seawater flow velocity (\(v_{s}\)), which ensures that the nodules do not settle gravitationally in the conveying channel, was calculated from Equation (8) to be 2.85 m/s. The average velocity of the water flow at the outlet of the conveying channel in the numerical simulation was read to be 3.04 m/s, which is evidently greater than 2.85 m/s. This ensures that the nodules can be lifted and transported smoothly in the channel, as shown by Figure 13a. Thus, finally, a collection efficiency of 96.4% was achieved.  
The 30 s distribution of the polymetallic nodules in the hydraulic collector is presented in Figure 13b. It can be seen that most of the polymetallic nodules were collected successfully. During the first 6 s, a small number of particles were collected due to the unstable flow field in the hydrodynamic collector. After the flow field was stabilized, a large number of polymetallic nodules were collected in an orderly manner during the period from the 12 th to the 24 th second. By the 30 th second, the collection of polymetallic nodules in the collector was completed ahead of schedule.  
In order to further investigate the collection performance of the hydraulic collector, the effects on the structural and working parameters are investigated in the following subsections based on the developed numerical model.  
Figure 11: Experimental test of the hydraulic collector. (**a**) Collection in straight-line travel. (**b**) Collected polymetallic nodules.  
Figure 12: Flow field distributions of the hydraulic collector. (**a**) Velocity contour. (**b**) Streamline contour. (**c**) Pressure contour.
# \(\alpha\)-Fluctuating Nakagami-\(m\) Fading Model for Wireless Communications
## 5 Simulation and Results' Analysis
### Numerical Computation Discussion
For instance, at \(\tilde{\gamma}=10\) dB, the relative error is approximately \(5\cdot 10^{-8}\) for \(\alpha=2\), and it remains below \(10^{-4}\) even for \(\alpha=4\), confirming the numerical stability and precision of the proposed formulation. At very low SNRs (e.g., \(\tilde{\gamma}<5\) dB), \(\epsilon_{\rm er}\) achieves its minimum values for \(\alpha>1\) and maximum for \(\alpha<1\), which are still well  
Figure 10: Computation time gain \(\epsilon_{t}\) of the presented solution (relative to the numerical integration) as a function of average SNR. The black dashed line denotes equal computational time, i.e., no time gain. Figure 9: Relative error \(\epsilon_{er}\) of the presented solution (relative to the numerical integration) as a function of average SNR. below \(10^{-5}\), which is excellent for most practical purposes. These results verify that the closed-form ABER expression maintains computational integrity for a wide range of \(\alpha\) values, and highlight the reliability of the proposed implementation even under complex fading and shadowing conditions. The figure confirms that, despite the involvement of special functions like the Fox H-function, the analytical framework is not only theoretically sound but also numerically feasible for engineering applications. The results for the computational time gain demonstrate that the analytical solution offers considerable computational efficiency, especially for higher values of \(\alpha\) and low-to-moderate SNRs. This efficiency is particularly valuable in scenarios involving large-scale simulations or real-time system optimization, where computational overhead can be a limiting factor. The figure also supports the practical observation that high-SNR asymptotic expressions (such as those in Corollary 3) can be employed beyond \(\tilde{\gamma}\approx 20\) dB with negligible loss of accuracy, further improving overall speed. Thus, the results validate the efficiency of the proposed Fox H-function-based evaluation framework not only in terms of accuracy (as shown in Figure 9) but also in terms of reduced computational complexity, affirming its suitability for practical deployment in adaptive modulation, link-layer design, and performance analysis in wireless communication systems operating under generalized fading conditions.
# A Distributed Autonomous Mission Planning Method for the Low-Orbit Imaging Constellation
## 1 Introduction
However, when the scale of satellite missions increases, there will still be a significant communication burden. The paper proposes the c-CBBA algorithm optimized specifically for the communication problem. The task preemption mechanism and the single-chain strategy are designed. The algorithm is able to significantly reduce the communication volume while guaranteeing the optimization quality, which is more suitable for efficient mission scheduling in the context of restricted inter-satellite communication. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the Multi-Satellite On-board Observation Scheduling Problem (MSOOSP). Section 3 describes the basic CBBA algorithm and analyses its drawbacks. Section 4 proposes the improved algorithm c-CBBA with two important strategies: the task preemption strategy and the single-chain strategy. Section 5 describes the design of test cases and the results of experiments in various scenarios. The discussion is provided in Section 6 and the conclusions are given in Section 7.