# Mycoremediation as a Potentially Promising Technology: Current Status and Prospects--A Review
## 8 Emerging Mycoremediation Processes
### Molecular Approach to Improve Mycoremediation  
Fungi have a tremendous metabolic and physiological tendency to break down toxic waste in the environment via chemical modifications or influence chemical bioavailability [6]. Filamentous fungi such as _Penicillium_, _Mucor_, _Trichoderma_, and _Aspergillus_ have shown resistance to inorganic and organic contaminants [252]. Mushrooms can bioaccumulate toxic metals from contaminated soils [253; 254]. Terrestrial and marine species of _Penicillium_, _Trichoderma_, _Aspergillus_, and _Mortierella_ have a high potential for the bioremediation [255]. Under the influence of ectomycorrhizal, the wild genotype of _Pinus pinaster_ accumulated 30 mg g\({}^{-1}\) more Cd in its shoots than another genotype. According to [PERSON] _et al._[256], diverse interactions of different _P. Pinaster_ genotypes and mycorrhizal associations exist under various Cd concentrations. _Aspergillus sp.1_ accumulated Cr (1.20 mg g\({}^{-1}\)) and Cd (2.27 mg g\({}^{-1}\)), while _Rhizopus_ sp. accumulated higher amounts of Cr (4.33 g\({}^{-1}\) mg) and Cd (2.72 mg g\({}^{-1}\)) and in fungal biomass [224]. _Trichoderma_ has been shown to promote the bioconcentration factors (BCF) of Zn, Cr, and Cd when grown on Salix, Ni, and Cr with _Phalaris arundinacea_[250; 257]. As a result, given the information above, it can be concluded that mycorrhizal may be a valuable tool for mycorrhizal mediation by changing the relationship between the fungus and the host, either by modifying one or more of the partners or controlling variables and accomplishing this through revegetation may result in more promising species on the contaminated sites. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [258], _Penicillium italicum_ helped break down fluorine in the presence of cyclodext. Mycoremediation's potential may also be enhanced by adjusting several biotic and abiotic factors, including soil biological characteristics, plant, and fungal species, shaking rate, adsorbent dose, the concentration of pollutants, interactions between plants and soil, and the physicochemical properties of the soil. For example, _Aspergillus_ spp. showed a more remarkable ability to remove copper and nickel at pH 4 [259]. According to [PERSON] et al. [259], the formation of metal hydroxides leads to a decrease in the metal removal rate at higher pH values (above pH 5). It was found that at higher pH, the negative charge forming strong bonds with a metal ion on the surface of the fungus occurs more frequently. But also, the dissociation of functional groups on the surface influences it. The molecular strategy used in mycoremediation also involves the genetic modification of DNA molecule fragments containing one or more nucleotides that can be precisely inserted, removed, or replaced in the cells of an organism's genome through the use of scientific and technological advances that enable rational genetic modification at the global (genome) or local (gene) level [260]. Effector nucleases (TALEN), CRISPR-associated nucleases (Clustered Regular Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat), and transcriptional activators are among the most widely used tools for the gene editing [261]. CRISPR-Cas technology for gene editing has been developed to be efficient and straightforward. The use of these tools may be advantageous for mycoremediation. According to recent publications, scientists have mainly used the CRISPR-Cas system in model organisms such as _Escherichia coli_ or _Pseudomonas_[262] due to recent developments in CRISPR tools and the development of gRNA to express function-specific genes essential for remediation, non-model organisms such as _Achromobacter_ sp. HZ01 and _Comomonas testosteronei_ can also be used for the mycoremediation [263]. Another strategy for high-throughput genetic engineering methods is next-generation sequencing. By generating accurate sequence reads and ideally identifying genetic mutations, problems with microarrays can be overcome.