esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Transcriptional Regulation in Integrons
### Regulation of Integrase Transcription in MI and CI by Stress Response Mechanisms
#### 2.5.2 The Role CRP-cAMP Catabolite Repression Pathway and Environmental Physicochemical Conditions  
As aforementioned, the ssDNA uptake by transformation is another inducer of the SOS response and integron functionality activation [21]. Regulation of natural competence depends on several factors, one of them is the regulon of the receptor protein (CRP) of cyclic AMP (cAMP), involved with carbon catabolite repression [106]. Reduced levels of carbon sources in the environment trigger a regulatory cascade that culminates in the increase of intracellular cAMP. Such heightened levels of cAMP ultimately modulate transcription of several genes associated with physiologic features and environmental stimuli, such as adaptation to starvation, quorum sensing, virulence, and competence [21]. Therefore, as found for the SOS system, the cAMP-CRP regulon can also be considered a stress response mechanism. A previous study observed that the expression of \(intlA\) from _V. cholerae_ CI varied in detrimental of carbon source, indicating that the integrase expression is regulated by cAMP-CRP. Indeed, [PERSON] et al. [21] demonstrated the existence of a 22 bp-cAMP-CRP binding site conserved in the vicinity of \(intlA\) promoter (44 bp and 69 bp upstream \(\text{P}_{\text{intA}}\) and LexA binding site, respectively) (Figure 10), and they observed the effective binding of the cAMP-CRP complex to this region, impacting on integrase expression. Afterward, it has been verified that Pc from _V. cholerae_ CI is also activated by the cAMP-CRP complex, which binds to this same CRP box and upregulates gene cassette expression (Discussed above in topic 2.1.4) [22]. However, the absence of a CRP binding site in the \(attl1\) site encompassing the \(intl1\) promoter suggests that class 1 integrins are not under cAMP-CRP regulation [107]. Therefore, besides SOS response activation, integrase expression in _V. cholerae_ CI was also submitted to cAMP-CRP regulation (Figure 10).  
Moreover, as found for Pc promoters in _V. cholerae_ CI, the P\({}_{\text{intIA}}\) is also highly induced under physicochemical conditions that mimic the human intestine, such as high temperature and salinity. In this way, an increase in the rates of acquisition/reordering and expression of gene cassettes is observed in response to the concomitant induction of P\({}_{\text{intA}}\) and Pc promoters, allowing _V. cholerae_ to rapidly adapt to the challenges of its next environment after being excreted from the human host [22].
# Sensor Observation Service API for Providing Gridded Climate Data to Agricultural Applications
## 4 Evaluation of SOS API Performance  
We evaluated the performance of NARO Agent by setting up realistic accessing scenarios, which is considered as a requirement to support agricultural applications. The scenarios were tested to measure the response time, as well as to evaluate the contribution of the accelerating mechanism implemented internally.  
The characteristics of accesses from actual applications vary. Some applications may require only a single climate variable for one year or a lesser time period. Other applications require several items for a long-term period. Some applications need a good response time for further processing. For example, the development of the weather generator as a web service [27] requires four meteorological variables as long-term climatological data in the range of several tens of years for generating weather scenarios in a targeted area. This application requires not only long-term data, but also a good response time for further processing. Crop models such as DSSAT [28] and ORYZA [29] require daily data of four climate variables, namely maximum temperature, minimum temperature, solar irradiance and precipitation for simulating crop growth.  
With regard to the actual requirement of agricultural applications, we define conditions for testing the performance of our mechanism as follows.
