esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Case Study: Energy Harvesting Floor
### Prototype Mechanical Design  
The design of the platform follows a layered approach. Figure 1a shows the computer aided design (CAD) design, and Figure 1b the prototype platform.  
The platform was designed to maximize the mechanical stress in the piezoelectric transducers and to optimize the electrical energy generation. The design was optimized to make the force applied not exceed the limits that the piezoelectric devices could support.  
In this work, the platform presented was developed to avoid a lateral displacement when stepped on it, which could be uncomfortable for pedestrians. This could lead pedestrians to not step onto the piezoelectric platform. Furthermore, more piezoelectric transducers were added to the array to reduce the magnitude of vertical displacement without losing the amount of energy generated.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Frequency (Hz)** & **R (f)** & **X (f)** & **[Z] (f)** \\ \hline
0.01 & 382.781 & \(-\)0.2271 & 382.782 \\
0.29 & 382.666 & \(-\)6.6820 & 382.725 \\
0.57 & 382.336 & \(-\)13.1260 & 382.561 \\
0.86 & 381.792 & \(-\)19.5485 & 382.292 \\
1.15 & 381.036 & \(-\)25.9382 & 381.918 \\
1.43 & 380.071 & \(-\)32.2852 & 381.440 \\
1.72 & 378.899 & \(-\)38.5792 & 380.858 \\
2 & 377.525 & \(-\)44.8104 & 380.175 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Output impedance obtained by SPICE for different frequencies.  
Figure 1: (a) CAD Design of the platform; (b) Harvesting floor prototype.  
The first layer is a methacrylate crystal of \(30\times 30\) cm. This outer layer needs to be durable and aesthetic because it bears the steps of the users. The second layer is made with timber, with two bars attached for the purpose of distributing the force of a step to all the piezoelectric transducers. The third layer is for shock absorption with a protective sheet of polystyrene or rubber. It is placed to protect the transducers from any overcharged weight that could critically flex the platform and could damage the piezoelectric transducers. The piezoelectric are placed in a specific distribution of two lines of ten piezoelectric disks in the vertical axis. The piezoelectric transducers are over a hollow, or cavity, which allows flexible movement. The number of piezoelectric transducers could be extended by distributing them along all the surface, with a maximum capacity of one hundred piezoelectric. This would increase the energy harvested. The electronic circuits are hidden below the platform in a protective case.  
This design allows one to connect more platforms to each other in parallel, and an individual battery can be charged on each platform, or the charging of a single battery with a basic circuit with reverse current protection.
# A Novel LOS Decision Technique Reflecting 3D DTED for Modeling an Electronic Warfare Environment
## 3 LOS Decision Technique  
### Conventional Method  
An intuitive way to determine if a signal path is LOS is to form a line by connecting the jammer and the object, and check the DTED data to determine whether there are any  
Figure 3: (**a**) Korean Peninsula in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system; (**b**) Elevation representation using the DTED level 0.  
Figure 2: Concept of grid-post terrain.  
higher points along the created line [8; 11]. The grid-post terrain data stores only the height information at the intersection points at the desired resolution, as shown in Figure 2. Thus, the line connecting the jammer and the object does not pass the grid intersection. In this case, an LOS decision is performed using a point reconstruction technique that creates a new point using interpolation techniques, such as nearest point, double linear, or bilinear interpolations [11]. Although this method is intuitive, because it only calculates the straight signal path, it is not suitable to be applied to radar signals with a beam width. In addition, when the resolution is high, it takes a significant amount of time to calculate the path.  
As an example, areas 51T, 52T, 51S, and 52S in the UTM coordinate system are expressed as 961 points from 124 to 132 degrees longitude and 1921 data points from 31 to 47 degrees latitude. Even in a DTED level 0 dataset, which has the lowest resolution, a total of 1,846,081 data points must be processed for each jammer-object LOS decision. Therefore, in order to calculate a real time simulation, an algorithm that can immediately process approximately 2 million data points is necessary.
