## 1 Introduction  
The ongoing global urbanization has led to a majority of the world's population residing in urban communities [1, 2]. Modern urban communities serve as engines driving economic growth and technological advancement for each nation [3]; furthermore, the urban sprawl is perpetuated by socio-economic developments, creating a cycle of growth and expansion [4]. Modern urban communities function as intricately woven systems comprising people, organizations, and patterned relationships [5]. Their operational dynamics hinge upon the inflow and outflow of goods and services facilitated by a network of Critical Infrastructure Systems (CISs). These cybernetically engineered and interdependent CISs maintain the socio-economic fabric of urban life [6]; however, amidst the boom of urbanization, recurring challenges persist. Pollution, violence, and pandemics cast shadows on the edges of thriving urban communities [7]; in particular, the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic that has caused unprecedented human and economic losses [8] underscores the vulnerability of modern urban systems. A series of studies have highlighted the intricate interplay within networked CISs. As their complexity increases, the controllability of cascading effects and repercussions diminishes [9]. Those intra and interdependencies (the concept of interdependence denotesa bidirectional relationship between two CISs, wherein the state of each system significantly influences or correlates with that of the other) amplify the potential consequences of localized damage to individual CIS components, potentially triggering full-blown failures [10; 11; 12]. Comprehensive studies have explored effective approaches to bolster urban communities against a spectrum of catastrophes [13; 14; 15]; however, stakeholders and engineers increasingly recognize that expecting future urban areas to remain immune to hazard-induced disruptions is generally unfeasible, even when mitigation methods are implemented [16; 17]. The inherent vulnerability of these communities arises from the intricate interplay among diverse CISs, compounded by the escalating risks posed by climate-related hazards [18; 19]. Research endeavours have consequently converged on the resilience of CISs and urban communities. It is self-evident that robust and swift recovery following hazard events plays a role as pivotal as disaster preparedness in ensuring the survival and sustainability of impacted communities [20; 21; 22]; besides, over the past decade, attention has shifted from isolated CIS components (such as bridges within transportation systems) to examining how interdependencies--particularly looped ones [23]--reshape the multi-dimensional resilience of modern, interconnected communities [24; 25; 26]. Justifiably, the new insights generated from those research endeavours have laid a solid foundation for resilience amelioration and risk governance for stakeholders and decision-makers [27]. While existing resilience assessment frameworks emphasize essential aspects, they often fall short of providing a comprehensive view of community resilience, as recent real-world lessons underscore the necessity for a more nuanced approach [28]. Overall, most of these frameworks primarily quantify the gross functionality losses sustained by networked CIS-communities throughout hazard events. These losses are assessed using physical, economic, or societal indicators [29; 30]; however, the criticality across different temporal windows during these events has been indiscriminately characterized. This contrasts with the reality of real-world hazards, where initial localized damage can rapidly propagate, sometimes uncontrollably [9]. In response to this deficiency, post-hazard emergency response has emerged as a promising pathway toward resilient urban communities; however, devising optimal plans for these emergency responses immediately after real-world hazards presents significant challenges.