esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Information Loss  
The two techniques compared in this paper add noise to the sequential patterns in two different manners. On the one hand, the _DP-FSM_ technique adds noise to sequences as the patterns are constructed, level by level. In this technique, noise is added to the supports of the candidate sequences. If the candidate support does not reach the minimal support, it is not considered as a pattern, even though it may appear in the patterns extracted with the _PrefixSpan_ algorithm. On the other hand, the _graph-based_ algorithm represents the links between users and patterns. Thus, the support of a pattern is computed using the degree of the nodes representing the patterns. In this context, the privacy mechanism removes and adds links using a differential privacy mechanism causing the supports to change. Nonetheless, the privacy mechanisms cause information loss. Therefore, to quantify this loss, we rely on the relative error index, as introduced in Definition 12, for \(\varepsilon\) values 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.  
Figure 2 depicts the information loss results for the different datasets. In general, we observed how the relative error decreases as \(\varepsilon\) increases. Concerning the _Bank_ dataset, Figure 2A,B illustrates \"for different top-\(k\) patterns\" that the error using the _graph-based_ algorithm decreases more smoothly. For the _German_ dataset, the top extracted patterns range from 10 to 60. Besides, we note that the curves are smooth, and the top-\(k\) impacts the measure. Thus, the higher the top-\(k\), the smaller the error is (see Figure 2D), while for the _DP-FSM_, the top-\(k\) parameter does not affect the error level, which could be a disadvantage (see Figure 2C). Finally, for the _NYC_ dataset, Figure 2E,F shows the highest number of extracted patterns from 50 to 300. In that case, we observed a different behavior for the _DP-FSM_ algorithm influenced by the top-\(k\) parameter. Therefore, even if the _DP-FSM_ algorithm introduces less error, it needs hundreds of extracted patterns to present different performances affected by the top-\(k\) parameter.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Metrics** & **German** & **Bank** & **NYC** \\ \hline Sequences & 1000 & 548,263 & 1083 \\ \hline Different items & 90 & 12 & 14 \\ \hline Max size & 21 & 4028 & 2697 \\ \hline Min size & 21 & 1 & 100 \\ \hline Avg size & 21 & 111 & 210 \\ \hline Freq. Patterns & 75 & 22 & 14,494 \\ \hline Rel. Support & 0.5 & 0.8 & 0.9 \\ \hline License & Public & Private & Public \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Main characteristics of sequences’ datasets.
## 2 Literature Review
### Reliability and Constraints of FEM  
FEM is a reliable numerical method of analysis due to discretisation. Using discretisation, the structure is subdivided into smaller elements connected with nodes. Each element is called a finite element, which has the same behaviour as the whole structure and is analysed using a discrete system of equations. It is then integrated through the whole system to approximate its behaviour [41].  
One of the constraints of FEM is associated with the meshing process. Meshing is the process of discretising the structure into smaller defined elements. This process controls the accuracy of the analysis and is based on engineering judgement. Generally, finer meshing results in more accurate results; however, it also increases the computational time and cost [41]. Reasonable effort was made in preparation for this paper to minimise the inaccuracy caused by meshing.
## 4 Testing and Comparison of Error Detection Capability
### Simulation and Comparison of Error Detection Capabilities
Table 2 also shows that the error detection capability of Style-I varied with the MFM structures--the longer the word size of the PE in the MFM, the better the error detection capability. By contrast, Style-II's error detection capability changed only slightly with the MFM structures. For Style-II, the error detection capability increases with the check factor p, under the same MFM structure.
