esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# TA-RRT*: Adaptive Sampling-Based Path Planning Using Terrain Analysis
## 4 Experiment  
### Experiment Configuration  
To validate the performance of TA-RRT*, we conducted experiments to evaluate path planning algorithms. The experiments were carried out in a 10 \(\times\) 10 square space with randomly placed obstacles. The environment was categorized into three types based on the arrangement of obstacles and the resulting complexity of the paths: simple, intermediate, and complex.  
* Simple environment: this environment featured very few obstacles and was primarily used to assess whether the algorithm could plan a path connecting the start and goal points.
* Intermediate environment: this environment contained a moderate number of obstacles and was used to test the algorithm's ability to plan a path that avoids obstacles.
* Complex environment: this environment included a large number of obstacles and was used to test the algorithm's ability to plan an appropriate path even in highly complex conditions.  
Each experiment was repeated 100 times in each environment to ensure the reliability of the results.  
To evaluate the performance of the proposed TA-RRT* algorithm, we conducted comparative experiments against other well-known path planning algorithms. Specifically, we compared TA-RRT* with several widely recognized RRT*-based algorithms, including RRT* [15], Informed-RRT* [17], and RRT*-Smart [18]. The experiments were conducted on a system with an Intel i7-1360P CPU (Intel, Santa Clara, CA, USA), 16 GB RAM, and a software environment set up using Visual Studio Code (version 1.93).  
Figure 5: Example of adaptive step size according to density.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Specificity of IGF-1 Detection  
Selectivity is a very important parameter to evaluate the performance of new established methods, so a highly selective response to the target over other potentially competing species is necessary. Whe protein, lactose, and BSA were chosen as the interfering substances to determine the selectivity in the established fluorescent sandwich ELISA method (Figure 5). Both whey protein and lactose widely exist in colostrum; thus, they were useful to evaluate the interference in the real samples. BSA is one of the most common proteins, which was helpful to check the specific recognition in the \"sandwich\" structure. Compared  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **IGF-1 Source** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **LOD */LOQ * ** & **Detection Range** \\ **(ng/mL)** & **Reference** \\ \hline Fluorescent & & & \\ sandwich ELISA & Bovine colostrum powder & 0.07729 (LOD) & 0.1–30 & This work \\ Traditional ELISA & Bovine colostrum powder & 1.018 (LOD) & 1.25–100 & This work \\ Traditional ELISA & Milk & 0.3 (LOD) & 0.3–10 & [18] \\ Traditional ELISA & Buffalo milk & 0.1 (LOD) & 0.25–4 & [34] \\ LC-MS/MS *  & Human plasma & 10 (LOQ) & 10–1000 & [35] \\ LC-MS & Human serum & 50 (LOQ) & 50–1000 & [36] \\ LC-MS/MS & Human plasma & 5.9 (LOQ) & 15–1100 & [37] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
\end{table}
Table 1: The detection range and detection limit of some other methods for the detection of IGF-1.  
Figure 4: Standard curves obtained by (**a**) traditional ELISA and (**b**) fluorescent sandwich ELISA methods. The error bars indicate the standard deviation of three replicate experiments.  
with lactose and BSA, whey protein showed a relative higher fluorescence intensity due to the presence of trace amounts of IGF-1 in whey protein. However, all fluorescence intensities of the interfering substances were extremely low, with intensities at least 11 times lower than those of the detection of IGF-1, indicating that the interferences were tolerable. Therefore, the fluorescent sandwich ELISA developed in this work has good specificity for IGF-1 detection.
