# Optimization of the Battery Pack Heat Dissipation Structure of a Battery-Type Loader
## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, the development of battery-type loaders has become an important development direction in the mining equipment field. Due to the long working hours, the battery pack is often charged and discharged over a long period, generating a large amount of heat. If this heat is not dissipated appropriately, it can lead to a rapid increase in battery temperature, which can result in a serious misfire or explosion [1, 2]; therefore, it is especially important to have a good thermal design for battery packs [3, 4, 5, 6]. During the operation of the battery, reducing the battery's maximum temperature to ensure the battery works in an appropriate temperature range and increasing the uniformity of temperature between battery modules are always a difficult challenge faced in battery thermal management. In the current power battery cooling situation, forced air cooling is still faced with the challenges of low heat transfer coefficient and poor internal temperature uniformity, which will affect battery life. To date, various scholars have carried out relevant research on battery pack heat dissipation: [PERSON] [7] studied the effect of the air outlet shape on the cooling effect of a battery pack compared the cooling effect of radial and axial fans and finally proposed a better cooling solution for the battery. [PERSON] et al. [8] conducted a theoretical and numerical analysis of a specific design for an air-cooled battery system and showed that the required cooling performance could be achieved by using a conical manifold and pressure relief ventilation without changing the layout of the existing battery pack. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9] have studied the cooling performance of different air-coolingmethods using forced air cooling and proposed a new, double \"U\"-shaped air duct to improve thermal performance. [PERSON] et al. [10] compared the effectiveness of phase-change materials in forced air cooling; [PERSON] et al. [11] studied a passive technique for enhancing the heat dissipation of a simple battery pack by adding an air intake chamber, reducing the maximum temperature, and improving the temperature uniformity of a simple battery pack. [PERSON] [12] studied a battery pack containing 150 cylindrical Li-ion cells in a PVC housing, where the analysis showed that the heat dissipation capability could be improved by increasing the diameter of the tubes on the cells and keeping the air velocity within a certain range. [PERSON] et al. [13] analyzed and improved the cooling effect of battery cells by optimizing the airflow configuration and layout used in the U-shaped air-cooled battery thermal management system, and their analysis showed that cooling performance could be significantly improved when the number of both inlet and outlet manifolds was increased to three. [PERSON] et al. [14] investigated the effects of three factors--namely, inlet air angle, outlet air angle, and inter-cell airflow passage width--on the cooling of lithium-ion battery packs. [PERSON] et al. [15] developed a three-dimensional model of a staggered battery pack in order to study the thermal behavior of the pack, and their numerical results showed that packing more cells along the flow direction could better meet the battery power density and cooling requirements. [PERSON] et al. [16] modified the conventional battery layout system to provide active and passive cooling for each cell of the battery module. [PERSON] et al. [17] investigated a passive method for improving the temperature uniformity in a simple battery pack, where an air inlet chamber was added as a secondary air inlet to a battery pack with axial airflow, leading to an average maximum temperature reduction of about 4% and an improvement of about 39% in the temperature uniformity of the battery pack. [PERSON] et al. [18] quantitatively described the temperature distribution of the cells based on different module modes, fan positions, and cell spacing, and recommended the optimal cell spacing in the cell module structure based on the cooling effect of the cells.