esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Radiochromic Films for the Two-Dimensional Dose Distribution Assessment
## 3 Instruments for Dose Reading
### Flatbed Scanners
Despite RCF calibration is discussed in this section, what follows is also valid for analysis methods other than flatbed scanners. Here, the main concepts behind the available options for the calibration are reported, while detailed procedures and functional equations can be found in the referred works. The calibration can be performed for one single color channel  
Figure 4: Selection of a region of interest (ROI) on an RCF (**a**) and corresponding histogram of the red Pixel Values (PVs) (**b**). Figure 5: Response of the GafchromicTM HD-V2 film to the different color channels. (or for one wavelength range), as well as by exploiting the information from the three RGB channels (or from more than one wavelength range) throughout multichannel methods. The strengths of multichannel methods rely on improving the accuracy of the measurement and reducing non-dose contributions, such as the lateral response artifacts [76]. An efficient flatbed-scanner-based protocol combining calibration and dose measurements (by IMRT and VMAT applications) in one single scan and that makes use of one reference film, one unexposed film and the exposed film has been reported by [PERSON] et al. [77]. Practically, the RCF calibration consists of exposing a set of RCFs from the same batch to known doses. The RCF dependence on the batch has been studied for different RCF and radiation types [88; 89]. The batch dependence can be ascribed to slight differences in the chemical composition of the films and generally it increases at keV energies. [PERSON] et al. have recently reviewed the most of the functional forms proposed so far for RCF calibration [18]. These include rational, power, polynomial, and logarithmic functions, as well as universal functions applicable for several RCF types and dose ranges [90; 91]. It should be noted that the choice of the calibration equation depends on the dynamic range and sensitivity required by the measurement as well as on the physical quantity used to evaluate the RCF darkening (netOD, raw PV, etc. ).
## 4 Experiments and Analysis
### Visualization Results
Robustness testing: Evaluating the proposed approach's robustness against occlusions, lighting variations, and other real-world challenges could provide insights into its practical viability. 4. Exploration of loss functions: Further investigation into alternative loss functions or modifications to the existing ones could contribute to even more accurate and stable training processes. 5. Interpretability: Exploring methods to enhance the interpretability of the model's decisions could improve the transparency and trustworthiness of the proposed approach.
# Creation, Analysis and Evaluation of AnnoMI, a Dataset of Expert-Annotated Counselling Dialogues +
## 9 Discussion  
While AnnoMI contains transcripts of MI demonstrations instead of real therapy sessions, we believe that it is the closest approximation possible without privacy violations, while the precise transcription and the accompanying expert annotations further make it more reliable and versatile than similar datasets (e.g., [13]). We note that most of the source videos are from professional therapists and research organisations/institutes dedicated to relevant topics (e.g., reducing substance use), and therefore the authenticity of the demonstrated client-therapist interaction can be considered reliable, as confirmed by the survey responses from the professional annotators. It could also be interesting to explore the domain gap between the corpus and undisclosed real-world therapy datasets. In particular, as the average duration of the source videos is 7 minutes and thus shorter than usual real-world counselling sessions, we will in future work replicate our experiments on other corpora with longer sessions and then compare the results with those obtained based on AnnoMI.  
We also note that while client talk type has comparatively lower IAA scores, the performance difference between the trained models and random baselines is substantial, proving the reliability of the annotations on these attributes. As we experimented with attribute prediction based on the utterance of a single turn only, the lack of contextualisation is also likely to have contributed to the relatively lower performance, which we leave to future work to address.  
Compared to the original AnnoMI released in [14], the full version introduced in this work has the same dialogues but contains additional fine-grained annotations with respect to label sub-types for Question, Input and Reflection, such as Open Question and Simple Reflection. The quality of the full version is therefore similar to the original version, except that some of the new attributes have relatively lower IAAs, but future work may still consider leveraging these annotations as probabilistic labels for model training and other research purposes.  
