esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Blob Detection and Deep Learning for Leukemic Blood Image Analysis
## 4 Proposed Workflow  
The main aim of the proposed solution is the detection and analysis of leukocytes included in blood images. As can be easily seen from visual inspection (see Figure 3), several factors such as the presence of staining artifacts, shape deformations, color variability, and clumps actually make the leukocyte detection task difficult. An algorithm made up of several steps has been developed in order to cope with the aforementioned challenging conditions (see Figure 4):  
1. Preprocessing
2. Blob detection
3. Image segmentation
4. Leukocyte recognition
5. Leukemia classification  
Figure 4: The overall scheme of the proposed solution.  
Figure 3: Blood images containing leukocytes, extracted from ALL-IDB1. First of all, they present different coloration and illumination conditions; therefore, their analysis should consider the consequent color variability. Moreover, further issues are represented. From left to right: leukocytes’ clump formation, light blur, and low contrast between the background and the cytoplasm of WBCs, the presence of deformed WBCs and staining artifacts (light violet regions, similar to WBC’s shape), poor contrast, and the presence of an artifact.
# ENDURUNS: An Integrated and Flexible Approach for Seabed Survey Through Autonomous Mobile Vehicles
## 2 The ENDURUNS Overall Approach
Here, it is worthy to stress the need of simple and efficient applications to avoid large CPU requirements and to strike a good balance between antithetic needs of power consumption and mission autonomy. After data pre-processing, the information extracted from the acquired data is transmitted to the land station. All navigation, data acquisition, and communication operations are managed by the RMCC providing the tools to plan, execute, monitor, and replay the mission. The main innovative features characterising the ENDURUNS system are summarised in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**State of the Art AUV** & **ENDURUNS Hybrid System** & **Measure of Improvement** \\ \hline Reduced operational endurance due to limitations in state of the art battery technology (0.15–0.25 kWh/kg for commercially available Li-ion batteries) & Operational endurance increased to the use of high-energy density \(H_{2}\) and fuel cells (33 kWh/kg) & The amount of energy stored onboard can be potentially increased to almost 1800\% when 6 kg of \(H_{2}\) are used \\ \hline Support surface vessel required for deployment, recovery and operations & USV used for geotagging, data transfer and transmission of commands from the RMCC & No special support surface vessel required by using an autonomous UV instead \\ \hline Navigation based on the use of underwater beacons or data transmitted from a supporting surface vessel & Navigation based on geotagging data transmitted from USV or form instructions transmitted form the RMCC & High-resolution geotagging enabling compatible data output as required by the “Seabed 2030” initiative \\ \hline Gliding operations restricted to sinusoidal and verstatility & Gliding operations combined with horizontal trajectories & Hybrid operation taking advantage by glider navigation and thrusters in AUV mode \\ \hline Basic control systems & Advanced control system for determining power requirements and adjusting power consumption dynamically & Dynamic power consumption based on input received from sensors onboard measuring speed and data analysis \\ \hline Basic communication capability mainly based on the use of a supporting surface vessel & Reliable quasi-real-time communication capability for bidirectional data transfer & Secure dynamic communication with RMCC combined with onboard data analysis and compression \\ \hline Several hours needed for recharging the battery banks is required unless old ones are removed and replaced & \(H_{2}\) refuelling can be achieved in a few minutes time & Various \(H_{2}\) storage options available which can be adapted according to each mission’s specific requirements \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of ENDURUNS system with state of the art AUVs.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.2.2 Tests in Ocean Basin with GNSS Simulator  
Between August and October 2021, tests were carried out with a scaled-down physical model of the SATIEC-SATH floating offshore wind turbine in the ocean basin ([[https://www.sintef.no/en/all-laboratories/ocean-laboratory/](https://www.sintef.no/en/all-laboratories/ocean-laboratory/)]([https://www.sintef.no/en/all-laboratories/ocean-laboratory/](https://www.sintef.no/en/all-laboratories/ocean-laboratory/)), accessed on 10 December 2022) at the SINTEF ocean facilities. A model scale of 1:36 was used, where the expected environmental condition of the FOWT were reproduced. The test conditions were based on the Buchan deep-site environment.  
In these tests, the R&S SMBV100B GNSS signal simulator was employed to provide artificial GNSS data from GPS, Glonass, Galileo, BeiDou, and QZSS. It works in a large range of frequencies (from 8 KHz to 6 GHz), covering all the important RF bands for digital wireless communications. The instrument is useful for the computation of multi-constellation and multi-frequency solutions at different scenario configurations and dynamics modes.  
