esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Durum wheat (_Triticum durum_ Desf.) is a very important worldwide food crop widely cultivated all over the Mediterranean basin, where it often suffers from multiple and coincident environmental stresses such as drought and salinity [1; 2; 3]. The primary negative effects of such abiotic stresses appear on the photosynthesis process and photosystem II (PSII) activity [2], by over-reducing of reaction centers in PSII, especially in plants without the ability to dissipate the excess energy [4]. In fact, there are two photo-protection mechanisms for dissipating the excess of light energy absorbed by chlorophyll molecules including re-emitting as light-chlorophyll fluorescence (~2-5% of the absorbed energy) and dissipating as heat (~15-18%), which otherwise may result in the production of harmful molecular species like singlet oxygen [5; 6]. These two mechanisms, along with photosynthesis pathway (as a consumer of ~80% of assimilated energy), occur in a competitive way, so that any increase in the efficiency of one will decrease the yield of the other two [7; 8]. Basically, the non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching is often used for estimation of non-radiative energy dissipation within thylakoid membranes, when photosynthetic productivity is saturated by the electronic excitations of the pigment molecules [9].  
On the other hand, there has been a growing interest in utilizing plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) inoculants, as an eco-friendly and cost-effective strategy, not only to supply essential nutrients to the soil-plant system but also to decrease the adverse impacts of stresses, as well as to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers, while minimizing negative effects on the agro-ecosystem and food health [10; 11]. It is already known that these beneficial bacteria can induce several mechanisms involving the increment of stress tolerance in the plant, such as reinforcing the primary and secondary metabolisms in crops, by the production of plant growth regulators e.g., auxins, cytokins, and gibberellins [12; 13], augmenting the crops antioxidant defense system by the increment of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes and the biosynthesis of antioxidants [13], quenching the hypersensitive response of ethylene-induced stress by the biosynthesis of 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC deaminase) and consequent formation of \(\alpha\)-ketobutyrate and ammonia from ethylene precursor [13; 14], and increasing nutrient solubilization and biological nitrogen fixation [10].  
The present study aimed at estimating and comparing the ability of durum wheat leaves in the harmless dissipation of excess excitation energy in the form of heat (non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching) under non-stress, salinity, and drought conditions. More relevantly, attempts were also extended to validate our hypothesis that the non-photochemical energy dissipation can be more affected by the application of native PGPB bacterial consortium, in comparison to traditional fertilization plans, under both non-stress and stress conditions.
# Propagation Characteristics of a Twisted Cosine-Gaussian Correlated Radially Polarized Beam
## 4 Conclusions  
As a summary, we have studied the focusing properties of a new class of twisted cosine-Gaussian correlated radially polarized beam. It is shown that the twist phase leads to an astigmatism of the light beam, thereby affecting the various statistical properties of the beam during spreading. Because of the twisted phase, the beam spot, the degree of coherence, and the state of polarization experience rotation during transmission, but the degree of polarization is not twisted. Meanwhile, although the rotation speed is nonlinear and closely depends on the value of the twist factor, they all undergo a rotation of \(\pi/2\) when they reach the focal plane. In addition, it turns out that the effect of the twist phase on the spectral change is essentially similar to coherence, which is achieved by modulating the spectral density distribution during transmission. These results provide a useful guideline for the adjustable twist phase to generate novel partially coherent vector beams and promote important potential applications in the field of beam shaping, optical tweezers, optical imaging, and free space optical communications.  
Data curation, J.Z.; Formal analysis, S.Z.; Funding acquisition, S.Z.; Investigation, S.Z. and H.H.; Resources, Z.L. and J.L.; Supervision, S.Z., J.W., H.W., Z.L. and J.L.; Validation, J.Z.; Writing--original draft, S.Z.; Writing--review & editing, S.Z.  
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China [11504172]; The China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [7131701018]; The Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province [7131707317]; The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province [BK20150763]; The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (30917011336, 30916014112-001), and the Jiangsu Overseas Visiting Scholar Program for University Prominent Young & Middle-aged Teachers and Presidents.  
