esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# New Hybrid Techniques for Business Recommender Systems
## 3 Methodology
### Experiments  
We then designed an experimental setup [51] to compare the initial recommender configurations and our new hybrid recommender strategies.  
This setup consists of a _leave-one-case-out_ evaluation: for each case \(C\), we used the case base as the training data by _omitting \(C\)_. Out of \(C\), we constructed queries \(Q_{C}\) at different verbosity levels: simple queries with no input elements and gradually more verbose queries containing an increasing number of randomly chosen KPIs from the case \(C\).  
The random selection of input elements is not realistic as this information is usually provided by the customer. However, we did not have any information about the order in which customers added elements to their solution in the past and thus had to resort to this strategy.  
As explained in Section 2.3, we calculated MAP to measure the _ranking accuracy_ of all recommenders. Since we want to compare the performance of the recommenders to that of the consultants, MAP lets us evaluate both accuracy and reliability against historical data that were recorded from the past consultations. Thus, we used the knowledge of originally chosen elements in \(C\) as a definition of relevance: for a query \(Q_{C}\), we observed whether a recommender was able to retrieve (and rank highly) the elements in the original case \(C\). That is, for each _ranking_ of recommended items that a recommender produced in response to a query \(Q_{C}\), we computed the MAP of these rankings by treating all elements originally contained in \(C\) as relevant and all others as irrelevant.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Case Attribute** & **Local Similarity Measure** & **Weight** \\ \hline Industry & Taxonomy & 0.24 \\ Goal & TF-IDF & 0.06 \\ Target Group & Jaccard & 0.1 \\ KPIs and dimensions & TF-IDF & 0.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Local similarities and weights for CBR recommender.  
As mentioned above, this experimental setup was first used to evaluate each recommender in isolation. We then analysed the strengths and weaknesses of each recommender (see Section 6) and formed new hybrid recommender strategies (see Section 7) that we evaluated with the same experimental environment to see whether the hybridisation could bring about an improvement (see Section 8).
# Millimeter-Wave Smart Antenna Solutions for URLLC in Industry 4.0 and Beyond
## 2 Advantages and Challenges of mmWave Industry 4.0 and beyond Communication
### Advantages of mmWave Communication
#### 2.1.4 Beamforming  
Since 60 GHz communication is directional, thus beamforming is needed to obtain narrow beams. In antenna beamforming, an array of multiple antenna elements is used to produce a net-directed beam. One of the most significant advantages of mmWaves is that directional transmission greatly reduces the interference problems that hinder the sub-6-GHz bands, resulting in increased throughput. Moreover, co-channel interference is not a problem in mmWave communication; thus, mmWave networks primarily function in noise-limited rather than interference-limited mode, which makes it easier for collaborative robots to communicate at the same time in the smart industrial environment.
# Microstructural Characterization of the Mn Lepidolite Distribution in Dark Red Clay Soils
## 3 Results
### Ultrastructures Assessment  
X-ray diffraction results reveal that peridolite and kaolinite have pronounced nanocrystalline states after separation, which deals with the finest fractions observed by SEM imaging. The samples' ultrastructure is susceptible to containing nanoparticles. Therefore, the glass slides of the samples used for MOM microscopy were scanned with atomic force microscopy, Figure 9.  
Denser regions containing the finest fractions were selected for analysis, while quartz particles were avoided to prevent damage to the cantilever tip. The sandy aspect of Sample A after separation influences the ultrastructure and its subsequent topography, Figure 9a.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Elemental Composition, at.\%**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **O** & **Si** & **Al** & **K** & **Mn** & **Fe** & **Ca** & **Mg** & **Na** \\ \hline A & 69.6 & 14.2 & 8.6 & 1.3 & 1.7 & 1.9 & 0.6 & 1.2 & 1.1 \\ B & 71.6 & 10.6 & 7.1 & 1.2 & 4.1 & 1.9 & 2.4 & 1.2 & - \\ C & 70.4 & 5.8 & 4.1 & 0.3 & - & 19.4 & - & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Elemental composition of the fine fractions resulted after washing separation.  