Using the same smart sensor used in the tests in the previous section but without the antenna, since the GNSS data were supplied by the simulator, providing the precise position for both the rover and base station (5 km distance), the test plan conducted was divided into static and kinematic tests. In static mode, the rover position was the technological center CTC location (43.921, \(-\)3.9552, 113), while in kinematic mode, datasets from simulation tests were utilized to replicate the dynamics on the floating platform. Unlike the previous case, the output RINEX OBS and NAV files were post-processed by the RTK algorithm. The different cases used for the tests are exposed in Table 1, where it can be noticed clearly that different waves and inclinations were considered. The main objective of these tests was to select the appropriate receiver and validate it in a simulation scenario.
# Improving Bundle Routing in a Space DTN by Approximating the Transmission Time of the Reliable LTP
## 6 Results
The complex interaction of DTN protocols and the stochastic behavior of the channel led to BER zones where the proposed method became less effective but still offered  
Figure 9: Results for test case 1 with the traffic flowing from g1 to g0 (reverse direction). Charts (**a**,**c**) depict the results with a light sending rate \(\lambda=0.1\). Results for a high sending rate \(\lambda=10\) are shown in charts (**b**,**d**). better performance than the standard method used by CGR. Interestingly, with very large BER values, it was easier for CGR to identify the contacts to be avoided. A larger hyperparameter f allowed for reducing the gap in some cases. 3. While the simulations assumed knowledge of the channel BER values, such knowledge may be replaced or complemented with measurements of the segment loss rate from the convergence layer adapter, given that the LTP uses a NACK mechanism to inform the sender engine what segments require retransmission. Figure 10: The results for test case 2 with the traffic flowing from g0 to g1, show a similar trend to case 1 but ocurring at a different zone of BER values. Charts (**a**,**c**) depict the case of light sending rates \(\lambda=1\). The results for a high sending rate \(\lambda=20\) are shown in charts (**b**,**d**).
###### Abstract  
In this paper, we review the generation of vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum in the microwave domain. We firstly present the theory of Laguerre-Gaussian beams where it is demonstrated that they carry such type of momentum. We further provide an overview of the classical methods used to generate orbital angular momentum vortex beams, which rely on two main methods; plane wave to vortex wave conversion and direct generation using radiating antennas. Then, we present recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces devoted to the generation of vortex beams with a discussion about reflective and transmissive metasurfaces for plane wave to vortex wave conversion as well as methods to reduce the intrinsic divergence characteristics of vortex beams. Finally, we conclude on this rapidly developing research field.  
vortex beams; orbital angular momentum; microwave antennas; metasurfaces +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Proposed System
### PMIPv6/AAND--Handover Message Format  
Modifying the protocol as it is built today to suit the requirements of network service and standardization is complicated. As a result, the accumulation of an original IPv6 header would make it more difficult and hinder the network service. However, it is much more effective to add a new field in an old header. For this purpose, adding new flags to basic information like HI/HACK is being discussed. A similar method was adopted for estrwhile protocols based on MIPv6. The only two modified messages in F-PMIPv6 are HI and the HACK.  
By utilizing the HI message, the PMIPv6/AAND assigns the M-MAG to the MN. Moreover, this M-MAG will be attached to the MN through the concerned MN-ID, MN prefix, and information about the concerned LR session. In the PMIPv6/AAND, the M-MAG is acknowledged by the HACK message. The concerned HI also presents the LR state information. Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the customized form of the inventive HI and HACK messages, correspondingly. The recently initiated new fields are represented in bold and explained below.  
D flag (PMIPv6/AAND flag): This is the new flag introduced in the proposed system. Here, the working mechanism of the HI message is derived from the F-PMIPv6 explained in [10]. Moreover, this flag value must be assigned as 1, if not, it turns into the F-PMIPv6 message. This flag value carries the LR information.  
R flag (LRI flag): This novel flag is assigned as 1 to point out that it includes appropriate LRI information. If this is not the case, localized routing initiate (LRI) details will not cumulate in this message.
# A Review of Abnormal Crowd Behavior Recognition Technology Based on Computer Vision
## 4 Research Status of Abnormal Crowd Behavior Recognition
### Mainstream Software Tools  
In recent years, with the deep integration and breakthrough progress of big data and computer vision technology, the analysis of crowd abnormal behaviors has become an important research topic in the field of public safety. Algorithms and software tools in this field have also emerged continuously. Each representative software tool aims to reveal and identify changes and deviations from the normal patterns of crowd behaviors in complex scenarios from different dimensions. Many algorithm manufacturers focusing on this field have also launched a series of advanced software tools specifically for abnormal crowd behavior recognition. The following is an overview of the mainstream tools.  
The PP-Human abnormal crowd behavior recognition tool (PaddleDetectionv2.7.0) is an industrial-level open-source real-time pedestrian analysis tool that integrates core capabilities such as object detection, tracking, and key point detection. It can adapt to different light conditions, complex backgrounds, and cross-lens scenarios.  
