esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 SDN, NFV, and SFC: An Overview
### Software-Defined Networking  
Software-defined networking decouples the control plane from the data plane in the networking devices. Traditional non-SDN networks often have control and data planes integrated on a single device, which brings about challenges such as management complexity and scalability issues. Implementing centralised network control using SDN controllers results in easier service deployment and management [49]. This helps service providers to easily steer traffic between NFs by scaling across multiple physical machines.  
The functional separation of the network infrastructure into control and data planes, as shown in Figure 5, is the core concept behind SDN. The application layer consists of various network applications, providing network services that use the Northbound Interfaces for sending requests to the control plane (centralised logical control). A global view of the network infrastructure is maintained by an SDN controller such as OpenDaylight [50], POX [51], RYU [[https://ryu-sdn.org/](https://ryu-sdn.org/)]([https://ryu-sdn.org/](https://ryu-sdn.org/)) (accessed on 12 December 2021), or a custom-built controller can be used to manage network functions, which handles requests coming from the network applications, and sends instructions to the data plane of the network for packet processing [52].  
Using the southbound application programming interfaces (APIs) and the OpenFlow protocol, rules are sent down to devices in the data plane of the network, which is responsible for packet processing and forwarding. Although traditional SDN networks use the OpenFlow protocol to communicate with the network data plane by inserting flow rules on devices, the network has become more programmable over the years. Programmability allows network operators to define the processing pipeline and how packets are processed using high-level languages such as P4 [53].  
Figure 5 depicts a high-level comparison of the operation of OpenFlow SDN and programmable data planes, where P4 programs are written and compiled and then deployed on programmable switches. This allows for the creation of a highly programmable pipeline, as opposed to a fixed (less flexible) processing pipeline found in OpenFlow SDN. SDN and NFV serve as the building blocks for reaching the goal of deploying a chain of virtual network functions in the service provider network environment.  
Figure 5: OpenFlow SDN and P4 data-plane.
## 4 Data Processing and Sample Size Determination Methods
### Data Processing Methods
Although estimation using winsorization introduces bias (the difference between the expected value of the estimate and the true value of the parameter), it has the advantage of reducing variance, making it more likely to be used for random sampling. Figure 1: Handling outliers using box-and-whisker plots. We calculated and examined the sample size for CV, based on the following three treatment options: using the existing data as they are (Case 1), of removing outliers (Case 2), and of adjusting outliers to extreme values (Case 3).
# Multi-Wavelength Path Loss Model for Indoor VLC with Mobile Human Blockage
## 2 Multi-Wavelength Path Loss Model with Human Blockage  
This section will show the multi-wavelength Path Loss Model with Human Blockage in both the single-LED scenario and the multi-LED scenario. Firstly, the VLC channel model which is used to obtain the path loss under free space propagation is presented. Secondly, the path loss models in the single-LED scenario and the multi-LED scenario which contain the multi-wavelength path loss under free space propagation and the BP are presented respectively.
# Lignocellulosic Biomass as a Substrate for Oleaginous Microorganisms: A Review
## 2 Oleaginous microorganisms
### Recalcitrance of Lignocellulosic Biomass  
Recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass is linked to physical and chemical factors involved in the bonds among polymers. First, cellobiose molecules are bound through hydroxyl groups by means of hydrogen bonds to form cellulose microfhers, with a hydrophobic interior and a hydrophilic exterior. These, in turn, are joined by Vander Waals forces to form macrofibrils with highly recalcitrant regions (crystalline regions) [166; 171]. The abundance of crystalline regions changes according to the type of plant, even among species of the same genus [162]. Macrofibrils bind to hemicelluloses and hemicelluloses to lignin forming a stable structure. Lignin at the molecular level controls permeability, improves the mechanical properties of the cells and protects them from microorganisms and chemical degradation, being the main factor that imparts recalcitrance to the biomass.  
To reduce/eliminate recalcitrance and obtain assimilable sugars it is necessary to destabilize the cellulose, hemicellulose and the lignin matrix. The amorphous regions of the cellulose and the branches of the hemicelluloses provide a certain degree of flexibility and susceptibility to degradation and are the key points to begin deconstructing. This goal is approached through the application of various pretreatments [171; 172] as described below.
