esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Two-Channel OTDM System for Data-Center Interconnects: A Review
## 3 Two-Channel OTDM System with Phase-Alternating Pulse
### Experimental Results  
The transmission performance of the 200 Gb/s OTDM signal generated using the CSRZ pulse (i.e., phase-alternating pulse) was compared with that generated using the RZ pulse (i.e., constant-phase pulse). The 1549.9 nm light was phase-modulated with a 25 GHz electrical clock (\(\Delta V=0.55\
u_{\pi}\)) and sent to a 25/50 GHz optical interleaver (as a periodic filter) to generate the CSRZ pulse, as sown in Figure 12. When generating the RZ pulse, the \(\Delta V\) of the electrical clock was increased to 0.75\(V_{\pi}\), and another port of the interleaver was used. Then, the (CS)RZ PAM-4 signal was generated by modulating an MZM with a 100 Gb/s electrical PAM-4 signal (generated using a 92-GSample/s arbitrary waveform generator (AWG)). The (CS)RZ PAM-4 signal was split into two parts, which combined again after a proper time delay to generate the 200 Gb/s OTDM signal. The two (CS)RZ  
Figure 11: Eye diagrams of the 200 Gb/s OTDM-PAM-4 signals generated using a constant-phase pulse (**a**) before and (**b**) after transmission over 1 km SSMF and of the signal generated using a phase-alternating pulse (**c**) before and (**d**) after transmission over 1 km SSMF.  
Figure 10: (**a**) OTDM transmitter with a phase-alternating pulse generated by a PM and a periodic optical filter. (**b**) Optical spectrum and (**c**) timing diagram of the CSRZ pulse. The \(\Delta V\) of the PM is set to 0.5\(V_{\pi}\).  
signals were in different polarization domains. The OTDM signal was amplified using an EDFA, transmitted over an SSMF, and detected using a 70 GHz PD. After the data were captured using an RTO at 160-GSample/s, a symbol-spaced 2 \(\times\) 2 MIMO equalizer was implemented with symbol-spaced 30-tap FFFs.  
Figure 13 shows the measured BER curves of the 200 Gb/s OTDM-PAM-4 signal. As illustrated in Figure 11b, the OTDM signal generated using the constant-phase RZ pulse was significantly deteriorated by the CD arising from the 1 km SSMF (in which the power penalty was measured to be as large as 2.6 dB). On the other hand, the OTDM signal generated using the phase-alternating CSRZ pulse was marginally affected by the CD arising from the 1 km SSMF, as shown in Figure 11d. In addition, the signal could be transmitted over a 1.9 km SSMF with the FEC limit set to \(\text{BER}=3.8\times 10^{-3}\).
# Predictive Analytics for Sucker Rod Pump Failures in Kazakhstan Oil Wells Using Machine Learning
## 2 Problem Statement Kazakhstan Oil Wells  
Currently, most artificial lift wells in Kazakhstan are operated by SRPs. Ensuring the uninterrupted operation of SRPs is a primary objective for companies. Oil-producing companies are adopting early failure diagnosis and reduction approaches alongside new methods and equipment. Figure 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of the SRP system. The common components of an SRP system that fail include rods, tubing (due to wellbore curvature or high rod string load), and pumps (due to incorrect selection of downhole pumping equipment, reduction of well flow, etc.).  
An analysis of downhole pumping equipment failures identified the main reasons for failures in the studied field. The main method of operation in this field is the use of sucker rod pumping equipment, where the rod is a crucial structural element. During the operation of the sucker rod pump, as a result of several factors, premature well failures can occur due to malfunctions in any part of the SRP system. Based on the national company's \"KazMunayGas\" 2023 production data from the pilot field located in the Mangystau region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Figure 2 shows the leading equipment's failure reasons.  
The main parameters that affect the operational reliability of the sucker rod pumping system:  
1. Well operation mode--parameters that establish the operation mode, considering geological and technical limitations;
2. Directional survey--rate of curvature increase; greater curvature increases rod rubbing at wellbore curvature points;
3. Rod string loading (dynamic stress)--high loads lead to frequent rod breaks;
4. High water cut of production and associated downhole equipment corrosion rates;
5. Installation operating mode--liquid pumping speed;
6. Pump set depth.  
Failures due to rod breakage and mutual friction between the tubing and the rod can be caused by dynamic stresses in the rod column, mechanical friction forces between the rod column and the tubing column, and the influence of the rod's spiral curvature during the hydraulic impact of the rods and the liquid when moving down.  
Figure 1: Sucker rod pump system.  
The pilot field chosen for research comprises about 1000 wells operated using bottom-hole pumps. The success of the failure prediction model depends on the completeness and quality of the data used. Therefore, data preparation is crucial.