# Three-Dimensional Geological Modeling Method Based on Potential Vector Fields
## 4 Conclusions  
Traditional implicit modeling methods based on potential fields cannot directly represent uncomformable stratigraphic interfaces. This paper proposes a potential vector field method combined with the generalized marching cubes algorithm to achieve accurate modeling of uncomformable stratigraphic interfaces. The potential vector field method uses the distance of a point in the vertical direction to the closest of two stratigraphic interfaces  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Interface** & **MAE** & **RMSE** & **CCC** \\ \hline Ground surface & 3.791 & 5.155 & 0.948 \\ Base of the first stratum & 7.691 & 9.296 & 0.866 \\ Base of the second stratum & 11.456 & 14.695 & 0.783 \\ Base of the third stratum & 12.578 & 15.901 & 0.758 \\ Base of the fourth stratum & 14.346 & 17.380 & 0.707 \\ Base of the fifth stratum & 3.272 & 5.095 & 0.987 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Result of LOOCV.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Number of Data Points** & **CPU Time Consumption** & **GPU Time Consumption** \\ \hline
2000 & 59.5 min & 3.2 s \\
4000 & 7.4 h & 14.9 s \\
6000 & 23.2 h & 28.3 s \\
8000 & 50.7 h & 49.2 s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Time consumption for solving the system using CPU and GPU at different data point scales.  
as a component, which introduces a new representation for unconformable stratigraphic interfaces. The generalized marching cubes algorithm extends the traditional algorithm to multi-region interfaces, constructing all possible cubes that can occur in multi-region cases, thus enabling surface generation when multiple regions meet in unconformable stratigraphic interfaces. Using actual borehole data, the paper models and visualizes surfaces that include unconformable stratigraphic interfaces, resulting in a consistent 3D geological surface model with no topological errors, thereby validating the effectiveness of the proposed method.  
Conceptualization, P.L. and Z.L. ([PERSON]); methodology, P.L.; software, Z.L. ([PERSON]); validation, P.L., Z.L. ([PERSON]) and G.Y.; formal analysis, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); investigation, P.L.; resources, P.L.; data curation, G.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.L. ([PERSON]); writing--review and editing, P.L.; visualization, G.Y.; supervision, Z.L. ([PERSON]); project administration, P.L.; funding acquisition, Z.L. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61379106, 62471494) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019 YFF0301800).  
Not applicable.  
The raw data of this article are subject to confidentiality requirements and cannot be made publicly available.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 6 Discussion on the Results
### Comparative Performance Across Frame Configurations and Scalability of ACPH  
A comparison study of the four frame setups shows regular patterns in how the ACPH system affects seismic performance across different geometries. The inclusion of ACPH devices in all configurations resulted in considerable reductions in peak base shear, higher global ductility, and clear damage suppression in concrete members, suggesting a robust and repeatable protective impact. Higher flexibility in the upper stories caused the ACPH's effect on fundamental period elongation to be more noticeable in the transition from 1-story to 2-story frames. Particularly in the longer-period range, this change in dynamic properties lowered seismic demand and helped achieve more relative decreases in base shear. For example, the base shear in the 1B2S design was lowered by more than 46% when compared to its monolithic RC equivalent.  
The change from single-bay to two-bay setups (1B1S to 2B1S) also showed that the ACPH remained effective in multi-hinge systems with well-distributed strain localization and no negative contact between neighboring hinges. ACPH-equipped 2B frames had less central column base shear share, suggesting improved load dispersion and lower demand concentration. Importantly, in all configurations, plastic stresses were localized inside the steel fuse plates of the ACPH subassemblies, and both tensile and compressive damage in concrete stayed below critical thresholds. These trends persisted even in the most complicated scenario (2B2S), hence verifying the scalability and robustness of the ACPH technology with performance apart from frame size or arrangement.  
These results substantiate the notion that the ACPH system is efficient not just in isolated subassemblies but also in whole structural systems of escalating complexity. To quantify this enhancement, basic demand-to-capacity ratios (DCRs) were computed using engineering limit states. A serviceability drift limit of 1.0% and a near-collapse threshold of 3.0% were presumed based on existing design standards (e.g., FEMA 356 [43]; Eurocode 8 [44]). The maximum drift in ACPH-equipped frames was between 0.6% and 0.9%, whereas conventional RC frames exhibited values from 1.3% to 1.7%, contingent upon the frame type. These findings indicate DCR reductions of 40-55% favoring the ACPH frames.  