# Hardware Design of a High Dynamic Range Radio Frequency (RF) Harmonic Measurement System
## 3 Issues in Creating a High Dynamic Range Harmonic Measurement System
### Creating a Highly Linear Harmonic Receiver
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Filter Type** & **Power at 800 MHz** & **Power at 1600 MHz** \\ \hline None & \(-\)0.3 dBm & \(-\)36.3 dBm \\ Reflective & \(-\)39.3 dBm & \(-\)29.5 dBm \\ Diplexer & \(-\)42.6 dBm & \(-\)38.6 dBm \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Filter testing results to improve dynamic range. Figure 4: Measuring the second harmonic output of an amplifier with a reflective filter showing errors in the measurement setup. Figure 3: Measuring the second harmonic output of an amplifier using an ideal linear source. In Figure 4, the blue lines represent the probe signal at fundamental frequency, the red lines represent the second harmonic signal, and the dashed lines represent the signals that are generated by the reflected probe signal. For the measurements taken in Table 1, the setup was calibrated to remove the cable loss and the loss through the filter at the second harmonic. The VHF-1200 and RBF-272 were chosen to have similar losses at 800 and 1600 MHz, the fundamental frequency of the probe signal and its second harmonic under test, respectively. The return loss (\(S_{11}\)) for both the VHF-1200 and RBF-272 are shown in Figure 5.  
Although the high-pass filter is not needed for this amplifier example, filtering is needed to increase the dynamic range to greater than 160 dBc, the dynamic range needed to measure nonlinearities from passive circuit components. The amount of attenuation needed to achieve a desired dynamic range of DR\({}_{d}\) with a current dynamic range of DR\({}_{c}\) is given by:  
\[A_{H}=\frac{\text{DR}_{d}-\text{DR}_{c}+10}{2}, \tag{5}\]  
where \(A_{H}\) is the attenuation needed by the high pass filter at the fundamental frequency. The expression is given in a dB scale. An extra 10 dB is added to the desired dynamic range to ensure that the self-generated nonlinearities are at least a factor of 10 less than the desired minimum detectable nonlinearity. Equation (5) also predicts that the dynamic range is increased by 2 dB for every 1 dB of attenuation in the high-pass filter. This section has demonstrated the importance of properly linearizing the receive section of a harmonic measurement system. In this section, it was assumed that the probe signal was ideal, i.e., it contained no measurable second harmonic. The next section shows how to ensure proper linearization of the probe signal and illustrates a potential issue when constructing the measurement setup.
# A Location Routing Problem with Time Windows Consideration: A Metaheuristics Approach
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Proposed Method
#### 2.2.6 Post Optimization: Path Relinking  
In order to broaden and deepen the range of the solution pools, a path relinking algorithm was employed. This post optimization holds a pool of the elite solutions \(EX\) that has been spawned by VNS. Each solution discovered through a local search is evaluated to determine whether or not it should be included in \(EX\). The \(EX\) will serve as the groundwork for the solutions that are developed. The proposed VNSPR uses the PR operator to examine a path that lies between a local optimum which has been ascertained by VNS and a solution that has been arbitrarily selected from \(EX\).  
For a solution \(X\) to be considered for incorporation in \(EX\), it must be superior to the solution with least quality in the solution pool. \(EX\) is initially populated with solutions that were produced using VNS, and \(EX\) is always maintained in an order that is based on _obj(X)_. The Hamming distance, which is equivalent to the number of discrepancies between the nodes at the same position in \(X\) and \(X^{\prime}\), is then used to direct travel along the path from \(X\) to \(X^{\prime}\).  
The PR operator fixes the broken pairs of \(X\) from left to right in order to modify the initial solution \(X\) into the guiding solution \(X^{\prime}\)., establishing a route for massive tours with non-increasing distance to \(X^{\prime}\). The operator used is a forward strategy by swapping solution \(X\) to solution \(X^{\prime}\). The procedure begins by searching for a customer \(i\) whose positions in \(X\) and \(X^{\prime}\) are distinct from one another. If \(i\) is located, then it undergoes permutation with another node in order to correct the disparity. Swapping is performed until \(\Delta(X,X^{\prime})\) is null. Based on the encoded customer sequence described earlier, customers are inserted into service vehicle routes. During this process, we apply two steps sequentially to check if the insertion of each customer is feasible. The post-optimization using path relinking is inspired by by [PERSON] et al. [39]. This study further describes the procedure of path relinking implementation for solving the capacitated location routing problem.
