esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Pixel Circuit Designs for Active Matrix Displays
## 1 Introduction
### Driver Types  
Displays are classified into static and dynamic drivers based on the addressing method. The dynamic driver included a passive matrix and an active matrix (AM) (Figure 1) [25]. The PM (passive matrix) illuminates pixels by progressive scanning, with each pixel emitting light for a shorter period of time, resulting in limited brightness and difficulty in displaying complex information, whereas AM, by equipping each pixel with an independent switching  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Display Type** & **Panel Size** **(Inches)** & **Substrate** & **PPI (Pixels per Inch)** & **Technical Difficulties** \\ \hline Direct-view & AM-LED & & & 300–600 & Backlighting, response speed \\ displays & AM-OLED & 5–85 & Glass & 400–800 & Lifetime, screen burn-in \\  & AM-LED & & & 2000–7000 & Massive transfer, full colour \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Projection near-eye displays} & High-resolution density LCD & \multirow{2}{*}{0.5–2.5} & Glass/ Silicon & \multirow{2}{*}{800–2000} & \multirow{2}{*}{Flickering, small aperture ratio} \\  & LCoS (liquid crystal on silicon) & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Silicon-based & \multirow{2}{*}{0.4–1.5} & Silicon & \multirow{2}{*}{300–5644} & \multirow{2}{*}{Manufacturing yield and lifetime} \\  & OLED & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Silicon-based LED & \multirow{2}{*}{0.4–1.5} & Silicon & \multirow{2}{*}{2000–7000} & \multirow{2}{*}{Huge transfers, efficiency degradation, and current congestion} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of direct-view displays and projection near-eye display features.  
device (e.g., a TFT), enables continuous illumination and supports higher brightness and more complex image displays, thus accommodating more information. For instance, the emission of each pixel in an AM-OLED is often controlled through switching devices like TFTs. Each pixel at the intersection of the scan lines and data lines has an associated switching device. The signals from the data lines regulate the intensity of each pixel's emission, with scan lines addressed sequentially [26; 27; 28]. AM technology has been widely used in smartphones, TVs, etc.  
A crucial component in the advancement of the display field is switching devices. It includes TFTs and MOSFETs. TFTs are used for glass-based displays, and MOSFETs are used for silicon-based displays. The switching device determines the running and stopping of each pixel and affects the key parameters of each pixel's luminescence, such as frame rate, power consumption, and resolution display. Since MOSFETs are well known, this review focuses on TFTs.
# A DEM Study on Bearing Behavior of Floating Geosynthetic-Encased Stone Column in Deep Soft Clays
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Encasement Length  
The encasement length had a significant impact on the load-bearing deformation characteristics of the GESC. As the encasement depth increased, the bearing capacity of the GESC increased. When the full length of the column was encased, the bearing capacity of the GESC mainly depended on the strength of the geogrid, and its failure mode was tensile failure of the geogrid. In order to investigate the effect of encasement length on the load-bearing deformation of the FGESC, three other DEM models were established. Their encasement depths were 100 mm, 180 mm, and 360 mm. The other parameters of the three models were the same as those of the model with an encasement depth of 280 mm.
# Syllable-, Bigram-, and Morphology-Driven Pseudoword Generation in Greek
###### Abstract  
Pseudowords are essential in (psycho)linguistic research, offering a way to study language without meaning interference. Various methods for creating pseudowords exist, but each has its limitations. Traditional approaches modify existing words, risking unintended recognition. Modern algorithmic methods use high-frequency \(n\)-grams or syllable reconstruction but often require specialized expertise. Currently, no automatic process for pseudoword generation is designed explicitly for Greek, which is our primary focus. Therefore, we developed SyBig-r-Morph, a novel application that constructs pseudowords using syllables as the main building block, replicating Greek phonotactic patterns. SyBig-r-Morph draws input from word lists and databases that include syllabification, word length, part of speech, and frequency information. It categorizes syllables by position to ensure phonotactic consistency with user-selected morphosyntactic categories and can optionally assign stress to generated words. Additionally, the tool uses multiple lexicons to eliminate phonologically invalid combinations. Its modular architecture allows easy adaptation to other languages. To further evaluate its output, we conducted a manual assessment using a tool that verifies phonotactic well-formedness based on phonological parameters derived from a corpus. Most SyBig-r-Morph words passed the stricter phonotactic criteria, confirming the tool's sound design and linguistic adequacy.  
