## 3 Results
### Outcomes
#### 3.2.1 Problematic Smartphone Use  
After measuring the average score of the S-scale total score for 0 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks, we conducted the post hoc test of the RM Anova to compare significant differences between the two groups, using \(p\)-value with Bonferroni correction. In the SUC group, no significant differences were seen in point-in-time comparisons (0 week to 8 weeks, 8 weeks to 12 weeks, all \(p\)-value = 1.000), and in the PUS there was a significant decrease over time (0 week to 8 weeks, \(p\)-value = 0.000/8 week to 12 weeks, \(p\)-value = 0.018). In addition, LMM analysis was conducted for comparison of intergroup effect sizes using regression coefficient beta along with differences in factors, such as gender. As a result, the difference in the total S-scale scores by gender had a \(p\)-value of 0.577 and, hence, no significant differences were seen (See Table 2). However, significant differences in S-scale \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Characteristics**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**SUC**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**PSU**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**X\({}^{2}\) Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{_p-Value_} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & **(\(n\) = 66)** & & **(\(n\) = 124)** & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Marital status} & Married & 44 (38.6) & 70 (61.4) & \multirow{3}{*}{1.873} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.171} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Unmarried & 22 (28.9) & 54 (71.1) & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Education} & High School or Lower & 7 (35.0) & 13 (65.0) & \multirow{3}{*}{0.208} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.901} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & College Student & 10 (31.3) & 22 (68.8) & \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Graduate School or & \multirow{3}{*}{49 (35.5)} & \multirow{3}{*}{89 (64.5)} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.653} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.884} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Above & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Occupation} & White- & \multirow{3}{*}{29 (33.7)} & \multirow{3}{*}{57 (66.3)} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.653} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.884} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & collar/Professional & & & & \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Student & 10 (31.3) & 22 (68.8) & \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Unemployed & 11 (40.7) & 16 (59.3) & \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Others & 16 (35.6) & 29 (64.4) & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Most Used} & SNS & 17 (31.5) & 37 (68.5) & \multirow{3}{*}{0.761} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.944} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Web Surfing & 20 (35.1) & 37 (64.9) & \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Game & 9 (40.9) & 13 (59.1) & \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Entertainment & 8 (38.1) & 13 (61.9) & \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Others & 12 (33.3) & 24 (66.7) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Values are presented as number (%). The \(p\)-values were obtained by chi-square test. Statistically significant associations (\(p\) < 0.05), Pearson Chi-Square (X\({}^{2}\) value), Smartphone Use Control (SUC), Problematic Smartphone Use (PUC), and Social Network Service (SNS).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._were seen for group, time, and group \(\times\) time. The LMM analysis showed that the patterns of change over time between the two groups differed. The estimate at [Group = 1] \(\times\) time was 2.865, which was shown to increase the sum of S-scale scores by 2.865 over one time in the SUC when compared to the PUS. In other words, the sum of the S-scale of PUS was shown to decrease more over time when compared to SUC (See Table 3).