## 1 Introduction  
Overhead transmission lines (OHTL) play a crucial role in transmitting electrical power over long distances [1]. They consist of conductors carrying alternating current (AC) from power generation sources to distribution centers and consumers. The generation of electrical and magnetic fields in OHTL is a result of the current flowing through these conductors [2]. The EMF generated by individual conductors in the transmission line combines to form a complex pattern around the entire line [3]. Several reasons make EMF estimation of paramount importance. The major reason is that the EMF has a significant effect on the human's body [4]. Many studies in recent decades have demonstrated that EMF caused by OHTLs in residential areas is one of the main reasons for the increased incidence of cancer, especially childhood leukemia [5]. Additionally, some studies have reported an increased risk of brain tumors among individuals exposed to prolonged and high-intensity EMFs [6]. Furthermore, it has an extensive effect on the corrosion of buried metallic infrastructures including pipelines, cables, shielding conductors, and grounding systems [7, 8, 9, 10]. Therefore, health scientists, utility companies, and governments have to set limits to prevent future health problems [10]. Many organizations consider 0.4 uT as an acceptable level for long-term exposure to electromagnetic fields, while a few allow for a lower threshold of 0.2 uT as the critical point for leukemia risk [11; 12; 13]. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a part of the World Health Organization (WHO), have jointly identified the range of 0.3-0.4 uT as a critical threshold for leukemia risk, categorizing it as Group-B level [14; 15; 16]. In contrast, the International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee (ICNIRP) recommends a considerably higher limit of 200 uT for public exposure, which significantly exceeds the recommendations of other reputable health organizations [17]. Also, for the purpose of real-time monitoring of the systems, the engineers need to estimate the EMF with exceptionally low latency [18]. There are some common methods among researchers for EMF estimation. Measuring the EMF in an experiment using sensors is one of the most accurate ways [2]. That said, since in real-world cases the load of OHTL varies, the experiment is not under fully controlled conditions. Also, the change in temperature can affect the height of the conductor in the long-term experiments which will result in changes in the measured fields. This can be overcome by measuring seasonal datasets or annual ones and then creating large datasets and using \"big data\" techniques and AI to estimate the field values. Moreover, it needs precise instruments and skilled operators to avoid inaccuracies which turns it into an expensive practice [19]. Another means of EMF evaluation is analytical equations which can estimate the EMF with some simplifications in the boundary conditions, limiting them to being merely useful for simple problems [20]. Moreover, EMF can be estimated using numerical finite element methods (FEM). In this method, the entire analysis domain must be divided into small elements where the governing equations will be solved numerically [21]. This means that an enormous number of equations have to be solved, leading to this method being computationally intensive, expensive, and time-consuming [22]. Moreover, FEM accuracy heavily relies on the quantity and quality of meshes that are used to discretize the domain [7]. Achieving optimal mesh refinement requires careful consideration and expertise to balance accuracy and computational costs. For complex real-world geometries or high-resolution simulations, the mesh size should be adapted to consider every dynamic change in the parameters, ensuring accurate results [23; 24]. Furthermore, using FEM can be challenging for time-dependent EMF simulations, particularly when dynamic effects and transient behaviors are involved [25].