## 3 Results
### Imaging Results  
Some of the participants found multiple imaging sessions to be challenging and, therefore, complete, two-session sets of volumetric MRI data for voxel-based morphometry were obtained from only 16 participants, eight participants from each group, five men and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline  & **Group A (_n = 13_)** & **Group B (_n = 10_)** & _p-Values_ \\ \hline Sex & & & \\ Female & 76.9\% & 80.0\% & 0.73 \\ Age (years) & 82.8 & 83.7 & 0.72 \\ Education (years) & 11.4 & 11.6 & 0.82 \\ MoCA & 20.9 & 22.7 & 0.06 \\ CogSym & 23.3 & 21.2 & 0.38 \\ Well-being & 18.1 & 18.6 & 0.75 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values are presented as the mean. Group A commenced the intervention following baseline assessments. Group B commenced the intervention following a 6 month post-baseline waiting period. MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; CogSym = CogSym metacognition questionnaire; Well-being = well-being questionnaire.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Characteristics of the study cohort.  
\(11\) women. The mean age was 83.5 (SD 5.0) years. Ten of the participants were widowed, five were married, and one was single.  
Voxel-based morphometry maps of the relative changes in brain tissues over one year in those who participated in cognitive training showed an increase in GM in two regions (Figure 2A and Table 2): (1) The anterolateral occipital lobe, bordering the parietal and temporal lobes of the left cerebral hemisphere. Surrounding the CSF in this region was, correspondingly, decreased: (2) the middle cingulate cortex.  
There was an increase in WM, abating the increased GM in the left occipital lobe. But unlike the limited increase in GM, the WM effect was broader, dispersing over the dorsal parts of both hemispheres. Expected, aging-related changes were also observed (Figure 2B). A decrease in GM, ranging from 1.5% to 2.2%, was observed in seven large clusters, encompassing a total volume of 9691 mm\({}^{3}\), located bilaterally in the frontal-basal regions and diffusely over the right hemisphere. Increased CSF was noticeable in the lateral ventricles as well as in the anterior longitudinal and the Sylvian fissures in both hemispheres.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Region** & **x,y,z (mm) 1 ** & **Gyi** & **Cluster (mm3 ** & **Effect (\%)** & **T Value** & \(p\) (FDR) 4 ** \\ \hline
1 & \(-43\), \(-50\), \(+43\) & Left Angular & 610 & 2.13 & 5.34 & 0.043 \\  & & Left Supramarginal & & & & \\  & Left Inferior Parietal & & & & & \\
2 & \(+2\), \(-27\), \(+40\) & Left Middle Cingulate & 520 & 1.14 & 7.97 & 0.050 \\  & & Right Middle Cingulate & & & & \\
3 & \(-45\), \(-65\), \(-7\) & Left Inferior Temporal & 2850 & 4.19 & 7.22 & \(<\)0.001 \\  & & Left Fusiform & & & & \\  & & Left Inferior Occipital & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Increase in grey matter at one year post-baseline in MCI patients who participated in the FIE Program.  
Figure 2: Brain tissue changes over the year that included 15 weeks of the FIE cognitive training. (**A**) Increased GM concentrates in left posterior regions surrounded by decreased CSF. Increased WM extended to the dorsal parts of both hemispheres. Clusters of GM with a higher statistical significance, located on the anterior occipital-lobe border and cingulate cortex are listed in Table 1 (\(p<0.05\), FDR corrected, numbered 1–3). (**B**) Decreased GM was prominent bilaterally in the fronto-basal and in the right temporal regions. Increased CSF was prominent in the lateral ventricles and Sylvian fissures.