# DOW-PR DOlphin and Whale Pods Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)
## 5 Simulation Analysis
### Simulation Setup  
We deploy 100-500 network nodes in the three-dimensional volumetric space of 10 Km \(\times\) 10 Km \(\times\) 10 Km \(\times\) 10 Km (length, width, height), as shown in Figure 9. The average volumetric region covered by the individual node varies from 2 Km\({}^{3}\) to 10 Km\({}^{3}\) for dense to sparse networks respectively and if uniform network distribution is considered too. We deploy a total of nine sinks and these are fixed on the water surface. The data packet consists of header of 11 bytes while the payload size is 72 bytes with a data rate of 16 kbps. The neighbor request and acknowledgment packets length is 50 bits each. We compute the expression in Equation (9) to find the optimal forwarder among the PFNs. The parameters used in fitness function are potential forwarding nodes number \(PFN_{num}\) and the suppressed nodes number \(SUP_{num}\). \(PFN_{num}\) and \(SUP_{num}\) may have larger values in the denominator of the fitness function HH and subsequently reduces holding time difference between the PFNs and therefore may cause duplicate copies of data packet generated. To cope with the larger values of \(PFN_{num}\) and \(SUP_{num}\), we mapped \(PFN_{num}\) and \(SUP_{num}\) into arbitrary values called division factors i.e., \(DIV_{PFN}\) and \(DIV_{SUP}\), respectively. The main concept of these prediction arbitrary values based on the rule of thumb.These mapped values (SET1, SET2 and SET3) have been shown in Tables 2 and 3. For instance, if we consider the 1 st entry in SET3 i.e., for \(1<PFN_{num}<10\) and \(1<SUP_{num}<10\), the mapped values are \(DIV_{PFN}\) = 1 and \(DIV_{SUP}\) = 2, respectively. The simulations have been carried out for all the three sets individually and investigated the appropriate set that achieves best performance of the network. After extensive simulations, it is found that SET3 gives best results. All the simulation parameters are listed in Table 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SET1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SET2**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SET3**} \\ \hline
**Actual Range** & **Arbitrary Value** & **Actual Range** & **Arbitrary Value** & **Actual Range** & **Arbitrary Value** \\ \hline \(1\leq\mathit{PFN}_{\mathit{num}}\leq 100\) & \(\mathit{DIV}_{\mathit{FN}}=1\) & \(1\leq\mathit{PFN}_{\mathit{num}}\leq 50\) & \(\mathit{DIV}_{\mathit{FN}}=1\) &  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Values** \\ \hline Number of nodes & 100:50:500 \\ Number of sinks & 9 \\ Maximum transmission range of each node & 2 km \\ Deployment region: 3D Region of 10 Km & Length: 10 km \\ - & Height: 10 km \\ - & Width: 10 km \\ Header size of DATA & 11 Bytes \\ Payload size OF DATA & 72 Bytes \\ Size of ACK Packet & 50 bits \\ Size of Neighbor Request & 50 bits \\ Data rate & 16 Kbps \\ Initial Energy of each node & 100 J \\ Maximum transmission power & 90 dB re \(\mu\)Pa \\ Power threshold for receiving & 10 dB re \(\mu\)Pa \\ Sending Energy & 50 W \\ Receiving Energy & 158 mW \\ Idle Energy & 158 mW \\ Center Frequency & 12 KHz \\ Acoustic Propagation & 1500 m/s \\ \(\delta\) & 2 Km \\ Bandwidth & 4 KHz \\ Random Walk & 2 m/s \\ Probability of moving left & 0.5 \\ Probability of moving right & 0.5 \\ Alive node threshold energy & 5 W \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Parameters’ settings.  
Figure 9: Network deployment with embedded sink \(D_{EM}\).