esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Fuzzy-Based Control System for Solar-Powered Bulk Service Queueing Model with Vacation
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Fuzzification Analysis  
In a solar-powered system, the arrival rate of energy demands (\(\chi\)) and service rates a, b, and c are fuzzified to model sunlight fluctuations and battery efficiency. The trapezoidal fuzzy approach ensures smooth energy distribution, preventing sudden service disruptions.  
We assume that the arrival rate \(\chi\), High Bulk Service a, Medium Single Service b, and Low Vacation c are linguistic and imprecise and symbolized by the fuzzified parameters. \(k_{1}=\chi,k_{2}=a,k_{3}=b,k_{4}=c\). Let us consider that \(\xi_{p_{m}}(x_{m})\) denote the membership function (MFs) corresponding to fuzzified numbers (FNs)\(p_{m}\), where m = 1, 2, 3, 4.  
Thus, we get \(p_{m}=\{(x_{m},\xi_{p_{m}}(x_{m})):x_{m}\in X_{m},\ m=1,2,3,4\}\) where \(X_{m}\) is the crisp universal set of \(p_{m}\), \(m=1,2,3,4\).  
Let us assume the fuzzified indices \(P_{j}\), where \(P_{1}=EL_{s},P_{2}=EW_{s},P_{3}=TP\). Thus, \(\xi_{P_{j}}(z)=supmin\Big{\{}\xi_{P_{j}}(x_{m})/z=P_{j},\ m=1,2,3,4;\ j=1,2,3 \Big{\}}\).  
We shall employ the parametric nonlinear program (P-NLP) to find \(\alpha\)-cuts corresponding of \(P_{j}\) based on the Zadeh extension principle [15].  
The \(\alpha\)-cut and P-NLP approach was chosen over basic fuzzy arithmetic due to its higher precision in handling non-linear relationships and uncertainty propagation in tandem queuing systems. Simpler methods often yield over-conservative or imprecise bounds. To improve clarity, we have added intuitive explanations and included graphs illustrating \(\alpha\)-cut sensitivity and performance metric variation across confidence levels.
## 1 Introduction
Two general protocols can be considered, namely the single field of view (SFOV), whereby one fiber optic is directly connected to the spectrometer and the fore optic, where light enters the system, rotates upward and downward to collect solar and vegetation irradiance (cosine corrector is mandatory) [17; 34] and the duel field of view (DFOV) whereby two fore optics are fixed to measure downwelling and upwelling radiation, respectively, and an extra device (e.g., shutter or prism) is needed to switch between these two paths before light reaches the spectrometer [1; 34; 35]. Both protocols have their own advantages and disadvantages, e.g., the SFOV one can avoid spectral shift but the mobile joint where the fore optic rotates repeatedly may cause a bending or loss of light and noise to the spectrum, and the DFOV one keeps both two optical paths steady and may be easier to automate without a moving part but hard to avoid light loss andspectral shift in the switching part [1; 34; 35]. A couple of systems with different constructions are derived from the second protocol [1; 13; 17; 18; 20; 22; 36; 37], which is also used in this study. It has the benefit of being adopted with either hemispherical-conical (hemi-con) or bi-hemispherical (bi-hemi) configurations, i.e., whether the upwelling sensor is bare fiber or equipped with a cosine corrector. Thus far, it seems that the hemi-con configuration was used more in the field than it's counterpart [20; 23] although each of them have their own merits. The upwelling sensor of the hemi-con configuration can be installed at the nadir or off-nadir point at any places of interests but is strongly influenced by the sun-target-viewer geometry, which needs to be considered at either a diurnal or seasonal scale [16; 38; 39; 40]. The bi-hemi configuration collects downwelling and upwelling irradiance in the nadir view direction, having a great advantage of covering a wide area of the target from its almost hemispheric view [17; 34] whereas, in contrast, it may also capture non-vegetation signals due to its large view. Another drawback of the bi-hemi configuration is the attenuation of light by the cosine corrector (may up to 70%) that may increase the integration time (IT) of the spectrometer and reduce the SNR. During the last decade, a variety of observation systems oriented to SIF retrieval were developed and conducted to collect long-term continuous data from different ecosystems. Along with the establishment of SpecNet and EUROSpec, ChinaSpec is also under development [41] but uses different systems from different research groups. To our best knowledge, differences in these existing systems, especially SIF from different systems, have not been specifically investigated yet. In this study, to gather some information about whether SIF from different systems is comparable, we collected four different systems and ran them together with two main aims, namely to compare four systems with different constructions and to compare the two different configurations (hemi-con and bi-hemi) in SIF in situ measurements and their effects on SIF retrievals.
