# Constructed Wetlands for the Wastewater Treatment: A Review of Italian Case Studies
## 3 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline
**Type of CWs** & **Location** & **Research Scale** & **Plants Used** & **Wastewater Type** & **Pollutants and Removal Efficiency (RE \%)** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Combined (Lagoons and CWs) & S. Italy & pilot & _Tiptha tajficia_ & Swine wastewater & TSS and OM; (99\%), TN\({}_{\circ}\) (80-95\%) & [74] \\ Surface flow & N. E. Italy & pilot & _Tiptha tajficia_ & Agricultural drainage & TN; (58 kg/ha discharged out), TN input was 526 kg/ha & [75] \\ \hline HF and VF & E. Scily & pilot & _Pragmites sp._ & Municipal effluents & TSS; (85\%), BODs; (65\%), COD; (75\%), TN; (42\%) and TP; (32\%) & [76] \\ \hline  & & & & COD; (91.9\%), BODs; (93.7\%), TN; (48\%), TP; (60.6\%), & \\ HSS & S. Italy & pilot & _Pragmites australis_ & Diaty wastewater and domestic sewage & Nittaires; (23.7\%), Cr.O; Cliffords; (48\%), NL; (68\%), Pb.(69\%), Zn; & [77] \\  & & & & & (85\%), Total Golfers; (99.6\%), _c. coli_ (99.7\%), Faecal & \\ \hline Tanks & N. E. Italy & pilot & _Pragmites australis_ & Perfluorohexyl acids & 50\% reduction in IFAAs & [78] \\ HSS & S. Italy & pilot & _Pragmites australis, Typha tajficia_ & Benzene; (59.78\%) for the _Pragmites_ field and (53.14\%) for the _Tiptha_ field & [63] \\ \hline Hybrid (HF and VF) & C. Italy & large & _Pragmites australis_ & Domestic wastewater & COD; (83-95\%), TSS; (68-93\%), NH\({}^{+}\), (78-98\%), pathogen elimination (5-5 logs) & [79] \\ \hline CW & N. C. Italy & lab & _Pragmites australis_ & Urban and industrial wastewater & Fe; (95\%), Zn (73\%), Cu, (61\%) (with bath experiment), and Cu; (64-80\%), Fe (70-100\%), Zn; (68-58\%) (with column system) & [80] \\ \hline  & & & & & TSS; COD; (71\%), TN; PO; and _Ecoli_ respectively, by: _Vitoraria zimmerla_, 86\%, (86\%), (51\%), (59\%), (2,7\%). _Mysstowns_ \\ HSS & S. Italy & pilot & _Vitoraria zimmerla_, 86\%, (86\%), (61\%), (52\%), (50\%), (23\%), (28\%) & [81] \\  & & & & & treatment plant & _Aromatic dome_, (99\%), (59\%), (53\%), (56\%), (28\%), (28\%), \\  & & & & & & \\ Hybrid (HF and VF) & N. Italy & pilot & _Aster tripolium L. [PERSON]_ & COD; (67\%), nitrate; (86\%), ammonia; (87\%), P; (87\%) with \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline VSS & W. Sicily & pilot & _Pragmites australis, Aramide domex_ & First-flush stormwater & BODs; (75-85\%), COD; (65-60\%), TN; (60-66\%), Cu; (25-66\%), \\  & & & & & & Zu; (88-65\%), _c. coli_; concentration levels \(<\) 100 (CPU 100 mL\({}^{-1}\)) & [83] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of research works performed on the application of constructed wetlands on wastewater treatment in Italy. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of CWs** & **Location** & **Research Scale** & **Plants Used** & **Wastewater Type** & **Solutants and Removal Efficiency (QE \%)** & **Ref. ** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{HSS} & \multirow{2}{*}{E. Sicily} & \multirow{2}{*}{large} & _Pragmatics australis,_ & & & TSS; BODs; COD; TN; NH4\({}^{+}\); and TE; in CW1, CW2, and CW3, & & \\  & & & _Pragmatics australis,_ & Urban wastewater & respectively; CW1; (77\%), (62\%), (63\%), (48\%), (42\%), (25\%); & & \\  & & & & CW2; (90\%), (63\%), (66\%), (44\%), (40\%), (24\%); CW3; (81\%), & & & \\  & & & & & (61\%), (99\%), (44\%), (90\%), (20\%), (20\%) & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{VSS, free water system} & \multirow{2}{*}{N. Italy} & \multirow{2}{*}{large} & _Pragmatics australis_ & Combined server & & COD; (87\%), NH4\({}^{+}\); (93\%) & & \\  & & & overflow & & COD; (94\%), BODs; (95\%), TS8; (84\%), NH4\({}^{+}\); (86\%), TN; (60\%), & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Hybrid (HF and VF)} & \multirow{2}{*}{C. Italy} & \multirow{2}{*}{large} & _Pragmatics australis_ & Mixed (grey/black) wastewater & & COD; (94\%), BODs; (95\%), TS8; (84\%), NH4\({}^{+}\); (86\%), TN; (60\%), & & \\  & & & & & & TP; (94\%), Total collimates faecal collimates; faecal spectropococococococococococ