## 1 Introduction  
Due to its availability and the good conversion factor, solar energy technology has advanced at an exponential rate in the last few years [1]. As a renewable energy source, generation from solar energy eliminates pollution caused by traditional energy industries by lowering air nocive emissions [2]. Moreover, electricity generation from this resource is quite viable for a variety of uses. In particular, the rapid development of solar energy instruments gives a complete kit of tools that can be directly applied into the field of Electric Vehicles (EV) [3, 4]. Several studies have suggested that photovoltaic cells can be used to cover EVs' surfaces to store a significant amount of electricity in the storage system [5, 6]. This would increase EVs' autonomy, which will in turn increase the use of EVs. Some additional benefits are also associated to solar-powered Electric Vehicles [7, 8]. First, the load peaks may be reduced so that the grid management is easier. Second, a decrement of the costs of charging the EVs would also be perceived by the drivers. In [9], researchers provided some statistics that prove that there is a huge free space to place photovoltaic (PV) cells in the car. As pointed out, these components can be used to help feed the car with electricity. It is possible to have 6 kW of electrical power in some buses or trucks with this kind of installation [10]. In order to benefit from this technology, the solar cells must be installed in a particular location on the vehicle to enhance the average autonomy of the vehicle. In the previously cited references, it is stated that the Audi car model can get around 600 W from solar equipment. If the EV model is pure electric, the PV cells can help to feed the vehicle with 1% of the total electric power when it is moving. In addition, the energy can be obtained while the EV is parked. It is proved that the PV solution is interesting for heavy trucks because there is more vacant area that can be used to generate renewable electricity. The PV system can provide 2% of their consumption when moving along a long road. However, the statistics are different in the city, as there are many shading areas where the efficiency of the PV system may be affected. The way to estimate the energy return is challenging since it depends on the vehicle's relative situation compared to the sun's light and the presence of road obstructions. Because the car can quickly change from one type of shading scenario to another, obtaining the maximum amount of energy in all these conditions is quite tough. This is even more complex if we take into account that the efficiency of PV energy production mainly depends on the dynamic conditions associated to solar energy. The most relevant features are radiation, temperature, and the state of the PV field surface (dirt, deterioration). These factors directly influence its photon absorption and therefore affect the productivity of PV panels. In addition, the phenomenon of partial shading is one of the problems that impair the proper functioning of a PV plant. Partial shading is a non-uniform distribution of illumination on photovoltaic modules, which is due to several reasons. Indeed, there are two types of shading [11; 12] The distant shade corresponds to the disappearance of the sun behind the horizon line. Alternatively, close shading is often due to unavoidable obstacles such as power lines, trees, neighboring buildings or dirt. This undesirable phenomenon affects the conversion efficiency and the ability to extract the maximum available power from the PV field by generating multiple local maxima in the PV curves. In addition, shading also disrupts the operation of PV cells, causing two problems. The first problem is the mismatch, which is due to the fact that the total current in a PV field is limited by the current of the shaded module (low power) if the current _Isc_ (the current flowing through the photovoltaic cell in short-circuit) of the shaded module is greater than the _Isc_ of the uniformly lit modules.