esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Averting BER Floor with Iterative Source and Channel Decoding for Layered Steered Space-Time Codes
## 1 Introduction
### Novelty and Contribution  
Normally, resource allocation in communication networks is based on the scarcity of available bandwidth. We aim to offer a unique and effective strategy to ensure an efficient overall mobile video transmission by utilizing the H.265 source encoder. The novelty and major contributions of this research work are as follows:  
* Investigating the performance of iteratively decoded LSSTC-SP scheme using state-of-the-art HEVC/H.265 source encoder.
* Quantifying the effects of SBC on the attainable performance of three-stage system via extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts for mobile video transmission over the correlated Rayleigh channel.
* Demonstrating the effects of \(d_{H,\min}\) on the BER and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) performances of the three-stage system.  
Section 2 presents an overview of the LSSTC encoding and decoding models. In Section 3, we portray the source encoding deployed and elaborate the soft-bit source decoding (SBSD) process for the generation of extrinsic information. Section 4 presents simulation results and EXIT chart analysis of the LSSTC-SP aided iteratively decoded system. A brief description of future work is presented in Section 5, followed by a succinct conclusion in Section 6.
# LBTM: Listen-before-Talk Protocol for Multiclass UHF RFID Networks
###### Abstract  
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is considered one of the pioneering technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT). It allows to bind physical environments to information processing systems, adding new capabilities like automatic inventory, location, or sensing with batteryless tags. Indeed, many data flows of physical objects can be tracked using this technology, and it is common to find heterogeneous traffics present in the same facility, each managed by different sets of readers. For example, in a grocery store, typically we have two kinds of readers: those carrying out a continuous inventory, whose goal is knowing the contents of the shelves as accurately as possible; and a set of checking-out readers at exit gates for the billing process that has to minimize the waiting time of customers. Another example of multiclass traffic is a hospital, where new families of sensing tags allow staff to wirelessly monitor patients--which obviously must be done as a priority--and coexist with other readers aimed at precisely knowing the location of equipment or drugs. Even with the same goal, there could be readers requiring different setups, for example in the hospital case, readers located at doors for inventory purposes have a short time available to identify passing-by objects or people, and thus they have to work with a higher priority than regular readers performing inventory tasks. In this work, we investigate a modification of the standard listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol for RFID networks which can support this kind of multipriority environment, by offering different qualities of service to each traffic. Results demonstrate that by tuning the protocol setup, it is possible to establish a trade-off between the performance of each traffic. This is shown for the two cited examples, the grocery shop and the hospital, using a simulation tool allowing us to implement a full-scale RFID model. In addition, we present a greedy mechanism for online reader setup. Instead of selecting offline a hard priority level, this greedy algorithm is able to adapt the priority to achieve the required quality-of-service (QoS) level.  
RFID networks; LBT; traffic; time slot +
Footnote †: journal:
# Evidence of Carbon Uptake Associated with Vegetation Greening Trends in Eastern China
## 3 Results
### Trends in Regional XCO\({}_{2}\) Summer Drawdown
#### 3.2.1 Satellite Observed XCO\({}_{2}\) Trends after Removing Global Mean Growth
Negative values in red indicate an increase in XCO\({}_{2}\) drawdown during the growing period. Grid cells with black outlines indicate significant trends (Mann–Kendal test, \(p<0.05\)). Increasing XCO\({}_{2}\) values in blue are likely due to a rise in annual fossil fuel emissions in the urban centers of Beijing (North) and Shanghai (South) labeled with black stars. ODIAC fossil fuel CO\({}_{2}\) annual emission trends from 2003 to 2016 support this interpretation (**b**). This GM-XCO\({}_{2}\) trend pattern shows the need to correct for trends in fossil fuel emissions within the study region of Eastern China. depending on the correction method applied, CT-XCO\({}_{2}\) fitting, and GEOS-Chem fittings at