# Artificial Intelligence of Things for Solar Energy Monitoring and Control
## 3 AIoT Applications in PV Systems: A Comprehensive Review
### Applications of IoT in PV Systems
#### 3.2.2 Optimization Techniques: MPPT, Solar Tracking, and Cleaning Systems
[PERSON] et al. [177] observed that dust deposition significantly impacts the short-circuit current in PV systems, causing a reduction of 30-40% in indoor setups and 4-5% in outdoor test-beds, which results in significant power and economic losses for PV power plants, especially on a large scale. Additionally, a study by [PERSON] et al. [178] shows that dust considerably reduces the power production by 92.11% and efficiency as 89%. [PERSON] et al. [179] examined the impact of dust accumulation on solar panel efficiency by developing an IoT-based dust sensing system. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Tracking Type** & **MPPT Approach** & **IoT Functionalities** & **Performance Gains** & **Unique Contribution** \\ \hline \hline [PERSON] et al. [163] & MPPT solar charge controller & Yes & Cloud-based monitoring & 99.74\% efficiency with back–boost converter & IoT-enhanced MPPT-SCC with back–boost converter \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [164] & Single-axis & Yes & Remote monitoring & Optimized energy harvesting & Predicts sun position for tracking in solar farms \\ \hline \hline [PERSON] et al. [165] & Single-axis Dual-stage tracking & Yes & IoT-based data sharing & Higher efficiency than fixed panels & Coarse sun–earth tracking + fine LDR adjustment \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [166] & Single-axis & No & Mobile app control & Improved solar efficiency & IoT-enabled rotation, cleaning, and monitoring \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [167] & Adaptive tracking & Yes & Remote monitoring and control & Higher than fixed arrays & Dynamic adjustment based on real-time irradiance data \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [168] & Single-axis & No & Remote monitoring & Higher energy capture than fixed panels & Combines photoelectric detection with environmental data \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [169] & Single-axis & No & IoT monitoring and control & 71\% more efficient than fixed panels & ATmega 2560-controlled rotation \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [170] & Adaptive tracking & Yes & IoT-STS component for wireless communication & 5\% annual energy gain & Backtracking strategy to minimize shading effects \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [171] & Two-axis MPI & AI-based MPPT & Cloud automation & 59.21\% more power than fixed power than fixed & Uses ANN, GPS, and image processing for tracking \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [172] & Dual-axis & No & GPS and Web-based control & Higher than fixed panels & GPS and Arduino-based tracking using LDR sensors \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [173] & Two-axis & No & Web-based monitoring & Higher than single-axis tracking & Wi-Fi-based IoT system for monitoring \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [174] & Dual-axis & No & IoT network for monitoring and control & 33.23\% increase in energy production and GPS-based control & Hybrid tracking using LDRs with PID for sunny days and GPS-based control for cloudy days \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Comparison of IoT-based solar tracking and MPPT systems. The system detected 30,411.53 mg/m\({}^{3}\) of dust, and the solar panel's efficiency dropped from 15.42% to 0.74%. The efficiency reduction of approximately 15% was compared to similar studies, where efficiency losses due to dust accumulation ranged from 11.8% to 21.5%. Also, [PERSON] et al. [180] investigated the impact of dust on PV module performance and designed an IoT-based intelligent monitoring system to track the cleanliness of solar panels. The findings show that the output power drops below 4.85W (50% of its initial efficiency). To minimize the negative effects of dust on PV panels, soiling monitoring and cleaning systems are essential. They detect and track dust accumulation on solar panels, enabling timely maintenance to optimize energy generation and reduce performance losses. To further address this issue, IoT-enabled cleaning systems have emerged, integrating sensors, real-time monitoring, and automated control mechanisms.