esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measurement of Total Phenolic and Anthocyanin Contents of Bread Made with Flour-Bran Blends  
To analyze any changes in total phenolic and anthocyanin contents of bread during the bread-making process, the total phenolic and anthocyanin contents of the crust and crumb of the bread prepared with the flour-bran blends at different blending ratios were measured according to the method of Yu and Beta [12]. The bread was lyophilized for 48 h and then ground to extract total phenolic compounds. A bread sample (2 g) was mixed with 80% methanol (Dulksan, Seoul, Korea) or 20 g of acidified methanol (pH 1) solution in a 50 mL tube wrapped with an aluminum foil, stirred using a stirrer (CN/VM-80, Miulab, Hangzhou, China) for 90 min, and then dispersed in an ultrasonicator (LK-U105, LK Lab Korea, Namyangju, Korea) at 40 kHz for 30 min. The mixture was centrifuged at 12,000\(\times\)\(g\) for 15 min at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the supernatant was separated. The pellet was extracted again using the above process, and the resulting supernatant was combined with the previous one and stored at \(-\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C. An extract of the bread sample with 80% methanol was used to analyze total phenolic compound content, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging activity, and the extract of the bread sample with acidified methanol was used to measure the total anthocyanin content.  
The total phenolic compound content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) diluted ten times immediately before use. Bread extract (0.2 mL) was oxidized using 1.5 mL of diluted Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The mixture was allowed to equilibrate for 5 min and neutralized with 1.5 mL of sodium carbonate solution (60 g/L) at room temperature. The absorbance of the mixture was measured at 725 nm using a spectrophotometer (X-ma 6100 PC, Human Corporation, Seoul, Korea) after 90 min. Methanol (80%) was used as the blank and gallic acid (gallic acid, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as the standard. The total phenolic content of the bread crust and crumb on a dry weight basis (dwb) was expressed as mg GAE/100 g.  
To determine the total anthocyanin content of bread crust and crumb, cyanidin-3-glucoside, the main anthocyanin component in colored wheat, was used as a standard. The bread extract and the solution with 10 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) instead of bread were treated for 30 min with reagents. Absorbance was measured at 535 nm. The total anthocyanin content of the bread crust and crumb on a dry weight basis (dwb) was calculated by comparing with the absorbance of C3G and expressed as mg C3 GE/100 g.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Optimize the Sample pH  
The pH of aqueous sample solutions often alters the efficiency of the SBME method by changing the structure of analytes. The selected BES, TES, and PRO analytes are hormones that can be hydrolyzed under certain conditions, such as acidic or alkaline pH levels [36]. However, the extent and rate of hydrolysis depend on the specific hormone and pH conditions, so the pH of the sample solution should be optimized. For this purpose, the pH was tested over the range of 2-11 and adjusted with 0.1 M HCl or NaOH solutions. As demonstrated in Figure 5, the efficiency of the SBME method was dependent on pH, and the optimum was reached at 7. However, a decrease in analytical signal was observed above and below pH 7 due to the hydrolysis of selected hormones [36,37]. Thus, pH 7 was selected as the best sample solution pH for further optimization steps.
# Industry 4.0 and World Class Manufacturing Integration: 100 Technologies for a WCM-I4.0 Matrix
## 4 Industry 4.0 Technological Groups
### Machine-To-Machine (M2M)  
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to communication between equipment. More precisely, M2M reflects the exchange of information between sensors and actuators in the production environment, enabling unforeseen levels of efficiency to be achieved [37]. \"M2M is the communication between two or more entities that do not necessarily require any direct human intervention. M2M services aim to automate decision-making and communication processes\" [38]. The shop floor is transformed into an intelligent environment: machines are connected to each other and have full visibility and awareness of the ongoing situation on the shop floor. The results can be translated into significant reductions in stock levels, waiting times and handling activities. Moreover, with the possibility of increasing the integration between the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), the Manufacturing Execution System (MES) and the automation layers (SCADAs and PLCs), production orders can be directly transferred to the production line.
