); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.W. ); [PERSON]RESS] (Y.W)  
[PERSON]  
1 State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 4300072, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.W. ); [PERSON]RESS] (Y.W)  
[PERSON]  
1 State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.W)  
[PERSON]  
1 State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.W)  
[PERSON]  
1 State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.D.L. )Some classical models for GPP estimation have been developed over the past few decades, which can be categorized into the statistical model [5; 6], the leaf biochemical properties-based model [7; 8; 9], the light use efficiency model [10; 11], and the solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence model [12; 13]. These models have significantly advanced our understanding of the global carbon cycle. Among them, the leaf biochemical properties-based model, on the foundation of the [PERSON] cycle theory, elucidates the three steps of carbon sequestration in photosynthetic carbon reactions and has received much attention for its excellent physical interpretability. In the leaf biochemical properties-based model, a major source of error in GPP estimation arises from the uncertainty in a key parameter, the leaf maximum carboxylation rate (normalized to \(25\,^{\circ}\)C, \(V^{25}_{cmax}\)) [14]. \(V^{25}_{cmax}\) indicates the enzyme activity of Rubisco. The substantial spatiotemporal variability of \(V^{25}_{cmax}\) has long been observed [15; 16]. Consequently, extensive efforts have been invested in quantifying the dynamics of \(V^{25}_{cmax}\) to acquire an accurate GPP estimation. On the one hand, a number of biophysical and biochemical factors that mechanistically relate to \(V^{25}_{cmax}\), such as leaf nitrogen, leaf phosphorus, specific leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, and leaf area index, have been identified [17; 18; 19; 20]. On the other hand, the spectral information, including vegetation index, multispectral reflectance, hyperspectral reflectance, and fluorescence spectral information, has also shown promising potential for retrieving \(V^{25}_{cmax}\)[21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. The abovementioned factors have been incorporated into the leaf biochemical properties-based model and significantly enhance the accuracy of GPP estimation [14]. At the field-scale, \(V^{25}_{cmax}\) is a macroscopic feature within the specific spatial range, theoretically upscaled from leaf-level \(V^{25}_{cmax}\) and thus determined by the spatial distribution of \(V^{25}_{cmax}\)-related properties on underlying surfaces. However, the spatial information of \(V^{25}_{cmax}\)-related properties on underlying surfaces has rarely been considered in previous studies. Traditional methods for measuring biophysical and biochemical factors, whether destructive or non-destructive, make it challenging to obtain precise spatial distributions.