Figure 9: Relative spectral shift \(\gamma\) of a focused polychromatic twisted CGC radially polarized beam versus the propagation distance and the ordinate \(y\) with \(x=0\), and relative on-axis spectral shift versus the propagation distance. For (**a–d**) contour plots of the relative spectral shift with \(x=0\); (**e,f**) on-axis relative spectral shift with \(x=0,y=0\).
## 2 Theory and Formulations
### Finite Element Modelling of the Axial FG Element with Material Damping
The Young's modulus and loss factor are different at both ends and vary along the axis of the bar with the power exponential coefficient \"\(na\)\". The internal viscous damping coefficient (Equation (16)), which is the product of these variables, will be used to define the axial hysteretic damping for ease of mathematical expression. It will be assumed that only this variable varies along the bar expressed in Equation (18). \[c_{A}(x)=E(x)\eta(x) \tag{16}\]  
where \(c_{A}\) is the internal damping coefficient and \(\eta\) is the longitudinal loss factor of the bar. Considering that Young's modulus and material damping change at the same rate and are material-specific, it is assumed that the \(E\eta\) product changes depending on \(x\) in order to make the change linear, and the variation of \(E\eta\) can be written as follows, according to Equation (17):  
\[ \begin{array}{c}c_{AL}=E_{L}\eta_{L}\\ c_{AR}=E_{R}\eta_{R}\\ c_{A}(x)=(c_{AL}-c_{AR})\big{(}1-\frac{x}{L}\big{)}^{na}+c_{AR}\end{array}  \tag{17}\]  
Complex stiffness matrix can be obtained as follows:  
\[ \begin{array}{c}[H]=\left(\int\limits_{0}^{L}c_{A}(x)dx\right)[K]\\ [H]=\left[C_{x}\;A[N^{\prime}]_{ax}^{T}[N^{\prime}]_{ax}\right]\\ C_{x}=\int\limits_{0}^{L}c_{A}(x)dx=\frac{(c_{AL}-c_{AR})L}{na+1}+c_{AR}L\end{array}  \tag{18}\]  
The expansions of the local mass, stiffness and complex stiffness matrices for the axial element in Equations (14) and (18) are as follows:  
\[ \begin{array}{c}[M_{A}]^{e}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}A.I_{aa}-\frac{2A.I_{ ba}}{L}+\frac{A.I_{Da}}{L^{2}}&\frac{A.I_{ba}}{L}-\frac{A.I_{Da}}{L^{2}}\\ \frac{A.I_{ba}}{L}-\frac{A.I_{Da}}{L^{2}}&\frac{A.I_{Da}}{L^{2}}\\ \end{array}\right]\\ [K_{A}]^{e}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{A.A_{Na}}{L^{2}}&-\frac{A.A_{Na}}{L }\\ -\frac{A.A_{Na}}{L^{2}}&\frac{A.A_{Na}}{L^{2}}\\ \end{array}\right]\\ [H]^{e}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{A.C_{x}}{L^{2}}&-\frac{A.C_{x}}{L^{2}} \\ -\frac{A.C_{x}}{L^{2}}&\frac{A.C_{x}}{L^{2}}\\ \end{array}\right]\end{array}  \tag{19}\]  
where  
\[ \begin{array}{c}I_{Au}=\int\limits_{0}^{L}\rho(x)dx=\frac{(\rho_{ls}-\rho_{ R})L}{n+1}+\rho_{R}L\\ I_{Ba}=\int\limits_{0}^{L}\rho(x)xdx=\frac{(\rho_{la}-\rho_{R})L^{2}}{(n+1)(n+ 2)}+\rho_{R}\frac{L^{2}}{2}\\ I_{Da}=\int\limits_{0}^{L}\rho(x)x^{2}dx=\frac{(\rho_{la}-\rho_{R})2L^{3}}{(n+ 1)(n+2)(n+3)}+\rho_{R}\frac{L^{3}}{6}\end{array}  \tag{20}\]
# Cracks in Arch Dams: An Overview of Documented Instances
## 1 Introduction
### Detection and Treatment of Cracks  
In the behavior or structural response of dams, the detection of any anomaly is essential. The detection of faults or anomalous behavior has always been a critical issue in the maintenance of an arch dam. Over the decades, in addition to visual inspection, different auscultation methods have been used in dams to measure several parameters and detect possible failures. These methods can be ADASs (Automatic Data Acquisition Systems) or can be handled manually, but all of them suffer from limitations of precision inherent to the measuring device and from errors (in measurements or data storage). The parameters that are usually measured in dams are air temperature and relative humidity, concrete temperature, displacement of dam body, displacement of foundation, ice thickness, joint and crack movement, pore pressure, seismic motion, snow and rainfall, stream flow, water leakage, water level and water temperature and, less often, strain in concrete. More information about the instruments used for each of these parameters can be found in [10].  
