esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Thermomechanical Analysis of Steel-to-Timber Connections under Fire and the Material Density Effect
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Geometric Model in the Study  
For the steel-to-timber connection with external steel plates with 3 mm of thickness, the simplified equation from Eurocode 5, part 1-1 [16] helps to determine the characteristic load-carrying capacity per shear plane and fastener \(F_{v,RK}\) at ambient temperature and is given by Equation (2).  
\[F_{v,RK}=min\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0.5f_{h,2,k}\ t_{2}\ d&a)\\ 1.15\sqrt{2M_{y,RK}\ f_{h,2,k}\ d}+\frac{F_{av,RK}}{4}&b)\end{array}\right. \tag{2}\]  
where \(d\) is the dowel diameter equal to 8 mm, \(t_{2}\) is the wooden board thickness member equal to 27.5 mm, \(f_{h,2,k}\) is the characteristic embedment strength in timber member calculated with Equation (3), \(M_{y,RK}\) is the value of the characteristic yield moment of the fastener using Equation (4), and \(F_{ax,RK}\) represents the characteristic axial withdrawal capacity of the fastener equal to 0 in the studied connection [16].  
The value of the characteristic embedment strength in the timber member parallel to the grain is obtained according to the value of the dowel diameter \(d\) and the characteristic wood density \(\rho_{k}\), given by:  
\[f_{h,2,k}=0.082\ (1-0.01\ d)\ \rho_{k} \tag{3}\]  
The value of \(M_{y,RK}\) is calculated according to the dowel diameter \(d\), and its material characteristic tensile strength \(f_{u,k}\), [16], by following Equation (4).  
\[M_{y,RK}=0.3\ f_{u,k}\ d^{\ 2.6} \tag{4}\]  
After the calculated value of \(F_{v,RK}\), equal to 2821.456 N, it is required to determine the design value of the characteristic load-carrying capacity, which is obtained from Equation (5). In this equation, two safety factors are introduced, defined according to Eurocode 5 part 1-1 [16]. The partial factor for the material property \(\gamma_{M}\) is equal to 1.25 for the glued laminated timber. The modification factor, considering the load duration and moisture content effect \(k_{mod}\), was considered equal to 0.6 for the glued laminated timber.  
\[F_{v,Rd}=\frac{F_{v,RK}\ k_{mod}}{\gamma_{M}} \tag{5}\]  
The calculated value is 1354.3 N, which enables the calculation of the number of dowels, an important parameter in the connection design with the arrangement of rows  
Figure 11: Specific heat of steel.  
and columns [5; 6; 7]. The number of dowels is determined by Equation (6), after calculating \(F_{v,Rd}\)[17], considering the applied tensile load \(F_{d}\) as a resultant value equal to 10 kN.  
\[N\geq\frac{F_{d}}{F_{v,Rd}} \tag{6}\]  
The connection under study is symmetrical along a vertical plane and consists of two external steel plates and an internal wooden member with 18 steel dowels. Three rows and three lines of dowels were chosen for each symmetrical plane, and the spacing between the dowels is given by the equations of Eurocode 5 part 1-1 [16]. The dowels' layout and their spacing are presented in Figure 1.
# Food and Drinking Water as Sources of Pathogenic Protozoans: An Update
## 3 Waterborne and Foodborne Protozoan Infections
### Parasitic Protozoans in Food Handlers  
Different studies analyzed the presence of intestinal parasites in food handlers since these individuals can transmit infections to numerous subjects. According to a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, protozoan intestinal parasite occurrence in food handlers was documented in 28 countries, with more studies from Ethiopia (39) and Iran (24). The estimated pooled prevalence of all intestinal protozoans was 0.143% globally. _B. hominis_ had the highest pooled prevalence (0.077%), followed in decreasing in order by _E. histolytica/dispar_, _Cryptosporidium_ spp., _G. intestinalis_, _E. nana_, and _D. fragilis_. Protozoan pooled prevalence decreased from 1990 to 2020, and in different World Health Organization (WHO) regions (WHO region Codelist [[https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node_metadata.REGION?lang=en](https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node_metadata.REGION?lang=en)]([https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node_metadata.REGION?lang=en](https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node_metadata.REGION?lang=en)), accessed on 23 January 2024) it ranged between 0.010% and 0.318%, decreasing in the following order: Western Pacific Region, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean Region, African region, Southeast Asia Region, and European Region. Gambia had the highest pooled prevalence (0.501%) among individual countries [71].  
