# Vision, Enabling Technologies, and Scenarios for a 6G-Enabled Internet of Verticals (6G-IoV)
## 3 Future Scenarios for the Internet of Verticals
### The Internet of Robotics  
Robotics is a rapidly growing general-purpose technology with many new applications appearing in the market every day. Furthermore, with rapid advances in AI and Cloud technologies, we are seeing a rise of intelligent and cloud-based robotics in many industry sectors. A robot is a complex intelligent machine composed of mechanical, electronics, computing, embedded intelligence, sensors and connectivity technologies. Major economies in the world have the development of this technology as one of the key pillars of their national strategy. According to a recent report from the International Federation of Robots (IFR), robot installations hit new record level in 2021 with a 31% increase, and an average of 7% increase is predicted until 2025 [22]. The largest projected market for robotics currently is in the manufacturing sector, with the highest level of development being in automotive and electronic industries [23]. Robots endowed with Artificial Intelligence, rich sensorial capabilities and mobility will require communicating in a variety of scenarios, with a variety of other \"actors\" and for a range of reasons. Furthermore, while Human-Robot Communications will be limited by the sensory and processing capabilities of humans (which is a limiting factor in both in  
Figure 2: The transformation from CMfg to an Internet of Manufacturing enabled by 5G Wide Area Deterministic Networks. the nature and the rate of communications), entirely new sensory and much richer ways of communication may emerge among intelligent robots. For example, robots may use various forms of multi-sensory/multi-modal communications, which could include 3D images and videos, sound and ultra-sound, temperature and haptics to share situational information with other robots. Or they may develop new forms of speech or multi-layer vision perception for their communications, which are unrecognizable by humans. For example, a robot could layer together an image of its environment which may contain not only visible light reflection data but also infrared, radio frequency and ultrasound data all fused together. Cloud robotics are a paradigm that leverages the powerful computation, storage and resources of modern data centers combined with high speed and low-latency communication to enhance the capabilities of robots. Cloud robots are controlled by a \"brain\" in the cloud that may constitute a data center, a shared knowledge base, artificial intelligence and deep learning algorithms, information processing, task planners, environment models, etc. Cloud Robotics open up the possibility of _robot virtualization_, where all or the majority of Robotic intelligence as well as low-level control functions are virtualized and run on cloud or edge cloud servers. Table 2 summarizes key robotic communication scenarios together with their projected data-rates. Semantic communications will be essential in order to both drastically reduce data requirements for future robotic communications but also allow for the emergence of new ways for robots to communicate among themselves, which will go far beyond the capabilities of human-centric communications. Besides the above communications scenarios, with the advancement of robot intelligence, new forms of communication scenarios can emerge [24], which will be mediated with a next generation-wide area network capable of supporting the \"Internet of Robotics\" (IoR), through which robots can share sensory and situational data, information and knowledge to collaborate and orchestrate their activities, collectively solve problems, learn from each other and even create their own social networks. As illustrated in Figure 3, the IoR combined with robotic visualization will pave the way for the transformation of robotic technology from specialized verticals to horizontal and virtualized robotic service platforms, and the emergence of robotic apps.