esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Antimicrobial Air Filter Coating with Plant Extracts Against Airborne Microbes
###### Abstract  
Antimicrobial air filters are required to protect humans from the risk of secondary bioaerosol pollution as well as airborne particles. Three plant extracts (tea-tree oil, rosemary, and garlic) were selected to replace antimicrobial chemicals in air filters. The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was investigated using _Microococcus luteus_ and _Escherichia coli_. Phytochemicals present in the three plant extracts were identified using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer. The extracts were spray-coated on polyethylene terephthalate filter surfaces using silicate polymeric coating and evaluated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy. After coating, an increase of 9.1% in the pressure drop was observed. The strain _Microococcus luteus_ was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the air filter. After bioaerosol exposure, the tea-tree oil-coated filters immediately induced _M. luteus_ cell inactivation (40-55%), whereas the rosemary and garlic coated filters did not. However, 48 h after exposure, a significant _M. luteus_ inactivation of 99.99%, 99.0%, and 99.9% was recorded for concentrations of 2.89, 6.73, and 11.51 mg/cm\({}^{2}\) for the tea-tree, rosemary, and garlic extracts, respectively. The coated filters exhibited high antimicrobial activity, thereby indicating significant potential for application as self-cleaning air filters.  
air filter; natural plant extract; antimicrobial; PET filter; filter coating; self-cleaning
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] [22] reported that the partial replacement of cement with GGBS affected the total charge passed, permeability, and corrosion rate and flexural stiffness of the beam. On the other hand, [PERSON] [23] conducted a laboratory study on concrete with various dosages and W/B ratio of mineral admixtures exposed to accelerated carbonation at 1% CO\({}_{2}\) concentration at different ages. As a result, it was found that exposure specimen at accelerated carbonation at an early age increased scaling, but the carbonization depth corresponded to a natural exposure of 10 years. It also reported that scaling was significantly reduced by increasing the curing period prior to accelerated carbonation exposure, and that salt frost scaling resistance appeared to be better related to field observation. In addition, [PERSON] [24] tested performance on UHPC, normal, and high-strength concrete through an acid testing device for 12 weeks by stressing an organic acid mix and a sulfuric acid. As a result, it was reported that very high acid resistance could only be achieved by very low capillary porosity and very low reactivity to acid solutions. In particular, it was proven that the depth of degradation can be minimized by reducing the content of Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) by using pozzolanic or latent hydraulic GGBS. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the addition of finely ground secondary raw materials (GGBS, silica fume, fly ash) to cement or concrete can increase the resistance to acidic fluids [25]. As previously mentioned, an increase in the GGBS replacement ratio improves durability under the same unit binder weight, although it decreases compressive strength. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, extant studies do not suggest guidelines on optimal mixing proportions that can secure compressive strength and durability using locally produced GGBS materials for the framework of actual construction sites. There is also a paucity of basic data on chemical compositions to develop GGBS-based binders with excellent durability. Therefore, in the study, durability and engineering performance of binary blended concrete with locally produced GGBS were evaluated based on CaO content and ratio to derive optimal CaO content for excellent durability that can be applied to the framework of actual construction sites. Hence, in series I, particle size distribution, SEM, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and grading distribution were measured for raw material analysis. In series II, slump, air content, water content, and compressive strength were measured for engineering performance analysis. In series III, carbonation depth, chloride penetration depth, relative dynamic elastic modulus, and weight reducing ratio were evaluated for durability performance analysis.
# Study on Compressive Strength and Water Permeability of Steel Slag-Fly Ash Mixed Permeable Brick
###### Abstract  
In order to reduce stormwater runoff, permeable brick was prepared by compounding with fly ash and steel slag as the main substrate. The study found that the amount of steel slag has a significant influence on the compressive strength of permeable brick. When the proportion of steel slag is 6.5%, the compressive strength of permeable brick after 28 days curing can reach 26.32 MPa. The strength of permeable brick decreases with the increase of fly ash content, but the permeability coefficient increases significantly. The results show that the compressive strength and permeability coefficient of permeable bricks can reach a good level when the composite ratio of steel slag is 6%, fly ash is 30%, and the design target of porosity is 20%.  