automatic pseudoword generation; Greek phonotactics; \(n\)-gram; syllable; morphosyntactic category; language resources for Greek
## 5 A Framework for SDN-SDR-Based Maritime Communications
### A lse Case
The SDN-MC, in turn, communicates high-level policies and objectives to the SDN-Cs, ensuring that local decisions align with the global network goals. This collaborative approach allows for dynamic adaptation to changing network conditions, rapid fault detection and recovery, and efficient utilization of network resources. The SDN-Cs on different vessels within the CSG can talk to each other by vessel-to-vessel (V2V) communication. The Carrier's SDN-Cs stay in touch with the SDN-Cs on the other vessels using vessel-to-carrier (V2C) communication. This connection ensures that everyone is informed and ready to act, no matter where they are. Figure 7 depicts this coordinated effort. This setup boosts the CSG's ability to work as one unit, managing the network, adjusting communications on the fly, and adapting to new challenges in real  
Figure 7: Logical, i.e., network layer (SDN), COMMS with the proposed SDN–SDR cross-layer unified framework. time. Therefore, whether it is ship-to-ship or ship-to-carrier, this teamwork of SDN-Cs, guided by the SDN-MC, keeps the CSG connected and responsive, ready to tackle whatever the sea throws their way. In essence, this setup, i.e., the relationship between SDN-Cs and the SDN-MC optimizes network performance by combining the localized expertise of individual controllers with the overarching intelligence and strategic planning of the global controller, i.e., SDN-MC. In addition to the SDN-SDR-driven V2V and V2C, each vessel in the CSG also maintains a SATCOM link for emergencies in the event that the SDN-SDR communication link goes down. Additionally, the Carrier maintains a high bandwidth SATCOM data-pipe to communicate with the GIG and other offshore sites. Having this high-bandwidth data-pipe also enables the Carrier to share its bandwidth with smaller ships in the CSG. In addition to maintaining a communications link with the Carrier, each vessel can also establish and maintain a V2V SDN-SDR communication link with nearby vessels.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Transcriptome Analysis  
Leaf samples of wild type and _OsVTC1-1_ RNAi lines were collected and used for RNA extraction by using the GF-1 Total RNA extraction kit (Vivantis, Malaysia). RNA samples were shipped for RNA sequencing (Novogene Bioinformatics Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). Sample integrity was assayed on the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Library construction and RNA sequencing were pair-end sequenced by Novogene Bioinformatics Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China using Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA).  
For data analysis of Illumina sequencing, the quality of the RNA-seq raw data was evaluated using FastQC 0.11.5 (multi-file) app in the CyVerse Discovery Environment (DE) [37]. Low-quality raw reads were removed by Trimmomatic. Then, the clean reads were mapped to the International rice genome sequencing project-1.0 (IRGSP-1.0) using TopHat v2.1.1. To identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between WT and _OsVTC1-1_ RNAi lines, we used Cuffdiff v.2.2.1 with a false discovery rate (FDR) less than 0.05 [37; 38]. The value of Log2 FC were used to determine significant differences in gene expression with log2 FC > 1 (upregulated genes) or log2 FC < \(-\)1 (downregulated genes). Gene descriptions of rice DEGs were identified using Gramene ([[http://www.gramene.org](http://www.gramene.org)]([http://www.gramene.org](http://www.gramene.org))) (accessed on 11 March 2022). Heat map for differential gene expressions was performed using GraphPad Prism version 9.0.0 for Windows (San Diego, CA, USA).
## 4 Distributions of Path Delay, Path Attenuation, Normalized Doppler Shift of the Scattering Path
### Simulations of CIR, TF, ACF, and Normalized Doppler PSD
#### 5.3.1 The Distribution of \(\tau_{\text{DIF}}\)  
The CDFs of scattering path delay \(\tau_{\text{DIF}}\) in the rising state at the moments of \(t=0\) s, \(t=100\) s, and \(t=700\) s and correspondingly at the moments of \(t=1800\) s, \(t=1700\) s, and \(t=1100\) s, of the descending state are illustrated in Figure 12, as well as the CDFs of \(\tau_{\text{DIF}}\) in cruising state. The simulated CDFs coincide perfectly with the derived CDFs. It's to be mentioned that, for clearer comparison, in Figure 12, \(\tau_{\text{DIF}}\) is illustrated relative to the SPE path, which is also the scattering path with minimum path delay.  