coarse and fine resolution, respectively. Grid cells with statistically significant (\(p<0.05\)) increasing GP CO\({}_{2}\) uptake trends occupied 40%, 41%, and 39% of EC, respectively. The trends for just the grid cells that showed increased CO\({}_{2}\) uptake were \(-0.116\pm 0.067\), \(-0.113\pm 0.069\), and \(-0.108\pm 0.068\) ppm yr\({}^{-1}\), respectively (mean \(\pm\) 1 standard deviation in space). The similar pattern of trends of these last three correction methods showed that there was robust evidence of increased GP CO\({}_{2}\) uptake in EC due to biological activity. We consider the corrected GP trend using the GM-XCO\({}_{2}\) annual increase of \(-0.058\) ppm yr\({}^{-1}\) to be the lower estimate of biospheric influence on EC CO\({}_{2}\) uptake because the local biospheric influence is in the GM-XCO\({}_{2}\) signal itself and a portion of it is removed by the fitting. CT-XCO\({}_{2}\) should depict the general pattern of atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) concentration over city areas, as the posterior CO\({}_{2}\) concentration and flux from CT includes fossil fuel emissions and was the optimum estimate of the inversion model. The spatial patterns of corrected GM-XCO\({}_{2}\) decreases were similar to the increases in vegetation indices, south of the urban centers, shown in Figure 4 and Figure S9a. These results indicate vegetation increases have been accompanied by stronger photosynthesis rates during the GP from 2003 to 2016 and imply increased carbon uptake in EC during the growing season. Figure 6: XCO\({}_{2}\) growing period drawdown trends from 2003 to 2015, after correcting GM-XCO\({}_{2}\) for remote background and local non-biospheric increases in XCO\({}_{2}\) by (**a**) removing the trend from GM-XCO\({}_{2}\) fitting, (**b**) CT-XCO\({}_{2}\) fitting, (**c**) background GEOS-XCO\({}_{2}\), (**d**) and East Asia nested GEOS-XCO\({}_{2}\). Red grid cells indicate decreasing trends, or stronger XCO2 drawdown during the GP and blue grids indicate increasing trends. Grid cells with black outlines in (**b**), (**c**), and (**d**) indicate significant trends within the grid cell (Mann–Kendal test, \(p<0.05\)).
# DAB Signal Preprocessing for Passive Coherent Location
## 4 Discussion
An equally good improvement in the detection plot can be obtained by copying just one MSC symbol from the previous DAB frame in place of the Null symbol, leaving all the peaks in the signal's autocorrelation function, as depicted in Figure 12. It turns out that the presence of repeatable intervals without the emission of the signal (i.e., the Null symbols) is the reason for periodical artifacts observed in the bistatic velocity/range plane in case of long integration times that cover multiple DAB frames. After fixing these short discontinuities in the received signal (in a way that does not introduce additional noise to the signal), the periodical artifacts are no longer visible in the detection results, as depicted in Figures 18-20.
###### Abstract  
Platooning is considered to be a very effective method for improving traffic efficiency, traffic safety and fuel economy under the connected and automated environment. The prerequisite for realizing these advantages is how to form a platoon without any collisions and how to maintain and optimize the car-following behavior after platoon formation. However, most of the existing studies focus on the platoon configuration and information transmission method, while only a few attempt to address the issue of platoon formation and optimization methods. To this end, this study proposes a novel platoon formation and optimization model combining graph theory and safety potential field (G-SPF) theory for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) under different vehicle distributions. Compared to previous studies, we innovatively incorporate the concept of the safety potential field to better describe the actual driving risk of vehicles and ensure their absolute safety. A four-step platoon formation and optimization strategy is developed to achieve platoon preliminary formation and platoon driving optimization control. Three traffic scenarios with different CAVs distributions are designed to verify the effectiveness of our proposed platoon formation method based on G-SPF theory, and the simulation results indicate that a collision-free platoon can be formed in a short time. Additionally, the G-SPF-based platoon driving optimization control method is demonstrated by comparing it with two typical control strategies. Compared with the constant spacing and constant time headway control strategies, the simulation results show that our proposed method can improve the traffic capacity by approximately 48.8% and 26.6%, respectively.  