# First In-Orbit Validation of Interferometric GNSS-R Altimetry: Mission Overview and Initial Results
## 3 Results
### Intercomparisons with Sentinel-6 SSH Products
Figure 16: Comparison scatter plots of Sentinel-6 vs. iGNSS-R SSH corrections: (**a**) wet tropospheric delay, (**b**) dry tropospheric delay, (**c**) ocean tide, (**d**) polar tide, (**e**) solid Earth tide, (**f**) DAC. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Validation Parameters** & **STD (cm)** & **Bias (cm)** & **RMSE (cm)** & **R** \\ \hline SSH & 17.188 & \(-0.347\) & 17.192 & 1 \\ Wet tropospheric delay * & 1.119 & 0.626 & 1.282 & 0.993 \\ Dry tropospheric delay * & 0.426 & \(-0.621\) & 0.753 & 0.991 \\ Ocean tide & 3.486 & \(-0.097\) & 3.485 & 0.994 \\ Polar tide & 0.486 & 0.033 & 0.487 & 0.902 \\ Solid Earth tide & 0.461 & \(-0.003\) & 0.461 & 0.998 \\ DAC & 0.587 & \(-0.023\) & 0.587 & 0.999 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
* Statistical results at \(0^{\circ}\) incidence angle.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Intercomparison results with Sentinel-6 SSH products.
## 1 Introduction
In contrast with the scenario-generation methods discussed above, the proposed method only requires the raw information of uncertain factors, and is capable of controlling the number of scenarios to an acceptable range. More importantly, it can spontaneously take into account the correlation among uncertain factors when generating typical scenarios, thus improving the accuracy of uncertainty simulation. Furthermore, on the basis of the typical scenarios, this paper presents a multi-scenario, multi-objective TNEP model with consideration of uncertain renewable generation and load demand. In order to achieve the balance between economic efficiency and robustness of TNEP, the curtailment of renewable generation is considered as one of the optimization objectives. A modified NSGA-II algorithm is then employed to obtain a set of Pareto optimal planning schemes with different levels of investment costs and renewable generation curtailments. In consequence, decision makers are allowed to make an effective choice according to the Pareto optimal front. For validation, the proposed TNEP method is tested on the modified IEEE RTS-24 system. The numerical results show that the proposed method can provide planning schemes superior to those from conventional TNEP methods.
## 3 Fuzzy-Logic Topology Control (FTC)
### WSNs Topology Control Using Fuzzy-Logic
#### 3.1.1 FTC Output and Input  
Figure 1 shows the system design of FTC. Adjusting the communication range (or equivalently transmission power) is a very common capability in many sensor nodes, e.g., Sun SPOT (Sun Small Programmable Object Technology) sensors. Hence, the output of FTC is the communication range (CR). Since the target is to reach a specific node degree (ND) for FTC, one of the inputs is the desired or reference ND, denoted by \(ND_{ref}\) or \(k\). Note that in this paper, we use \(ND_{ref}\) and \(k\) interchangeably, because \(ND_{ref}\) is used in control systems and \(k\) commonly represents the node degree in the graph theory. On the other hand, for a large and random network, the number of nodes within its communication range is unknown. Nevertheless, according to the network deployment strategy, the probability that a node has node degree \(k\) is known. For a random and uniform deployment, the probability that the node degree is at least bigger than \(k\) is given by Equation (1) (see [9]), where \(r\) is the node communication range, \(n\) is the total number of nodes in the field, node density \(\rho=\frac{n}{A}\), and \(A\) is the area of the field. Therefore, the probability that a node has degree \(k\) is another fuzzy-logic controller input, denoted by \(Prob\). In practice, \(k\) is an integer and communication range has an upper bound \(r_{max}\), so integer \(k>0\) and \(0\leq r\leq r_{max}\).  
\[P(ND\geq k)=f(k,r)=1-\sum_{N=0}^{k-1}\frac{(\rho\pi r^{2})^{N}}{N!}e^{-\rho\pi r ^{2}} \tag{1}\]  
Figure 1: Fuzzy-logic topology control (FTC).
