esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
Sensors_**2010**, _10_, 584-612; doi:10.3390/s100100584  
_Sensors_  
ISSN **1424-8220**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors  
_Article_  
**ELBARA II, an L-Band Radiometer System for Soil Moisture Research**  
**[PERSON] 1,2,*, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 2 and [PERSON] 1**  
Gamma Remote Sensing AG, Worbstrasse 225, 3073 Gumligen, Switzerland;  
E-Mails: [PERSON]DDRESS] (A.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.W.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (U.W.)  
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;  
E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.V.)  
Institute of Applied Physics, University Bern, Sidlerstr. 31, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;  
E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.W.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.M.)  
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS].  
_Received: 18 November 2009; in revised form: 9 December 2009 / Accepted: 15 December 2009 / Published: 13 January 2009_  
**Abstract:** L-band (1-2 GHz) microwave radiometry is a remote sensing technique that can be used to monitor soil moisture, and is deployed in the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Mission of the European Space Agency (ESA). Performing ground-based radiometer campaigns before launch, during the commissioning phase and during the operative SMOS mission is important for validating the satellite data and for the further improvement of the radiative transfer models used in the soil-moisture retrieval algorithms. To address these needs, three identical L-band radiometer systems were ordered by ESA. They rely on the proven architecture of the ETH L-Band radiometer for soil moisture research (ELBARA) with major improvements in the microwave electronics, the internal calibration sources, the data acquisition, the user interface, and the mechanics. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design of the instruments and the main characteristics that are relevant for the user.  
**Keywords:** microwave; radiometer; remote sensing; Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission (SMOS)
## 2 Results
### SrrA Does Not Regulate Transcription of the clsA Gene
Growth of such isogenic cultures of _lap190_ was quantified by serial spot dilution assay on LA 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 43.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The relevant genotype and temperature of incubation are indicated. _dksA_ gene were transformed into _lapC190_ bacteria, using wild-type p_dksA\({}^{+}\)_ as a control. It is important to mention that D74, F84, S83 and E85 amino acid residues are important for DksA-mediated transcriptional regulation of reporter genes such as the _rrnBP1_ promoter [36]. However, the replacement of the F82 amino acid residue by the Tyr residue abolishes the PPIase activity of DksA, although such a variant behaves like wild type concerning the regulation of the _rrnBP1_ promoter [36]. Our complementation experiments reveal that cloned D74N, F82Y, S83A, L84A and E85A mutants of the _dksA_ gene have all lost the ability to fully restore the growth of _lapC190_ bacteria at high temperatures upon their overexpression as compared to the complete suppression of Ts phenotype by the wild-type _dksA_ gene (Figure 10). Viable colonies at all dilutions, albeit with smaller colony size, are observed when D74N, S83A, L84A and E85A mutants of the _dksA_ gene were overexpressed in a _lapC190_ strain (Figure 10). However, replacement of F82 by Y, which is a critically important residue for DksA's PPIase activity, completely abrogates the DksA-mediated multicopy suppression of _lapC190_ bacteria (Figure 10). These results suggest that the PPIase activity of DksA is most critical for DksA to function as a multicopy suppressor to suppress the Ts phenotype of _lapC_ mutant bacteria, and the transcriptional role of DksA, although important, could only play a minor role. This is particularly striking due to the abrogation of suppression by overexpression of the DksA F82Y variant in comparison to only a partial loss of function with other DksA mutants concerning the LPS-related function.
# A Review of Fuzzy and Pattern-Based Approaches for Class Imbalance Problems
## 6 Future Directions  
From the studies reviewed in this paper, we can see that a prominent approach to solve the class imbalance problem is by using fuzzy classification due to the flexibility that fuzzy approaches provide. Nevertheless, the approaches previously reviewed are extensions of previous solutions. Pattern-based solutions have positive classification results, but they have been limited to use emerging patterns only, which contains several limitations [142].  
Analyzing the results of the reviewed work and exploiting the advantages of each approach, we infer that fuzzy pattern-based classifiers specifically designed to deal with class imbalance problems could achieve better results with a statistically significant difference than other popular state-of-the-art fuzzy and pattern-based classifiers.  
To carry out this fuzzy pattern-based solution, better algorithms for mining fuzzy patterns in class imbalance problems and new fuzzy pattern-based classifiers for class imbalance problems are still needed. We proposed the following strategies on each stage of the pattern-based classification (i.e., mining, filtering, and classification) to improve the result when dealing with imbalanced data.  
