## 4 Conclusions  
The feed cost indicates the most extensive single variable in beef production. Therefore, in the current study, we partially replaced concentrate feed with naturally fermented IRG, corn, and feed for animal performances in Hanwoo steers. The data suggest that fermented feed-fed animals had significant daily body weight gain, carcass weight, and ribeye area  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Items** & **CON 1** & **T 2** & **SEM 3** & **4**_p_-Value** \\ \hline C14:0 (myristic) & 3.12 & 2.8 & 0.12 & 0.87 \\ C16:0 (palmitic) & 28.02 & 28.29 & 0.43 & 0.42 \\ C16:1n-7 (palmitic) & 4.91 & 4.31 & 0.18 & 0.31 \\ C18:0 (stearic) & 11.91 & 11.79 & 0.42 & 0.98 \\ C18:1n-9 (oleic) & 49.19 & 49.92 & 0.57 & 0.39 \\ C18:3n-6 (\(\gamma\)-inolenic) & 0.11 & 0.13 & 0.01 & 0.08 \\ C18:2n-6 (\(\delta\) linoleic) & 2.04 & 1.98 & 0.11 & 0.51 \\ C18:3n-3 (\(\alpha\)-inolenic) & 0.04 & 0.04 & 0.00 & 0.98 \\ C20:1n-9 (eicosanoic) & 0.51 & 0.60 & 0.04 & 0.76 \\ C20:4n-6 (arachidonic) & 0.15 & 0.15 & 0.02 & 0.97 \\ Saturated fatty acid (SFA) & 43.05 & 42.88 & 0.49 & 0.55 \\ Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) & 56.95 & 59.12 & 0.49 & 0.55 \\ Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) & 54.61 & 54.83 & 0.55 & 0.48 \\ Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) & 2.34 & 2.30 & 0.14 & 0.63 \\ \(\omega 3\) & 0.11 & 0.13 & 0.01 & 0.08 \\ \(\omega 6\) & 2.23 & 2.17 & 0.13 & 0.65 \\ \(\omega 6/\omega 3\) & 20.92 & 16.69 & 0.98 & 0.46 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} 1 control: Rice straw + concentrate; 2 Treatment: IRG silage + WCC silage + fermented feed; 3 Standard error of the mean; 4 Significance level. IRG: Italian ryegrass; WCC: whole crop corn.  
\end{table}
Table 6: Fatty acid compositions in Hanwoo steers fed with control or formulated feed.  
than the control animals. In addition, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid profiles remained unchanged in control and formulated fed animals. It confirmed that replacement of concentrate with low-cost fermented feed has a significant impact on the animal performance higher/similar to control diet. It suggested that our formulated feed usage could be considered a cost-effective strategy to improve animal performance. Further, in-depth study in formulated feed and its impact on animal performance will be required in the future.  
Conceptualization, K.-C.C. and J.-S.J.; methodology and validation, K.-C.C., and D.K.; formal analysis, D.K. and J.-S.J.; writing--original draft preparation, D.K. and J.-S.J.; supervision and funding acquisition, K.-C.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by a Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development Project (Project No. PJ0149822021 entitled Development of fundamental technology for public ranch management of growing Hanwoo steers using public hilly pasture.  
The study was designed and conducted according to animal care and standard guidelines of the National Institute of Animal Science, South Korea (Approval Number NIAS-2020-443, Approval date: 17 February 2020).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors have no potential conflict of interest relevant to this study to disclose.