esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Different Final Brine Temperatures on the Freezing Effect
The project requirements were that the average temperature of the frozen soil curtain in the frozen area should not be higher than \(-10^{\circ}\)C and the average temperature of the interface between the frozen wall and the pipe sheet should not be higher than \(-5\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. The final frozen soil temperature was stable at around \(-28\)\({}^{\circ}\)C for 40 d, and the frozen wall reached the design thickness, which ensured a smooth excavation of the catchment well and met the soil stability requirements in the excavation process. When the brine temperature and brine flow rate do not meet the construction requirements, the active freezing time should be extended. Under the different initial temperature conditions, Case 4 (initial temperature of \(-20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) exhibited the best freezing effect, with a cooling rate of \(0.925\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/d and an extreme difference of \(16.65\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/d. The soil temperature was the first to drop to \(-28\)\({}^{\circ}\)C in 3 d and remained stable. Case 1 (initial temperature of \(10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) had the worst freezing effect, with a cooling rate of \(0.754\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/d and an extreme difference of \(21.8644\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/d. Thus, a \(30\)\({}^{\circ}\)C reduction in the initial temperature shortened the freezing time by \(24\) d and increased the cooling rate by \(0.171\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/d, thereby presenting a significant gain in the freezing process. Under different termination temperature conditions, the freezing walls of Case 3 (final temperature of \(-30\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) and Case 4 (final temperature of \(-35\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) reached the design thickness at the late stage of freezing, and the final frozen soil temperature was below \(-28\)\({}^{\circ}\)C for 40 d. The freezing effect achieved the strength and stability required by the engineering design. In Case 1 (final temperature of \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) and Case 2 (final temperature of \(-20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C), the final freezing temperature was too high and, therefore, did not meet the requirements for subsequent excavation. The average cooling rate of Case 4 was the fastest, at \(0.656\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/d, with an extreme difference of \(25.0367\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/d. The soil temperature dropped to \(-28\)\({}^{\circ}\)C at 22 d and remained stable. The average cooling rate for Case 1 was the slowest at \(0.492\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/d, with an extreme difference of \(9.5408\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/d. The soil temperature eventually stabilized at around \(-10.5408\)\({}^{\circ}\)C after 36 d. Therefore, a \(5\)\({}^{\circ}\)C reduction in the termination temperature shortened the freezing time by \(7\) d and increased the cooling rate by \(0.144\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/d, while a \(25\)\({}^{\circ}\)C reduction in the termination temperature shortened the freezing time by \(14\) d and increased the cooling rate by \(0.164\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/d. Therefore, at a constant initial temperature, the greater the reduction in termination temperature, the more obvious the gain observed in the freezing process.
## 4 Seismic Response of CSBs Under Uniform Excitations
### Seismic Responses of Girder
#### 4.3.2 Vertical Response  
The girder vertical vibration in different locations, such as 1/4 span (G2), 1/2 span (G3) and 3/4 span (G4) subjected to different type NF motions are shown in Figures 21 and 22.  
The maximum vertical acceleration of girder in 1/4 span, mid-span and 3/4 span are 2.88 m/s\({}^{2}\), 0.88 m/s\({}^{2}\), 2.70 m/s\({}^{2}\) separately. It is obviously that the vertical acceleration on the G2 and G4 are significant larger than node G3 on the mid-span when subjected to the ScEL. The amplitude spectrum of the accelerations time histories was analyzed by FFT method, shown in Figure 21b. The predominant frequency of the girder vertical vibration is about 13.9 Hz. which corresponds to the 4\({}^{\text{th}}\) vibration mode, shown in Figure 8d. The mode is a typical antisymmetric mode. In the result, the vibrations of the G2 and G4 are larger than the mid-span.  
However, when subjected to the ScTCU, the vertical accelerations on the G2 and G4 are slight larger than the G3. The acceleration amplitude spectrums are shown in Figure 22b. We can find the contributions of the several modes are at a similar level, such as the 2\({}^{\text{nd}}\), 3\({}^{\text{rd}}\), 4\({}^{\text{th}}\) and 5\({}^{\text{th}}\) vibration mode. In the result, the peak accelerations on the G2, G3 and G4 are close.  
