## 3 Results  
### Mean Values for Emotional Response, Sensory Properties and Attitudes  
Respondents' emotional responses before and after biscuit consumption are indicated in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Before biscuit consumption, for the positive emotions, the South Africans felt happy (3.52 \(\pm\) 1.09), and the Swiss respondents felt satisfied (3.64 \(\pm\) 0.84). For the negative emotions, both samples felt worried (2.02 \(\pm\) 1.34; 1.98 \(\pm\) 1.02) (Table 2). The South African and Swiss respondents felt good (3.06 \(\pm\) 1.19) and calm (3.27 \(\pm\) 0.99) after consuming the biscuits. Consumers' positive and negative emotions decreased after consuming the biscuits (2.54 \(\pm\) 1.14; 1.38 \(\pm\) 0.75), except for the negative emotion guilt, which increased after biscuit consumption (1.35 \(\pm\) 0.85; 1.47 \(\pm\) 0.93) (Table 3). Mean values with applicable standard deviation scores for the sensory properties and respondents' attitudes are indicated in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. A chocolate and sweet taste was the most intense taste experienced by South African (3.80 \(\pm\) 1.06; 3.65 \(\pm\) 0.93) and Swiss (3.68 \(\pm\) 0.82; 3.69 \(\pm\) 0.82) respondents. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline
**Items** & **South Africa** & **Switzerland** \\ \hline Positive emotions & 3.03 \(\pm\) 1.17 & 3.02 \(\pm\) 0.94 \\ (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.834) & 2.49 \(\pm\) 1.20 & 2.01 \(\pm\) 1.04 \\ Adventurons & 3.49 \(\pm\) 1.06 & 3.49 \(\pm\) 0.96 \\  Enthusiastic & 2.91 \(\pm\) 1.10 & 2.02 \(\pm\) 1.04 \\  Free & 2.78 \(\pm\) 1.39 & 3.37 \(\pm\) 1.07 \\  Good & 3.32 \(\pm\) 1.10 & 3.63 \(\pm\) 0.82 \\  Happy & 3.52 \(\pm\) 1.09 & 3.36 \(\pm\) 0.88 \\  Joyful & 3.29 \(\pm\) 1.27 & 3.07 \(\pm\) 0.98 \\  Nostalgic & 2.05 \(\pm\) 1.15 & 1.86 \(\pm\) 0.95 \\  Satisfied & 3.12 \(\pm\) 1.14 & 3.64 \(\pm\) 0.84 \\  Secure & 3.33 \(\pm\) 1.20 & 3.72 \(\pm\) 0.78 \\  Negative emotions & 1.71 \(\pm\) 1.10 & 1.50 \(\pm\) 0.73 \\  [PERSON]’s alpha = 0.664) & 1.56 \(\pm\) 1.00 & 1.23 \(\pm\) 0.57 \\  Aggressive & 1.52 \(\pm\) 1.04 & 1.18 \(\pm\) 0.56 \\  Bored & 1.74 \(\pm\) 1.03 & 1.59 \(\pm\) 0.76 \\  Worried & 2.02 \(\pm\) 1.34 & 1.98 \(\pm\) 1.02 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: SA = South Africa; measured on a five-point Likert-type scale; m = mean; sd = standard deviation.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mean and standard deviation (m \(\pm\) sd) values of consumers’ emotions before biscuit consumption. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline
**Items** & **South Africa** & **Switzerland** \\ \hline Positive emotions & 2.57 \(\pm\) 1.20 & 2.52 \(\pm\) 1.04 \\ (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.900) & 1.90 \(\pm\) 1.29 & 1.46 \(\pm\) 0.81 \\  Calm & 3.00 \(\pm\) 1.17 & 3.27 \(\pm\) 0.99 \\  Enthusiastic & 2.38 \(\pm\) 1.32 & 1.62 \(\pm\) 0.88 \\  Free & 2.52 \(\pm\) 1.27 & 2.65 \(\pm\) 1.22 \\  Good & 3.06 \(\pm\) 1.19 & 3.25 \(\pm\) 0.98 \\  Happy & 2.97 \(\pm\) 1.17 & 2.66 \(\pm\) 1.15 \\  Joyful & 2.75 \(\pm\) 1.23 & 2.48 \(\pm\) 1.11 \\  Nostalgic & 1.77 \(\pm\) 0.99 & 1.82 \(\pm\) 1.05 \\  Satisfied & 2.92 \(\pm\) 1.07 & 3.10 \(\pm\) 1.00 \\  Secure & 2.42 \(\pm\) 1.34 & 2.92 \(\pm\) 1.24 \\  Negative emotions & 1.42 \(\pm\) 0.82 & 1.34 \(\pm\) 0.65 \\ (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.562) & 1.24 \(\pm\) 0.68 & 1.11 \(\pm\) 0.39 \\  Aggressive & 1.69 \(\pm\) 1.12 & 1.26 \(\pm\) 0.66 \\  Bored & 1.43 \(\pm\) 0.70 & 1.51 \(\pm\) 0.78 \\  Worried & 1.30 \(\pm\) 0.76 & 1.47 \(\pm\) 0.76 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: SA = South Africa; measured on a five-point Likert-type scale; m = mean; sd = standard deviation.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Mean and standard deviation (m \(\pm\) sd) values of consumers’ emotions after biscuit consumption. For respondents' craving attitudes to sweet baked products, South Africans indicated that \"my desire for sweet baked products often seems overpowering\" (3.43 \(\pm\) 1.07), while the Swiss respondents revealed that \"even when I do not really want any sweeter baked products, I will often carry on eating it\" (3.35 \(\pm\) 1.02).