esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Review on Soft Mobility Infrastructure Design Codes
## 2 Codes for Soft Mobility Infrastructure
### Design Features
#### 2.3.4 Speeds  
As shown in Supplementary File S2, speed limit and design speed are the most important keys input in road design but rarely appear in SMI codes. This could be due to the lack of evidence as actual speeds remain largely unknown due to limited speed measuring equipment. Variables equivalent to V85 were not found in the reviewed codes. However, scientific evidence suggests that bicycle speeds do show variability, and they are affected by factors like cars. A recent study in China, for example, indicates that low bicycle volumes and larger number of male cyclists are related to higher average bicycle speeds [50]. Similarly, when the pedestrian density increases, the average walking speed of pedestrians will decrease until the density is too high and they cannot move [51].  
On the contrary, bicycle speed limits and design limits are defined in BJ, TW, WA, and ZA based on safety criteria. Those limits vary from 20 km/h (BJ) to 50 km/h (ZA). There, BJ has a speed limit of 20 km/h for all kinds of cycle paths and lanes. Meanwhile TW carried out the design speed varies from 10 km/h to 30 km/h which will influence the horizontal radii of the path. WA only regulated the design speed of SMI of 18 mph (29 km/h). But for ZA, they made more specific for the SMI design speed. When the downhill grade is less than 3%, 30 km/h design speed is required, 40 km/h for 3-7%, and 50 km/h for more than 7%. It should be noted though that lower speed limits may apply to specific SMI  
Figure 7: Forces acting on a bicycle travelling along a horizontal with a superelevation [40].  
if necessary. Finally, enforcement is not a common practice as speed radars capable of verifying violations at this speed range are not generally commercialized, traffic police do not make regular controls, and, in many cases, relevant fines are not defined in national road codes.  
Speed limits for pedestrians were not observed. But, speed limits and special limitations only for e-scooters are required in the countries and regions we reviewed except BJ, NA, and TZ, as summarized in Table 8 with other factors. It is worth noting that although the national laws and regulations in mainland China does not set any regulations on the driving of electric scooters on the road other than minimum age-allowed and maximum speed, Beijing and Shanghai respectively banned all low-speed electric vehicles from driving on the road through local regulations in 2018 and 2016, respectively (except for electric bicycles purchased and used by individuals and legally registered and licensed). According to official explanations, these electric scooters are small in size, fast in speed, and have poor braking ability. Riders often do not wear any protective gear, which not only poses a great safety hazard to the riders, but may also cause traffic accidents and injure others, so they are completely banned from the road.
## 2 General Model
### IoT-Service Providers  
The IoT-SPs are the owners of the sensors. IoT-SP\({}_{j}\) pays a price \(p\) for each sensing-data-unit transmitted by its sinks through the OP and announces a price \(f_{j}\) per time unit that will be charged to its users. According to the previous information, we can compute the IoT-SP\({}_{j}\) profit as:  
\[\Pi_{\text{IoT-SP${}_{j}$}}=y_{j}Mf_{j}-x_{1}rN_{j}p=y_{j}Mf_{j}-R_{j}p, \tag{7}\]  
where \(y_{j}M\) is the number of users subscribed to the IoT-SP\({}_{j}\) service and \(x_{j}rN_{j}\) is the number of sensing-data-units transmitted by the sinks per time unit through the OP. The first part of the expression are the revenues obtained from the users, while the second part is the cost of transmitting the sensors data through the OP network.  
Figure 2 shows the pricing scheme of the model described in this section, where WSN\({}_{j}\) are all the sinks of the IoT-SP\({}_{j}\)\((j=1,2)\).