It can be seen form Figure 12 that, in the rising and the descending states, the CDFs of \(\tau_{\text{DIF}}\) is obviously different at different moments, this depicts the non-stationary feature of the channel. In the rising state, as time increasing, decreasing altitude difference with decreasing distance between the aircraft and the satellite means larger and more circle-like scattering region with the same maximum time delay, i.e., (1.4 \(\upmu\)s in this subsection). Thus the CDF of \(\tau_{\text{DIF}}\) tends to be linear. Similar features can be observed with the simulation results at corresponding moments of descending state, since similar geometry structures can be obtained. And the CDFs of \(\tau_{\text{DIF}}\) in the cruising state are quasi-stationary due to almost time invariant geometry of the scatterers, and it is very close to the CDF at the moment of \(t=700\) s in the rising state.  
Figure 12: The CDF of relative time delay.
# Rice Secondary Metabolites: Structures, Roles, Biosynthesis, and Metabolic Regulation
## 3 Biosynthetic Pathways of Rice Secondary Metabolites
### Biosynthesis of Alkaloids  
Both 2 AP (**248**) and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways have been studied in detail, as 2 AP is an important rice aromatic compound [147], and the tryptophan pathway is involved in rice defense responses against pathogenic infection via serotonin (**259**) production [148].  
The biosynthesis pathway of 2 AP production in rice starts with proline being catabolized via putrescine into \(\gamma\)-guanidinobutyraldehyde (GABald), a substrate of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BAD2). If BAD2 is present and functional, it is able to convert the majority of GABald to \(\gamma\)-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but if BAD2 is absent or non-functional, the majority of GABald is acetylated to form 2 AP [149]. The biosynthesis pathway of rice 2 AP is shown in Figure 15.  
Figure 14: General biosynthetic pathway for vitamin E in plants [146]. Abbreviations: T3, locotrienol; Toc, tocopherol; FOH, farnesol; GGGOH, geranylgeraniol; FPP, farnesyl pyrophosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; PPP, phytyl pyrophosphate; HGA, homogentisc acid; MGGBQ, 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranylbenzoquinol; DMGBBQ, 2,3-dimethyl-6-geranylgeranylbenzoquinol; MPBQ, 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol; DMPBQ, 2,3-dimethyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol. The enzymes HGGT, GGR, VTE2-1,2, T3/Toc methyltransferase ( VTE3 and VTE4), T3/Toc cyclase ( VTE1), pheophylline, and phytol kinase ( VTE5) are believed to be involved in vitamin E biosynthesis.  
Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) transforms tryptophan (Trp) into tryptamine (**260**), consequently increasing the metabolic flow of tryptophan derivatives into the production of indole-containing metabolites. If the expression cassette containing \(O\)_STDC_ is inserted into an expression plasmid vector containing \(OASA1D\), the overexpression of \(OASA1D\) significantly increases Trp levels in rice. The co-expression of \(O\)_STDC_ and \(OASA1D\) in rice cells led to almost complete depletion of the Trp pool and the consequent increase in the tryptamine pool. In recent years, the production of indole alkaloids has achieved great success through the metabolic engineering of the tryptophan pathway in rice [150]. The biosynthesis pathways of rice alkaloids are shown in Figure 16.  
Figure 16: Alkaloid biosynthesis pathways in rice [147]. Abbreviations: AS, anthranilate synthase; TDC, tryptophan decarboxylase; POX, peroxidase.  
Figure 15: 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2 AP) biosynthesis pathways in rice [149]. Abbreviations: GABald, \(\gamma\)-aminobutyraldehyde; BAD2, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase; GABA, \(\gamma\)-aminobutyric acid.
## 2 Background
### Driving Architectures  
Depending on the SiPh modulator to be driven, some circuit architectures are more suitable than others, in particular regarding the output stage. As a general frame of reference, differential loads are usually driven by current mode logic (CML)-inspired architectures, while single-ended (SE) devices are traditionally actuated with CMOS inverter-like stages. The latter indeed consume less static power, but are characterized by lower speed ratings compared to their current-steering counterparts [26]. Moreover, TW loads need to be as closely impedance-matched as possible with the conditioning electronics to avoid signal reflections, while LE modulators require low driving impedances (\(Z_{\text{drv}}\)) to extend the operational bandwidth, according to Equation (1).  