# A Collaborative UAV-WSN Network for Monitoring Large Areas
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Monitoring System Architecture
The third is both usually implemented over commonly available \"autopilot\" software and, in any case, requires access to the inner components of the UAV--which might not be welcomed due to warranty or security reasons. Figure 1: Hybrid UAV-WSN large scale monitoring system concept. Figure 2 summarizes the operational flow of the proposed UAV-WSN large scale monitoring system. In the preliminary phase the WSN is deployed over the target region in an uncontrolled manner and the UAV system is set-up. Subsequently a WSN discovery phase is carried out by the UAV and cluster heads (CH) are selected from the set of ground sensor nodes. The WSN then self-organizes around the selected CHs and UAV trajectories for data collection are optimised. The main operational loop consists of periodically sampling the monitored parameters and relaying the corresponding events towards the UAV. CH changes can occur locally in order to balance the node battery levels or in the case of losing connection to some of the nodes. In this case the CH selection is reinitialized and the process repeats.
## 5 Implementation and Experimental Setup
### Experimental Setup  
The implementation environment was based on (i) Ubuntu as an operating system (18.04.1 LTS version), (ii) memory of size 32 Gb, and (iii) Nvidia GeForce 1080 as a graphics  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Data** & **Definition** \\ \hline \(Address_{IP}\) & User IP address \\ \hline \(Date_{accessed}\) & The date when user accessed the website \\ \hline \(Time_{accessed}\) & The time when the user accessed the website \\ \hline \(URL_{accessed}\) & URL of the specific page accessed by the user \\ \hline \(ID_{Product}\) & The ID of the product clicked by the user \\ \hline \(Name_{Product}\) & Name of the product clicked by the user \\ \hline \(Type_{Product}\) & Type of the product clicked by the user \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Description of data.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Data** & **Statistics** \\ \hline Total number of instances & \(\sim\)300 K \\ \hline Period of data & One Year (2019–2020) \\ \hline Number of unique customers & \(\sim\)50 K \\ \hline Total purchased products & 7701 \\ \hline Total number of unique clicks & 244,533 \\ \hline Total number of visited item description pages & 42 K \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Description of experimental data.  
processing unit (GPU). The development language was Python, along with Tensorflow and Scipy.
###### Abstract  
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical effectiveness and costs of using the Caterpillar Arterial Embolization Device (Caterpillar) and fibered coils in arterial embolization cases. Methods: In this multicenter retrospective study, demographic, laboratory, and procedural data were collected on a total of 48 patients between February 2020 and September 2020. Data were collected on 16 Caterpillar placements and matched with 32 controls who underwent coil embolization of the same vessel with a similar size. Clinical and procedural outcomes including type and size of vessels, time to vessel occlusion, fluoroscopy time, total procedure time, and costs were analyzed and compared. Results: Relative time to occlusion was significantly decreased in the Caterpillar group compared to the controls (57 \(\pm\) 34 s vs. 11 min 44 s \(\pm\) 8 min 13 \(s\), \(p\) = 0.0001611). Fluoroscopy time (6.9 \(\pm\) 15 min vs. 19.2 \(\pm\) 14, \(p\) = 0.017) and total procedure time (81.0 \(\pm\) 36 min vs. 11.5 \(\pm\) 49 min, \(p\) = 0.015) were significantly reduced compared to the coil group. Lastly, overall cost of embolic materials was 1050 \(\pm\) 0 USD for the Caterpillar group compared to 2312.75 \(\pm\) 1382.84 USD in the coil group (\(p\) = 0.000532). Conclusion: The Caterpillar embolic devices appear safe and effective in arterial occlusion. Compared to fibered coils, the Caterpillar device results in decreased time to vessel occlusion, decreased fluoroscopy and procedural time, and decreased costs, making the Caterpillar an appealing choice for arterial embolization.  