## 3 Simulation Results and Analysis
### External Simulation Results for Winter
Only the outside walls on the windward side of the building are subjected to positive wind pressures, while all other surfaces confront negative wind pressures. The lowest negative wind pressures for each of the four scenarios are located on the roof surfaces, close to the outer walls that are facing the windward side, with values of \(-3.52\) Pa, \(-4.58\) Pa, \(-3.32\) Pa, and \(-2.88\) Pa accordingly. Figure 8: Comparison of Wind Pressure on Windward and Leeward Surfaces of the Four Scenarios Under Winter Operating Conditions. Scenarios 2 and 3 both have semi-enclosed spaces. The outside walls of semi-enclosed spaces experience positive pressure while facing the windward direction and negative pressure when facing the leeward direction. Scenario 4, with a fully enclosed enclosure, demonstrates negative pressure on all interior surfaces. Scenario 1, lacking an enclosed compartment, shows negative or near-negative pressure on most surfaces, except for the external walls facing the windward direction. Under winter conditions, to prevent excessive wind pressure differences on building surfaces from causing cold air infiltration and indoor heat loss, the \"Green Building Evaluation Standard\" (GB/T50378-2019) [37] stipulates that the wind pressure difference between the windward and leeward surfaces of a building should not exceed 5 Pa. By extracting the average wind pressure values on the exterior surfaces of the teaching buildings in the four scenarios, the average wind pressure differences between the windward and leeward surfaces are calculated and presented in Table 6 below. Scenario 2 exhibits the highest wind pressure difference of 1.71 Pa, whereas Scenario 3 shows the lowest wind pressure difference of 0.74 Pa. The wind pressure differences between Scenarios 1 and 3 are 0.84 Pa and 0.74 Pa, respectively. The wind pressure differences in all four scenarios meet the standards of the \"Green Building Evaluation Standard\" (GB/T50378-2019) [37]. A larger wind pressure differential often leads to better indoor ventilation efficiency when opening facade windows. However, in winter, when external temperatures drop significantly, it is crucial to have a steady internal temperature. Therefore, a decreased wind pressure differential helps to prevent the entry of cold air into the internal space while windows are open, which significantly decreases the amount of energy used for heating the building. During winter, Scenarios 1 and 3 have specific benefits in maintaining indoor thermal comfort and decreasing the building's heating energy usage.
###### Abstract  
Background/Objectives: Computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction requires sophisticated technical expertise alongside surgical knowledge. This study aims to establish and validate an efficient collaborative protocol between oral and maxillofacial surgeons and bioengineers for virtual surgical planning in mandibular reconstruction. Methods: We developed a structured protocol with four sequential phases: (1) generation of 3D models from CT data, (2) virtual resection planning, (3) reconstruction design, and (4) surgical guide fabrication. Protocol efficiency was assessed through seven simulation trials measuring planning duration and required revisions. Clinical validation was performed in four mandibular reconstruction cases. Accuracy was evaluated by comparing virtual surgical plans to postoperative outcomes using 3-matic 13.0 software analysis. Results: Protocol implementation showed consistent efficiency across simulations with a mean planning duration of 2.86 working days (SD = 1.35). Only two of seven simulations required design revisions. Clinical application in four cases (three ameloblastomas, one odontogenic myxoma) demonstrated high precision with a mean virtual-to-actual discrepancy of 0.90 mm (SD = 0.34). Successful reconstructions were achieved across varying defect spans (29-53 mm) using both bicortical deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) flaps and monocortical iliac block bone grafts. The collaborative workflow resulted in optimized surgical guide design, reduced planning iterations, and improved surgical precision. Conclusions: The established surgeon-bioengineer collaborative protocol enhances the efficiency and accuracy of computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction while making advanced surgical planning techniques more accessible. While initial results are promising, future studies with larger patient cohorts and extended follow-up periods are needed to fully validate the protocol's long-term benefits and broader applicability.  