The SenseTime abnormal crowd behavior recognition tool (Version 2.7.4 @2014-2024) analyzes the overall characteristics and individual behavior characteristics of the crowd in the surveillance images, masters the activity rules of the crowd, and realizes the automation or even intelligence of video surveillance.  
The Hikvision abnormal crowd behavior recognition tool (V3.12.0.7_E) provides powerful analysis data for crowd control, prevents the occurrence of crowding and stampede incidents, and provides effective guarantees for social security.  
The Keda abnormal crowd behavior recognition tool (6.0.29.20230128_beta) combines the general intelligent recognition ability of the large model and the precise recognition ability of the small model to achieve group scene analysis such as holding knives, fighting, running, gathering, etc.
## 4 Conclusions  
Base catalyzed transesterification of oils with alcohols is an established batch process for biodiesel production. The application of a continuous flow process in microreactors leads to process intensification. The ethanolysis of soybean oil was studied in microreactors using Design of Experiments (DoE).  
Experimental results show that the enhancement of the flow rate has a very-high positive impact on the FAEE yield in the system with T-mixer, while in the MX-V reactor system a longer residence time is important. In the system MX-mixer, the w\({}_{\text{FAEE}}\) could be raised from 68.1% to 84.9% after optimization procedure. High flow rates have a negative impact on the yield of the desired product in the MX-V reactor system. While the increased flow rate was counterproductive in the MX-mixer, it had a great positive impact on the reaction yields in the system with the T-mixer. The w\({}_{\text{FAEE}}\) in the system with T-mixer could be increased from 61.8% to 90.8%. Due to better blending in the T-mixer, the T-Vreactor system is more suitable than the MX-V reactor system for flow rates higher than 2.2 mL/min. The batch reactor experiments lead to the highest product yields, though at an extended reaction time.  
Usage of waste cooking oil provides reasonable product yields in the discontinuously conducted experiments at a molar ethanol/oil ratio = 12:1. The soybean oil provides slightly lower maximum FAEE yields = 96.7% than the original cooking oil 97.9% and the waste cooking oil (97.5%). This indicates that the mix of vegetable oils in the cooking oil is more suitable for alcoholysis reaction than the soybean oil.  
It is important to apply these reaction parameters to a continuous mode process, particularly with waste oil and ethanol, because it is important to desist from edible oils as feedstock. As mentioned above, the continuous experiments were characterized by higher controllability, safer dealing with toxic chemicals and easy up-scaling.  
Conceptualization, E.B. and W.R.; methodology, E.B.; validation, E.B., E.R. and W.R.; formal analysis, E.R.; investigation, E.R.; resources, W.R.; data curation, E.B.; writing--original draft preparation, E.R.; writing--review and editing, E.B.; visualization, E.R.; supervision, W.R.; project administration, W.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Open Access Funding by the Publication Fund of the TU Dresden.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Development of Fog Detection Algorithm Using GK2A/AMI and Ground Data
## 3 Results
### Validation Results of Fog Detection Algorithm
#### 3.2.1 Fog Detection Results
Both fog detection algorithms detected the fog in the north-western part of South Korea but could not detect it in the central to southern parts of South Korea due to the presence of mid to high clouds. Figure 10: Sample image of fog detection results at 04:00 KST on 01 October 2019. (**a**) Fog image of GK2A_FDA, (**b**) ground-observed visibility, (**c**) fog image of CMDPS, and (**d**) fog product of GK2A RGB. Sky blue color in (**a**) indicates foggy pixels. This is a typical case where any satellite equipped with optical sensors is unable to observe the lower parts of the clouds. Therefore, in this study, when the cloud top height was more than 2 km (\(\Delta\)FTs greater than 10 K), it was regarded as a cloud and excluded from validation.
## 5 Experimental Verification  
The driving and braking signals of the ECPB hardware test bench can control the driving state of the twin test vehicle with the help of the cloud server. This is the key to the ECPB in-loop testing system for the semi-trailer. Using the example of a semi-trailer braking in a low-speed straight-line driving condition, the drive signal was set in the ECPB hardware test bench. The target driving speed of the twin test vehicle was set to 5 m/s, which corresponds to an actual vehicle speed of 28.8 km/h. After driving for 4 s, the vehicle braked. Figure 9 shows the wheel speed of the twin test vehicle.  
After setting the drive signal of the ECPB hardware test bench, accounting for network and execution delays, the twin test vehicle reached the target speed after approximately 0.5 s and maintained a smooth operation at the target speed. This indicates a successful mapping of the drive signal to the twin test vehicle. After 4 s, the braking signal enabled the ECPB hardware test bench to break after 0.2 s. Furthermore, the twin test vehicle began braking and finished braking after approximately 0.6 s, which was 0.4 s later than the target braking time. This result indicates that the braking signal set by the bench could also be accurately applied to the twin test vehicle.