Figure 9: AFM topographical images of the soil samples after washing separation: (**a**) Sample A, (**b**) Sample B, and (**c**) Sample C. The three-dimensional profile is presented below each topographic image.  
Two submicron quartz particles are observed, one situated on the left upper corner of the image and the second situated in the lower right corner, which are partly covered with small clay nanoparticles. Slightly elongated lamellar-tabular nanoparticles approximately 60 nm in size were observed intermixed with smaller particles measuring around 45 nm. The correlation with XRD observation indicates that bigger nanoparticles belong to lepidolite and the smaller ones are kaolinite, Table 6.  
After separation, Sample B exhibits a uniform topography characterized by lepidolite nanoparticles of about 60 nm, forming a dense layer that interlocks with finer kaolinite nanoparticles of about 40 nm. The lack of submicron quartz particles indicates the advanced refinement of Sample B through the washing separation dealing with the observed clayey texture.  
Sample C, after separation, has a relatively complex ultrastructure affected by the kaolinite nanoparticles of about 40 nm. These have a high coalescence tendency--forming submicron clusters of about 600 nm in diameter formed around some rounded cores of about 200 nm. SEM-EDX analysis indicates that these cores correspond to the goethite (e.g., the finest orange-brown spots observed in the elemental maps). The incorporation of iron hydroxide into the kaolinite nanostructure makes it difficult to remove through simple washing.
# Semi-Supervised Speech Recognition Acoustic Model Training Using Policy Gradient
## 5 Experimental Setting
### Non-Native Korean Database  
The in-house non-native Korean corpus for Korean speaking education contains about 133 h of 123,617 sentences spoken by 417 non-native Korean speakers. The speech data were recorded at a rate of 16 kHz. All utterances were recorded so as not to have reading errors such as insertions or deletions. The non-native speakers were Asians from China, Japan, and Vietnam. The gender and spoken language proficiency levels were evenly distributed among the speaker. For the corpus, 13 h have been transcribed by humans and another 120 h are not labeled. For the labeled corpus, one hour of the training data was randomly held out without overlapping as part of the test set. Each 20 ms speech frame was represented by 40-dimensional Mel filter bank (MFB) features by using the Kaldi toolkit [29]. The 600-dimensional MFB features considering seven left and right contexts were used to represent each frame. For distributed BLSTM training, one iteration of data is composed of about one-hour of speech data. So, the numbers of labeled, \(I_{l}\), and unlabeled data, \(I_{u}\), are 12 and 120, respectively.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Sample preparation  
Four dissimilar groups of samples were prepared in the laboratory to mimic soils contaminated by various petroleum concentrations. The first sample group consisted of mixtures of red soil with petroleum concentrations ranging from 0% to 15% _w/w_. The second sample group consisted of mixtures of brown soil with petroleum concentrations ranging from 0% to 10% _w/w_. The third sample group was prepared by mixing sea sand with petroleum concentrations from 0% to 8% _w/w_. The samples in the fourth group consisted of bentonite with 2%, 4%, and 12% w/w petroleum concentrations. Finally, the standard reference samples were prepared using KBr with various petroleum concentrations (e.g., 1%, 2%, 5%, 7%, 10%, and 15% _w/w_). Montmorillonite soil was used as a negative control (0% _w/w_ petroleum).  
The samples were homogenized by mechanical mixing using a mini vortex mixer for approximately 10 s at 3000 rpm. Next, the mixtures were mechanically mixed again in a shaker mixer. Finally, three different sizes of soil distributions were determined by sieving approximately 50 to 100 g of soil samples with two stacked sieves (USA standard testing sieve, ASTM E-11 specification; ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA) # 20 (hold diameter: 0.850 mm or 0.0331 inches) and # 60 (hold diameter: 0.250 mm or 0.0098 inches). Separate measurements were obtained from soils with diameters of \(>\)0.850 mm, 0.850-0.250 mm, and \(<\)0.250 mm.
