# A Perspective on Emerging Inter-Disciplinary Solutions for the Sustainable Management of Food Waste
## 6 Conclusions and Recommendations  
The present perspective anticipates a collaborative approach since many existing technologies are not used to their fullest potential. In addition, given the enormity of food waste problems, addressing global policy concerns, and minimizing food loss and waste should be prioritized for effective food waste management. It is recommended that, to address food waste management challenges, a comprehensive multidisciplinary research effort be undertaken that draws on the knowledge of various stakeholders and disciplines.  
The present perspective encourages the inclusion of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies with other disciplines since they deploy neural networks that are capable of making predictions based on past experiences to enhance anaerobic digestion processes. Omics techniques such as proteomics, metaproteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics present opportunities for the development of new high-throughput systems capable of efficiently identifying uncultivable microorganisms, unknown genes, proteins, and pathways involved in biogas production from a wide variety of biomass resources. Incorporating these techniques with those of other fields such as bioengineering, artificial intelligence and nanotechnology has significantly improved anaerobic digestion and is also viewed as the future solution to waste challenges. Utilizing and combining conductive nanomaterials such as magnetite and other designed nanoparticles has improved sludge digestion and efficiency while facilitating interspecies electron transfer, especially when anaerobic digestion was also optimized using bioengineering techniques that were predicted by artificial intelligence systems.  
The message we sought to portray is interdisciplinary, hence, it was necessary to highlight (with examples) the significance of each field before advocating for a merger. Unfortunately, the aspect of interdisciplinarity is limited and rare, and it cannot be widely demonstrated due to its scarcity in practice. Currently, many of these disciplines function independently towards food waste management, and this perspective aims to educate researchers and explore the impact of collaboration (with limited examples) across the fields of bioengineering, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and omics in order to address waste management. Many researchers in each subject are unaware of these interdisciplinary projects, nor are they aware that these methodologies may be combined to solve food waste challenges. This approach likewise highlights successful efforts but suggests a more multidisciplinary effort that relies on expertise from several other sectors. Indeed, there is information about each discipline, but it is not feasible to find research that combines omics, nanotechnology, AI/machine learning, and bioprocessing to enhance anaerobic digestion processes. While each subject has its own science (which has been assessed in several reviews), our approach encourages the integration of future studies, which few to-date have considered could be blended at the level of research.  
On the other hand, present and future research on food waste management must also focus on strengthening government policies and improving various technologies.  
Conceptualization, B.S.C.; writing--original draft preparation, B.S.C., V.I.O., U.F.H., M.M.N., T.M., B.S.M., K.S., J.W.L. and S.K.O.N.; writing--review and editing, B.S.C., V.I.O., U.F.H., M.M.N., T.M., B.S.M., K.S., J.W.L. and S.K.O.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.