## 3 Results
### Anti-Mutagenic Effect of WST Extracts  
The WST extracts showed inhibitory effects towards spontaneous mutations in the _Salmonella typhimurium_ TA98 strain and TA100 strain (Table 2). In the previous cytotoxicity test, the _Salmonella typhimurium_ cells were treated with WST extracts at a concentration of 1.25 and 2.5 mg/plate, and the survival rate were all over 90%. In the spontaneous mutation inhibition test using TA98, at 1.25 mg/plate, the inhibitory rate was 37.6%; at 2.5 mg/plate, the inhibitory rate was 65.4%. These results indicated that WST had a certain inhibitory effect on the occurrence of spontaneous  
Figure 1: Scavenging activity of Wushanshencha (WST) extracts towards 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), hydroxyl radicals (OH), and 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiaazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt radicals (ABTS). (**A**): DPPH radical; (**B**): OH radical; (**C**): ABTS radical. Ascorbic acid was used as positive control in anti-oxidant experiments. \({}^{\text{a-d}}\) Mean values with different letters in the same bar graph are significantly different (\(p<0.05\)) according to [PERSON]’s multiple range test.  
mutations. In the spontaneous mutation inhibition test using TA100, at 1.25 mg/plate, the inhibitory rate was 51.7%. When the concentration of WST was increased to 2.5 mg/plate, the inhibition rate was 80.8%.  
The WST extract exhibited an anti-mutagenic effect in the _Salmonella typhimurium_ TA98 strain induced by 2, 7-AF and the TA100 strain induced by MNNG (Table 3). In the anti-mutation experiment using _Salmonella typhimurium_ TA98, when the concentration of the WST extract was 1.25 mg/plate, its mutagenic inhibitory rate was 33.6%. After increasing the concentration to 2.5 mg/plate, the anti-mutagenic effect was increased significantly, with an inhibitory rate of 60.5%. In the anti-mutation experiment using TA100, at 1.25 mg/plate, the inhibitory rate was 46.5%; at 2.5 mg/plate, the inhibitory rate was 77.1%. The inhibitory effect of the WST extracts towards the mutagenic _Salmonella typhimurium_ TA100 was substantially better than that towards TA98.
## 3 Experimental Setup
### Selection of Study Area and Historical Objects  
The UK and Ireland is the study area for this research. The authors are working in a university in Ireland and also have extensive knowledge of the UK and the OSM communities in both regions. We feel that the approach in this paper is sufficiently generic and flexible that it could be applied, in the future, to any OSM region(s). The OSM history data used here was extracted from a full planet history dump for April \(2011\). There is no guidance from the literature as to the most suitable value for the lower threshold of version for a \"heavily edited\" object. As described in the literature review the concept of \"heavily edited\" objects in OSM is loosely based upon the concept of \"featured articles\" in Wikipedia. We sought to identify objects in OSM which exhibited characteristics of collaborative editing: multiple editors, changes and reverts to tags and geometry, and a long edit history. An analogous concept is available in Wikipedia by comparing \"heavily edited\" objects in OSM to featured articles in Wikipedia. At the time of writing, that there are \(3377\) featured articles out of \(3,744,295\) articles on the English Wikipedia [45] corresponding to \(1\) from every \(1000\) articles. [PERSON] _et al_. [33] explain that usually heavily edited articles in Wikipedia gain the status of \"featured article\" and are subsequently recognized as articles of high quality. [PERSON] _et al_. [35] based their analysis of quality of Wikipedia articles on successive edits and therefore focused on articles with a long edit history. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [38] focus on articles which have been edited frequently, particularly those by the same contributor. [PERSON] _et al_. [46] indicates that quality increases, and stabilizes, the more contributors work on a given article. Table 1 shows the distribution of version numbers amongst all objects in the UK and Ireland databases. In total there are \(3,793,813\) objects in the OSM database for the UK and Ireland. It is evident from the table that objects with low version numbers are the most frequently occurring. Just under \(60\%\) of all objects in the UK and Ireland OSM database exist having only a single version. There are \(3,617,350\) objects (equivalent to just over \(95\%\) of all objects) in the UK and Ireland OSM database with a current version number of between \(1\) and \(5\) inclusive. In Wikipedia the collaboratively edited object is an _article_ or knowledge artefact [33] while in OSM the object can be a polygon or polyline representing some real world geographic feature. We decided to analyse those \"heavily edited\" objects in our OSM dataset with \(15\) or more versions of editing. This represents approximately \(0.4\%\) of all available objects. The total number of objects with \(15\) or more versions of editing is \(15,640\). This criteria allows us to discard analysis, for this study, of objects in OSM with a very low number of edits which would in all likelihood exhibit little collaborative editing behaviour. Our software and subsequent analysis is flexible enough to
## 3 Results
### Control Network Impact Analysis
The presence of systematic errors in the results indicated the importance of the factor of control network quality. As the processed satellite observations may yield coordinates with high precision, it does not imply compliance with the local realization of the used reference frame. The importance of this conclusion is even greater, taking into account the dynamic measurements in the mobile railway platform. The local density of points and coordinates quality affect the harmonization of GNSS processed data with the railway numerical maps.
