## 6 Conclusions  
We have examined the complex interaction between hydrogen energy storage systems (HESSs) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) within the energy management system (EMS) in this work. Our approach involved meticulous data collection and analysis, comprehensive system design and configuration, and rigorous MATLAB modeling and simulation. These processes established a robust framework for evaluating the dynamics and performance of energy storage, grid interactions, and renewable integration. The EMS optimization revealed substantial insights into the operational behavior of battery energy and power. For example, battery energy levels fluctuated between 0.5 kW-h and 3.7 kW-h over a 24 h period, showing adaptive responses to grid demands. Battery power dynamics maintained efficiency near its peak capacity of 4 W for extended periods despite varying operational conditions. Analyzing grid power and grid price dynamics underscored the challenges and opportunities in managing energy supply and pricing. Grid power varied from \(-\)5 kW to 75 kW, and grid prices ranged from 75 to 120 USD/kWh, peaking at 111 USD/kWh. These variations illustrated the complex interplay between demand response strategies, market conditions, and operational constraints, influencing grid stability and economic viability. Hydrogen energy and power dynamics showcased the versatility of HESSs in balancing energy storage and distribution. Hydrogen energy storage fluctuated significantly from 1 kW-h to 8 kW-h, and hydrogen power ranged from \(-\)40 kW to 40 kW throughout the day. These fluctuations indicated the dynamic changes in hydrogen energy storage and power production, facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources and enhancing grid resilience. Load optimization demonstrated significant contributions to grid stability and operational efficiency. Load management maintained balance with load power stabilizing around 35 kW, effectively managing power consumption, reducing peak demand stress, and ensuring reliable grid operation. PV power integration highlighted synergistic interactions among renewable energy sources, storage technologies, and grid operations. PV power peaked at 48 kW by the 10 th h, and this integration with the BESS and HESS underscored the potential to enhance energy sustainability and reduce environmental impact. The comprehensive analysis synthesized these findings, emphasizing the interconnected nature of energy storage systems, grid dynamics, and renewable integration. It underscored the importance of holistic approaches to optimize EMS performance, enhance energy efficiency, and promote sustainable development. Looking forward, the prospects for integrated BESS and HESS systems are promising. Advances in battery and hydrogen storage technologies are expected to enhance scalability, efficiency, and reliability. Policy support and regulatory frameworks will be crucial in facilitating the transition to low-carbon energy, maximizing system performance, and accelerating deployment. Collaborative efforts and knowledge-sharing initiatives will drive innovative solutions and best practices in EMS optimization. Stakeholders can collectively enhance energy transition efforts and address global energy challenges by leveraging technological advancements, fostering partnerships, and aligning with global sustainability goals. In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights into the strategic and operational aspects of integrating BESSs and HESSs within EMS frameworks. Through the combination of advanced technology, policy support, and collaborative partnerships, we can accelerate the transition towards a sustainable energy landscape, improve grid stability, and optimize energy management strategies. Conceptualization, funding acquisition, resources, supervision, writing--original draft, writing--review and editing, K.K. and H.-B.L. ; conceptualization, funding acquisition, resources, data analysis. N.K. ; conceptualization, data analysis, investigation, resources. S.P.