## Appendix A
### VSM in Analyze Site Selection Criteria
#### Design Phase
Figure 11: Takt Planning and Control with Robotics, RFID, and BIM Integration. update Kanban cards with real-time structural and environmental data. WIP Limits are set using Digital Twin simulations to balance workloads and prevent bottlenecks, with IoT adjusting limits based on real-time resource use. Managing Flow relies on Kanban and IoT to identify and resolve issues like material or equipment delays, supported by BIM simulations. Documenting Process Policies ensures consistency through BIM visual aids and team training. Feedback Loops incorporate IoT and Digital Twin insights for continuous workflow optimization. Continuous Improvement adjusts WIP limits and tests new strategies in Digital Twins before implementation. KPI benefits include improved time efficiency by minimizing task backlogs, enhanced productivity through real-time monitoring, better process optimization using Digital Twins, and increased collaboration through clear visualization and monitoring. Waste reduction is achieved by streamlining workflows and optimizing material and equipment use. Just-in-Time in Fabricating Products  
Figure 14 presents the integration of Just-in-Time (JIT) principles with 3D printing/offsetic construction, IoT, and BIM to improve production and delivery efficiency in construction [92]. The process ensures on-demand fabrication, optimized material sourcing, and timely delivery. IoT sensors and RFID enable the real-time tracking of materials, machine performance, and environmental conditions. BIM (3D, 5D, 6D) supports workflow planning and visualization, while IoT data enable predictive maintenance and automated supply chain management. IoT-monitored 3D printing ensures accurate, waste-free production with automated alerts for replenishment and quality control. KPI impacts include improved time efficiency through on-demand production and automated inventory management. Cost savings result from reduced waste and minimized handling costs via IoT analytics. Productivity is enhanced through precise scheduling and real-time asset tracking. Process optimization benefits from BIM planning and IoT logistics monitoring. Finally, stakeholder collaboration improves through real-time dashboards and streamlined coordination. Figure 14 presents the Kanban-based workflow for managing construction layout activities by integrating 3D/4D BIM for planning, Kanban for task management, and AR/VR/MR technologies for spatial accuracy and real-time adjustments [91]. The process starts with visualizing tasks on Kanban boards (e.g., foundation marking and utility installation) linked to BIM models for precise placement. Limiting Work in Progress (WIP) ensures balanced workloads, supported by AR for real-time tracking. Flow management uses Kanban and AR/VR to detect and resolve bottlenecks, with MR simulations aiding in planning. Process standardization ensures team alignment through BIM-displayed policies. Feedback loops via daily standups and AR/VR reviews allow continuous task adjustments. Continuous improvement leverages BIM and Kanban metrics, supported by the MR testing of new layout strategies. KPI impacts include improved time efficiency through real-time tracking and optimized sequencing, productivity through dynamic resource management, and process optimization via MR simulations. Stakeholder collaboration improves with enhanced visualization and feedback loops, while waste reduction is achieved by minimizing rework and material misallocation.