## 5 Discussion
### Slip Partitioning Along the Xianshuilie Fault Zone  
Regarding the study of slip rates in the XSHFZ, they can generally be classified into three categories based on time scales (annual scale, millennial scale, and million-year scale) and into two categories based on technical means (those using geodetic data and those using seismological data). Slip rates obtained from geodetic data such as GNSS and InSAR primarily indicate the current slip rates of the fault zone. The period considered is relatively short, typically ranging from several years to several decades. Slip rates since the Late Quaternary (millennial scale) are primarily determined by the fault features of tectonic landforms and the ages of landforms calculated through geochronology. Slip rates at the geological time scale (million-year scale) are mainly derived from the geological offsets and the ages of the corresponding faulting events. By summarizing the existing reports on the slip rates of the XSHFZ, we find that there are different understandings regarding the spatial variation in fault slip rates, primarily characterized by three viewpoints. One viewpoint suggests that the slip rate of the XSHFZ gradually decreases from northwest to southeast [1; 2; 40]; another proposes that the slip rate increases from north to southeast [7; 16; 30]. Additionally, some research findings indicate that the slip rates of different segments of the XSHFZ are \(\sim\)10 mm/yr [3; 19]. The slip rate results obtained from this study suggest that the average slip rates of the Luhuo, Daofu, Qianning, Kangding, and Moxi segments are 11.5 \(\pm\) 0.4, 11.5 \(\pm\) 0.2, 13.2 \(\pm\) 0.3, 13.6 \(\pm\) 0.2, and 10.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 mm/yr (Figure 10). The Qianning and Kangding segments have the highest slip rates, followed by the Luhuo and Daofu segments, while the Moxi segment exhibits the lowest slip rate. Figure 9: The observed and computed values of three-dimensional deformation field and the probability density distribution of their residuals. (**a**) Comparison of calculated east-west deformation rate with observed GNSS east-west deformation rate; (**b**) Comparison of calculated North-South deformation rate with observed GNSS North-South deformation rate; (**c**) Comparison of calculated vertical deformation rate with observed Leveling deformation rate; (**d**) Probability distribution of residuals of the east-west deformation rate; (**e**) Probability distribution of residuals of the north-south deformation rate; (**f**) Probability distribution of residuals of the vertical deformation rate. The slip rates of the XSHFZ obtained from different observation techniques also exhibit significant differences. Slip rates obtained from geodetic data are concentrated within the range of 7-15 mm/yr [13; 14; 15; 24; 25]. Some research studies show relatively higher slip rates, which may be attributed to relatively sparse early geodetic data. For instance, [PERSON] [20] obtained a slip rate of approximately 20 mm/yr for the XSHFZ using block models based on an early sparsely distributed GNSS velocity field. However, utilizing the same method with the latest data, the slip rates for the fault zone are reported to be in the range of 12-15 mm/yr [23; 24]. Slip rates obtained from seismological data are primarily concentrated between 5 and 10 mm/yr (Figure 10), except for a few higher slip rates. [PERSON] et al. [1] provided a slip rate of 15 \(\pm\) 5 mm/yr for the northwestern segment of the XSHFZ based on tectonic geomorphology offsets and radiometric dating results. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [11] even proposed a slip rate of 30 mm/yr. [PERSON] et al. [3] summarized the offsets of various segments and reviewed the corresponding age results to propose a slip rate of 9.5 \(\pm\) 1.5 mm/yr for the XSHFZ since the Late Quaternary. The geomorphic offsets resulting from long-term tectonic movements in the XSHFZ are generally consistent across different studies. The reason for variations in slip rates mainly lies in the determination of the ages when these offsets occurred.