In the mining stage, it is needed to extract fuzzy patterns that are representatives of all classes. One approach is by inducing diverse fuzzy decision trees, which has shown better results than other contrast pattern mining approaches [20]. Then it is needed to analyze whether the extracted fuzzy patterns are representatives of all classes. Further, it is important to analyze the sources of bias, mainly focusing on strategies to mitigate fragmentation data and noise.  
In the filtering stage, it is needed to obtain a representative subset of patterns for all problem's classes. The subset needs to be, at least, as good to classify as the set containing all the fuzzy patterns. To obtain the subset, the implementation of strategies based on weights assigned to fuzzy patterns, considering the class imbalance ratio, could be used; with this improvement, the problem of high computational cost generated by the exponential number of candidate patterns [12; 39; 40; 41] could be reduced. Another possible improvement is modifying or developing a quality measure for fuzzy patterns that could improve the extracted patterns.  
In the classification stage, the voting scheme needs to be adapted for fuzzy pattern-based classification. To improve this step, we could consider weighting the objects in consequence of the class imbalance ratio presented by the training dataset. For the classifier, the result of each stage is of significant importance due to the interconnected nature of all the stages.  
Finally, to the best of our knowledge, fuzzy pattern-based classification has not been studied in detail, and it is a good area of opportunity in the research field.
## 3 Proposed C-HARQ Protocol Design  
The merger of CARQ and IR-HARQ can be achieved primarily in two ways: (1) using the neighbor nodes to transmit data as well as error correction information; (2) using the neighbor nodes to transmit only the error correction information. In case 1, the neighbor nodes simply act as an alternate source of data as well as error correction bits; consuming the same amount of energy as the source, thus losing a significant part of its own energy resource in delivering others' data. Case 2, on other hand, tries to transfer as less a burden as possible to the neighbor nodes while still fully utilizing their cooperation. This is accomplished by asking the neighbor nodes to transmit only the error correction redundancies, called the FEC packets, when needed, to the destination, while it remains the source responsible for the data part. The smaller size of the FEC packets causes comparatively less energy consumption. Moreover, an FEC packet from a neighbor node can still be utilized even if it gets corrupted in some bits, whereas even a single error in data packet will result in wastage of the resources consumed in transmitting that packet. Thus, for the C-HARQ protocol we prefer the second option, where the neighbor nodes are burdened of transmitting only the smaller FEC packets that carry the information for correcting errors, thus providing the opportunity of boosting throughput performance with better energy efficiency. The system model used to implement the C-HARQ protocol along with the detailed description of the cooperation mechanism employed to transfer the FEC information to the destination is presented as follows.
## 1 Introduction
In the study presented here, we treated the three PRPs with a PEF activation protocol designed to trigger growth factor release without clotting. Essentially, we exposed PRP separated from whole blood to PEFs with no calcium chloride added. With electrical activation, we propose the injection of a biological matrix with already released growth factors at a known level, as opposed to injecting non-activated PRP, under the hypothesis that the collagen at the injury site would activate the injected platelets. We emphasize that we have demonstrated several methods for using PEFs to induce growth factor release without clotting. Applying specific PEFs to PRP separated from whole blood [25] or using specific combinations of PEF parameters with different concentrations of CaCl\({}_{2}\) in the PRP [28; 29; 32] can induce growth factor release without clotting. These experimental protocols facilitate obtaining PRP based biological matrices with tunable growth factor release that could be tested clinically in applications requiring injectable platelet based therapeutic mixes. We will further show that reducing the pulse duration from 5 us to 2 us has a negligible effect on growth factor release. While initial experiments assumed the need for very short electric pulses for platelet activation (pulse durations of tens to hundreds of nanoseconds) [20], subsequent studies have demonstrated that a wide range of PEFs durations may be used with excellent results [24; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32]. Microsecond PEF generators provide a practical path toward deploying simple, low-cost instruments for PEF based platelet activation to the clinic because they are typically easier and less expensive to build and mitigate potential safety concerns by using lower voltages. In fact, recent work showed that extending PEF duration by more than two orders of magnitude [30] compared to the initial research [20]can still facilitate platelet activation [30]. The same study [30] highlighted the opportunity of using appropriate PEFs to obtain growth factor release profiles similar to, and even greater than, what may be achieved using bovine thrombin. Section 2 summarizes the materials and methods used in these experiments. Section 3 summarizes the results. We discuss the results in Section 4 and provide concluding remarks in Section 5.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### End-User Interface for Automated IDIVS Generation
We show that we can efficiently translate natural language questions to functional representations for multi-level IDIVS by constructing a model that can accurately predict answers to the above-mentioned queries, where the answer represents the resulting IDIVS [32]. The proposed GRU-based model achieves a high accuracy of above 99%, when evaluated on the generated dataset and a low word error rate, which is indicative of high performance.