# Topology Optimization Based Parametric Design of Balloon Borne Telescope's Primary Mirror
## 2 Optimization Design of the Primary Mirror  
### Optical System  
The balloon-borne telescope adopts the Ritchey-Chretien system, which can obtain an angular resolution of 0.5\({}^{\prime\prime}\). The optical system is shown in Figure 1. The distance between the primary mirror and the secondary mirror is 957 mm, and the working spectrum range of ultraviolet light to visible light is 280-680 nm. The distance of the entire optical system is 1500 mm. The aperture of the primary mirror is 800 mm, and the radius of curvature is 2800 mm [18].
On the other hand, task-specific grasp planning approaches aim to overcome this challenge by incorporating a task encoding into the grasp prediction pipeline [11; 12; 13]. The task encoding in these approaches is usually categorical, and describes a generalized use case such as poke, pour water, etc. While these solutions work well for some general scenarios, categorical task encoding might not be sufficient in specific pick-and-place tasks for robotic assembly, where object geometries and assembly order limit the number of appropriate grasps. When approached with a categorical task encoding, such solutions would have to represent each unique assembly as its own category. Since the number of categories and their semantic meaning are core components of such networks, the model would have to be retrained from scratch each time a new assembly task is available. We suggest that a transfer-learning-based approach is much better suited for such scenarios. Transfer learning allows for reusing large deep-learning models which were pre-trained on large datasets. During transfer learning, only the top layers of the network are modified, and the lower layers, which extract more general features, are left untouched [14]. Since only a fraction of the network's parameters needs to be adjusted, a relatively small dataset can be used without overfitting. This process is called fine-tuning the network. This paper proposes an automated synthetic dataset generation pipeline using Grasiptl and Blender for fine-tuning GQCNN models for task-specific grasp planning in robotic assembly. We focus on predicting geometrically well-placed grasps and do not examine dynamic grasp qualities. The results are demonstrated and discussed through a simple, yet representative simulated task.
# A 12-Bit 1-GS/s Pipelined ADC with a Novel Timing Strategy in 40-nm CMOS Process
## 3 Circuit Implementation and Calibration
### Calibration of Mismatches and Errors
#### 3.5.1 Calibration of Offset Voltage  
The offset voltage of the comparator is mainly caused by the mismatch of differential pairs. If there is a deviation in the comparator threshold, the output residual voltage exceeds the quantization range of the next stage, resulting in the loss of signal-related information and missing codes. For the 2.5-bit pipeline stage, the sub-ADC is a flash ADC with six comparators. The comparison reference voltages of these six comparators are \(\pm\)5/8 Vref, \(\pm\)3/8 Vref, and \(\pm\)1/8 Vref. Each of the six comparators with different thresholds needs to be calibrated. There are several ways to calibrate the offset of the comparator in the analog domain:  
* The first method is to add an adjustable capacitor to the output of the comparator. However, this method increases the load on the circuit and affects the switching speed of the comparator [32];
* The second option is to reduce the input offset of the comparator by adjusting the substrate voltage. However, separating the substrates of MOSFETs in a CMOS process requires the use of special deep-well devices [11];
* The third way is to calibrate the offset of the comparator through the auxiliary differential pair. By adding auxiliary differential pairs, this solution inevitably increases the noise of the comparator [33];
* In theory, adding an adjustable current source can adjust the offset of the comparator [34]. As can be seen from Section 3.3, bias current is placed in the output of the preamplifier in this design. The advantages of this method are low noise and ease in matching the calibration of the residual curve.  
As is shown in Figure 10, a 3-bit calibration circuit is added to the output end of the pre-amplifier. Since the equivalent input offset voltage (VOS) of the comparator is about \(\pm\)52 mV within the 3-sigma interval of the Monte Carlo simulation, the step of adjustment 8 mV is reasonable, which can cover about \(\pm\)56 mV offset voltage.
