# Risk Perception and Barriers to Electric Scooter Prevalence
## 4 Conclusions  
This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the adoption and use of ES, with a particular focus on risk perception, societal norms, attitudes towards shared ES services, and the physical environment. Using SEM, this research explored the complex relationships among various latent variables affecting ES risk perception and adoption behavior. This study primarily employs SEM to analyze the relationships between the variables. Descriptive statistics were used to provide background information about the sample, while CFA was conducted to assess the suitability and validity of the latent variables before applying SEM. Additionally, travel behavior of ES users, common ES risks, and barriers to ES use were also studied to provide valuable insights that complement the SEM analysis by offering a different perspective on the data. While descriptive statistics provided an overview of the sample and basic trends, the core analysis was based on SEM, which allowed for an in-depth examination of the connections between the following factors, risk perception, positive attitudes toward ES, subjective norms, support for shared ES services, willingness to use shared ES services, willingness to share personal ES, gender-specific attitudes, and the perception of a safe ES environment. The SEM results reveal the complex relationships among the latent variables. The results highlight that positive attitudes towards shared ESs are influenced by perceptions of safety, willingness to use shared services, and societal norms. Safety concerns slightly decrease positive attitudes, while willingness to use and a safe environment significantly enhance them. Support for shared ES services is primarily driven by societal expectations and positive attitudes. Willingness to use shared ES is shaped by societal norms and support for these services. Willingness to share personal ES is influenced by positive attitudes and social pressures. Gender-specific attitudes and risks are also shaped by societal norms, affecting overall risk perception. Efforts to improve safety, societal acceptance, and positive experiences with shared ES can increase participation and support for these services. The questionnaire findings also underscore several important issues: 48% of ES users reported experiencing near-miss accidents, and 38% used ES on the road, highlighting significant safety concerns. A major barrier to increased ES use was a low sense of safety, and societal bias against young female and elderly drivers was evident. ESs are used mostly for leisure. Bike lanes and sidewalks are the main path used by ES riders. These results provide valuable insights into the societal context of ES adoption and can guide efforts to reduce risks and promote broader usage. Sociodemographic variables such as age, income, or household size were initially considered in the analysis. However, most of these variables were not statistically significant, with gender being the only exception. Including additional sociodemographic variables in the SEM impacted the stability and reliability of the model. Therefore, these non-significant variables were excluded from the final SEM to avoid potential issues with model complexity and ensure the robustness of the results. Future research should address the limitation of not considering all sociodemographic variables, by expanding the participant pool. The income level should also consider the various categories of unemployment, such as allowances for young individuals and pensions for older individuals. Furthermore, factors not explored in this study, such as individual preferences, previous exposure to shared ES systems, the impact of stray animals or pets, and broader contextual influences like market conditions or policy frameworks, should be examined to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the determinants affecting the willingness to adopt shared ESs. Expanding the dataset and integrating these factors would refine the SEM and enhance its applicability across diverse populations and contexts.