## 1 Introduction
[27] established a multi-frequency precise satellite clock offset estimation model to obtain clock offsets and the corresponding IFCB. [PERSON], et al. [28] first modeled the IFCB and then brought the model coefficients into the undifferenced model to obtain the corresponding IFCB model coefficients, which can improve IFCB estimation accuracy. [PERSON], et al. [29] merged IFCB into phase OSB at the third frequency, which simplifies the PPPAR process. But, it is not very convenient for multi-frequency float PPP. However, these methods require the estimation of the ambiguity parameters for the basic frequency as well as the third frequency. The ambiguity parameters will increase with the increase in observations, and its corresponding computational burden is enlarged [30]. Therefore, it is very meaningful to develop an IFCB estimation method with high computational efficiency and accuracy. With this background, we developed the new undifferenced IFCB estimation model considering the receiver time-variant biases, and further converted it into code and phase time-variant mixed OSB to improve multi-frequency PPP (MFPPP) performance. The new model avoids the negative impact of receiver time-variant biases on the satellite mixed OSB, and it has good accuracy and low noise. First, the mathematical methods of the traditional ED GFIF-phase time-variant OSB model and new undifferenced mixed OSB model coupled with satellite clock offsets and an analysis of their characteristics are presented in detail. Then, the processing datasets and the corresponding processing strategies are presented. Naturally, the experimental analysis about the advantages of the new undifferenced mixed OSB model and its benefits on MFPPP are introduced in the following section. Finally, the conclusions are summarized.
# A Novel Method of Calibrating Micro-Scale Parameters of PFC Model and Experimental Validation
## 4 Experimental Design and Analysis
### Analysis of Variance
#### 4.2.1 Influence of Micro-Scale Parameters on Uniaxial Compressive Strength  
Table 5 shows that the effects of \(A\) and \(C\) on uniaxial compressive strength are extremely significant, while that of \(B\) is not significant. As the value of \(A\) increases, the uniaxial compressive strength increases linearly and significantly. By contrast, the uniaxial compressive strength increases slowly with the increase of \(C\), but the factor \(B\) has little effect on the uniaxial compressive strength (see Figure 4a). When the coded values of \(B\) and \(C\) are both zero, the uniaxial compressive strength (192 MPa) when \(A\) is 1 is found to be 2.87 times that (67 MPa) when it is \(-\)1. Within the range of \(B\), the strength changes from 120 to 130 MPa. It can be observed that the effect of \(A\) on uniaxial compressive strength is more significant than that of \(C\).  