For easier comparison, the peak vertical accelerations of different critical nodes of girder are shown in Figure 23a. The acceleration peak envelope curves subjected to both ground motions present \"inverted W shape\". However, the maximum accelerations subjected to the ScEL are significant larger than the ScTCU.  
The displacements response of girder were computed from the accelerations by double integration and baseline correction. The maximum displacements of girder are drawn in Figure 23b. Similarly, both vertical displacement envelops are inverted 'W' shape, rather than 'U' shape. When subjected to the PNF motion (ScTCU), the maximum displacements are larger than the NNF motion.  
Figure 21: Girder vertical acceleration under ScEL (**a**) Time history and (**b**) FFT.  
Figure 22: Girder vertical accelerations under ScTCU (**a**) Time history and (**b**) FFT.
# A New Real-Time Detection and Tracking Method in Videos for Small Target Traffic Signs
## 3 Results
### Effectiveness Analyses
#### 3.2.1 Small Sample Equalization  
A total of 6605 training images, including 128 different categories of traffic signs, are all with resolutions of 2048 \(\times\) 2048 in the TT100K. It is challenging to meet the detection requirements in Real-World traffic scenarios because road conditions vary from region to region, subordinate classes are not classified in detail in the original dataset like speed limit is 60 km/h, so as to ignore the numerical difference (speed limit 40 km/h, 80 km/h). Thus, this paper subdivides some categories of the TT100K, which increases the number of categories from 128 to 152, using data enhancement (such as noise, weather, blur, etc.) to expand the TT100K from 6605 training images to 13,238 images. 90% of the images are randomly selected for training and the remaining 10% for testing. 152 types of traffic signs are detected to obtain the precision rate and recall rate during the test, which are evaluated as follows:  
\[\text{P}= \frac{\text{TP}}{\text{TP}+\text{FP}} \tag{11}\] \[\text{R}= \frac{\text{TP}}{\text{TP}+\text{FN}}\] (12) \[AP_{c}=\frac{1}{N_{c}}\underset{r_{c}\in R_{c}}{\sum}p(r_{c})\] (13) \[mAP=\frac{1}{N}\underset{}{\sum}AP_{c} \tag{14}\]  
where TP represents true positive which indicates the detections of traffic signs are correct, FP represents false positive which indicates the detections of traffic signs are wrong, FN is false negative and it represents the number of lost traffic signs, \(N_{c}\) presents the number of class \(c\), \(p(r_{c})\) is precision value when class \(c\) recall is \(r_{c}\). Table 1 proves the validity of the data augmentation. After performing data augmentation, the precision and recall rate of the model are improved by 4% and 9% respectively on the TT100K. As shown in Table 1, it is easy to find that YOLOv3 will work better as the small sample training images increases.
## 2 Network Model  
### Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks  
A reference architecture for two-dimensional underwater sensor networks is shown in Figure 1 (_cf._, [1,11]), where deployed sensor nodes are anchored to the bottom of an ocean. Underwater sensors can be organized in a cluster-based architecture, and interconnected to one or more underwater gateways (U-GWs) through wireless acoustic links. A U-GW is equipped with a long-range vertical transceiver, which is used to relay data from the ocean bottom sensors to a surface station, and a horizontal transceiver, which is used to send commands and configuration data to the sensors as well as collecting monitored data. The surface station is equipped with an acoustic transceiver to handle multiple parallel communications with the U-GWs and a long-range radio or satellite transceiver to communicate with an onshore sink or a surface sink.