Once a crack is detected in a dam, technical experts must assess whether the crack could lead to a problem in the operation of the dam and, if so, some type of treatment must be applied to avoid serious problems. This treatment is chosen in relation to the causes of the crack. The next table (Table 1) summarizes different usual treatments against cracking [11].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Problem** & **Possible Causes** & **Treatment** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Structural distress} & \multirow{4}{*}{Thermal effects. Chemical effects.} & Structural distress may require reducing the \\  & & \begin{tabular}{c} Thermal effects. Chemical effects. \\ \end{tabular} & reservoir water level, thus reducing the stresses in \\  & & \begin{tabular}{c} the dam. \\ Update risk assessment covering all structural \\ design parameters. \\ Post-stressed tendons. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Foundation and abutment behavior} & \multirow{2}{*}{External events. Inadequate construction or maintenance.} & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Grouting, drainage, post-stressed tendons, shear \\ keys, shotcrete, dental concrete, re-shaping \\ (benching, flattening slopes), toe blocks, berms. \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{Shrinkage} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Chemical effects. Thermal effects.} & Sealing, epoxy grouting. \\ \hline Thermal distress & Thermal effects. & Cooling, heating, insulation. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Freeze–thaw effects} & \multirow{2}{*}{Thermal effects.} & Sealing: upstream membrane, shotcrete, restore \\  & &
\begin{tabular}{c} Serial lines and grades via build back, epoxy \\ grouting. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Treatments against cracking.
## 6 QD Emitters Near a Flat Interface  
Now, we shall discuss the influence of a flat interface between two media on the emission and FRET rates for a QD emitter located at a certain distance from it. If the characteristic distances (such as that between the emitter and the interface) are small compared to the EM wavelength, one can treat the problem in the electrostatic approximation where one neglects both the retardation effects and the magnetic field associated with the electric field present in the media; then, the image dipole method can be used to take into account the effect of surface polarization induced by the dipole [196]. A more general approach consists in using the dyadic Green's function formalism [197]. If both dielectrics are dispersionless, the spontaneous decay and FRET are affected through the photonic density of states (DOS) renormalization due to the reflection of electromagnetic (EM) waves at the interface. However, even in this geometrically simplest situation, there is a less trivial effect produced by EM waves created by the polarization in the second medium, totally reflected at the interface so that only an exponentially decreasing field amplitude of theirs reachesthe dipole. Yet, this effect can be dominating at small distances, not only for radiative decay [198] but also for FRET. When the second medium is a metal, several contributions to both decay and transfer processes arise that can be associated with (i) propagating EM waves (so-called radiative losses), affected by the presence of the second medium; (ii) coupling to propagating surface plasmons (SPs); and (iii) Ohmic losses (when the exciton energy is irreversibly transferred to heat via electron scattering in the metal).  
Even though the subject has been studied during several decades [70; 198; 199] and is described in topical reviews [200] and books [78], we find some significant effects that were overlooked in previously published discussions and, in our opinion, are important for potential applications of FRET in photonics and energy harvesting. In particular, we will show that (1) if a QD embedded in a dielectric matrix is located near an interface with another dielectric (a substrate) having a lower dielectric constant, its emission is polarized parallel to the interface; (2) in the opposite case of substrate's dielectric constant higher than that of the matrix, the emission and transfer rates are strongly enhanced (without dissipation) near the interface; and (3) the resonant coupling between SPs propagating along a metal/dielectric interface and excitons confined in QDs located at a distance of the order of the light wavelength from the interface, can be used for long-range FRET. We present these rates calculated for typical colloidal nanocrystal QDs.
