esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Calibration Status of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI)
### Landsat-8 Geometric Calibration  
For the Landsat-8 mission, geometric calibration refers to the process of measuring key elements of the OLI and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) sensor line-of-sight models to ensure accurate pointing knowledge. These calibration parameters may be sensor characteristics, for example, relative spectral band alignment or sensor chip placement, or they may capture the relationship between the sensor and the observatory, for example the OLI sensor's attitude control system alignment. The geometric parameters that make up the sensor model were measured during instrument and observatory prelaunch integration and testing. These measurements were used to construct the at-launch sensor line-of-sight model. The prelaunch geometric calibration was refined during the on-orbit observatory commissioning period immediately following launch [10]. This was necessary since some geometric characteristics can change between the ground test and on-orbit operation environments due, for example, to launch shift and zero-G release; and because many of the critical angular parameters can be measured more accurately on-orbit due to the long lever arm when viewing Earth targets as compared to prelaunch laboratory measurements. The on-orbit geometric calibration parameters and resulting calibrated OLI and TIRS sensor models were released for operational product generation at the end of the commissioning period. These parameters are evaluated and adjusted as needed subsequently, based upon an ongoing performance characterization and calibration monitoring activity.
## 3 Case Validation: Typhoon Haikui
### Spatiotemporal Situation Analysis of Haikui  
This section presents an analysis of the spatial and temporal patterns of different types of damage during Typhoon Haikui, validating the effectiveness of the proposed method.  
Based on the daily distribution maps of disaster points (Figure 8), waterlogging began to appear on 4 September, with a relatively small affected area. By 5 September, the scope of the disaster had significantly expanded, with multiple types of incidents emerging, including trapped individuals, traffic disruptions, and landslides, spreading to a wider range of areas. The severity peaked on 6 September, when reports of trapped individuals, traffic control, and building damage became widespread, and the number of disaster-related social media posts surged, highlighting the worsening situation. On 7 September, the severity began to decline, with disaster reports becoming less frequent and localized, and post-disaster reconstruction efforts were initiated. By 8 September,the situation had largely stabilized, with disaster reports significantly reduced. Spatially, different regions experienced varying disaster types. Northern and southern mountainous areas (e.g., Luoyuan County, Lianjiang County, and Yongtai County) experienced more landslides, building damage, and traffic interruptions due to the complex topography and the potential for heavy rainfall to trigger landslides. In contrast, Fuzhou's urban areas were primarily affected by flooding, trapped individuals, traffic control, and power outages. These urban areas, characterized by dense populations and infrastructure in low-lying areas, were particularly vulnerable to heavy rainfall.  
Figure 8: Distribution map of spatial and temporal situational awareness of disaster situation.  
By integrating real-time disaster data over time, using multimodal data processing and semantic segmentation techniques, the method accurately captured the changing patterns of disaster impact across time and space. This enables rapid formulation of rescue strategies, more efficient resource allocation, and a better understanding of disaster dynamics.
## 4 Model Validation and Parameter Analysis at Room Temperature
### Model Parameter Analysis  
In order to investigate the physical significance of distribution parameters \(n\) and \(F\) of the model, the distribution parameter values under each confining pressure can be obtained by calculating Equations (29) and (30). Some scholars have studied the influence of \(n\) and \(F\) on rock stress-strain curves [37; 38; 39], but few studies have been made on the relationship between \(n\) and \(F\) and confining pressure. The variation in the distribution parameters with the confining pressure is shown in Figure 7.  
It can be seen that parameter \(n\) gradually decreases with the increase in confining pressure in the form of a logistic function, whereas parameter \(F\) gradually increases with the increase in the confining pressure in the form of a logistic function.  
\[y=4.838+\frac{79.33}{\left[1+\left(\frac{x}{12.65}\right)^{4.09}\right]},R^{2 }=0.999 \tag{33}\]  
where \(x\) represents the confining pressure value during the rock test and \(y\) represents the value of Weibull distribution parameter \(n\).  
\[y=2710373.36-2327079.007\bigg{[}1+\left(\frac{x}{27.181}\right)^{1.935}\bigg{]},R^{2}=0.999 \tag{34}\]  
where \(x\) represents the confining pressure value during the rock test and \(y\) represents the value of Weibull distribution parameter \(F\).  
The increase in the confining pressure leads to the transformation of the rock from brittle failure to ductile failure. Therefore, parameter \(n\) can characterize the degree of the brittle failure of rock, and parameter \(F\) can be used to characterize the macroscopic strength of rock as the change trend and peak strength of the rock increase with the increase in the confining pressure [40; 41; 42; 43]. With the increase in the confining pressure, the degree of the brittle failure of the rock decreases gradually, and the value of the strength of the rock increases.