## 4 Numerical Simulation of Temperature Field of Spatial Grid Structure
### Shadow Analysis of Spatial Grid Structure  
The solar temperature field analysis of the spatial grid structure considers the shadowing not only of the steel member itself, but also among the surrounding steel members. The shadowing algorithm of the member itself was described carefully in our previous studies [11], thus it is not introduced in this paper. The shadowing among the surrounding steel members can be judged by the ray-casting algorithm based on computer graphics [22; 23]. Sunlight incidence direction was calculated using related parameters and then projection in the sunlight incidence direction is solved. Using coordinate transformation and depth detection, the related position relation of each shell element was recorded. Then, the shadow occlusion relationship of each element was identified. The program concerning the numerical analysis of the shadowing among members of the spatial grid structure under sunlight was compiled. It directly contributed to improving the accuracy of the numerical simulation method of the solar temperature field. Figure 8 shows the specific calculation process of shadow analysis.  
Figure 8: Flow chart of shadow analysis.  
Figure 7: Flow chart of the temperature field simulation under solar radiation.  
Figure 9 shows the numerical results of the shadow distribution of each member at representative moments of 16 August. The elements that are directly irradiated by sunlight are shown in red and elements blocked by other elements are shown in blue. As shown in Figure 9, the web member and bottom chord are most affected by shadows. When the solar elevation angle is small in the early morning or late afternoon, the shadow range is wide and the shadow occlusion is obvious. When the solar elevation angle is larger at noon, the shadow range becomes smaller, which gradually changes at each moment. The variation law of the simulation shadow is in good agreement with that of the actual situation.
## 2 Theoretical Infrastructure
### Potential Effect of Capacitors on Crosstalk  
Capacitors significantly influence crosstalk between transmission lines, especially when placed between reference planes. By creating alternative paths for return currents, capacitors help reduce mutual coupling and electromagnetic interactions during signal transmission [37]. This design strategy is particularly effective in maintaining signal integrity in high-speed systems.  
However, the impact of capacitors is not exclusively beneficial. Improperly placed or sized capacitors can lead to unwanted resonances or frequency-dependent anomalies, potentially amplifying crosstalk rather than mitigating it. This phenomenon occurs when the capacitors create unintended resonant circuits, disrupting the desired signal flow and increasing electromagnetic coupling.  
To ensure capacitors have a positive effect, they must be carefully selected and configured. The capacitance value, placement, and spacing relative to the signal frequency and transmission line geometry are critical parameters. When properly optimized, capacitors reduce coupling effects, preserve impedance matching, and enhance the overall electromagnetic performance of the transmission system. On the contrary, inadequate design or improper placement can compromise the system's performance by introducing additional interference.
###### Abstract  
This study proposes a dynamic bit-level encoding algorithm (DEA) and introduces the S+DEA compression framework, which enhances compression efficiency by integrating the DEA with image segmentation as a preprocessing step. The novel approaches were validated on four different datasets, demonstrating strong performance and broad applicability. A dedicated data structure was developed to facilitate lossless storage and precise reconstruction of compressed data, ensuring data integrity throughout the process. The evaluation results showed that the DEA outperformed all benchmark encoding algorithms, achieving an improvement percentage (IP) value of 45.12, indicating its effectiveness as a highly efficient encoding method. Moreover, the S+DEA compression algorithm demonstrated significant improvements in compression efficiency. It consistently outperformed BPG, JPEG-LS, and JPEG2000 across three datasets. While it performed slightly worse than JPEG-LS in medical images, it remained competitive overall. A dataset-specific analysis revealed that in medical images, the S+DEA performed close to the DEA, suggesting that segmentation alone does not enhance compression in this domain. This emphasizes the importance of exploring alternative preprocessing techniques to enhance the DEA's performance in medical imaging applications. The experimental results demonstrate that the DEA and S+DEA offer competitive encoding and compression capabilities, making them promising alternatives to existing frameworks.  
