## 4 Discussion
Significantly decreased Ca and P levels in the farmed turbo, compared to the wild-caught, fish is a reflection of pathological changes detected in gills (that may affect the ionic permeability and cause decreased ionic levels in the blood) and kidney tissues. Renal dysfunction could also contribute to the hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia ([PERSON] et al., 2018). The same changes induced multiple higher activity of intracellular enzyme CK that is released after cell damage and is therefore often used as an indicator of tissue damage ([PERSON] et al., 2018; [PERSON] et al., 2018). Activity of ALP can be elevated following various stresses ([PERSON] et al., 2018), and elevated activity of this enzyme in the wild-caught turbid is most likely caused by infestation with tapeworm _B. scorpii_([PERSON] et al., 2018). Exposure of fish to unfavorable conditions induces oxidative stress and activation of enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the first line of defense system and the most powerful antioxidant in the cell that catalyzes the decomposition reaction of the superoxide radical to the oxygen molecule and hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is further decomposed to water and oxygen by GPx. It plays an important role in preventing lipid peroxidation and membrane damage and also has microbicidal properties ([PERSON] et al., 2018; [PERSON] et al., 2018). Antioxidant defenses in fish may be affected by many factors, such as the feeding behavior, nutritional factors, exposure to hypoxia, and parasitic infestations leading to increase in SOD and GPx activities ([PERSON] et al., 2018). Results of our study revealed significantly higher SOD and lower GPx activity in farmed turbo. The reason for higher SOD activity in farmed turbo could be feeding the fish diets with a high lipid level ([PERSON] et al., 2018), while higher activity level of GPx in the wild-caught turbo could be due to parasite infestations, a higher level of membrane damage ([PERSON] et al., 2018), and consequent malnutrition/starvation. This is consistent with the findings of [PERSON] et al. (2018), who showed significant increases of GPx level in sea bass deprived of food for 5 weeks. Stress conditions can lead to change of leukocyte profile, causing lymphopenia accompanied or not by neutrophil ([PERSON] et al., 2018). Therefore, the relative proportion of neutrophils to lymphocytes (N:L ratio) as an index of secondary stress response are increasingly used as a complementary method of physiological stress assessment ([PERSON] et al., 2018). Although we expected higher values in the farmed population, a significantly increased ratio was observed in the wild-caught turbid, which is most likely a consequence of infestation with _B. scorpii_ or the stress hormones produced because of the infestation. There is evidence that this ratio could be influenced by diseases, including parasitic infestation ([PERSON] et al., 2018). Heat shock or stress proteins (HSPs) are another sensitive and reliable indicator of molecular response of fish to different stressors such as pathogens, inflammation, starvation, hypoxia, cold shock, environmental contaminants, and husbandry stressors ([PERSON] et al., 2018; [PERSON] et al., 2018). Changes in gene expression of HSP-70, HSP-90, and WAP-65 associated with stress response to environmental (salinity, temperature, oxygen, hypoxia, and hyperoxia) and husbandry stressors (confinement, handling, overcrowding) have been detected in different fish species ([PERSON] et al., 2018; [PERSON] et al., 2018). In turbo, many studies have focused on the temperature effects on HSP gene expression ([PERSON] et al., 2018; [PERSON] et al., 2018), whereas very little is known about how this species responds to different living regime within the optimal temperature range. In our study, we analyzed HSP70, HSP90, and WAP-65 in kidney and liver tissue and expected higher expression in the farmed population because of multiple farming stressors.