esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Automatic Detection of Online Recruitment Frauds: Characteristics, Methods, and a Public Dataset
## 3 The Problem of Online Recruitment Fraud  
ORF is a form of malicious behaviour aiming to inflict loss of privacy, economic damage or harm the reputation of the stakeholders of ATS by manipulating the functions of these systems, most frequently the job-advertisement publishing process. The latter case is also referred to as employment scam or job scam and it comprises the main axis of this work.  
In 2012 a job seeker acquired more than 600 resumes in one day after they decided to post a fake job ad on Craigslist in order to identify their competitors [16]. In the same year, the Australian Bureau of Statistics published a report about personal fraud stating that 6 million people per year were exposed to several forms of scam including employment scam [17]. This exposure resulted in financial losses for the Australian economy. According to Workable, a popular ATS that supports all activities pertaining to the recruitment process [18], well-crafted fraudulent job ads for blue-collar or secretarial positions in highly populated countries will reach to large audience rapidly, allowing scammers to effortlessly collect around 1000 resumes per day.  
All the above facts demonstrate the serious repercussions of ORF. Although as discussed in Section 4, related problems are well-studied, tackling ORF remains largely unexplored until now. Most of the relevant documented mentions can be found in recruiting blog posts [19], discussions on hiring fora [20], published articles from business consultants [21] and security researchers [15]. Such sources educate job seekers on identifying fraudulent job opening while job boards warn job seekers on the consequences of employment scams and provide reporting tools for any malicious activity.  
In practice, ATS and job boards generally build ad-hoc defences against employment scams and design countermeasures according to their sales policy. For example, ATS with free registration employ in-house, inflexible solutions of questionable value. Other ATS enforce customers to use valid corporate email addresses upon signup and perform additional verification steps including DNS Mail Exchanger (DNS MX) lookups to prevent spoofing. Conversely, ATS with restricted registration have no particular need for fraud detection systems as such systems rely on outbound sales where a salesperson contacts the potential client and verifies their profile in advance.
## 3 Indoor Positioning Systems
### Hybrid Indoor Positioning Systems
#### 3.6.2 RSSI-Vision Hybrid Systems  
[PERSON] et al. built a hybrid system by combining visual information with RFID markers [20]. This research used computer vision with 3D images obtained by a depth camera to record locations and RFID tags to retrieve the paths and improve the route indication for the user. The authors indicated that the accuracy was 96.6% for the sites stored as a reference on a route.  
[PERSON] et al. also used the combination of Wi-Fi signals and visual information obtained by smartphone cameras in their work [113]. The authors' concern was to keep the system continuously available to the user, with accurate and quick results, and to reduce the cost of implementing their solutions. The authors used Wi-Fi technology to extract visual and distance information to identify specific points, such as visible tags. The experimental results showed that the margin of error was 8%, providing an average distance of 0.2 m to the reference sites.
# C-SHAP: A Hybrid Method for Fast and Efficient Interpretability
## 7 Discussion  
This paper showcases the effectiveness of the proposed approach, C-SHAP, in enhancing computational efficiency while maintaining interpretability. C-SHAP addresses one of SHAP's primary limitations, execution time, by leveraging K-means clustering to reduce the number of calculations required for feature attribution. This approach effectively balances accuracy in feature selection and computational demands. In a regression context, for example, C-SHAP reduced SVC's execution time for the Diabetes dataset from nearly 2000 s to just 0.21 s, underscoring its potential for real-time applications in fields like healthcare, where swift and accurate interpretations are essential.  
Furthermore, the findings across classification datasets, such as the Heart Disease and Indian Liver Disease datasets, reinforce C-SHAP's ability to accelerate interpretability processes. In the Heart Disease dataset, C-SHAP reduced the Random Forest execution time from 439.15 s to 0.29 s, while in the Indian Liver Disease dataset, it lowered Random Forest's runtime from 953.18 to 0.39 s. These results highlight C-SHAP's versatility across various machine learning tasks and models, as it consistently identifies the same key features as SHAP while drastically reducing execution times. This capacity to enhance performance without sacrificing feature selection accuracy positions C-SHAP as a valuable tool for scalable machine learning interpretability.  
In addition, as indicated in the results, SHAP and C-SHAP show similar results in feature selection for most algorithms because they handle linear and non-linear relationships in a similar way. However, XGBoost, being more sensitive to feature interactions, may lead C-SHAP to group data points differently due to clustering, which could cause slight variations in feature importance selection compared to SHAP. This explains the difference observed specifically with XGBoost.
