## 5 Effect of RAS on Performance Properties of Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Table 2: Performance properties of RAS-modified asphalt materials (schematic key findings). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference Study** & **Binder** & **Mix** & **Test Methods Used** \\ \hline
[1,15,31,40,43,45,47,51,52,58] & & & HWTT (AASHTO T-324) \\
[31,40,42,53,57,59] & & Dynamic Modulus (AASHTO T-342) \\
[14,50] & -- & & APA (AASHTO TP-63) \\
[32] & & Dynamic Modulus (AASHTO T-342) \\
[42] & & French Wheel Track Test (EN 12697-22) \\ Flow Number Test (AASHTO TP 79-13) \\ \hline
[8,12,16,17,18,20,24,34,39,40,46,51,54,57] & & — & DSR (ASTM D7/175-08) \\ \hline
[11,18,55] & -- & & HWTT (AASHTO T-324) \\
[41] & & APA (AASHTO TP 63-09), Dynamic Modulus (AASHTO T-342), Resilient Modulus Test (ASTM D 7369-09) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference Study** & **Binder** & **Mix** & **Test Methods Used** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Low-Temperature Performance} \\ \hline
[36] & — & &
\begin{tabular}{c} TSRST (AASHTO TP10-93) \\ ABCD (AASHTO M-320) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[17] & & — & Three-Point Bending Beam Test (CEN/TS 15936) \\ \hline
[50,51] & & &
\begin{tabular}{c} IDT Test (ASTM D 4123) \\ Creep Compliance Test (AASHTO T-322) \\ Acoustic Emission Test \\ SCB (ASTM D-8044) \\ FPBBT (AASHTO T321) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[16,19,20,51,54] & & — & BBR (AASHTO M-320) \\ \hline
[18,45] & & &
\begin{tabular}{c} SCB (ASTM D-8044) \\ TSRST (ASHTO TP10-93) \\ FPBBT (ASTM D7460-08) \\ ACCD \\ \end{tabular} \\
[32] & — & &
\begin{tabular}{c} IDT Test (AASHTO T322-07) \\ DC (T) (ASTM D7313) \\ BBR (AASHTO M-320) \\ Creep Compliance Test (AASHTO T-322) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[8,39] & & — & BBR (AASHTO M-320) \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Fatigue Resistance} \\ \hline
[1] & & &
\begin{tabular}{c} Creep Compliance Test (AASHTO T-322) \\ Direct Tension Cyclic Fatigue Test (AASHTO TP 107-14) \\ TCFT (EN 12697-26) \\ Push Pull Fatigue Test (AASHTO T-400) \\ Shear strength test \\ SCB (ASTM D-8044) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[18,20,57] & & &
\begin{tabular}{c} SCB (ASTM D-8044) \\ IDT Test (ASTM D 4123) \\ FPBBT (AASHTO T321) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[15,43,44,49,55,59,60] & & &
\begin{tabular}{c} SCB (ASTM D-8044) \\ IDT Test (ASTM D 4123) \\ IDT Test (ASTM D 4123) \\ IDT Test (ASTM D 4123) \\ TEXAS Overlay Test \\ Shear Strength Test \\ DC (T) (ASTM D7313) \\ FPBBT (AASHTO T321) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[51] & & — & DBR (ASTM D7175-08) \\ \hline
[32,44,52] & — &
\begin{tabular}{c} HWTT (AASHTO T-324) \\ TSR (AASHTO T-283) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[14,42] & — & &
\begin{tabular}{c} IRWT (AASHTO T-284) \\ TSR (AASHTO T-283) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[58] & — & &
\begin{tabular}{c} TRWTT (AASHTO T-324) \\ TSR (AASHTO T-283) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[11,40,43,47] & — & &
\begin{tabular}{c} HWTT (AASHTO T-324) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._In Table 1, the RAS type, particle size, mixing details, RAS dosage, and other additives eventually used in combination with RAS are summarized for each research study analyzed. Meanwhile, in Table 2, conclusions regarding the key findings, as well as the test methods used to assess the performance properties of the RAS-modified asphalt materials in each research article, are presented. In Table 1, it can be seen that most researchers used tear-off scrap shingles (in large quantities, obtained from construction and demolition waste or at the end of membrane life) with a particle size smaller than 12.5 mm. Some researchers used extracted RAS (either MWSS or TOSS) binders and some used RAS particles of less than 12.5 mm. Both the dry and wet mixing methods were used to add RAS in asphalt blends. In the dry method, up to 12.5% RAS by mix weight was added in different research studies. Meanwhile, in the wet mixing method, up to 80% RAS by binder weight (which approximatively corresponds to 4% by mix weight) was added.