## 3 Main Findings from the Project and Technology Analyses  
In this study, the analysis focuses on the last two European Research Framework Programmes (FPs), the seventh FP (FP7) and the Horizon 2020 (H2020) FP. Figure 3 shows the project value evolution over the years globally and by roadmaps (in million EUR). The \"Other\" category refers to projects that are related to transport research and are overarching in relation to the STRIA roadmaps. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**TRL** & **Description** & **TRIMIS Development Phase** \\ \hline
1 & Basic principles observed & Research \\ \hline
2 & Technology concept formulated & \\ \hline
3 & Experimental proof of concept & Validation \\ \hline
4 & Technology validated in lab & \\ \hline
5 & Technology validated in relevant environment & \\ \hline
6 & Technology demonstrated in relevant environment & Demonstration/prototyping/pilot production \\ \hline
7 & System prototype demonstration in operational environment & \\ \hline
8 & System complete and qualified & Implementation \\ \hline
9 & Actual system proven in operational environment & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: TRLs and corresponding TRIMIS development phases (adapted from [48]). Figure 3: Project values (in million EUR) by starting year and STRIA roadmap. As can be seen, over the years, the majority of research focuses on vehicle design and manufacturing. This trend peaked with the end of FP7 (2014). Since then, projects related to connected and automated transport, network and traffic management systems and smart mobility and services have experienced growing interest from policy makers and the industry. For the current technology assessment, the TRIMIS database January 2021 is used. The technology database includes 867 technologies, under 45 overarching technology themes, researched in 2936 EU-funded projects from FP7 and H2020. The majority of the technologies is found in the vehicle design and manufacturing roadmap (370 technologies). The analyses are limited to three STRIA roadmaps: smart mobility and services; cooperative, connected, and automated transport; and network and traffic management systems. These roadmaps are selected due to their close relevance to the objectives of the EU 'Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy' and because they focus on digital technologies, which received the most interest during the last FP. The number of technologies researched in these roadmaps is 194, within 829 projects. A total of 93 are linked to the network and traffic management systems roadmap, 69 to the connected and automated transport roadmap and 32 to the smart mobility and services roadmap. Figure 4 shows the top 20 technologies identified in terms of value (total budget invested) for the three STRIA roadmaps (smart mobility and services, connected, and automated transport, network and traffic management systems). The figure is developed using the Interactive Tree Of Life online tool [49]. As can be observed from the figure, the majority of funding has been provided to aviation technologies (three out of the top five); that can be explained by the presence of projects from the Clean Sky Joint Undertaking. At the same time, the top three technologies in terms of number of projects that research them (information and communication technologies support for multimodality, multimodal border management, collaborative logistics ecosystem) focus on multimodal integration for people and freight mobility. Figure 5 shows the development phases of the top 20 technologies. The analyses are limited to the most recent projects, supported by H2020. The left point indicates the share of projects in the research phase: the more to the right this point is, the larger the share of projects in the research phase. The right point indicates the average maturity level of a technology excluding projects in the research phase. Technologies closer to the left are those with a higher share of projects in the validation phase, while those closer to the right are mainly or exclusively in the implementation phase.