## 1 Introduction
On islands, where the land resources are limited, waste volume varies seasonally strongly and the waste production per capita exceeds continental averages [24]. Municipal solid waste management is a substantial issue that requires a comprehensive political, environmental, socio-economic, and technological approach [24; 25]. Furthermore, poor logistics often result in illegal dumping and uncontrolled combustion, posing a risk to health and the environment due to emissions from the illegal combustion of wastes [26; 27]. On the Canary Islands, the main source of economic growth is the tourism sector and so the waste rate per capita is particularly influenced by this industry, which has a significant effect on waste generation [28]. The production and evolution of municipal waste is not the same in different island areas and also differs compared to the rest of Spain, as there are tourist areas with higher economic service activities (e.g., Santiago del Teide, Puerto de la Cruz, Arona, Guta de Isora, or Adeje) [29]. The tourism industry has gained significant weight in the region's economy, directly contributing to increased waste generation during recent decades [5]. The intense tourist occupancy throughout the year (about 13 million visitors each year) increases the consumption of energy and water per capita, as well as the need for infrastructure, public facilities, and services [2]. Consequently, the municipal waste rates per capita produced in these tourist areas are some of the highest in the country, together with the Balearic Islands [18], with values up to 1070.65 kg per capita in Arona, 705.10 kg per capita in Puerto de la Cruz, and 662.86 kg per capita in Adeje [16]. Furthermore, the Canary Islands have a high population density of approximately 300 inhabitants per km\({}^{2}\), which is significantly higher than the national average of 93 inhabitants per km\({}^{2}\). Most of the population is concentrated around the main urban areas, particularly on islands of Gran Canaria and Tenerife [2]. According to the latest European Waste Framework Directive 2018/851, European countries have to introduce the selective collection of biowaste and (by 31 December 2023 at the latest) implement the selective collection of municipal biowaste [10]. This date was anticipated to be December 2021 for cities with more than 5000 inhabitants, in the draft law on waste and contaminated soils of 28 May 2021. Since October 2021, there has been an actuation plan developed for the capital city, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, to encourage it to adopt the necessary measures and implement the selective collection of bioresidues, not just for big producers but also for households [11]. The first activities in Santa Cruz, regarding big producers (such as hotels, restaurants, bars, cafes, food markets, schools, hospitals, and nursing homes), yielded 792.3 t of selectively collected organic food waste from August 2020 to October 2021, with less than 2% containing foreign material [11]. Figure 3 shows the evolution of the collected waste from kitchens and restaurants registered from El Cabildo, CER Code 200108, until 2023. Santa Cruz showed the largest increase since the improvements in selective food waste collection. Other regions on the island also showed activities related to selectively collecting food waste (e.g., Granadilla de Abona, Adeje,