# HMT exerts an Anticancer Effect by Targeting PAK-1
## 3 Results
### HMT Inhibits Cell Growth  
We then examined the cytotoxic effect of HMT in several prostate cancer cell lines. We performed a cell viability assay 24 h after HMT treatment in the PC-3, DU-145, and LNCaP lines. As shown in Figure 1B, HMT treatment reduced cell viability in PC-3, DU-145, and LNCaP cells in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment with 31.3 \(\upmu\)g/mL HMT reduced prostate cancer viability by 12.2% (PC-3), 13.5% (DU-145), and 53.9% (LNCaP). LNCaP cells were the most sensitive to HMT (Figure 1B).  
Figure 1: The inhibitory effect of HMT on PAK-1 expression and cell growth in PC-3 cells. (**A**) HMT-treated PC-3 cell lysates were prepared and subjected to Western blotting for PAK-1 expression. Densitometric analysis was used to evaluate the ratio of protein of interest to \(\beta\)-actin, and results are presented as fold change of the control. Data represent mean \(\pm\) SD. ** \(p\) < 0.01 compared with control. (**B**) Cells (LNCaP, DU-145, and PC-3 cells) were treated with various concentrations of HMT for 24 h, and cell viability was measured by using CELLOMAX viability kit. Data represent mean \(\pm\) SD. (**C**) The antiproliferation activity, cell growth, for long-term treatment of HMT was carried out by cell growth crystal violet assay. PC-3 cells were treated with HMT (50, 100, and 200 \(\upmu\)g/mL) for 4 days. The cells were stained with crystal violet and were photographed and resolved in 70% EtOH, and the absorbance was measured using a microplate reader. Data represent mean \(\pm\) SD. * \(p\) < 0.05, ** \(p\) < 0.01, and *** \(p\) < 0.001 compared with control.  
We then performed a cell growth assay to assess the impact of HMT treatment in the long-term (4d) growth of prostate cancer cells. As shown in Figure 1C, HMT significantly suppressed cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. HMT suppressed cell growth, decreasing cell growth by 28%, 46%, and 79% at 50, 100, and 200 ug/mL of HMT, respectively (Figure 1C).
## 4 Discussion
### Mission Operations Issues and Status
#### 4.2.5 Spacecraft Status
Following a beacon reception in Greece, Ten-Koh flew over the SA region in two consecutive orbits (shown in orange) before passing over the Kyutech ground station (yellow mark) in Japan on 19 March 2018. Figure 17: Last decoded beacon received from Ten-Koh over Greece on 19 March 2019. Note that “Date” and “Time” correspond to the time when the beacon was decoded, not when it was transmitted. At the time of writing, the satellite regularly transmits its beacon that includes correct on-board time and temperature data, and receives commands. However, conducting further experiments is currently impossible because the microcontroller governing the EPS is not reacting to commands or providing any telemetry. Because of the issues that the EPS controller has encountered previously, it is believed that the PIC's EEPROM is corrupted, which is preventing the reception of commands from the OBC via serial communication buses. The microcontroller reacts to hardware interrupts that are used to trigger a satellite reset, which confirms that the PIC itself is still functioning. Currently, the operations continue to try and recover full functionality of the spacecraft, which is plausible given the history of the previous failures.
# Transactive Energy to Thwart Load Altering Attacks on Power Distribution Systems
## 4 Load Altering Attacks on Power Grids
### The Safe Range for the Frequency of Sinusoidal Voltages  
The rated frequency of sinusoidal voltages in the U.S. is 60 Hz. However, the frequency of sinusoidal voltages may deviate from this rated frequency in real time operation of the power grid. Such frequency deviations occur quite often in the power grid and stem from the intermittency in the power consumption of the distribution systems. Nevertheless, for securing reliable operation of the grid, it is of paramount importance to confine the frequency of sinusoidal voltages to the following safe range around the rated frequency [39]:  
\[59.5\leq f\leq 60.5. \tag{7}\]  
In fact, for preventing damage to generators, the generators are usually configured to disconnect from the grid once the frequency of sinusoidal voltages falls outside of the safe range given in (7), [23] (p. 13), and [40, 41]. Therefore, in order to avert disconnection of power generators from the power grid and a subsequent widespread blackout ([23] (Section 2.1)), the constraint in (7) should be maintained at all times.  
In normal operation of the power grid, the frequency deviations are quickly corrected by the reaction of the reserve generators through the automatic generation control mechanism. As a result, the frequency of sinusoidal voltages may rarely fall outside of the safe range given in (7). Still, the frequency of sinusoidal voltages can be easily dragged outside of the safe range in (7) by virtue of a load altering attack. Such an attack is mounted on the power grid to break the automatic generation control mechanism and put the stability of the grid in jeopardy. The load altering attacks are explained in the next Section.
## 5 Vulnerabilities of SDN to LDDoS Attacks
### LDDoS Attack against Control Layer
#### 5.2.2 Control Channel Overload  
The Control Channel, or Southbound API, connects the SDN controller to OpenFlow switches using the OpenFlow protocol. The controller provides network switches with decision-making capabilities for routing and regulating network traffic [95;96]. An LDDoSattack can target the control channel by making it always occupied since OpenFlow switches are dumb devices and rely on the controller for routing decisions and regulating traffic. Increasing the motivation of the switch to send query messages will lead to an increase in decision-making messages from the controller to the switch, which causes a control channel bottleneck [97].
# Influence of Milling Techniques on the Performance of Wheat Straw Ash in Cement Composites
## 2 Materials and Test Methods  
### Materials  
Cement (OPC) conforming to ASTM C150 [25] with a specific surface area of 3200 cm\({}^{2}\)/g was used for this research study. WSA was obtained by burning the straw at 670 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 h in a laboratory oven [26]. Burning of wheat straw at specified temperature and duration produced 8% of ash. The ashes were ground using a ball mill (60 min), a disintegrator mill (BioloMix 2000G, 32000 rpm)(3 cycles each of 5 min), and a combined milling technique (ball mill 45 min + disintegrator mill 3 cycles), referred as W1, W2, and W3, respectively. The ball mill comprised of a cylinder with dimensions of \(\phi 500\times 600\) mm. Cylinder was rotated at a rate of 350 rpm which contained steel balls. Table 1 reports the chemical composition of WSA, OPC specimens used in the present study, and other ARAs reported in the literature.
## 5 Guidance and Control Algorithm
### Inertial Alignment Hold  
The IAH is an orbit maneuver for retaining a satellite's relative position constant with respect to an inertial frame. The position of the 2U satellite carrying the occulter and thruster is constantly adjusted against the Sun so that the 1U spacecraft carrying the camera can take photos. Owing to the limited battery power and operational time, the 1U-2U formation is reconfigured in the staging mode and aligned with the Sun in the alignment mode. In the sun-synchronous orbit, the position of the Sun is described in the LVLH frame to designate a reference trajectory, and a control strategy for the staging mode and alignment mode is constructed from this.
## 4 Energy Consumption
### Average Energy Consumed by RN2 during Awake Cycles  
As the operation of RN1 and RN2 during _awake_ cycles is similar, please refer to Section 4.4 for the operational specific details. We now determine the average energy consumed by RN2 per _awake_ cycle. We consider two terms: (i) the energy consumed due to the channel listening activity; (ii) the energy consumed due to being in the _sleep_ mode while other SNs occupy the channel.  
We identify the following cycle types:  
_Cycle 2A_: C1 SNs are inactive \((i_{1}=0,k_{1}=0)\), but RN2 and other C2 SNs are active \((i_{2}>0,k_{2}\geq 0)\). Either RN2 or any other active C2 SNs will access the channel, while RN2 is awake in the same cycle. The possible contention outcomes are: (a) RN2 successfully transmits a PF; (b) a PF transmitted by RN2 collides; (c) another C2 SN successfully transmits a PF; (d) other C2 SNs collide.  
_Cycle 2B_: C1 SNs are inactive, RN2 is also inactive, but other C2 SNs are active, \((i_{2}=0,k_{2}>0)\). C2 SNs access the channel in the same cycle that [PERSON] is awake. The possible contention outcomes are: (a) a C2 SN successfully transmits a PF; (b) multiple C2 SNs collide.  
_Cycle 2C_: All C1 SNs are active, \((i_{1}\geq 0,k_{1}\geq 0)\), while C2 SNs, including RN1 SNs, are inactive, \((i_{2}=0,k_{2}=0)\). The possible contention outcomes are: (a) a C1 SN successfully transmits a PF; (b) multiple C1 SNs collide.  
_Cycle 2D_: RN2 and the rest of C1 and C2 SNs are inactive, \(i_{1}=k_{1}=i_{2}=k_{2}=0\). Please note that in cycles of type 2D, both RN1 and RN2 might simultaneously coincide in their respective _awake_ cycles.
