# Review of GIS-Based Applications for Mining: Planning, Operation, and Environmental Management
## 4 Mine Operation Using GIS
### Ore Haulage Operation Optimization  
Several studies have been performed to monitor the ore haulage system of trucks and shovels using spatial visualization functions and optimize the ore haulage routes of dump trucks using raster-based and vector-based LCPA. [PERSON] et al. [26] designed a GIS monitoring dispatch client to monitor the haulage system of trucks and shovels in an open-pit mine. This system allows users to manage, dispatch, and monitor trucks and shovels through vehicle location displays based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) data, playback of historical paths, and inquiries concerning truck locations. [PERSON] et al. [27] proposed a raster-based GIS model to determine the optimal haulage routes of dump trucks in large-scale open-pit mines using multi-criteria evaluation and LCPA. In the process of weighting multiple adverse factor scores, pairwise comparisons were applied to quantitatively analyze the different resistances of five factors and three constraints, such as truck speed, proximity to water and ore bodies, existence of curves, visibility, and haul road maintenance. The model was applied to the Pasir open-pit mine, and the result showed that the optimal haulage routes of dump trucks could be determined by considering both the haulage distance and multiple criteria. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28] presented a modified raster-based least-cost path algorithm to account for the effects of terrain relief and curves along a route in the optimal haulage route planning of an open-pit mine. This study determined the optimal haulage routes between loaders and dumps that ensure the least travel time or fuel consumption of dump trucks in the working areas without paved roads. The software, named the Google Earth-based Optimal Haulage Routing System (GEOHARTS), was developed to provide project settings, information visualization, and route optimization functions. Figure 11 presents interfaces of the GEOHARTS software for optimal haulage route planning. Previous studies on the haulage route optimization of dump trucks in open-pit mines mostly used raster data [29]. However, the raster data can cause several problems, including zigzag-shaped travel paths due to cell resolution and the neglect of the topological relationship among haulage roads. To overcome these problems, [PERSON] et al. [29] demonstrated that vector-based network analysis is effective in determining the optimal haulage routes of dump trucks by considering the terrain gradient in open-pit mines. The Dijkstra algorithm [30] was adopted as a basic concept of network analysis, and this study presented an overall method for creating vector network data of an open-pit mine using ArcGIS software. The method consists of four procedures: (a) creating a DEM, (b) digitizing the haulage road network, (c) calculating the terrain gradient of the haulage roads, and (d) calculating the average speed and travel time of the dump truck along haulage roads. It was observed that the proposed method could effectively determine the optimal haulage routes of dump trucks, taking into account changes in truck speed, which depend on the slope gradient of the open-pit mine. [PERSON] et al. [31] analyzed the optimal routes of vehicles for auxiliary operations in open-pit mines using a heuristic algorithm for the traveling salesman problem (TSP) within a GIS environment. To compare the quantitative difference of travel routes determined by a heuristic TSP algorithm and intuitive judgment, the visiting points for auxiliary vehicles in the study area were set to 5, 15, and 25. Consequently, this study demonstrated that travel time could be shortened by 20 min when the auxiliary vehicle traveled through 25 working points along the haulage route analyzed by the heuristic TSP algorithm. [PERSON] et al. [32] measured the carbon dioxide emissions of diesel vehicles operated in an underground mine using GIS.