For applications, AnnoMI can be readily used to develop NLP/ML models for MI fidelity, such as generating feedback to help train and supervise counsellors. Example use cases of this nature include (1) categorising current-turn therapist behaviour and/or client talk type, as explored in Sections 7 and 8, and (2) forecasting next-turn client talk type and/or MI-adherent therapist behaviour. Beyond these natural language understanding settings, AnnoMI can also be used for natural language generation to assist human therapists, such as providing suggestions on what a counsllor could say next, given the past utterances of an ongoing session.
# Model-Guided Manufacturing of Transducer Arrays Based on Single-Fibre Piezocomposites
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Overview  
The previous TAS generation was based on a dice and fill process of lead-zirconium-titanate (PZT) slabs. Each consisted of 13 quadratic transducer elements with 0.9 mm side length. One array contained four emitters and nine receivers, which were distributed in a square grid at the center of the transducer. The electrical connection was done with wire bonds onto a substrate [17]. After one year in operation, up to one third of the TAS showed element failures. A investigation revealed problems with loose wire bonds. Those were likely caused by high shear stress of the PZT [18].  
For the new TAS generation, the group decided on integrating 17 transducers simultaneously in one array. This poses an acceptable trade off between hardware complexity and sparsity of the aperture. Figure 2a shows the functional TAS layers. A printed circuit board (PCB) is used for obtaining the electrical connection to the transducer layer. On top, the acoustic matching is done using thermoset microwave material (TMM4, Rogers Corp, Chandler, AZ, USA). To obtain high transducer damping, a polyurethane-tungsten compound is dispensed into boreholes foreseen in the PCB. Figure 2b shows a stacked TAS.  
The work-flow for the transducer assembly, modelling and analysis is shown in Figure 3. The EMI was measured at four instances during the assembly. This allows the evaluation of each assembly step individually. The initial measurement was used to set up a basic model, which covers the piezoelectric fibre and the bottom electrode. This basic model was then extended for each assembly step.
# Cracking and Toughening Mechanisms in Nanoscale Metallic Multilayer Films: A Brief Review
###### Abstract  
Nanoscale metallic multilayer films (NMMFs) have captured scientific interests on their mechanical responses. Compared with the properties of monolithic films, multilayers possess unique high strength as the individual layer thickness reduces to the nanoscale, which is benefited from the plentiful hetero-interfaces. However, NMMFs always exhibit a low fracture toughness and ductility, which seriously hinders their practical applications. While there have been reviews on the strengthening and deformation mechanisms of microlaminate, rapid developments in nanotechnology have brought an urgent requirement for an overview focused on the cracking and toughening mechanisms in nanoscale metallic multilayers. This article provides an extensive review on the structure, standard methodology and fracture mechanisms of NMMFs. A number of issues about the crack-related properties of NMMFs have been displayed, such as fracture toughness, wear resistance, adhesion energy, and plastic instability. Taken together, it is hoped that this review will achieve the following two purposes: (1) introducing the size-dependent cracking and toughness performance in NMMFs; and (2) offer a better understanding of the role interfaces displayed in toughening mechanisms. Finally, we list a few questions we concerned, which may shed light on further development.  
nanoscale metallic multilayer; cracking; fracture behavior; toughening +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Integration of 5G NPN Deployment Options and Edge Computing Scenarios
### On-Premises Edge Deployed on Shared NPN Infrastructure  
Deployment of non-public networks enables the NPN infrastructure to also host an edge computing workload, as shown in Figure 5. Here, the NPN can act as a distributed cloud infrastructure resource, resulting in the sharing of the infrastructure of the given NPN deployment model (e.g., SNPN) and the edge cloud.  
