# A Critical Examination of the Beam-Squinting Effect in Broadband Mobile Communication: Review Paper
## 1 Introduction  
In today's world, almost everyone has a mobile device, and the number of people who do is growing. Concurrently, the number of interactive multimedia apps is also growing, and experts predict that this pattern will continue into the foreseeable future [1]. In spite of the fact that mobile technologies of the first, second, third, and fourth generations have spent the last 25 years working to increase the speed and efficiency of wireless networks, there are still some specific application areas in which current wireless networks are unable to deliver [2]. As the need for mobile traffic steadily develops, a bottleneck between spectrum constraints and capacity requirements is becoming more obvious. This bottleneck is becoming more and more apparent. The wireless bandwidth bottleneck is one of the most serious challenges faced by 5G communications [3]. Wireless carriers need to be ready to sustain a growth in total mobile traffic that may be as much as 1000 times higher than it is now since the need for capacity in mobile broadband communications is growing at a substantial rate each year. The pursuit of inventive solutions is required in order to make the transition to the fifth generation (5G) of wireless technology [4]. Because of the growing need for bandwidth, the millimetre wave spectrum has been standardised for use in high-speed wireless communication [5]. mmwaves are an interesting possibility since they have a significant amount of bandwidth and spectrum that is readily available (approximately 60 GHz) [6]. mmwave communications may make use of the large capacity that is now being underutilised, which will help them fulfil the high demands of the future generation of wireless networks [7].  
Although the potential bandwidth of mmwave frequencies is promising, the propagation characteristics of these frequencies are very different from those of microwave frequency bands [8]. These propagation characteristics include path loss, diffraction and blockage, rain attenuation, air absorption, and foliage loss behaviours. The massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is a potential answer to this problem. With this technology, a considerable number of antennas might provide sufficient gain to compensate for the route loss [9; 10]. Massive MIMO over mmwaves is a novel approach that combines the benefits of massive MIMO antenna arrays with the vast amount of bandwidth that is currently accessible over mmwaves [11]. Massive MIMO over mmwaves has the potential to revolutionise wireless communication. Beam squint is one of the issues that arise in mmwave communications. This issue manifests itself as a change in the spatial direction of a beam as a function of frequency. As a consequence, there are discernible variations in the path phases at various frequencies.  
In this paper, we explore the research that has been conducted so far on the subject of beam squint and how it might be alleviated while also minimising the complexity and expense of hardware implementation. Specifically, we examine how it might be possible to fix the problem while also keeping the implementation as simple and inexpensive as possible. Additionally, the segment of the research that relates to the exploitation of beam squint is presented in this study. The following is the structure of the paper: In Section 2, we discuss the many issues that pertain to the broadband communication. In the third section, the research that pertains to the beam squint effects are presented. While the research concerning the beam squint exploitation are discussed in Section 4, this section also focuses on other topics. Section 5 is where the conclusion of the paper can be found.