## 3 Results
### Detailed Analysis of Developments in Selected Specialties
#### 3.7.6 Telemedicine in Gerontology  
Advancements in this field highlight Poland's efforts to promote telehealth adoption among older adults and healthcare transformations during COVID-19. The study \"Patient Perspectives and Telemedicine Accessibility\" (2017) examined Polish patients' views on telemedicine, uncovering insights into senior barriers [122]. \"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Older Adults\" assessed healthcare service utilization among the elderly during the pandemic [40]. The 2022 study \"Clinical Telemehabilitation in Specific Geriatric Conditions\" showcased telerabilitation for managing pelvic girdle pain in geriatric contexts [123]. \"Pilot Telemedicine Projects for Frailty and Malnutrition\" described an initiative for geriatric patients with frailty syndrome [124]. Research on Polish telemedicine in gerontology is in its early stages with a focus on patient acceptance. Although telerehabilitation addresses specific geriatric issues, further clinical studies are needed. 3.7.7. Telemedicine and Digital Health Development in Medical Practice  
In this field, telemedicine and digital health have grown significantly owing to COVID-19, focusing on teleconsultations, digital skills, and legal frameworks. Early studies from 2017 to 2020 explored the potential of teleconsultation in Polish healthcare [125]. Legal analyses have reviewed telemedicine according to European standards [18]. National surveys have examined public interest in electronic health records (EHRs) [126]. Trials have evaluated remote monitoring of cardiac patients [127]. Studies have assessed the impact of teleconsultation on GP-patient communication [31,32] and healthcare professionals' acceptance [29,128]. Research has examined physicians' digital skills [129] and analyzed hospitals' telemedicine monitoring [93,130]. Reviews evaluated patient satisfaction and digital health frameworks [131,132,133]. Studies have assessed legal barriers [22] and analyzed reimbursement models [134]. Research has examined GP telehealth adoption [29] and telemedicine uptake factors [135]. Projects have tested telemedicine for chronic diseases [136] and long-COVID [130]. Studies have compared rural telemedicine across Europe [137] and Generation Z's teleconsultation satisfaction [138]. COVID-19 has accelerated telemedicine adoption, with studies showing positive attitudes and a need for digital literacy. Research has emphasized digital skills and regulatory clarity as enablers. Telemonitoring for chronic conditions has become part of routine care, and cross-border projects inform Polish telemedicine through European benchmarking. 3.7.8. mHealth Development and Research in Poland  
In Poland, mHealth focuses on patient-centered mobile apps, wearables, informatics, and behavioral engagement. This study included clinical research, algorithm development, and mobile health technology surveys. Early and Clinical Usability Studies (2019-2021) explored Polish citizens' attitudes toward mHealth and evaluated app usability for venous thromboembolism diseases [139,140]. Research has examined cardiovascular and pre-frailty risks using wearable data during the COVID-19 lockdown [141]. Attitudinal assessments (2020-2021) have investigated telemedical features for older adults, physicians' views on rhythm-monitoring devices, and integration challenges [142,143]. Innovative Informatics (2022-2024) explored personalizing mHealth and developing algorithms for behavioral incentivization through rewards [144,145]. Studies have explored the impact of gamification and developed machine-learning models for estimating cognitive load using smartwatch data [146]. Early research established public attitudes and needs, whereas clinical studies validated apps and wearables for remote monitoring. Despite integration challenges, professional acceptance of wearables is increasing. Recent focus on personalization and engagement shows the field's maturation through adaptive algorithms and gamification.