esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Multivariate Analysis
#### 3.2.2 Pls-Da  
Since the PCA did not show a clear separation of apple samples, PLS-DA was applied. Unlike the unsupervised method in PCA, the supervised PLS-DA method was used to sharpen the separation between groups of observations by rotation of PCA components in a way that maximized separation among classes [12]. Based on the cultivars, 23 apple  
Figure 3: PCA and PLS-DA scores and loading plots over two years. (**a**) PCA score plot in first year; (**b**) PCA loading plot in first year; (**c**) PCA score plot in second year; (**d**) PCA loading plot in second year; (**e**) PLS-DA score in first year; (**f**) PLS-DA score in second year. In Figure 3b,d, 1 to 39 represent the volatiles detected in HS-SPME-GC-MS, detailed information is listed in Table 2. The apple cultivar abbreviation codes are described in Table 1. In Figure 3e,f, 1 = _cultivar_. Golden Delicious, 2 = _cultivar_. Jonathan, 3 = _cultivar_. Ralls and 4= _cultivar_. Fuji.  
varieties were grouped into cultivar. Golden Delicious (c. GD), cultivar. Jonathan (c. JT), cultivar. Ralls (c. RA) and cultivar. Fuji (c.FJ) by their parentage and origins. The PLS-DA score plots over two years are shown in Figure 3e,f.  
In the first year, there were seven components observed, and the R\({}^{2}\)X and R\({}^{2}\)Y were 0.720 and 0.871, respectively. Also, seven components were identified in the second year, with R\({}^{2}\)X = 0.871 and R\({}^{2}\)Y = 0.722. The total correct classification was 95.65% for both years. Only one variety from c.FJ was misclassified into c. GD and c. RA in the first and second year, respectively. There was a close relationship of c.FJ with these two cultivars, because their parents were Ralls and Red Delicious. These phenomena could also be detected in Figure 3e,f. The separations for c. RA (in blue) and c.FJ (in yellow) were not distinct. However, the separation was clearer than PCA, especially for c. GD and c. JT, proving that PLS-DA had a better capacity to discriminate apple varieties.  
The VIP values for two years are indicated in Table 2. A total of 14 volatile compounds were higher than one, indicating the importance of identifying characteristic variables. Ethly 2-methylbutyrate, 2-methyl-1-butanol, Z-3-Hexenyl acetate, E-2-hexen-1-ol, linalool and dodecanol were identified in both years. Furthermore, the values for 2-methyl-1-butanol were higher than 1.5 in both years, and were the most important variables.
## 3 Numerical Results and Discussion
### Features of the Python Execution of the NNetEn Algorithm  
Python programming language is an interpreted language, and calculations take a long time compared with pre-compiled programs like Delphi. A just-in-time (JIT) compiler was used in Numba's open-source project in order to speed up Python source code execution. Numba decorated functions are compiled into machine code \"just-in-time\" for execution, enabling your code to run at native machine code speed after they are called. It was possible to reduce the time required for Python to calculate entropy by using Numba. A summary of the average network training stage (Stage 9) for NNetEn(D1, 1, Ep5, M2, Acc) is shown in Table 2.  
Table 2 shows that the calculation of NNetEn entropy without Numba takes 11.5 s, while the calculation time with the Numba compiler is 3.7 s. In fact, this execution speed is even faster than the Delphi program, indicating this is an optimal execution speed. The Numba compiler may be overspeeding calculations due to the use of vector operations and caching.
# Untargeted Urinary Volatilomics Reveals Hexadecanal as a Potential Biomarker for Preeclampsia
## 3 Discussion
Current efforts to screen for PE biomarkers, such as the sFlt-1/PIGF ratio, have proven useful but not definitive, and hexadecanal may complement these angiogenic markers by providing insights into the oxidative stress component of PE [29; 30]. While these results are promising, it is important to consider potential limitations and areas for future research. Although hexadecanal has emerged as a significant feature in this study, larger studies with more diverse populations are needed to confirm its diagnostic utility. Furthermore, its specificity and sensitivity as a clinical biomarker need to be further investigated, especially in comparison to established markers such as the sFlt-1/PIGF ratio. In addition, a deeper understanding of the mechanistic role of hexadecanal in placental dysfunction, particularly its interactions with lipid peroxidation pathways and sphingolipid metabolism, is crucial for further development of its potential use in clinical settings.