permeable brick; steel slag; fly ash; compressive strength; permeable coefficient +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Efficient and Secure EMR Storage and Sharing Scheme Based on Hyperledger Fabric and IPFS
## 5 Scheme Implementation
### Data Storage Phase
#### 5.3.3 Attribution Channel  
The attribution channel stores the attribution information of EMR generated after a patient's diagnosis, specifically recording the association between the EMR and the patient. Patients can view their own medical record numbers through the ownership relationship established in the attribution channel, thereby accessing their EMR. Since each EMR's number corresponds uniquely to specific medical data, only the relationship between the patient's \(uid\) and the ciphertext \(C_{N_{EMR}}\) is recorded in the attribution channel, where \(C_{N_{EMR}}\) serves as the unique identifier for the record attribution information \(AttributionInfo\). Patients compute the signature \(PatSign\) for \(C_{N_{EMR}}\) as shown in Equation (6);  
\[PatSign=Sign_{sk_{i}}(C_{N_{EMR}},uid_{i}). \tag{6}\]  
Subsequently, the system invokes the chaincode of the attribution channel to upload \(AttributionInfo=\{C_{N_{EMR}},uid_{i},PatSign\}\) for persistent storage in the attribution channel. If the patient's keys are not compromised, it is highly difficult for attackers to obtain the plaintext of the EMR number \(N_{EMR}\).
# Area Division Using Affinity Propagation for Multi-Robot Coverage Path Planning
###### Abstract  
In the wake of advancing technology, autonomous vehicles and robotic systems have burgeoned in popularity across a spectrum of applications ranging from mapping and agriculture to reconnaissance missions. These practical implementations have brought to light an array of scientific challenges, a crucial one among them being Coverage Path Planning (CPP). CPP, the strategic planning of a path that ensures comprehensive coverage of a defined area, while being widely examined in the context of a single-robot system, has found its complexity magnified in the multi-robot scenario. A prime hurdle in multi-robot CPP is the division and allocation of the operation area among the robots. Traditional methods, largely reliant on the number of robots and their initial positions to segment the space, often culminate in suboptimal area division. This deficiency can occasionally render the problem unsolvable due to the sensitivity of most area division algorithms to the robots' starting points. Addressing this predicament, our research introduced an innovative methodology that employs Affinity Propagation (AP) for area allocation in multi-robot CPP. In our approach, the area is partitioned into 'n' clusters through AP, with each cluster subsequently assigned to a robot. Although the model operates under the assumption of an unlimited robot count, it offers flexibility during execution, allowing the user to modify the AP algorithm's similarity function factor to regulate the number of generated clusters. Serving as a significant progression in multi-robot CPP, the proposed model provides an innovative approach to area division and path optimization, thereby setting a strong foundation for future exploration and practical enhancements in this field.  
affinity propagation; area allocation; coverage path planning 2023  
138207[[https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148207](https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148207)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148207](https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148207))
## 3 Results
### Signal from M. Extensor Digitorum Communuis  
For the m. extensor digitorum communis, sEMG signal features varied across signal variations in both gaits, as shown in Table 3. During both gaits, amplitude was lower than in the raw signal after bandpass filtering at 40-450 Hz and 7-200 Hz, and lowest after low-pass filtering at 10 Hz, as clearly shown in Figure 3. Additionally, during trotting, a difference in amplitude was noted between bandpass filtering at 40-450 Hz and 7-200 Hz. RMS was lower than in the raw signal after bandpass filtering at 7-200 Hz and lowest after low-pass filtering at 10 Hz and bandpass filtering at 40-450 Hz. During trotting, a difference in RMS was also noted between low-pass filtering at 10 Hz and bandpass filtering at 40-450 Hz. During walking, MF was lower than in the raw signal after low-pass filtering at 10 Hz and higher after bandpass filtering at 40-450 Hz, while during trotting, MF was lowest after low-pass filtering at 10 Hz, moderate after bandpass filtering at 7-200 Hz, higher in the raw signal, and highest after bandpass filtering at 40-450 Hz. SNR was higher than in the raw signal after bandpass filtering at 40-450 Hz and lower than in the raw signal after low-pass filtering at 10 Hz. Additionally, during trotting, SNR was also higher than in the raw signal also after bandpass filtering at 7-200 Hz. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Gait**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Signal Variation**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Signal Loss (Residual Signal) per Horse**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Common**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Horse 1** & **Horse 2** & **Horse 3** & **(Residual Signal)** \\ \hline Walk & Low-pass 10 Hz & 19.9\% (80.1\%) & 20.4\% (79.6\%) & 20.7\% (79.3\%) & 20.3\% (79.9\%) a \\ Walk & Bandpass 40–450 Hz & 30.2\% (69.8\%) & 30.9\% (69.1\%) & 31.4\% (68.6\%) & 30.9\% (69.1\%) b \\ Walk & Bandpass 7–200 Hz & 4.3\% (95.7\%) & 4.6\% (95.4\%) & 5.2\% (94.8\%) & 4.7\% (95.3\%) c \\ \cline{2-6}  & \(p\)-value & & & \(<\)0.0001 \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{} \\ \hline Trot & Low-pass 10 Hz & 21.0\% (79.0\%) & 19.2\% (80.8\%) & 19.2\% (80.8\%) & 19.8\% (80.2\%) a \\ Trot & Bandpass 40–450 Hz & 24.9\% (75.1\%) & 26.8\% (73.2\%) & 28.7\% (71.3\%) & 26.8\% (73.2\%) b \\ Trot & Bandpass 7–200 Hz & 3.7\% (96.3\%) & 4.2\% (95.8\%) & 4.2\% (95.8\%) & 4.1\% (95.9\%) c \\ \cline{2-6}  & \(p\)-value & & & \(<\)0.0001 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mean signal loss (%) and residual signal (%) data compared between signal variants (low-pass filtered with a 10 Hz cut-off frequency, bandpass filtered with a 40–450 Hz cut-off frequency, and bandpass filtered with a 7–200 Hz cut-off frequency) for signals obtained from the m. extensor carpi radialis during walking and trotting.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Standard Oenological Parameters  
_Lachancea thermotolerans_ has an unusual and useful ability to partially convert fermentable sugars into L-lactic acid instead of ethanol during alcoholic fermentation [3]. In this study, as reported in Table 1, \(LEV\) wine had a mildly but significantly lower ethanol content (12.9 vol %) and increased concentration of L-lactic acid (0.86 mg/L) in comparison with _SCE_ control wine (13.1 vol % and 0.08 mg/L, respectively). The increase in lactic acid concentration did not affect total wine acidity with a statistical significance, although a higher level was noted in \(LEV\) wine. [PERSON] [11] reported about the changes in total wine acidity from 0 g/L to 5 g/L depending on the concentration of L-lactic acid produced as a result of _L. thermotolerans_ activity, while the highest recorded concentration of lactic acid formed by _L. thermotolerans_ under oenological conditions exceeded 16 g/L [13]. [PERSON] et al. [8] observed a dichotomy between the performances of particular _L. thermotolerans_ strains, with decreases in pH values from up to 0.5 units as a result of increased concentration of lactic acid on one side to concentrations comparable to _S. cerevisiae_ control on the other. The performance of _L. thermotolerans_ in lactic acid production and ethanol reduction was shown to be significantly affected by fermentation matrix and conditions. For example, the same strain under the same inoculation regime reduced the alcoholic strength by 1.6 vol % in sterile and only by 0.3 vol % in non-sterile conditions [10]. In this study, \(LEV\) wine had significantly increased the total dry extract without reducing sugars. Together with the content of alcohol, total dry extract can affect the viscosity of wine that contributes to the fullness of its body [38]. No significant difference in glycerol concentration was observed between the two investigated wines, although the concentration determined in \(LEV\) fermentation was slightly higher. Such a result was in line with the findings reported by [PERSON] et al. [39], [PERSON] et al. [5], and [PERSON] et al. [17], who noted a higher production of glycerol by a _L. thermotolerans_ strain in sequential fermentation, although, in some cases, without a significant difference when compared to _S. cerevisiae_. In a recent study, no significant differences in glycerol concentrations were achieved by sequential inoculation and co-inoculation with _L. thermotolerans_ in comparison to a _S. cerevisiae_ control, although significant differences between different _L. thermotolerans_ strains were observed [8].
## 3 Results and discussion  
### Mass Transfer  
The mass transfer coefficient was found constant in the time period selected, suggesting that adsorption was mass transfer controlled (as opposed to kinetically controlled), see Figure 5a. An improvement in mass transfer by a factor 1.9-3.8 was found under the conditions tested here, see Figure 5b. The largest improvement was observed using 6.35 mm ASB packing solids and the smallest improvement was with the 12.7 mm ASB packing solids. ECA packing solids performed better than the 12.7 and 25.4 mm ASB packing solids and gave an improvement of a factor 2.4. No splash zone formed in the experiments using ECA packing, as opposed to ASB packing.  