# Cluster Analysis with K-Mean versus K-Medoid in Financial Performance Evaluation
## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Data and Sample  
The database used for this study includes two complete databases, one for Hajdu-Bihar County in Hungary and one for Cluj County, Romania. Those databases include complete financial statements (balance sheet and income statement) for a period of five consecutive years for all active companies operating under the business activity code 4711--Retail sale in non-specialized stores with predominant sale of products food, beverages and tobacco. The financial statements were taken from the OPTEN database (a service providing complete information about economic entities) for Hungary, and for Romania they were received directly from the General Regional Directorate of Public Finances Cluj. Thus, the database includes 246 companies from Hungary and 1020 companies from Romania. In the study conducted on the financial performance of these companies, for the analysis we worked only with relative indicators because:  
* the database includes all companies in this field of activity, from the smallest companies to large enterprises (in terms of turnover, value of assets, number of employees, etc.), so the absolute values would not have been representative and comparable.
* the financial statements were prepared in two different currencies (Hungarian forint and Romanian lei), so, by using the relative indicators, the results could be compared.  
From the two databases, during the analysis and even in the first phase of data processing, the companies that recorded no revenue/sales (for the entire period analyzed, which means that they had no activity) were eliminated. There are many companies that no longer have activity, but have not officially closed their business and still submit financial  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**K-Mean Method**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**K-Medoid Method**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Advantages} & \multirow{2}{*}{✓} & Well-known (popular) and commonly & ✓ & Well-known and commonly used method [33] \\  & & used method [29; 33] & ✓ & Less sensitive to outliers [31; 33] \\  & ✓ & Simple and easy to use method [23; 24; 33] & ✓ & Execution time per cluster is less in comparison \\  & & & & with K-Mean [23; 31; 33] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Disadvantages} & \multirow{2}{*}{✓} & Execution time per cluster is more in comparison & \multirow{2}{*}{✓} & \multirow{2}{*}{✓} \\  & & with K-Medoid [23; 31; 33] & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & It is sensitive to different distinct values [23; 33] & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Number of clusters is unknown & & K-Means [31; 33]. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Advantages and disadvantages of K-Mean and K-Medoid methods.  
statements. For these companies, financial performance is not relevant (zero). Therefore, the companies with incomplete data and/or those with zero net sales were eliminated from the analysis. Thus, only 690 Romanian companies and 211 Hungarian companies were taken into account for the statistical analysis (see Table 2).
###### Abstract  
The development of metamaterial absorbers has become attractive for various fields of application, such as sensing, detectors, wireless communication, antenna design, emitters, spatial light modulators, etc. Multiband absorbers with polarization insensitivity have drawn significant attention in microwave absorption and sensing research. In this paper, we propose a quad-band polarization-insensitive metamaterial absorber (MMA) for Ku- and K-band applications. The proposed patch comprises two square split-ring resonators (SSRR), four microstrip lines, and an inner Jerusalem cross to generate four corresponding resonances at 12.62 GHz,14.12 GHz, 17.53 GHz, and 19.91 GHz with 97%, 99.51%, 99%, and 99.5% absorption, respectively. The complex values of permittivity, permeability, refractive index, and impedance of MMA were extracted and discussed. The absorption mechanism of the designed MMA was explored by impedance matching, equivalent circuit model, as well as magnetic field and electric field analysis. The overall patch has a rotational-symmetrical structure, which plays a crucial role in acquiring the polarization-insensitive property. The design also shows stable absorption for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. Its near-unity absorption and excellent sensing performance make it a potential candidate for sensing applications.  
