## 7 Applications
(2017) developed a fabric phase sorptive extraction high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (FPSE-HPLC-PDA) method for the simultaneous extraction and analysis of twelve azoide antimicrobial drug residues (i.e., ketoconazole, terconazole, voriconazole, bifonazole, clotrimazole, itoconazole, toonazole, butoconazole, miconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole, and itraconazole) in human plasma and urine samples. The limit of quantification of the FPSE-HPLC-PDA method was found as 0.1 \(\upmu\)g/mL, and good linearity was observed up to a concentration of 8 \(\upmu\)g/mL. The performance of the developed method was investigated on real samples from healthy volunteers after a single dose administration of itraconazole and miconazole. The method proved to be a rapid and robust green analytical tool for clinical and pharmaceutical applications. Three different FPSE membranes were investigated: sol-gel silica Carbowax(r) 20 M (sol-gel CW20 M) with 8.63 mg/cm\({}^{2}\) sorbent loading, sol-gel polydimethylsiloxane (sol-gel PDMS) with a sorbent loading of 4.56 mg/cm\({}^{2}\), sol-gel caprolactone-dimethylsiloxane-caprolactone (sol-gelCAP-DMS-CAP) with a sorbent loading of 6.14 mg/cm\({}^{2}\), while optimal effectiveness was observed by sol-gel Carbowax(r) 20 M and methanol as elution solvent. [PERSON] et al. in 2017 [26] developed a method for the determination of Co(II), Ni(II), and Pd(II) in aqueous samples using fabric phase sorptive extraction high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection (FPSE-HPLC-UV). A preconcentration step was necessary due to the trace level concentrations of these elements in aqueous samples. Sol-gel polytetrahydrofuran nanocomposite was selected as the optimum sorbent. The limit of detection for Co(II), Ni(II), and Pd(II) morpholino dithiocarbamate complexes were found at much lower concentration levels as compared to earlier reported data with excellent reproducibility. The new FPSE-HPLC-UV method can be used for routine determination of these metal species in various aqueous environmental samples and in different alloys. [PERSON] and [PERSON] in 2017 [27] developed a novel flow injection on-line fiber fabric sorptive extraction (FI-FFSE) platform, taking advantage of the benefits of the FPSE technique in automatic mode. A microcolumn packed with a sol-gel coated fiber fabric medium, the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (sol-gel PDMS), incorporated into a FI-SPE system, was presented. The low backpressure in this configuration results in high loading flow rates and shorter analytical cycles. The on-line formed complex of metal with sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate (DDTC) is retained onto the fabric surface, while analytes are eluted by methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) prior to atomization. For 90 s preconcentration time, enrichment factors of 165 and 43 and detection limits (3 s) of 1.6 and 0.3 ug L\({}^{-1}\) were achieved for lead and cadmium determination, respectively, with a sampling frequency of 30 h\({}^{-1}\). The developed method has been successfully applied to the on-line lead and cadmium determination by FAAS in energy and refreshment drinks. In 2017, [PERSON] et al. [28] evaluated fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) as a simple and rapid strategy for the extraction of four penicillin antibiotic residues (benzylpicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and oxacillin) from cows' milk, without prior protein precipitation. Time-consuming solvent evaporation and reconstitution steps were eliminated successfully from the sample preparation workflow. Short-chain poly(ethylene glycol) provided optimum extraction sensitivity for the selected penicillins, which were analyzed using a Reversed Phase (RP) HPLC method, validated according to the European Decision 657/2002/EC. The limits of quantitation achieved were a similar order of magnitude with those reported in the literature (with the exception of benzylpicacillin) and less than the maximum residue limits (MRL) set by European legislation. [PERSON] et al.