# Logistics Space: A Literature Review from the Sustainability Perspective
## 2 Logistics Space
### The Influencing Factors of the Evolution of Logistics Space  
#### 2.2.1 Land Price  
Logistics is the process of strategically managing the storage and movement of materials, parts and finished inventory [17]. Logistical activities of storage, freight transport require substantial amounts of land. Logistics land involves distribution, logistics and warehouse (DLW), mainly includes storage land, land for external traffic and land for public facilities, of which warehousing has the greatest demand for land [18]. From 2003 to 2013, the number of storage facilities in the United States increased by 15% [10]. Other metropolises, such as Toronto, Zurich and Atlanta, have seen their warehouses grow rapidly [7; 8; 19]. The demand for logistics land in some developing countries is also increasing. For example, the growth rate of storage area in Jiangsu Province of China is 6.1% [20]. However, [PERSON] finds that the logistics facilities that are 400 m\({}^{2}\) or smaller in floor area dropped from 43 to 29%, and the share of the facilities that are larger than 3000 m\({}^{2}\) increased by 12.1% [5; 21]. The number of logistics facilities is declining, but the average size is steadily increasing [21]. It means that logistics facilities are developing professionally and the demand for land size is larger. Different logistics facilities have different requirements for land size. The average size of parcel service terminals is 5000 square meters, while the average size of large retailers' warehouses is as large as 100,000 square meters, which can only be met in the suburbs [22]. The improvement of storage technology has improved the efficiency of land utilization. To a certain extent, it has eased the demand for warehouses land (e.g., High-bay warehouses and warehouse management systems (WMS)) [23; 24]. However, the overall demand for logistics-related land is likely to increase significantly by the replacement of other logistics activities, such as inter-modal transshipment, goods handling, outdoor storage and vehicle parking [23]. With the competition and development, all walks of life are constantly expanding and strive for the best interests. Rising competition in the location has led to accelerated land consumption [21]. Logistics land is related to the internal structure of the city, most of the research focuses on monocentric systems with a concentric structure. According to [PERSON]'s theory of concentric circles, with the increase of urban population and the expansion of urban areas, each inner zone inevitably extends outward and invades the adjacent outer belt, thus creating a succession of land use [25]. This succession will aggravate the conflict between freight-related activities and other land uses for the same land and interfere with each other [9]. Air pollution, noise and traffic congestion will have a negative impact on the living environment and force freight-related activities to move away from the mixed area of residential and industrial [26; 27]. Changes in the structure of urban interior space (from industrial land to non-industrial land) and industrial land use control have contributed significantly to the growth of land price. Land cost is an important part of operating costs of industrial enterprises, which affects the enterprise location, industrial sprawl and the industrial layout [28]. Logistics sprawl is more affected by land prices than other industrial sprawl, and logistics enterprises will have more consideration of land prices in the choice of location [29; 30]. In general, there is a growing demand for logistics-related land, while fewer and fewer land is available. The conflict between demand and supply will make land play increasingly important role in the location of logistics facilities and the movement of logistics spatial. Land price makes logistics enterprises away from the city center, which increases the distance of freight transportation.