metamaterial absorber; polarization-insensitive; quad-band; Ku- and K-band applications; sensing application +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters B  
1 Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Rolim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
## 2 Steering and Vehicle Systems Modeling
### Steering System and Tire Combination Model  
The integration of the steering system (3) and the vehicle dynamics system (9) into a unified model is essential for regulating the vehicle's lateral motion. The resulting sixth-order dynamic model is represented as follows:  
\[\begin{array}{l}\dot{x}=Ax+B\tau_{m}+N\zeta\\ y=Cx\\ \end{array} \tag{10}\]  
\[\begin{array}{l}\text{where}\,x=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\delta&\dot{\delta} &Y&v_{y}&\varphi&\dot{\varphi}\end{array}\right]^{T}\!,\,y=\left[\begin{array}[ ]{cc}Y&\varphi\end{array}\right]^{T}\!,\,\zeta=\left[\begin{array}{cc} \omega_{\tau}&\zeta_{s}\end{array}\right]^{T}\!,\,C=\left[\begin{array}{cc} \mathbbm{0}_{\times 2}&C_{2}\end{array}\right]\\ A=\left[\begin{array}{cc}A_{1}&\mathbf{0}_{2\times 4}\\ B_{2}C_{1}&A_{2}\end{array}\right]\quad B=\left[\begin{array}{cc}B_{1}\\ \mathbf{0}_{4\times 1}\end{array}\right]\quad N=\left[\begin{array}{cc}N_{1}& \mathbf{0}_{2\times 2}\\ \mathbf{0}_{4\times 1}&N_{2}\end{array}\right]\end{array}\]  
In crafting the controller, the continuous-time system as described in Formula (9) is discretized with a sampling interval of \(T_{s}\), yielding the ensuing discrete-time system:  
\[x(k+1)=A_{d}x(k)+B_{d}\tau_{m}(k)+N_{d}\zeta(k) \tag{11}\]  
where \(x(k)\in\mathbb{R}^{6}\), \(\tau_{m}(k)\in\mathbb{R}\), \(A_{d}=T_{s}A+\mathbf{I}_{6}\), \(B_{d}=T_{s}B\), and \(N_{d}=T_{s}N\). The integrated system enables the vehicle to track the desired path by regulating the motor's steering torque, with the steering angle \(\delta\) serving as a state variable. The variable \(\zeta(k)\) is computed based on the vehicle's motion state.
## 2 Related Work
The legacy networks running legacy routing protocols like OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP are fully distributed. Fibbing extracts the forwarding information base of the legacy routing engine and transforms it to centralized control so that the scalability and programmability features of the centralized controller can be achieved. While Fibbing is claimed to have programmability features and to be easy to deploy, to our best knowledge, its implementation in production networks is not known. Different hybrid SDN implementation approaches are summarized in Table 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{108.4 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt}} \hline
**Migration Method** & **SDN-IP**[16] & **Fibbing**[15] & **Panopion**[13] & **OSH**[12] & **RoutFlow**[14; 17] & **HARMLESS**[8] \\ \hline
**Approach** & Hybrid (Traditional + SDN) & Traditional & Hybrid network (Traditional + SDN) & Hybrid (Traditional + SDN) & SDN route mapping (Traditional + SDN) & Hybrid (Traditional + SDN) & Hybrid (Traditional + SDN) \\ \hline
**Applicable networks** & All enterprise and ISP networks & All enterprise and ISP networks & All enterprise and ISP networks & All enterprise and ISP networks & Suitable large-scale experimentation & Small enterprises and data centers & Small enterprises and data centers & Small enterprises and data centers \\ \hline
**Performance** & Robust, distributed and scalable & Inherits the benefits (scalability, implementation) of legacy networks, fault tolerance) of legacy networks like logging. Resource performance & Performance issues at large scale implementation due to tunneling performance & Operation and the tunneling configuration (openVPN, VXLAN) & Operation and the large-scale energy networks & Not a robust large-scale energy-grade network migration \\ \hline
**Controller** & ONOS & Fibbing controller (own controller) & POX & FloodLight & POX/NOX & OVS controller V2.0.7 \\ \hline
**Production status** & In production and implementation [16; 18; 19; 20; 21] & Not known & Not in production & Not Known & Not in production & Not in production \\ \hline
**Transition support** & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & No & Yes \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Hybrid software-defined networking (SDN) implementation approaches.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cost Function  
In order to select the optimal/safest trajectory, a cost function was applied. For each section of the entry region, the algorithm iterates until the cost obtained for the trajectory is less than a defined threshold, with a maximum of 1000 iterations. The cost function proposed consists of three main terms that assess different aspects of the calculated trajectories: entry point convenience, effort, and safety.