Keywords:computer-assisted surgery; virtual surgical planning; 3D printing; mandibular reconstruction; iliac crestal flap; surgical guides
## 5 Conclusions and Future Work  
In this paper, the leaky feeder is modeled as a (large) multi-antenna array transmitter and the BER performance is evaluated under a Rayleigh flat fading channel. Analytical expressions are derived and simulation is performed to understand the system behavior with respect to variation in a number of parameters such as the slot spacing, radio frequency, and modulation scheme.  
Figure 8: BER of LF for different values of M.  
Figure 9: Comparison of the received power.  
Our observations tell that the leaky feeder MISO system can yield a satisfactory solution to V2I communication problems in tunnels, better than a single antenna transmitter system for the same receiver SNR. However, the system has to be optimized in terms of slot spacing for a given radio frequency to achieve the best BER. The slot spacing also affects both the BER and the loss along the cable (hence, amplifier free length of the cable).  
The LF also has an added benefit of easy installation and low cost. Since both the _transmission and radiation_ functionalities are carried out by just one cable, the cost and complexities associated with having multiple antennas and their matching/driving circuits are alleviated.  
Studying the behavior of LF under wide band conditions would be an interesting task. Moreover, studying the system under a more realistic Rician fading channel will be considered next.  
All authors have equal contribution.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction  
Single-crystalline Si\({}_{1-x}\)Ge\({}_{x}\) alloy films have been an important material system due to their tunable bandgaps, strains, and lattices, and they can be tuned to match III-V semiconductors [1, 2]. Recently, they have become a more attractive topic for several reasons, such as to integrate GeSn on Si to produce direct bandgap Si photonic devices and to produce high-frequency microwave devices on Si [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Unfortunately, the large lattice mismatches (2.5-4.2%) between Si\({}_{1-x}\)Ge\({}_{x}\) (x = 0.5-1) and Si (001) tend to relax through either serious \"island growth\" [8, 9, 10] or high TDD for the Si\({}_{1-x}\)Ge\({}_{x}\) films grown on Si (001). It is known that all widely used Si-based devices, e.g., heterojunction bipolar transistor can suffer from the high TDD, as high-density dislocations penetrate the films and cause current leakage under high voltage [11, 12, 13]. Typically, the TDD in Si\({}_{1-x}\)Ge\({}_{x}\) (x = 0.5-1) films grown on Si (001) can be controlled to the level of 10\({}^{6}\)-10\({}^{7}\)/cm\({}^{2}\)[14]. To effectively limit the TDD, as well as the \"island growth\" in Si\({}_{1-x}\)Ge\({}_{x}\) films, many efforts were performed during the past decades [15, 16, 17]. For example, template-assisted selective epitaxy and selective-area epitaxy of nanostructures are good ways to help acquire low TDD for technology developing on lasers, transistors, and photovoltaics, etc. [18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23] Among them, the LT-MBE (a few hundred degrees lower than the typical values [8]) was reported to be helpful for growing single-crystalline thin films with a high mismatch between substrate and the film [24; 25]. It is believed that a thermal activation barrier is needed for the dislocation and planar defect nucleation [26; 27], so a lower temperature can prevent the formation of dislocations. On the other hand, it is no good to grow Si1\({}_{-x}\)Ge\({}_{x}\) films on Si (001) at an ultralow temperature [28; 29; 30], as it can eventually cause amorphous phases [31; 32]. Therefore, in this study, we try to find a \"proper\" low temperature for the series of Si1\({}_{-x}\)Ge\({}_{x}\)-thin films on Si (001) grown by LT-MBE, including an appropriate treatment on the substrate, to prepare single-crystalline films with desired low TDD. TEM with atomic resolution has been used to characterize these films, and the film strain relaxation mechanism has been proposed.