A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of intestinal parasites among Ethiopian food handlers indicated _E. histolytica/dispar_ as the most frequent protozoan (prevalence 11.95%) [72]. This was confirmed by more recent studies in the country [73; 74; 75]. Moreover, _E. histolytica_ was the most prevalent parasite in food handlers in Kano, Nigeria [76] and Erbil City, Iraq, accounting for 80.1% of samples positive for parasites [77].  
Among food handlers in Belgarn province, Saudi Arabia, 52.7% were infected with parasites, among which _B. hominis_ was the most frequent (78.4%), followed by _G. intestinalis_ (8.1%), _C. parvum_, and _E. histolytica_ (2.7%). Double and triple infections were frequent [78].  
Among food handlers preparing and distributing foods in hospitals in Turkey, 59% had intestinal parasites, of whom 27% were positive for _B. hominis_, 25% for _T. gondii_, 10% for _E. histolytica_, and 5% for _G. intestinalis_. The results underline the risk for patients in hospitals to get infected [79].  
The studies on food handlers reported links between intestinal infections and washing hands habits after toilet usage and before eating or cooking, trimming nails, and access to tap water [73; 74; 75; 76].
## 4 System Implementation and Experimental Results
### Elbow Joint Flexion-Extension Exercise
The mean absolute error (MAE), the maximum error (MaxError) and root mean square error (RMSE) for the wrist and the tip of the hand (end-effector) trajectories, as were calculated between the proposed sensor node and the Shimmer one, are summarized in Table 4.  
Where  
\[MAE =\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{|Psen_{i}-Pshim_{i}|}{n} \tag{17}\] \[MaxError =max|Psen_{i}-Pshim_{i}|,\,i=[1,n]\] \[RMSE =\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\left(Psen_{i}-Pshim_{i}\right)^{2}}{n}}\]  
and the 3D trajectory points \(Psen_{i}\) for the custom-made sensor node and \(Pshim_{i}\) for the Shimmer one are given as \(P_{i}=\sqrt{x_{i}^{2}+y_{i}^{2}+z_{i}^{2}}\), while \(n\) denotes the total number of points of the trajectory. The estimated error metrics, which represent the difference among the trajectories extracted by these two sensor nodes, show a quite high level of accuracy.
## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Reagents, Standards, and Samples  
Titanium (IV) oxide (TiO\({}_{2}\), anatase, 20-30 nm particle size), (3-Aminopropyl) trichoxysilane (KH-550, \(>\)98%), Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine 123, acrylamide (AM, \(>\)99%), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA), 2,2'-Azobisisobtyronile (AIBN), styrene (\(\geq\)99%), divinylbenzene (DVB) (80%), magnesium sulfate (99%), copper (II) sulfate (>99%), iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate (\(>\)98%), iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (\(>\)97%), ethylene glycol (98%), ammonium acetate (98%), ammonium phosphate (\(>\)99%), phosphoric acid (\(>\)85%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetic acid (\(>\)99.7%), nitric acid (HNO\({}_{3}\), \(>\)69%), ascorbic acid (\(>\)98%), citric acid (\(>\)99%), glucose (\(>\)99%), maltose monohydrate (\(>\)99%) were obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), acetonitrile (ACN) and acetone were delivered by Fisher Scientific (Geel, Belgium). MWCNTs of 30 \(\pm\) 15 nm diameter (95% purity) were obtained from NanoLab Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). Purified water with a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) was used for all the preparations.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Linear Range (ug L\({}^{-1}\))** & **LOD (ug L\({}^{-1}\))** & **Sample Matrix** & **Recovery (\%)** & **Reference** \\ \hline UV-visible & & & & \\ spectrometry-SPE & 250–3000 & 3.14 & Soft drink, wastewater and lipstick & 96–118 & [11] \\ \hline UV-visible & & & & \\ spectrometry- & 100–3000 & 2.1 & Drug, ink, food, cosmetic product, & \\ DLLME & & & & \\ \hline Voltammetric-GCE & 4.78–956.1 & 2.93 & Fruit juice and preserved fruit & 95.5–104 & [19] \\ \hline MIP-SPE-HPLC & 100–8000 & 3.4 & Dyed pink melon seeds, pepper and & 78.47–101.6 & [20] \\ \hline MIP/SPCE-MSPE & 5–100 & 1.44 & Chili powder and tomato sauce & 91–97 & This work \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparison of the proposed method for determination of Rhodamine B with other reported methods.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **Rhodamine B** \\ \hline  & **Added (ug kg\({}^{-1}\))** & **Found (ug kg\({}^{-1}\))** & **Recovery (\%), _n = 3_** \\ \hline Chili powder & 10 & 9.38 \(\pm\) 0.91 & 93 \\  & 25 & 22.87 \(\pm\) 1.67 & 91 \\  & 100 & 95.67 \(\pm\) 5.67 & 95.6 \\ \hline Tomato sauce & 10 & 9.56 \(\pm\) 1.24 & 95.6 \\  & 50 & 48.45 \(\pm\) 6.78 & 97 \\  & 100 & 91.60 \(\pm\) 4.12 & 91.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Determination results and recovery study of Rhodamine B in food samples by the proposed method.