# AUV Trajectory Planning for Optimized Sensor Data Collection in Internet of Underwater Things
###### Abstract  
Efficient and timely data collection in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) for Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) applications remains a significant challenge due to the inherent limitations of the underwater environment. This paper presents a Value of Information (VoI)-based trajectory planning framework for a single Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) operating in coordination with an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) to collect data from multiple Cluster Heads (CHs) deployed across an uneven seafloor. The proposed approach employs a VoI model that captures both the importance and timeliness of sensed data, guiding the AUV to collect and deliver critical information before its value significantly degrades. A forward Dynamic Programming (DP) algorithm is used to jointly optimize the AUV's trajectory and the USV's start and end positions, with the objective of maximizing the total residual VoI upon mission completion. The trajectory design incorporates the AUV's kinematic constraints into travel time estimation, enabling accurate VoI evaluation throughout the mission. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy consistently outperforms conventional baselines in terms of residual VoI and overall system efficiency. These findings highlight the advantages of VoI-aware planning and AUV-USV collaboration for effective data collection in challenging underwater environments.  
a _Article_  
1  
Efficient and timely data collection in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) for Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) applications remains a significant challenge due to the inherent limitations of the underwater environment. This paper presents a Value of Information (VoI)-based trajectory planning framework for a single Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) operating in coordination with an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) to collect data from multiple Cluster Heads (CHs) deployed across an uneven seafloor. The proposed approach employs a VoI model that captures both the importance and timeliness of sensed data, guiding the AUV to collect and deliver critical information before its value significantly degrades. A forward Dynamic Programming (DP) algorithm is used to jointly optimize the AUV's trajectory and the USV's start and end positions, with the objective of maximizing the total residual VoI upon mission completion. The trajectory design incorporates the AUV's kinematic constraints into travel time estimation, enabling accurate VoI evaluation throughout the mission. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy consistently outperforms conventional baselines in terms of residual VoI and overall system efficiency. These findings highlight the advantages of VoI-aware planning and AUV-USV collaboration for effective data collection in challenging underwater environments.  
a _Article_  
1
# Arabic Automatic Speech Recognition: A Systematic Literature Review
## 4 Results and Discussion
### RQ2  
What Is the Considered Variant of Arabic in Speech Recognition Studies?  
In this section, we describe the types or variants of Arabic adopted by the reviewed studies. As we can see from Figure 3, the recognition of MSA has piqued the interest of several researchers. Among the 38 reviewed studies, 34 of them cover MSA (89.47% of the retained studies), whereas 10 of the retained studies were dedicated to different dialects of Arabic (26.32% of the reviewed studies). Note that some studies can be dedicated to more than one variant of Arabic. The studies dedicated for MSA include, for example, [4; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 32; 33; 35; 37; 38; 39; 40; 43]. Some of these studies cover MSA along with other dialectal Arabic, such as the Algerian dialect [36] (1 study out of 38), the Qatari dialect [61] (1 study out of 38), and the Egyptian dialect (4 studies out of 38) [30]. It can also be observed that some Arabic dialects were not supported by retained studies such as the Iraqi and Yemeni dialects.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Countries of the** & **Studies** & **Studies Related to** & **Total Number** \\
**First Author** & **Ralated to** & **Dialect Arabic** & **of Studies** \\ \hline Morocco & 3 & 0 & 3 \\  & & 3 (Qatari, Egyptian, & \\ Qatar & 4 & Gulf/Levantine, & 4 \\  & & /North African/Egyptian) & \\ Finland & 1 & 1 (Egyptian) & 1 \\ Palestine & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ Tunisia & 4 & 3 (Tunisian) & 7 \\ Libya & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ Saudi Arabia & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ France & 2 & 1 (Algerian) & 2 \\ USA & 1 & 1 (Egyptian/Gulf, Levantine/North & 1 \\ African) & 1 & \\ Kuwait & 3 & 0 & 3 \\ Jordan & 2 & 0 & 2 \\ Spain & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ Indonesia & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ Algeria & 5 & 0 & 5 \\ UK & 1 & 1 (Egyptian/Gulf) & 1 \\ Yemen & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ Egypt & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ Iraq & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: The most active countries according to the retained studies. Some studies support more than one type of Arabic. Then, the same study was repeated, which increased the number of studies related to MSA/DA.
