## 1 Introduction
In this context and by way of example, the seasonal TES (STES) stores the heat collected in the summer for up to more than three months (_charging period_) using thermal solar power plants to be used in winter (_discharging period_) [13]. It is worth noting that this reverse process can obviously be applied. Therefore, this second category of TES systems (STES) has a significant contribution to the efficient use of renewable in building applications such as decarbonization and district heating [14,15]. Note that such a category competes with others on a large scale such as natural gas storage, pumped storage hydroelectric system and heat generation methods. Yet, sector coupling remains as the most important challenge for future energy concepts. Furthermore, large-scale TES systems are needed for the conception of any other technology to ensure system stability and resilience. In addition, depending on the energy storage method deemed, TES solutions can be classified into three categories, viz., sensible heat storage (SHS), latent heat storage (LHS) using PCMs and thermochemical heat storage (TCHS). Moreover, these classes can be implemented in active or passive buildings [16,17]. In passive building technology, only the SHS and LHS methods are used, which allow improving thermal comfort through materials use with high thermal inertia [16,18]. As for the concept of active buildings, the TCHS method, which enables to attenuate the peak load, is the one that is rather used as it increases renewable energies contributions such as solar and aerothermal energies [17,18]. It improves the efficiency of systems by regulating the process range, for example using frequent starts/stops to reduce discontinuous inputs [17,18]. In this context, [PERSON] et al. [19] documented a review of passive building applications based on the LHS method while comparing it to the SHS approach. They reported that the LHS technique stores five to 14 times more heat than the SHS method. Otherwise, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] presented a review of the different types of TES used in construction while paying great attention to LHS materials. Furthermore, a description dealing with several LHS designs has been provided, which has indicated that a macro-encapsulated phase change material (MPCM)  
Figure 2: Yearly CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from diverse sectors of energy by 2050 [8]. could be used for a period of time, helping to alleviate the reliance on heating and cooling devices and, thereby, saving energy. [PERSON] et al. [18] reviewed the development and applications of thermal energy storage materials for zero energy buildings (ZEBs). Different properties, designs, and classifications of sensible, latent and thermochemical TES materials have been described and compared based on recent scientific research, well-known international projects, and commercial systems. They revealed that there exists a shortage of materials for TCHS solutions while noting that the thermochemical method requires well-maintained tanks and heat exchangers for small-scale processes. Thereby, further efforts are still needed to optimize the technical and economic concept of TCHS systems. In parallel, [PERSON] et al. [17] conducted a comprehensive review of TES technologies embedded into active buildings. It is worth noting that there are two types of active systems, viz direct and indirect systems where the storage medium is either the heat transfer fluid (HTF) or another medium. These authors stated that the active systems design requires proper maintenance to achieve suitable incorporation, taking into account various conditions and requirements that may be climatic, aesthetic and/or operational. Each type of TES has its advantages and disadvantages, the operating principle of which depends on the targeted application, such as capacity or power. A comparison of some TES methods is reported in Table 2[21]. For some time now, various articles on energy storage have been published, pointing out research trends and drawing up the state of the art [9; 22; 23; 24; 25].