# Development of Anti-OSCAR Antibodies for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis
## 5 Conclusions  
This study showed that OSCAR-neutralizing antibodies with human/mouse cross-species reactivity not only downregulated the in vitro expression of OSCAR, ECM-degrading enzymes, and TRAIL in chondrocytes they also reduced chondrocyte TRAIL expression and apoptosis, cartilage destruction, and other OA-related signs in an animal model of surgically induced OA. This is consistent with the ability of the hOSCAR-Fc decoy receptor to block OA [14]. Thus, these anti-OSCAR antibodies are promising and warrant further studies as candidate DMOADs.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biomedicines11102844/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biomedicines11102844/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biomedicines11102844/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biomedicines11102844/s1)). Figure S1: The B4 and D11 antibodies inhibit OSCAR activity in vitro; Figure S2: B4 and D11 attenuate the cartilage destruction and chondrocyte apoptosis in mice with DMM surgery-induced OA; Figure S3: The anti-OSCAR B4 and D11 variant antibodies ameliorate OA and suppress TRAIL-induced articular chondrocyte apoptosis.  
Conceptualization, S.Y.L. and H.S.; methodology, H.S.; validation, G.M.K., J.K. ([PERSON]) and J.K. ([PERSON]); formal analysis, D.R.P., M.-H.S., and W.-K.L.; investigation, G.M.K., D.R.P., T.T.H.N., J.K. ([PERSON]), and M.-H.S.; resources, S.Y.L. and H.S.; data curation, W.-K.L., S.Y.L., and H.S.; writing--original draft preparation, G.M.K. and D.R.P.; writing--review and editing, S.Y.L. and H.S.; visualization, D.R.P. and H.S.; supervision, S.Y.L. and H.S.; project administration, S.Y.L.; funding acquisition, S.Y.L. and H.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by grants from the Korea Drug Development Fund, which was funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare (HN21C0317 to H.S.); the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), which is funded by the Ministry of Education (2021R1A6A1A10039823 to H.S.); the National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00217798 and 2021R1A2C3003675 to S.Y.L.); a Korea Basic Science Institute National Research Facilities & Equipment Center grant (2019R1A6C1010020); and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), which is funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (2017M3A9C8030537 to S.Y.L.).  
All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) (Protocol No: IACUC 23-016) of Ewha Womans University and followed National Research Council Guidelines.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to pending patents.  
The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. D.R.P., S.Y.L., and H.S. are listed as inventors in patent applications based on the research described in this work. The other authors declare there are no conflict of interest.