Furthermore, RC frames devoid of ACPH had damage indices nearing 0.90 and significant plastic stresses in both concrete and reinforcement. Conversely, the ACPH constructions exhibited damage indices consistently around 0.3, with plastic deformation localized in the steel fuse plates. The findings demonstrate that ACPH-equipped frames maintain adequate structural performance under both serviceability and near-collapse circumstances. The integration of ACPH enhances global resilience and localized damage mitigation in a measurable way.
# Parallel Load-Bearing and Damping System Design and Test for Satellite Vibration Suppression
## 2 Problem Description  
The whole-spacecraft vibration isolation system, which is shown in Figure 1, attenuates the vibration load that is transmitted from the launch vehicle to the payload. Payload Adaptor Fitting (PAF) is the section connecting the launch vehicle with the satellite and is traditionally designed to be very stiff and provide an efficient transmission path for both dynamic and quasi-static launch loads [23]. The satellite branch structure consists of a satellite and a Payload Adaptor Fitting (PAF), which is shown in Figure 2. In engineering problems, there is a satellite holder connecting the satellite on the top of the PAF, and a rocket connector is at the bottom of the PAF.  
In order to characterize and analyze the dynamic properties of the PAF, an experiment was conducted to get its frequency response. In the experiment, the bottom of the PAF was connected to a vibration machine, which could simulate the vibration transmitted from the rocket. The testing frequency range and amplitude were 5-100 Hz and 1 m/s\({}^{2}\), respectively.  
The results of the frequency responses are shown in Table 1. The first resonance axial, lateral-y, and lateral-z peak frequencies are listed. Their transfer rates are 14.05 m/s\({}^{2}\), 3.1 m/s\({}^{2}\) and 2.4 m/s\({}^{2}\), respectively. The acceleration peak is so high that a structure would be damaged if no vibration isolation measure was adopted.  
Therefore, the overall objective is to reduce the peak value of acceleration transmissibility with the constraint of the fundamental frequency. Because the satellite and rocket's interface cannot be modified, the design object is limited to the PAF. Our goal is to introduce a vibration isolation system on the PAF structure, as well as keep the structure lightweight. In summary, the design requirements are that the axial peak of frequency response at the first order longitudinal frequency reduces to the given level (40% off) and the weight increases by less than 30 kg. In order to maintain structural stability, other design constraints should also be considered: (1) the interface should remain unchanged; (2) the axial and lateral fundamental frequencies should have minimal change.
# Conductive Textiles for Signal Sensing and Technical Applications
## 2 Materials Used to Impart Conductivity on Textiles
### Conductive Polymers
#### 2.1.1 Polypyrrole (PPy)  
PPy is one of the most extensively studied conducting polymers for many commercial applications due to their excellent thermal stability, good electrical conductivity, relative ease of synthesis, and environmental stability [10; 13]. Three different methods of polymerization of pyrrole are usually followed to obtain PP; These methods are: (i) chemical polymerization in solution, (ii) chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and (iii) electrochemical polymerization [14].  
Electroconductive PPy can be prepared in various solutions such as water, diethyl ether, and acetonitrile (ACN). PPy powder prepared in H\({}_{2}\)O exhibits the largest capacitance value, approximately 355 Fg\({}^{-1}\)[15]. The preparation of conducting membranes by chemical polymerization of PPy in the pores of the macroporous membrane in a similar way was also reported. The conductivities of the order of 10\({}^{-3}\) Scm\({}^{-1}\) and 10\({}^{-2}\) Scm\({}^{-1}\) were obtained, indicating that thinner composites with a more homogenous distribution of PPy throughout the sample performed better compared to the thicker composites [16]. Chemical polymerization of PPy on the surface of a porous graphite fiber matrix was done to prepare composite electrodes for supercapacitors. A specific capacitance of about 400 Fg\({}^{-1}\) and a coulombic efficiency of 96-99% were obtained in the presence of ferric nitrate (Fe(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{3}\).H\({}_{2}\)O), along with indicating that the dipping method is suitable for  
Figure 1: Chemical structure of most conductive polymers: (**a**) Polypyrrole (PPy), (**b**) Polyaniline (PANI), (**c**) Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) [10; 11; 12].  
the modification of carbon-based porous graphite fibers to improve the performance of electrodes used in supercapacitors [17].  
Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-PPy nanocomposite electrodes were fabricated to improve the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor. A high specific capacitance was reported compared to the pure PPy and the SWCNTs. The SWCNT-PPy nanocomposite electrodes show a maximum specific capacitance of 265 \(\mathrm{Fg}^{-1}\)[18]. Similarly, to improve the conductivity of the PPy compared to its pure form, an SWCNT-PPy was prepared by in situ chemical polymerization [19]. PPy-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) prepared by the in situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole showed improved conductivity compared to pure PPy. The room temperature electrical conductivity of the MWCNT-PPy nanotubes synthesized by the chemical method using \(\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}\) was measured to be 1.50-2.40 \(\mathrm{Scm}^{-1}\), which is higher than that of PPy and neat MWCNT. The conductivity decreases with the increase of the feeding mass ratio of PPy to MWCNTs [20].
# Sensors for Sustainable Smart Cities: A Review
## 3 Results
### Sensors
#### 3.3.2 Sensors for Mobility Applications
Vehicle detection have been achieved by cement-based piezoelectric, induction loop sensors, measuring vehicle's weight-in-motion (WIM), and performing vehicle type classification [65], and ferromagnetic sensors buried in the asphalt for smart-parking solutions [72]. Vision-based sensors, such as infrared (IR) [67] and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) [73] have been used to detect the position of vehicles, pedestrians and buildings within a given proximity. Pedestrian-vehicle (P2V) oriented sensors also exist, such as the \"smart car seat\", a contact-free heart rate monitoring sensor oriented to ensure driver's well-being and safety [74]. Mobile phone apps have allowed P2V and V2P applications for collision prediction [66; 75]. Recently, virtual sensors have been used to enhance innovative solutions especially in the electro-mobility sector. VSs have been introduced for operating in the sensor-cloud platform as an abstraction of the physical devices. In particular, a VS can logically reproduce one or more physical sensors, facilitating and increasing their functionalities, performing complex tasks that cannot be accomplished by physical sensors [76]. Differently from a real sensor, the VS is equipped with an intelligent component based on data processing algorithm to derive the required information elaborating the available input data from heterogeneous sources. Indeed, VS is typically used in services in which it is necessary to derive data and information that are not available or directly measurable from physical sensing instrumentation [77, 78]. Although the use of such sensors has been explored in different domains or verticals of the smart city, the mobility sector is the one where they find large application. In the electric mobility domain, for instance, they are used to predict the personal mobility needs of the driver to estimate the duration and cost of the battery charging, to predict the energy demand of medium or long-range trips, etc. All these predictions are performed through ad-hoc algorithms able to process available input data from the electric vehicles, the users, and the charging stations [76, 77, 78].
# Interference Mitigation Strategies in Beyond 5G Wireless Systems: A Review
## 4 Interference Mitigation Schemes and Techniques by 3 GPP
### AI-Enabled Interference Mitigation
#### 4.4.4 Reinforcement Learning in Self-Organizing Networks  
In the 3 GPP SON framework, AI-based RL agents are proposed to autonomously learn optimal ICO strategies [199]. These agents consider metrics such as SINR, throughput, and user density to adaptively manage power levels, adjust scheduling, or reconfigure cells. This aligns with the 3 GPP goal of supporting zero-touch operation and automation in B5G networks [200].  