When considering the result smallest size of packing, which performed considerably better than the others, care should be taken. This due to that the diameter ratio of the very largest silica gel particles in the particle size distribution (ca. 612 um), to the packing, exceeded the maximum 0.090 recommended by [PERSON] et al. [3] for good quality of fluidization. It is thus possible that fluidisation problems occurred even though this number was not exceeded when considering the average particle size. For the other packings, the maximum ratio was not exceeded.  
The pressure drop was higher with all forms of packing than without, proposing a trade-off situation between packing parameters and mass transfer.  
Figure 4: Principal drawing of solids crossflow measurement setup.
## 2 Some Requirements for Anonymous Authentication
### The Protocol for Requesting an Initial Anonymous Ticket  
In our scheme, the mobile user, \(MS\), can request an anonymous ticket by running the protocol in this section after she/he performs any existing secure mutual authentication protocol with the system, \(V\) and \(H\). There exists a secure channel between \(V\) and \(H\) where the shared encryption key is \(k_{v,h}\). This protocol contains the following steps and it is also shown in Figure 3.  
1. \(MS\to H:(\alpha,\theta)\). First, \(MS\) randomly generates two \(l_{r}\)-bit strings \((m,k)\) and an integer \(r\in\mathbb{Z}_{n_{H}}^{*}\). Then \(MS\) computes \[\alpha=r^{\epsilon_{H}}F_{1}^{2}(m)\bmod n_{H}\] (1) and \(\theta=E_{pk_{j}}(k,ID_{MS})\). Finally, \(MS\) submits \((\alpha,\theta)\) to \(H\).
2. \(H\rightarrow\) The judge device : \((\mu,\gamma,\theta)\). In this step, \(H\) knows that \(MS\), whose real identity is \(ID_{MS}\), wants to request a ticket. Let \(\mu=ID_{MS}\) and \(\gamma\) be the last day of next time slot. Then \(H\) inputs \((\mu,\gamma,\theta)\) into the judge device. \(H\) also records that \(ID_{MS}\) has bought a ticket in the current time slot and she/he will have to return an unused ticket on the due date \(\gamma\) for billing.
3. The judge device \(\to H:(\beta,\rho,\xi)\). First, the judge device decrypts \(\theta\) by computing \(D_{sk_{j}}(\theta)\) and parses the result as \((k,ID_{MS})\). Then it checks if \(\mu=ID_{MS}\). If true, it randomly generates two \(l_{r}\)-bit strings \((r_{j},r_{z})\) and an integer \(b\in\mathbb{Z}_{n_{H}}^{*}\). Then it sets \(w=0\) and computes \(\delta=E_{pk_{j}}(ID_{MS},F_{1}(r_{z}))\), \(\sigma=E_{pk_{j}}(w,r_{j})\), and \[\beta=b^{\epsilon_{H}}F_{2}(\delta,\sigma,\gamma)\bmod n_{H}\] (2) Finally, it computes \(\rho=E_{k}(\delta,b,\sigma)\) and \(\xi=E_{pk_{j}}(r_{z})\) and returns \((\beta,\rho,\xi)\) to \(H\).
4. \(H\to MS:(t,\rho,\gamma)\). After receiving \((\beta,\rho,\xi)\), \(H\) records \((ID_{MS},\xi,\gamma)\) and computes \(t=(\alpha\beta)^{d_{H}}\bmod n_{H}\). Then it sends \((t,\rho,\gamma)\) to \(MS\).  
Figure 3: The protocol for requesting an initial anonymous ticket.  
Unblinding.  
After receiving \((t,\rho,\gamma)\), \(MS\) checks if \(\gamma\) is the last day of next time slot. Then she/he decrypts \(\rho\) by computing \(D_{k}(\rho)\) and parses the result as \((\delta,b,\sigma)\). She/He also computes  
\[s=(br)^{-1}t\bmod n_{H} \tag{3}\]  
Then she/he obtains a ticket \((m,\delta,\sigma,\gamma,s)\) and can verify it by examining if the following formula is true:  
\[F_{1}^{2}(m)F_{2}(\delta,\sigma,\gamma)\equiv s^{\epsilon_{H}}\pmod{n_{H}} \tag{4}\]  
Finally, \(MS\) sets \(i=1\) and \((m_{i},\delta_{i},\sigma_{i},\gamma,s_{i})=(m,\delta,\sigma,\gamma,s)\) and then goes to the protocol of Section 3.4 when she/he decides to use the ticket to roam the mobile networks.