# An Improved Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimizer for Aerodynamic Optimization of Axial Cooling Fans
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper proposed an improved multi-objective optimization method based on MOGWO. Firstly, the Bloch coordinates of qubits were used to improve the quality of distribution of initial populations over the search space. Then, a modified convergence factor and hunting strategy were used to upgrade the global search ability and convergence. Finally, by taking advantage of the associative learning method, the diversity of solution sets was enhanced to avoid falling into local optima. The IMOGWO was evaluated using five multi-objective benchmark functions and applied to the aerodynamic optimization of a cooling fan. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows:  
1. For two-objective benchmark functions (ZDT1-3), the four performance indicators (GD, IGD, Spacing, and HV) demonstrated that the IMOGWO exhibited enhanced performance in the approximation of the true Pareto-optimal compared with MOGWO, NSGA II, and MOMVO for convex, concave, and discontinuous optimization problems. The analysis results showed that the superiority of the IMOGWO originated from improved exploration and exploitation capabilities.
2. For three-objective benchmark functions (Vinnet2 and Vinnet3), the three performance indicators (GD, IGD, and Spacing) generally also proved the IMOGWO outperforms MOGWO, NSGA II, and MOMVO. The IMOGWO has an improvement in convergency accuracy and coverage. It can deal with both continuous and discontinuous optimization problems efficiently.
3. The multi-objective optimization method integrated with CFD and the IMOGWO increased the total pressure efficiency and pressure rise by 3.2% and 2.75%, respectively, at the design point. It implied that the proposed IMOGWO was able to solve real engineering problems.  
For future studies, it is planned to further explore the potential capabilities of the IMOGWO in solving more complex benchmark functions (such as four-objective optimization problems) and develop adaptive parameter control mechanisms to evaluate hybridization with other optimization frameworks. In addition, although the computational cost is reduced compared with the original MOGWO, it may still limit scalability in real-world engineering problems with higher complexity and scalability demands. Therefore, it is also important to further improve computational efficiency.  
Conceptualization, Y.G. and C.F.; methodology, R.A.A.; validation, G.T. and Y.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.G. and C.F.; writing--review and editing, R.A.A., G.T. and Y.Z.; supervision, C.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
Figure 21: The 3D streamlines near the blade root and tip.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data and model materials are available upon request to the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
# Vehicle Speed Estimation and Forecasting Methods Based on Cellular Floating Vehicle Data
## 2 Literature Review
### Traffic Information Estimation Methods
#### 2.2.3 Summary  
Although A-GPS and MRS-based location methods can obtain the precise location information of the MS, heavy computational loads are required for these methods. Database lookup methods may be used to obtain traffic information, but the frequency of vehicle speed report generation is not enough in Taiwan [12]. Moreover, due to tracking of the location of each MS, privacy challenges may arise from using location service methods.  
The amount of cellular network signals (e.g., NLU, PLU, HO and CA) from anonymous MSs can be collected and analyzed by signal statistics methods for traffic information estimation. However, long road segments that are covered by a location area are about 10 km, so the traffic information of short road segments cannot be obtained by the analysis of NLU and PLU events. Although the amount of HO events can be used to estimate the traffic condition of short road segments, the variation of HO events may be large in dynamic traffic environments. Therefore, this study proposes a data fusion method based on signal statistics to estimate and forecast traffic information for ITS.
## 4 Discussion
### Effectiveness of Sentinel-1 Radar Imagery  
Utilizing Sentinel-1 radar imagery was instrumental in detecting and mapping flood and rockfall events. The interferometric processing allowed for the differentiation of flooded areas from permanent water bodies, enhancing the accuracy of flood mapping in the region ([PERSON] et al., 2003 [1]). Similarly, the identification of surface changes indicative of rockfalls through co-registered radar images has significantly contributed to understanding rockfall occurrence and distribution ([PERSON] et al., 2013 [16]). These findings underscore the value of radar imagery in hazard detection and mapping.