embolization; vascular plug; coils; cost analysis Article
# A Single Simulation Platform for Hybrid Photoacoustic and RF-Acoustic Computed Tomography
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Phantom Parameters  
The absorption coefficient \(\mu_{a}\) of the homogeneous phantom for the background was set to 0.001 mm\({}^{-1}\). The circle and ellipse, which represent absorbers, have an absorption coefficient of 0.425 mm\({}^{-1}\); the average absorption coefficient of blood at 800 nm. As is common in human tissue, the background is assumed to have a higher reduced scattering coefficient \(\mu_{s}^{\prime}\) than the absorbers. The reduced scattering coefficient for the background is set to 1 mm\({}^{-1}\), while the absorbers \(\mu_{s}^{\prime}\) is set to zero for this phantom. In terms of electrical properties, the human body in general does not have a significant magnetic response at radio frequencies, and so the relative permeability \(\mu_{r}\) is set to 1 for all objects. A background relative permittivity of \(\varepsilon_{r}=5\) is similar to human tissue at 434 MHz. Unlike in the PACT case, objects such as tumors have a higher scattering coefficient as well as absorption in the radio frequency regime. Therefore, the relative permittivity of the circle and ellipse were set to \(\varepsilon_{r}=25\). The conductivity, which governs the amount of absorption, was set to 0.1 S/m for the background, approximating general tissue. The circle and ellipse are given values similar to that of a tumor, 10 S/m [39].  
General breast tissue has an absorption coefficient \(\mu_{a}=0.005\) mm\({}^{-1}\), with a reduced scattering coefficient of 1.52 mm\({}^{-1}\) when an 800 nm source is used. The optical properties of the glandular tissue and tumor depend on the assumed material composition of the tissues. The assumed amount of hemoglobin and percentage of water can have a dramatic effect on the properties at any given wavelength. In this study, the same composition as Reference [18] is used for the glandular and tumor tissue. The spectral characteristics of hemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and water at 800 nm are taken from References [40; 41]. The specific optical properties used for this breast phantom are given in Table 1.  
Human tissue is dispersive at radio frequencies, and so the electrical properties vary over frequency, though not as dramatically as the optical parameters. The properties for the generic and glandular tissue at 434 MHz were taken from the ITIS database provided by ETH-Zurich [42], which references a technical report compiled by the United States Air Force [43; 44]. The tumor properties were extrapolated from data provided at 100 MHz in Reference [39] using a Cole-Cole dispersion model. The specific electromagnetic parameters are given in Table 2. The relative magnetic permeability is again set to unity, since the body does not exhibit strong magnetic response at 434 MHz.
## 5 Test-Result Analysis
### Influence of Key Design Parameters on the Force-Transmission Mechanism  
Because the steel anchor-box structure mainly transmits the cable force through the weld between its support plate and the main girder web, the stress state and stress level of each key plate in the steel anchor box are mainly determined by the stress state of the corresponding weld. At the same time, compared with the plate, the stress-concentration problem at the weld position is more prominent, which is one of the main characteristics of steel anchor boxes [15]. In order to quantitatively study the force-transfer mechanism of the built-in double-fixed cable-girder steel anchor box, three parameters were introduced: the shear-stress-inhomogeneity coefficient \(\mu\) of the weld, the transfer ratio \(p\), and the total transfer ratio \(P\).  
\[\mu_{i}=\frac{\max(\tau_{1}^{i},\tau_{2}^{i},\cdots\tau_{n}^{i})}{\frac{n}{l} \tau_{i}^{i}/n} \tag{1}\]  
\[p_{i}=\frac{t_{i}\int_{0}^{l_{i}}\tau_{\gamma}(l)dl}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{4}t_{i }\int_{0}^{l_{i}}\tau_{\gamma}(l)dl}\times 100(\%) \tag{2}\]  
\[P=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{4}p_{i}\times 100(\%) \tag{3}\]  
where \(i=1\), 2, 3, 4 denote the welds N1-F1, N1-F2, N2-F1, and N2-F2 respectively; \(\tau_{1}\), \(\tau_{2}\),..., \(\tau_{n}\) indicate the shear stress of welds N1-F1, N2-F1, N1-F2, and N2-F2; \(n\) is the number of shear-stress-sampling points along the weld direction; \(p_{i}\) (\(i=1\), 2, 3, 4) indicates the ratio of the force transmission of the above four welds, respectively; \(P\) is the total force-transfer ratio of the four welds; and \(t_{i}\) and \(l_{i}\) indicate the plate thickness and the length of the supporting plate, respectively, corresponding to the four welds.  