## 5 Plasma Precursors
### Water
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Summary** & **Parametric Score** \\ \hline Removal of Organic Contaminants Through Chemical Reduction and Oxidation & Water (H\({}_{2}\)O) plasmas offer gentle, eco-friendly cleaning for organic and oxide contaminants, but they are slower than traditional plasmas using O\({}_{2}\) or H\({}_{2}\) and require careful process control to avoid surface damage. OH\({}^{-}\) ions break down organic residues, such as hydrocarbons, and produce safe volatile molecules, such as CO\({}_{2}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O [130]. & 6/10 \\ Removal of Oxides Through Chemical Reduction & Water plasmas do not remove oxides and actually grow them as they produce OH and O radicals. However, they have reaction rates that are slower than that expected form an O\({}_{2}\) plasma system. The thin oxide layer can then be removed through the use of another plasma. The reviewed equipment indicated that the water vapor in the plasma needs to be augmented by another unspecified “boost” gas to be able to remove a 200 nm thick oxide layer [130]. & 3/10 \\ Physical Bombardment & The literature indicated that H\({}_{2}\)O plasmas are not as effective for physical bombardment (e.g., sputtering and ion milling) because they generate light ions (H\({}^{+}\), OH\({}^{-}\), and O\({}^{+}\)) with poor momentum transfer and are dominated by chemical reactions, rather than physical bombardment processes [131]. However, water can be a plasma enhancer when added to substances such as argon. The reason for this is that OH radicals and ionized H and O species help to sustain a more stable plasma arc compared with pure Ar [131]. & 5/10 \\ \hline Plasma Reliability for Sensitive Devices (Minimizing Damage) & The literature has indicated that H\({}_{2}\)O plasmas, especially when used in systems that are operating at low energy levels, are not aggressive in their reactivity. Therefore, damage to dies should be minimal, other than the possibility of pad oxidation, as mentioned earlier in this paper. However, it must be said that the literature related to this plasma type is much sparser than what is available for other plasma media, such as hydrogen. Therefore, judgement in relation to these parameters must be qualified. & 7/10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 19: Grading of parameters for water plasmas. As discussed, water vapor plasmas contain strong oxidizing species, such as OH and O, and so need to be used judiciously, since these create an oxide layer, rather than remove it. They therefore need to be coupled to other gases for oxide layer production to be reduced. One such example using water plasma successfully reduced the oxide layer production on the copper surface. Tests conducted on copper surfaces showed that an oxygen-based plasma treatment produced a 79.2 nm thick oxide layer, while a comparable treatment with a water-based plasma produced a 1.6 nm thick layer, which could be removed through argon bombardment in thirty seconds. On the other hand, the 79.2 nm thick layer produced by the oxygen plasma took seven minutes to be removed by subsequent argon bombardment [125].
# A Study of Stray Neutron Field Measurements for the Neutron Scattering Instruments at CSNS
## 1 Introduction  
Several neutron instruments [1; 2; 3; 4] have been constructed at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) [5]. Generated by high-energy protons, spallation neutrons are first slowed down by the moderators. Then, the cold and thermal neutrons are transported through optical neutron devices, such as neutron guides and choppers, to carry out experiments on neutron instruments. However, intermediate and fast neutrons may escape from the moderator, and secondary neutrons can be generated by their interaction with the beam line equipment and shielding materials. Entering the scattering room, those neutrons, together with the cold and thermal neutrons present in the beam line, will continue to collide with the devices and walls inside the neutron scattering instruments and form a complex stray neutron field.  
Stray neutrons can cause numerous problems. Firstly, the detection counts introduced by these neutrons cannot be discriminated by the time-of-flight technology because their time correlation will have been destructed during multiple collisions. This may reduce the signal-to-noise ratio of scattered neutrons and affect the overall performance of the neutron scattering instruments. In addition, stray neutrons can penetrate the labyrinth shielding and reach the personnel area, causing radiation damage. At present, Monte Carlo simulation codes, such as MCNPX [6] and FLUKA [7], are widely used to simulate stray neutron fields. However, they have limitations that can have a negative impact on the simulation accuracy. Firstly, a secondary source term technique or variance reduction has to be adopted, since the average length of a neutron instrument can reach tens ofmeters. Moreover, the complexity of the scattering room, always containing a sample environment, neutron collimator, and neutron detector, can necessitate the adoption of a simplified geometric model. Therefore, the simulation accuracy needs to be verified by experimental measurements.  