# Electrically Small Water-Based Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna
## Appendix A  
This appendix presents the definition of the antenna parameters used in this work. The water-based DRA can be described by the equivalent circuit diagram in Figure 11. We were interested in maximizing the total efficiency given by [2]:  
\[\eta_{\text{eff}}=\frac{P_{\text{rad}}}{P_{\text{in}}}=\eta_{\text{rad}} \big{(}1-|\text{S}_{11}|^{2}\big{)} \tag{11}\]  
where \(P_{\text{rad}}\) is the total radiated power, and \(P_{\text{in}}\) is the input power to the transmission line. \(\eta_{\text{rad}}=P_{\text{rad}}/(P_{\text{rad}}+P_{\text{d}})\) is the radiation efficiency, with \(P_{\text{d}}\) being the power dissipated in the antenna, and \(|\text{S}_{11}|^{2}=P_{\text{r}}/P_{\text{in}}\) is the fraction of the power reflected (\(P_{\text{r}}\)) due to mismatch of the antenna input impedance (\(Z_{\text{A}}\)) to that of the transmission line (\(Z_{0}\)). \(\text{S}_{11}\) designates the antenna reflection coefficient.  
We characterized the impedance bandwidth of the antenna by the 3 dB fractional voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) bandwidth \(\text{FBW}_{\text{3 dB}}=(f_{\text{-3 dB}}-f_{\text{+3 dB}})/f_{0}\), with \(f_{\text{+3 dB}}\) being the \(\pm\)3 dB frequencies  
Figure 4: **(a)** The electric field distribution in the \(xz\)-plane for the magnetic dipole antenna. The colors show the intensity of the electric field in logarithmic scale, whereas the arrows show the direction. **(b)** Radiation pattern shown by the normalized radiation intensity in the \(xz\) - and \(xy\)-planes for the magnetic dipole antenna. The black circles show the measured radiation pattern. See Appendix B.2 for the electric field intensity and radiation pattern for the electric dipole antenna.  
of \(S_{11}\) and \(f_{0}\) being the resonance frequency [3]. For electrically small antennas, the quality factor \(Q=2/\text{FBW}_{\text{3 dB}}\), and presently we applied the following ratio:  
\[Q_{\text{ratio}}=\frac{Q}{Q_{\text{lb}}} \tag{10}\]  
with \(Q_{\text{lb}}=b_{i}\eta_{\text{rad}}Q_{\text{Chu}}=b_{i}\eta_{\text{rad}} \Big{(}\frac{1}{k_{0}a}+\frac{1}{(k_{0}a)^{3}}\Big{)}\) being the lower bound of \(Q\), where \(b_{i}\) is a resonance mode factor with \(i=\text{m},\text{e}\) denoting the mode, and \(Q_{\text{Chu}}\) is the Chu limit [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. For magnetic (electric) resonant antennas, \(b_{\text{m}}=3\) (\(b_{\text{e}}=1.5\)). We used Equation (10) to determine how close the \(Q\) of the antenna was to the theoretical minimum.  
The realized antenna gain in a given direction can be calculated as follows [2]:  
\[G_{\text{real}}(\theta,\phi)=\eta_{\text{eff}}D(\theta,\phi) \tag{11}\]  
where \(D(\theta,\phi)=4\pi U(\theta,\phi)/P_{\text{rad}}\) is the directivity, with \(U(\theta,\phi)\) being the radiation intensity and \((\theta,\phi)\) denoting the direction of radiation.