# Winter Wheat Mapping in Shandong Province of China with Multi-Temporal Sentinel-2 Images
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methodology  
Based on the time-series Sentinel-2 imagery, this research proposed a winter wheat extraction method that combines pixel-based and object-oriented methods for the unique topography and cultivation characteristics of Shandong Province. The methodological workflow consists of the following three steps, as shown in Figure 3. At first, based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, the Sentinel-2A images from October 2019 to June 2020 are selected and pre-processed with de-cloud, clipping and fusion to form a monthly image data collection. Then, rules are formulated to integrate the results of pixel-based classification and object-oriented image segmentation to obtain the optimal classification results. Finally, the final winter wheat extraction results are evaluated by calculating the confusion matrix.  
Figure 3: The workflow for winter wheat mapping in this research.  
Figure 2: The spatial distribution of the samples and the ultra-high-resolution images with real conditions in different growth periods of winter wheat.
# Ultrasound Elastography: Methods, Clinical Applications, and Limitations: A Review Article
## 3 Elastography Techniques
### A: Strain Imaging  
There are two main types of ultrasound elastography techniques: strain imaging and shear wave imaging. Each of these techniques is further segmented into its own variable schemes. Strain imaging is classified as a technique that provides a qualitative evaluation of Young's modulus by applying normal stress and subsequently measuring the normal strain. Furthermore, strain imaging can be divided into two mechanisms: strain elastography (SE) and acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI).
# Boosting Noise Reduction Effect via Unsupervised Fine-Tuning Strategy
## 4 Experimental Results
### Visual Comparisons  
In image tasks, the visual quality is an important indicator to evaluate model performance. To visually compare the denoising effect of our proposed method, after applying a Gaussian noise level of 25 to the Airplane image from the Set12 dataset, we used various competing methods to denoise the noisy Airplane image and calculated the PSNR value of the denoised image (See Figure 9). The visual contrast effect of the locally enlarged area is shown in Figure 9. For better visualization, we chose to evaluate the part of the text on the wing section of the airplane and enlarged it. As can be seen from Figure 9, the denoised images obtained by the SWinIR and Stage1 methods are overly smooth, resulting in the loss of texture details; the DIP method has poor denoising effect; and the denoised lines obtained by the DAGL, DnCNN, FFDNet, and N2V methods are slightly fuzzy. In contrast, our proposed method retains good texture details and improves visibility in the enlarged area, indicating that the denoising results are closer to the ground-truth image, and this observation is also confirmed by the PSNR value. In summary, compared with the above methods, our proposed improvements make the proposed two-stage denoising technology have the strongest ability to preserve image details  
Additionally, as illustrated in Figure 10, experiments conducted on real SIDD datasets to assess the generalization capability of the proposed method (i.e., Stage2 model) demonstrate effective noise elimination while preserving details within the magnification box. The overall color reproduction of the Stage2 model is observed to be closer to the original image compared to other methods and Stage1. Although DIP can also eliminate noise, its denoising effect is not as good as the method described in this paper, and its performance in terms of PSNR is also significantly inferior to ours.
# A Quantum-Resistant FHE Framework for Privacy-Preserving Image Processing in the Cloud
## 4 Experimental Evaluation
### Security Analysis
#### 4.7.4 Side-Channel Resistance Analysis  
Timing Attack Mitigation: When it comes to protecting against timing attacks, our framework takes several important steps to ensure security. All cryptographic operations rely on constant-time implementations through TenSEAL and SEAL backends, which means that the execution time does not vary based on the data being processed. This is particularly advantageous because FHE operations are naturally data-independent in their execution time--the server cannot learn anything about private data by measuring how long operations take. While network timing might reveal what type of operation is being performed, it crucially does not expose any information about the actual content of the data.  
Cache-Based Attack Mitigation: Cache-based attacks are another concern that we address through the inherent properties of our FHE implementation. The beauty of FHE operations is that they work on polynomials with predictable memory access patterns, making it much harder for attackers to extract meaningful information from cache behavior. Additionally, our use of large 60-bit coefficient sizes helps prevent cache-line granularity attacks, where attackers might try to infer data from which cache lines are accessed. Since the server only processes encrypted data throughout the entire pipeline, the potential for information leakage through cache analysis is significantly limited.
