# BIM and GIS Applications in Bridge Projects: A Critical Review
## 3 Analysis
### Information Exchange  
Table 6 shows the applications of BIM/GIS technology at all stages of the bridge information exchange from 25 studies. Among them, two studies [15; 90] investigated the integration of BIM and GIS technologies, Ref. [15] proposed the necessary IFC and IFD standards as the premise of unifying bridge maintenance information, and Ref. [90] realized the conversion from an IFC (BIM) to a Shapefile (GIS) through an open source algorithm. There is no standard extension of GIS in the collected literature. Table 6 shows that bridge managers operate with bridge information models based on extended standard [15; 19; 20; 55; 56], data integration [18; 19; 36; 41; 44; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70] and interoperability [11; 22; 46; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 67; 69; 90]. In order to better realize the application of BIM/GIS technology in the field of bridge engineering, researchers first compile bridge BIM/IFC standards according to the requirements of bridge maintenance [19] or expand BIM/IFC in the existing standard [15; 20; 55; 56] and gradually integrate BIM/GIS data before developing an advanced algorithm to interact with BIM/GIS data. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Examples** & **Application Type** & **Key Outcome** & **Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[11]} & \multirow{4}{*}{Interoperability} & \(\bullet\) & Addressed the existing collaboration gap & \(\bullet\) & Digital models need to be \\  & & among different stakeholders and the & & updated by adding more \\  & & discontinuity of information between the & & information on their \\  & & various stages of bridge projects. & & performance. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[19]} & \multirow{4}{*}{IFC standard} & \(\bullet\) & Developed rules of unique identifier and & & \\  & & information reassignment, and applied a & & element model, which \\ \cline{1-1}  & & semi-automated naming algorithm. & & strongly limits the \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & It was observed that information retrieval and & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & extraction for components was possible & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & through a semantic-based query to the & & of IFC for bridge structures. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & generated IFC-based bridge information model. & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: BIM/GIS uses in information exchange. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Examples** & **Application Type** & **Key Outcome** & **Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[15]} & \multirow{4}{*}{BMS} & \(\bullet\) & Build a BMS for a real long-span cable-stayed bridge & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & BIM model could not be \\  & & that incorporated GIS and satisfied main maintenance & & connected to the finite \\ \cline{1-1}  & & functions, such as information management, bridge & & element model, which \\ \cline{1-1}  & & inspection, condition evaluation, repair and & & strongly limits the \\ \cline{1-1}  & & reinforcement tracking, multi-scale visualization, and & & structural analysis \\ \cline{1-1}  & & collaborative management. & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & not mined deep enough. & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._