## 2 Worker Safety Training
### Tbm  
As construction progresses, reinforcing safety education for daily workers becomes challenging due to emerging hazards. To address this, many construction companies conduct TBM before work each day. TBM is a brief meeting, often with a tool box, held before work or during shift changes, and is known by various names such as Take 5 Talk, Pre-Start Safety, and OSHA Tool Box Talk [20].  
[PERSON] [21] described TBM as an informal training session led by skilled individuals, lasting 10 to 15 min. [PERSON] [22] stated that TBM improves communication, reduces injuries, and enhances safety. [PERSON] [23] noted that TBM is vital for raising workers' risk awareness and promoting safe habits. TBM improves safety by increasing awareness, participation, and preparedness, while ensuring compliance with safety regulations, ultimately enhancing construction site safety.  
In South Korea, TBM are not legally mandated by the Industrial Safety and Health Act; there are no standardized procedures or methods explicitly outlined for their implementation. However, construction companies have established their own procedures for conducting TBM in order to reduce accidents.  
Table 4 presents an example of the procedures for TBM implementation in a domestic construction company.  
Of the 8 steps, steps 5-7 correspond to safety education. TBM is conducted for approximately 10 to 15 min, with around 5 min dedicated to safety education, using paper and tablets. The safety education is composed of work stoppage, accident cases, and safety standards, and includes visual items that convey a large amount of information. Examples of TBM training items are shown in Figures 2-4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Step** & **Content** \\ \hline
1 & Gathering & Meeting at the work site by work team (up to 15 people) \\
2 & Greetings and stretching & Mutual salutation, checking physical condition, warming up, etc \\
3 & Personal protective equipment (PPE) check & Check the condition of personal protective equipment \\
4 & Emergency Evacuation procedures & Check emergency evacuation routes, emergency contact network, and AED location \\
5 & Hazard prevention Training & Communicate work details, hazards, and safety measures \\
6 & Hazardous work demonstration & Explain hazards or demonstrate safe work methods \\
7 & Hazard identification & Clearly specify and identify hazardous factors \\
8 & Notification delivery & All notices, conflicts with other tasks, and other necessary items \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Example of TBM procedures.  
Figure 3: Example of TBM training items for accident case study.  
Figure 2: Example of TBM training items for work stoppage.  
According to cognitive load theory, the effectiveness of training is heavily influenced by the way information is structured and delivered. In the context of TBM safety education, where time is limited and workers are exposed to a high volume of visual materials in a short period, managing cognitive load becomes especially critical. When educational content exceeds the working memory capacity of construction workers, it can result in cognitive overload, which may impair learning and recall.  
Therefore, applying cognitive load theory to safety education means structuring materials in a way that minimizes extraneous load, manages the intrinsic load according to worker experience, and enhances germane load to support meaningful learning. By simplifying visual content, aligning it with verbal explanations, and reducing the number of presented items, educators can improve comprehension and memory retention among workers, particularly those with limited experience or lower technical expertise. This approach is essential for increasing the effectiveness of brief, high-impact sessions like TBM.