# A Review on Solar Energy Utilization and Projects: Development in and around the UAE
## 6 Other Small Solar Projects Inside the UAE  
Masdar's portfolio includes a variety of minor projects in addition to big projects, such as the Masdar City solar power and Shams 1 facilities. Solar-powered water wells, island grids, lighting, and sustainable agriculture are among them.  
Here are some specifics regarding such projects:  
1. Al-Ain Diwan lighting efficiency: Replacing lights in Al Ain, UAE;
2. Al Hayl Island, UAE: Fifteen hybrid systems with a peak capacity of 200 kW, powered by a battery, diesel generator, and a reverse osmosis package;
3. Al-Jarmain: A solar power grid with a peak capacity of 750 kW on Al Jarmain Island in the United Arab Emirates;
4. Al Wathba stables: A 120-kW on-grid solar photovoltaic plant;
5. Omran hospital in Ras Al-Khaimah has a rooftop photovoltaic with a 450-kW peak and PV-powered streetlights;
6. Sea Palace: A 200-kW on-grid photovoltaic electricity;
7. Sustainable farm: Al Ain, UAE has an eight-acre sustainable farm;
8. Concentrated PV pilot: Masdar City, UAE, 600-kilowatt peak grid.  
As a result, these projects are currently concentrating on additional power generation to meet the rising electricity demand in these areas. They also help transform the UAE's energy mix, leading to decreases in the nation's carbon impact and supplying enough energy to residential houses. Furthermore, with such a large amount of PV energy, the UAE is believed to have the highest potential of any Gulf Cooperation Council member country (GCC).
###### Abstract  
Laser-induced plasma ablation (LIPA) using a 248 nm KrF excimer laser was investigated for microchannel fabrication. Examination of the morphology in relation to ablation performance was emphasized, and a synthetic LIPA mechanism model was proposed based on the results. Backside LIPA with a metal target on the bottom can be attributed to a combination of two phenomena: laser-induced plasma vaporization thermal ablation from the metal target below and enhanced laser-glass direct interaction from the plasma residuum. The laser absorption enhancement of quartz substrate resulting from the metal residuum was validated clearly using absorption spectrum measurements. The influence of laser parameters on the etching quality during LIPA was also analyzed for processing optimization. Finally, fused quartz glass microchannels of outstanding surface quality and dimension uniformity were implemented. The channel depth was 28 um, and the bottom surface roughness was better than several hundred nanometers.  
excimer laser; plasma; laser ablation; fused quartz glass; microstructure +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Therefore, opportune multi-phase nanohybrids or nanocomposites featuring nanocarbon and TiO\({}_{2}\) in conjunction with other components bear great potential for unlocking new multifunctionalities and directing these properties to specific purpose. As we advance our detailed understanding of the mechanisms of interactions and reactions of nanostructured titania, further progress is set to be realized in this fascinating field. New opportunities are arising also from studies on surfaces [232]. The use of photoluminescence spectroscopy is emerging as a key tool to unravel mechanistic details of photocatalytic processes [233]. Finally, chiral nanostructures that can be attained through the templating of self-assembling molecules are also opening the door to new opportunities in non-linear optics, sensing, and photonics [234]. Examples of potential applications include circular polarizers, since titania chiral superstructures showed strong optical activity due to the difference of absorbing left and right-handed circularly polarized light [235]. Optically active films were also obtained from anatase nanocrystals that were spatially organized with long-range chiral nematic ordering, allowing for the selective reflection of circularly polarized light and iridescence [236]. Another emerging area of application lies in electronics and memory devices [114; 237; 238]. A recent report noted that the doping of titania with hydrogen, deuterium, and lithium led to bipolar conduction and a giant positive magnetoresistance, thus significantly expanding the properties of the materials [239]. Doping with cerium enhanced the magnetic properties of semiconductors from UV-light irradiation, thanks to the ferromagnetic orientation of spin densities near oxygen vacancies in Ce-doped titania, as opposed to the anti-ferromagnetic orientations of those found in undoped titania [240]. In conclusion, it appears that there is still a bright future ahead for the application of titania's great ability to interact with light, especially if maximized through the synergy with other nanomaterials and advanced techniques of characterization and fabrication. Writing--original draft preparation, M.C.C. ; writing--review and editing, S.P., P.F. and S.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Part of the described research was funded by EU H2020 NMBP-SPIRE project, grant no. 820723, and by Italian Ministry of University and Research (MIUR) PRIN2015 project number 2015 TWP83Z. The authors would like to thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] for their valuable assistance with the library services. The authors would like to acknowledge COST Action EsSENce CA19118. The authors declare no conflict of interest.