For the measurements of neutrons with a wide energy distribution, spanning from thermal neutrons to hundreds of MeV, and a large range of integral fluxes, the Bonner sphere spectrometer (BSS) [8; 9] is considered to be an effective candidate. Conventional and extended-range BSS (ERBSS) have been reported in [10; 11; 12] to measure the neutron fields inside the experimental halls of Advanced Superconducting Tokamak, the working area of the British Atomic Weapons Agency, and the CSNS back-streaming white neutron source, respectively. This paper aims at developing a stray neutron field measurement method for neutron scattering instruments at CSNS by introducing a measurement technique that combines an ERBSS [13] and a neutron ambient dose equivalent dosimeter (NADED). Verification experiments were performed at the BL06 beam line area at different locations and sample conditions. The results demonstrate that the measured neutron spectra, as well as the deduced fluence rates and ambient dose equivalent H*(10) values, agree with MCNPX simulations, thus confirming the reliability of the method.
# Earth Observations for Sustainable Development Goals
## 4 Applications in Land Cover  
Land cover maps are one of the common datasets used to filter particular land cover types before calculating SDGs indicators (e.g., SDG 2.4.1, SDG 15.1.1, SDG 15.3.1, etc.). Time series of land cover maps derived from remote sensing imagery can be used to assess projections of future land cover distribution [7]. In this study, Landsat data is used to analyze the temporal and spatial changes of land use in Hokkaido from 2000 to 2019. Threescenarios--natural development scenario (ND), cultivated land protection scenario (CP), and forest protection scenario (FP)--were made available to policy makers.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity  
The cytotoxicity assay of the samples was determined by the MTT colorimetric assay. Briefly, cells were plated in 96-well culture plates (\(1\times 10^{4}\) cells/well) with 100 \(\upmu\)L growth medium and after 24 h incubation at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C under a humidified 5% CO\({}_{2}\)-containing air atmosphere. The ficoidan extract was prepared as a 20 mg/mL stock solution by thoroughly dissolving ficoidan powder in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The medium was then removed, and the cells were treated with various concentrations of ficoidan extracts. Final concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 \(\upmu\)g/mL were obtained by diluting the stock solution with serum-free medium to prevent the ficoidan extract potentially losing its potency in the presence of serum. The MTT solution was prepared as a 1 mg/mL stock in PBS, and the MTT solution was filtered through a 0.22 \(\upmu\)m filter. After 48 h treatment, cells were rinsed with PBS, and 100 \(\upmu\)L MTT solution (diluted with serum-free medium to a final concentration of 0.1 mg/mL) was added to each well. After 2 h incubation, when the cell-formazan crystal complexes had formed, 100 \(\upmu\)L DMSO was added into each well, and the solution was mixed completely by repeated pipetting in order to dissolve the staining dye. Then, the absorbance values were recorded at wavelength of 570 nm using a PowerWave 340 microplate spectrophotometer (Bio-Tek Instruments Inc., Winooski, VT, USA). The viable cells (%) are presented as a percentage of the control values [21].
# Towards Intelligent Zone-Based Content Pre-Caching Approach in VANET for Congestion Control
## 4 Results
### Prediction Accuracy  
In Figure 10, the proposed methodology shows the highest prediction accuracy compared to the CCMP, MLCP, and PCZS+PCNS. In the figure, the MLCP technique follows the ML-based traffic estimation, neglecting the vehicular motion detection and dynamic characteristics of the pre-caching strategies to predict the knowledge and accuracy-based prediction mechanism. On the other hand, the CCMP has more prediction accuracy, and PCZS+PCNS obtained more effective and predictive results than other techniques. These techniques follow the regions which estimate the predictive values and provide the highest accuracy of predicted results. However, the proposed content pre-caching techniques for emergency and road traffic conditions using ZoR-based zones for ML predictions effectively result in \(17\%\) more accurate results. We encounter road topology, congestion, traffic, speed estimation, ZoR, and event alert-based techniques to estimate and provide higher accuracy results than previous techniques.  
