## 3 Results and Discussions
### Tocopherols Composition  
Three tocopherols isoforms, namely \(\alpha\)-, \(\beta\)- and \(\gamma\)-tocopherol, were quantified in the oleaster oils (Table 3). The most abundant compound was \(\alpha\)-tocopherol, ranging from 263 to 458 mg/kg, with similar average amounts between the three studied populations (from 360.2 to 385.4 mg/kg of oil). However, the oils were significantly different (\(p\)-value \(<\) 0.0010) in terms of \(\gamma\)-tocopherol content: the highest average was observed in the VNFC oils (76 mg/kg of oil) and the lowest in the Moncorvo population oils (27 mg/kg of oil). \(\beta\)-Tocopherol contents were highly consistent, ranging from 5.5 to 6.5 mg/kg of oil. As can be seen from Table 3, the mean total amounts of tocopherols found in the oleaster oils from Alijo and VNFC populations (varying between 439.4 and 467.6 mg/kg of oil, respectively) were significantly higher than the amounts observed in oils from Moncorvo location (392.5 mg/kg of oil). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fatty Acid Profile (\%)** & **Olive Oil 1** & **Alijo** & **Moncorvo** & **Vila Nova de** & **One-Way ANOVA** \\  & & & & **Foz Cóa** & **(\(p\)-Value) 2** \\ \hline Myristic acid (C14.0) & \(\leq\)0.03 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.6629 \\ Palmitic (C16.0) & 7.5–20.0 & 14.24 \(\pm\) 2.22 & 15.20 \(\pm\) 1.94 & 14.68 \(\pm\) 2.45 & 0.4755 \\ Palmitoleic (C16.1) & 0.3–3.5 & 2.54 \(\pm\) 1.38 & 1.91 \(\pm\) 0.99 & 2.03 \(\pm\) 0.87 & 0.2374 \\ Heptadeconic (C17.0) & \(\leq\)0.3 & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 0.0006 \\ Heptadeconic (C17.1) & \(\leq\)0.3 & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.09 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) & 0.0010 \\ Stearic (C18.0) & 0.5–5.0 & 1.95 \(\pm\) 0.38 & 2.02 \(\pm\) 0.18 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 2.26 \(\pm\) 0.29 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 0.0102 \\ Oleic (C18.1) & 55.0–83.0 & 6.89 \(\pm\) 1.87 & 70.60 \(\pm\) 1.82 & 69.98 \(\pm\) 2.27 & 0.0630 \\ Linoleic (C18.2) & 2.5–21.0 & 9.88 \(\pm\) 4.13 & 7.87 \(\pm\) 1.32 & 8.62 \(\pm\) 1.39 & 0.1028 \\ Linolenic (C18.3) & \(\leq\)1.0 & 1.06 \(\pm\) 0.04 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 0.93 \(\pm\) 0.12 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 0.99 \(\pm\) 0.15 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 0.0098 \\ Arachidic (C20.0) & \(\leq\)0.6 & 0.37 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 0.38 \(\pm\) 0.04 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 0.39 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 0.0212 \\ Eicosenic (C20.1) & \(\leq\)0.4 & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.04 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 0.26 \(\pm\) 0.04 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 0.0467 \\ Behenic (C22.0) & \(\leq\)0.2 & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.0755 \\ Lignoecer acid (C24.0) & \(\leq\)0.2 & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.9286 \\ \(\Sigma\)SFA & N.D.2 & 16.9 \(\pm\) 1.91 & 18 \(\pm\) 2.11 & 17.69 \(\pm\) 2.26 & 0.3210 \\ \(\Sigma\)MUFA & N.D.2 & 71.93 \(\pm\) 2.79 & 73.01 \(\pm\) 0.98 & 72.42 \(\pm\) 1.54 & 0.2926 \\ \(\Sigma\)PUFA & N.D.2 & 10.94 \(\pm\) 4.17 & 8.81 \(\pm\) 1.44 & 9.61 \(\pm\) 1.49 & 0.0867 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Reference values for olive oil according to the Commission Regulation (EEC) 2568/91 of 11 th July; 2 not defined by Commission Regulation (EEC) 2568/91 of 11 th July. Different lower case letters mean significant statistical differences between the geographical locations, at a 5% significance level (one-way ANOVA followed by the [PERSON]’s multi-comparison test).  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Fatty acids profile (%) of oils extracted from oleaster (mean \(\pm\) standard deviation) collected from different geographical locations (Alijo, Moncorvo and Vila Nova de Foz Cóa).