# A Survey of Information Extraction Based on Deep Learning
## 3 Event Extraction Based on Deep Learning
### Sentence-Level or Chapter-Level Event Extraction
Moreover, the end-to-end learning model was able to extract more comprehensive features and reduce error propagation through joint learning. [PERSON] et al. constructed a COVID-19 news data set and proposed a three-stage pipeline approach to extract COVID-19 news events from the chapters [90]. The improved TextRank algorithm extracted the central sentence in the document and then used sequence annotation to extract the events from the chapter-level perspective to obtain more complete event information. [PERSON] et al. proposed a joint framework that trained the three sub-models to learn the event internal structure, the relationship between events, and entity extraction, and then integrated them into a single model to realize joint extraction of events and entities across documents [91]. In addition, some researchers have put forward a new idea of event extraction. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. translated the event extraction task into a Q and A. The author's idea was to identify the event type through the task of event extraction, generate the question template of the event elements in an unsupervised manner according to the type of event, and finally extract the event elements in the form of questions and answers [92]. Inspired by the English event extraction method using the question answer mode, [PERSON] et al. applied the method to the task of Chinese event extraction and designed a set of generation rules that meet the problem template of Chinese event extraction [93].
# Aerospace
## 6 Mars Small Satellite Constellation
### SmallSat Targeting and Orbiter Deflection Maneuvers  
Table 13 shows the maneuver plan to accomplish the B-plane targeting shown in Figure 26. Here, \(\Delta V_{1}\) indicates the targeting maneuver performed immediately after the first small satellite is released to target the aim point for the second satellite. To avoid performing maneuvers too close to the planet, which can drive up \(\Delta V\), it is assumed that  
Figure 26: SmallSat and host orbiter aim points on the Mars B-plane. After releasing each SmallSat, the host orbiter performs a small maneuver to target the aim point for the next one.  
the satellites can be released as early as 7 days prior to entry and can execute very small TCMs to correct navigation errors after release. \(\Delta V_{1}\) is performed 7 days prior to entry (E-7 days). \(\Delta V_{5}\) is the orbiter deflection maneuver performed 3 days prior to entry. The maneuver schedule is chosen so as to keep the total targeting and deflection maneuver \(\Delta V\) within the 25 m/s. Figure 27 shows the approach directory of the five small satellites until the entry interface and the approach trajectory of the host orbiter spacecraft arriving over the north pole.  
Figure 28 shows the orbits of the five small satellites and the host orbiter. These results demonstrate how it is possible to target different aim points on the SmallSat B-plane circle with different values of \(\psi\) with very small targeting maneuvers (\(<\)8 m/s), corresponding to different inclinations. Since the mission designer is free to choose any angular position on the B-plane circle for targeting, it becomes possible to insert these satellites into any inclination ranging from arrival declination to polar, and even retrograde orbits. Furthermore, the orbit size (apoapsis altitude) for each aerocapture vehicle can be chosen independently to range from low-circular to moderately elliptical orbits (the aerocapture corridor becomes too small for highly elliptic orbits). Thus, the combination of B-plane targeting and independent apoapsis targeting allows for a wide range of inclination and orbit sizes for small satellite constellations depending on the mission requirements. For example, it is possible to target two satellites toward low circular near-polar orbits and two satellites toward elliptical near-equatorial orbits to sample the Martian magnetosphere.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Maneuver** & **Type** & **Time, Days** & \(\Delta V\)**, m/s** \\ \hline \(\Delta V_{1}\) & Targeting & E-7 & 4.63 \\ \(\Delta V_{2}\) & Targeting & E-6 & 5.38 \\ \(\Delta V_{3}\) & Targeting & E-5 & 6.43 \\ \(\Delta V_{4}\) & Targeting & E-4 & 7.99 \\ \(\Delta V_{5}\) & Orbiter deflection & E-3 & 0.95 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 13: Mars small satellite constellation targeting and orbiter deflection maneuvers.  
Figure 27: Approach trajectory of the five Mars small satellites with various inclinations (green) until atmospheric entry and the host orbiter (magenta) until periapsis.
