# Calculation Method of the Blasting Throwing Energy and Its Variation Affected by the Burden
###### Abstract
[15] used cement pouring model samples to carry out the tests, combined it with the constitutive model to verify the test results, and finally obtained the softening curve. [PERSON] et al. [16] carried out blasting model tests and systematically studied the cutting blasting effect. [PERSON] et al. [17,18] designed several sets of blasting model tests and a blasting plan ensuring the cutting effect was obtained. [PERSON] et al. [19,20] conducted rock-like material model tests, and the non-linear change law of rock mass damage and the advantages of V-shaped grooves were proposed. [PERSON] et al. [21] carried out a physics model test to simulate the blasting disturbance on the underground tunnel. Through a series of physical model tests, [PERSON] et al. [22] found that fire caused the capacity of reinforced concrete structures to withstand explosive loads to decrease. [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [23] developed a transparent hard rock-like material used for blasting model tests. [PERSON] et al. [24] conducted research through high-speed photography technology and gave test suggestions for the additional interface problem of small-scale model blasting. [PERSON] et al. [25, 26, 27] studied the backfill samples after demolding; they used X-ray and other means to study the mechanical properties of fillings with different lithological compositions. Through the above literature, we found that there are few studies using model tests to study casting velocity. Model testing is a commonly used method in the research field, and it is suitable to use it to study casting velocity and throwing contour. For throwing blasts: [PERSON] et al. [28]'s refining article found that only about 20-30% of the blast energy released is utilized to fragment and throw the material. [PERSON] et al. [29] discussed in detail the calculation method of flying rock distance in deep hole blasting. [PERSON] et al. [30] and [PERSON] et al. [31] used a neural network to predict the throwing effect of bench blasting. [PERSON] et al. [32] studied blasting fly-rocks from three aspects: theoretical analysis, model testing, and numerical simulation,and finally obtained a method that can estimate the throwing distance of fly-rocks. [PERSON] et al. [33; 34; 35] launched a series of studies on the fly-rock problem in throwing blasting. Aiming at the difficulty in throwing rock fragments from traditional cut blasting, [PERSON] et al. [36] proposed and demonstrated an advanced blasting technology. [PERSON] et al. [37] presented the results from shock-tube experiments of single-span masonry walls subjected to dynamic blast loads characteristic of far-field explosions and free-field blast propagation. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [38], [PERSON] et al. [39], and [PERSON]. [40] each proposed a new method to predict the distance of fly-rocks in throwing blasting. According to the above summary, the goal of much research on throwing blasting is throwing distance. However, the most critical factor affecting the throwing effect is the initial velocity of the rock breaking. Further research is needed on how to precisely control the casting velocity. In terms of the blasting calculation method, [PERSON]. [41], [PERSON] [42], and [PERSON]. [43] proposed methods for damage and vibration problems in the process of blasting and tunneling. [PERSON]. [44; 45] used image analysis programs to measure burst fragments and dimensional analysis to describe the blasting fragmentation problem. [PERSON]. [46] proposed a fractal dimension calculation method related to the particle blockiness of broken rock. [PERSON] et al. [47] and [PERSON] et al. [48] conducted research on the extreme gradient boosting algorithm; its advantages compared with other algorithms in blasting vibration velocity prediction were explored. Refinement and optimization of random forest algorithms was conducted by [PERSON] et al. [49]. In conclusion, many calculation formulas cannot be applied well to practical engineering. A calculation method with clear terms of use and accurate prediction results needs to be studied.