# CERP: Cooperative and Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 Related Works  
In this section, we discuss related papers dealing with RPL problems and highlight our contribution with regard to the literature. Much work has gone into creating new energy-efficient routing protocols and improving existing ones. In the realm of WSNs, RPL is a well-known example of an energy-efficient protocol. In addition, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has adopted it as the default standard routing protocol [17]. However, RPL nodes may be unreliable since inferior pathways are used. This is a topic for further study in RPL architecture since it might be used to improve the service's dependability by allowing for the selection of more robust and high-quality routes [8]. In contrast, cooperative routing algorithms account for the potential for physical-layer cooperative transmission. In [18], the partner node's relay selection for cooperative routing depends on criteria such as residual energy and SNR of the source-partner connection. The authors demonstrate that using SNR-based criteria yields superior outcomes regarding stability period, decreased latency, and packet loss. Optimal relay selection protocols that save energy and work together are presented for underwater WSNs. This uses the position and depth of the sensor nodes together to make its selections. In [19], the authors show that data packets are less vulnerable to variations in channel quality. They proposed CoopRPL,  
Figure 1: RPL DODAG building process. an implementation of RPL that incorporates a cooperative communication technique, to improve the dependability of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) networks [20]. The authors in [21] addressed energy efficiency and demonstrated that cooperative methods may achieve better results than non-cooperative ones. In reality, if the energy is most effectively distributed between the source and the relay, the system performance of cooperative systems may be further enhanced. Many academics are interested in how cooperative diversity might be used to reduce power consumption in WSNs [21; 22]. As cooperative transmission has become popular, it is considered in the routing mechanism, and there has been much effort put into developing and assessing cooperative routing protocols [23]. In [24], Matlab simulations are used to test and evaluate a suggested routing method that cooperatively considers energy route and channel awareness. Using the CoEPACA protocol, a higher degree of dependability may be attained with much less power. In [25], To ensure that IoT devices use as little energy as possible, a new routing measure, SPR, was created, and a more nuanced cross-layer goal function for RPL was suggested. [PERSON] et al. [20] demonstrated that, compared to RPL and opportunistic RPL, their suggested protocol improves the packet delivery ratio (PDR) by up to 20% and 10%, respectively, under best-effort conditions. They also demonstrated a 15% reduction in end-to-end latency compared to the RPL protocol. In [26], the authors present the cooperation-aided routing protocol for lossy networks, which is the result of incorporating cooperative communication into the RPL protocol. Each node may send data to its desired parent through a relay node, which improves the dependability and decreases the energy usage at each hop in the network. The simulation findings show that their solutions may significantly reduce the energy use. Similarly, in [27], considering the quality of the interlinks, the authors suggest a hybrid energy-efficient cluster-parent-based RPL routing protocol (HECKPL) to improve both efficiency and dependability. In terms of extending the network lifespan and delivering more consistent data transmission, they show via simulation results that their proposed protocol exceeds the benchmark RPL. Energy efficiency has been investigated [28] from many directions, with some focusing on fostering cooperation between the nodes performing different sensing functions and others on creating numerous versions of the system.