## 3 Methodology
### Developing the Essential Guidelines and Strategic Measures  
Based on the previous results, the ideal starting point for developing essential guidelines and strategic measures is to focus on the high-impact processes within the Construction and Supervision phase. This phase is critical, with 100% of its main processes affected by vital risks. Key areas, such as on-site risk management, quality control and assurance, and health, safety, and environment (HSE) management, should be prioritized, as they directly impact project safety, quality, and regulatory compliance. Establishing guidelines in these areas will lay a strong foundation for risk management, creating positive effects that resonate throughout the entire project. Each main process within this phase should develop essential guidelines and strategic measures to achieve targeted improvements and mitigate vital risks affecting its processes. These measures should specifically address the identified risks while aligning with the ISO 9001:2015 international standards. This alignment ensures high-quality performance, continuous improvement, and precise results. Additionally, the guidelines must integrate considerations for the sustainability pillars impacted by these risks, incorporating the necessary requirements to enhance process efficiency and outcomes. The survey results from Table 5 provide valuable insights for assessing the impact of these risks on the sustainability pillars. Applying the Pareto Principle to both risks and processes reveals the influence of 28 vital risks on the Construction and Supervision phase. These risks have a significant impact on both the main processes and subprocesses within this phase, as illustrated in Table 13. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Phase**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**The Most Impactful Risks**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**RI**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Their Impact on Sustainability Pillars**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & **EN** & **EC** & **SO** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Construction and Supervision**} & **R20**—Financial Risks & 25.00 & Low & High & Moderate \\  & **R7**—Cost and Schedule Planning Issues & 24.00 & Low & High & Moderate \\  & **R9**—Design and Construction Errors & 22.50 & High & High & Moderate \\
**and Supervision** & **R5**—Information Management Issues & 22.08 & Low & High & Moderate \\
**R45**—Financial Impacts from Design Changes & 20.70 & Low & High & Moderate \\  & **R6**—Resource Planning Issues & 20.68 & Moderate & High & Moderate \\
**R48**—Conflicts in Contract Documents & 18.86 & Low & High & Moderate \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 13: The most impactful risks in the Construction and Supervision phase. The analysis of Table 13 indicates that many of the identified risks in the Construction and Supervision phase significantly impact the economic sustainability pillar, making it a primary focus for this phase. Risks such as R20--financial risks, R7--cost and schedule planning issues, and R45--financial impacts from design changes are characterized by their high economic impact, underscoring the importance of financial viability in maintaining project continuity and preventing budget overruns. However, economic considerations alone are not sufficient; environmental and social sustainability must also be prioritized to achieve a balanced and sustainable project outcome. Environmental sustainability in this phase is critical for mitigating potential ecological risks, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations, and promoting long-term project viability. Risks such as R19--Environmental Impact Assessments, R22--Pollution and Waste Management Issues, and R43--Environmental Compliance Risks highlight the need for integrating environmental considerations into construction practices. Effective monitoring systems and sustainable construction practices should be implemented to minimize ecological impacts and ensure adherence to environmental standards. Social sustainability also plays an essential role