platoon formation; safety potential field; platoon control strategy; connected and autonomous vehicles +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Simulation Results with Parabolic Equation Modeling
This observation further supports the conclusion that simulations under Line-of-Sight (LOS) conditions yield a much lower variability in field strength levels, even when using numerical modeling techniques, than simulations conducted over more complex terrain. In the other two cases, the more fragmented terrain and the fact that the majority of the test points do not maintain LOS--and thus the first Fresnel zone is not clear--result in significantly lower minimum values and greater variations. This also implies that at higher frequencies, electromagnetic waves become more sensitive to terrain characteristics and diffraction effects. In the investigations conducted at both frequencies, an unusually low field strength value can be observed among the results for base station TestBS_3, specifically at test point T71. To explore the reasons behind this deviation, it is advisable to plot the field strength levels along the path connecting the base station to test point T71. This is illustrated in \[P_{r}=10\log_{10}(S)+20\log_{10}(\lambda)+G_{r}+19.01. \tag{32}\]3  
The variation in field strength along this path reveals that the PEM model is highly sensitive to terrain obstructions, and it closely tracks changes in propagation conditions from Line of Sight (LOS) to Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) and vice versa. The test point in question is located just behind a hill, which causes the field strength to drop sharply to around \(-100\) dB\({}_{\text{H}}\)V/m. The point lies precisely within this valley, which accounts for the unusually low value. Naturally, this phenomenon can be observed at several other  
\[P_{r}=10\log_{10}(S)+20\log_{10}(\lambda)+G_{r}+19.01. \tag{32}\]4 Field Strength Profile along the Path from Base Station TestBS_3 to Test Point T71. locations along the path, due to the alternating hills and valleys, resulting in rapid and extreme fluctuations in the field strength levels.
###### Abstract  
This study presents a hybrid fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity of the ideal solution (TOPSIS) method (FTOPSIS) to analyze the coverage of a hypothetical EU ecolabel for fishery and aquaculture products (FAPs) by integrating a synthetic indicator to determine the level of acceptance for the inclusion of different types of information apart from environmental issues, considering different stakeholders and other segments of analysis. Data were obtained from a public consultation of the EU on \"ecolabels for FAPs\". The results indicate that ecolabels should not only include environmental issues but also other types of information, with social and ethical issues being the most relevant, followed by animal welfare issues, health and safety issues and food quality issues. The findings also show that consumers, producers and stakeholders who are more interventionist and support the fact that public bodies and governments should be involved in the control of eco-labeling are more accepting of including additional information apart from environmental issues. Synthetic indicators (SIs) have also been found to be mostly inelastic, except for the owners of ecolabels on social and ethical issues. The implications of the future implementation of the EU ecolabel for FAPs are discussed based on the findings.  
fuzzy logic; triangular fuzzy numbers; FTOPSIS; fishery and aquaculture products (FAPs); ecolabels 1
Footnote 1: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
# A Hybrid Scheme for Disaster-Monitoring Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Related Work
### Schedule-Based MAC  
The random multiple access protocol can efficiently utilize the wireless channel compared to fixed-assigned multiple access protocols. However, when the traffic intensity increases, frame collisions of random multiple access protocols increase. Consequently, the throughput decreases and the delay increases. For real-time applications, an approach based on scheduling may avoid frame collisions and is considered the primary approach. Time-division multiple access (TDMA) is a basic scheduling protocol. In the TDMA protocol, time slot allocation requires a global view and extensive computation. Several TDMA protocols such as the BMA protocol take advantage of the characteristics of cluster networks, ease of management and maintenance, and rapid response to system changes [26]. In the BMA protocol, the nodes are selected as cluster heads according to the residual energy, and each time frame is divided into three fixed parts, a contention period, a data transmission period, and an idle period, which cannot adapt to changes in network traffic, and reduce channel utilization.  
