## 1 Introduction  
Nowadays, orthodontic treatment relies significantly on precise radiographic diagnostics [1]. Traditional panoramic radiographs (dental X-ray of the upper and lower jaw) and lateral cephalograms (standardized lateral view X-ray of the head and neck for the evaluation of bony and soft tissue structures) serve as fundamental tools for assessing jaw, teeth, and dento-alveolar discrepancies [1]. Additionally, modern techniques, like CBCT(cone-beam computed tomography) and 3D facial evaluation, play supplementary roles in the comprehensive assessment of both facial soft and hard tissues, and become crucial in cases of doubt about the position of cephalometric points (landmarks, defined points found in the area of the human head) or a large defect that may require surgical intervention [1; 2]. While some dento-alveolar discrepancies may stem solely from dental issues, others may involve skeletal abnormalities. In such cases, thorough and improved diagnostics become imperative [1; 2]. CBCT is an advanced imaging modality that offers a radiation exposure dose that is 10 times less than that of conventional CT scans during maxillofacial exposure and enables three-dimensional imaging of hard tissue structures [3]. Despite the utilization of various diagnostic and orthodontic tools, certain anatomical reference points remain pivotal in establishing basic patient characteristics and, thus, in choosing the right treatment. Classic orthodontic approaches mostly use a standard lateral cephalometric radiograph to evaluate the patient's profile, bite, and occlusion [1; 2; 3]. The so-called 3D individual approach for each patient is currently regarded as the method of choice for several reasons [4; 5; 6; 7]. Due to improvements in digital diagnostics, orthodontic treatment is greatly influenced by these advancements. The use of 3D devices and the importance of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) significantly impact novel orthodontic and orthognathic surgery advances in the field of diagnostics, planning, and evaluation of the craniofacial skeleton. Currently, many reports describe improvements in CBCT, 3D imaging, artificial intelligence (AI) usage, and other devices to enhance overall facial and bite diagnostics. These advancements aim to establish the most accurate and up-to-date treatment plans for each case of dental and skeletal malocclusions [4; 5; 6; 7]. Due to the numerous papers focusing on computer-enhanced planning and evaluation, it is essential to understand not only the benefits, limitations, strengths, and weaknesses of each classic 2D versus 3D evaluation but also how new techniques can assess the cephalometric image of each patient in computer-assisted and AI-improved studies [7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. In cases of severe dento-alveolar and skeletal discrepancies, a detailed evaluation of the 3D relationship of various cephalometric landmarks is crucial for planning the extent of the surgical operation. While orthodontic evaluations typically rely on individual landmark assessments by each clinician, specialized software can offer automatic features to find these reference points according to a predefined algorithm. During manual examination and evaluation of these cephalometric points, difficulties in finding their position and the angulation of selected variables may be observed [1; 2; 12; 13]. Each orthodontist should enhance their treatment approach and leverage the benefits of new technologies, particularly the recent advances in 3D-CBCT. Software programs, in particular, hold significant potential to greatly enhance each diagnostic step [14; 15]. Despite the plethora of available software, CBCTs, and other devices used in today's dental, surgical, and orthodontic practices, there are still many underestimated and not fully evaluated aspects. One of these is the comparison between AI-derived and computer-enhanced automatic cephalometric analysis versus the classic 2D manual approach [14; 15; 16; 17; 18].