## 1 Introduction  
The electrical intervention of biological entities has been on the rise in recent times. These interventions include the modulation of cell and tissue behaviors through electrical stimulation [1], sensing cell and tissue properties through bioimpedance measurements [2], drug delivery, gene therapy [3], etc. Biomodulation is the cellular or biochemical response of a biological entity to any external modulation [4]. The external modulation can be due to biological causes, such as infection or cancerous invasion, or due to therapeutic approaches like electrical, optical, magnetic, pressure, and ultrasound stimulation [5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. In recent times, biomodulation has gained a noteworthy spot in the field of therapeutic research. Amongst all the modalities, electrical biomodulation or electro-biomodulation has been of keen interest. Several works depict the widespread use of electro-biomodulation in various therapeutics like pain management, nerve regeneration, muscle control, wound healing, and antibacterial effects [10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. As tissues consist of different types of cells, it is expected that the electro-biomodulation on a particular tissue will affect the constituent cells in different manners. Hence, to identify the specific physiological effect of any electro-biomodulation on any particular type of cell, researchers rely on in vitro experiments. In vitro research provides a more targeted approach, where a controlled environment is used to provide external intervention to a specific type of cell. A factor heavily affecting the outcome of in vitro experiments is the experimental setup. While environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and exposure to contaminants, can be controlled, deviations in electrode parameters, such as size, shape, inter-electrode distance, and electrode materials, can lead to outcomes that differ from expectations. Electrodes act as the interface between the electronic circuitry and biological tissue. The compatibility of the electrode material with the cells is a crucial factor for an experimental setup. Recent work proposed a set of protocols that involve parameters related to the setup, stimulation, and biological sample for in vitro experiments [15]. Repeatability is another factor of significance in in vitro experiments. Although experiments are conducted in similar setups and environments, researchers often opt to run experiments a number of times to make them statistically significant. A specific set of statistical considerations goes into planning in vitro research [16; 17]. These considerations range from setting up experiments to acquiring the data for analysis. A common practice is to run the experiments in parallel, where each identical setup is kept in the same environment, receiving the same external effect. A common trend in the in vitro experimental arena is using multi-well plates [18; 19]. Each well is set up with its own cell lines and growth media, and the whole setup is kept in an incubator with controlled temperature, pressure, and humidity. For in vitro experiments with electrical intervention, the addition of electrodes to the existing protocol brings in compatibility issues. Some common choices for electrodes are agar salt bridges [20; 21], inert noble materials such as gold, silver, platinum, stainless steel [22; 23], conducting polymers like PEDOT:PSS, Ppy/HE/PLLA [24; 25; 26], and carbonized materials [27; 28; 29]. Even though the electrode choices are practical for electrical intervention, they have their drawbacks, such as being complex, hard to maintain, hard to replicate, or expensive to fabricate. Moreover, a single electrical source to modulate parallel wells together ensures the uniformity of the experiment. Bio-interfacing electrodes within a biological system have been a matter of concern in in vitro experiments, leading to various expensive and commercially available electrode setups. An interesting setup for in vitro electro-biomodulation experiments is the C-Dish\({}^{\text{TM}}\), patented by IonOptix LLC [30].