## 4 Discussion--Challenges and Opportunities for the Bridges of Peru
### Challenges in New Digital Technology Tools to Support Bridge Construction
All designers involved in the work must participate in alignment meetings and have an in-depth knowledge of the profile of the audience for each project. In this way, it is possible to develop competitive advantages and deliver works that really make sense for the end consumer. Figure 19: Some images of the construction process of the La Joya Virgen de Chapi bridge. * Reduce variability: Standardized processes are essential for lean construction. Although each project has its peculiarities and it is almost impossible to escape unforeseen events, it is always possible (and ideal) to adopt work patterns that reduce variation between one project and another. In this way, the project becomes uniform and consistent, with more satisfied clients upon delivery of the work. * Just in time: A lack of planning over time can lead to losses and delays. Therefore, one of the principles of lean construction is the optimization of work cycles, i.e., the time needed to perform tasks. With good planning, it is possible to deliver work in a shorter time, have employees focused on specific tasks, and have a more accurate estimate of work steps. * Make processes transparent: Transparent construction management makes it easier to identify points of error, as all the necessary information is always available to the people who need it. To have more transparent processes and ensure continuous improvement, it is essential to be simple, reduce friction, eliminate visual obstacles on the construction site, have an open communication flow, and ensure a comfortable work environment. Opportunities for Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges in the Face of Flooding Because of Climate Change  
Climate change threatens the structural stability and normal functionality of bridges because it is generated by extreme hydrometeorological events linked to ENSO, which shows the following effects: rainfalls, floods, avalanches, and landslides. These events can cause damage to bridges, such as the hydraulic erosion and undermining of pillars and the partial destruction or total dragging of decks, among others. In this sense, digital technological tools are being implemented to improve bridge monitoring and thus issue warning signals against the effects of climate change. Sensors linked to meteorological stations are being used to measure precipitation levels, temperatures, wind direction and speed, and moisture content, among others [36]. These sensors work wirelessly, where the IoT (Internet of Things) allows for digital connectivity at a wide range and with adequate data transfer speed using different systems such as WiFi, LoRa, and Zigbee, among others [37]. Finally, the use of UAVs or drones allows for access to images of the places where the bridges are located and for the timely identifying of areas of vulnerability and at risk of slope collapse or damage to structural elements and for making preventive decisions against the dangers of climate change [22; 24; 25]. Opportunities for Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges Against Vibration Damage Due to Vehicle Loads and Earthquakes  
The tools provided by Industry 4.0 are allowing for the better study of the performance of bridge infrastructure in the face of extreme seismic events such as earthquakes. For example, by installing sensors such as strain gauges and inclinometers, it is possible to measure deformations, rotations, and displacements in the structural elements of bridges when earthquakes or vibrations are recorded [38; 39; 40]. By knowing the deformations and displacements induced by earthquakes or vibrations in the structural elements, it is possible to compare them with the threshold levels and define whether they are within the ranges of admissibility and safety or, on the contrary, within the range of the implementation of corrective measures for post-earthquake or post-vibration conservation.