## 3 Results and Discussion
### Carbon Storage in Bamboo Products
In the context of an LCA per functional unit, both industrialized and non-industrialized bamboo boards in Thailand showed 'net negative' carbon emissions, indicated by the values of \(-11.50\) kg CO\({}_{2}\)-eq. and \(-6.44\) kg CO\({}_{2}\)-eq., respectively; this means these bamboo boards effectively remove carbon from the atmosphere, in contrast with high-emission precast concrete cladding production, which emits 33.80 kg CO\({}_{2}\)-eq [89]. Regarding producing bamboo scrimber flooring, [PERSON] et al. [80] concluded, using LCA, that a negative 14.89 kg CO\({}_{2}\)-eq could be achieved for every 1 m\({}^{3}\) produced in China, while in Vietnam, manufacturing strand-woven bamboo flooring can reach \(-0.26\) kg CO\({}_{2}\)-eq./kg [90]. In addition, kitchencountertop panels (\(-0.47\) kg CO\({}_{2}\)-eq./kg) and strand-woven mats (\(-0.70\) kg CO\({}_{2}\)-eq./kg) made from bamboo can also achieve a carbon-negative life cycle in Vietnam [90]. However, while most studies demonstrated a net carbon-negative life cycle, some studies showed that bamboo products can be carbon-positive but still with significant climate change mitigation potential. For instance, bamboo particles, a waste material, can be synthesized into strong bamboo-based bio-concrete, acting as a sustainable alternative to conventional concrete and ceramic masonry [92]. [PERSON] et al. [92] assessed the climate change impact of bamboo bio-concrete and traditional concrete masonry in terms of production, replacement, operational energy use, and end-of-life. They found that bamboo bio-concrete presented the smallest carbon dioxide emissions regardless of whether the IPCC method (static life cycle impact assessment) or [PERSON] et al. [93] method (dynamic life cycle impact assessment) was used. This emission reduction is primarily attributed to bamboo's inherent carbon sequestration during its growth phase and the enhanced time-dependent carbonation in bamboo bio-concrete, rather than an assumption of zero net GHG contribution. [PERSON] et al. [92] further showed that both wood bio-concrete and bamboo bio-concrete, using a LCA, could achieve a carbon-negative status if considered as a replacement for Portland cement for SCMs (supplementary cementitious materials). Similarly, adding bamboo particles to plastering mortars can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as the carbonation, carbon sequestration, and storage processes of bamboo, although still slightly carbon-positive, are low enough to considerably contribute to GHG reduction [94]. [PERSON] et al. [94] further reported that mortar made with a greater portion of bamboo particles presented a greater potential for GHG reduction and better thermal performance due to a lowered thermal conductivity in the bamboo end product. Various studies have demonstrated the carbon storage potential of bamboo products; however, there are research gaps in how much carbon a bamboo forest can store because it is difficult to trace all product types, as bamboo timber from one forest can produce various types of products. Different types of bamboo products may have different shares in a particular bamboo forest, so future research should focus on the amount of carbon stored in all types of products each year using a LCA. An accurate calculation of the product carbon pool can help future bamboo carbon project development. At present, it is still unclear how