# Conductive Textiles for Signal Sensing and Technical Applications
## 5 Application of Conductive Textiles
### As Electronic Textiles (E-Textiles) for Bio-Sensing and Health Care
The back side of the electroconductive textile was fixed on the waterproof layer (12) and the cloth of the underwater (12). ECG signals were conducted through the textile electrodes (5. 10. 11) to electroconductive yarn (15) and a snap hook button (14); then, these ECG electrodes and the lead wire were connected to the ECG transmitter (13). Figure 8: Components of an ECG detecting smart garment. Reprinted from [305]. The electrodes in e-textiles were used specifically to determine biomedical features such as oxygen, moisture, contaminants, or salinity. Different fabrication techniques can be used [306]. The application of smart textiles in the physiological field, such as blood glucose level, blood pressure, respiration rate, body temperature, physical activity monitoring, and rehabilitation, was discussed [307]. Electronic, pneumatic, and electropneumatic transducers were studied to measure the interface pressure. The avoidance of sickness can be attained with this type of soft sensor. The use of wrist wearable instruments and a central monitoring system were mentioned to enhance the speed of assessing a patient's condition. The use of ambulatory devices was investigated for mobility and improved healthcare [308]. Humans stretch their bodies to their limits during sports activities or leisure-type amateur training. To get a better result and stretch the personal limit results in muscular and thermophysiological stresses, the garment does not add any further stress; it should, if possible, help the athletes sit, get a better result, and prevent sports injuries [309]. A device named \"The Intelligent Knee Sleeve\" (IKS) (see Figure 9) was used in football and other sports training to avoid disabling injuries during movements involving rapid deceleration, quick changes of direction, and sudden landings. The IKS consists of a simple, elastic sleeve incorporating disposable PPy-coated nylon-lycra fabric, integrated with appropriate electronic circuitry (3 V) sensor placed over the kneecap, and provides feedback as audio to alert the desired flexion limit [310]. During exercise, a major problem is water loss, including hypersensitivity, headache, dizziness, convulsions, vomiting, increased body temperature and heart rate, increased perceived power, decreased mental function, and delayed gastric emptying [311]. Figure 9: The intelligent knee sleeve [310] (reprinted with permission from Elsevier). A device was invented to detect increased pH levels using polyamide/lycra blended fabric and a pH sensor for sweat collection and real-time pH monitoring up to 0.2 pH units in 2008 [312]. To prevent knee injury and determine the user's bending angle and tensile deformation, the PU/PEDOT:PSS-based knitted textile sensor integrated with a wireless transmitter that was used as a knee sleeve was demonstrated [313]. A pre-treatment process of the surface of organic nanoparticle-based inkjet printable textile was reported, which enabled all inkjet-printed graphene-based wearable e-textiles to be breathable, comfortable, and environmentally friendly, and measured the CG signal [262]. Using multiscale disordered porous polyurethane (MPPU) via microfluid spinning, self-sensing and self-cooling properties were invented. It could reduce the temperature by around 2.5 degrees Celsius between skin and apparel compared to cotton [314].