## 1 Introduction  
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are among the most popular wireless communication networks, where sensor nodes represent the main backbone [1, 2]. WSNs can have homogeneous or heterogeneous sensors in terms of configurations, varying from hundreds to thousands in number. Most WSNs are designed for a specific application, and generally, their sensor nodes present some basic functionalities such as sensing, processing, computation and communication. The communication is mainly done with the neighboring nodes considering electromagnetic signals via radio frequency [3]. Besides this, a base station (BS) is typically found at a specified location in the WSN infrastructure, acting like a centralized node where the sensor nodes transmit their monitored data.  
WSNs are application-based communication networks--i.e., according to a specific application, sensors are deployed in the monitoring field and the communication network is built. WSNs are usually deployed in wide-open regions for both monitoring and tracking purposes [4]. Examples of monitoring applications can be found in patient health monitoring, the chemical industry for toxic gas monitoring and the rubber industry. Besides, tracking applications such as pet tracking, wild species tracking and man tracking can be cited for WSN technologies. Recently released hardware has included micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) [5; 6]. The technology for WNSs has drastically changed in recent times, providing more innovative platforms for cost-effective and more efficient communication networks.  
Sensor nodes (SNs) can detect, decipher and send radio frequency information [7; 8]. WSNs have barely any base station (BS) nodes. They have a wide range of uses, such as weather monitoring, front-line tracking, substance detection for compound smoke examination and monitoring in clinics (patients at risk) [9; 10]. Additionally, WSNs are by and large useful in inaccessible and unfriendly conditions where human intercession does not or cannot occur, for checking and tracking purposes. Checking purposes include gaseous tension observation and concoction vapor observation; and tracking purposes include animal tracking and human tracking [11; 12].  
Figure 1 represents the basic general architecture of the WSNs that are faced in this work. Specifically, the architecture is shown for hierarchical clustering-based protocols. Freen colored sensor nodes act as cluster head nodes (CH), and the yellow colored ones are basic sensor nodes for sensing the data. These basic nodes are also known as non-cluster head nodes (N-CH). The blue colored lines show the connectivity between cluster head nodes, and the BS [13]. It can be appreciated that the BS is the main node where all sensed data are aggregated via all sensor nodes. These arrangement of nodes in CH and N-CH generally gives a more efficient network, and the network lifetime persists more than in competing architectures. The communication is typically conducted via radio signals in a way that the ubiquity of nodes can be guaranteed. Emitted signals are listened to by all neighboring nodes, but sensors only respond if the node ID is embedded in the message, discarding the message otherwise.  
In this context, the coordinating protocol can be considered as the crux for managing all functionalities, such as sensing data, aggregating data, controlling overheads, control and management of messages, query generation and developing transmission strategies [14; 15; 16].