## 3 Results
### Testicular Somatic Cells (Sertoli and Leydig Cells)  
The number of Sertoli cells reduced significantly (\(p\) < 0.0001) in the DM+A treated group relative to the control group and all other treated groups (Table 2). Significant reductions in the Leydig cell nuclear diameter (LCND) were found in all treated groups relative to the control group (DM, \(p\) < 0.0001; DM+A, \(p\) < 0.0001; DM+cART, \(p\) < 0.0001; and DM+A+cART, \(p\) = 0.0004). The LCND of the DM, DM+A, and DM+cART treated groups was significantly reduced (\(p\) < 0.0001) relative to the DM+A+cART group. Additionally, the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Animal Groups** & **Control** & **DM** & **DM+A** & **DM+cART** & **DM+A+cART** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Tubble morphometry} \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Tubble area (\(\mu\)m\({}^{2}\))} & 78,939 \(\pm\) & 59,561 \(\pm\) & 49.840 \(\pm\) & 65,939 \(\pm\) & 75,870 \(\pm\) \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Tubble diameter (\(\mu\)m)} & 692 & 1000 \({}^{\text{ade}}\) & 1180 \({}^{\text{ade}}\) & 722 \({}^{\text{ae}}\) & 849 \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Tubble diameter (\(\mu\)m)} & 310.2 \(\pm\) 1.3 & 269.7 \(\pm\) 2.35 \({}^{\text{ade}}\) & 233 \(\pm\) 3.12 \({}^{\text{ade}}\) & 284.7 \(\pm\) 1.38 \({}^{\text{ae}}\) & 302.8 \(\pm\) 1.55 \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Epithelial height (\(\mu\)m)} & 97.52 \(\pm\) 0.62 & 89.25 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\text{ae}}\) & 64.51 \(\pm\) 1.37 \({}^{\text{ade}}\) & 92.29 \(\pm\) 0.8 \({}^{\text{ae}}\) & 96.31 \(\pm\) 0.78 \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Lumen diameter (\(\mu\)m)} & 97.97 \(\pm\) 3.54 & 79.53 \(\pm\) 2.84 \({}^{\text{ae}}\) & 112.1 \(\pm\) 3.25 & 81.79 \(\pm\) 3.16 \({}^{\text{ae}}\) & 107.4 \(\pm\) 3.86 \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Testicular somatic cells} \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Sertoli cell count} & 23.61 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 22.41 \(\pm\) 0.41 & 9.64 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 22.39 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 22.39 \(\pm\) 0.33 \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Levdig cell nuclear (LCN)} \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{LCN D Diameter (\(\mu\)m)} & 5.85 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 4.82 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{\text{ade}}\) & 4.24 \(\pm\) 0.07 \({}^{\text{ade}}\) & 5.16 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{\text{ae}}\) & 5.52 \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{LCN Volume (\(\mu\)m\({}^{3}\))} & 110 \(\pm\) 2.46 & 67.67 \(\pm\) 2.63 \({}^{\text{ade}}\) & 48.43 \(\pm\) 2.07 \({}^{\text{ade}}\) & 79.8 \(\pm\) 2.65 \({}^{\text{ae}}\) & 94.09 \(\pm\) 2.46 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* In the same row, different superscripts \({}^{\text{a}}\), \({}^{\text{b}}\), \({}^{\text{c}}\), \({}^{\text{d}}\), and \({}^{\text{e}}\) represent significant differences (\(p\) < 0.05) as analyzed by the [PERSON]’s multiple comparison test: \({}^{\text{a}}\) significantly different compared to the control group, \({}^{\text{b}}\) significantly different compared to DM, \({}^{\text{c}}\) significantly different compared to DM+A, \({}^{\text{d}}\) significantly different compared to DM+A+cART, and \({}^{\text{e}}\) significantly different compared to DM+A+cART. Key: DM, diabetes: DM+A, diabetes and alcohol; DM+cART, diabetes and combination antiretroviral therapy; DM+A+cART, diabetes and alcohol and combination antiretroviral therapy.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Mean \(\pm\) SEM tubule morphometry, Sertoli cell count, and Leydig cell morphometry of the animal groups.  
LCND of the DM group was significantly reduced (\(p\) = 0.0001) relative to the DM+cART group, and the LCND of the DM+A treated group was reduced significantly (\(p\) < 0.0001) relative to the DM and DM+cART groups. Furthermore, the Leydig cell nuclear volume (LCNV) was significantly reduced in all treated groups (\(p\) < 0.0001) relative to the control group. In the DM, DM+A, and DM+cART treated groups, the LCNV reduced significantly relative to the DM+A+cART group (\(p\) < 0.0001, \(p\) < 0.0001, and \(p\) = 0.0004, respectively). The LCNV of the DM group reduced significantly (\(p\) = 0.0051) relative to the DM+cART group, and the DM+A group had a significantly reduced (\(p\) < 0.0001) LCNV relative to the DM and DM+cART treated groups (Table 2).