## 6 Bioconversion of Wastes by Submerged Fermentation of Macrofungi  
Table 3 sums up the findings of 52 publications in which 56 species of macrofungi were grown in substrates containing 47 different agro-industrial wastes and residues in submerged cultivation and successfully produced various fungal products. \begin{table}
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Fruit and vegetable production creates streams of residues from peels, leaves, kernels, and pomace. _Pleurotus_ sp. produced significant amounts of the enzyme lacase (6493 U/mL) when cultured in substrates containing mandarin peels [194], while the _Pleurotus_ mycelial biomass protein content was 25.4% and 55% when apple pomace [24] and yam dextrose [202] were used as substrates, respectively. _M. esculenta_ was utilized for the valorization of loquat kernels through the production of considerable quantities of EPS (5.4 g/L) [197], in contrast with _Pleurotus_ sp., which produced much smaller quantities of EPS (0.54 g/L) when cultured on yam dextrose [202]. Olive mill wastewater with various pretreatments and dilutions has been exploited for the production of substantial amounts of lacase by _T. ochracea_ (1490 U/mL) [206], _C. unicolor_ (112.8 U/mL), and _P. ostreatus_ (23.4 U/mL) [204]. Satisfying amounts of glucans were produced by _P. ostreatus_ (21 g/L), _G. lucidum_ (19.7 g/L), and _P. citrinopiletus_ (18.8 g/L), cultured in a 2.5 L bioreactor [207]. According to a recent study, _P. pulmonarius_ produced an impressive 32.76 g/L of biomass that was rich in intracellular polysaccharides (4.38 g/L), indicating that OMW is a promising substrate for the biosynthesis of high-added value bioactive compounds [27]. Winemaking residues such as grape marc have been vaporized for the production of fungal protein by _L. eddes_ (19.9%) and _G. lucidum_ (19.7%) [209]. The beer industry generates enormous amounts of lignocellulosic residues known as brewer's spent grains (BSG), which are suitable to produce mycelial biomass and enzymes. _H. erinaceus_ cultures in BSG produced 7.7 g/L of biomass rich in the valuable secondary metabolite erinacine C (175 mg/g) [212], and T. versicolor generated high lacase activity (560 U/L) and biomass with total polyphenols content of 3% [213]. Spent coffee grounds have been vaporized in liquid cultures of _C. sinensis_, resulting in biomass with satisfying glucosamine content (140.3 ug/mL) and antioxidant activity [215]. Side streams from the sugar industry, cereals, legumes, and nuts value chains are also very promising feedstock materials for liquid cultures of macrofungi. Indicatively, _P. pulmonarius_ produced 5.6 g/L of EPS in groundnut shells and 2.1 g/L in walnut husks [199], whereas _M. rotunda_, _M. vulgaris_, and _M. conica_ cultures in beet molasses generated 3.94, 3.93, and 3.18 g/L EPS and 3.34, 4.24, and 4.8 g/L of IPS, respectively [28]. _M. elata_ cultured in expired wheat cereal hydrolysate generated 1.34 g/L EPS [25], while  
\begin{table}
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**Sector** & **Substrate** & \begin{tabular}{l} **Mushroom** \\ **Species** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{l} **Culture** \\ **Conditions** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{l} **Bioactive** \\ **Compounds** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{l} **Publication** \\ **Year** \\ \end{tabular}  & **Reference** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{9}{*}{\ \begin{tabular}{l} Wheat Bran \\ Wheat bran \\ Wheat bran \\ Wheat straw \\ Wheat straw \\ Wheat straw \\ Wheat straw \\ Wheat straw \\ Wheat straw \\ \\ Wheat straw \\ \\ \end{tabular}  } & _M. vulgaris_ &
\begin{tabular}{l} _M. vulgaris_ \\ _M.elta_ \\ _T. aestivum_ \\ _T. aestivum_ \\ _A. chazingu_ \\ _M. esculenta_ \\ _P. volaturus_ \\ _P. volaturus_ \\ _P. ostreatus_ \\ _P. M. esculenta_ generated 2.91 g/L in wheat bran. The lipid content of the mycelial biomass produced by _Morchella_ species in beet molasses and cereal side streams is generally low and ranges from 0.28 g/L up to 5.91 g/L [25; 28].