## 2 Materials and Methods
### Nutritional Parameters Determination  
To measure the protein content, the Kjeldahl method [21] was used along with a conversion factor of nitrogen to protein of 6.25. The protein content was then calculated using Equation (5). \[\mathrm{N}=[(\mathrm{V}_{1}-\mathrm{V}_{0})\times\mathrm{T}\times 0.014\times 1 00]/\mathrm{m}\times(100/100-\mathrm{w})=140\mathrm{T}\,(\mathrm{V}_{1}- \mathrm{V}_{0})/\mathrm{m}\times(100-\mathrm{w}) \tag{5}\]  
where V\({}_{0}\) is the volume of the hydrochloric acid (HCl) used in the control sample (mL), V\({}_{1}\) is the volume of HCl used in the sample (mL), T is the normality of HCl, m is the mass of the sample (g), and w is the moisture of the sample; the protein conversion factor is 6.25. The fat content was determined using the AOAC 963.15 [22] method by extracting it with a petroleum ether under reflux conditions in Soxhlet equipment. The fat content was then calculated using Equation (6). \[\text{Fat content}=(\text{m}_{2}-\text{m}_{1})/\text{m}\times 100\times 100/(100- \text{w}) \tag{6}\]  
where m\({}_{1}\) is the mass of the empty balloon (g), m\({}_{2}\) is the mass of the balloon with fat (g), m is the mass of the sample taken for analysis (g), and w is the moisture of the sample determined according to the procedure described for moisture (%). The fiber content was performed using the gravimetric-enzymatic method AOAC 991.43 [23] with a Tris-Mes buffer. In this method, the sample undergoes successive enzymatic digestions using thermally stabilized \(\alpha\)-amylase, protease, and amyloglucosidase. Fibertec 1023 equipment (FOSS Analytics, Hillerod, Denmark) was used to carry out the determinations. The AOAC 923.03 [24] method was used to determine the total ash content, which involved burning the samples in a muffle furnace at 550 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The value for this parameter was obtained by applying Equation (7). \[\text{Total ash content}=(\text{m}_{2}-\text{m}_{1})\times(100/\text{m}_{0}) \times 100/(100-\text{w}) \tag{7}\]  
where m\({}_{0}\) is the mass of the working sample (g), m\({}_{1}\) is calcination crucible mass (g), m\({}_{2}\) is the mass of the calcining crucible and the calcined residue (g), and w is the moisture of the sample (%). The AACC method 10-05.01 [18] was used to express the total carbohydrates as a percentage, which was then calculated using Equation (8). The calorie content was estimated using conversion factors of 9 for fat, 4 for carbohydrates, and 4 for protein, as per the AACC method 10-05.01 [19]. \[\text{Carbohydrate}=100-(\%\text{ protein}+\%\text{ fat}+\%\text{ fiber}+\%\text{ ash}) \tag{8}\]  
To determine the heavy metals, microelements, and minerals, the samples were dry ashed in a muffle furnace L1206 (Caloris, Bucharest, Romania) at 550 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cr) and the microelement (Mn, Cu, Zn, and Fe) content were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, NexION 300Q (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The content of minerals, on the other hand, was determined using HR-CS-AAS high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with ContrAA700 (Analytik Jena, Jena, Germany). To determine the content of total phenols, the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used [25; 26]. The concentration of polyphenols reported in gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of product was calculated according to Equation (9). \[\text{Total polyphenols (GAE) mg}/100\text{ g}=(\text{A}_{765}-0.0082)/0.001 (R2=0.9995) \tag{9}\]  
where A765 is the sample absorbance read at 765 nm, GAE is the concentration in gallic acid equivalents (mg/L), and R2 = 0.9995 is the correlation coefficient. For antioxidant activity determination, the free radical scavenging effect on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical was evaluated [25; 26]. The samples were prepared by macerating them in ethanol (75%) for 48 h at room temperature in the dark. The results were expressed in quercetin equivalents per 100 g of product using Equation (10).