###### Abstract
By analyzing and comparing the fitting degree of the reorganized component timescales with the original time-displacement spectra, it was concluded that the correlation coefficient between the reorganized component timescales of the long-period ground shaking and the original time-displacement spectra was more than 0.8, while the correlation coefficient between those of the ordinary ground shaking and the original time-displacement spectra was less than 0.8. Therefore, they proposed a quantitative method to differentiate between long-period and ordinary ground shaking and provided a basis for the definition of long-period ground shaking. [PERSON] et al. [14] studied the difference in the seismic responses of long-span continuous beam bridges with isolated high piers under the action of ordinary and far-field long-period ground motion. The results showed that compared to ordinary ground motion, the seismic response of long-span continuous beam bridges with isolated high piers was obviously increased under the action of far-field long-period ground motion. Although there have been many studies on long-period ground shaking, its definition remains confusing. Many works only briefly address long-period ground shaking and seldom study in depth the essential long-period components affecting long-period ground shaking. Based on the research of the above scholars, this paper adopts the ground vibration component separation method mentioned by [PERSON] [13] to study the response characteristics of the long-period component characterized by the average period Tr of the response spectrum based on the MEEMD component extraction method for high pier and large-span bridge structures, which were only centered on the high-rise structures in the previous research. The article takes Renwan Ruhe Bridge as an engineering example to verifies the reasonableness of the component extraction method through the correlation of the displacement responses under the action of long-period ground shaking and its compo nents, and finds that the reconstructed components extracted by the MEEMD method are more capable of characterizing the original long-period seismic properties. It also studies the effects of the components extracted based on the MEEMD method on the high-piers and large-span bridges with different periods; and uses nonlinear time course analysis to compare the response of ordinary ground shaking and long-period ground shaking. Compare the internal force and displacement responses of bridges under normal ground shaking and long period ground shaking.
## 7 Limitations and Future Lines of Research  
### Limitations  
* The low heterogeneity observed in the meta-analysis indicates that the included studies share similar methodological and contextual approaches. This uniformity may restrict the understanding of how external factors, such as industry sector, level of digitization or access to finance, influence the relationship between technology, quality and competitiveness.
* Topic analysis based on the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model allowed the identification of thematic patterns in the literature reviewed. However, this technique has limitations in capturing more complex semantic relationships and contextual variations within the texts analyzed.
* Although this study identifies technological and financial barriers that limit the adoption of innovative and quality strategies, it does not delve into the impact of public policies and financial incentives on the modernization of manufacturing PYMES.
## 3 Results
### Natural Vibrations
#### 3.2.2 Natural Frequencies  
Based on the obtained results, a graph presenting the relationship between the corrugation amplitude and value of the first six natural frequencies for various numbers of periodic cells in each direction and various thicknesses of the steel sheet was created (Figure 14). Each colour in the graph refers to each considered thickness of the steel sheet.  
An analysis of natural vibration frequencies reveals distinct patterns based on the mode shapes of the vibrations, which sometimes resemble the structures of the elements themselves. Depending on the arrangement of nodal lines, the analysed elements can be more susceptible to certain frequencies. This susceptibility highlights the influence of the nodal line configuration on the vibrational behaviour of the elements.  
Considering that the folding process stiffens the elements, it is observed that, with an increasing amplitude of corrugation, the natural vibration frequencies also increase. This relationship indicates that, as the structural stiffness is enhanced through a greater corrugation amplitude, the ability of the element to resist vibrational motion improves, resulting in higher frequencies of natural vibrations.  
Moreover, the relative differences in the obtained natural vibration frequencies do not converge as closely as observed in the cases of deflections or stresses. This suggests that the impact of corrugation on natural frequencies is more variable and dependent on the specific geometric and material properties of the elements. Consequently, the variations in frequency values are more pronounced, underscoring the complex interaction between the structural configuration and its dynamic response.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Number of Natural** & **ABAQUS [Hz]** & **RFEM [Hz]** & **Relative Difference** \\ \hline
1 & 44.88 & 45.29 & 0.91\% \\
2 & 97.62 & 98.35 & 0.75\% \\
3 & 113.17 & 113.70 & 0.47\% \\
4 & 177.61 & 178.39 & 0.44\% \\
5 & 178.85 & 180.52 & 0.93\% \\
6 & 222.12 & 222.49 & 0.17\% \\
7 & 269.92 & 272.47 & 0.94\% \\
8 & 287.13 & 287.78 & 0.23\% \\
9 & 296.30 & 298.47 & 0.73\% \\
10 & 374.74 & 374.79 & 0.01\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The comparison of the natural frequencies obtained from ABAQUS and RFEM.  
Figure 14: _Cont._Figure 14: _Cont._
# Finite Element Analysis of the Distribution Parameters of a Metal Dot Array in a SAW Gyroscope
## 1 Introduction
Finally, the optimum distribution parameters of the metal dot array for the piezoelectric substrate with different characteristics under different rotation speeds are determined, which provides theoretical guidance for further development of a high-performance SAW gyroscope.
# An Online Simultaneous Measurement of the Dual-Axis Straightness Error for Machine Tools
###### Abstract  
Vertical straightness errors are the key factor that affects the flatness of the workpiece during vertical machining. Traditionally, the individually measured and fitted vertical straightness errors of the \(X\) and \(Y\) axes are used to compensate the \(Z\) axis and, thus, obtain the flatness of the working table of the machine tool. However, it is difficult to measure and compensate the vertical straightness error of the desired position on the working table, not to mention the centroid variation effect of the working table on the measured data. In this study, an online dual-axis measurement system with repeatability (3\(\sigma\)) of 2.46 \(\upmu\)m is developed to simultaneously measure \(X\)-axis and \(Y\)-axis straightness errors of the desired position of a working table. Furthermore, the measured data are utilized to establish a flatness error model to reduce the vertical straightness error of the working table such that the repeatability (3\(\sigma\)) of the measured flatness may be kept within a range of 0.65 \(\upmu\)m.  
