# Broadband Power Line Communication for Integration of Energy Sensors within a Smart City Ecosystem
## 2 State of the Art
### Related Works
#### 2.3.4 Measurements of Real PLC Systems  
The last part briefly presents several articles in which the measurements of BPLC technology were provided. Ref. [60] describes a hybrid smart grid architecture that consists of a serial bus, ethernet, power line technology (PLC), controller area network (CAN) and wireless communication. Each of these technologies was measured. The NPLC system was installed to an LV underground line, where the transmit amplifier frequency  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Year** & **Content Focus** & **Simulator** & **Line** \\ \hline
[51] & 2019 & Validated model of HomePlug AV PLC in NS-2 & 2–28 MHz & LV \\ \hline
[59] & 2013 & Characterization and modelling of real NPLC channels & 50–150 kHz & MV \\ \hline
[56] & 2019 & BPLC simulations of real topology with repeaters in comparison & 1.8–30 MHz & MV \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Papers dealing with comparison of simulations and measurements.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Year** & **Content Focus** & **Band** & **Line** \\ \hline
[52] & 2018 & Hybrid communications architecture for smart grid & 1.8–30 MHz & MV \\ \hline
[48] & 2013 & Mathematical modelling of PLC channel with noise levels & 1–100 MHz & MV \\ \hline
[53] & 2007 & Research of noise characteristics & 0.4–2 MHz & MV \\ \hline
[54] & 2016 & Simulations of BPLC for AMI architecture & 1.8–30 MHz & LV \\ \hline
[55] & 2018 & Basic PLC simulations in NS-3 & – & – \\ \hline
[56] & 2019 & Advanced BPLC G.hn simulations & 1.8–30 MHz & \\ \hline
[57] & 2018 & Simulation of cooperative in-home PLC network & 2–30 MHz & – \\ \hline
[58] & 2018 & Designing an adaptive OFDM modulation method & 2–30 MHz & MV \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Papers dealing with BPLC simulation with focus on frequency bands.  
response was monitored in the range 1-20 kHz, which corresponds with the standardized band CENELEC-A.  
Experimental measurement presented in [61] focuses on BPLC adapters intended for home use. Used devices meet HomePlug AV2 (HPAV2) recommendations. The goal of the measurement was line throughput comparison of laboratory and office environments on the LV line, where the frequency range 2-86 MHz was used. Standardized RFC methodologies were used for evaluation. Similar work in [8] used IEEE 1901 BPLC modems for measuring throughput in laboratory and real field scenarios. Standardized RFC methodologies were also used for evaluation.  
Ref. [62] shows a communication system architecture for the SCADA system where LV smart meters are monitored. NPLC, for which the experimental tests, were provided is partly used in the architecture. These tests have been carried out in the pilot smart grid of the island of Favignana. Other work [63] tested BPLC technologies in the substations of LV and MV lines. The tests were provided under real conditions and the performance requirements were defined according to the IEC 61850 standard [64]. Interesting results show the estimated dependability of MV and LV BPLC systems with values higher than 99.53% for each measured hop. The paper also shows the throughput of LV BPLC modems on the topology using the _iperf_ tool [65]. Works that focus on measuring throughput of BPLC systems in the real field are [8,66]. These papers describe the testing methodology in detail and describe the conditions of the measured topology, such as SNR values. Used BPLC devices and measurement setup are also described. The focus of the papers is the suitability of BPLC technology for smart grid applications where remote data acquisition is required. Table 5 shows a paper overview of the works dealing with performed measurements of PLC systems under real conditions.