)1 CT--Centre for Territory, Environment and Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.A. )1 CT--Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal; sandracunha@civil. The literature has already established the practice of partially substituting cement with SCMs such as ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) [15], fly ash (FA) [16], silica fume (SF) [17], and/or calcareous fillers [18]. On the other hand, by 2050, it is projected that FA and GGBS would only be able to fulfill 20% of the worldwide demand for cement production [19; 20] and coal fire is subject to ongoing regulatory limitations in developed nations [21; 22]. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate other materials that can be used in PC, while also ensuring that they meet the required quality control criteria [8; 14]. The ongoing progress of industrialization and urbanization, along with the increased frequency of natural disasters and wars, has led to a significant global increase in construction and demolition waste (CDW) which encompasses the solid waste produced during construction activities and the whole or partial dismantling of structures and infrastructure [23; 24; 25]. CDW represents 25-30% of worldwide total solid waste [26], and it is estimated that by 2050, CDW alone would account for more than 27 billion tons of the world's total solid waste [27; 28]. According to the latest available data, it is estimated that in the European Union (EU), approximately 374 million tons of CDW (excluding soils) were produced in 2018 [29]. In the USA, in 2018, 600 million tons of CDW were generated, of which 33 million tons were generated during construction and 567.3 tons during demolition activities [30]. About 20.4 million tons of CDW was generated across Australia during the period of 2017-2018 [31]. In 2021, China produced almost 2 billion metric tons of CDW, and this number is expected to increase to 7 billion metric tons by 2030 [32]. In 2020, Brazil collected a total of 47 million tons of CDW which is equivalent to 221.2 kg per inhabitant per year [33]. In 2017, the Japanese construction industry produced a total of 83.9 million tons of waste, which accounted for approximately 22% of the overall industrial waste generated in Japan during that year [34]. Although the CDW amount is extremely high, the rate of reuse or recycling is modest in most nations. The recycling rate of CDW is more than 70% in some developed countries and regions such as Japan, Europe, and the United States [35]. In the United States, 76.2% of CDW, which is about 457 million tons, was directed to next use and 23.8% of CDW, which is over 143 million tons, was sent to landfills in 2018 [30]. In Australia, during the period of 2017-2018, 33% of CDW was disposed of in landfills [31]. The recycling rate is currently less than 10% in China [35] and about 1% in India [36]. In Brazil, only 6% of CDW is recycled [37]. The majority of CDW is disposed of in landfills or illicitly dumped in empty plots of land, as well as along riverbanks and roadsides [35; 38; 39; 40]. Consequently, the environment encounters various environmental repercussions, including the accumulation of sediment in rivers and lakes, contamination of soil and water [41; 42], obstruction of urban drainage systems leading to flooding, degradation of the landscape known as visual pollution, proliferation of disease-carrying vectors that pose a threat to human health [43], and numerous social and economic issues due to the substantial expenses incurred by municipalities for its removal [13; 24; 36; 44]. The composition of the CDW might vary based on the construction system utilized in each country; however, generally, it consists of concrete, bricks, excavated soil, metals, glass, gypsum, wood, plastic, and ceramic materials [38; 39; 45; 46]. In their study, [PERSON] et al.