# Reputation and Trust Approach for Security and Safety Assurance in Intersection Management System
## 2 Related Work  
### Vanets  
To organize the transfer of data between vehicles as part of ITS, vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) were first proposed in [9] by [PERSON]. These networks are wireless, self-organizing, and non-dependent on the availability of a network infrastructure. Each of the nodes dynamically forms a path for the transmitted packets depending on the protocol and routing algorithm selected [10]. VANETs mean that every vehicle is equipped with an on-board unit (OBU), which is capable of both receiving and sending data. Data transmission can occur between vehicles (V2V), as well as between vehicles and roadside units (RSUs), which play the role of transport infrastructure objects (V2I). RSUs are stationary, located close to roads, and are key elements in ensuring road safety. The mixed type of communication between RSUs and OBUs is called V2X. In addition to the listed types of communication, there is a V2S type, which means the ability of a vehicle to interact with on-board sensors. According to [PERSON] et al. [11], connected vehicles (CV) are those vehicles that can receive data from the environment through on-board sensors, process them, and transfer them to other vehicles and objects of the transport infrastructure. The development of driver safety systems is one of the most important developments in CV evolution. However, many of the approaches that are currently being developed and investigated aim to prevent traffic accidents. The same strategy underlies the design of V2I and V2V communications [12]. In V2I-type communication, transport infrastructure objects send vehicles data on traffic jams, traffic conditions, weather conditions, road repairs, accidents, etc. to improve road safety and optimize road traffic. Vehicles also transmit data collected from on-board sensors to transport infrastructure. V2V communication means the exchange of data between two or more vehicles. This type of network is decentralized, and vehicles exchange data on the current traffic situation and make their own group decisions to optimize traffic [13]. V2X is classified as applications for road safety, traffic optimization, and infotainment purposes. Data transfer is based on dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) [14]. VANETs involve the exchange of data received from the environment using vehicle sensors, such as current speed, current location, obstacles, etc., and it is used by ITS to optimize traffic and ensure safety. DSRC implies the use of 802.11p protocol, which is based on the IEEE 802.11 and uses a 10 MHz channel [15]. A feature of 802.11p is the presence of WAVE Short Message Protocol (WSMP), which allows sending short priority messages. More detailed descriptions of WAVE and communication features between vehicles are given in [16]. At this stage of development, the full implementation of such technologies as VANET is not available ubiquitously [17]. Such technologies for exchanging data between vehicles and infrastructure raise many complex issues for policymakers, vehicle manufacturers, road and infrastructure companies, and scientists in the area of transport. Such networks must be highly scalable, must operate stably under high loads, and ensure reliable data transfer without loss of data. Therefore, to meet the categorically requirements for speed and reliability, perfect routing and scheduling algorithms and approaches are needed. The design of ITS requires large sources of funding, which again raises the question for politicians and economists whether the development and maintenance of such infrastructure are worthwhile and cost-effective. A distinctive feature of VANETs from other sensor networks is its extremely high dynamics, since vehicles are almost constantly in motion and can move at high speeds. Such conditions require the highest reliability from the network as it is critical for the system to make real-time decisions in any failure [18].