## 1 Introduction  
Since the 1980s, prefabricated concrete structures have gained widespread adoption worldwide. As early as the 1970s, the United States began investigating prefabricated concrete structures, with the American Concrete Institute's ACT 318-11 \"Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete\" and the \"PCI Design Manual\" making significant contributions to the development of prestressed concrete. The European prefabricated concrete building industry boasts a long history that has shaped the industrialization of these structures and yielded a relatively comprehensive standard system. The latest research on the performance of prefabricated concrete structures is summarized and published in \"Code and Standard 2010\". Japan has rigorously explored the seismic performance of prefabricated structures and provided a comprehensive explanation of the standards for prefabricated concrete building systems spanning design, manufacturing, and construction. In September 2016, China's General Office of the State Council issued the \"Guiding Opinions on Vigorously Developing assembled Buildings\", proposing that, within 10 years, prefabricated buildings should account for 30% of new constructions [1; 2; 3; 4]. Numerous earthquake disaster investigations revealed that damages to prefabricated structural joints were the primary cause of building damage, significantly impacting seismic performance [5; 6; 7; 8]. Consequently, researchers worldwide have conducted extensive investigations on the joints of prefabricated concrete structures, encompassing steel bar anchorage connections, grouting sleeve connections, welding, and bolt connection [9; 10; 11; 12]. [PERSON] [13] introduced a novel T-section steel structure connection joint, incorporating an embedded T-section steel and an embedded steel plate welded to the precast beam. The study indicates an enhancement in the seismic resistance of this connection; however, there is a rapid degradation in stiffness, and the bearing capacity is lower than anticipated. [PERSON] [14] presented a post-cast concrete joint with a sleeve that includes a grouting slot in the upper portion of the column end, which is filled after the insertion of the steel bar into the assembled steel sleeve. The research suggests reduced damage and improved ductility of this joint compared to the cast-in-place joint, with a minor effect on the bearing capacity. [PERSON] [15] devised a novel style of prestressed hybrid beam-column joint, employing the post-tensioned prestressed methodology for connecting the column and beam, casting the remainder of the joint in place. The research found that the ductility of the novel joint has improved, with minimal change in the bearing capacity. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] designed 18 half-scale concrete frame joints, with testing results establishing that the post-cast integral beam-column joints' strength, seismic performance, and ductility surpass those of the cast-in-site joints. [PERSON] [17] recommended a precast concrete frame joint featuring a ductile connector, with testing indicating commendable energy dissipation and recovery characteristics. Exploring the seismic performance of assembled steel-reinforced concrete beam-column joints, [PERSON] [18] developed two groups of two full-scale joint specimens, providing evidence of exceptional ductility and seismic performance in both groups. [PERSON] [19] introduced a novel joint composed of a fan-shaped lead viscoelastic damper and an assembled concrete frame, with experimentation proving a solid energy dissipation effect, along with substantial improvements in the joint's bearing capacity and displacement ductility. [PERSON] [20] suggested a new variety of hooked assembled concrete beam-column joint, with testing confirming excellent energy dissipation and ductility. [PERSON] [21] introduced a concrete-filled steel tubular column joint with only ring bars and no ring beams, showing that the hysteresis loop of the joint is quite full, and it possesses considerable energy consumption capacity and ductility.