This scenario enables the handling of the NPN and edge computing domains in a more integrated way, providing the following advantages for the enterprise customer (industrial party in this case):  
* A single network functions virtualization infrastructure (NFVI) management system could be used to orchestrate the NPN and edge resources (as a distributed cloud infrastructure) that also provides life-cycle management (LCM);
* Common exposure API for the NPN network and edge domains, which enables tighter interworking between domains to fulfill end-to-end requirements;
* A third-party integrator can manage the edge computing (and the NPN as well) deployment on the shared, distributed infrastructure:
* A managed, customized, full-fledged Kubernetes cluster can be offered for the customer, where the master node(s) are created, and all of the required control plane mechanisms are installed. The control plane redundancy/scaling is also managed;  
Figure 5: On-premises edge deployed using shared NPN infrastructure.  
* The runtime execution environment is deployed and configured according to the customer (industrial party) needs;
* Platform as a service components could be the part of the solution provided by the third-party integrator, e.g., TSN-FRER, time-synchronization support.
* Different cloud service models can be supported according to the customer needs, such as infrastructure as a service (IaaS), where the customer can create VMs, containers, install the operating system (OS), etc.; platform as a service (PaaS), where the customer can deploy and manage its applications; as well as software as a service (SaaS), where the customer can directly use the installed software applications;
* Considering security and data privacy concerns, third-party managed services (such as software as a service) can also be offered to the customer.
## 3 The Rubisco's Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure
Interestingly, despite differences in the primary structure of different Rubisco proteins, the secondary structure of L subunits is highly conserved in the phylogenetic tree of the enzyme including isoforms I-III and Rubisco-like proteins (form IV). As the protein secondary structure dictates the subsequent tertiary fold, a cartoon representation of the tertiary folding of Rubisco from _Arabidopsis thaliana_ (form I Rubisco) and _Chlorobium petjatum_ (Rubisco-like protein) obtained from the X-ray crystal structure is shown in Figure 2[17; 21]. At the C-terminal domain of each L subunit eight \(\beta\)-strands (from \(\beta\)1 to \(\beta\)8 in the topologic diagram shown in Figure S2) separated by eight \(\alpha\)-helices (from \(\alpha\)1 to \(\alpha\)8) build up a very common tertiary fold currently named \"TIM barrel\" (TIM: triose phosphate isomerase). Interestingly, although RLP do not catalyze the RuBP carboxylation/oxygenation reactions, they share with the Rubisco enzymes substantial similarity in secondary and tertiary structure, probably because of a common archaeal ancestor. More details about the quaternary structure of the L\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{2}\) unit of _Galdieria sulphuraria_[15] Rubisco are shown in Figure 3. The L\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{2}\) dimer is composed of two identical \"head to tail\" oriented L subunits viewed down the two-fold axis. The two S subunits are represented in blue. As shown in Figure 3a,b, each L subunit hosts an active site which is located at the mouth of the TIM barrel. The N-terminal domain of the anti-paralleled L subunit in the L\({}_{2}\) dimer \"covers\" the TIM barrel contributing to the active site of the enzyme. Figure 2: Tertiary structure folding of the L subunit of Rubisco from: (**a**) _Arabidopsis thaliana_ (form I Rubisco); (**b**) _Chorobium petjatum_ (Rubisco-like protein). One 2 CABP molecule is shown bound at the active site of _Arabidopsis thaliana_. The figure evidences \(\alpha\)-helices (as solid cylinders) and \(\beta\)-strands (as arrows) and the TIM-barrel unit at the C-terminal domain. Loop 6 is evidenced in red in both representations. Loop CD is also shown as a peculiarity of RLP (Figure 2a from ref. [17], used without changes from original source distributed under the CC-BY licence, [[http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S2059798317017132](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S2059798317017132)]([http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S2059798317017132](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S2059798317017132)) (accessed on 25 June 2021). Figure 2b from ref. [21], adapted and used by permission of Elsevier (copyright © 2005).