## 3 Results and Discussions  
### Straight Channels  
Figure 2 depicts the pressure in the straight channels along the axial line. Because of the increased viscosity caused by cooling operations, the pressure values at the cooling temperature boundary conditions are frequently slightly higher than those without cooling. The pressure values at the larger temperature difference's boundary conditions are slightly higher than those at the smaller temperature difference, with an exception of one case in the 1 m channel at \(V=0.5\) m/s and a wall temperature of 273 K, as shown by the green line in Figure 2a. Furthermore, as the channel length increases, the pressure rises slightly because the fluid is chilled further, increasing its viscosity. It appears that the fluid inlet velocity has no effect on the pressure readings. However, it has an effect on the temperature distributions, which will be discussed in more detail later.  
Figure 3 depicts the temperature profiles at the channel outlet. The more cooled slurry has a slightly narrower central high-temperature core than the less cooled slurry. Again, increasing the channel length causes more heat transfer from the fluid body to the wall, resulting in a more-slender temperature maximum zone. These images also demonstrate the effect of flow rate on heat transfer, which is greater at lower flow rates and is represented by the wider low-temperature ring near the wall. Because the flow in straight channels is always along the axial direction, there is no transverse flow, and thus the heat flux is merely due to thermal conduction rather than the heat carried by the transverse fluid velocity. As a result, the heat transfer increases as the fluid stays for a longer time or at a lower flow rate.
###### Abstract  
The Brazilian Pampa biome has natural pastures that have been used for centuries for cattle grazing. This is considered a sustainable system because it combines the conservation of natural vegetation and high-quality meat production, protecting the biome from commercial agriculture's advances. However, whether it is a source or a sink of carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) has yet to be evaluated. Hence, this study aimed to quantify the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of the CO\({}_{2}\) of a natural pasture of the Pampa biome used for livestock production. The experimental area is located in a subtropical region of southern Brazil, where eddy covariance (EC) measurements were conducted from 2015 to 2021 in a rotational cattle grazing system. The seven months of the warm season (September to March) were characterized as CO\({}_{2}\) absorbers, while the five months of the cold season (April to August) were CO\({}_{2}\) emitters. Throughout the six years and with complete data, the ecosystem was an absorber of atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\), with an average value of \(-207.6\) g C m\({}^{-2}\) year\({}^{-1}\). However, the significant interannual variability in NEE was observed, with cumulative values ranging from \(-82.0\) to \(-385.3\) g C m\({}^{-2}\) year\({}^{-1}\). The results suggest the coupling of climatic conditions to pasture management can be the factor that modulated the NEE interannual variability. The cattle raising system on the natural pastures of the Pampa absorbs CO\({}_{2}\), which is further evidence of its sustainability and need for conservation.  
eddy covariance; net CO\({}_{2}\) exchange; natural pasture; cattle production; sustainable food system +
Footnote †: journal: _Sustainability_
## 6 Future Projects of the Production of Green Hydrogen on an Industrial Scale
### GH2 Projects--Future Facilities (2025-2050)
#### 6.1.4 HNH Energy Project--Magallanes Region  
The HNH Energy on-shore wind farm is a facility that will be located in the northeast of Punta Arenas in the Magallanes region. It will have 217 wind turbines, the owner of which will be HNH Energy. Furthermore, the height of the towers from ground level to the hub will be in the range of 110 m. Each wind turbine will have an installed capacity of 6.0 MW, and considering all the wind turbines, the wind farm will have a total installed capacity equivalent to 1300 MW, with an estimated capacity factor of 0.54. Figure 13 shows a panoramic image of the landscape of the project site, and Table 6 provides some key technical data for this GH2 production facility.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** & **Units** \\ \hline Location & Northeast of Punta Arenas, Magallanes Region & - \\ \hline Concession Owner & HNH Energy & - \\ \hline Phase of the Project & Industrial Plant & - \\ \hline Type of Wind Farm & On-shore & - \\ \hline Number of Turbines & 217 & - \\ \hline Diameter of Turbines & 145 & m \\ \hline Hub Height & 110 & m \\ \hline Installed Capacity per Turbine & 6.0 & MW \\ \hline Total Installed Capacity & 1300 & MW \\ \hline Capacity Factor & 0.54 & - \\ \hline Equivalent Operating Hours (EOHs) & 5000 & Hours \\ \hline Source of Water & Sea Water—Desalination Plant & - \\ \hline Water Supply & 1,267,500 & m\({}^{3}\)/year \\ \hline Electrolyzer Capacity & 975 & MW \\ \hline GH2 Production & 112,125 & Tons/year \\ \hline NH\({}_{3}\) Production & 628,875 & Tons/year \\ \hline CO\({}_{2}\) Avoided & 1,121,250 & Tons/year \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: HNH Energy GH2 plant main specifications.  