## 3 Experiments and Results
### Evaluation Metrics  
We evaluated our proposed method using the average precision (AP). The AP is the mean precision corresponding to recall. The AP is defined as:  
\[\text{AP}=\int_{0}^{1}precision(recall)d(recall) \tag{13}\]  
where _precision_ and _recall_ are defined as:  
\[Precision=\frac{TP}{TP+FP} \tag{14}\]  
\[Recall=\frac{TP}{TP+FN} \tag{15}\]
# A Review on Two-Phase Volumetric Expanders and Their Applications
## 6 Two-Phase Vane Expander
### Literature Review of Two-Phase Vane Expander
In 2009, the theoretical investigations by [PERSON] et al. [66] showed that the built-in volume ratio decreased with the increase in the intake angle independently of the number of the vanes. The latter was limited by the dynamics and mechanical strength of the rotor. Moreover, the increase in the number of vanes implied an increase in the net power output of the expander. Conversely, the reduction in the intake angle determined an increase in the net power output of the machine. In 2009, the same authors [67] proposed a methodology for the design of a two-phase vane expander by retrofitting a single-phase compressor. In particular, the internal geometry of the machine was changed, i.e., the inlet port arc spread and start, the start of exhaust port, and the number of vanes. Additionally, the stator-cylinder geometry was modified from circular to non-circular. Finally, controls and performance testing were presented. The last analysis associated with the implementation of the two-phase vane expanders in a vapor compression refrigeration cycle was carried out in 2012 by [PERSON] et al. [68]. They carried out a simulation study of the process with R-410a, which required a high volumetric expansion ratio during the expansion process. Modifications were implemented to a machine of a double-acting type. In particular, two asymmetrical expansion chambers worked in series and in connection via an intermediate passage. Moreover, only one suction port (in connection with the first expansion chamber) and one discharge port (in connection with the second expansion chamber) existed. The effect of lubricating oil was ignored. The produced power was around 0.5 kW, and the built-in volume ratio was up to 7.6. The maximum values of isentropic efficiency, mechanical efficiency, and volumetric efficiency were 0.62, 0.88, and 0.76, respectively. In 2011, a different application of the two-phase vane expanders in CO\({}_{2}\) heat pump cycles was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [69]. The vane motion was improved by eliminating the vane jumping phenomenon. In particular, the pressurization of the vane back chamber was realized using a pressure hole connecting the vane back chamber and the expansion chamber. The authors carried out numerical simulations, assuming displacement volume to be equal to 1.69 cm\({}^{3}\), with an inlet pressure of 9 MPa, outlet pressure of 4.5 MPa, inlet temperature of 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and a rotational velocity of 3000 rpm. The calculated expander power was 0.4 kW, whereas the calculated volumetric efficiency and total efficiency were 0.55 and 0.43, respectively.
## 5 Conclusions  
Long haul and high capacity communication for the backhaul network are fundamental requirements of the modern communication systems, facilitating users with low cost, reliable, and highly efficient transmission. This work investigates a 100 Gbps data rate WDM system for optical fiber long haul transmission with the help of advance DSP approaches in order to minimize the complexity and cost of the receiver and tolerate the accumulated nonlinearities. The proposed model is explored on the basis of the presented analytical model to compensate the nonlinear effects for different number of WDM channels, and frequency spacing among them, for transmission distances up to 300 km. Moreover, the proposed model is compared with a general uncompensated transmission to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The power penalty is also discussed in this paper, due to the nonlinear effects and the improvement with the DSP receiver is quantified for a range of parameters, such as nonlinear effective area, input power, and reference wavelength. For the WDM transmission, four, eight, 16, and 32 number of channels are considered with various channel spacings of 12.5, 25, and 50 GHz for high launch power levels and considering the ASE noise from the EDFA, and the results show that the proposed setup successfully mitigates the consequent impairments and provides low BER and power penalty.  
Conceptualization, M.I., F.A., U.H., and F.M.; methodology, F.A., U.H. and A.S.A.; software, F.A., U.H. and F.M.; validation, F.A. and U.H.; formal analysis, F.A. and U.H.; investigation, F.A., U.H., and F.M. data analysis, F.A.; writing--original draft preparation, F.A.; writing--review and editing, F.M., A.S.A., M.I., A.G., and Z.H.A., and E.K. visualization, U.H.; supervision, U.H., M.I.; project administration, F.M., M.I., A.S.A., A.G., and Z.H.A.; funding acquisition, M.I., A.G., and E.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the AGH University of Science and Technology, grant No. 16.16.120.773 to pay the journal article processing charges.  
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and the Deanship of Scientific Research, Najran University. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, under code number NU/ESCI/19/001.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Results
#### 4.1.3 Results on Type-Wise Contrastive Learning  
The enhanced TS2 Vec model (the type-wise contrastive learning model) was employed to learn type-specific time-series features. Here, we evaluated its advantage over instance-wise contrastive learning [39] for crop classification. The classification accuracies using type-wise and instance-wise contrastive learning are presented in Table 4.