The ML-based early prediction enhances traffic accuracy and provides more early-based prediction not to affect the prediction results and enhance the traffic flow in the network. With an increasing number of nodes, the prediction accuracy and highest impact metrics increase and estimate the prediction results by comparing and providing effective estimation techniques. The traffic flow changes and enhancements of the traffic incidents follow the road and incident conditions accurately and effectively. The proposed techniques' early prediction policy effectively utilizes the effectiveness literature on the proposed techniques in traffic jams and emergency and road accident conditions. It enhances the predictions to solve the actual values for better and more effective results comparisons.  
Figure 9: Cache hit ratio of the proposed technique.
## 1 Introduction  
Extra efforts are required for protecting the processing of sensitive data. These security efforts should follow the entire life cycle of a given data element, such as records, files, and databases. Cryptographic techniques are the most popular tools used to protect data during its life cycle, starting from its generation through to its transmission via public communication networks, being saved in the database, and finally throughout its maintenance period. The most common implemented cryptographic tool is symmetric cryptography, where the same secret key is used to encrypt and decrypt the data. The main risk of this approach is the possibility of discovering the secret key while it is exchanged between the two communicating parties. To avoid this, we are required to frequently replace the encryption key. Since the key exchange process is a very sensitive and critical stage, we must employ a higher security level at the key exchange phase. There are many known solutions, such as the specific key exchange protocol proposed by [PERSON] or encrypting the key using asymmetric cystography such as Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithms. However, with the growing accessibility of quantum computing, these solutions are losing pace over time.  
Another approach is by establishing a reliable third party who generates certificates and encryption keys and simultaneously distributes them to the two parties who intend to exchange data. Theseparties use alternate distribution channels that are different from the channels the two parties use to transfer the data. However, due to the growing globalization and increasing distance among users and systems and the introduction of cloud computing, this approach is very complicated to manage and thus has become irrelevant over time. Apparently, we need to search for more alternatives for key exchange. A robust, highly secured, simple, and easy-to-implement solution that overcomes these expanding constraints is preferable.  
We propose a complete and secured cycle for the secured distribution of the generated key. In the first stage, an encryption key is generated in a secured processing environment, and in the second stage, the key transmission uses an optical communication platform.  
The rest of this paper consists of the following sections. Section 2 outlines optical communications relevant to our proposed solution. In Section 3, we describe the main components comprising our solution. In Section 4, we present the overall proposed solution, and in Section 5, we detail the developed application and the experiment we conducted and its results. We conclude in Section 6, with a discussion and directions for future work.
###### Abstract  
The chemisorption process with amines is the major separation and recovery method of CO2 because of its high processing capacity and simplicity. However, large energy consumption for the desorption of CO2 is also associated with the process. To develop a separation and recovery process that is capable of desorbing CO2 at low temperatures and with minimal energy consumption, polymer hydrogels with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) polymer network and amine groups immobilized in the polymer network of the hydrogels were exploited. Thermo-responsive amine gels with a series of hydrophobicity of polymer networks were systematically synthesized, and the influence of the hydrophobicity of the gels on the CO2 desorption temperature and cycle capacity (CO2 amount that can be separated and recovered by 1 cycle of temperature swing operation) was investigated using slurries with the series of gels. A significant decrease in the CO2 desorption temperature and increase in the cycle capacity occurred simultaneously by lowering the LCST of the gels via hydrophobisation of the polymer network. Based on an equilibrium adsorption model representing the CO2 separation and a recovery system with the gel slurries, an analysis of the system dynamics was performed in order to understand the recovery mechanism in the process.  
thermo-responsive hydrogel; tertiary amine; CO2 adsorption; equilibrium sorption model 1