## 4 Discussion
### Technical Insights and Solutions to Enhance Drought Resilience  
Enhancing drought resilience in small-holder cattle production systems indeed requires context-specific interventions and support mechanisms that address the challenges and opportunities identified in the study. By integrating and analyzing previous research findings, we can strengthen the discussion and provide a broader context for the study. Improving farmers' knowledge and awareness of drought management strategies and practices is crucial, as highlighted in previous studies [24; 46]. Targeted training programs, workshops, and information dissemination campaigns can be effective in achieving this goal. Agricultural extension services should play an active role in providing technical guidance, sharing best practices, and facilitating knowledge exchange among farmers, as supported by previous research [19; 26]. To ensure continuous learning and capacity building, it is essential to develop accessible and user-friendly information resources such as brochures, manuals, and online platforms. These resources can support farmers in acquiring the necessary knowledge and skills to cope with drought-related challenges. Addressing the financial barriers associated with implementing drought adaptation measures is crucial. Financial support in the form of grants, subsidies, and low-interest loans should be provided by governments, NGOs, and other relevant stakeholders. Additionally, offering financial incentives for adopting climate-smart agricultural practices and participating in collective initiatives can encourage farmers to take proactive actions [40; 47]. Improving institutional support for small-holder cattle farmers is necessary for enhancing drought resilience, as emphasized in previous studies [20; 36]. This can be achieved through the establishment of dedicated programs and initiatives focusing on drought management and providing tailored technical assistance. Ensuring easy access to information, facilitating farmers' participation in decision-making processes, and streamlining administrative procedures for obtaining financial support are important aspects of institutional support. Regular monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of these programs should also be conducted to ensure continuous improvement and accountability. Promoting community-based initiatives and strengthening community networks are effective strategies to enhance collective action and resilience, as supported by previous research [15; 16]. Facilitating farmer-to-farmer knowledge-sharing platforms, establishing farmer cooperatives, and supporting community-led projects can foster collaboration, resource sharing, and mutual support. Encouraging the formation of farmer groups or associations can also provide a platform for advocacy and representation, enabling farmers to voice their concerns and needs at higher levels. Adopting climate-smart agricultural practices is crucial for enhancing drought resilience in small-holder cattle production systems, as highlighted in previous studies [1; 26; 29]. Training programs, demonstrations, and incentives can play a significant role in promoting the adoption of these practices and helping farmers optimize resource use, reduce vulnerability to drought, and improve long-term sustainability. Developing and implementing early warning systems for drought can provide farmers with timely information for decision-making, as supported by previous research [34; 43]. Access to weather-forecasting services, remote-sensing technologies, and localized climate data should be made available to farmers to facilitate informed decision-making. Risk management strategies, such as crop insurance and livestock insurance programs, can also provide a safety net and reduce the financial risks associated with drought [48].