## 3 Global Loss Model of PMSM
### Global Loss Model of PMSM  
Based on the fundamental motor loss model and harmonic motor loss model, the global loss model can be expressed as:  
\[\begin{array}{ll}P_{loss\_motor}&=P_{motor\_f}+P_{motor\_h}\\ &=\frac{3}{2}R_{s\_f}\Bigg{[}\bigg{(}i_{od}+\frac{L_{md}\frac{d_{dd}}{dt}-n_{ p}\omega_{L}L_{md}}{R_{c}}\bigg{)}^{2}+\bigg{(}i_{od}+\frac{L_{md}\frac{d_{dd}}{dt}+n_{ p}\omega_{v}\cdot b_{f}+n_{p}\omega_{v}L_{md}i_{od}}{R_{c}}\bigg{)}^{2}\Bigg{]}\\ &+\frac{3}{2}\frac{\big{(}L_{md}\frac{d_{dd}}{dt}-n_{p}\omega_{v}L_{md}i_{od} \big{)}^{2}+\big{(}L_{md}\frac{d_{dd}}{dt}+n_{p}\omega_{v}\cdot b_{f}+n_{p} \omega_{v}L_{md}i_{od}\big{)}^{2}}{R_{c}}\\ &+3\Bigg{[}\sum\limits_{n=2}^{\infty}l_{s\_0n}^{2}\cdot R_{s\_mn}+\sum\limits_{m= 1}^{\infty}\sum\limits_{\begin{subarray}{c}n=-\infty\\ n\
eq 0\end{subarray}}^{\infty}l_{s\_mn}^{2}\cdot R_{s\_mn}+\sum\limits_{n=2}^{ \infty}l_{cs\_0n}^{2}\cdot R_{c}+\sum\limits_{m=1}^{\infty}\sum\limits_{ \begin{subarray}{c}n=-\infty\\ n\
eq 0\end{subarray}}^{\infty}l_{cs\_mn}^{2}\cdot R_{c}\Bigg{]}\end{array} \tag{52}\]By substituting Equations (22) and (29) to Equation (52), the global motor loss can be described as:  
\[\begin{array}{ll}P_{loss\_motor}&=P_{motor\_f}+P_{motor\_h}\\ &=f\left(i_{old},i_{old},\omega_{r}\right)+f(M,\omega_{r},f_{sw})\\ &=f\left(i_{old},T_{e},\omega_{r}\right)+f(i_{old},T_{e},\omega_{r},f_{sw}) \end{array} \tag{53}\]  
Equation (53) shows that the fundamental component of the global motor loss is a function of \(d\)-axis magnetizing current \(i_{old}\), electromagnetic torque \(T_{e}\) and motor speed \(\omega_{r}\), while the harmonic components of global motor loss are a function of \(d\)-axis magnetizing current \(i_{old}\), electromagnetic torque \(T_{e}\), motor speed \(\omega_{r}\) and PWM frequency \(f_{sw}\).
# Survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Mars Exploration: Deployment Use Case
## 4 Simulation Results and Discussion
### Sensors Block
#### 4.2.1 Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)  
The IMU is used to monitor angular rates and translation accelerations. IMUs can track speed, position, accelerated specific force, and angular rate, among other things. An IMU's tools have been used to collect various data types. The tools are:  
* Accelerometer: To capture speed and acceleration.
* Gyroscope: A gyroscope is a device that measures spin and spindle speed.
* Magnetometer: Cardinal direction is determined via a magnetometer.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Values** \\ \hline Gravitational Constant & \(6.674\times 10^{-11}\)m\({}^{3}\) kg\({}^{-1}\) s\({}^{-2}\) \\ \hline Mass of Mars & \(6.42\times 10^{23}\) kg \\ \hline Radius of Mars & \(3.38\times 10^{6}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Notation and parametric values.