Based on the theoretical model validated by the tests, the influence of the key design parameters on the mechanical properties of the built-in double-fixed steel anchor cable-girder box was further investigated on the basis of a discussion of the force-transmission paths of the steel anchor box, with a view to further investigating the force-transmission mechanism of the steel anchor box. Due to the complexity of the structural system and the factors influencing the built-in double-fixed steel anchor cable-girder box, the key design parameters, i.e., the thickness of the plates and the length of the support plates of the main members, were selected as design variables for the study. In order to eliminate the interference of other factors, the single-variable research method was adopted in the research process, so as to more accurately explore the influence of the design parameters on the mechanical characteristics of the structure.
## 4 Adsorption Study
### Effect of Initial Concentration on the Removal of RB  
The initial adsorbate concentration is critical in the adsorption process. Figure 4 shows the effect of the initial concentration of RB on the adsorption capacity of CC biochars by varying the initial concentration from 10 to 125 mg/L. As can be seen, the adsorption process is strongly affected by the solution initial concentration. Thus, for CCB500 and CCB600, the RB removal efficiency for each adsorbent increases with an increasing initial concentration from 10 mg/L to 110 mg/L and decreases for concentration values above 110 mg/L. This reduction in RB removal can be attributed to the saturation of the active sites of the CC biochar or to the increase in electrostatic repulsive forces between the surface of the CC biochar and the RB dye. Moreover, the rate at which dye molecules migrate from the solution to the adsorbent surface decreases with an increasing initial concentration [40]. Notably, only for CCB700 does the removal efficiency increase beyond a 110 mg/L dye concentration. This is largely due to its high surface area (209.64 m\({}^{2}\)/g) and high total pore volume (0.033 cm\({}^{3}\)/g). This feature also indicates a greater affinity, attributed to the presence of more functionalities on its surface [41].
## 2 Related Work
### Beamforming
This type of closed-loop synchronization procedures is not applicable to our case since in principle BS would be out of reach of the WSN motes individually, so it would not be possible to exchange WSN-BS information. Other researchers propose an open loop synchronization, in which there is no feedback from the receiver, a main node is established within the WSN that is the master who coordinates the synchronization of all slave nodes, depending on the procedure these techniques can consume many resources and energy, and are carried out in groups of motes selected within the WSN to decrease globally the energy consumption, [47], this depends strongly on the operating system and the algorithm implementation [48]. Energy consumption and effective beamforming algorithms are closely related, for instance in null avoidance [49], and a very recent work where a new adaptive beamforming time with round-robin MAC was presented [50].
## 1 Introduction
### Numerical Modeling of the Simply Supported Composite Beam Bridge  
The finite element (FE) software ANSYS (Version 15.0) was used to create a global model with SOLID65 and SHELL181 elements [25] for the simply supported steel-concrete composite beam bridge on Shanghai Metro Line 3. The bridge's main components include I-beams, diaphragms, vertical stiffeners, concrete slabs, and steel rails. The upside concrete slabs of the composite section were modeled using solid elements (SOLID65), with lateral mesh sizes ranging from 150 mm to 300 mm and longitudinal mesh sizes of approximately 400 mm. The lower part of the composite section, comprising the I-beams, diaphragms, and vertical stiffening plates, was modeled using shell elements (SHELL181). The cross-sectional mesh sizes for the I-beam elements range from 100 mm to 200 mm, with longitudinal mesh sizes maintained at about 400 mm. Diaphragm and vertical stiffener elements have transverse mesh sizes between 100 mm and 300 mm, with longitudinal mesh sizes of 12 mm. The steel rails were also modeled using solid elements (SOLID65), with lateral mesh sizes ranging from 50 mm to 100 mm.  
