## 1 Introduction  
Provisional crowns and fixed partial dentures are crucial in fixed prosthodomics, protecting pulpal and periodontal tissues, supporting tissue healing for an ideal emergence profile, and preventing abutment migration by preserving proper spacing. Furthermore, they help assess oral hygiene by enabling the evaluation of plaque accumulation and soft tissue response over time, while also contributing to establishing a stable occlusal relationship [1]. In addition to their protective and functional roles, provisional restorations play a key role in the diagnostic and functional assessment of the final prosthesis, enhancing the predictability of treatment outcomes. These temporary restorations must fulfill biological, mechanical, and esthetic criteria for clinical success. Their durability under functional loads, occlusal forces, and intraoral stresses is particularly crucial. Due to their exposure to temperature fluctuations, high humidity, and continuous loading, provisional restorations require sufficient mechanical strength to resist fractures and minimize the necessity for further clinical adjustments or repairs [2]. This is especially critical in clinical situations requiringlong-term provisionalization, such as dental implant therapy or full-mouth rehabilitation involving extensive occlusal adjustments. In these cases, provisional restorations may be in place for extended durations, typically between 6 and 12 weeks or longer. Consequently, understanding the fracture resistance of the materials used for provisional restorations is essential. The fabrication technique and material composition significantly determine fracture resistance and clinical performance [3; 4]. Various provisional materials are utilized in clinical treatments, with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) historically being the most widely used due to its favorable strength, esthetics, color stability, and ease of repair. However, conventional PMMA-based materials also present drawbacks, such as polymerization shrinkage, a high exothermic reaction, limited wear resistance, potential pulpal irritation from residual monomers, and a strong odor. Bis-acryl composite resins have emerged as an alternative to address these limitations, offering enhanced polishability and color stability, although they tend to exhibit lower fracture resistance than PMMA [5; 6]. With the evolution of digital dentistry, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM)-based additive and subtractive techniques are progressively replacing traditional methods, offering benefits such as superior precision, improved internal fit, and minimized marginal discrepancies. Moreover, CAD-CAM technology enables the swift reproduction of restorations in the event of fracture or loss, enhancing efficiency and standardization in clinical practice [7; 8]. Restorations produced through subtractive manufacturing provide a more efficient workflow and excellent durability compared to conventional methods. The adoption of CAD-CAM techniques, particularly the milling of pre-polymerized PMMA disks, has notably enhanced the mechanical properties of provisional restorations. These high-pressure polymerized materials feature a highly cross-linked structure, leading to superior strength and wear resistance compared to chairside-fabricated alternatives. However, despite these benefits, challenges such as high costs, material waste, the potential for microcracks, and limitations in surface detail continue to hinder their widespread adoption. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of various materials is crucial to assess their long-term viability in clinical applications [9; 10]. As an alternative, additive manufacturing has gained prominence in prosthodontics due to its numerous advantages, including excellent fit, high detail reproducibility, cost-effectiveness, efficiency, speed, accuracy, precise adaptability, uniform contact pressure, and favorable mechanical properties [11].