## 4 Discussion
### Future Research Trends  
Based on the results of thematic analysis, there are several trends in IHS research for the future. The themes of 'catchment', 'runoff-generation', 'groundwater', and 'precipitation' are the core IHS issues with the greatest number of publications and largest LCS throughout the entire period. These themes will still be located in the center of IHS research in the coming years. Although there was a significant increase in the interest in how to address the effect of spatial and temporal isotopic heterogeneity of precipitation on IHS, similar studies regarding the isotopic spatial heterogeneity of groundwater remain limited [16; 17; 107; 108]. Therefore, how the isotopic spatial and temporal changes in groundwater affect IHS will be one of the important trends. Scholars focused on soil water in subperiod II, making it a basic IHS theme in subperiod III. Studies on the contribution of soil water to runoff have been implemented mostly in humid regions, and most of these studies considered that soil water was the main source of runoff [103; 109; 110; 70]. However, knowledge of the contribution of soil water to streamflow remains limited in arid and semi-arid areas [10]. More work is needed regarding the contribution of soil water to streamflow in these regions [111]. In addition, how to decrease the uncertainty of end-member contributions to streamflow is one of the important issues in the future trends in IHS research [87; 112].  
Many studies have applied a combined approach, including hydrometeorological measurements, water chemistry, and stable isotopes, to improve the understanding of hydrological processes in the IHS domain [113]. However, at the same time, there were significant increasing costs and labor when using the synthetic method in IHS studies, which would keep catchment hydrologists and administrators who had limited funds from understanding the behavior of hydrologic systems. Several studies have sought new, feasible methods for IHS. [PERSON] et al. [114] introduced the path analysis method to separate the streamflow, which allowed multicomponent hydrograph separation using one tracer and could provide results similar to those of the end-member mixing approach. [PERSON] [115] developed an ensemble approach to hydrograph separation, which was insensitive to the variations in end-member signatures and isotopic fractionation. These new methods should be applied for hydrograph separation in the heterogeneous remote regions or mountains, which could enable a wide range of future analyses of catchment hydrology [116].
## 1 Introduction
Several studies reported the biosynthesis of Cu\({}_{2}\)O/Cu(OH)\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles (Cu NPs) from the crude marine algal extracts such as those of the green alga _Botryococcus braunii_[12], as well as those of the brown seaweeds of _Bifurcaria bifurcate_[13] and _Sargassum polycystum_[14]. The phytotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles was reported in different studies. Upon treatment with 600 mg/L of CuO NPs, the rate of germination of cucumber seeds was inhibited showing a low germination rate of 23.3%. Root elongation tests confirmed that the CuO nano form is a stronger inhibitor than its bulk form [15]. Another study reported the inhibition of pigments content in rice seedlings exposed to 1000 mg/L of CuO [16]. The impacts of CuO nanoparticles on the germination and seedling development of _Plusolus vulgaris_ was found to be affected by the concentration and structure of the nanoparticles [17]. The present work adopts a low-cost, green and efficient approach for the synthesis of a core-shell nanoformulation composed of Cu-based nanoparticles as the core and sulfated polysaccharide extracts as the shell. The nanoformulation will be prepared via a bioreduction of copper salts using SPs extracted from _Avicemnia marina_ mangrove leaves. Thus, it will be referred to as Cu NPs and will be characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Afterward, the phytotoxicity of the nanoformulation will be evaluated in seed germination studies as well as in foliar and soil field applications on wheat plants (_Tritcium aestivum_ L.) which are commonly found in Egypt and worldwide. Other species exist elsewhere in the world like _durum_, _compactum_, _macha_, _vasilovic_ and _spharcrocoum_. Previous studies reported the biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using crude extracts. Since polysaccharides are the main reductant in the crude extracts, SPs were extracted in the current study to be efficiently utilized for the bioreduction. This approach thus produced nanoformulations whereby the SPs are carried as a coating or stabilizing layer onto the copper nanoparticles, hence the phytotoxicity of these nanoformulations was compared to that of the SPs extracts when applied in the free form.
# An Accurate Direction Finding Scheme Using Virtual Antenna Array via Smartphones
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### System Efficiency  
We evaluate the CPU usage when both the VULA and the VUCA system are running on the smartphone. The main cost for computation is the Band Pass Filter that we use. We find that when our system processes an acoustic wave, the usage of the CPU is 18% and the VUCA system is 22%. Both of these two systems' processing times are within two seconds.  
We also test battery consumption using both the VULA system and the VUCA system. During the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline  & **Single Source** & **Double Sources** & **Triple Sources** \\ \hline
**Mean Error** & 3.4\({}^{\circ}\) & 3.6\({}^{\circ}\) & 3.7\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Different frequencies acoustic sources broadcast by different loudspeakers.  
non-stop experiment for one hour, the battery usage of our system is 15%. Therefore, we believe that normal usage of our systems will not significantly impact the battery life of a smartphone.