Keywords:dual-axis; vertical straightness; flatness error model; machine tools +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Experimental Work
### Measurement of the Experimental Hybrid Tank of Water-PCM with Copper Matrix  
During the investigation and experimental testing of various ways of improving the thermal conductivity of the PCM, such as a steel twisted matrix, a copper matrix and a copper spiral, the copper matrix technique was selected for the experimental setup. A comparison of the charging and discharging of the samples using the different methods of thermal conductivity enhancement for PCM versus the reference pure PCM is shown in Figure 27. When observing the charging and discharging of an experimental tray of pure PCM, the effect of the low thermal conductivity of paraffin and, consequently, the significant temperature differences between the core and the shell of the material during the whole charging and discharging process are clearly visible.  
Figure 27: Comparison of charging and discharging rate of the samples.  
The copper matrix was a spatial structure embedded in an internal PCM tank and was formed of 13 layers of conductive copper strips. Each layer represented a rib with a thickness of 1 mm and an unfolded length of approximately 1000 mm. The width of each rib was 5 mm (Table 4).  
Figure 28 shows the charging progress of the water and copper matrix PCM reservoir. The phase change starts at a time of 6195 s in the part where the PCM8 thermocouple is located. The total time to melt the complete 3.7 kg of PCM is 18,960 s. The end of the phase change occurs at the PCM7 thermocouple. The phase change transition took 12,765 s which is 54.7% faster compared to the PCM tank without the copper matrix. The charging in this case was much more uniform throughout the volume.  
Figure 29 shows the solidification process of the PCM with the copper matrix and the charging of the heat transfer medium of the accumulation tank. Solidification starts at 460 s on the PCM9 thermocouple. At this time, the heat transfer medium is at 22.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The phase change ends at 51.00 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 9145 s on the PCM6 thermocouple. The total solidification time is 8685 s. The heat transfer medium was heated to a maximum temperature of 30.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In total, the heat transfer medium was heated by \(\Delta\)t = 8.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This can be calculated as follows:  
\[Q\ =\ m\cdot c\cdot\Delta\mathrm{t}\ =\ 3.7\cdot 4180\cdot 8.1\ =\ 125274.6\ \mathrm{J} \tag{30}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Property** & **Value** \\ \hline Construction volume & 64.35 mm\({}^{3}\)–0.06435 L \\ Total heat exchange surface of the finning & 468 mm\({}^{2}\) \\ Thermal conductivity of copper & 401 W/m\(\cdot\)K \\ Total weight of construction & 0.52 kg \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Parameters of copper matrix.  
Figure 28: Charging rate of the hybrid tank of water–PCM with copper matrix.  
For comparison, the PCM with the copper matrix was able to deliver 125% more latent heat energy than the PCM without a copper matrix, and the phase change was faster by 79.19%. This result indicates a significant shift in the rate and amount of energy transferred.
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Research Contributions  
The novel approach of combining ARIMA and stepwise regression models for forest fire prediction offers a fresh perspective in environmental modeling. This contributes significantly to forest fire prediction methodologies and provides a scientific basis for future fire prevention and response strategies. The outcomes are practically significant for government agencies, researchers, and students, guiding decision-makers in resource allocation and risk management. Moreover, the research methods and findings can serve as teaching cases in environmental science and forest management courses, enhancing scientific understanding of forest fire dynamics and the impact of climatic variables, offering crucial insights for comprehensive fire management strategies and adapting to climate change challenges.
## 2 Control Framework and Test Platform  
### Control Framework for CACC  
The fundamental functionality of the CACC system is to regulate the acceleration of the host vehicle, such that the relative velocity between the host vehicle and its nearest preceding vehicle, and the error between the inter-vehicle distance and the desired distance, converge to zero. In this study, the control framework is designed based on a fully control-by-wire EV. Figure 1 illustrates this framework by showing that the CACC system has two separate layers. The upper level controller generates the desired acceleration \(a_{d}\) by using input signals, including the inter-vehicle distance \(d_{r}\) and relative velocity \(v_{r}\) measured by radar, the acceleration of the preceding vehicle \(a_{p}\) transmitted via V2V communication, and the velocity and acceleration of the host vehicle measured by the on-board sensor. The lower-level controller manipulates the motor output torque or the braking pressure so that the acceleration of the vehicle tracks the desired acceleration. The accelerator pedal signal \(\alpha\) and braking pressure \(P_{b}\) are determined by a motor torque map and a braking look-up table, respectively, which are obtained from driving tests. An incremental PID controller and the acceleration/deceleration switching logic are also included in the lower-level module, although they are not shown in the figure. A similar two-layer control framework for ACC can be found in [5].