Figure 13: Panoramic view of the landscape in the HNH energy project.  
Considering Figure 13, it is evident that the HNH Energy on-shore wind farm is situated near the desert part of Patagonia, where no contiguous human settlements are present.  
According to Table 6, this GH2 production plant will use seawater from a desalination plant, considering a water supply of 1,267,500 m\({}^{3}\)/year. Also, the plant will have an electrolyzer with 975 MW of installed capacity. In this sense, the GH2 production plant will generate 112,125 tons/year of GH2, and 628,875 tons/year of NH\({}_{3}\). Finally, this facility will save 1,121,250 tons/year of CO\({}_{2}\) from being emitted into the atmosphere.
## 8 Analysis
### Social Feasibility  
We analyze the social feasibility of developing a DApp-based digital identity system created and certified by a government and with token issuance by governments, universities, or other entities. Social feasibility will evaluate whether people and institutions will accept, trust, and use the system, considering their incentives, concerns, and societal norms.  
* End-Users: They could feel motivated to control their digital identity with official tokens that represent part of their identity. Considering the reliability of blockchain, users could trust that tokens represent them. The token works like a digital wallet card; it proves who you are and what you own. End-users could easily carry and manage their identity (e.g., implemented in a mobile device) without needing to understand the underlying technology (assuming easy interaction). Each piece of a person's identity (e.g., birth certificate, diplomas, etc) would be represented as a separate token, making the digital identity easy to extend. In addition, anyone can verify the authenticity of a token without needing to contact the issuer directly. However, it also represents some challenges. Many people are not comfortable with managing wallets, keys, or tokens. In contrast, these challenges can be mitigated with good software practices, such as abstracting the complexity of wallet management (e.g., keys or token addresses) and providing recovery mechanisms for the keys. They would have to learn to store their keys, because losing them could cause a loss of identity or impersonation. Perhaps the primary challenge is convincing the end-user to pay for the service.
* Government: Adopting blockchain technology in the implementation of a digital identity ecosystem, the government could typically provide innovation, greater trust, security, transparency, etc. However, some challenges consist of migrating from traditional technologies to DApp, initial investment, and having gas to execute transactions (even if it is a little). Create legal standards for digital token identity, such as the interfaces we have proposed.
* External entities: They could be motivated because of credentials, degrees verification could become frictionless and instant, and could be globally trusted; it could be harder to forge digital, signed tokens. Insurance companies could be very interested in using digital identity to form a trusted electronic medical record. Vendors could be interested in generating ownership invoices in the form of tokens to avoid fraud. Some challenges to consider in this kind of DApps are that external entities must hire specialists to implement the standards we are proposing, investment to install this new technology, and paying to execute transactions.
