esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Acquisition and Preprocessing  
Landsat 7 ETM+ data for year 2013 and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS data for year 2015 were acquired from the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) Earth Science Data Directory [46] and the Landsat Imagery Program due to their high spatial and spectral resolutions. One meter spatial resolution ortho-imagery for the year 2015 was also acquired from the Earth Explorer. Layer stacking and georeferencing were performed on the uncalibrated images [47, 48]. As a way of radiometric correction and preprocessing, the digital numbers were converted to Top of Atmosphere (ToA) reflectance values to correct the effect of the solar zenith angles. ToA reflectance was calculated with Equations (1) and (2) below, using the reflectance rescaling coefficients of the datasets [49]:  
\[\rho\lambda^{\prime}=\ M_{\rho}Q_{cal}\ +\ A_{\rho} \tag{1}\]  
where:  
\(\rho\lambda^{\prime}=\) ToA planetary reflectance, without correction for solar angle. Note that \(\rho\lambda^{\prime}\) does not contain a correction for the sun angle  
\(M_{\rho}=\) Band-specific multiplicative rescaling factor from the metadata  
(REFLECTANCE_MULTI_BAND_x, where x is the band number)  
Figure 1: Map of the study site. Palo Verde National Park in Guanacaste showing distribution of land-cover within the area.  
\(A_{\rho}\) = Band-specific additive rescaling factor from the metadata  
(REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_x, where x is the band number)  
\(Q_{cal}\) = Quantized and calibrated standard product pixel values (DN)  
\[\rho\lambda\ =\frac{\rho\lambda^{\prime}}{\cos(\theta_{SZ})}=\ \frac{\rho\lambda^{ \prime}}{\sin(\theta_{SE})} \tag{2}\]  
where:  
\(\rho\lambda\) = ToA planetary reflectance  
\(\theta_{SE}\) = Local sun elevation angle as SUN_ELEVATION  
\(\theta_{SZ}\) = Local solar zenith angle; \(\theta_{SZ}\) = 90\({}^{\circ}\) - \(\theta_{SE}\)  
Dark object subtraction was performed to remove the effect of atmospheric scattering on the reflectance of dark objects. The darkest pixel value was selected from clear water objects in each band based on the assumption that the dark objects reflect no light. Any value greater than zero would result from atmospheric scattering since dark objects were assumed to reflect no light. By subtracting this value from every pixel, the datasets would be devoid of scattering. Topographic corrected values were then rescaled to land surface reflectance in percentage (\(\rho\)). These corrections are convenient due to the relevant effect of atmosphere on some bands and because of differential terrain within the study site. A single scene from 3 March 2013 was selected as a pre-fire data and the scene from 2 March 2015 was selected as post-fire data since it was acquired after the major wildfire incident on 11 February 2015.
## 1 Introduction  
### Motivation  
Disturbances of the surface on aerodynamic profiles have a significant impact on the boundary layer flow and, thus, the aerodynamic properties [1]. This is crucial for rotor blades of wind turbines as they are subject of contamination and erosion by insects [2], rain, dust, or hail [3; 4; 5] due to the environmental conditions and long-term operation. The adhesion of insects (contamination) and the surface damaging by impacting particles (erosion) changes the surface roughness of the leading edge of the rotor blades and triggers a premature laminar-turbulent flow transition [6] as well as a lengthening of the transition process [7] in the boundary layer. Such premature flow transitions develop a wedge-shaped area of turbulent flow (turbulence wedge) behind the surface defect that would otherwise be laminar, if the surface would be free of any disturbances, see Figure 1[8; 9]. This reduction of the overall size of the surface region with laminar flow causes a reduction in lift and increase in drag, which reduces the efficiency of a rotor blade, and thus the performance of the entire wind turbine [10; 11].  