## 4 Discussion  
The solar radiation model (SOLAR) described in this paper has been implemented within an air pollution model for urban streets. The latter simulates vehicle-derived pollution (specifically, airborne particulate matter) concentration in the confines of street canyons within the urban canopy. The calculated solar irradiance (using SOLAR) is used in two ways in the air pollution model, namely (1) to determine the atmospheric stability class above the urban canopy in order to decide on the use of the correct power-law wind profile and (2) to estimate the surface sensible heat flux which contributes to thermally generated turbulence and mixing. The initial evaluation study of the air pollution model is very promising, as indicative from the linear regression analysis depicted in Figure 4, which clearly justifies the use of SOLAR in the relevant calculations. SOLAR has proved to be very useful in air pollution/quality modelling despite its simplicity.  
Furthermore, with reference to the application of SOLAR in the air pollution modelling study, it is worth noting that the use of the solar radiation model is made jointly with a routine for computing the albedo of the street canyon of interest. A limited number of methodologies exist for calculating the albedo of urban locations. [PERSON] et al. [2] employed a conceptually simple method using estimates of the surface composition of an urban area and the proportion of each land-use category. The method has practical difficulties in that it may require aerial photography. Furthermore, the urban surface is viewed macroscopically, and no attention is given to the altered albedo of different oriented surfaces, such as in the case of street canyons, as evident from the physical model experiments of [PERSON] [23]. Hence, while the method is adequate for large-scale urban studies, it is less appropriate for smaller-scale investigations. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19] describe a two-dimensional model for estimating the urban surface albedo taking into account surface structure. The street canyon radiation model of [PERSON] [24; 25] has been shown to be capable of producing acceptable estimates of surface albedo for city land-use zones consisting predominantly of street canyons with lengths considerably greater than their width, especially for high irradiance conditions [26]. Another option for estimating the albedo of city street canyons is the numerical scheme of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27].  
Figure 4: Scatter plot of observed (measured) against predicted (modelled) vehicle-generated airborne particle concentration in a street canyon, including the statistical outcomes of the linear regression analysis.
## 3 UAV AG Communication Channel Modeling and Characterization
### Typical Statistical Properties of Channel Model
#### 3.2.2 Stationary Interval  
The stationary interval is the maximum duration, and the channel statistical properties remain unchanged. The stationary interval was  
\[T_{t}(t)=\max\{\Delta t|c(t,\Delta t)\geq c_{thresh}\} \tag{22}\]  
where \(c_{thresh}\) was a certain threshold, which was set to 0.8. The correlation coefficient \(c(t,\Delta t)\) was shown as  
\[c(t,\Delta t)=\frac{\int\Lambda_{pq}(t,\tau)\Lambda_{pq}(t+\Delta t,\tau)d\tau }{\max\{\int\Lambda_{pq}(t,\tau)^{2}d\tau,\int\Lambda_{pq}(t+\Delta t,\tau)^{2 }d\tau\}}. \tag{23}\]
## 2 System Process and Assumptions  
Figure 1 shows an innovative PC-CCES system: throttling expansion compressed CO\({}_{2}\) phase-change energy storage system. The system's main components include a CO\({}_{2}\) gas storage tank, compressor, TES, condenser, liquid CO\({}_{2}\) storage tank, throttle valve,  
evaporator, turbine, cooler, cold water tank, hot water tank, cold salt tank, hot salt tank. The specific heat capacity of CO\({}_{2}\) varies dramatically when the physical property is close to the critical point, and it remains roughly unchanged when the physical property is far from the critical point. The temperature of CO\({}_{2}\) during the heat exchanging process has differing trends and it is necessary to assign two sets of TES units instead of only one set with a high terminal temperature difference. Based on a consideration of the temperature range, molten salt is selected in the high-temperature range for its sterling heat transfer performance, and water is selected in the middle-temperature range for its low cost.  
