###### Abstract
Space exploration encompasses a wide range of risks that must be carefully managed to ensure the safety of astronauts and the success of the mission. Technical risks, such as rocket malfunctions, spacecraft failures, or equipment malfunctions, can have dire consequences on the mission's outcome. Human risks arise from the physiological and psychological effects of prolonged space travel, including muscle and bone loss [1], cardiovascular issues, and psychological stress [2]. Launch and reentry risks involve critical maneuvers that can encounter complications, potentially jeopardizing the mission. The space environment itself presents risks such as microgravity, extreme temperatures, radiation, micrometeoroids, and space debris. Mission design and planning risks encompass factors such as trajectory calculations, fuel requirements, navigation accuracy, and communication protocols. Budgetary and schedule risks add additional complexity, requiring careful financial planning and management to avoid cost overruns and schedule delays. Furthermore, space missions often involve international collaborations, leading to political risks arising from geopolitical tensions, disputes over intellectual property rights, or changes in national priorities. While managing these risks is crucial, it is equally important to integrate sustainability principles into space missions. Environmental sustainability involves minimizing the negative impact on the space environment, such as avoiding contamination of celestial bodies with Earth-based microorganisms and reducing space debris through responsible satellite disposal practices. Resource utilization plays a significant role in sustainability, with the exploration and utilization of space resources offering potential solutions for life support, propulsion, and manufacturing. Ethical considerations in space missions involve respecting the cultural and scientific value of celestial bodies, as well as ensuring equitable participation and benefit-sharing among nations and individuals. Long-term planning emphasizes the need to make decisions that consider the consequences and impacts on future missions and generations. International cooperation facilitates responsible behavior, information sharing, and standardization of practices. Competition is gaining popularity as a potentially helpful kind of inter-organizational collaboration model for improving ventures' long-term success [3]. Lastly, public outreach and education are essential for fostering understanding, support, and engagement from society in sustainable space exploration practices. To effectively address the complex relationship between risk, sustainability, and supply chain in space missions, a multi-criteria optimization model can provide a systematic framework for decision-making. This conceptual model considers a variety of criteria, including environmental impact, resource utilization, mission cost, and societal benefits, allowing decision-makers to evaluate trade-offs and identify optimal mission strategies that balance risk and sustainability objectives, in addition to the optimal supply chain for space mission organization and execution. Using such a model, space agencies can make intelligent choices that maximize the benefits of a space mission while minimizing their environmental footprint, efficiently handling risks, and optimizing the supply chain structure required for delivering needed components and resources for completing space mission-required (planned) tasks. A practical approach is offered in this paper to demonstrate the actual implementation of the multi-criteria optimization conceptual model. The practical approach demonstrates how the model may be used to guide the design of a space mission, while having a focus on risk factors, sustainability concerns, and an efficient supply chain structure [4]. By examining a real-world scenario, we can gain valuable insights into the challenges, opportunities, and trade-offs involved in addressing risk, sustainability and supply chains in space missions.