## 5 Conclusions  
Based on Landsat and MODIS satellite remote sensing image data, this paper calculates the RSEI and evaluates and analyzes the spatial and temporal changes in ecological environment quality in Meizhou from 2008 to 2018. The results show that: (1) during the study period, the ecological environment quality of Meizhou became better overall; the quality of the ecological environment was slightly worse, but the overall quality had become better. The proportion of RSEI grades of \"good\" and \"excellent\" gradually increased from 61.7% to 66.2%, and the proportion of \"inferior\" and \"poor\" grades increased slightly, from 3.5% to 4.1%. (2) The area of Meizhou's ecological environment with improved quality accounted for 26.3%, and the worsening accounted for 19.9%, showing an overall improvement trend. The development of urbanization has led to the continuous expansion of construction land in basins, plains, and other places, resulting in the deterioration of ecological environment quality. However, the government's \"Greening Meizhou\" campaign, afforestation, and rural beautification and greening policies have improved the ecological quality of Meizhou's mountainous areas. (3) The correlation between POI and RSEI and its related indicators is significant. Among them, GPP, LST, and RSEI were calculated, based on MODIS data; they have a high degree of correlation, which has high applicability to the evaluation of ecological environment quality in Meizhou. POI and RSEI were significantly negatively correlated, but the degree was moderate, indicating that the impact of human activities on the environment in Meizhou was within a reasonable range.  
Conceptualization, Z.C. and R.C.; methodology, Z.C. and Y.H.; software, Z.C. and Y.H.; validation, R.C., Q.G. and Y.H.; formal analysis, Z.C. and R.C.; investigation, Z.C.; resources, Z.C.; data curation, Z.C.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.C.; writing--review and editing, R.C. and Q.G.; visualization, Z.C.; supervision, Z.C. and Q.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42207506 and 42071088), the doctoral promotion program of Suzhou Agricultural Vocational and Technical College (Grant No. BS2109), the \"333 High-level Talents Training Project in Jiangsu Province\"(No. 2022), and Suzhou Agricultural Vocational and Technical College's 2021 Science and Technology Innovation and Service Team Special Fund Project, \"Agricultural Product Circulation Model Innovation Team\" (No.KJFW2104).
## 3 Classical Routing Protocols
### Modification of LEACH Based on CH Selection
#### 3.2.4 Multi-Hop LEACH  
A simple multi-hop routing protocol was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [72] that selects CH based on the residual energy of each node. In the first round, the CH is selected randomly; the node with the highest residual energy acts as CH, and so on. Since all the CHs send data to BS directly irrespective of its distance in LEACH, much energy becomes consumed. Hence, in this multi-hop protocol, an optimal path is selected, and each CH sends its data to the node nearest to the sink. Both modifications enhanced the energy consumption and node lifetime more than the LEACH protocol.
# A Gaussian Process Method with Uncertainty Quantification for Air Quality Monitoring
## 1 Introduction
It provides insights on how a GP model's performance is related to measurement noise level and hyperparameters, etc. The main contribution of this work includes (1) a general method for analysing how noise level and hyperparameters of a GP model affect the prediction performance. The variation of the evidence lower bound (ELBO) and the upper bound of the marginal likelihood (UBML) with respect to the noise level and hyperparameters are also given. (2) Neumann series is exploited to approximate the matrix inversion involved in GPs. This helps construct an analytical relation between noise level, hyperparameters, etc., and model performance. (3) A comparative air quality forecasting study between Sheffield, UK, and Pershawar, Pakistan is given, demonstrating that the proposed solution is able to capture how noise level and hyperparameters affect GPs performance. The remaining part of this paper is as follows. Section 2 provides the theoretical fundamentals involved in this paper; Section 3 elaborates the proposed uncertainty quantification solution. In Section 4, we provide a comparative study of air quality prediction in the same period between the British city Sheffield and Pakistani city Pershawar, and the paper is concluded in Section 5. Appendix A describes the data collection process in Peshawar, Pakistan, and in Sheffield, United Kingdom, and presents maps of the considered areasof these cities. Appendix B gives the World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria for air pollutants. Appendix C gives the approximate derivatives of the GP kernel.