# Encryption of 3D or Higher-Dimensional Images: A Review
## 6 Conclusions  
Although the field of image encryption has already been widely explored in the literature, it is noticed that the greater its dimensionality, the more scarce are the works aimed at its protection and security.  
A literature review was carried out to deepen the study of existing techniques in the field of 3D or higher-dimensional image encryption, helping the reader to know the gaps found in the literature and encryption methods that explore the image as a whole and do not explore each plane of the image separately. The review also presented suggestions for future work.  
A significant challenge in the area is finding solutions and lightweight methods for encrypting light field and point cloud images, with fast encryption and decryption.  
Regarding the domain in which encryption is performed, only six articles were identified in which encryption is performed in the frequency domain. Of these six articles, only one uses a transform with dimensionality greater than two. It is possible that this low number of articles is due to the scarcity of high-dimensional transforms (greater than two), as well as the computational complexity involved in the calculations of this type of tool. This evidences a topic of interest for future investigation: proposing high-dimensional transforms for applications in high-dimensional image encryption scenarios.  
Future work includes the development of an encryption method that exploits the 4D structure of the light field as a whole, the development of a method for encrypting multiple medical images, the development of techniques that combine encryption and watermarking for point clouds, the development of cryptographic methods that explore regions of interest in medical images, and the development of cryptanalysis techniques.  
Conceptualization, R.N., G.F., G.M., F.A.B.S.F., V.S. and F.M.; methodology, G.M., M.A.A.C., V.S. and F.M.; validation, R.N., G.F., G.M., V.S. and F.M.; formal analysis, R.N., V.S. and F.M.; writing--original draft preparation, R.N. and F.A.B.S.F.; writing--review and editing, R.N., M.A.A.C., F.A.B.S.F., V.S. and F.M.; visualization, R.N. and M.A.A.C.; supervision, V.S. and F.M.; funding acquisition, V.S. and F.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Determining the AMSR-E SST Footprint from Co-Located MODIS SSTs
## 6 Conclusions  
The constraint least square method has been applied to a large AMSR-E-MODIS matchup dataset to estimate the footprint (the weights of sub-resolution pixels within a given pixel) of the L2 AMSR-E SST product produced by Remote Sensing Systems. This was done based on the higher resolution L2 MODIS SST dataset (coincident in space and time with the AMSR-E dataset) produced by NASA's Ocean Biology Processing Group. Bootstrapping (bagging) was used to reduce the noise of the retrieved footprint.  
The analysis was undertaken as a function of the AMSR-E cell position. The footprint orientation with regard to the nadir track and the apparent size of the footprint was found to vary with distance from nadir. This was due to the angle between the local tangent to the AMSR-E scan-line and to the size of the MODIS pixel, both of which increase away from nadir. Once recast into a coordinate system with axes parallel and normal to the local tangent, the across-track footprint was shown to be independent of cell position and the resulting footprints were averaged to obtain a reference footprint, an elliptic Gaussian-like kernel with an aspect ratio of 1.58. This aspect ratio is close to the that of the AMSR-E 6.93 GHz channel, 1.74.  
Figure 15: Comparison of (**a**) the AMSR-E SST field of 0155 UCT, 2009-10-31 with the coincident MODIS SST field assuming (**b**) a 56 \(\times\) 56 km\({}^{2}\) footprint, and (**c**) assuming the footprint represented by Figure 10. The AMSR-E SST field minus the two MODIS derived fields are, respectively, shown in (**d**,**e**).  
Temporal and latitudinal analyses were also undertaken and the footprint was found to be independent of these parameters as well.  
These results suggest that careful application of the reference footprint when comparing datasets should result in a reduction of root mean square differences over the use of the often quoted 56 \(\times\) 56 km AMSR-E SST footprint. The reference footprint is also the appropriate footprint to use in the deconvolution of the heavily oversampled AMSR-E SST dataset.  
Finally, as we note above, these results apply only to the RSS L2 SST product. However, the same approach could be used to determine the SST footprint of other, including uncollated L3, products. Furthermore, the stability of the footprint over time is likely to prove true for other products as well since this depends primarily on the geometry of the instrument as it relates to the satellite.
