## 2 State-of-the-Art Intelligent Transport Management Systems
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Architecture** & **Architecture** & **Altitudes of** & **Unsup of Live** & **Traffic** & **Traffic** & **Monitoring** & **Multimodal** & **Congestion** & **Routing** & **Validation** & **Beneficiaries** & **Platform Used** \\  & **Used** & **Network** & **Traffic Data** & **System** & **Transport** & **Cost** & **Guidance** & **Type** & **Replications** & **for Implementation/Simulation** \\ \hline
[46] & Multi-agent (Distributed and Scalable) & Yes & No & No & Yes & Yes & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Yes \\ (Carbon Emission and Speed) \\ \end{tabular} & No &
\begin{tabular}{c} Simulation \\ and Real-Time \\ \end{tabular} & Commuters & JADE \\ \hline
[50] & Centralized & & & & & & & & \\  & Computing & Yes & No & No & Yes &
\begin{tabular}{c} Yes \\ Traffic Volume, \\ Speed, etc.) \\ \end{tabular} & No & Simulation & Commuters & JAVA \\ \hline
[51] & Multi-agent (Distributed and Scalable) & No & No & No & Yes & No & Simulation & Commuters & MATSim \\ \hline
[52] & Centralized & & & & & & & & & \\  & Computing & No & \begin{tabular}{c} Yes \\ (Various Sources) \\ \end{tabular} & Yes & Yes & No & No & \begin{tabular}{c} Simulation \\ and Real-Time \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Traffic \\ Management \\ Authority and \\ Commuters \\ \end{tabular} & Not Specified \\  & Architecture & No & Yes & Yes & Yes & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Yes \\ (Distance, Time, \\ Environment) \\ \end{tabular} & Yes & Simulation &
\begin{tabular}{c} Traffic \\ Authority and \\ Commuters \\ \end{tabular} & Not Specified \\ \hline
[14] & Centralized & & & & & & & & & \\  & Architecture & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
[53] & Centralized & & & & & & & & & \\  & Computing & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & \begin{tabular}{c} Yes \\ (Travel Time) \\ \end{tabular} & No & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Simulation \\ and Real-Time \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Management \\ Authority and \\ Commuters \\ \end{tabular} & OMNet++ \\  & Architecture & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
[54] & Multi-agent (Distributed and Scalable) & Yes & No & No & Yes & No & \begin{tabular}{c} Traffic \\ Authority and \\ Commuters \\ \end{tabular} & MATES \\ \hline Our Proposed & \begin{tabular}{c} Multi-agent \\ (Distributed and Scalable) \\ \end{tabular} & Yes & Yes (SCOT) & \begin{tabular}{c} Virtualization \\ Tool \\ \end{tabular} & Yes & \begin{tabular}{c} Yes \\ (Estimated \\ Emissions and \\ Travel Time) \\ \end{tabular} & Yes & \begin{tabular}{c} (Estimated \\ Emissions and \\ Travel Time) \\ \end{tabular} & Yes & \begin{tabular}{c} Yes (Mobile \\ App) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Simulation \\ and Real-Time \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Management \\ Authority and \\ Commuters \\ \end{tabular} & AGlobe \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of our multimodal route recommendation approach with existing frameworks. Indeed, the existing multi-agent-based approaches suffered from several shortcomings [46; 51; 54]. They did not propose a tool for the authorities, there is no application for route guidance, and they do not use the real-time traffic data in their experiments. Moreover, in some studies, the primary beneficiaries are commuters and not the authorities [46; 51]. While the work proposed in [54] might be beneficial to the authorities, however, they focused on the tramway attributes and did not consider other factors like congestion cost, route guidance, and carbon emissions. The works discussed in [14; 50; 52; 53] focused on overcoming traffic management issues by deploying centralized architectures. Other works, e.g., [14; 50], relied on travel time estimations calculated from historical datasets and did not use live traffic data. These solutions [14; 52] did not consider the congestion cost (e.g., carbon emissions) for promoting sustainable travel. Finally, the offered solutions [52; 53] did not offer a mobile app to guide commuters through the optimum route.