As summarized in Figure 8, 3 GPP's standardized IMI strategies address the key challenges of B5G networks, including co-channel interference, dense and heterogeneous deployments, and dynamic traffic behavior. These solutions encompass both classical techniques such as POC [3], COS [42], and BF [201] and, AI-driven methods for RT adaptation and proactive IPR [202; 203]. Together, they form a cohesive and adaptive framework that not only enhances SE and communication reliability but also aligns with the long-term vision of autonomous and intelligent RANs.
## 4 Simulation Tool and Mobility Model  
In this work, we decided to use a network simulator (NS3), because it is well established and widely considered by authors for ad hoc networks. Generally, network simulator has a desirable framework which is sufficient to construct the required simulation arrangements and realize objects such as network nodes, protocols and links. Network simulator framework contains utilities such as TCL debugger to debug TCL script and emulator to visualize a live network scenario [20; 21].  
In ad hoc networks, there is a high chance of node mobility due to the ad hoc nature and the type of applications; thus, node mobility has a major impact on the routing protocol behaviors. In this work, the random waypoint model implemented in NS3 has been adopted in the simulation environment to simulate nodes movements. The random waypoint model is widely used and analyzed in simulations of ad hoc routing protocols because of its simplicity and availability [22]. In the random waypoint model, a node is free to select its destination, speed and direction independent of neighboring nodes. The mobility model can be briefly described in such a way that the mobile node can begin the simulation after waiting for a specified time, and then it selects a random destination in the area and a random speed distributed uniformly between minimum and maximum speed. Then, after reaching its destination point, the mobile node waits again a fixed number of seconds before choosing a new waypoint and speed [23].
# Are There Seven Symbols for the Nucleotide-Based Genetic Code?
### The Hypothesis Statements  
The first presupposition, commonly shared by researchers, is that the genomic alphabet contains four letters. The second equally common statement is that the basic building blocks carrying the meaning (words) have to be triplets or triplets' combinations. Finally, a frequent belief is that there are no punctuation marks in genomic text. We are about to challenge all of those claims. We propose that the genomic alphabet, while still containing only four nucleotides, consists of seven symbols, the meaningful entities, or \"words\", are not necessarily triplets, and the genetic code does possess punctuation marks that serve as a means for tokenization.  
The new kind of analysis proposed in this paper is called \"contextual analysis\". It takes into consideration the degeneracy of codons. Depending on the \"context\", i.e., preceding nucleotides in the codon, the third character is transformed (Table 1). As a result of that, we end up with a seven-letter alphabet, that is, the nucleotides \"A\", \"T\", \"C\", and \"G\", plus \"Y\" (any purine), \"X\" (any pyrimidine), and the \"...\" (any nucleotide) character. Therefore, even the physical basis of the four nucleotides remains the same; on the semiotic level (or level of biological function), there are seven symbols. Our main claim is thus that some nucleotides may have a double or even triple function. At the same time, we accept that the \"any nucleotide\" characters operate similarly to white spaces in our languages, providing a natural way of contextual tokenization. We hypothesized that if that is true, then genomic texts subject to contextual analysis would have follow the Zipf distribution better than when exposed to alternative methods of tokenization.  
To our knowledge, the approach proposed in this study was not previously applied in genome analyses. To ensure the objectivity and universality of the results for our analyses, we used 60 uniform genomic texts of the same length (3 Mbp) derived from a wide variety of species.  
The primary objectives of this study are to (1) investigate this alternative representation of nucleotide sequences using a seven-character alphabet derived from genetic code degeneracy, (2) assess whether coding sequences (CDSs) rewritten using a seven-symbol alphabet and tokenized accordingly exhibit a power-law distribution in their frequency-range analysis, indicating meaningful informational structures, (3) evaluate the effectiveness of triplet tokenization and frame tokenization in detecting this semiotic information within genomic sequences by examining the conformity of their texts' frequency distributions to the Zipf plot, and (4) differentiate between genuine genomic patterns and randomly generated texts, thereby validating that the observed results are not due to chance.