## 2 Overview of IoT Applications Used for AIS and Fire Detection  
Satellites have emerged as an appealing alternative approach, delivering omnipresent coverage as well as critical information. Examples of their efficiency include GPS for precise locating, Earth observation satellites for monitoring environmental changes, communication satellites for worldwide connection, and their roles in emergency management and scientific research. These examples demonstrate the wide range of applications where satellite networks provide dependable coverage and critical information, cementing their place as a useful option [11]. Since the capacity and extensiveness of terrestrial networks are constrained, in isolated and disaster-affected areas, satellites are also becoming an alternative solution offering omnipresent coverage with crucial information. Furthermore,  
Figure 1: Diagram of the technology transfer. the capabilities of terrestrial IoST networks can be strategically enhanced via satellite networks. Satellites facilitate firmware updates for IoST sensor networks by broadcasting the updates over a wide coverage area. This enables remote and inaccessible IoST devices to receive timely updates, improving performance, security, and introducing new features. Using satellites reduces costs, offers scalability, real-time updates, and flexibility for diverse IoST ecosystems, enhancing the capabilities of terrestrial IoST networks [12]. The authors of [13] demonstrated the effectiveness of deploying several LEO satellite constellations for IoST applications and scenarios. Locally and internationally, several countries want the ability to monitor ship activity using satellite technologies. International voyaging ships with a Gross Tonnage (GT), of 300 tons or more, as well as all passenger ships regardless of size, are required to be equipped with an Automatic Identification System (AIS) as of December 2004 per the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) [14]. Ships over the horizon are typically not covered by shore-based AIS receiving stations (about 50 km range). Receiving AIS signals from satellites allows for ship monitoring data to be provided as a service, offering benefits to various stakeholders in the maritime industry. Maritime authorities can improve situational awareness, enforce regulations, and enhance search and rescue operations. Cargo ships gain enhanced safety, optimized operations, and better route planning. Navies benefit from increased domain awareness, intelligence gathering, and improved coordination of task forces. Overall, satellite-based AIS services provide valuable insights and operational advantages in the maritime domain [15]. AIS is offering an opportunity to identify and be identified by others (radar affords detection, but not identity and intentions); for this reason, it was designed as a mandatory collision avoidance system for sea-going vessels. Chapter V of the SOLAS Convention mandated that vessels over 300 gross tonnages be equipped with AIS by July 2007. This requirement has been widely implemented globally, enhancing maritime safety by improving collision avoidance, search and rescue operations, vessel traffic management, and enforcement efforts. While AIS has proven effective in enhancing situational awareness and vessel tracking, its overall effectiveness may be influenced by factors such as signal range, system errors, and non-compliant vessels. Current statistics and information on the global implementation and effectiveness can be found through organizations such as the IMO and national maritime administrations [6]. AIS is essentially an automated radio broadcast comprising data such as ship ID, location, speed, and direction of travel.