# Individual Environmental Risk Assessment and Management in Industry 4.0: An IoT-Based Model
## 1 Introduction  
Occupational diseases are acquired through the exposure of workers to environmental risks in situations above the tolerance limits imposed by legislation. Environmental risks may be, for example, chemical agents, such as dust, and physical agents, such as noise, heat, and vibration. Occupational diseases are caused or aggravated by specific work activities, and they are characterized when establishing the causal link between the damage to the worker's health and exposure to certain work-related risks [1]. Every year, about 2 million people die because of work-related illnesses or work-related accidents worldwide [2]. However, many work-related accidents and diseases are not reported because in several countries, especially in developing ones, there are no adequate data collection systems. Developed countries, in turn, do not notify all cases because of the existence of informal workers. Migrant people are more susceptible to informal and/or abusive work because they usually perform activities that require low levels of education, such as construction and agriculture. In addition, environments, where people feel pressured, are in general susceptible to accidents. The sectors of the economy where the highest death rates because of work occur are agriculture, forestry, mining, and construction [3; 4; 5; 6]. When it comes to solutions to prevent occupational diseases, as new technologies are added to workplaces, new risks and opportunities emerge. Recently, the term Industry 4.0 has become very popular and can be defined as a new paradigm that has revolutionized manufacturing through the integration of different technologies [7; 8]. Industry 4.0-related technologies have significantly impacted OSH because they can be used, for example, to provide systems for monitoring occupational risks and health conditions of workers in real-time. On the other hand, the number of jobs that are characterized by sedentarypostures and/or interactions with robots has grown significantly, and as a result, certain illnesses related to sedentary lifestyle, and accidents, such as amputations, respectively, are likely to become more common [9; 10]. In addition, the concept of Industry 5.0 is already under discussion. Industry 5.0 is considered the next industrial revolution and is more focused on environmental sustainability and more skilled jobs compared to Industry 4.0. In this context, the production process will be highly automated and real-time data will be obtained from machines in collaboration with specialists. Predictive analytics and operating intelligence will be applied to create models to make more accurate decisions [11; 12]. To help to promote effective control of occupational risks and to monitor the exposure of workers to these risks, several technologies have been used [13; 14]. Together with the term Industry 4.0, the term Internet of Things (IoT) has also become quite popular. IoT refers to the connection of everyday objects to the Internet. Besides IoT, technologies related to artificial intelligence (AI) have the potential to bring significant changes to OSH. AI technologies can simulate human capabilities such as reasoning, perception of the environment, and decision-making. Industry 4.0 and IoT technologies have contributed to the emergence of smart personal protective equipment (PPE). Smart PPE can interact with the environment and/or react to environmental conditions because this type of equipment combines traditional PPE, such as sensors, with electronic parts, such as data transfer modules [15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21]. A review of technologies and trends of environmental risk assessment and management in Industry 4.0 context is shown by [22]. Smart PPE and other monitoring systems for OSH have been proposed by various authors, such as [23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. All these works presented solutions that can help to reduce accidents and/or work-related diseases significantly.