## 1 Introduction  
Road transport serves as the principal modality for passenger and freight mobility in the European Union, supported by mature transportation infrastructure. Official statistics revealed that in 2017, the EU's road network spanned 6.1 million kilometres, with 73,000 km constituting dedicated motorway infrastructure. Paradoxically, this sectoral expansion has coincided with escalating safety concerns [1]. Compelling data from the European Transport Safety Council (ETSC, 2023 Annual Report) document 20,418 road traffic fatalities in 2023. Of these, approximately 4371 had accidents with causes related to the deterioration of the pavement's skid resistance. Among critical determinants, pavement skid resistance emerges as a pivotal engineering parameter influencing collision risk mitigation. Approximately 25% of all global aviation accidents are associated with runway excursions, 35% of which result directly from inadequate surface friction. Wet or waterlogged runways are susceptible to hydroplaning, whereas snowy or icy conditions are characterised by extremely low friction coefficients, often leading to a total loss of braking capability. For instance, the United States Air Force experienced as many as 20 such incidents in 1973 alone, highlighting the severe safety risks posed by insufficient skid resistance during aircraft landing and take-off operations. This causal nexus necessitates mechanistic understanding of type-pavement friction dynamics, as enhanced skid resistance directly correlates with improved crashworthiness--a fundamental prerequisite for advancing transportation system safety.  
The skid resistance of a road can be defined as the road surface's ability to prevent types from sliding in the direction of travel, which is quantified by the coefficient of friction [2]. A review of the literature indicates that, in addition to subjective factors, skid resistance depends on several parameters: driver behaviour, vehicle performance, road surface roughness, and environmental factors (such as temperature, rain, snow, and pollutants) [3]. Consequently, enhancing skid resistance in pavements has become a critical research focus in the field of pavement safety [4].  
The Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC) has established a systematic classification of pavement texture, dividing it into four distinct categories: microtexture, macrotexture, megatexture, and unevenness. This classification is based on the wavelength and amplitude characteristics of surface irregularities. Over the years, a substantial body of research has been devoted to the investigation of pavement texture, with numerous studies examining the topic from diverse scientific and engineering viewpoints. In the evaluation of pavement texture, researchers have investigated the statistical geometric features, spectral features, fractal features, and multifractal features of pavement texture. Regarding the measurement of pavement texture, scholars in this field have explored methodologies for both the direct and indirect assessment of pavement macrotexture. Asphalt pavement texture exhibits a clear random distribution and complex variations. Consequently, characterising pavement skid resistance based on the macroscopic and microscopic texture characteristics of the pavement remains a challenging and contentious area of research both domestically and internationally.  
The core innovation of this study lies in two aspects: (1) a systematic review of the synergistic influence mechanism of both macroscopic and microscopic textures of asphalt pavements on skid resistance, and (2) an investigation into the characterisation and evaluation systems for pavement texture and skid resistance. These contributions provide theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the design and maintenance of skid-resistant pavements.