# Robotic Manipulation of Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes for Cumulus Cell Removal
## 4 Experimental Results
### Success Rate and Discard Rate  
The process of cumulus cell removal was considered successful when cumulus cells were completely removed by repeated micropipette aspiration. After 24 hours, oocytes without the presence of the polar body were classified as immature and subsequently discarded. To further quantify the performance of the robotic system, the success rate was calculated as the percentage of the number of oocytes without cumulus cells after cumulus cell removal over the total number of oocytes before cumulus cell removal. The discard rate was calculated as the percentage of the number of discarded oocytes over the total number of oocytes before cumulus cell removal.  
In five experiments, cumulus cell removal was conducted on a total of 267 mouse COCs using the proposed robotic system and manual operation (144 vs. 123). As summarized in Table 2, the success rate of the robotic group was higher than that of the manual group (98.0 \(\pm\) 1.8% vs. 85.3 \(\pm\) 2.4%). Additionally, the discard rate of the robotic group was lower compared with manual operation (4.1 \(\pm\) 2.7% vs. 19.6 \(\pm\) 3.5%).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **mAP/(\%)** & **Recall/(\%)** & **FPS/(f/s)** \\ \cline{2-4}  & \(\frac{\sum_{\text{link}}^{\text{N}}\text{AP}_{t}}{\text{N}}\) & \(\frac{Tp}{Tp+\text{TN}}\) & \(\frac{1}{T}\) \\ \hline Yolov5s & 87.2 & 81.6 & 23.3 \\ Yolov5s + & 88.5 (1.5\%) & 82.5 (1.1\%) & 27.5 (18.0\%) \\ Res2 Net-COT & 90.6 (3.9\%) & 83.7 (2.6\%) & 28.8 (23.6\%) \\ Yolov5s + Inception & 87.8 (0.7\%) & 81.6 (0\%) & 30.2 (29.6\%) \\ Improved Yolov5s & 91.3 (4.7\%) & 86.4 (5.9\%) & 26.1 (12.0\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} The number of categories \(N\) = 2, \(AP_{t}\) was the average detection accuracy for each category, \(\overline{Tp}\) was the number of cumulus cells correctly detected, \(FN\) was the number of cumulus cells that were missed, and \(T\) was the time required to detect all cumulus cells from an image.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Results of ablation experiments for the improved Yolov5s.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Experiment** & **Manual Success Rate (\%)** & **Robotic Success Rate (\%)** & **Manual Discard Rate (\%)** & **Robotic Discard Rate (\%)** \\ \hline
1 & 83.3 (20/24) & 96.4 (27/28) & 16.7 (4/24) & 7.1 (2/28) \\
2 & 85.7 (18/21) & 100 (25/25) & 23.8 (5/21) & 4.0 (1/25) \\
3 & 88.5 (23/26) & 96.7 (29/30) & 23.1 (6/26) & 0 (0/30) \\
4 & 82.6 (19/2
# Phase Imbalance Analysis of GF-3 Along-Track InSAR Data for Ocean Current Measurement
## 2 Ocean Current Measurement Method Based on GF-3 ATI Data
### Error Analysis of the Phase Imbalances between Channels
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Antenna Beam** & **Start Angle** & **Center Angle** & **End Angle** & \(\Delta\theta\) & \(B_{\perp}\) \\ \hline
162 & 16.40\({}^{\circ}\) & 18.22\({}^{\circ}\) & 20.03\({}^{\circ}\) & 3.63\({}^{\circ}\) & 1.58 mm \\
165 & 23.09\({}^{\circ}\) & 24.68\({}^{\circ}\) & 26.27\({}^{\circ}\) & 3.18\({}^{\circ}\) & 1.80 mm \\
171 & 34.78\({}^{\circ}\) & 36.03\({}^{\circ}\) & 37.28\({}^{\circ}\) & 2.50\({}^{\circ}\) & 2.30 mm \\
175 & 40.43\({}^{\circ}\) & 41.43\({}^{\circ}\) & 42.43\({}^{\circ}\) & 2.00\({}^{\circ}\) & 2.86 mm \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: GF-3 radar parameters. Figure 3: Under the condition that the accuracy of radial velocity measurement is 0.1 m/s and the beam code is 162, the allowable range of antenna phase center position error and attitude error is obtained. (**a**) Allowable antenna phase center position error range: the values of \(\Delta x\) and \(\Delta z\) must be located in the area of diagonal line in the figure. (**b**) The allowable range of attitude error without considering squint angle: the values of \(\Delta\theta_{yaw}\) and \(\Delta\theta_{pitch}\) must be located in the area where the oblique line is drawn in the figure. Finally, the image width of GF-3 FSI mode is 50 km, that is to say, the image width of GF-3 ATI mode is also 50 km. Under the condition that the width of the image remains unchanged, the phase imbalance between the near range and the far range of the image changes with the central look angle of the scene is shown in Figure 4, which leads to the baseline error caused by the maximum attitude control errors of GF-3, which are shown in Table 2. With the increase of the central look angle of the scene, the influence of the space-varying of phase imbalance on radial velocity measurements will become smaller.