Keywords:image compression; encoding algorithm; data structure; image segmentation; adaptive and self-organizing algorithm
## 3 Stochastic MPC Approach for Coordinated Scheduling Optimization of MES
### Solving Procedure of MPC Based Optimal Scheduling  
In the proposed MPC method, the solution to the optimal control problem of MES is solved over a certain pre-defined horizon using the current state of the system as the initial state at each time step. The optimization calculates a control sequence for the whole horizon such that the selected objectives are minimized, but only the control action for the next time step is implemented; the horizon is shifted forward and the process is then repeated at the next time step [21]. A finite-horizon optimal control problem is solved repeatedly, the procedure of which is illustrated by Figure 6. In this simulation, the prediction horizon of MPC is chosen as \(T\ =\ 4\). Firstly, the MPC controller will calculate the scheduling results over four time periods at the current time constant. Then, a four-dimensional optimal controller can be obtained; however, only the first component of this solution will be actually executed at this time instant. Finally, the optimization horizon will move one step forward, and the optimization will be repeated on the next interval of four time periods with the updated initial values.  
The procedure of applying the proposed stochastic MPC algorithm in the operation optimization of MES is illustrated as follows:  
1. [label=Step (1)]
2. When \(t=0\), obtain the reduced scenarios of available EV number at each hour by LHS and scenario reduction techniques, and initialize the parameters.
3. Solve the stochastic MPC optimization model over the following prediction time horizon \(T\), i.e., the objective (20) and the constraints Equations (7)-(19) and Equations (21)-(25), with respect to time \(t\) via Cplex.
4. The prediction time horizon is shifted forward (i.e., the time instant moves to \(t=t+1\)) and implement the first control action, i.e., the scheduled results of \(P_{\text{CHP\_I}}(t+1|t)\)  
Figure 6: Explanation of time sequences in rolling optimization of MPC.  
\(P_{\text{CHP\_II}}(t+1|t)\) and the expected value of the aggregated EVs power on the system.  
Step (4) Update the initial parameters, return to Step (2) and repeat.  
In the proposed approach, the short-term-ahead scheduling of MES is formulated as an MPC problem. During the considered prediction horizon, the optimization objective is to minimize the total operational cost, the constraints for the power supply/demand balance are applied, and the bounds for charging/discharging power of EVs are imposed for a total number of scenarios of uncertain EVs' model. With the MPC approach considering the scenario optimization, the operational cost can be minimized while the supply and demand balance of electricity and heat is achieved by coordinating the supply of CHPs and uncertain available EVs properly.
# Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Networks toward 6G: Key Technologies and Open Issues
## 6 Open Issues
### Traffic Offloading  
In heterogeneous networks, data traffic can be offloaded from one network to another to prevent congestion. When the terrestrial network is insufficient or overloaded, cooperating HSTNs can also use the satellite to offload some of the data traffic. In comparison to traditional traffic-offloading techniques in terrestrial networks, satellite-based traffic offloading is more complex because of the particular characteristics of satellite networks.  
Satellite-ground links are unreliable and the connection times are short due to the fast mobility of MEO and LEO satellites. Full data flow may be offloaded sequentially by various links at various times. As a result, to accommodate the various offloading links, dynamic offloading techniques are required. Due to satellites' lengthy propagation delays, connection latency should be taken into account; this is in contrast to terrestrial offloading, where link capacity is the primary factor in reducing congestion.  
In order to maximize network performance while maintaining user QoS, the offloading method must be devised based on the various offloading links because satellites in different orbits have various propagation delays. A satellite is not the sole option for traffic unloading in an HSTN, either. Offloading of traffic from both satellite and terrestrial sources can be combined to boost network performance even more.  
In this section, we have provided a comprehensive overview of open challenges and issues that are important for the implementation, utilization, and performance of HSTNs. Various open issues have been discussed in the context of maximizing performance of the HSTNs and overcoming the inherent problems with different network segments.
## 3 Guiding Technologies
### Trusted Platform Module  
The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is a low-cost chip designed to be physically integrated into a computer's motherboard. The chip provides a comprehensive set of functionalities that enhance security in computing systems. These functionalities include [49] cryptographic capabilities, a hardware random number generator, secure storage of sensitive data, data sealing, remote attestation, and hardware authentication, among others.  
The TPM is used as a root of trust in different contexts. In this case, root of trust means a reliable starting point from which the integrity and security of all subsequent operations are established. The trust placed in the root of trust is \"blind\" as there are no direct means to verify its reliability. This trust is accepted based on the assertion that the chip manufacturer guarantees strict compliance with all established security specifications. Therefore, the integrity and security of the entire system depend on the chip's credibility and its adherence to the specifications defined by the manufacturer.