According to the \(p\)-value obtained from the analysis of variance, it is further found that the interactions between \(A\) and \(C\) and between \(B\) and \(C\) have a significant effect on the uniaxial compressive strength, which are illustrated in Figure 4b,c. Figure 4b shows that the uniaxial compressive strength increases as \(A\) and \(C\) increase simultaneously. The response surface plot also verifies that \(A\) has a greater influence on intensity than \(C\). Further on, the strength is also significantly affected by the interaction between \(B\) and \(C\) (see Figure 4c). When the coded values of \(B\) and \(C\) are near zero, the uniaxial compressive strength has a maximum value.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Source**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Sum of Squares**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Mean Square**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(p\)**-Value**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(p\)**-Value**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & \(y_{1}\) & \(y_{2}\) & \(y_{3}\) & \(y_{1}\) & \(y_{2}\) & \(y_{3}\) & \(y_{1}\) & \(y_{2}\) & \(y_{3}\) & \(y_{1}\) & \(y_{2}\) & \(y_{3}\) \\ \hline Linear & 266.47 & 119.59 & 1.72 \(\times 10^{-3}\) & 29.61 & 13.29 & 1.91 \(\times 10^{-4}\) & \(<\)1 \(\times 10^{-4}\) & \(<\)1 \(\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.9916 & 0.9776 & 0.9463 \\ 2 FI & 181.86 & 55.77 & 1.72 \(\times 10^{-3}\) & 30.31 & 5.96 & 2.86 \(\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.2617 & 0.0056 & 0.9999 & 0.9943 & 0.9933 & 0.9463 \\ Quadratic & 16.62 & 3.03 & 7 \(\times 10^{-6}\) & 5.54 & 1.01 & 2.33 \(\times 10^{-6}\) & \(<\)5 \(\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.0004 & \(<\)1 \(\times 10^{-4}\) & 0.9995 & 0.9994 & 0.9998 \\ Cubic & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & — & — & — & — & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Model summary statistics.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Source**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Sum of Squares**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Mean Square**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(p\)**-Value**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(p\)**-Value**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & \(y_{1}\) & \(y_{2}\) & \(y_{
## 2 Simulation Method and Model
### Interatomic Potential  
Interatomic potential \(U(r_{i})\) is a function describing the interaction potential energy between atoms with given positions in a system. The embedded atom method (EAM) developed by [PERSON] [17] is an interatomic potential \(U(r_{i})\) applicable to describe atomic bonding in metallic systems. In EAM potential, metal is treated as a set of positively charged atomic nuclei embedded in an electron pool, while each atom is viewed as being embedded in the background electron density provided by neighboring atoms. Thus, the potential energy of a system is mainly contributed by two sources: the embedding energy gained by embedding the nucleus in a pool of electrons, and the pair interaction energy between nuclei of different atoms.  
\[E_{total}=\sum_{i}F(\rho_{i})+\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j}\Phi(r_{ij}),i\
eq j \tag{5}\]  
where \(F(\rho_{i})\) denotes the embedding energy required to embed atom \(i\) into the background electron density, \(\rho_{i}\) is the background electron density, \(\Phi(r_{ij})\) is the short-range electrostatic interaction between nuclei \(i\) and \(j\), and \(r\) is the distance between nuclei.  
For the \(i\)th nucleus, the EAM potential is composed of three functions, i.e., the pair energy \(\Phi\), the electron density \(\rho\), and the embedding energy \(F\). However, for an alloy, the EAM potential should consider not only these three functions, but also the pair energy fab between different elements \(i\) and \(j\). The EAM alloy potential provided by [18; 19] is an integrated embedded atom potential database applicable to a number of metals and their alloys. The EAM alloy potential can be determined by generalizing the EAM potentials and their cutoff distances. It is applied to describe the forces acting between atoms in the form of  
\[\overset{\rightarrow}{F}_{i}=-\
abla_{\overset{\rightarrow}{r}_{i}}F_{total }=-\sum_{i}\sum_{i<j}\left[\frac{\partial F_{i}(\rho_{i})}{\partial\rho} \frac{\partial f_{j}(r_{ij})}{\partial r_{ij}}+\frac{\partial F_{j}(\rho_{j} )}{\partial\rho}\frac{\partial f_{i}(r_{ij})}{\partial r_{ij}}+\frac{\partial \Phi_{ij}(r_{ij})}{\partial r_{ij}}\right]\frac{\overset{\rightarrow}{r}_{ij}} {r_{ij}} \tag{6}\]  
where \(f(r)\) denotes the electron density function.
# Minimum Distance Optimization with Chord Edge Growth for High Girth Non-Binary LDPC Codes
## 4 Complexity Analysis and Design Examples  
In this section, the method for constructing NB-LDPC codes while using the progressive chord edge growth strategy is comprehensively analyzed. The complexity of the method is first analyzed in terms of the number of cycles and the number of candidate configurations for each chord edge. Subsequently, several examples of NB-LDPC codes constructed using the proposed method are shown. The distribution of cycles that do not meet the FRC is counted, and the performance of the designed codes is evaluated through computer simulation.
## 1 Introduction  
The application of radiofrequency neuroectomy on the masseteric nerve has steadily increased and is now widely used for cosmetic purposes such as reduction of masseter muscle hypertrophy. Furthermore, attempts have been made to apply masseteric nerve neuroectomy for the treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). As the number of cases grow, related side-effects and medical disputes are also increasing [1].  
