## 3 Results and Discussion
### Results of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Extraction Conditions**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Chicory By-Products**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fennel By-Products**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **TPC** & **AA** & **TPC** & **AA** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Interactive effect of temperature and time of treatment} \\ T = 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C; t = 30 min & 2.35 \(\pm\) 0.09 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.0067 \(\pm\) 0.0005 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.49 \(\pm\) 0.16 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 0.0051 \(\pm\) 0.0001 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ T = 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C; t = 60 min & 2.99 \(\pm\) 0.21 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.0085 \(\pm\) 0.0004 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 1.39 \(\pm\) 0.15 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.0054 \(\pm\) 0.0000 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ T = 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C; t = 90 min & 3.93 \(\pm\) 0.25 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.0124 \(\pm\) 0.0010 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 2.09 \(\pm\) 0.12 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.0074 \(\pm\) 0.0004 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ T = 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C; t = 120 min & 2.54 \(\pm\) 0.16 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 0.0090 \(\pm\) 0.0006 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 2.78 \(\pm\) 0.32 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.0095 \(\pm\) 0.0005 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ T = 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C; t = 180 min & 2.73 \(\pm\) 0.23 \({}^{\text{k}}\) & 0.0126 \(\pm\) 0.0002 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 2.85 \(\pm\) 0.44 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.0108 \(\pm\) 0.0010 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\ T = 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C; t = 30 min & 5.64 \(\pm\) 0.33 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 0.0281 \(\pm\) 0.0001 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 5.76 \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.0282 \(\pm\) 0.0002 \({}^{\text{f}}\) \\ T = 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C; t = 60 min & 4.93 \(\pm\) 0.16 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 0.0281 \(\pm\) 0.0000 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 6.93 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 0.0277 \(\pm\) 0.0000 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\ T = 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C; t = 90 min & 5.77 \(\pm\) 0.23 \({}^{\text{k}}\) & 0.0277 \(\pm\) 0.0004 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 7.52 \(\pm\) 0.85 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 0.0277 \(\pm\) 0.0000 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\ T = 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C; t = 120 min & 5.56 \(\pm\) 0.26 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.0281 \(\pm\) 0.0000 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 6.71 \(\pm\) 0.57 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 0.0274 \(\pm\) 0.0000 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\ T = 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C; t = 180 min & 6.14 \(\pm\) 0.25 \({}^{\text{s}}\) & 0.0280 \(\pm\) 0.0000 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 6.29 \(\pm\) 0.30 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 0.0275 \(\pm\) 0.0000 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\ _Significance_ & \(\star\) & \(\star\) & \(\star\) & \(\star\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Single effect of temperature} \\ T = 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 2.91 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.0099 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 2.12 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.0076 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ T = 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 5.61 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.0280 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 6.64 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.0277 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ _Significance_ & \(\star\) & \(\star\) & \(\star\) & \(\star\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Single effect of time} \\ t = 30 min & 3.99 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.0174 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 3.63 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.0167 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ t = 60 min & 3.96 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.0183 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 4.16 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.0165 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ t = 90 min & 4.85 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.01996 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 4.80 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.0175 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ t = 120 min & 4.05 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.01856 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 4.75 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.0185 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ t = 180 min & 4.44 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.0203 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 4.57 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.0191 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\ _Significance_ & \(\star\) & \(\star\) & \(\star\) & \(\star\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} In columns, different superscript letters indicate significant differences (\(p<0.05\)); \(\star\) statistically significant at \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Total phenolic content (mg gallic acid/g dm) and antioxidant activity (mmol Trolox/g dm) of extracts obtained through conventional extraction: single and interactive effects of temperature and time of treatment.