## 4 Problem Space for DL Applications
### Device Deployment with DL
#### 4.2.1 DL Applied in Home Devices  
Some devices are designed to be installed in a patient's home to monitor daily activities and detect potential risks, such as falls or irregular movements. These devices typically utilize Local Access Network (LAN) technology such as WiFi or Bluetooth (BT) to transmit data over relatively short distances. Moreover, they are often wearable and powered by batteries to ensure portability and ease of attachment to the patient's body, enhancing convenience and usability in a home setting. Some devices are installed within the house to monitor the environment, such as room temperature and humidity, to ensure a proper room environment suitable for patients.  
Using DL with the IoMT for Parkinson's disease is an example. DL offers several advantages because it handles complex, high-dimensional data and extracts meaningful patterns. [PERSON]'s disease symptoms, such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia, often appear late  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{85.4 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Home** & **Wearables** & **Hospital** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Precision Augmentation} & Tracking movement disorders [154]. & Respiratory sound classification [155]. & Medical diagnostics enhancement [156; 7; 157; 158]. \\ \cline{2-4}  & Smart bed [94; 159; 160; 158; 161; 94]. & Cardiovascular disease detection [161]. & Improved cancer detection [162; 163]. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Risk Assessment} & & Predicting postoperative complications [164]. & Predicting serious complications [164]. \\ \cline{2-4}  & IoMT-based smart healthcare of elderly people [165]. & Multi-disease detection continual learning framework [166]. & [PERSON]’s disease [157; 167]. \\ \cline{2-4}  & IoMT framework for home healthcare [168]. & Pervasive diabetes diagnosis [169]. & Heart failure and arrhythmia detection [170]. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Related works in application layer.  
in disease progression. DL models can analyze subtle patterns in medical imaging or wearable sensor data, enabling earlier detection. A study [167] designed a DL-based FPCIT SPECT interpretation system to enhance understanding of [PERSON]'s disease. The work showed that this approach can mitigate interobserver variability. Afterward, in 2019, DL techniques were utilized to classify PD using a nine-layered CNN on vocal (speech) features [157]. The study provided compelling evidence of the classifier's efficacy in addressing this challenge.  
Elderly fall is another common concern for elderly persons. Within 2014, there were 28.7% elderly falls, 7 million injuries, 27,000 elderly persons died, and 800,000 were hospitalized because of falling [171]. DL algorithms, such as LSTM, installed on home cameras can be used to detect and predict elderly falls according to the falling position [172; 173] such as forward laying, front knees, sideward laying, and back sitting [173]. Timely response with DL applications can increase the chances of quick treatment following a fall.
## 4 Experimental Verification  
### Experimental Setup  
As shown in Figure 12, the stress wave communication system consists of a cylindrical piezoceramic transducer, a piezoceramic probe as a sensor, a data-acquisition system, a PC with the communication software, and the PPM signal generator. In the experiment shown in Figure 13, a galvanized steel pipe with an outer diameter of 54 mm and length of 3 m served as the transmission medium. In the setup, the PC controls the transmission of the binary sequence via the USB port, and the generator produces the modulated electrical signals based on the coding format described in Section 4.2. The transducer converts the electrical signals to stress waves that propagate along the pipe, and the piezoelectric probe captures the stress waves. Data from the probe was sampled at 400 kHz. Please note that in the experiment, the developed PZT transducer transmitted the stress wave upon touch since the design of the PZT transducer enables the transmission of the stress wave from the transducer to a pipeline through contact. There is no requirement to permanently install the PZT transducer.  
Figure 12: Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.  
Figure 13: Experimental setup.
