# Temporary Road Marking Paint for Vehicle Perception Tests
## 3 Experiment
### Measurements  
During the first trial period in August 2022, camera recordings of the road markings were made using a smartphone and the front camera of a Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223), which is an SMPCS S16 camera with a field of view of 70\({}^{\circ}\). We drove over each sample at walking speed two times to create two recordings of each sample. For the second attempt in April 2023, in addition to camera recordings, retroreflectivity values were measured using a retroreflectometer (LTL 3500 from Traffic Data Systems GmbH, Hamburg, Germany; see Figure 4). Moreover, the camera recording method using a smartphone (iPhone 11) was improved to ensure a consistent camera orientation parallel to the ground and a consistent distance of 1 m toward the road marking. For the first trial in August 2022, the photographs were taken from an oblique, undefined angle. Regarding the retroreflectometer measurements, we measured the both the nighttime visibility and the daytime visibility of each sample in mcd/(lx \(\times\) m\({}^{2}\)) four times and computed the mean. In addition, we measured the adjacent asphalt with the same approach to analyze the contrast between road markings and pavement based on retroreflection.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**\#** & **Road Marking** & **Binder Content** & **Coalescing Agent Content** & **Application** & **Removal** \\ \hline
1 & Sample 1 & 2\% & 1.75\% & 6 July 2022 & 9 August 2022 \\
2 & Sample 2 & 1.75\% & 1.5\% & 6 July 2022 & 9 August 2022 \\
4 & Sample 3 with beads & 1.5\% & 2.25\% & 29 March 2023 & 26 April 2023 \\
5 & Sample 4 & 1\% & 2.5\% & 29 March 2023 & 26 April 2023 \\
6 & Sample 4 with beads & 1\% & 2.5\% & 29 March 2023 & 26 April 2023 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Tested temporary road markings.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ingredient** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Percentage/Sample (S)**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **S1** & **S2** & **S3** & **S4** \\ \hline Binder & 2 & 1.75 & 1.5 & 1 \\ Coalescing agent & 1.75 & 1.5 & 2.25 & 2.5 \\ Filler and pigment & 70.46 & 70.76 & 70.46 & 70.71 \\ Solvent (water) & 24 & 24.2 & 24 & 24 \\ Additives (e.g., rheology additives, & & 1.79 & \\ biocide, dispersing agent, defoamer) & & & 1.79 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Composition of ingredients.  
The measurements were always conducted when the asphalt was dry in the afternoon (approx. 2:00-4:00 p.m.). The first measurement of 2023 was conducted immediately after the road marking paint had dried on 29 March. First, reflectivity was measured, then the photographs were taken, and lastly the vehicle recordings were performed. The second measurement day was 12 April. Since the test vehicle was unavailable that day, only the retroreflectivity values and the recordings from the smartphone camera were collected. The vehicle recordings were performed one day later on 13 April. The third measurement and removal of the four samples was performed on 26 April--exactly two weeks after the second measurement, following the same procedure as for measurements one and two. After the third data collection, parts of the samples were removed using a high-pressure water cleaner. We then recorded camera footage using the test vehicle to analyze whether phantom tracks were visible. Because the ground was wet from the high-pressure cleaner, the retroreflectivity values and iPhone 11 recordings were performed under dry conditions one day later on 27 April. The premise of the project was that no permanent phantom tracks would remain after removal.