Without a flow visualization on real wind turbines in operation and a subsequent mapping of the image plane onto the blade geometry, estimations of the reduction of the annual energy production due to surface disturbances leading to premature flow transitions can only be made with simulations or measurements on wind tunnel models by tripping the boundary layer flow intentionally with zig-zag tape [12]. The conditions in these experiments are idealized and resulting flow regimes arise from a binary solution of the surface disturbance [13]. Therefore, a measurement of the actual boundary layer flow influenced by surface disturbances on real wind turbines in operation is necessary. By locating the premature flow transitions, the actual position of the flow transition line can be used in blade-element-momentum simulations in order to estimate the reduction of the annual energy production.  
Figure 1: Sketch of a rotor blade with a turbulent (dark) and laminar (bright) flow regime. Multiple local surface disturbances trigger premature flow transitions resulting in turbulence wedges within the laminar flow regime. Blue dashed line: Natural flow transition line if no surface disturbances would exist. Red solid line: Actual flow transition line including premature flow transitions. Three evaluation line examples are given for no premature flow transition (**A**), a premature flow transition at a strong turbulence wedge (**B**), and a premature flow transition at a soft turbulence wedge (**C**). The respective temperature profiles and gradients over \(y\) are shown in Figure 2.
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Basic Performance Evaluation
#### 5.1.1 Dynamic Threshold Control Parameter
In contrast, with \(\alpha=5\), the reserved buffer size is more appropriately allocated, avoiding premature activation of the management mechanism. Furthermore, during burst traffic, we observe a rapid increase in the reserved buffer proportion, ensuring better handling of traffic surges. This suggests that, with appropriate parameter settings, the improved DT scheme proposed in this paper effectively regulates the reordering buffer. Table 4 shows the average buffer occupancy rate during the periods when buffer management is activated. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline  & \(\alpha=1\) & \(\alpha=5\) & \(\alpha=10\) \\ \hline Scenario 1 & 72.32\% & 92.45\% & 99.98\% \\ Scenario 2 & 71.38\% & 91.27\% & 98.28\% \\ Scenario 3 & 72.20\% & 91.68\% & 98.17\% \\ Scenario 4 & 74.12\% & 94.92\% & 100.22\% \\ Average & 72.51\% & 92.58\% & 99.16\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Average buffer occupancy during buffer management activation. Figure 6: Throughput variation with alpha across different experimental scenarios.
# Infill Pattern and Density of 3D-Printed Insoles Alter Energy and Pressure Distribution in Gait
## 4 Discussion
Several studies performed a finite element analysis and addressed several factors in reducing peak plantar pressure including arch-conforming, insole stiffness and insole thickness [31, 32]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a new design method to optimize the stress distribution of the contact surfaces between the foot and the insole using functional gradient structure via porous structural units (cube) to the 3D-printed insole, leading to a reduction in the peak plantar pressure [33]. Furthermore, we could not clearly distinguish the difference of center of pressure (COP) trajectory between with 3D-printed insoles and without insoles. There are various paths of COP, which are different for each participant. However, there was a study that showed the effect of types of material, stiffness, thickness and shape of insole on COP trajectory [27, 34]. This study has several limitations that should be further mitigated and investigated. First, the design and thickness of the insole should be modified. As previously mentioned, contoured and optimized stiffness insoles should be designed, printed and tested. A flexural fatigue, durability and comfort ability test should be performed with 3D-printed insoles to look at the effects of infill pattern and density on these characteristics [16, 35]. As this study involved only healthy subjects and was conducted over a short period, it is better to perform a long-term durability assessment and determine the effectiveness of 3D-printed insoles on plantar pressure reduction and distribution in diabetic patients who have an early stage of foot ulceration to obtain more insights from users.
