# Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Extracts from Selected Plant Material
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antibacterial Activity
europaeum_ than to _K. pneumoniae_ and _E. coli_ against both methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The ethanolic extract (80%) of _B. pendula_ showed a good antibacterial effect against _B. cereus_[70] and, as in our study, a moderate effect against the other strains tested, with _S. aureus_ being the most sensitive strain with an MIC of 0.25 mg/mL. The _C. incanus_ extract was more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. In the study by [PERSON] et al. [47], it was also observed that aqueous extracts of _C. incanus_ exhibited better activity against Gram-positive bacteria, mainly _S. aureus_ and _S. epidermidis_, with MIC ranges between 0.5-8 and 0.25-4 mg/mL, respectively. In turn, [PERSON] et al. [71] confirmed the reasonable antimicrobial activity of aqueous _C. incanus_ extracts against all Gram-positive bacteria tested, with an MIC value of 4 mg/mL and no activity against Gram-negative bacteria in the tested concentration range. Aqueous extracts from two _Cistus_ species (_C. creticus_ and _C. salviitolius_) of Croation origin showed very similar activity toward the same bacterial species, especially against _A. baumannii_ FSST-20 clinical isolate (MIC 250 ug/mL), _A. baumannii_ ATCC 19606 (MIC 500 ug/mL) and _S. aureus_ MRSA-1 (MIC 500 ug/mL) [57]. However, slightly better activity of _C. creticus_ was found against _S. aureus_ ATCC 29213 and _P. aeruginosa_ ATCC 27853. In our study, the MIC results against _S. aureus_ ATCC 25923, _S. epidermidis_ ATCC 12228 and _E. faecalis_ ATCC29219 of aqueous ethanolic _C. incanus_ extracts were lower and reached the value of 0.125 mg/mL but against _E. faecium_ ATCC 6057 it was 0.5 mg/mL. These differences may be related to the use of different species of _Cistus_ originating from different geographical regions and the use of different solvents in the extraction process. Similar MIC values were also obtained for _S. aureus_ and _S. epidermidis_ strains when extracts from _G. urbanum_ and red raspberry were studied. In comparison, the study by [PERSON] et al. [16] showed that the ethyl acetate and _n_-butanol fractions of the roots and aerial parts of _G. urbanum_ inhibited the growth of Gram-positive pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria of the genus _Staphylococcus_ more strongly than methanolic extracts and other fractions. The MIC values for the methanolic extracts of _G. urbanum_ were higher than those obtained in our experiment. In addition, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of fresh and dried _G. urbanum_ roots showed a marked inhibitory effect on _S. aureus_ after placing 0.6 mg extract on the disc [72]. In turn, the _E. faecalis_ strain was the most sensitive to the aqueous ethanolic extract of _G. urbanum_, with an MIC value of 0.0625 mg/mL. The sensitivity of this bacterial strain was also found when white mulberry and red raspberry extracts were used in the study. The MIC values were higher than those for the _G. urbanum_ extract. These were 0.5 mg/mL when the white mulberry extract was tested and 0.25 mg/mL for the red raspberry extract. In contrast, the methanolic extract of wild raspberry leaves from the Balkan region and aqueous mulberry extracts from Mae Hong Son were the most effective against _E. coli_ ATCC 8739 [38; 73]. The _G. urbanum_ rhizome extract was also effective against selected strains of Gram-negative bacteria, achieving MIC values ranging from 0.125 to above 2 mg/mL. The most sensitive strains to _G. urbanum_ rhizome extract were _A. baumani_ (MIC, 0.125 mg/mL), _B. bronchiseptica_ (MIC, 0.125 mg/mL) and _S. maltophilia_ (MIC, 0.25 mg/mL). These bacterial strains were also susceptible to lemon balm extract, which showed significantly stronger antibacterial activity against _B. bronchiseptica_ and _S. maltophilia_ than against _K. pneumoniae_. It is worth noting that the lemon balm extract showed a higher MIC value against _E. coli_ than the other aqueous ethanolic extracts tested. However, the aqueous ethanolic extract from the root of _A.