# Maize and Sorghum as Raw Materials for Brewing, a Review
## 2 Maize and Sorghum: Raw Materials for Brewing
### The Use in Brewing
#### 2.3.2 Sorghum
Technological processes are highly inconsistent and dependent on the region in which the be  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Beer Name** & **Raw Materials** & **Tehnological Process** & **Finished Product Characteristics** & **References** \\ \hline Burukutu/Otika & & & Malting (steeping, germination), milling, washing, positioning, fermentation, maturation & Viscous, opaque, light brown & \\ Pitro (Ghana, Togo, Nigeria) & & & Malting, grinding, mashing, brewing, lactic fermentation, alcoholic fermentation & & Viscous, opaque, light brown & \\ Tchapalo (Coasta de Fildes, Togo, Benin) & & & Malting, grinding, mashing, brewing, lactic fermentation, alcoholic fermentation & & \\ Pitro (Ghana, Togo, Nigeria) & & & Malting, grinding, mashing, brewing, lactic fermentation, alcoholic fermentation & & \\ Tchapalo (Coasta de Fildes, Togo, Benin) & & & Lactic fermentation, alcoholic fermentation & & \\ Pitro (Africa de Sud) & & & Malting, grinding, mashing, lactic fermentation, alcoholic fermentation & & \\ Dolo (Burkina Faso, Benin, Rwanda) & & & Malting of red sorghum & \\ Pitro (Fukina Faso, Benin, Rwanda) & & & grains, crushing, mashing, cooking, facilitation, politician, alcoholic fermentation, politician, alcoholic fermentation & &  
general, the brewing process involves malting, soaking, germination, grinding, mashing, boiling, fermentation and maturation [42]. Pito is part of many native African beers collectively called sorghum beer or opaque beer. It is a light alcoholic drink commonly found in many regions of Africa. It is produced from sorghum and is known under different names, depending on the tribe or locality. Ghana produces some of the most well-liked types of ethnic pito, such as Frafra pito, Dagarti pito, Kasena pito, Kusasi pito and Grushie pito. In general, pito has a unique sour taste and holds 3-5% alcohol by volume. The technological process consists of two types of fermentation: lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Pito brewing is still artisanal, done primarily by women, and the quality of the product differs greatly producer to producer and even batch to batch. The process of obtaining pito varies depending on the ethnic group or tribe. Generally, sorghum grains are soaked in water, left to germinate for 4-6 days and dried in the sun for two days or more. The dried malt is coarsely ground and mixed with water. Clarifying agents (such as crushed okro stalk bark) are added, and mixed with the suspension, which is then left to stabilize and clear. The obtained mash is boiled, followed by cooling and filtration. the obtained must is subjected to boiling, cooling, and clarification. The clear must is then decanted and inoculated with yeast to ferment. Finally, pito usually has a low brewing yield of 47.28 \(\pm\) 11.74% and an extract recovery yield of 62.21 \(\pm\) 15.44%--compared to a brewing yield of 76% and an extract recovery yield of 97% for lager beer breved in industrial beer factories [108]. Tchapalo is a traditional nonalcoholic, opaque beer that contains suspended solids and yeast and is typically obtained from sorghum in Ivory Coast. This traditional drink is produced in a two-step process comprising lactic fermentation to generate the sweet wort followed by alcoholic fermentation. This beer is typically consumed by women, children and those who want to drink beer without alcohol [114; 115; 116]. Tchapalo and sweet wort contain several nutritional substances that help improve consumer diets. Additionally, popular opinion has attributed medicinal benefits to this drink, including laxative, antimalarial and antihemorhoidal effects, whilst scientific research has indicated that it may potentially work against diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This type of drink is consumed at different African ceremonies (e.g., marriage, birth, baptism, etc.) and festivals, and is also a source of revenue for female brewers.