MZMs have a differential structure that is always actuated in push-pull (PP), i.e., by applying opposite signals to the phase shifters in the interferometer arms. Standard common-source (CS) differential pairs are generally implemented to realize PP driving. Figure 2 reports two widely exploited topologies for TW-MZMs [28]. In the \"open-drain\" version, all the available current flows in the modulator without undergoing partitionings, so the maximum available voltage swing develops on the termination resistors. This notwithstanding, the high output impedance provided by the drain connections makes this architecture vulnerable to impedance discontinuities. Both near-end and far-end reflections are usually dealt with using a \"double-termination\" structure [29], which resembles a standard CML buffer where the biasing load branches are impedance-matched to the SiPh TW load. However, in this case, the modulator is fed with a lower voltage swing compared to the \"open-drain\" version, in the same power consumption conditions. The internal termination is indeed connected in parallel to the SiPh modulator, thus lowering the effective load impedance.  
Differential LE modulators, e.g., sections of segmented MZMs, can also be actuated by current-steering stages. As sketched in Figure 3a, source follower (SF) output stages can be used in this case to present a low output impedance [30]. On the other hand, drivers for single-ended LE phase shifters are traditionally designed by stacking several transistors on top of each other in a CMOS configuration to extend the output voltage swing, as shown in Figure 3b. Floating supply rails, together with level shifter circuits, are then harnessed to meet technological reliability requirements [31]. In the specific case of RMs, two different output stages are sometimes used to drive the modulator terminals  
Figure 2: Output stages suitable for TW device driving. (**a**) “Double-termination” current-steering common-source pair. Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) arm terminations could be either grounded or tied to supply voltage (dashed line). (**b**) “Open-drain” current-steering common-source pair.  
independently [32]. In this way, a little forward bias can be introduced into the driving waveform to enlarge the optical ER.
# Engineering Biomimetic Gelatin Based Nanostructures as Synthetic Substrates for Cell Culture
## Materials and Methods
### Cell Viability Studies  
Five nanofibrous scaffolds electrospun at 22 kV were separated from the aluminum foil and cut to fit the 12 well plates. Scaffolds were sterilized by exposing to UV light (CL-1000 Ultraviolet Crosslinker) for 10 min. Human Caco-2 (colorectal carcinoma, obtained from European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures) cells were seeded onto a scaffold at \(2\times 10^{5}\) cells/well and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK), supplemented with glucose, non-essential amino acids, 10% foetal bovine serum, and 1% antibiotic/antimycotic solution (penicillin, streptomycin, and amphoteric). Cells were also seeded on to empty culture wells for comparison. Alamar Blue assay was performed on day 2 and day 4 to determine the change in cell growth. This assay includes an oxidation and reduction indicator (Alamar Blue(r) reagent-ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), which can indicate the reduction of growth medium due to cell proliferation by changing color or by fluorescence [42]. The reagent was added to each of the wells and incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 h, and the fluorescence intensity of 100 \(\mu\)L of the reagent was measured using the CytoFluor(r) multiwell plate reader.
## 3 Optically Pumped Lasers
### Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs)
[78] this second laser only showed lasing at cryogenic temperatures (below 75 K). Thus the development of approaches allowing the realization of VCSELs with both top and bottom DBR mirrors is fundamental to optimize the lasing properties. An interesting approach was developed by the group of Prof. [PERSON], who realized monolithic DBR-perovskite-DBR cavities operating in the green by directly depositing the top DBR on the active layer by sputtering, by using both FAPbBr\({}_{3}\)[81] and mixed cation Cs\({}_{0.13}\)FA\({}_{0.87}\)PbBr\({}_{3}\)[82] as active materials. A last example of fully dielectric perovskite VCSELs was recently reported by [PERSON] et al. [24] that used the top DBR mirror as stamp for a CsPbBr\({}_{3}\) thin film deposited on the bottom mirror in a thermal imprinting process, leaving the stamp attached to the perovskite layer (see Figure 12b). This experiment is particularly interesting as it allows a direct comparison with state of the art DFB lasers, realized in the same experiment, with the same active layer. The VCSEL showed a single mode at 538 nm, with a threshold of 2.2 \(\upmu\)cm\({}^{-2}\) and a linewidth of 0.07 nm (resolution limited), 3.3 and 2 times lower than the threshold and linewidth of the DFB laser, respectively (see Figure 12c), under 340 ps pumping at 355 nm. Finally, fully spin coated microcavities were recently demonstrated by [PERSON] et al. [83] that deposited a bottom DBR by spin coating of alternated layers of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) and cellulose acetate dissolved in orthogonal solvents, a protecting perfluorinated polymer layer, a further PVK layer, a MAPBI\({}_{3}\) layer and, finally, a symmetric top mirror. Even if no lasing was reported from the sample the authors demonstrated enhanced PL intensity in correspondence of the cavity modes, proposing this technique for future experiments on perovskite VCSELs. The main data on all the discussed results are summarized in Table 2.
