## 3 Demand-Side Management  
Demand-side management is an essential part of an intelligent grid architecture because it allows consumers to adjust their load consumption patterns, making it a critical feature of an energy management system in power delivery networks [11; 12]. \"The planning, implementation, and monitoring of those daily activities designed to influence customer use of electricity in ways that will produce desired changes in the utility's load shape, i.e., time pattern and magnitude of a utility's load,\" according to the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) [13]. Instead of relying on additional generation to meet demand, DSM prioritizes the integration of power-saving techniques, the implementation of variable or dynamic unit pricing, and the adoption of DR-based programs to minimize peak load, managing the DGs to establish a proper power balance, as shown in Figure 2.  
Figure 1: Review methodology for this paper.  
The four methodologies outlined below and illustrated in Figure 3 can be used to classify various alterations that can be used to shape and define the electricity load profiles:  
_Energy efficiency (EE):_ These are end-user, appliance-specific controls intended to reduce load utilization over time by employing energy-saving methods on the device level. Rather than relying on an event-triggered strategy for consumption profile minimization, energy efficiency refers to the reduction in overall load consumption achieved by providing more efficient power delivery for each unit with respect to the supplied input power to the appliance, decreasing consumption over time. An in-depth look at the energy efficiency improvement profiles, measurements, and roadblocks can be found in [14,15].  
_Time of use (ToU):_ The ToU pricing method divides the utility's fixed tariff into 24 h time blocks and then assigns a variable pricing profile for each period [16,17]. This method can help keep peak load rates and seasonal fluctuations in pricing tariffs under control based on the hourly block-based signal tariff of electricity units.  
_Spinning reserve:_ In the case of a drastic shortfall in generating levels, the spinning reserve is synonymously recognized with the electric power system's backup power, which may be utilized by the distribution network operator (DNO) to balance the difference or gaps between demand and supply in generation [18]. Power outages can be caused by  
Figure 3: Basic principle of DSM.  
Figure 2: Principle of DSM in the smart grid environment.  
various factors, including damage to producing units, inadequate load prediction, and dispatch scheduling [19]. In general, there are two types of spinning reserves: primary and secondary [16], with the central spinning reserve employing frequency regulation to limit active power output and the secondary spinning reserve injecting extra active power.  
_Demand response_: Energy users depart from their usual use patterns in response to unit rate variations over time or incentive programs. The primary focus is to reduce load profiles during critical tariff periods in the energy wholesale market or when grid reliability is uncertain [20]. Short-term variations throughout the day's critical peak pricing/usage times, when demand is low and spinning reserve capacity is scarce, are of primary interest to DR. DSM is more concerned with long-term load profiles, which may be accomplished on the demand side by improving energy efficiency or adopting consumer-centric usage behavior.