###### Abstract  
To reflect the volatile differences of dried citrus peel as affected by cultivars and drying methods, the volatile compounds of dried citrus peel of two cultivars (_Citrus reticulata_ \"Chachi\" and _Citrus reticulata_ \"Ponkan\"), prepared under three drying methods (sun-drying (SD), hot-air-drying (AD), and freeze-drying (FD)), were analyzed by GC-MS, odor activity values (OAVs), and GC-IMS. GC-MS data indicated that SD was favorable to preserve terpenic alcohols (linalool, \(\alpha\)-terpineol and terpinene-4-ol), \(\beta\)-cymene, methyl methanthranilate, and monoterpenes; while AD was favorable to preserve aliphatic aldehydes and sesquiterpenes; and SD was more similar with AD in GC-MS analysis of volatile profile (of higher MW) for both cultivars from the PCA outcome. Furthermore, significant difference in volatile isomeric composition of different samples was also clearly demonstrated through extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) by GC-MS analysis. GC-IMS analysis showed the favorability of FD to preserve ketones, phenols, esters, and aromatic aldehydes; and SD was more similar with FD in GC-IMS analysis of volatile profile (of smaller MW) for both cultivars from the PCA outcome. Moreover, the OAVs indicate that 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol contributed much to the flavor of dried Ponkan peel, while 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, methyl methanthranilate, and methyl anthranilate played an important role in the flavor of dried Chachi peel; and the highest OAVs for monoterpenes were observed at SD for both cultivars. Thus, the combination of GC-MS and GC-IMS analyses with PCA in this paper suggested the superiority of SD to preserve volatiles and characteristic aroma in dried citrus peel, and that SD contributed much to the quality of dried Chachi peel.  
citrus peel; volatile compounds; sun-drying (SD); hot-air-drying (AD); freeze-drying (FD); GC-MS; GC-IMS +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters B
## 4 Simulation
### Network Life  
The network life is an important assessment criterion of a protocol from the aspect of total energy consumption. The experiments show the network lifetime of the four protocols, and the results are described in Figures 7 and 8. We assume that the energy of the sink node is unlimited, and the initial energy of each sensor is 10 J. The energy needed in each transmission and receiving action is as specified in [21]. We consider the mobile sensor network dead according to the two scenarios as follows. Scenario 1: the network dies when any one of all sensor nodes depletes its energy; scenario 2: the network life ends when over a half of all sensor nodes deplete their energy.  
From Figure 7, we can see that DRADG protocol achieves the longest network lifetime, since it makes use of a self-adapting algorithm to cut down the redundant replicas of messages, _i.e._, reduce the consumption of nodes' energy, and thus much energy can be saved. Since sending and receiving too many messages copies expends too much energy, the network lifetime of the epidemic protocol is the shortest among the four protocols. Moreover, we also see that Spray-and-Wait has much longer network life than FAD. The reason is that, Spray-and-Wait adopts fixed message copy number transmission scheme, thus it can efficiently limit communication overhead. Therefore, the total energy consumption of DRADG is much less than the Spray-and-Wait, FAD and epidemic protocols, which demonstrates the advantage of our proposed protocol in the aspect of economizing energy.  
Figure 6: The number of data messages generated per second.  
Figure 7: The network life under scenario 1.  
Figure 8 shows the network life of the four protocols under scenario 2. We can find that the network life values of all four protocols under scenario 2 go up significantly compared with the corresponding values in scenario 1. However, the size relationships of the network life values among these protocols remain unchanged. It can be clearly seen that the network life of DRADG protocol is still longest in all schemes and the network life of Spray-and-Wait is much longer than that of the FAD and epidemic protocols. To achieve a high data delivery ratio, FAD routing needs to generate and transfer a mass of data message copies, so its energy consumption is also very high. Similarly, the epidemic scheme has the shortest network life among the four protocols because of its enormous demand for the network resources. In a word, the above discussions, under both scenario 1 and 2, show that our proposed DRADG scheme clearly outperforms the Spray-and-Wait, FAD and epidemic protocols from the point of view of energy savings.
