## 5 Conclusions  
Our study provides a source of information on land use, land cover relationships and carbon fluxes, in order especially to understand and promote more sustainable ecosystems in the BLA. The results suggest that there were changes in mature forests towards more anthropized ecosystems, such as pastures and croplands, from east to south of the BLA, mainly close to indigenous lands and conservation units, in the \"arc of deforestation\". Spatial and temporal variation in the carbon interactions between the biosphere and atmosphere were observed according to the climatic characteristics, land use and land cover. The CO\({}_{2}\) emissions increased between 2.2 and 2.8 ppm annually, with hotspots mainly observed for the southeastern region of the BLA, while CO\({}_{2}\) capture by GPP and CO\({}_{2}\)Flux showed an increase over the years, mainly after 2013, for forests in the north and west, and a decrease towards the southern parts of the region. The forest absorbed 211.05 Tg C annually but lost 135,922.34 km\({}^{2}\) in area, which meant 5.82 Tg C less carbon absorbed due to its conversion to other land use and land cover types, while pasture and agriculture, the main conversions, increased by 100,340.39 km\({}^{2}\) and absorbed 1.32 and 3.19 Tg C less than EBF, emitting \(\pm 2\times\) more than EBF alone, absorbed and stored. To improve estimates and reduce uncertainties in the spatiotemporal distribution of carbon patterns in areas with strong land use and land cover changes, it is necessary to carry out more studies with field data. It is also strongly recommended to analyze a time series over a longer period in order to check for possible anomalies or trends. However, studies like this are important for updating and implementing public policies, subsidizing a more strategic allocation of resources for forest restoration. It is important to bring to light the climate dynamics and changes in the use and land cover occurring in one of the main responsible for carbon stocks in the world, the Amazon, which is essential for the fulfillment of the international agreements signed by Brazil to reduce CO\({}_{2}\) emissions and for the conservation of biodiversity and other ecosystem services. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15112780/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15112780/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15112780/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15112780/s1)), Figure S1. Land use and land cover classes in the BLA between 2009-2019; Figure S2. Annual median of gross primary production (gC m\(-\)2 year\(-\)1) in the BLA between 2009 to 2019; Figure S3. Annual median of carbon dioxide fluxes (umol m\(-\)2 s\(-\)1) in the BLA between 2009 to 2019; Figure S4. Accumulated precipitation (mm year\(-\)1) retrieved from CHIRPS data of the Legal Amazon from 2009 to 2019; Figure S5. Histogram of the distribution frequency of GPP, CO2 Flux and Rainfall data; Table S1. Median values for the variables GPP, CO2 Flux and Rainfall, for each use and land cover in the Legal Amazon from 2009 to 2019; Figure S6. Cluster analysis for Evergreen Broadleaf Forests (EBF), Deciduous Broadleaf Forests (DBF), Mixed Forests (MF), Woody Savannas (WSV), Savannas (SV), Grasslands (GL), Permanent Wetlands (PW), Croplands (CL), Urban and Built-up Lands (UBL) and Water Bodies (WB) classes. Conceptualization, P.M.C.-C., M.L. and C.A.d.S.J. ; methodology, C.A.d.S.J., P.E.T., P.M.C.-C., L.P.R.T. and N.L.S.J. ; formal analysis, F.S.R., C.A.d.S.J., J.L.D.-S., R.D., G.d.O., J.F.d.O.J. and P.M.C.-C.; investigation, P.M.C.-C.; C.A.d.S.J., R.D., M.L. and G.d.O. ; writing--original draft preparation, P.M.C.-C. and C.A.d.S.J. ; writing--review and editing, C.A.d.S.J., N.L.S.J., P.E.T., J.F.d.O.J., L.P.R.T., R.D. and G.d.O. supervision, C.A.d.S.J. and P.M.C.-C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding.