# Wireless Sensor Network Energy Model and Its Use in the Optimization of Routing Protocols
## 1 Introduction
### Significance for Study of Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks
Hence, their maintenance is essential to prevent loss of information within the network. Network energy consumption is directly related to the complexity in the administration of routing or neighbor tables. As sensors execute huge routing processes, energy consumption increases if these routes have not been properly updated. This is why it is also important to assess route delays; they are directly related to the number of jumps that a node takes to reach a destination. This work seeks to further advance the study of performance metrics in the analysis of sensor networks. One of the most important contributions of this work is the relationship between metrics and their influence on energy consumption in a WSN, as well as the comparison of how these metrics perform in widely known routing protocols with respect to a protocol proposed by the authors. An important assessment of these parameters is that routing tables provide critical information about network reliability and the number of valid routes available to the nodes for sending information. These metrics will directly influence packet loss rates in the network as well as information delivery reliability. The aforementioned study is implemented in a sensor network for each routing protocol in which the proposed energy model is also implemented, as described in Table 1. This model is based on the operation of the Texas Instruments CC2530 sensor [35] in active mode and stable conditions. Besides, for nodes under LoRa technology and WiFi, we use the model described in [36]. Global parameters denote the energy rates that each node spends for all activities performed within the network. These types of energy include the energy consumed by the microcontroller, which is regulated by the time the sensor remains on; the CSMA energy used when the node is listening to the channel to determine whether packets may be transmitted or received and the node is executing the CSMA/CA algorithm; the switching energy consumed when switching between activities, i.e., changing from transmission to reception or vice versa; transmission and reception energy used to transmit or receive a packet, respectively; awakening energy used when the node turns on; and the shutdown energy consumed when the node turns off. All of these energies will promptly report how nodes save or consume energy, as the case may be, together with the routing protocol. Each type of energy is provided as an overall network metric. In other words, each energy is incorporated to observe possible points of interest or zoning in the network. Local energy balance depends on the proximity of a node to the destination node. In the scope of this work, the final destination is the coordinator or collector node. As a local aspect, the energy consumption at each node is calculated, which denotes consumption depending on the distance between the node and the coordinator. Thus, the nodes closest to the collector will send their packets and also retransmit packets coming from other nodes. For this reason, the relational position of a node within the network significantly matters.