# CBM: An IoT Enabled LiDAR Sensor for In-Field Crop Height and Biomass Measurements
## 4 Discussion
### Estimation of Crop Biomass and Height  
LiDAR sensors that are mounted on ground-based platforms provide consistently better plant height estimates when compared to ultrasonic sensors [21]. For instance, the ultrasonic sensing has been used to estimate the height of cotton [20; 38], alfalfa [39], wild blueberry [40; 41], legume-grass [23], Bermuda grass [39], barley [42], and wheat [39], with an \(R^{2}\) between 0.44 to 0.90 and \(RMSE\) between 0.022 m to 0.072 m. Whereas, LiDAR has been employed for crops such as cotton [43], blueberry [44], and wheat [9; 10; 11; 12], achieving an \(R^{2}\) between 0.86 and 0.99, and \(RMSE\) between 0.017 m and 0.089 m. Similarly, LiDAR sensors have been employed for estimating the biomass in several crops, such as cotton [45], arctic shrubs [46], and wheat [12]. Overall, the LiDAR-based systems provided better accuracy in phenotyping the crop genotypes compared to the ultrasonic systems. The higher sampling rate, multiple numbers of stacked detectors, and focused FoV are a few advantages of LiDAR over ultrasonic systems, invariably benefiting the precision of LiDAR-based systems. The integrated CBM sensor that was developed in this study produced significantly less voluminous data, which is both easy for cloud uploading and processing. Therefore, the use of a ground vehicle-mounted IoT-based LiDAR with a cloud processing method could be more appropriate for crop breeding programs when high fidelity, quicker, and seamless processing is required.
## 5 Performance Evaluations
### Accuracy
#### 5.2.1 Average Localization Error
Although different step intervals are used in other models, if we pay attention, the step range of LMAT is fixed and 12.5 m, and LMAT uses equilateral triangles in its path model. Therefore, in APT, the localization performance of LMAT is low for resolutions less than \(R=1\). The Z-curve model, which generally provides higher localization error results than other models, gave the best error result with M-curves at \(R=0.5\). The performance of the proposed NHexCurves model is also very close to these models. However, it can be said that the H-curve gives the best error performance in the overall performance evaluation in this scenario. Secondly, in Figure 13, the same parameters are repeated with different std of noise (\(\sigma\)) values for the fixed resolution. Figure 13a shows the average localization error for the path planning models with a different \(\sigma\) when the WCL algorithm is applied, and Figure 13b illustrates the same as when APT is used. In the first algorithm, the model with the smallest localization error for all \(\sigma\) values is H-curve. Additionally, the error performance of the  
Figure 12: Average localization errors of models by resolution in (**a**) WCL, and (**b**) APT. proposed model obtained is very close to H-curve in this scenario. For these two models, the error values \(\sigma=3\) and \(\sigma=5\) are almost equal. Compared to the other models, it can be said that the error performance of the proposed model changes less with changes in \(\sigma\). The reason that the localization error does not change much with the \(\sigma\) is characteristic of the WCL method that takes the weighted average of the beacon locations. As can be seen from Figure 13b, H-curve, M-curves, and HILBERT path planning models provided a slight superiority compared to others. If you pay attention, the results obtained for all models are very close to each other, and the APT method again provided more precise accuracy than WCL.
# Molecular Mechanisms of Biofilm Formation in Helicobacter pylori
## 5 Environmental Cues Affecting Biofilm Formation
### Reactive Oxygen Species  
The host immune cells create reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to _H. pylori_ infection, but ROS cannot efficiently eliminate the bacterium. While ROS are produced as a defense mechanism against _H. pylori_, the bacterium can exploit the biofilm's extracellular matrix to protect itself from the toxic effects of ROS. Studies have demonstrated that exposure to low levels of hydrogen peroxide (H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)) can enhance biofilm production in _H. pylori_, indicating a complex interplay between ROS and biofilm formation [21].  
Transcriptome analysis has identified genes such as _spo_ (HP0775) and _napA_ associated with ROS response that play significant roles in biofilm enhancement. The _spotting_ gene encodes a (p)ppGpp synthase/hydrolase enzyme, consisting of 26 amino acids; (p)ppGpp plays a role in governing the stringent/stress response in bacteria that are released in challenging conditions, including dietary shortage, thermal stress, and exposure to antibiotics. Additionally, the research indicates that SpoT-mediated upregulation of NapA promotes oxidative stress-induced biofilm formation in _H. pylori_. NapA, another gene implicated in the ROS response, has been shown to enhance biofilm production and confer resistance to various drugs in _H. pylori_. NapA protects against oxidative stress, shielding _H. pylori_ from damage caused by ROS and contributing to biofilm development triggered by oxidative stress [71]. The _napA_ strain was found to have produced a thin biofilm [21]. The AnapA biofilm had a less compact bacterial structure, poor extracellular matrix production, greater cavities, and a spherical shape compared to the WT and _napA_* biofilms. The upregulation of NapA expression is the primary mechanism in _H. pylori_ that contracts the deficiency of significant oxidative stress factors. The _H. pylori_ napA mutants have decreased survival rates when exposed to oxidative stress compared to the WT strain, which suggests that napA plays a protective role in defending _H. pylori_ against damage caused by oxidative stress [71].
# Security Performance Analysis of Full-Duplex UAV Assisted Relay System Based on SWIPT Technology
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a communication system model of a full-duplex UAV-assisted relay based on SWIPT technology is established for the airborne UAV eavesdropping scenario. A new secure transmission protocol is proposed according to the model, and the lower bound analytic closure expressions for the connection probability and secrecy outage probability of the downlink transmission are derived. The effects of power splitting ratio, power allocation factor, self-interference channel gain, and UAV flight altitude on the performance of the system are derived from the experimental simulation, which provides a reference for the model design of the actual scenario.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.Y.; methodology, S.Y.; software, S.Y.; validation, S.Y.; formal analysis, S.Y.; investigation, S.Y.; resources, S.Y.; data curation, S.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, S.Y. and H.M.; writing--review and editing, S.Y. and H.M.; visualization, S.Y. and H.M.; supervision, H.M.; project administration, H.M.; funding acquisition, H.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work is supported by the Liaoning Provincial Education Department Fund (IJKZ0624, JYTZD0203083, IJKFZ20220238, IJKMZ20220965).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interests.  
Figure 8: Relationship between eavesdropping thresholds and SOPs under different scenarios.
## 3 Industrial Applications
### Medical and Dental  
The medical and dental industries are well-suited to the application of metal AM technologies for making end-use products. Metal AM technologies enable these industries to fabricate custom models tailored to patient needs and access to new materials. For instance, LimaCorporate company based in Italy has been developing Titanium-alloy orthopedic devices with Metal PBF and Arcam's EBM technologies [5]. Figure 6a shows a commercially available metal AM orthopedic device. Another example is the Titanium AM spinal cage produced by Nexxt Spine based in USA (Figure 6b). According to this company, spinal surgery is becoming more commonplace due to ageing, spinal tumors or trauma [83]. Therefore, Nexxt Spine is developing additively manufactured porous Titanium spinal implants. Another example is custom orthopedic implants based on the accurate capture of bony structures. [PERSON] et al. [84] developed integrated implants based on a CT scan and fabricated the custom implants, which were made of Ti6 Al4V, via the EBM or DMLS technologies. Some companies that have used AM technologies to manufacture dental/medical devices are Osseus Fusion Systems, OMX Solutions, Egan Dental Laboratory, Johnson & Johnson Medical Devices, and Endocon GmbH.  
Figure 6: Dental and Medical additive manufactured components: (**a**) titanium-alloy orthopedic device [4], and (**b**) porous titanium spinal implant [83].  
In addition to the above applications, researchers investigated the applications of metal AM in the medical industry. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [85] developed topology optimised human using lattice structures. The novel geometries were made of Ti6 Al4V and printed by a SLM EOS M28 printer. The results showed that the new designs can reduce the stress shielding effect on implant applications. In another study, a PBF printer made by Aurora Labs was applied to fabricate a dental strut-like geometry [86]. The results showed that material properties of the new product provide a low hardness near the gums. [PERSON] et al. [87] reviewed several recent medical and dental AM applications for interested readers.
# Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency in the Three-North Region of China Based on Long-Term Satellite Data
## 2 Data and Methods
### Analytical Methods  
#### 2.3.1 Calculation of WUE  
Ecosystem WUE can be calculated by the ratio of GPP per unit ET as follows:  
\[\text{WUE}=\frac{\text{GPP}}{\text{ET}}, \tag{1}\]
# Effect of Amphiphilic Polymer/Nano-Silica Composite on Shale Stability for Water-Based Muds
## 4 Conclusions  
The following conclusions can be drawn from the current work:  
(1) An amphiphilic polymer/nano-silica composite (SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\)) was prepared and characterized as a novel shale stabilizer for water-based muds. The novel shale stabilizer SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\) with spherical structure mainly distributed in the range of 43-122 nm and exhibited good high-temperature resistance.  
(2) SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\) could effectively plug the shale pores and cracks, and slow down the pressure transmission rate. After being plugged by SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\), the core surface changed to be smooth and dense, and an isolation layer was formed on it. In addition, a significant decrease of the shale surface area and pore volume were observed after treatment by SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\).  
(3) SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\) also showed good hydration inhibition, which was better than KCl and JHC. The hydrophilic segments in SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\) could enhance the adsorption between SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\) and the shale, and thus the hydrophobic segments could change the shale surface to become more hydrophobic after being adsorbed by SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\), which was in favor of further preventing the water invading into the shale.  
(4) The excellent performance of physical plugging and chemical inhibition were achieved, and SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\) was expected to be a novel shale stabilizer to solve shale instability problems.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] synthesized the amphiphilic polymer/nano-silica composite; [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the evaluation experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; and [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
**Acknowledgments:** This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1562101), the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2016 ZX05020-004), Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2017 BEE036) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (16 CX06034A).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Before adding SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\)** & **After adding 2.0\% SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\)** \\ \hline \hline
0 at 600 rpm (lbf/100 ft2) & 70 & 74 \\
0 at 300 rpm (lbf/100 ft2) & 44 & 46 \\ AV (mPa.s) & 35 & 37 \\ PV (mPa.s) & 26 & 28 \\ YP (Pa) & 9 & 9 \\ YP/PV & 0.35 & 0.32 \\ FL\({}_{\text{API}}\) (mL) & 8.2 & 6.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Effect of SMA/SiO\({}_{2}\) on the rheological and filtration control properties of the WBMs (water-based muds).
## 3 Data Representation
### STEP-NC Standards  
Multiple materials structure and complex structures inside the product are also applications of additive manufacturing. The ways in which these shapes are expressed is broadly used in tessellation or in the Voxelisation method. Voxelisation methods generally make the data size larger depending on the shape complexity, as with point clouds. It also has the disadvantage of not having the high resolution of the original features once converted. BRep is a way of expressing complex shape accurately with smaller capacity compared with voxels or triangles, as well as direct inputs of the squash operation which can produce accurate and high-quality results.  
In the case of STEP-NC, additive features present some ways of expressing BRep based representation. Figure 1 shows the data structure for STEP-NC additive manufacturing. Based on part 10 of the existing STEP-NC, the following definitions were made for AM following the definitions for milling and turning. First, the features used in STEP-NC are: am_compound_ feature representing multiple added features in compound information structure, am_gradient_feature allowing graded materials and colours produced by additive process, and am_heterogeneous_feature defined by a mathematical function adjusting heterogeneous materials and colours. The operations consist of: am_oned_operation which produces one filament to obtain the full geometry, and am_two_operation defining the attributes of guiding geometry, thickness and normal vector.
# A Computational Study of Polymer Solutions Flow Regimes during Oil Recovery from a Fractured Model
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Influence of Polymer Concentration on Oil-Displacement Process
Thus, the breakthrough time for water is 1.67 s, while for 0.05% polymer solution, the breakthrough time is already 2.9 s. The breakthrough time of the displacing agent increases to 3.17 s at a concentration of up to 0.1%, which contributes to the recovery of an additional amount of oil. The increase in the breakthrough time is due to the high viscosity of polymer solutions and the formation of a wider displacement front, unlike water, which breaks through a narrow region of a fractured medium.