# Determination and Risk Assessment of Flavor Components in Flavored Milk
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Risk Exposure Assessment of Flavored Milk  
The maximum EDI of different age groups was found to be considerably smaller than the ADI in the risk evaluation. The findings suggested that the flavor components had nothing exposure risks or health threats to the Chinese people. The detailed data is showed in Table 5. However, EDI values were different among age groups. Among people < 18 years old, EDI (0.023-20.27 ug kg\({}^{-1}\), bw d\({}^{-1}\)) was much higher than other age groups, which was closely related to the high flavored milk consumption by teenagers. The EDIs of benzenemethanol (5.231-20.27 ug kg\({}^{-1}\), bw d\({}^{-1}\)), furfural (1.34-5.19 ug kg\({}^{-1}\), bw d\({}^{-1}\)), and linalool (1.73-6.70 ug kg\({}^{-1}\), bw d\({}^{-1}\)) were much higher than other components. The PCI of different age groups was less than or significantly less than TTC. The results of risk assessment are shown in Table 6 and indicated that there was no exposure risk to human health. The results showed that PCI of 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, furfural, linalool, and benzenemethanol were the highest across different groups, particularly among \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Number**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Compounds**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Minimum**} & **Median** & **Maximum** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Detections**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Detection Rate**} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & & (\(\mu\)g kg\({}^{-1}\)) & & & \\ \hline
1 & 2-methylpropanal & 7.64 & 32.15 & 679.44 & 135.07 \(\pm\) 209.71 & 20 & 71.40 \\
2 & ethyl 3-methylbutyrate & 1.11 & 1.20 & 21.74 & 3.55 \(\pm\) 6.43 & 9 & 32.10 \\
3 & 1-hexanol & 4.60 & 6.12 & 179.83 & 17.23 \(\pm\) 34.86 & 26 & 92.90 \\
4 & allyl hexanoate & 13.98 & 16.24 & 270.84 & 52.21 \(\pm\) 88.41 & 14 & 50.00 \\
5 & 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine & 13.72 & 14.74 & 2387.18 & 162.19 \(\pm\) 488.82 & 28 & 100.00 \\
6 & furfural & 12.69 & 16.61 & 3840.42 & 158.71 \(\pm\) 708.66 & 28 & 100.00 \\
7 & benzaldehyde & 15.05 & 26.10 & 931.77 & 98.07 \(\pm\) 208.00 & 28 & 100.00 \\
8 & linalool & 11.11 & 11.43 & 4958.30 & 218.77 \(\pm\) 968.39 & 25 & 89.30 \\
9 & 5-methylfurfural & 12.47 & 13.37 & 1050.97 & 66.38 \(\pm\) 200.66 & 27 & 96.40 \\
10 & benzyl acetate & 9.87 & 17.35 & 643.09 & 117.37 \(\pm\) 203.89 & 16 & 57.10 \\
11 & methyl salicate & 11.51 & 20.62 & 27.30 & 20.01 \(\pm\) 5.95 & 4 & 14.30 \\
12 & benzenemethanol & 20.61 & 28.96 & 14,995.44 & 773.61 \(\pm\) 2890.17 & 28 & 100.00 \\
13 & maltol & 0.83 & 60.14 & 1682.11 & 353.91 \(\pm\) 531.51 & 27 & 96.40 \\
14 & methyleugenol & 24.12 & 24.55 & 24.82 & 24.51 \(\pm\) 0.27 & 4 & 14.30 \\
15 & phenol,2-methoxy-4- & 23.69 & 24.30 & 1418.60 & 129.61 \(\pm\) 331.14 & 17 & 60.70 \\  & (2-propenyl)- & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Quantitative analysis results of 28 flavored milk samples. people under 18 years old. The PCI of furfural (297.92 g p\({}^{-1}\) d\({}^{-1}\)) and benzenemethanol (1163.26 g p\({}^{-1}\) d\({}^{-1}\)) in males (>18 years old) was closed due to their toxicological concern thresholds of 540 and 1800, respectively. Therefore, children should pay closer attention to the consumption of flavored milk. The maximum daily consumption was estimated using the TTC of the concerned components. The daily maximum intake of three flavor components (2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, furfural, benzenemethanol) was less than one box of milk (250 g). The highest linalool and maltol consumption was less than two boxes of milk (250 g). This might serve as a starting point for additional research into maximal exposure and utilization in flavored milk.