Considering the load density changes in communication, TDMA may dynamically allocate slots; therefore, this approach can substantially promote throughput and delay performance [27]. The TRAMA protocol ensures that nodes use the slot according to the actual traffic and that nodes without communication tasks sleep, thereby reducing the energy consumption caused by conflict and idle listening [28]. In TRAMA, random and scheduled access alternately increase end-to-end delay, and idle listening wastes energy. The TDMA-W protocol [29] improves TRAMA using a fixed time slot to send or receive data. TDMA-W utilizes a distributed algorithm similar to graph coloring to assign slots to all the nodes. The sleeping delay problem is a major defect in TDMA-W.  
For environmental monitoring applications, a balance is required between the delay and the energy consumption of WSNs. ArDez takes advantage of a pseudorandom number scheme to establish a channel, and is a TDMA protocol based on rendezvous periods [30]. The ArDez protocol requires no scheduling negotiation or strict time-slot boundaries, and the collision probability is very low, achieving a balance between delay and energy consumption. However, ArDez cannot support broadcasting well, and the nodes in the main path consume too much energy. Considering the data-forwarding interruption problem, DMAC adopts a staggered wake-up scheduling mechanism in the data-gathering tree [31]. DMAC supports packets that are continuously forwarded, and is conducive to the timely reporting of perceptual data. DMAC is unfavorable for interest queries and instruction transmissions.
## 1 Introduction
Some scholars have also used a variety of data types to jointly identify areas with high concentrations of potential geohazards or single geohazards in complex and dangerous mountainous areas and analyzed the recognition effect [24; 25; 26; 27; 28], providing a foundation for subsequent scholars to use in choosing appropriate data for monitoring and research analysis. However, most of these studies examine alpine canyons and karst areas. There is little research examining the type of landslides seen in the Qinling-Daba Mountains, which are small in scale and mostly shallow. Therefore, it is necessary to use different data to detect landslides in such areas and analyze their adaptability.Considering this issue, we took as an example Ankang, which is a typical area in the Qinling-Daba Mountains. We collected 19 Sentinel\(-\)1A and 10 ALOS/PALSAR\(-\)2 images and utilized time-series radar technology to analyze the potential for landslides in the study area. Various spatial and clustering statistical methods were adopted for the comparison and analysis of the two data sources. The potential for adapting the two data types to monitoring in the region was evaluated, and a method for landslide detection is given here. This method provides effective support for the selection of data sources to detect geological disasters and the implementation of monitoring in the Qinling-Daba Mountains.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this work, high-performance all-inorganic perovskites PDs were fabricated using a solution process approach. Based on these perovskite PDs, a cost-efficient underwater wireless optical communications system was successfully demonstrated with an FPGA platform, achieving a data rate of 6.25 Mbps with low bit error rate of 0.36%. Since the large bandgap with an absorption cutoff at around 530 nm leads to no absorption of long-wavelength light, perovskite PDs have lower background noise under different intensities of environment illumination. They exhibit better communication stability before reaching a data rate threshold of 6.25 Mbps, while the silicon PDs show a growing BER with increasing communication rate. However, the long fall time of perovskite PDs results in difficulty in distinguishing switching signals at high data rates, causing the BER to increase rapidly. Reducing the fall time of perovskite PDs and using advanced coding techniques can help to further improve the performance of the UWOC system based on perovskite PDs. This work not only demonstrates the potential of perovskite PDs in the application of UWOC, but also benefits the development of a cost-effective UWOC system based on FPGAs.  
Conceptualization, J.W. and Z.H.; methodology, J.W. and Y.D.; data curation, J.W., Y.D., J.F., T.Y., and PC.; writing--original draft preparation, J.W. and Z.H.; writing--review and  
Figure 8: The changes in (**a**) MSE and (**b**) SSIM for the silicon and perovskite PDs at different transmission rates.  