# Real-Time State Evaluation System of Antenna Structures in Radio Telescopes Based on a Digital Twin
## 6 Example Analysis and Results
### Operating Result  
#### 6.2.1 Lightweight Model Results  
After the original finite element mesh model is processed by the mesh simplification process described in Section 2, the number of vertices and triangles of the model is simplified. Figure 14 is a comparison of the simplification effect of the three-dimensional model of the experimental prototype. Among them, Figure 13(a) is the original mesh model and Figure 13(b) is the simplified mesh model. Table 1 provides simplified data on the key structure of the experimental prototype, revealing that the number of triangular patches is reduced by approximately 47.9% on average.  
Figure 14: Mesh simplification comparison diagram.  
Figure 13: Main interface of the system.
# A Closer Look at Few-Shot Classification with Many Novel Classes
## 5 Experiments
### Analysis of Meta-Training Strategy  
In this section, we systematically analyze the performance impact of different meta-training strategies on FSL-MNC. We first explore the influence of a fixed-category-number meta-training strategy with five classes on classification accuracy in FSL-MNC. We compare three meta-training strategies: SimpleShot, which involves no meta-training; ProtoNet-Fix, which fixes the number of meta-training classes at five; and ProtoNet, which determines the number of meta-training classes based on the downstream task. As shown in Figure 4, we test the impact of increasing the number of classes from 5 to 2560 (exponentially) on performance across ResNet50, ViT-small, and ViT-base.  
Experimental results, as illustrated in Figure 4, reveal a significant impact of meta-training strategies on model performance. Specifically, ProtoNet initially contributes significantly to performance improvement, but its performance advantage diminishes as the number of samples increases from 1 to 5. Notably, even with fewer classes, ProtoNet-Fix significantly enhances performance in a one-sample setting. Figure 5 further showcases the accuracy of these meta-training strategies under various settings, highlighting the  
Further, extensive experiments are conducted on the ImageNet-MNC dataset to assess how changing meta-training strategies impacts performance across different models and pre-training strategies. Detailed results are summarized in Table 1, showing impressive performance of the SHA-Pipeline even with as few as 5 classes during the meta-testing ranging from 5 to 2560 classes. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the SHA-Pipeline method in handling few-shot learning tasks in FSL-MNC. For instance, in Table 1, the strategy of ProtoNet and ProtoNet-Fix have a closely average accuracy (68.68% and 68.46% in ViT-base with MAE pre-trained).
# Norovirus Detection in Ready-To-Eat Salads by Propidium Monoazide Real Time RT-PCR Assay
## 3 Results
### Detection of NoV GI and GII by Real Time RT-PCR  
The results obtained from virological analysis of 135 RTE vegetable samples are summarized in Table 2.  
The presence of NoV GII was detected in 101/135 (74.8%) of the analyzed samples, and 38/101 samples with NoV GII (37.6%) were infectious. NoV GI was not detected in the samples analyzed. The detailed results were as follows: 17 mixed salad samples were NoV GII RNA-positive (80.9%), of which 6 were infectious (28.6%); 8 carrot samples (88.8%), of which 2 were infectious (22.2%); 27 valarian samples (81.8%), of which 9 were infectious (27.3%); 5 rocket samples (55.6%), of which no sample contained infectious viral particles; 15 spinach samples (100%), of which 6 were infectious (40%); 15 iceberg lettuce samples (71.4%), of which 9 were infectious (42.9%); 8 curly leaf entive samples (88.9%), of which 3 were infectious (33.3%); and 6 chicory samples (66.7%), of which 3 were infectious (33.3%) (Table 2). The mean viral extraction efficiency of the process was \(>\)1% for each sample.