# Ion Channel Properties of a Cation Channelrhodopsin, \(Gt\_\)Ccr4
###### Abstract  
We previously reported a cation channelrhodopsin, \(Gt\_\)CCR4, which is one of the 44 types of microbial rhodopsins from a cryptophyte flagellate, _Guillardia theta_. Due to the modest homology of amino acid sequences with a chlorophyte channelrhodopsin such as \(Cr\_\)ChR2 from _Chlamydomonas reinhardtii_, it has been proposed that a family of cryptophyte channelrhodopsin, including \(Gt\_\)CCR4, has a distinct molecular mechanism for channel gating and ion permeation. In this study, we compared the photocurrent properties, cation selectivity and kinetics between well-known \(Cr\_\)ChR2 and \(Gt\_\)CCR4 by a conventional path clamp method. Large and stable light-induced cation conduction by \(Gt\_\)CCR4 at the maximum absorbing wavelength (530 nm) was observed with only small inactivation (15%), whereas the photocurrent of \(Cr\_\)ChR2 exhibited significant inactivation (50%) and desensitization. The light sensitivity of \(Gt\_\)CCR4 was higher (EC\({}_{50}\) = 0.13 mW/mm\({}^{2}\)) than that of \(Cr\_\)ChR2 (EC\({}_{50}\) = 0.80 mW/mm\({}^{2}\)) while the channel open life time (photocycle speed) was in the same range as that of \(Cr\_\)ChR2 (25-30 ms for \(Gt\_\)CCR4 and 10-15 ms for \(Cr\_\)ChR2). This observation implies that \(Gt\_\)CCR4 enables optical neuronal spiking with weak light in high temporal resolution when applied in neuroscience. Furthermore, we demonstrated high Na\({}^{+}\) selectivity of \(Gt\_\)CCR4 in which the selectivity ratio for Na\({}^{+}\) was 37-fold larger than that for \(Cr\_\)ChR2, which primarily conducts H\({}^{+}\). On the other hand, \(Gt\_\)CCR4 conducted almost no H\({}^{+}\) and no Ca\({}^{2+}\) under physiological conditions. These results suggest that ion selectivity in \(Gt\_\)CCR4 is distinct from that in \(Cr\_\)ChR2. In addition, a unique red-absorbing and stable intermediate in the photocycle was observed, indicating a photochromic property of \(Gt\_\)CCR4.  
microbial rhodopsin; channelrhodopsin; electrophysiology; optogenetics +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Chemistry and Applications
# How to Harvest Haylage Bales in Sustainable Agriculture
## 1 Introduction  
The terms silage and haylage are often confused and used interchangeably. The correct definition is essential here so that there are no mistakes in the interpretation of our research. Silage is defined as \"material produced by the controlled fermentation of a yield with a high moisture content\" [1]. Haylage has been defined as wrapped or anaerobically stored feed containing >500 g dry matter per kg [2, 3].  
Storing siluge in round bales (balage or haylage) is a commonly used method for preserving forage for use as stock fodder that has a higher nutritional content than hay. The density of plant material in bales formed with round balers is an important indicator of these machines' operating quality. In the case of the balage itself, good density ensures advantageous conditions for fermentation [4, 5, 6]. Data presented in the literature indicate that the moisture content of the plant material has a big impact on the compacting process. Humid blades or stalks bend much more easily than dry ones. Particular attention should be given to data concerning the compaction of bales formed from green fodder with a dry mass content of ~63 to 64%. Material of this type, which has a low elasticity, is easily pressed into the working chamber of a round baler, which results in a high concentration within the cylindrical bales [7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. The inclusion of shredding assemblies within round bales results in an increase in the concentration of the resulting bales by several percent, which, in some cases, can be even more than 20% [6, 12, 13].  
At present, the production of feed with the use of different additives to support the silaging process is very popular, ensuring that farmers have supplies of cheap yet valuable feed with low nutrients losses that is suitable for long-term storage [5, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Liquid additives are applied to the plant material by applicators fitted to the baling machines. Applicator nozzles are mounted on the baling machines at points that allow for optimum distribution of additives in the collected plant material and low additive losses [19, 20, 21].  
The aim of the experiment was to study the influence of: moisture content in the har-vested material, length of the cut material and the pressing pressure in the baler onthe obtained density of haylage bales. Haylage bales were made of grass Barenbrug BG-5 forage mixtures (B&G-4 Milkway Universal, Barenbrug Poland, Tarnowo Podgorne, Poland) with the addition of a liquid additive.
# Studies and Rejection of Intercrystal Crosstalk on FPGA in a High-Energy Photon-Counting System
###### Abstract  
Intercrystal scatter reduces system sensitivity and spatial resolution, a phenomenon that has been extensively studied in positron emission tomography (PET) systems. However, the issue is even more significant in high-energy systems. The purpose of this study is to propose a practical crosstalk rejection technique and demonstrate its applicability in high-energy photon-counting systems. The effect of inter-crystal scattering interactions between \({}^{60}\)Co \(\gamma\) photons and lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) scintillator crystals is investigated through Monte Carlo simulations conducted using the Geant4 toolkit. To suppress the crosstalk phenomenon, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based algorithm is proposed to suppress inter-crystal scattering events, characterized by a time window of 5 nanoseconds and detector window sizes of one or two. The 250 mm Fe steel penetration model is used to evaluate the proposed algorithm, showing improved radiation image quality, particularly with a detector window size of two, which performs better under low-count-rate conditions. Laboratory testing indicates that the proposed algorithm can enhance steel penetration (SP) by 60-70 mm of Fe when compared to the existing current integration system under the same settings. The suggested method has been proven effective in producing higher-quality images and demonstrates good adaptability by adapting the detector window width according to different system count rates.  
intercrystal scatter; FPGA; LYSO scintillation detector; steel penetration Article