## 3 Dataset and Experimental Methods
### Effect of Aging on Various Types of Batteries  
The aging manifests itself as a decrease in the nominal capacity of the battery, which means that it cannot store as much energy as before. It is important to note that the aging of li-ion batteries cannot be reversed, but it can be slowed by taking care of the battery and avoiding usage patterns that can damage it [76]. This loss of capacity is due to several factors, including the formation of deposits on the electrodes that can reduce the efficiency of the electrochemical reaction needed to store and release energy [77; 78], and the degradation of the electrolyte, which allows lithium ions to move between the battery's electrodes. Over time, the electrolyte can degrade, which can reduce the efficiency of the battery. In addition, the degradation of battery components over time can cause the battery voltage to change, which can affect the accuracy of the battery's SoC estimate [79]. If the state-of-charge estimate is incorrect, it can negatively impact the performance and life of the battery. Matlab/Simulink is a useful tool to simulate the effect of aging of a battery to increase the number of cycles, simulate various situations, save a lot of time, and have a good understanding of the behavior of a battery during aging and under different temperature values [80]. Figure 7 represents the aging effect of various battery types with different chemical specifications (see Table 1) at a constant charge/discharge current profile. If the effect of aging is not taken into account when estimating the battery's state of charge, it can lead to significant errors in the measurement of the battery's actual capacity. It is therefore essential to take into account the effect of aging to maximize the life of the battery and avoid overcharging or deep discharges that can damage it. This is especially important for critical applications, such as electric vehicles, medical devices, and energy storage systems [81]. Figure 8 illustrates the aging effect of the battery at a variable charge/discharge current profile. The temperature can significantly impact the performance and life of lithium-ion batteries. In general, Li-ion cells perform best at temperatures between 20 and 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. When the temperature rises above 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the battery's capacity can decrease, reducing its life span. On the other hand, when the temperature is too low, below 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the capacity of the battery can also decrease, reducing its life [82]. In addition, at low temperatures, the electrochemical reaction process becomes slower, which can lead to uneven distribution of lithium on the anode, resulting in the formation of lithium dendrites. These structures can puncture the separator and cause internal short-circuits, leading to irreversible battery degradation. Reducing the temperature increases the internal resistance of the battery, reducing the efficiency of the electrochemical reaction and resulting in a loss of usable capacity. This increase in internal resistance subjects the battery to additional stress during charge and discharge cycles, accelerating the aging of the active materials and separator. Low temperatures can cause electrolyte components to precipitate, reducing its ability to conduct lithium ions between electrodes. Electrolyte degradation leads to a reduction in battery capacity and an increase in internal resistance, accelerating the aging process [83]. Low-temperature thermal cycling can cause electrode materials to expand and contract, leading to cracking and delamination. This structural damage reduces the battery's ability to maintain an efficient electrochemical reaction, contributing to lower capacity and shorter