## 4 Discussion and Conclusions
Beyond this, a real-time geophysical remote sensing multiparametric platform could permit us to provide operative products, not only to better understand and monitor our vulnerable planet, but to mitigate possible negative consequences of natural hazards. **Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15040942/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15040942/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15040942/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15040942/s1)). Figure S1: Gutenberg-Richeter distributions of the earthquake in the areas listed in Table 1; Figures S2 and S3: [PERSON] cumulative stress curves in the 5 years and 1 year before the ML=3.3 I January 2023 Guidonia earthquake; Figure S4: Surface air temperature time series; Figure S5: Aerosol time series; Figure S6: Surface specific humidity time series; Figure S7: Total precipitation time series; Figure S8: cumulate number of Swarm Alpha, Bravo and Charlie geomagnetic field anomalies; Figures S9-S22: Swarm anomalous geomagnetic field tracks; Figure S23: cumulate number of Swarm Alpha, Bravo and Charlie electron density (Ne) anomalies; Figures S24-S28: Swarm anomalous Ne tracks; Figures S29-S31: Preliminary atmospheric time series processed immediately after the EQ occurrence (on 2 January 2023); Figure S32: Lightning activity recorded by Lightning Image Sensors (LIS) mounted on International Space Station (ISS) on 13 November 2023 between 19:29:59 UT and 21:02:59 UT. Reference [6] is cited in the supplementary materials. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualisation, methodology, software, writing--original draft preparation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, visualisation, D.M. ; supervision, K.Z. ; validation, L.M. ; resources, project administration, funding acquisition, K.Z. and D.M; writing--review and editing, L.M., D.M., Y.Z., K.Z., W.C., Y.C., M.F., T.W., S.W., D.Z. and H.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 41974084; the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, grant number 2021M691190; the International Cooperation Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province, grant number 20200801036 GH. The APC has been funded by Dedalo Marchetti. **Data Availability Statement:** We acknowledge the INGV for the seismic catalogue used in this paper, freely available at [[http://cnt.rm.ing.vit/](http://cnt.rm.ing.vit/)]([http://cnt.rm.ing.vit/](http://cnt.rm.ing.vit/)), accessed on 3 January 2023. MERRA-2 data can be downloaded from [[https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?project=MERRA-2](https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?project=MERRA-2)]([https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?project=MERRA-2](https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?project=MERRA-2)) (accessed on 2 January 2023) with Earth Observation NASA free credential. Swarm data are freely available via ftp and http at swarm-diss.eo.esa.int server (accessed on 2 January 2023). We acknowledge INGV for free provision of Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS) and available at [[https://diss.ingv.it/](https://diss.ingv.it/)]([https://diss.ingv.it/](https://diss.ingv.it/)) (accessed on 22 January 2023). We acknowledge [PERSON], [PERSON] 2022. Non-Quality Controlled Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on International Space Station (ISS) Science Data. Dataset available online from the NASA Global Hydrometeology Resource Center DAAC, Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A. doi: [[http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/LIS/ISSLIS/DATA110](http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/LIS/ISSLIS/DATA110)]([http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/LIS/ISSLIS/DATA110](http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/LIS/ISSLIS/DATA110)). Figure 12: Concept of a real-time geophysical multiparametric platform to investigate and systematically search for lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere coupling phenomena.