In 1896, [PERSON] changed the world's perception of wireless communications technologies by transmitting a radio signal from the back of the hill. Since that time, scientists have been working on how to reduce the effect of the impairments that are caused by the environment [5]. At the same time, researchers have been working on how to mitigate the multipath effect in wireless and mobile communication systems caused by the obstacles in the propagation environment in order to increase the spectral efficiency of wireless systems. At Bell laboratories, in 1984, [PERSON] developed one of the earliest MIMO systems; his work was a starting point for researchers to depend on using more than one antenna at the transmit and receive sides [6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. Later, the principle of spatial diversity using MIMO was proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in 1993 [11]. Subsequently, a significant contribution to MIMO subject has been carried out by engineers and academic researchers.  
Diversity gain, interference reduction, array gain, and spatial multiplexing are the most important advantages of MIMO systems. However, both maximum multiplexing and maximum diversity cannot be achieved at the same time, so that a kind of trade-off should be taken between them [6; 12].  
In the early of the 21 st century, transmit diversity has become widely implemented because the interference occurs when the signals sent by different transmitting antennas, both the transmitter and receiver need some processes in order to achieve the diversity by cancelling or at least attenuating the spatial diversity. Transmit diversity is preferable, especially in the downlink such as from the base station to the mobile station. There are two types of transmit diversity, which are: open-loop and close-loop. In open-loop transmit diversity; there is no need to know the channel at the transmitter. However, closed-loop systems imply that the transmitter knows the channel.  
Space-time coding is the most popular transmit diversity scheme, where the code that applied at the transmitter is known by the receiver. In the early nineties of the last century, space-time coding was suggested. Nevertheless, a great interest in this subject started after the late 1990s. One of the most important schemes in the open-loop diversity is the Alamouti code, where the system performances at the receiver side will be improved without any feedback from the receiver.  
In addition, HIgh PERformance wireless Local Area Network (HIPERLAN) system is used as an alternative for the IEEE 802.11 standards. HIPERLAN has four subcategories which are HIPERLAN/1, HIPERLAN/2, HIPERLINK, and HIPERACCESS, where more bandwidth can be obtained compared to other types of LANs. Moreover, the frequency band in this standard is 5 GHz and can support up to 54 Mbit/s [13]. This paper gives a brief introduction about the Alamouti technique, followed by an overview of HIPERLAN/2 system, then a combination of the Alamouti technique with HIPERLAN/2 will be discussed in the third part. Finally, the simulation results and the conclusions will be given.
# Sol-Gel Silica Nanoparticles in Medicine: A Natural Choice. Design, Synthesis and Products
## 3 Silica NP Design
### NPs Synthesis Methodologies
#### 3.3.2 Biomimetic SiO\({}_{2}\)  
Mimetic natural SiO\({}_{2}\) production is gaining ground, and represents a source of inspiration for green eco-production processes. In biomimetic silica synthesis particle formation can occur by the use of certain co-precipitating/nucleating (biologic or biomimetic) agents, under neutral or acidic conditions. As research on the biogenic silica production has progressed, key molecules (such as silicateins, silaffin R5, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, lipids, metal ions and phenolic compounds) that participate in the silicification of microorganisms have been found. Several studies have identified alternate amine-molecules as candidates for inducing silica precipitation from precursor compounds in vitro. These amine groups thus impart the silica with a strong positive surface charge (populated with -NH\({}_{3}\)\({}^{+}\) groups, \(\zeta\geq 30\) mV) in acid and neutral pH, thus stabilizing the silica sol and allowing the NPs growth through Ostwald ripening [113; 114]. Spherical porphyrin-functionalized SiO\({}_{2}\) NPs were biomimetically synthesized with diameters between 50 nm and 800 nm. However, high quality silica NPs with a diameter less than 50 nm still remains a long term challenge [115; 116; 117; 118]. Nearly monodisperse SiO\({}_{2}\) NPs, with tunable size between 10 nm and 200 nm, were synthesized in aqueous media by using lysine [119; 120] and arginine [121; 122] as base catalysis. Cationic block copolymer micelles [123] and cationic poly(acrylamide-co-2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate, methyl chloride quaternized) (poly (AM-co-DMC)) [124] and polyalyamine hydrochloride (PAH) [125] were used as colloidal template for the biomimetic deposition of 35 nm silica NPs. Protein immobilization (biomolecules encapsulation) within biomimetic silica NPs has been investigated for a wide variety of enzymes [126; 127; 128; 129; 130], bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein [131] and has even proved successful for the entrapment of different enzymatic proteins [132].