Initially, radiofrequency neuroectomy was developed as a method to relieve symptoms by blocking sensory nerves that cause pain in chronic pain patients [2]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] used radiofrequency on the Gasserian ganglion with a percutaneous approach for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia [3]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] described detailed surgical methods for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia based on radiofrequency coagulation [4]. Since then, its application has been widened to include motor nerves. [PERSON] and [PERSON] used radiofrequency for the treatment of posttraumatic spasticity [5].  
At the early stage of development, masseter muscle reduction was performed by coagulating and causing necrosis of the involved masseter muscle using radiofrequency [2].  
Afterwards the procedure has developed into a type of neuroctomy that blocks nerve-muscle communication through the application of radiofrequency with a nerve stimulator device that can search for motor nerves within the muscle [2]. Compared to electric cautery which is done with electrosurgical devices and surgical lasers that directly transmit high output heat to destroy tissue, alternating current radiofrequency devices induce ionic agitation to the tissue, which continually generates frictional heat in the tissue itself. The tissue is coagulated by this secondary heat energy [6].  
A previous paper reported that side-effects due to muscle tissue damage were less with radiofrequency neuroectomy since the technique only thermally coagulates motor nerves innervating the muscle itself and the therapeutic duration is longer compared to that resulting from botulinum toxin injection. However, related reports are relatively sparse in spite of the increasing number of complaints of side-effects after masseteric nerve neuroectomy [2].  
Therefore, in this case series we will present 2 cases consisting of various symptoms in relation to the radiofrequency neuroctomy procedure that was done on the masseteric nerve, along with other relevant clinical characteristics. The case series also includes a literature review on the few studies that report on radiofrequency neuroectomy of the masseteric nerve. The details provided in this article will help clinicians to understand possible side-effects that are specific to the procedure and distribute measures to be taken during the diagnostic process for appropriate patient selection and prevention and alleviation of possible side-effects including aggravation of TMD symptoms.
## 1 Introduction
PLA's physical limitations, including low thermal stability and high thermal expansion, hinder its suitability for long-term applications in construction [45]. Exposure to heat and moisture can cause rapid deterioration, making it unsuitable for critical structures like  
recent years, especially PLA composites. Its printability is also better, as is its environmental impact. PLA was investigated precisely as an alternative to ABS. The study evaluates the potential of these materials as sustainable alternatives to conventional concrete reinforcements like steel and Kevlar. However, the primary focus lies in understanding the chemical reactions and solubility of these materials in NaOH solutions as well as their resistance under three-point mechanical loading tests. While this research was limited to five materials due to constraints, it lays the groundwork for future studies that will explore additional options, such as PET-G (polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified) and PCTG (polycyclo-hexylenedimethylene terephthalate glycol-modified). The structure of the study includes the following sections: Section 1 is the Introduction, Section 2 contains Materials and Methods, Section 3 introduces Results and Discussion, and Section 4 presents Conclusions. The main contributions of the paper are as follows:  
* Exploring 3D-printed PLA and ABS for concrete reinforcement--the study investigates the use of 3D-printed structures as an alternative reinforcement material for concrete beams, continuing previous research on PLA applications [66];
* Comparative analysis of engineering materials--it examines the performance of five engineering materials (high-impact PLA, engineering PLA, electrical ESD PLA, gypsum PLA, and ABS) in a concrete environment, focusing on mechanical load-bearing capacity and chemical stability;
* ABS as a benchmark for PLA--ABS is used as a benchmark due to its widespread use in 3D printing and its mechanical properties. The study evaluates PLA as a potential alternative to ABS, emphasizing PLA composites' advantages in printability and environmental impact, as ABS is non-degradable (see Section 2.1);
* Chemical and mechanical testing--investigation of the solubility of the material in NaOH solutions (simulating the high-pH environment of concrete) and the mechanical resistance using three-point bending tests;
* Sustainability and future research directions--these highlight the potential of PLA and other materials as sustainable replacements for conventional reinforcements like steel and Kevlar. The study also paves the way for future investigations, suggesting further research on materials like PET-G and PCTG.