## 4 Discussion  
IoT-enabled automated greenhouse systems can increase the productivity of plants grown in the greenhouse by monitoring and controlling various parameters, such as humidity, mist, CO\({}_{2}\) level, UV light intensity, water nutrients solution level, temperature,  
Figure 4: The experimental results showing the effect of controls in Section 2.1. The mean light intensity \(m_{lux}\) remains close to \(optLux\) (175 lux) under the light control system (Algorithm 1).  
Figure 5: The change in RB angle (in degrees) associated with the experiments in Figure 4. Algorithm 1 is utilized to control the RB for providing the optimum amount of sunlight. Once we set an RB angle using Algorithm 1, we maintain the angle for \(S=10\) min until moving the RB again.  
and amount of pesticides, through sensors for further efficient detection and diagnosis [17]. The proposed greenhouse can be extended to an integrated system, such that a greenhouse operator can monitor various environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide, inside the greenhouse.  
In our integrated system, an operator can set various environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide, inside the greenhouse. Once the environmental parameters are set, the greenhouse system operates to achieve the set parameters autonomously. The system controls carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)), temperature, humidity, and sunlight intensity inside the greenhouse autonomously.  
CO\({}_{2}\) sensors, temperature sensors, and humidity sensors can be installed inside the greenhouse. In addition, following facilities can be installed inside the greenhouse: CO\({}_{2}\) generators, air conditioners, heaters, and dehumidifiers. CO\({}_{2}\) generators are used to generate CO\({}_{2}\) inside the greenhouse. Air conditioners and heaters are used to control the temperature inside the greenhouse. In addition, dehumidifiers are installed to decrease the humidity inside the greenhouse.  
For instance, assume that the temperature setting by an operator is in the interval \([t_{min},t_{max}]\). If the current temperature is above \(t_{max}\), then the air conditioner is turned on for decreasing the temperature. If the current temperature is below \(t_{min}\), then the heater is turned on for increasing the temperature. If the current temperature is within the interval \([t_{min},t_{max}]\), then both the air conditioner and the heater are turned off. In this way, the greenhouse system can control CO\({}_{2}\), temperature, humidity inside the house automatically, so that the operator does not have to turn on/off each facility manually.  
Arduino is an open-source micro-controller, which is widely utilized for implementing IoT devices [16]. Depending on the sensor measurements, the Arduino turns on/off the following facilities inside the greenhouse: CO\({}_{2}\) generators, air conditioners, heaters, and dehumidifiers. The sensor measurments and the associated time information can be uploaded in the SD card. Here, the DS1307 module (Dallas Semiconductor, Dallas, TX, USA) is used to compute the upload time information.  
If necessary, the sensor measurements and the operation state can be transmitted to a remote operator using Wifi communications or Lora module (Semtech Corporation, Irvine, CA, USA). Ref. [14] proved that mobile phone app can be effectively used for the real-time monitoring of soil quality and conditions in wireless multi-sensing based on the IoT. Similarly to [14], sensor measurements and the operation state can be displayed and controlled using mobile phone app of the operator.