Multipath errors significantly impact the positioning accuracy and reliability [10] and are the primary error in high-precision positioning [11]. Multipath error mitigation is of great significance for further improving GNSS positioning accuracy [12]. It has significant research implications in application fields, such as deformation monitoring and urban positioning, and is also a key and hot topic in the field of GNSS research [13]. At present, there are primarily three approaches for mitigating multipath errors. The first involves the strategic selection of a suitable station to avoid a large number of reflectors in the surrounding environment of the station. The second method entails enhancing hardware components, including antennas and receivers, to inhibit the ingress of reflected signals into the antenna and suppress multipath effects during the receiver signal processing stage. The third method involves post-processing data, encompassing techniques such as the signal-to-noise ratio method, sidereal filtering (SF), and multipath hemispherical map (MHM). Despite the merits associated with these methods, they are not without limitations. Notably, sidereal filtering and the hemispherical multipath map exploit the repetitive characteristics of multipath errors in both the time and spatial domains, demonstrating effectiveness in mitigating multipath errors. These are recent common methods and are also research hotspots. This paper predominantly focuses on the carrier-phase multipath error occurring at the station side in GNSSs. In Section 2, its principle and mitigation methods are explained. In Section 3, an overview of its research status is provided, with a focus on the commonly employed software methods, such as the sidereal filtering method and the multipath hemispherical map model method. In Section 4, the practical significance of mitigatingthe multipath effect in different application scenarios is discussed. Finally, Section 5 offers a prospective outlook on the future research directions in GNSS multipath research.
# A Blockchain Protocol for Authenticating Space Communications between Satellites Constellations
### Paper Contribution  
The main contribution of this study is three folds:  
1. Modeling the space transactions as Space digital tokens (SDT) and using these tokens in proposing a novel PoST protocol which was then used in proposing a new authentication protocol for satellite communications and transactions using the blockchain technology.
2. The PoST and the authentication protocol were also evaluated by prototyping them and their performance was measured using five metrics: read latency, read throughput, transaction latency, and transaction throughput.
3. The PoST protocol was also compared and discussed with the most related work.
# Composite Foundation Settlement Prediction Based on LSTM-Transformer Model for CFG
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a CFG composite foundation settlement prediction model based on the LSTM\(-\)Transformer model. The model is validated using the foundation settlement data monitored from the CFG pile composite foundation engineering of the CSLLXZQ-1 section of the newly constructed Chang\(-\)Zhu\(-\)Tan Intercity Railway, leading to the following conclusions:  
1. During the construction period of high fill embankments, there is a periodic characteristic of layered filling and intervals between fillings. Compared to the other three models, the LSTM\(-\)Transformer model is better at capturing this cyclical feature, with its prediction curve displaying a pronounced step-like characteristic. In contrast, the other three models, influenced by prior information, cannot quickly adapt, and their predictions gradually converge to the observed values over time.
2. Comprehensive five-dimensional influencing factors reflecting the relationship between filling and information are extracted from the'soil filling time-time-foundation settlement' observational data. Based on the LSTM\(-\)Transformer model for predictive analysis, this model achieves an average MAE, MAPE, and RMSE of 0.224, 0.563%, and 0.274, respectively, on the test sets across various points. Compared to the SVM, LSTM, and Transformer models, it demonstrates higher predictive accuracy.
3. This paper primarily focuses on the condition of roadbed deformation convergence when the foundation's bearing capacity is sufficient. It does not take into account the  
Figure 13: The prediction metrics of different models.  
possibility of hazardous uneven settlement of the foundation under sudden disasters, extreme weather, or freeze-thaw cycles. To enhance the applicability of the LSTM-Transformer model, more practical experience and improvements are needed.
* Subsequently, soil information such as the cohesion of soil layers can be incorporated as input variables into the model, to predict foundation settlement under different geological conditions.  
Conceptualization, Z.L. and J.L.; methodology, Z.T.; software, J.L.; validation, Z.L.; formal analysis, Z.L.; investigation, Z.L.; resources, Z.L.; data curation, Z.T.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.L.; writing--review and editing, Y.P.; visualization, Z.T.; supervision, Z.L.; project administration, Y.P.; funding acquisition, Y.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to laboratory's policy or confidentiality agreement.  
The authors sincerely thank [PERSON] for their tremendous assistance in providing the data.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.