# Logistics Space: A Literature Review from the Sustainability Perspective
## 4 Impact of Logistics Space: On Sustainability
### Environmental Dimension  
The development of the logistics industry can promote economic growth, but it also causes an increase in energy consumption and carbon emissions. Logistics sprawl helps to change the geography of urban freight, increase the distance traveled by trucks and the resulting emissions, and affect the commuting rate of logistics employment [9]. The increase in truck travel distance is the biggest impact of logistics sprawl. Between 2007 and 2015, the average haul distance of China's road freight transport increased by 13 km. China's energy consumption for the logistics industry has increased by 47%, reaching 383.2 million tons of standard coal in 2015. The sustainable development of logistics is restricted by decreasing energy. The energy efficiency has attracted the attention of scholars. It is very important to create energy districts, with the main objective that they are configure as platforms for the valorization of energy technological nutrients derived from biomass to supply energy and be more efficient from an environmental and economic point of view [71]. In addition, energy consumption inevitably leads to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. [PERSON] and [PERSON] estimate that the expansion of logistics resulted in an increase of 15,000 tons of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions per year in Paris area [49]. Although logistics sprawl can alleviate air pollution and noise pollution, it is harmful to the urban environment as a whole.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Temperature  
Some applications of EMM-ARM are available in the literature focused on the assessment of the effect of operating temperature on CEM I and CEM II cement-based materials [22; 26; 30]. In this work, the effect of different curing temperatures on the early age mechanical properties of pozzolanic CEM IV/B cement paste was investigated by means of the EMM-ARM methodology considering two temperature values equal to 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the latter assumed as control value, in order to simulate different operating scenarios. Figure 7 shows the results observed in terms of elastic modulus vs. time.  
Figure 6: Elastic modulus vs. time for CEM II/A cement paste at different storage times.  
The 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C curing temperature (see specimen C325T15) was characterized by a relevant change in setting and hardening phases as well as a significant drop of the elastic modulus with respect to the control condition (namely, 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C). After 120 h of maturation, in fact, a reduction in E equal to 25% for specimen C325T15 (E = 4.34 GPa) with respect to the corresponding control value at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C was observed. The results confirmed the expected trends since the hydration reactions and the rate of the kinetic reactions are affected by temperature decreases.
# Recent Advances in Extraction and Stirring Integrated Techniques
## 2 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction
### The Potential of Nanoparticles in SBSE
[PERSON] and co-workers preferred a different approach based on the electro-polymerization of aniline over a steel pin in the presence of CNTs, which are also introduced in the polymeric network ([PERSON] et al., 2017). Although the inclusion of CNTs enhances the extraction capacity, the amount of CNTs that can be loaded is somewhat limited by mechanical stability issues. In fact, the resulting composite becomes unstable when the amount of CNTs is high. This stability can be improved if covalent bonding is selected to anchor the CNTs into the polymeric network ([PERSON] et al., 2017). This synthetic path requires a modification of the CNTs which are previously oxidized to include carboxylic groups on their surface. Carboxyl groups are finally transformed into the acyl chloride form, allowing their inclusion into a polyethylene glycol (PEG) phase. Graphene oxide (GO) has been also proposed as a SBSE coating element. [PERSON] et al. evaluated a polyethylene glycol (PEG)/GO composite for the extraction of fluoroquinolones from chicken muscle and liver ([PERSON] et al., 2016). The composite, which is synthesized by co-blending, is finally immobilized over the stir bar by the sol-gel reaction. It provides the best extraction of the target analytes compared to commercial and lab-made PDMS coatings thanks to its superior hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance. The presence of PEG also stabilizes GO avoiding losses of the nanomaterial during stirring. The introduction of GO into the coating can be also done with a different strategy. [PERSON] et al. proposed the use of polydopamine coated over a stainless steel bar as a support for the covalent GO immobilization ([PERSON] et al., 2016), providing a better distribution of the nanomaterial in the polymeric network. The resulting composites provided better efficiencies (signal enhanced by factors higher than 10) than the naked polymeric coating. Although GO has an active role on the extraction in the above reported applications, it may also play other secondary but positive roles in the extraction. In this sense, it has been also proposed as a dopant for enhancing the extraction capabilities of an MIP stir bar coating ([PERSON] et al., 2016) through improvement of the coating porosity.