## 2 Application of Ribosome Engineering to Increase Antibiotic Production
### Combinations of Drug Resistance Mutation  
In _S. coelicolor_ A3 (2), the _str/gen_ or _str/rif_ double mutants have a 1.7 to 2.5-fold higher ability to synthesize Act than the individual _str_, _gen_, or _rif_ mutants [27; 28]. Likewise, the _str/gen/rif_ triple mutant and an octuple mutant C8 produced Act more than 48- or 180-fold higher than the wild-type strain, respectively [29]. Toyocamycin (**16**) is an important member of the nucleoside antibiotic family with diverse biological activities. As a promising antibiotic, it may have broad utility to control plant diseases. [PERSON] and co-workers systematically increased the yield of toyocamycin (**16**) in _Streptomyces diastatochromogenes_ 1628 by screening for _rif_ or _str/str/par_ mutants, which afforded strains 1628-T15 with an _rpoB_ H437R mutationand SD3145 with a truncation mutation in RsmG [51]. The yield of toyocamycin (**16**) increased to 0.68 and 1.5 g/L in strains 16228-T15 and SD3145, respectively. Salinomycin (**6**), a polyether antibiotic produced by _Streptomyces albus_, is used as a coccidiostat in chicken feed. It was recently shown to reduce epithelial cancer stem cells >100-fold over paclitaxel and is thus a usefulrug lead against cancer stem cells [59]. The titer of salinomycin (**6**) was increased to 25 g/L in a _str/gen/rif_ triple mutant strain of _S. albus_ KO606, a remarkable 2.3-fold increase relative to the starting industrial strain. This strain contains an _rpsL_ K88N mutation, while no mutation was identified in _ropB_[45]. Similarly, the titer of a polyene macrolide rimocidin in _S. rimosus_ increased over 4-fold compared with the wild-type strain, with >0.6 g/L in a 5-L fermentor [44].
## 1 Introduction  
Static load tests are commonly recognized as the most reliable assessment of pile bearing capacity [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. Preparation of an appropriate retaining structure capable of transmitting the huge loads applied to the pile by a hydraulic cylinder (even 10 or 20 MN) is the most difficult part of the test. Under certain circumstances, an alternative is the Osterberg test, which enables the determination of pile bearing capacity without the need to prepare a retaining structure [6]. Based on two Q-s curves from testing (separate tests for upper and lower parts of the pile), an equivalent curve that represents pile behaviour during standard static load tests can be drawn. A large advantage of the Osterberg test is that the pile capacity can be assessed without a retaining structure. Nevertheless, tests conducted on different types of piles and materials have shown that the stress conditions [7] and the interface behaviour [8] are not the same in both kinds of tests. Consequently, the strength characteristics (stress-strain behaviour) on a pile shaft are different for each test.  
This paper presents a new method for running bi-directional static load tests for driven piles. The method refers to the concept of the Osterberg test [6; 9], but also to the Austrian method of Hayden [10] for micro-piles and to the Slovak method Vuis-P [11]. This new method allows for separate measurements of pile shaft and pile base bearing capacity and requires no retaining structure, in contrast to standard static load tests. There is a lack of papers comparing the results of the standard and bi-directional static load tests [12] and analysing bi-directional static load tests on a laboratory scale.  
Although the model examination (including numerical simulations) is not a substitute for full-scale field tests, it may be a source of additional knowledge about pile behaviour and how the behaviour is affected by various factors such as direction of the shaft displacement.  
This paper outlines the traditional static load tests and bi-directional tests made on a laboratory scale for models of driven piles. Based on the results from bi-directional tests, the Q-s equivalent curves were drawn and compared with those from the static load tests. The method shown is directly applicable to models of steel driven piles, but the conclusions could also be useful in analysing other models of displacement piles. The purpose of this research was to compare the two tests in a simple laboratory model. More comprehensive analysis of laboratory tests and scale effects can be found in numerous papers [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19].
# A Finite State Machine-Based Improved Cryptographic Technique
## 3 Proposed Methodology
### Finite State Machine with Reverse Data Hiding
Because of this, one of the most important criteria for a secure system is the ability to generate and transmit random data. Since the random output is hard to anticipate, it makes it difficult for an adversary to launch an attack on the system. Because the output that is created is more random, the data that is collected is also more unexpected, which gives the system an increased level of safety.