###### Abstract  
The formation of defects such as pores during deep-penetration laser welding processes is governed by the melt pool dynamics and the stability of the vapor capillary, also referred to as the keyhole. In order to gain an insight into the dynamics of the keyhole, the temperature in the transition region from the liquid to the gaseous phase, i.e., near the keyhole wall, is a physical value of fundamental importance. In this paper, a novel method is presented for directly measuring temperatures in the close vicinity of the keyhole front wall during deep-penetration laser welding. The weld samples consist of pure aluminum with a boiling point of 2743 K. The measurement is performed using high-speed pyrometry with a refractory tantalum probe capable of detecting temperatures that significantly exceed the boiling point of the sample material. Temperature curves are recorded from the beginning of the welding process until the moment the probe is finally destroyed through direct laser-tantalum interaction. With an effective spatial resolution up to 0.3 \(\upmu\)m in the welding direction, a detailed investigation into the temperature ranging from the prerunning melt pool front to the keyhole center is possible, exhibiting temperatures of up to 3300 K in the vicinity of the keyhole front wall.  
deep-penetration laser welding; keyhole behavior; keyhole dynamics; keyhole wall temperature; pyrometry; Knudsen layer Article
# Defect Detection in Striped Images Using a One-Dimensional Median Filter
## 1 Introduction
In addition to its application in the semiconductor-related industry, defect detection using image processing can also be found in other industries. To segment an infection location on green leaves, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] first used the G-plane in RGB images to remove the image background. They then used a genetic algorithm to find the connected regions and used a color co-occurrence matrix to find the texture features for disease classification. [PERSON] [11] proposed an image analysis technique with the help of a set of evenly spaced parallel light stripes to find apple stems and calyxes. The stems and calyxes can be identified because the continuous parallel light stripes near them became unparalleled, broken, or deformed. [PERSON] et al. [12] adopted a similar idea by using structured light to enhance the transparent defects for easy detection on a polymeric polarizer. [PERSON] et al. [13] proposed to use the 2D Discrete Fourier transform and a local threshold binarization method for TFT-LCD defect inspection. The method can effectively find defects in the pad areas with patterns of varying frequencies. [PERSON] et al. [14] enhanced strip steel images using an enhancement operator based on mathematical morphology (EOBMM), which can reduce the effects of uneven illumination. Then, a genetic algorithm was applied to the binarization of the defect images. The method outperformed the commonly used Otsu method and Bernsen method based on the three error matrices presented in their research. Based on the discussion above, and to the best of the authors' knowledge, little consideration has been given to detect imaging defects in the background of striped blocks. In this study, defects in images from a semiconductor manufacturing company had to be detected. The defects, including scratches and stains, exist in the images with the background of striped blocks. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an image-processing algorithm for effectively detecting defects in such images. The proposed algorithm may also be used in some other applications, such as defect detection using the structured light of stripe patterns.
# Optimization of Laser-Assisted Polypropylene Aluminum Joining
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Testing
#### 3.3.2 Power Optimization  
The preliminary experiments and simulations with Nastran showed that approximately 290 W of power is appropriate for the joining process. Using Equation (3) and considering the pulse duration as the parameter, the power can be optimized, while the max power and frequency of the pulses are fixed.  
The joints at different power levels were observed under the optical microscope. Figure 13 shows the common defects at the cross-sections of Al-PP joints. Figure 13a shows the grooves at the peripheral of the joint area which is not completely filled with PP. Such defects are also reported in [25]. It is due to the lack of wettability of the PP caused by the low temperature in that area. Therefore, there is not enough molten PP to completely fill the grooves, unlike the middle of the joints. This kind of defect is visible at power modulation below 300 W.  
By increasing the modulated power to 290 and 300 W, the first indications of PP thermal decomposition appear in the form of a few small, separated bubbles with a diameter below 25 \(\upmu\)m. The effect of these bubbles is to be further analyzed as the bubble formation can cause a pressure increase and thus improve the groove filling capability; however, at the same time, they will reduce the contact area and compromise the permeability of the joint (see Figure 13b).  
Figure 12: Observations of intersections top view (**a**); and cross-section of the selected area (**b**).  
Figure 13: Different cross sections of defects: hole (**a**); bubble (**b**); lack of wettability or unreachable cavities (**c**); and an open hole in Al due to excessive thermal decomposition of PP (**d**).  
At 310 W, the grooves at the peripherals are filled completely; however, some deformations in the form of bulges start to show up on the Al surface. The observation of cross sections shows underneath the bulge as there is no adhesion occurring due to the decomposition of PP, resulting in bubble formation (see Figure 13c).  
Finally, at 320 W of modulated power and above, PP thermal degradation is more severe, based on Figure 13d. Due to the high power implemented for the laser joining process, the molten pool of Al reaches the interface of Al-PP, and the volume of the gaseous product of PP thermal decomposition is high enough to push out the Al melt pool. In other words, the bulge explodes, leading to an open hole in the surface of Al.  
At a power modulation of 280 W, an ideal uniform, joint cross-section without PP degradation is observed as shown in Figure 14a,b. However, as mentioned earlier, the whole potential of the engagement is not used as the outer grooves are barely filled. Figure 14c shows the cross section corresponding to 310 W and above. It is worth mentioning that the samples in Figure 14 were etched with Keller's reagent (5 mL Nitric acid, 3 mL Hydrochloric acid, 2 mL Hydrofluoric acid, 190 mL distilled water) to distinguish the size of the Al melt pool.