## 3 Bioartificial Organs as a Solution to Organ Failure
### Current State of Bioartificial Organ Technology  
A number of bioartificial organ technologies already exist and are in use in human patients. Bioartificial livers (BALs) have existed since 2001, when Dr. [PERSON] developed a device that _Time_ named its invention of the year [39]. Since that time, BAL technology has improved dramatically, and many cases of acute liver failure are currently treated with BALs. However, the present state of technology functions only as a bridge treatment, allowing patients with diseased livers to wait out a transplant or for their liver to heal naturally [42].  
Many institutions are currently researching a bioartificial pancreas; however, no such device is presently available for patients. Significant progress has been made in mimicking the function of a  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**ONE** & & & & **YEAR CHART** \\ \hline
**Medical Costs** & **25\% Adoption** & **50\% Adoption** & **75\% Adoption** & **90\% Adoption** \\ \hline
12.5\% & $72,140,063 & $144,280,125 & $216,420,188 & $259,704,225 \\
15\% & $86,568,075 & $173,136,150 & $259,704,225 & $311,645,070 \\
17.5\% & $100,996,088 & $201,992,175 & $302,988,263 & $363,585,915 \\
20\% & $115,424,100 & $230,848,200 & $346,272,300 & $415,526,760 \\ \hline
**TWO** & & & & \\ \hline
**Medical Costs** & **25\% Adoption** & **50\% Adoption** & **75\% Adoption** & **90\% Adoption** \\ \hline
12.5\% & $216,420,187 & $432,840,375 & $649,260,562 & $779,112,675 \\
15\% & $259,704,225 & $519,408,450 & $579,112,675 & $934,935,210 \\
17.5\% & $302,988,262 & $605,976,525 & $908,964,787 & $1,090,757,45 \\
20\% & $346,272,300 & $692,544,600 & $1,038,816,900 & $1,246,580,280 \\ \hline
**THREE** & & & & \\ \hline
**Medical Costs** & **25\% Adoption** & **50\% Adoption** & **75\% Adoption** & **90\% Adoption** \\ \hline
12.5\% & $432,840,375 & $865,680,750 & $1,298,521,125 & $1,558,225,350 \\
15\% & $519,408,450 & $1,038,816,900 & $1,558,225,350 & $1,869,870,420 \\
17.5\% & $605,976,525 & $1,211,953,050 & $1,817,929,575 & $2,181,515,490 \\
20\% & $692,544,600 & $1,385,089,200 & $2,077,633,800 & $2,493,160,560 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Estimated three-year hemodialysis cost impact analysis after adoption of autonomous vehicles.  
healthy pancreas, and the Imperial College London is currently conducting ambulatory trials of their bio-inspired artificial pancreas with type-1 diabetes patients [43]. The state of technology is much the same with bioartificial kidneys: while no viable device currently exists, many lines of research are closing in on a workable--and marketable--solution. At present, the FDA is working closely with the Kidney Project--a joint initiative between UC-San Francisco and Vanderbilt University--to bring the first bioartificial kidney to market. The development team expects to enter human clinical trials as soon as later in 2017 [43].  
As of 2017, no functional bioartificial heart exists, although wholly synthetic, artificial hearts have existed since 1982. In 2008, scientists created the first bioartificial hearts from rat cadavers. In 2014, researchers developed human-sized bioartificial porcine hearts. Currently, however, researchers have yet to develop a transplantable, bioartificial heart utilizing either porcine or human cadaver hearts [44].