## 3 Result
### One-Step Process  
The OFMSW/P100N/water slurry was poured in a mold, without any previous sterilization treatment, and kept at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 h.  
The bacterial analyses performed on the one step OFMSW_P100N processed sample, reported in Figure 5, confirmed the efficiency of the one step treatment in the full elimination of bacteria. After incubation, no bacterial colonies were observed on the plates confirming the successful sterilization of the sample. Figure 4: Bacterial growth on OFMSW samples subjected to thermal treatment. In order to evaluate the effect of OFMSW on the matrix curing process, a dynamic rheological analysis of the two formulations of Table 1 (P100N and OFMSW_P100N) was firstly carried out. Results of dynamic rheological analyses, shown in Figure 6A, highlight the presence of different steps:  
* A first step, up to 110 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which involves a decrease in viscosity due to the presence of the water. Although the viscosity decrease occurs approximately with the same rate for both systems, the presence of the OFMSW involves a strong increase of the starting value of the viscosity. This result must be considered for the processability of the system, since higher viscosities at room temperatures imply higher times to fill the mold before the cure. * A second step from 110 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C, characterized, for both systems, by a sharp increase in viscosity, due to the starting of the cure. * A third step, up to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, where a further increase in viscosity is visible for both curves; this growth is due to both water evaporation and cure of the system. Nevertheless, as previously discussed for PVA/OFMSW/water system [21], the presence of OFMSW involves a decrese in the evaporation rate of the water. As clearly visible in Figure 3A, the slope of the curve in this range and the final viscosity achieved are lower for the system with OFMSW. Figure 5: Bacterial analysis on OFMSW sample subjected to the one-step process. Figure 6: (**A**) Dynamic rheological curve of P100N and OFMSW_P100N_one step; (**B**) isothermal rheological curves at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C of P100N and OFMSW_P100N_one step. After, an isothermal rheological analysis was also performed at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C on both systems in order to evaluate the curing time. The results reported in Figure 6B show that 60 min are enough to complete the reaction at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C for both the mixtures. The results from rheological analysis allowed assessing an optimum curing process at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min for the production of solid samples, as reported in the inset of Figure 1, for the following physical-mechanical characterizations. Figure 7 shows the microscopy images of all the samples produced in this work. The average dimension of the pores for each sample is shown in Table 3. By comparing the microscope images reported in Figure 7, it is clearly noticeable that the introduction of OFMSW strongly decreases the porosity with respect of the P100N system in both dual step (Figure 7B) and one step (Figure 7C) processes. In fact, the averages pores diameter of the OFMSW_P100N\({}_{\text{dual step}}\) and OFMSW_P100N\({}_{\text{one step}}\) reported in Table 3 are almost comparable. However, the one-step process involves a slight increase in the porosity of the sample. In order to evaluate if the different additives, wastes or recycling materials, can influence the porosity of the OFMSW_P100N\({}_{\text{one step}}\) samples, microscopy images were also acquired and reported in Figure 7D (with sawdust as additive) and Figure 7E (with coffee powder added). The average size of pores of OFMSW_P100N_10s\({}_{\text{one step}}\) and OFMSW_P100N_10c\({}_{\text{one step}}\) samples is also reported Table 4, evidencing that the presence of the fillers increases the porosity respect to OFMSW_P100N\({}_{\text{one step}}\) samples, probably due to their high hygroscopicity.