# Privacy and Security in Digital Health Contact-Tracing: A Narrative Review
## 3 Results
### Data Protection and Control
#### 3.2.1 Accessibility of Data  
In digital contact-tracing, the primary considerations revolved around the types of data being collected, the entities with access to those data, the storage location, and the disposal of the data. Particularly, concerns were around the uncertainty about where the data would be stored, who would have access to the data, and for how long [90]. In a study conducted in Europe and the USA, participants expressed concern about their government's use of data and data-sharing without consent [79]. The act of sharing data with the government influenced the willingness to download the app. Additionally, participants expressed concerns about the mechanism of contact-tracing and data usage [79]. People expressed concerns over government access to information [91]. In the USA, in 2020, users lacked clarity regarding who had access to their personal data collected by contact-tracing apps and to what extent their data could be used [52]. It was observed that some individuals planned to uninstall the contact-tracing app once the situation stabilised, expressing a reluctance to continue sharing their data [91]. Concerns were expressed about uncertainty regarding which data had been collected and shared [50]. In New Zealand, a study conducted on healthcare staff emphasised the importance of understanding how technology and data would be utilised and accessed [62]. According to a study conducted in the United Kingdom, the participants overall acknowledged that passive monitoring is valuable in identifying health risks [92]. Similarly, another UK study has reported that people believed using the contact-tracing app would not significantly affect their perspective towards data sharing, indicating a more relaxed attitude towards it, as personal information is already easily accessible [93]. Further, another UK study stated that perceived information transparency significantly influenced the intention to download the contact-tracing app [34]. Participants expressed comfort in sharing their data with researchers in the USA [94]. Participants were more reluctant to share their data with for-profit organisations, acknowledging that entities like Google, Facebook, and Amazon already collect private information about their consumers on their platforms [94]. Similarly, people in the United Kingdom expressed concern about personal data privacy, driven by a lack of clarity about the specifics of the data collection and data-sharing processes [50]. Individuals who expressed concerns about the personal data collected by contact-tracing apps were less likely to adopt their contact-tracing app [95]. Some people feared that their personal information may be used without their authority [22]. In the USA, the top priority among participants for sharing personal information was having precise knowledge about the data being collected and the purpose of such collection [96]. Despite privacy assurances in app design and information detailing the collected data, participants still raised concerns about privacy violations and a perceived lack of data transparency [70], and they perceived the contact-tracing app as privacy-invasive regarding the government's access to the data [70]. In line with previous studies, excessive data collection by the contact-tracing app was cited as the main reason for not downloading the app [18]. Another reported issue in South Africa was disclosing information to other parties [63]. Concerns about negative consequences, particularly with employers (60%) accessing information through contact-tracing apps, were raised [42]. Concerns about contact-tracing apps were frequently related to the exposure of personal data to app providers [97]. A study conducted in Portugal demonstrated a significant positive relationship between willingness to disclose health information through a COVID-19 tracking app and the adoption intention [67]. It was revealed that when the attitude towards contact-tracing apps decreased due to privacy concerns, the willingness to disclose personal information decreased [98].