Figure 7: The change in images after transmission at 7.14 Mbps for grayscale the images and 8.33 Mbps for the RGB images.  
editing, L.Z. and Z.H.; supervision, L.Z. and Z.H.; funding acquisition, Z.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research and the APC were funded by the Construction Project of Teaching Quality and Teaching Reform Engineering of Sun Yat-sen University (grant number 76220-12220011).  
The data provided in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.  
The authors are grateful to the colleagues in the laboratory for their help. They also thank the affiliates for providing the research platform and the sponsors for their financial support.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Hardness  
The results of the hardness measurements for each test run and specimen are depicted in Figure 3. In these diagrams, the deviation from the overall mean per specimen is given depending on the position number. Here, we show that, with the chosen specimen geometry and the heat treatment with the first experimental setup, a homogeneous hardness course, and thus a homogeneous martensite  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Analysis** & **A1** & **A2** & **A3** & **A4** \\
**Specimen Type** & **A** & **A** & **B** & **A** \\ \hline \(T_{\text{MS}}\) in \({}^{\circ}\)C & 279.3 & 277.1 & 286.8 & - \\ \hline \(t_{\text{85}}\) in s & 20.0 & 6.3 & 4.9 & 0.62 \\ \(t_{T_{\text{MS}}\to 100\text{-}\text{C}}\) in s & 18.1 & 20.1 & 15.3 & 0.47 \({}^{\star}\) \\ \(t_{\text{81}}\) in s & 52.8 & 33.5 & 25.0 & 1.9 \\ \hline \(\hat{T}_{\text{85}}\) in \({}^{\circ}\)Cs\({}^{-1}\) & 15.0 & 47.6 & 61.2 & 484 \\ \(\hat{T}_{T_{\text{MS}}\to 100\text{-}\text{C}}\) in Ks\({}^{-1}\) & 9.9 & 8.8 & 12.2 & 383 \({}^{\star}\) \\ \(\hat{T}_{\text{81}}\) in \({}^{\circ}\)Cs\({}^{-1}\) & 13.3 & 20.9 & 28.0 & 368 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\star}\) underlying assumption: \(T_{\text{MS}}=280\,^{\circ}\)C.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Relevant measured quenching parameters and martensite start temperatures of EBSD-analyzed specimens; parameters for A4 refer to measuring point 1.  
Figure 2: Heat treatment of the specimens, (**a**) dilatation curves of SAE 4150 during heating, (**b**) dilatation curves of SAE 4150 during cooling, (**c**) temperature profile during cooling. Note that temperature curves are time-shifted so that \(T(t=0)=800\,^{\circ}\)C.  
structure, is obtained. Regarding the fourth specimen (Figure 3d), decarburization took place at the edge of the specimen. Outside the surface layer zone, however, a homogeneous structure is achieved.  
In Figure 4, the correlation between the quenching rate and the hardness is shown. By increasing the cooling rate, a higher hardness is obtained.
# Shapley's Value as a Resource Optimization Strategy for Digital Radio Transmission over IBOC FM
###### Abstract
The article follows a clear and orderly structure, describing in Section 2 the fundamentals of digital broadcasting under IBOC FM technology, as well as the elements that are part of the Shapley value and the Bankruptcy game, as a strategy for equitable resource optimization supported by the use of Cooperative Game Theory. Subsequently, in Section 3, it proposes a scenario similar to a real context where each station defines bandwidth requirements, with the particularity that the total bandwidth requested exceeds the available bandwidth (state of saturation). This will be analyzed using the Shapley value and resource optimization evaluation criteria, with the results compared to the optimization technique of linear programming to evaluate the quality of the optimization process carried out by the Shapley value. Finally, in Sections 4 and 5, the discussion of the results obtained and the conclusions reached by the manuscript authors on the use of the proposed techniques applied to the specific scenario in IBOC FM are presented, highlighting the improvements achieved in bandwidth allocation and system efficiency. The discussion will focus on interpreting and contextualizing these results in relation to the existing literature, exploring theoretical and practical implications, advantages, and disadvantages, among other aspects, highlighting the relevant aspects obtained and their importance in the field of digital broadcasting, as well as possible future research.