# A Jamming-Resilient and Scalable Broadcasting Algorithm for Multiple Access Channel Networks
## 2 Related Works  
Many studies have investigated the security of MAC networks and their susceptibility to cyber-attacks [1; 22; 23]. In general, network attacks can be classified into passive attacks and active attacks [24]. In this work, the focus is on active attacks in which an attacker attempts to disrupt a network through signal jamming to prevent communications. Jamming attacks are a type of denial of service (DoS) attack on the physical layer [25]. A jammer tries to disrupt a communication channel by sending a radio signal or by random transmission on the channel [26]. These jamming attacks causes the transmission of packets to fail which blocks communication between legitimate nodes. In this paper, we focus on a generalized random jamming model where a jammer is transmitting a jamming pulse rate \(j\in[0,1]\), where \(j\) denotes the number of jamming signals that the jammer creates every second [27]. For any time interval \(t\), the probability of generating a jamming signal is \(1-e^{-jt}\). In addition to random jamming, other jamming models have been proposed in the literature [26; 28]. A constant jammer is a well-resourced adversary that uses a strong signal to completely block off all communications on the channel [25]. This is equivalent to a random jammer with a jamming rate \(j=1\). With constant jamming, as no packet could ever be transmitted, the broadcast algorithm becomes irrelevant, and thus threat model falls outside the scope of this work. A deceptive jammer continuously transmits packets that appear to be legitimate without following the underlying protocol [28]. As a result of this continuous transmission, all other nodes remain in a \"receiving state\", which causes a disruption to the network activity. Again, a deceptive jammer is equivalent to a random jammer with a jamming rate of \(j=1\) and falls outside the scope of this work. An intelligent jammer conducts jamming by cautiously attacking specific control or data packets in order to disrupt the communication with minimal noise, thus avoiding detection [29]. This type is classified into four categories: CTS corruption jamming, ACK corruption jamming, DATA corruption jamming, and DIFS wait jamming. As the jamming rate is lower than 1, the broadcast algorithm should have a positive impact on resilience against intelligent jammers. However, in this work, we only focus on random jamming and leave evaluation against intelligent jammers to future work. Several techniques have been proposed in the literature to mitigate jamming attacks. One of the strategies against jamming attacks on wireless networks is the use of channel reassignment. In this approach, nodes would switch to another channel at regular intervals or when jamming attacks are detected [30]. This strategy is known as channel hopping or channel surfing [5; 6] and is especially effective against constant jammers. Channel reassignment and traffic rerouting have also been studied in multi-hop networks [31]. The timing channel is another strategy that allows for low-rate communication in the presence of jamming attacks [7]. Next, the related work for other types of jamming mitigation techniques at the physical layer is presented. [PERSON] et al. [32] proposed an anti-jamming method for internet of things (IoT) networks. Their approach uses a spreading-time technique for anti-jamming, which is used as part of a novel automatic control allocation model. They showed the effectiveness of the proposed method through simulations. Other anti-jamming techniques have been explored for IoT networks, such as the work by [PERSON] et al. [33]. They studied and proposed an anti-jamming technique that exploits the weakness of a deceptive jammer. Their method involves adjusting the transmission power by legitimate nodes to avoid being detected by the deceptive jammer. [PERSON] et al. [34] developed a novel anti-jamming resource allocation algorithm for single-input multi-output (SIMO) OFDMA video transmission systems.