## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Drinking Purposes  
According to [PERSON] [52], groundwater can be classified into four types: type I is fresh water with TDS \(<\) 1000 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\); type II is brackish water with TDS between 1000 and 10,000 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\); type III is saline water with TDS from 10,000 till 100,000 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\); and type IV is brine water with TDS \(>\) 100,000 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\). The total dissolved salts (TDS) in groundwater in the study area varied between 143 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) and 901 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) (Table 1). Based on the concentrations of major ions and [PERSON]'s classification, the area can be assigned to the freshwater type. Nutrients (nitrate, NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\); nitrite, NO\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\); ammonium, NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\); total phosphorus, TP; soluble reactive phosphorus, SRP ions) have been determined as shown in Table 1. Nitrate in groundwater systems is of concern because it is considered as an indicator of human activities (pollution). While nitrate does occur naturally in groundwater, concentrations greater than 3 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) generally indicate contamination [53], and a more recent nationwide study found that concentrations over 1 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) nitrate indicate human activity [54]. According to The Environmental Protection Agency Data Standards, EPA's maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate set for drinking water is 10 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\). The data in this study area showed that the nutrient concentrations do not exceed 1 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\), except samples No. S3, S4, and S10, in groundwater, indicating a human activities source.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Expressed** & **WHO (2017)** & **Ci/Si** & **Quality Rating (qj)** & **Weight (wi)** & **Relative Weight (Wi)** \\ \hline pH & Units & 6.5–8.5 & 0.73 & 73.47 & 4.00 & 0.08 \\ \hline E.C. & \(\upmu\)S-cm\({}^{-1}\) & 500 & 0.99 & 98.50 & 4.00 & 0.08 \\ \hline T.D.S. & mg-L\({}^{-1}\) & 500 & 0.47 & 47.38 & 5.00 & 0.10 \\ \hline Ca\({}^{2+}\) & mg-L\({}^{-1}\) & 75 & 0.18 & 18.36 & 2.00 & 0.04 \\ \hline Mg\({}^{2+}\) & mg-L\({}^{-1}\) & 30 & 0.51 & 51.46 & 2.00 & 0.04 \\ \hline Na\({}^{+}\) & mg-L\({}^{-1}\) & 50 & 0.54 & 53.92 & 2.00 & 0.04 \\ \hline K\({}^{*}\) & mg-L\({}^{-1}\) & 20 & 0.69 & 69.38 & 2.00 & 0.04 \\ \hline HCO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\) & mg-L\({}^{-1}\) & 200 & 0.47 & 47.35 & 3.00 & 0.06 \\ \hline CO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{2-}\) & mg-L\({}^{-1}\) & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA \\ \hline Cl\({}^{-}\) & mg-L\({}^{-1}\) & 250 & 0.37 & 37.41 & 3.00 & 0.06 \\ \hline SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) & mg-L\({}^{-1}\) & 200 & 0.18 & 17.66 & 4.00 & 0.08 \\ \hline NO\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\) & \(\upmu\)S-L\({}^{-1}\) & 3000 & 0.00 & 0.42 & 5.00 & 0.10 \\ \hline NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\) & \(\upmu\)S-L\({}^{-1}\) & 45,000 & 0.01 & 1.48 & 5.00 & 0.10 \\ \hline NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{*}\) & \(\upmu\)S-L\({}^{-1}\) & 1235 & 0.02 & 2.45 & 5.00 & 0.10 \\ \hline TP & \(\upmu\)S-L\({}^{-1}\) & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA \\ \hline SRP & \(\upmu\)S-L\({}^{-1}\) & 1500 & 0.0014 & 0.14 & 5.00 & 0.10 \\ \hline Total & & & 519.36 & \(\sum wi=51\) & 1.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Assigned and relative weight of water quality variables for Water Quality Index computation with WHO [55].  
Figure 3: Results of water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes for the different springs and drilled well water samples.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**S. No.** & **WQI Values** & **Water Quality** & **Number of Water** & **\% Age of** **Samples** \\ \hline
1 & \(<\)50 & Excellent & 14 & 87.5 \\ \hline
2 & 51–100 & Good & 2 & 12.5 \\ \hline
3 & 101–200 & Fair & 0 & 0 \\ \hline
4 & 201–300 & Marginal & 0 & 0 \\ \hline
5 & \(>\)300 & Unsuitable & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: WQI range and water quality classification for drinking purposes in the study area.