# Distance-Based Resource Allocation for Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Safety Communication
## 6 One-to-Many Bipartite Matching
### Graph Structure  
A single vehicle is communicating with multiple cellular users. For the sake of simplicity, we have assumed that one vehicle can communicate with up to five cellular users, at a given time. Let V = {v\({}_{1}\), v\({}_{2}\),..., v\({}_{n}\)} be the set of vehicles and C = {c\({}_{1}\), c\({}_{2}\),..., c\({}_{n}\)} be the set of cellular users. A cellular user is connected to a vehicle when it enters into a 50m radius from the vehicle, forming an edge. Let G = ({X,Y},E,W) be a bipartite graph with X vertices corresponding to cellular users and Y vertices corresponding to the vehicles. E is an edge set that consists of pairs with one vertex from each X and Y. The weight W of the edge is defined by the distance between the vehicle and cellular user. A cellular user is allocated to at most one vehicle at a time. Our main objective is to assign multiple edges to a single vertex (vehicle). The idea is illustrated in Figure 3. The vertex v1 is shared by c1,..., c5 and the edges between the vehicle and cellular user are denoted by the blue line.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, novel phase rotation vectors are designed based on deriving the general form of a conventional SLM PAPR reduction scheme in the time domain, and then a novel blind SLM PAPR reduction method is proposed with low complexity. At the transmitter, the phase rotation vector can be considered as an equivalent wireless channel without SI transmission. At the receiver side, it does not need to detect the SI and the effect of phase rotation vectors can be removed by a conventional channel estimation method. Therefore, the proposed scheme has the advantage of being transparent to the receiver, which avoids the transmission of SI and does not increase the data demodulation complexity of the convectional OFDM system. In addition, the proposed scheme has the flexibility of choosing parameters according to practical application. Since the proposed scheme can achieve good PAPR reduction performance without the transmission of SI, the proposed PAPR reduction scheme can be also used in other applications such as the single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) system [19] and OFDM-based wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems [20; 21].  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed the low-complexity SLM-based PAPR reduction method and formal analysis; [PERSON] provided the simulation and comparative analysis; [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper together.  
This work was supported by the Key Scientific Research Program of Higher Education of Henan Province of China under Grant No. 17A510013.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Simulation Verification
### Simulations of Different Fault Locations and Fault Types  
After the occurrence of the single-phase-to-ground fault (AG), phase-to-phase fault (AB), phase-to-phase-to-ground fault (ABG), and three-phase fault (ABC), the fault identification results are shown in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Fault Location**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fault Resistance**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(D_{\text{JS}}(I_{\text{M}_{r}}-I_{\text{N}})\)} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **A** & **B** & **C** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{F\({}_{1}\)} & 50 \(\Omega\) & 0.173 & 0.158 & 0.154 \\  & 100 \(\Omega\) & 0.136 & 0.128 & 0.133 \\  & 300 \(\Omega\) & 0.153 & 0.167 & 0.119 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{F\({}_{3}\)} & 50 \(\Omega\) & 0.768 & 0.042 & 0.071 \\  & 100 \(\Omega\) & 0.851 & 0.055 & 0.037 \\  & 300 \(\Omega\) & 0.893 & 0.094 & 0.076 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{F\({}_{5}\)} & 50 \(\Omega\) & 0.068 & 0.059 & 0.041 \\  & 100 \(\Omega\) & 0.082 & 0.069 & 0.092 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 300 \(\Omega\) & 0.075 & 0.066 & 0.057 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Calculation results of \(D_{\text{JS}}(I_{\text{M}_{r}}-I_{\text{N}})\) under different fault resistances.  
As shown in Table 2, the calculated \(D_{\rm JS}(I_{\rm M},\,-I_{\rm N})\) during external faults remains significantly below the setting value of 0.3, so the protection does not trip. Conversely, during all types of internal faults, \(D_{\rm JS}(I_{\rm M},\,-I_{\rm N})\) consistently exceeds 0.3, so the protection acts correctly, while the \(D_{\rm JS}(I_{\rm M},\,-I_{\rm N})\) of the healthy phases remains below the threshold to avoid maloperation. Therefore, the proposed protection will not be affected by fault location or fault type.
# Bio-Inspired Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Wideband Sub-6 GHz Range
The numerical analyses were performed by fixing Gielis' parameters and varying the geometrical sizes of the DRA, with the aim of accomplishing wideband behavior in the frequency range of interest. In particular, the influence of the coaxial cable pin height, DRA thickness and height on the scattering parameter S\({}_{11}\) and antenna gain are evaluated. The impact of the exponential coefficient of Gielis' superformula on the antenna design was also investigated in terms of antenna design and prototype fabrication, envisaged to be realized by means of Additive Manufacturing processes. The 3D radiation patterns, electric and magnetic field distributions and radiation efficiency of the optimized Spiral shell DRA are also reported. The overall performance of the SsDRA was then compared to other DRA geometries, conceived and realized by using the same low-permittivity material. Finally, a detailed discussion about fabrication feasibility and issues emerged for the realization of the Ss-DRA prototype is reported.