## 4 Discussion  
### Summary of the UV-A Photocatalysis  
Comparison with Previous Research  
UV photocatalysis can be considered a potential technology to reduce odorous gases and improve air quality. This research provides mitigation data for a more extensive set of odorants and air pollutants compared with the state-of-the-art. UV-A photocatalysis reduced several of the targeted odorous gases (Table 12) with statistical significance. The reproducibility of mitigation with UV-A photocatalysis warrants further scaling up into larger volumetric flowrates common for farm applications. This research provided data that can be considered for early assessment and extrapolating the techno-economic analysis of the UV-A treatment to practical scales (Table 13). Caution needs to be exercised when extrapolating pilot-scale data. However, several major recommendations can be made. The UV-A treatment does not appear to be effective for farm-scale mitigation of NH\({}_{3}\), considering that the mitigation effect was rather small (Tables 5 and 11). Thus, effective reduction of kg/day quantities of NH\({}_{3}\) from typical swine farms with UV-A appears to be too costly. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**UV** & **UV Dose** & **Light** & **Control** & **Treatment** & **\% Reduction** \\
**Wavelength** & **(\(\mu\)J/cm\({}^{2}\))** & **Intensity** & **(ppm)** & **(ppm)** & **(\(p\)-Value)** \\ \hline
185 + 254 & 0.03 & 0.01 & & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.00 & **25.4 (<0.01)** \\
222 & 2.83 & 0.59 & & 0.22 \(\pm\) 0.00 & **8.1 (0.01)** \\
254 & 1.78 & 0.37 & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.01 & **13.6 (0.01)** \\
367 & 192 & 40 & & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 5.9 (0.17) \\
1968 & 410 & & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.00 & **13.5 (0.02)** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: Treatment time = 4.8 s (airflow = 0.25 m\({}^{3}\)/s), inlet and outlet air temp. = 16 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 19 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
\end{table} 
Table 10: Mitigation of N\({}_{2}\)O concentration with different UV wavelength irradiating gaseous emissions inside the #2 chamber. Bold signifies statistical significance. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**UV** & **UV Dose** & **Light** & **Control** & **Treatment** & **\% Reduction** \\
**Wavelength** & **(\(\mu\)J/cm\({}^{2}\))** & **Intensity** & **(\(\mu\)W/cm\({}^{2}\))** & **(ppm)** & **(ppm)** & **(\(p\)-Value)** \\ \hline
185 + 254 & 0.03 & 0.01 & & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.00 & **25.4 (<0.01)** \\
222 & 2.83 & 0.59 & & 0.22 \(\pm\) 0.00 & **8.1 (0.01)** \\
254 & 1.78 & 0.37 & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.01 & **13.6 (0.01)** \\
367 & 192 & 40 & & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 5.9 (0.17) \\
1968 & 410 & & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.00 & **13.5 (0.02)** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: Treatment time = 4.8 s (airflow = 0.25 m\({}^{3}\)/s), inlet and outlet air temp. = 16 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 19 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
\end{table} 
Table 10: Mitigation of N\({}_{2}\)O concentration with different UV wavelength irradiating gaseous emissions inside the #2 chamber. Bold signifies statistical significance.
# Probiotics in the Sourdough Bread Fermentation: Current Status
## 5 Enzymes in Sourdough
### Lyseses  
Lyases (EC 4) are a group of enzymes that cleave carbon bonds with oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and others and eventually form double bonds or a new ring [177].  
The glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15) is commonly found in the sourdough environment and acts in L-glutamate's decarboxylation to form \(\gamma\)-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein amino acid with various health benefits.  
Amino acid catabolism by LAB is related to sourdough properties such as taste and nutrition. However, these reactions can accumulate toxic biogenic amines, especially tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine. It is well-known that a high GABA content in foods is highly desirable as it is a non-protein amino acid with many health benefits, and some LAB, such as _Levilactobacillus brevis_, are excellent producers [178; 179]. LAB and yeast are the most important GABA producers because they are commercially valuable as starters in fermented foods. GABA has several physiological functions, such as inhibiting neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Other related functions include relaxation, sleeplessness, enhanced immunity under stress, increasing the concentration of growth hormone in plasma, preventing diabetes, inhibiting the invasion and metastasis of various types of cancer, anti-inflammatory effects, blood pressure regulation, and antioxidant effects. It is also a hormonal regulator (for review, see [PERSON] et al., 2014 [178] and [PERSON] et al. 2021 [179].  
Indeed, fermented foods represent an excellent source of dietary GABA. In a recent study, _Lactobacillus brevis_ A7 and _Lactobacillus fractimitis_ A11, demonstrated high GABA-producing capability when used to prepare bread containing 20% amaranth flour (amaranth has a high concentration of essential amino acids) [180].  
[PERSON] et al. [181] analyzed spontaneous sourdough metagenomes and transcriptomes to identify microorganisms and their role in the fermentation process. Based on meta-omics data collected and their identified microbiota, a reconstructed synthetic microbial community was established. The results revealed a complex network with dominant, subdominant, and satellite communities engaged in different functional pathways. Aspartate ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.1), the enzyme that converts aspartate into fumarate, was uniquely transcribed by _Lactiplantiobacillus plantarum_. This approach was effective and significant for studying these complex metabolic frameworks bringing new knowledge into this complex fermentation.