## 1 Introduction
[29] proposed the design of a novel system integrated in the window frame to increase net savings in terms of energy and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. The results show that the integration of the system saved 50.3% of the energy that would be consumed by the basic window frame system without the integrated novel design to achieve the required indoor conditions. In the study, the authors analysed exclusively the effect of varying the geometry of different aluminium heat exchangers, without considering modifications to the window frame's characteristics. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [30] selected three types of glazing and shading systems to evaluate their effect on energy consumption of cooling. For the particular case of residential buildings in Dubai, the greatest energy efficiency was obtained with low-E-coated glass and external venetian blinds set at 45\({}^{\circ}\). No consideration was given in this study to the modification of the material or dimensions of the window frame. [PERSON] et al. [31] investigated the effects of window configuration on energy consumption for a case study in Semnan (Iran), where the climate is hot and arid and the cooling load is more important than the heating load. For this purpose, various types of glass with different characteristics were considered, such as the filler gas, the thickness of the glass layer, and the thickness of the gap between two glass layers. Based on the thermal performance and an economic assessment, the authors recommended the use of double-pane windows with 4 mm thick tempered glass and an 8 mm inter-pane gap filled with air. It should be noted that the study did not consider modification of the window frame typology or the effect of shading elements. [PERSON] et al. [32] determined the improvement in energy efficiency obtained through the incorporation of glass curtain systems in a common residential building located in Alicante (Spain). The glass curtain was frameless, which allows for increased solar radiation capture. Consequently, these systems were able to reduce heating energy needs by almost 60%. However, the use of shading systems and ventilation methods should be taken into account to reduce the risk of overheating in summer. As mentioned in [33], lowering the window-to-wall ratio is an effective way of reducing cooling loads and, therefore, the annual energy consumption of residential buildings in areas with hot climates. In view of the gap found in the scientific literature review, the work carried out in this paper aims to simulate, jointly and comparatively, the effect that different factors involved in the design of window openings have on the primary energy consumption of cooling residential buildings. To this end, numerous simulations are carried out using the EnergyPlus energy model, combining three different residential building configurations with a wide range of designs and technical characteristics of window frames and glazing, as well as the shading systems implemented in them. The Canary Islands (Spain), which have a generally warm climate, was selected as the study region. The results obtained in the simulations are compared, and the effect and sensitivity of the studied factors on the primary energy consumption for cooling, as well as the subsequent impact on carbon dioxide emissions, are identified. The conclusions derived from this study can serve as a basis for the establishment of specific strategies in energy planning, as well as in normative and regulatory documents related to the construction of buildings.