## 2 State of the Art
### Four-Dimensional Modelling
#### 2.2.1 Human-Driven 3D Reconstruction  
In a digital reconstruction of no longer extant architecture, humans use computer software to create models. The 3D model is generated manually using interactive software tools. Human-driven digital reconstructions mostly utilize standardized software, which originates from different domains like geo information systems (GISs), computer graphics (CGI), computer-aided design (CAD) or building information modelling (BIM) [95; 96], each with their own standards. All approaches recommend specific tools and workflows and offer specific benefits, whether this is information on object volumes (BIM), a highly realistic appearance of surfaces (CGI), accurate dimensions (CAD) or large-scale geo-referenced information (GISs). In all cases, human-driven 3D reconstructions are created within a highly versatile (but labor-intensive) and highly experience-based process.
## 4 Discussions
### Further Note for Understanding Reduced Carbon Uptake (RCU)  
The factors affecting carbon sequestration from grassland vegetation have been classified into three groups: climatic, non-climatic, and human-induced. After isolating the impact from climatic and non-climatic factors, RCU is equivalent to the amount of carbon that should have been sequestered from vegetation with appropriate grassland management practices and without negative human disturbances. Quantifying and mapping the spatial distribution of RCU can help understand the sensitive locations to human activities and thus informed policies regarding improving grassland management can be made for the future. Improving grassland management or reducing human disturbances improves vegetation photosynthesis. Adjusting human activities serves as a prominent measure that can promote carbon sequestration from the atmosphere. The study revealed that over 1/4 more carbon is to be sequestered under optimal grassland management practices. The study area presented high spatial variation in the distribution of RCU. Traditionally, severely degraded vegetation is believed to hold much potential in carbon sequestration improvement and is given more attention in terms of implementing new grassland management strategies. The study pointed out that grassland vegetation with a high NPP might also possess high enhancement potential in carbon sequestration and should be given sufficient attention.  
We acknowledge there might be uncertainties in the result. The current work considers three elements, namely, soil, topography, and vegetation cover types in S-T-V patch segmentation, which may cover the most important factors differentiating grassland vegetation productivity in terms of the growing (non-climatic) environments. It is assumed that within each S-T-V patch, there is no internal variation in NPP attributed to the non-climatic conditions. Furthermore, the Miami model is taken to capture the difference in NPP from the varied impact of the climatic factors within each S-T-V patch.  
Although the Miami model has been widely applied for deriving potential NPP, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, the accuracy of the rectification in this study was not strictly verified due to unavailability of truth field data. With uncertainties in the computed variation of NPP from both the climatic and non-climatic factors, it is inevitable to lead to uncertainty in the isolated NPP variation from human activities. Thus, further work is needed to improve the accuracy of the contributed part from climatic and non-climatic factors.
# LEACH-MTC: A Network Energy Optimization Algorithm Constraint as Moving Target Prediction
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
In this paper, an improved algorithm named LEACH-MTC (LEACH with Moving Target Constraint) is proposed. This algorithm constructs a time-varying ellipse area in which the nodes are working nodes, these nodes format work node set and are used to monitor moving target. The proposed network node dormancy strategy considers the distance between the working node and the focuses of ellipse area. The proposed cluster head selection threshold considers the distance factor between the working node and the moving target. As a result, for the actual cooperative tracking environment, the proposed LEACH-MTC is more feasible for the realization of the moving target cooperative tracking system. Overall, the main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows.  
1. This paper timely constructs an ellipse monitoring area with the direction changing of the moving target, which constitute a work node set to monitor the moving target. Because it uses a two-step linearization method to linearize nonlinear dynamic system, and utilizes extended Kalman filter (EKF) to predict the moving target state, the shape and size of the ellipse area and the number of nodes contained in the area can all be changed in real-time. This can reduce the number of work nodes, thus reducing the network energy consumption caused by redundant nodes.
2. To reduce the number of working nodes, an improved network node dormancy strategy is proposed to construct working node set under the moving target tracking environment. Besides, according to the network node's own attributes and monitoringenvironment factors, some network monitoring accuracy indicators are reconstructed. Thus, the monitoring efficiency of system is improved.
3. Based on the working node set and the state prediction of moving target, a new cluster head selection threshold is proposed. Because the number of working nodes is considered to vary in real-time, the above cluster head selection strategy can be adaptively used to select the cluster head to transmit the collected data.
4. The simulations of this paper are carried out based on the MATLAB platform. To better describe the feasibility and effectiveness of LEACH-MTC, we designed a simulation to verify the monitoring accuracy by difference working node selection strategies, the number of node survivor, the network residual energy, and so on. We can conclude that the proposed LEACH-MTC yields better performance than traditional methods.