The system energy charge process stores the pressure energy and the heat in different components. Carbon dioxide in the gas storage tank is of normal temperature and pressure, it is compressed to a high-temperature and high-pressure state during the energy storage period, and then it is liquefied and reserved in a liquid CO\({}_{2}\) storage tank. Since the condensation temperature of CO\({}_{2}\) is slightly higher than ambient temperature, the water with ambient temperature and pressure can be used to chill CO\({}_{2}\). During the energy discharge period, liquid CO\({}_{2}\) evaporates to gaseous CO\({}_{2}\) by absorbing the heat from water with ambient temperature and pressure. Then, it enters the turbine to generate power, comes out in a normal state, and finally is reserved in the gas storage tank. The thermal energy produced during the energy charge period is reserved in the hot salt and the hot water tanks to increase the turbine power capability during the energy discharge period. Notably, the CO\({}_{2}\) gas storage tank is flexible enough to keep pressure constant by changing its volume during the charging and discharging periods.  
In this study, gaseous CO\({}_{2}\) enters the compressor (1-2), the TES1, and the TES2 sequentially. CO\({}_{2}\) with high temperature and pressure releases heat to the molten salt and cooling water (2-4) in the TES, then CO\({}_{2}\) is further cooled to the liquid state during the condensation (4-5), and the liquid CO\({}_{2}\) is reserved in the liquid storage tank, completing the energy charge process. In the energy discharge process, liquid CO\({}_{2}\) expands into the gas-liquid two-phase state in the throttle (6-7), and then completely evaporates into a gaseous state through the evaporator (7-8). Gaseous CO\({}_{2}\) absorbs heat from the TES3 and the TES4 (8-10), and then enters the turbine to output power (10-11). CO\({}_{2}\) with low pressure is chilled by the environment (11-12) and finally reserved in the gas storage tank.  
Figure 2 exhibits the temperature-entropy diagram of the system.  
Figure 1: Structural diagram of the novel system.
# Blind Image Separation Method Based on Cascade Generative Adversarial Networks
## 1 Introduction
* The organic combination of a synthetic network and a separation network addresses the problem that the training of a deep learning model is difficult due to the lack of paired data. * The proposed method is suitable for both natural image separation and remote sensing image separation, and it has an excellent generalization ability. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the network architectures, including the model structure, loss function, and other details. In Section 3, the evaluation index, datasets, and the experimental results are presented. Finally, Section 4 provides the conclusion and a summary of the results obtained.
# A Survey on Wireless Body Area Networks for eHealthcare Systems in Residential Environments
## 2 Candidate Wireless Technologies
### Alternative Low-Power Wireless Technologies
#### 2.2.11. One-Net  
ONE-NET [86] is a proprietary open source standard, mainly designed to solve the problems of a wireless network in the home environment. ONE-NET is specifically optimized to support low-power long-range applications. One of the main characteristics of ONE-NET is that it is open to most proprietary software and hardware and is capable of being implemented with a vast range of low-cost low-power off-the-shelf microcontrollers and transceivers from numerous manufacturers such as Texas Instruments, Silicon Labs and Freescale. ONE-NET operates in different frequency ranges of 433 MHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz and 2400 MHz. It uses Wideband FSK modulation technique and supports base and maximum data rates of 38.4 kb/s and 230 kb/s respectively. ONE-NET takes advantage of different network topologies for connecting ONE-NET-based devices. It utilizes peer-to-peer (P2P), star and multi-hop topologies with the master node organizing the P2P connections. Star topology is able to minimize cost and complexity of peripherals. Multi-hop network topology utilizes two or multiple wireless hops in order to cover larger communication area. ONE-NET is able to support maximum indoor and outdoor communication ranges of 100 m and 500 m respectively. ONE-NET wireless technology is specifically optimized for low-power consumption such as battery-operated devices. According to ONE-NET specification, low-duty-cycle battery-operated ONE-NET-based devices are able to achieve up to five years battery life on an AA or AAA Alkaline battery. In terms of security, ONE-NET utilizes the extended tiny encryption algorithm version two with thirty-two iterations [77].