###### Abstract  
The aim of the research was to determine the possibilities for managing chicken meat (filled) quality by applying the own-construction (OC) device for electrical stunning. We determined the effects based on selected technological and visual features of fillets, providing a measurable basis for producers to take preventive actions to improve meat quality management practices. The experimental material consisted of fillets from broiler chickens. The process of electrically stunning chickens in a water bath was carried out in Polish industrial conditions using two devices: own-construction (OC) and commercial from a Polish company (PLC). We determined the quality of fresh and stored meat (14 days/4 \({}^{\circ}\)C) based on technological characteristics (pH, color, tenderness) and visual assessment (number of small and large hemorrhages, defects). As a result, the use of the own-construction (OC) device compared to the commercial (PLC) one has a beneficial effect on: (1) reducing the number of hemorrhages, (2) increasing the share of high-quality fillet production by approx. 50%, (3) brightening and uniforming the color of fillets, and (4) improving the tenderness of fresh meat and maintaining it during 14 days of storage. The effects of using the OC device are beneficial for meat producers on the market.  
electrical stunning; devices; poultry meat; product quality management; benefits Article
# Development of a Novel De-NOX Technology for the Aftertreatment of Ship Exhaust Gases
## 2 Materials and Methods
### H\({}_{2}\)-SCR Catalyst Synthesis  
The catalyst support consisting of 50 wt. % MgO and 50 wt. % CeO\({}_{2}\) was prepared via the sol-gel method according to the experimental procedures reported elsewhere [10; 12; 13; 14]. Mg(EtO)\({}_{2}\) (Aldrich) and Ce(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{3}\).H\({}_{2}\)O (Aldrich) were used as precursors of Mg and Ce, respectively. A selective pre-nitration and pre-sulfation of the mixed oxide support [15], following calcination of support in 20% O\({}_{2}\)/He at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 4h, resulted in a dramatic enhancement of catalyst stability (Pt/MgO-CeO\({}_{2}\)) with time on stream in the presence of SO\({}_{2}\) in the feed. The pre-sulfated/pre-nitrated 0.1 wt. % Pt/MgO-CeO\({}_{2}\) catalyst was prepared by the incipient witness impregnation method using H\({}_{2}\)Pt(IV)Cl\({}_{6}\) (Aldrich) as a metal precursor. After water evaporation and drying overnight at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the solid residue was ground and calcined in air at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h. The fresh catalyst sample was pre-treated in situ in 5% O\({}_{2}\)/He at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h and then reduced in 10% H\({}_{2}\)/He at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h prior to any experiment. The catalyst was formulated in pellets by Heraeus Holding GmbH (Hanau, Germany). H\({}_{2}\) chemisorption at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C followed by Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) were used to measure Pt dispersion and particle size over the 0.1 wt. % Pt/MgO-CeO\({}_{2}\) catalyst (results are reported in Ref. [16]). The dispersion of Pt was found to be about 90%, while a mean Pt particle size of 1.2-1.5 nm was estimated. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies revealed primary crystal sizes (use of Scherrer equation) of 10 and 12 nm for MgO and CeO\({}_{2}\), respectively, whereas Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies revealed a wide range (1-10 \(\upmu\)m) for the secondary particle size of MgO and CeO\({}_{2}\) solid phases [17; 18].
## 3 Results
### Hyperspectral Characteristics of AA and TP  
Fractional-order differentiation (FOD) was applied to the hyperspectral data with derivative orders from 0.1 to 1.0 to assess its impact on spectral characteristics. As shown in Figure 4, lower FOD orders (0.1-0.2) mainly smoothed the spectra and reduced baseline drift. In contrast, higher orders (e.g., 0.5 and above) amplified local fluctuations, which made the spectral curves sharper but also increased noise--especially in regions with low reflectance.  
Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the correlation coefficient curves between AAs, TPs, and different wavelengths at various FOD orders. For AAs, a low-order FOD (0-0.3) produced smoother correlation curves, while middle orders (0.4-0.7) introduced noticeable fluctuations near wavelengths such as 400 nm, 600 nm, 1150 nm, 1700 nm, and around 2250-2400 nm. For TPs, a mid-order FOD (0.4-0.7) enhanced correlations around 400 nm, 620 nm, 1150 nm, 1400 nm, and 2300-2400 nm. At high FOD orders (0.8-1.0), increased volatility was observed across the spectral range for both AA and TP.  
The correlation curve of TPs is shown in Figure 6. In the middle order (0.4-0.7), more fluctuations start to appear near 400 nm and 2400 nm, and the bands near 620 nm, 1150 nm, 1400 nm, and 2300 nm start to show higher correlations; in the high order (0.8-1.0), the fluctuations at 350-500 nm, 800-1100 nm, and 2100-2500 nm begin to increase.  
Figure 4: Spectral reflectance changes in fresh tea leaves at different orders: (**a**) 0.1, (**b**) 0.2, (**c**) 0.4, (**d**) 0.6, (**e**) 0.8, and (**f**) 1.0. Different colors represent individual samples.