# Therapeutic Potential of Seaweed-Derived Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular Disease Treatment
## 6 Conclusions  
The active compounds extracted from seaweed have been widely used for a long time, owing to their many benefits for improving human health. Increasing evidence has indicated that increasing the consumption of seaweeds helps decrease the risks of CVD and other related diseases by modulating different biological signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. Further detailed human research is necessary to verify the clinical relevance of bioactive compounds isolated from seaweeds. In summary, this review lists the bioactive compounds isolated from different seaweeds to ameliorate CVD. This review will help summarize these concepts and promote further in-depth research.  
Conceptualization, C.-H.C. and Y.-A.L.; writing--original draft preparation, C.-H.C., Y.-A.L. and M.-Y.K.; writing--review and editing, Y.-J.J. and S.-H.L.; visualization, C.-H.C. and M.-Y.K.; supervision, Y.-J.J. and S.-H.L.; project administration, S.-H.L.; funding acquisition, S.-H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (Ministry of Science and ICT, MSIT) (No. NRF-2020R1A2C2012608).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Target Disease/Mechanism** & **Bioactive Component** & **Model Used** & **Biological Effect** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{_Undaria_ _Pinnatifida_} & Atherosclerosis/decreased in & \multirow{3}{*}{Fucoxanthin} & \multirow{3}{*}{in vivo} & – Decreased tryglycerides in plasma: & \\  & serum TG levels & & & 19.4 mg/100 mL & \\  & & & & - Enhancement of HDL-cholesterol in & \\  & & & & plasma: 7.5 mg/100 mL & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{_Codium fragile_} & Obesity/altered in serum & \multirow{3}{*}{Siphonaxanthin} & \multirow{3}{*}{in vivo} & – Decreased serum lipid: total-C & \multirow{3}{*}{[157]} \\  & lipid & & (21 mg/dL) and tryglyceride (16 mg/dL) & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{_Pineodactylum_ _tricoruntum_} & Diabetes mellitus/\(\alpha\)-amylase & \multirow{3}{*}{Fucoxanthin} & \multirow{3}{*}{in vitro} & – Enzyme inhibitory activity (Ki): & \\  & and \(\alpha\)-glucosidase inhibition & & & \(\alpha\)-amylase (0.13 mM) and \(\alpha\)-glucosidase & \\  & & & (0.05 mM) & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Sargassum_ _fissforme_} & Atherosclerosis/LXR\(\beta\) & \multirow{3}{*}{24(S)-Saringosterol} & \multirow{3}{*}{in vitro} & – LXR\(\beta\)-mediated transactivation: & \\  & agonist activity & & & 3.50-fold vs 1.63-fold compared with & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & control \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Diabetes & \multirow{3}{*}{24(S)-Saringosterol} & \multirow{3}{*}{in vitro} & – \(\alpha\)-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC\({}_{50}\)): & \\  & mellitus/\(\alpha\)-glucosidase & & acid,189- & 18\(\alpha\)-glycyrrhetic acid (113.30 \(\mu\)M), & \\  & & & & 189-glycyrrhetic acid (128.72 \(\mu\)M), FAs & \\  & inhibition & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Sargassum_ _Serratifolium_} & Diabetes & \multirow{3}{*}{Sargachromenol and _Serratifolium_} & – \(\alpha\)-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC\({}_{50}\)): & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Carotenoids and other bioactive substances isolated from seaweeds with therapeutic potential against cardiovascular disease.