# Breast Geometry Characterization of Young American Females Using 3D Image Analysis
## 3 Result and Discussion
### Breast Shape Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Shape Clusters and Cluster Averages**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Scheffe’s**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Cluster 1 \({}^{\text{a}}\)** & **Cluster 2 \({}^{\text{b}}\)** & **Cluster 3 \({}^{\text{c}}\)** & **Cluster 4 \({}^{\text{d}}\)** & **Post-Hoc** \\ \cline{2-5}  & **(n = 48)** & **(n = 30)** & **(n = 37)** & **(n = 41)** & **Analysis** \\ \hline Upper breast arc (mm) & 116.3460 & 100.3637 & 105.6795 & 127.4434 & b, c \(<\) a \(<\) d \\ Lower breast arc (mm) & 79.4454 & 66.6640 & 82.5611 & 94.7085 & b \(<\) a \(<\) c \(<\) d \\ Inner breast arc (mm) & 91.6142 & 81.2780 & 96.5486 & 101.3263 & b \(<\) a \(<\) c \(<\) d \\ Outer breast arc (mm) & 99.7227 & 93.0010 & 102.3122 & 125.6661 & b, c \(<\) d \\ Breast root (mm) & 197.2569 & 189.9823 & 208.9854 & **231.2951** & b, a \(<\) c \(<\) d \\ \hline Upper breast height (mm) & 94.5294 & 81.3400 & 83.3943 & 98.4932 & b, c \(<\) a, d \\ Lower breast height (mm) & 57.0458 & 53.3717 & 60.3454 & **66.7968** & b, a, c \(<\) d \\ Lower-upper height ratio (\%) & 37.65 & 39.67 & 41.97 & 40.41 & a \(<\) b, d \(<\) b, d \(<\) a \\ Inner breast width (mm) & 63.5463 & 61.0303 & 67.4278 & 66.2766 & b, a, d \(<\) b, d \(<\) a \\ Outer breast width (mm) & 72.1163 & 73.0947 & 74.0584 & **93.7429** & a, b, c \(<\) d \\ Inner–outer width ratio (\%) & 46.79 & 45.77 & 47.81 & **41.49** & d \(<\) b, a \(<\) a \\ Width–height ratio (\%) & **89.00** & 99.80 & 99.32 & 97.24 & a \(<\) d, c, b \\ Breast depth (mm) & 60.2546 & **50.2940** & 63.0270 & **70.9993** & b \(<\) a, c \(<\) d \\ Breast span half (mm) & 95.8427 & 94.7063 & **101.9638** & **106.6222** & b, a \(<\) c \(<\) d \\ \hline Upper breast angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 32.1817 & 30.9227 & **37.5708** & **34.7388** & b, a \(<\) d \(<\) c \\ Lower breast angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 52.4956 & 49.4400 & 52.8938 & 51.7341 & b, d, a, c \\ Inner breast angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 43.0483 & **39.5593** & 43.0114 & **47.199** & b \(<\) a, c \(<\) d \\ Outer breast angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 39.8942 & **34.5773** & 40.4997 & **36.8285** & b \(<\) a \(<\) a \\ \hline Breast surface area (cm\({}^{2}\)) & 245.179 & **195.931** & 241.675 & **326.912** & b \(<\) a \(<\) d \\ Breast base area (cm\({}^{2}\)) & 172.812 & **149.685** & 168.593 & **219.827** & b \(<\) a \(<\) d \\ \hline Total volume (cm\({}^{3}\)) & 458.367 & **324.552** & 469.893 & **725.836** & b \(<\) a, c \(<\) d \\ Upper inner volume (\%) & 28.63 & 26.87 & 26.81 & **23.00** & d \(<\) c, b, a \\ Lower inner volume (\%) & 18.04 & 17.83 & **21.43** & 17.20 & d, b, a \(<\) c \\ Upper outer volume (\%) & 31.13 & 33.17 & **27.11** & 32.20 & c \(<\) a, d, b \\ Lower outer volume (\%) & 22.42 & 22.27 & 24.73 & **27.66** & b, a \(<\) c \(<\) d \\ Lower volume (\%) & 40.42 & 40.03 & 46.14 & 44.80 & b, a \(<\) d, c \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} The superscripts \({}^{\text{a}}\), b \({}^{\text{b}}\), c \({}^{\text{c}}\), and d indicate each shape cluster denoted in the far-right column.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Geometric characterization of the shape clusters.