The connection between the upper flange I-beam and the concrete slabs of the composite section utilizes joint nodes of solid and shell elements to ensure a secure connection between the concrete and steel components. The boundary conditions for the global bridge model of the simply supported composite beam bridge specify that the bottom I-beam of the composite section is fixed at the left support position, restraining three degrees of freedom (global X, Y, and Z directions) at the node. Similarly, the lower I-beam of the composite section is fixed at the right support position, restricting movement in the global X and Y directions at the node. The global bridge model of the simply supported steel-concrete composite beam bridge comprises 149,976 nodes and 106,960 elements, as illustrated in Figure 4.
## 1 Introduction
successfully deposited the double layer TiO\({}_{2}\)/Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) anti-reflection coating (ARC) on a Si wafer, which recorded a low reflectance of 4.74% and expressed a higher PCE (~13.95%) than those of single layer TiO\({}_{2}\) and Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) ARs [31]. Recently, [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. reported on the deposition of a double ZnO/Ag-doped ZnO AR layer over P-type Si solar cells, using a low-cost sol-gel technique via spin coating. It was found that the double ZnO/Ag-ZnO AR layer on c-Si solar cells presented the lowest average reflectance of ~7.13%, as compared with single ZnO and single Ag-doped ZnO AR layers on Si wafers. The fabricated Si solar cell with a double ZnO/Ag-doped ZnO AR layer attained the highest PCE of 9.48%, while the fabricated crystalline Si solar cells with single ZnO and single Ag-doped ZnO AR layers obtained low efficiencies of 8.59% and 8.78%, respectively [4]. Therefore, the reflectivity highly decreased with the growing of rod-like nanostructures on the top surface of the Si substrate, and ZnO NRs can act as an AR layer. It has been proven that there is no need to provide an additional AR layer, which reduces the production cost of solar cells. In this work, the vertically arranged ZnO NRs, as AR layers, have been grown on a c-Si wafer by a low-temperature solution method, and the structural, morphological, optical, and photovoltaic properties were determined. Vertically arranged ZnO NRs on Si wafers suppressed an average reflection of ~9.5% in the wavelength range of 400-1000 nm. Using the length and reflectance of a ZnO NRs AR layer, the photovoltaic parameters were extracted by a simulation study via PC1D software. The fabricated Si nanostructures on the Si solar cell were thoroughly characterized in terms of morphology, structure, crystalline nature, and optical and PV properties.
## 3 BDS-3 Constellation Configuration and ISL Establishment Constraints  
The BDS-3 constellation is a multi-layered heterogeneous hybrid system, consisting of 3 GEO satellites, 3 Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit (IGSO) satellites, and 24 MEO satellites. The MEO satellites are arranged in a Walker 24/3/1 constellation configuration, featuring an orbital altitude of 21,528 km and an inclination of 55\({}^{\circ}\). This configuration distributes the 24 MEO satellites across three evenly spaced orbital planes, with eight satellites uniformly positioned within each plane. Additionally, the phase difference between corresponding satellites in adjacent orbital planes is 15\({}^{\circ}\). For the 24 MEO satellites configured in the Walker constellation, the satellites within the three orbital planes are labeled as MEO\({}_{\rm 1m}\), MEO\({}_{\rm 2n}\), and MEO\({}_{\rm 3k}\), where m, n, k = 1, 2,..., 8. The 3 IGSO satellites have an inclination angle of 55\({}^{\circ}\) and a theoretical orbital altitude of 35,786 km. The 3 GEO satellites are positioned at longitudes of 80\({}^{\circ}\) E, 110.5\({}^{\circ}\) E, and 140\({}^{\circ}\) E, with a theoretical orbital altitude of 35,786 km.  
The BDS-3 constellation features a large number of orbital planes and complex orbital types, and the relative positions and spatial relationships between satellites change rapidly over time. Therefore, the following constraints must be considered when establishing ISLs.
## 4 Results
### Experiments
#### 4.2.6 Semantic Annotation and RDFization  
Semantic annotation ensures a high-level formalism for the seamless integration of reconstructed trajectories and external heterogeneous data. This was achieved with an ontological approach using the Onto4 Drone ontology. The semantically annotated data were exported to RDF (RDFization task). Figure 15 depicts a part of the Petrified Forest dataset exported in RDF, encoded in RDF/XML serialization.