# Fault Diagnosis Algorithm of Beam Pumping Unit Based on Transfer Learning and DenseNet Model
## 1 Preface
To solve the problems of insufficient training data and uneven distribution of the deep learning, the fault diagnosis method for sucker rod pumps, and serious performance degradation of the deep model is seen when working conditions change. This paper puts forward an intelligent fault diagnosis model for the sucker rod pump based on transfer learning and the DenseNet model. First, transfer the pretraining model which is established according to the DenseNet image recognition model structure to a new neural network model, and using the actual working conditions of the artificial perception data for preliminary training. Second, fine-tune the preliminary training achieves a certain effect and further obtains the artificial perception classification model; finally, the working condition diagnosis is carried out according to the fault artificial perception classification model. This method can effectively avoid the problem of model fitting caused by the limitation of data type and quantity, and can also improve the problem that special working conditions cannot be effectively identified due to the uneven distribution of various samples. At the same time, this paper uses actual production data to test, and the results show that the model established by this method can meet the actual production requirements.
## 6 Conclusions  
Through the modified definition of pseudopressure and pseudotime factor, the 2D diffusivity equations of gas flow in abnormally high-pressured composite naturally fractured reservoirs are established. The semianalytical solution was obtained by the utility of Laplace and finite Fourier cosine transforms. The presented model can account for the pressure-dependent fluid and rock properties, permeability anisotropy, and limited-entry well phenomena. Real gas field data matching demonstrates that the proposed model has good applicability. Based on this work, the following conclusions can be drawn:  
(1) Porosity stress-sensitivity is considered due to the high formation energy in abnormally high-pressured reservoirs and the classical Warren-Root model is improved to account for permeability anisotropy.  
(2) The inner region radius and mobility ratio between outer and inner region exhibit the same characteristics of the effect on production performance. Larger the value of them, the higher production rate at initial stage while rapid reduction in late stage due to weak supplement.  
(3) The fracture permeability anisotropy factor mainly affects production rate in early stage. In late stage, the effect of it is small. Permeability stress-sensitivity has a notably negative effect on production rate. To avoid the rapid decrease of fracture permeability, reasonable well bottom-hole pressure should be set up in field.  
Conceptualization, M.W. and X.W.; methodology, X.W.; software, W.Z.; validation, L.Z., M.S. and H.Z.; formal analysis, X.W.; investigation, M.W.; resources, W.Z.; data curation, M.W.; writing--original draft preparation, M.W.; writing--review and editing, M.W.; visualization, X.W.; supervision, W.Z.; project administration, X.M.; funding acquisition, X.W.  
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2652018243).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 14: A comparison of the production rate data between field data and the proposed model.
### Contributions  
In this manuscript, we make the following contributions:  
Figure 1: Example system configuration of the previously developed two-way ranging (TWR) system that efficiently enables localization, synchronization, and communications in a distributed radio network. We propose a Kalman filter extension to this system that tracks the time offset \(T\), time delay \(\tau\), and the first and second derivatives thereof between the distributed users. These extensions make the system more robust to cycle slips and reduce the computational complexity by an order of magnitude.  
We derive a family of optimal extended Kalman filter (EKF) tracking algorithms that jointly estimate time-of-flight and clock offsets in a two-way ranging network.
* We implement the proposed EKF solutions and the corresponding optimal one-shot estimators in a simple MATLAB simulation environment.
* We demonstrate that the proposed solution achieves comparable estimation performance to the existing one-shot solutions and, in the case of the second-order solution, reduces the computation time by an order of magnitude.
###### Abstract  
This paper presents the application of the time-frequency (TF) reassignment technique in passive forward scattering radar (FSR) using Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial (DVB-T) transmitters of opportunity operating in the Very High Frequency (VHF) band. The validation of the proposed technique was done using real-life signals collected by the passive radar demonstrator during a measurement campaign. The scenario was chosen to test detection ranges and the capability of estimating the kinematic parameters of a cooperative airborne target in passive FSR geometry. Additionally, in the experiment the possibility of utilizing FSR geometry in foliage penetration conditions taking advantage of the VHF band of a DVB-T illuminator of opportunity was tested. The results presented in this paper show that the concentrated (reassigned) energy distribution of the signal in the TF domain allows a more precise target Doppler rate to be estimated using the Hough transform.  
passive forward scattering radar; forward scattering radar; passive radar; radar measurements; time-frequency analysis; time-frequency reassignment +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters A