## 2 Materials and Methods
### Analytical Framework and Indicator System
The landscape pattern encompasses the spatial arrangement and configuration of different land-cover types within an ecosystem, and the connectivity, fragmentation, and heterogeneity of landscapes significantly impact resilience. A high edge density index and impervious area ratio typically indicate a more fragmented ecosystem [55]. A diverse and well-connected landscape can enhance EcoR by facilitating species movement, ecosystem service flows, and the buffering of disturbances from land-use conflicts [56]. Enhancing ecological quality through conservation and restoration efforts is crucial for long-term resilience. High concentrations of pollutants, such as PM2.5, threaten ecological quality. Healthy vegetation growth forms the foundation for maintaining the structure and quality of ecosystems. High ecological quality ensures the structural and functional stability of ecosystems under stress, while promoting faster recovery from damage [57]. TecR was conceptualized into three dimensions: urban infrastructure, technological innovation, and technical performance. Robust and well-designed urban infrastructure, including physical constructs like buildings, roads, and bridges, as well as essential services such as water supply, electricity, and communication networks ensure that a city or organization can withstand various pressures without significant degradation of services [51]. Urban areas and communities with inadequate infrastructure are more likely to be affected by extreme weather events associated with climate change, as well as resource insufficiency brought about by rapid urbanization [35]. The number of internet subscribers and the urban road area reflect the connectivity for material and information flows within and beyond the city. Adequate water supply infrastructure ensures sufficient water availability to meet residents' needs [41]. Technological innovation can continuously optimize system architecture, provide effective solutions and methods for improving system efficiency and adaptability, and enable more robust responses to uncertain global changes in the future [58]. Cities with diverse, flexible, and adaptable knowledge bases and a high level of TecR were better able to avoid technological crises, recover more quickly from crisis events, and be competitive in the long run [59]. Considering data availability, the number of granted patents, the proportion of science and technology financial expenditures, and R&D investment intensity were selected as the technological innovation indicators. Technical performance ensures that existing technologies and systems operate at optimal levels. It can be enhanced through continuous monitoring, maintenance, and system upgrades, which not only strengthen the overall stability and reliability of the technological system but also enhance urban resilience to disruptions [36]. Lower CO2 emissions, water consumption, and sulfur dioxide emissions per CNY 10,000 of GDP indicate that a city's technological system is more effective in reducing endogenous pollution and addressing challenges like climate change and resource scarcity. Overall, based on the definition of urban resilience and the established analytical framework, we selected 9 dimensions and 27 indicators from the social, ecological, and technological aspects of the urban system to form the evaluation index system (Table 1). The selection of indicators was based on related theories and existing research results, enabling a comprehensive, scientific, systematic, and objective reflection of the resilience of each subsystem. All data had high authority, availability, and mature measurement methods, ensuring the feasibility of the evaluation work.