# Pathophysiologyiology and Treatment of Soriasis: From Clinical Practice to Basic Research
## 5 Challenges and Innovations in Transdermal Drug Delivery System for Poriasis Treatment
### Nanotechnology-Based Transdermal Delivery for Psoriasis Treatment  
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems possess unique advantages in the field of dermal/transdermal delivery, particularly for the treatment of psoriasis: they can fluidize the stratum corneum through properties such as shape, size, surface charge, and the balance between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity; their nanoscale dimensions allow for intimate contact with the skin surface, thereby facilitating the penetration of drugs through the skin, making nanocarriers effective at breaching the skin's barrier functions [114]; they are capable of maintaining drugs at the skin surface through controlled release mechanisms [115]; they can offer a sealing effect to reduce transepidermal water loss [116]; they can provide targeted action by modifying with cell-specific ligands [117]. In recent years, a variety of nanotechnology-based transdermal delivery, such as metal nanocarriers, polymer nanocarriers, and lipid nanocarriers, have been developed for psoriasis applications and are listed in Table 3. A profile of the nanocarriers is shown in Figure 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Delivery Carrier** & **Materials** & **Drug** & **Size and Zeta Potential** & **Mechanism and Efficacy** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Metal nanocarriers} & Gold nanoparticles functionalized with 3-mercapto-1-propasulonate & Methotreate & \(5\,\mathrm{nm}\), \(-32\pm 1\,\mathrm{mV}\) & Reduction of induced keratinocyte hyperproliferation, epidermal thickness, and inflammatory infiltrate in a & [118] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates & - & \(12.38\pm 1.59\,\mathrm{nm}\), \(-28\,\mathrm{mV}\) & Stable and non-toxic. Significantly reduces gene expression in cells, an in vivo experiments show that S significantly inhibits cell proliferation & [119] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Polymer nanocarriers} & Dilback copolymer of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol and polypropylene sulfide & Deucravactinab & \(105\,\mathrm{nm}\) & Longer retention time in the dermis inhibits the STAT3 signaling cascade, with corresponding reductions in the levels of the differentiation and proliferation markers & [120] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Polymer nanocarriers} & Gelatin-oleic acid coupling & \multirow{4}{*}{Celastrol} & \multirow{4}{*}{200-300 nm, \(-6.00\pm 0.10\,\mathrm{mV}\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Improved cellular and skin penetration and enhanced antipersis activity in a mouse model} & [212] \\  & modified with & & & & \\  & 4-(3-bromophenylamino)+ & & & & \\  & oxobutanoic acid & & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & Methoxypolyethylenesylylocalized-thioched-thioc  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Delivery Carrier** & **Materials** & **Drug** & **Size and Zeta Potential** & **Mechanism and Efficacy** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Polymer nanocarizer} & Polzmarciner F127 and P123 & \multirow{3}{*}{Resveratrol} & \multirow{3}{*}{142.67 \(\pm\) 6.98 nm, \(-\)35.65 mV} & Better skin penetration and enhanced resveratrol & \multirow{3}{*}{[127]} \\  & designed by the Quality by & & & & \\  & Design (QbD) methodology. & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Lipid nanocarriers} & Polzmarciner F127 and P123 & \multirow{3}{*}{Resveratrol} & \multirow{3}{*}{142.67 \(\pm\) 6.98 nm, \(-\)35.65 mV} & Better skin penetration and enhanced resveratrol & \multirow{3}{*}{[127]} \\  & designed by the Quality by & & & & \\  & Design (QbD) methodology  
Figure 4: Introduction to nanocarriers in psoriasis treatment. Created with BioRender.com.  
Figure 3: Summary of novel transdermal drug delivery system carriers. Created with BioRender.com.