# Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review
## 5 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Toxins** \\ **Measured** \\ \end{tabular} & **Matrix** & **Extraction/Sample Preparation Procedure** & **Analysis** & **Toxin Detection** \\ \hline
[132] & \begin{tabular}{c} STX \\ ANA \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Phytoplankton samples \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Freeze-dried material (10 mg) and 2 mL of 0.03 N acetic acid were mixed, \\ frozen and thawed three times, sonicated, and centrifuged. The supernatant \\ was filtered and stored at \(-20^{\circ}\) C until analysis. \\ \end{tabular} & LC-FLD &
\begin{tabular}{c} 5.9-224.1 mg/g STX \\ equivalents \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[20] &
\begin{tabular}{c} MCs \\ NOD \\ \end{tabular} & Fish & Homogenized fish tissue was weighed, extracted with a 31 methanol-water \\  & & solution with T\% formal acid, vortexnet, centrifuged, extracted with hexane \\  & & clean-up to reduce lipid content, centrifuged, and analyzed. \\ \hline
[133] & \begin{tabular}{c} STX \\ NesTX \\ CTX(1,23,4,5) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Hylias maliberus_ \\ at 19 \({}^{\circ}\) C for 10 min. The supernatants were filtered with cellulose filters \\ and analyzed. \\ \end{tabular} & LC-FLD &
\begin{tabular}{c} No detections of STXs in the \\ tissue after exposure \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[116] & \begin{tabular}{c} BMAA \\ DABA \\ ANA-a \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Water fish \\ aquatic plants \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Temperature was then turned and centrifuged to separate solids \\ from the aqueous extract. The scatter containing unbound or “free” amino \\ acids, including BMAA and DABA (2,4-dianobutyric acid), were \\ transferred to a microcontribree filter tube for removal of suspended \\ proteins and centrifuged before analysis. \\ \end{tabular} & LC-FLD and
\begin{tabular}{c} BMAA between 8 and 59 \\ ng/g in tissue; no ANA-a \\ detections reported; BMAA, \\ DABA, and ANA-a detected \\ in plants \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[134] & \begin{tabular}{c} BMAA \\ DABA \\ ANA-a \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Freeze-dried samples were ground into a fine powder and extracted with 0.1 \\ N TCA. The mixture was sonicated for 30 s, refrigerated for 16 h, and centrifuged and the supernatants retained. The process was repeated once \\ aquatic plants \\ \end{tabular} & LC-FLD and
\begin{tabular}{c} 0.8-3.2 mg/g/L D for \\ LC-MS/MS; 5-7 mg/L \\ for FLD \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[135] & \begin{tabular}{c} BMAA \\ DABA \\ ANA-a \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Lake water, fish, and \\ aquatic plants \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Freeze-dried muscle tissue was extracted with methanol, sonicated, and centrifuged and the supernatants retained. For lipid removal, hexane was added to the supernatants and then discarded after phase separation. \\ Samples were evaporated and 10\% methanol was added, followed by sonication and passage of the material through reversed-phase cartridges \\ (OASIS HL E cartridge 200 mg. Waters). Cartridges were eluted with 100\% methanol, followed by evaporation and dissolving the residues in 75\% aqueous methanol. After vortexing, the samples were filtered and centrifuged. The supernatants were then diluted 10-fold with 75% methanol for analysis. \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Cont.