## 2 Literature Analysis about the Life Cycle Assessment of Carbon Supply Chains
### Life Cycle Assessment of Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage Supply Chains
[20] developing a life cycle assessment for a carbon capture utilization and storage supply chain with enhanced oil recovery. In particular, the following sources of carbon dioxide are considered: integrated gasification combined cycle, pulverized coal plants, and oxyfuel plants. The results show, respectively, the following emissions: 114.69-121.50 Mton\({}_{\text{CO2 eq}}\), 222.95-236.19 Mton\({}_{\text{CO2 eq}}\), and 49.09-51.96 Mton\({}_{\text{CO2 eq}}\). A reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in a supply chain for enhanced oil recovery is obtained in the work of [PERSON] et al. [21]. Here, the carbon dioxide is captured in an oxyfuel power plant located in Poland and transported in an oil field located on the Norwegian Continental Shelf in the North Sea. The results show that the system is ableto reduce 71% of emissions compared to the conventional production of oil and electricity. Environmental benefits obtained by using a CCUS supply chain for oil recovery are also suggested by [PERSON] et al. [22]: the net carbon dioxide emissions of producing one metric ton of crude oil are \(-1675.15\) kg\({}_{\text{CO2 eq}}\), suggesting how the use of this technology is important for China's contributions to climate change. In [PERSON] et al. [23], the carbon supply chain for oil recovery and carbon dioxide storage is able to reduce emissions by 50% compared to the reference system, although the framework emits 37.108 Mton\({}_{\text{CO2 eq}}\)/year. In the analysis, carbon dioxide capture and transportation stages are the major contributors, contributing to 42% and 38%. Carbon dioxide capture and transportation have the highest impact on total emissions of the supply chain also in the work of [PERSON] et al. [24]. Different utilization routes are considered for carbon dioxide in the literature. In the utilization section, carbon dioxide can be used also for algae cultivation. [PERSON] et al. [25] develop a mathematical model to conduct an environmental analysis of the carbon supply chain with algae cultivation for biofuel production, as in Figure 1. The analyzed supply chain is set in Texas. In particular, environmental and economic analyses are developed by using a mixed integer non-linear programming model. The results show that with the system, 64% of greenhouse gas emissions can be avoided and carbon dioxide can be captured and sequestered at a cost of $45.52/ton\({}_{\text{CO2}}\). A life cycle assessment for carbon capture utilization and storage supply chain in refineries producing dimethyl ether and polyol is developed by [PERSON] et al. [26]. Overall, a comparison with a carbon capture utilization supply chain shows that the carbon capture utilization and storage system allows a higher carbon dioxide reduction compared to conventional production. Other products could be produced in a carbon supply chain. An interesting LCA for a CCUS supply chain in Italy and Germany was developed by [PERSON] et al. [27] with GaBi software. In the supply chain in Italy, carbon dioxide is used to be stored or to produce methane while, in the CCUS of Germany, carbon dioxide is used to produce concrete, wheat, lignin, calcium carbonate, polyurethane, methanol, and urea, or to be stored. The results show that the annual global warming potential for these supply chains in Italy and Germany are, respectively, 9.62 \(\times\) 10\({}^{10}\) kg\({}_{\text{CO2-eq}}\) and 1.94 \(\times\) 10\({}^{11}\) kg\({}_{\text{CO2-eq}}\), which would help enable these countries to achieve the carbon dioxide reduction target fixed by European environmental policies. Environmental advantages of a CCUS supply chain where the captured carbon dioxide is used for mineralization are found by [PERSON] et al. [28]. The system is able to avoid up to 130 Mton\({}_{\text{CO2 eq}}\)/year in Europe even with the current energy supply system.