# Citizens' Perception of Smart Cities: A Case Study
## 4 Survey Methodology and Analysis
### Analysis  
Internal consistency refers to the general agreement between multiple Likert-scale items that make-up a composite score of a survey measurement of a given construct. This agreement is generally measured by the correlation between items. In order to assess the internal consistency of the questionnaire, the coefficient alpha (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated for the number of questions that were formed under the Likert scale. The software program that was used for this calculation was the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). A generally accepted rule is that an alpha coefficient of 0.6-0.7 indicates an acceptable level of reliability whereas a value equal or greater then 0.8 indicates a very good level [35]. For the specific research attempt, the value of Cronbach's alpha was calculated as 0.935. This fact indicates that, when it comes to the amount of Likert variables, our questionnaire has a very high internal consistency. As a result, the credibility of the present research attempt is certified. The number of \"Items\" (79 in total) indicates the number of ordinal variables that are included in the questionnaire. The Cronbach's alpha has also been calculated for the ordinal variables (items) of each of the Likert questions that appear in the research, separately. Each calculation's result appears in the \"Survey Analysis\" subchapter, under the statistical analysis of each one of the questions that belong to this specific type. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test as well as [PERSON]'s test of Sphericity have also been executed for the number of questions that were formed under the Likert scale. The KMO test is used in research to determine the sampling adequacy of data that will be used for factor analysis [36]. [PERSON]'s test of sphericity checks if there is a redundancy between variables that can be summarized with some factors [37]. According to the results, the KMO value (0.854) is considered as meritorious [38], while [PERSON]'s test value (Sig. = 0.000) is lower than 0.05. Therefore, the sampling is adequate and the data are suitable for Factor Analysis. All variables are suitable for Factor Analysis, considering the fact that their \"Extraction\" values are >0.5. More specifically, the extraction values fluctuate from 0.5 to 0.846, as SPSS's results indicate. The demographic feature questions formed the questionnaire's first section. When it comes to the first question (\"Gender\"), a relative balance seems to appear between the number of men and the number of women that participated in the survey. More specifically, 49% (267 in total) of the participants were women, whereas 51% (278 in total). The second question was about the participants' age. As already mentioned earlier, only adults participated in this survey. Out of the total respondents, 37.2% (203 in total) were from 18 to 30 years old; 50.03% (274 in total) were from 31 to 40 years old; 9.4% (51 in total) were from 41 to 50 years old; 2.4% (13 in total) were from 51 to 60 years old and, lastly, a small percentage of 0.7% (4 in total) were older than 60 years old. As a result, a total of 87.5% of the citizens that have taken part in the survey were from 18 to 40 years old. Most of the participants (57.1%, which corresponds to 311 citizens in total) belong to the \"Higher Education\" category, whereas a quite high percentage of 28.3% of the total participants (154 in total) hold a Master's degree, 9% of all the participants have a lower educational level (primary and secondary education) than the others, 4.2% of the participants are holders of doctoral diploma, while 1.5% of them have declared \"Other\" as an answer. In general, based on the results, 91% of the participants appear to be highly educated, whereas a total of 9% appear to have a lower educational level. Regards to the participants' occupation, most of the participants (47.7%) work as private employees, while 19.6% of them are freelancers and 15% of them are civil employees.