# Improving the Resilience of High-Speed Rail Systems from a Configuration Perspective
## 7 Conclusions  
Improving HSR system resilience is important to ensure HSR systems work better for society. This study explored the driving variables of HSR system resilience from a configuration perspective. Through a literature review, six HSR system ontology-related driving variables and four resilience attributes-related variables were identified. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to test the relationships between the driving variables and resilience improvement. The results show that all driving variables are correlated with resilience improvement. However, OS has a multicollinearity problem with other driving variables. Hence, it was removed in the next analysis.  
Figure 4: Resilience loss under different conditions.  
To explore the potential driving variable combinations, fsQCA was conducted. Seven configurations were identified and categorized into three groups, i.e., strong HSR system ontology-weak resilience attributes, weak HSR system ontology-strong resilience attributes, and strong HSR system ontology-strong resilience attributes. Subsequently, several recommendations were proposed to improve the HSR system resilience.  
The findings of this study should be interpreted in the context of study limitations. First, this study used questionnaire survey to obtain data, and thus the survey results might be limited by respondent's experience and knowledge. Second, this study only identified driving variables from the aspect of HSR system ontology and resilience attributes. Future studies can take more dimensions into consideration (e.g., government services, built environment, society, etc.) and study resilience of HSR systems in China versus in other countries with societal differences.  
Despite these limitations, this study presents a configuration perspective for exploring the way to improve HSR system resilience. The potential variable combinations are of great significance to both practitioners and scholars. In practice, this study can help HSR-related stakeholders understand the effect of variable combinations on resilience improvement. In particular, it can provide them with targeted recommendations for enhancing HSR system ontology or promoting system resilience attributes to improve HSR system resilience. In terms of theoretical value, this study reveals the driving variables and seven configurations for improving the HSR system resilience. It also provides a holistic perspective for system resilience literature.  
Conceptualization, N.Z.; methodology, N.Z.; software, N.Z.; validation, B.C.; formal analysis, N.Z.; investigation, X.D.; data curation, B.C.; writing--original draft preparation, N.Z.; writing--review and editing, X.D.; visualization, B.C.; supervision, X.D.; funding acquisition, N.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant number NSFC-72201249 and the Science Foundation of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University under Grant No. 21052319-Y.  
This study did not require ethical approval.  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.