## 3 Design and Simulation
### Design of the Single-Mode Waveguide
In Figure 2b, single-mode conditions are analyzed for the GaN waveguide, and the mode refractive index of the silicon nitride waveguide height is analyzed in the range of 0-0.25 \(\upmu\)m as a function of the waveguide height, and the height of GaN is determined to be 0.1 \(\upmu\)m; the single-mode transmission condition is satisfied without excessively increasing the height of the waveguide, which is beneficial for the preparation process. After determining the silicon waveguide height as well as the gallium nitride waveguide height, the overall input waveguide width is analyzed for single-mode conditions. As depicted in Figure 2c, single-mode transmission is achieved when the waveguide width is less than and not equal to 0.45 \(\upmu\)m. Therefore, the width of the waveguide was chosen to be 0.4 \(\upmu\)m in the design. Figure 1: Structure of a 1 \(\times\) 3 power splitter: (**a**) cross section of the slot waveguide and (**b**) plan view of the power splitter. The mode distribution characteristics of a single-mode waveguide are shown in Figure 3. From Figure 3a,b, it is evident that the TE-mode optical field is distributed within the silicon layer, while the TM-mode optical field is distributed within the gallium nitride layer. In particular, the discontinuity on the horizontal dividing plane is the primary trait of the TM mode, which is concentrated mainly within the low refractive index domain. Conversely, the optical field distribution of the TE mode mainly resides within the high refractive index range, closely resembling that of a typical silicon-based waveguide configuration [18]. Consequently, the TE mode was chosen for the subsequent analysis. Figure 3: Structure of mode distribution: (**a**) TE polarization mode profile and (**b**) TM polarization mode profile. Figure 2: Curves of effective refractive index with (**a**) height of Si, (**b**) height of GaN, and (**c**) width of slot waveguide.
## 3 Results
### Binding Mode Analysis of Candidates to Cathepsin K  
The binding interactions of docked complexes were identified from LigandScout according to the manufacture's guideline. Briefly, the distance of hydrogen bond forming is in the range of 2.2 to 3.8 angstrom and that of the hydrophobic interaction is 1.0 to 5.9 angstrom.  
The binding modes of the promising compounds toward the active site of Cathepsin K are depicted in Figure 6. The active site showed various amino acids involved in ligand binding. Cys25 and His162 represented conserved crucial residues for the active site of Cathepsin K.  
Rutin was located along the V-shape active cleft formed by the R- and L-domains. It was observed that rutin can interact with Gly19, Gly23, Cys25, Gly66, Tyr67, and Leu160 through the hydrogen bonding formation. The hydroxyl groups of benzene A and C interact with the sidechain of Gly19, Gly23, and Cys25. Additionally, the glycoside moiety of rutin can bind to Leu160 using the hydrophobic interaction. Sagittatoside A forms the hydrogen bonding through the binding of Cys25, Gly66, Tyr67, Asp158, Asn159, and Leu160. A benzene ring of sagittatoside A core forms the hydrophobic interaction with Tyr67 and Ala163. Icarini also forms the hydrogen bond through Cys25, Gly66, Met68, and Asn161. The methyl group of glucoside connected with C3 can interact with Trp184 via hydrophobic interaction. Kaempferrin can interact with Cys25, Gly66, and His162 via the hydrogen bonding formation. This compound also binds to residues Tyr67, Ala134, Leu160, Trp184, and Leu209 via hydrophobic interactions.  
Accordingly, the important interactions were made of the strong hydrogen bond between the candidates and the residue Cys25 and Gly66, which represents the amino acid forming catalyzing site of Cathepsin K. Interestingly, the volume of the binding site of Cathepsin K is limited due to the narrow active cleft formed by the R- and L-domains, especially the bulky configuration of the phenyl ring of Tyr67. Regarding these binding  
Figure 6: The 2D and 3D binding poses of candidates in a binding site of Cathepsin K. Ligands (green) are bound with amino acids (white) at the binding site. The pharmacophore features are represented as green arrows (HBD), red arrows (HBA), and yellow spheres (hydrophobic property).  
modes, we observed that all candidates fitted well in the active pocket and preferred the binding at the R-domain more than the L-domain.
## 3 New Concept for Assessing the Technical Condition of HV Switching Bay Devices
### Data Preprocessing: Methodology for Classifying DIDs in HV Switching Bay Devices
#### 3.1.1 Classification of the Deficiencies and Internal Defects of a Circuit Breaker  
Table 1 contains a comprehensive list of all the deficiencies and internal defects recorded over the past 20 years within TSO ELES. Electrical measurements are conducted under the assumptions of the standard [29]. The voltage level and the type of circuit breaker determine the measurement limits. For DIDs related to dielectric properties, issues are considered associated with the insulation medium (SF\({}_{6}\) or oil). Each circuit breaker utilizes only one type of insulation medium. For deficiencies related to auxiliary systems, a series of tests and measurements are performed, focusing on signaling, functional operation, control, and protection (trip coils).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Main Group (\(\mathbf{i}\))** & \(\mathbf{j}\) & **Description** & **Task** & **Initial Cause** & **Measure** & **RDID** \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{l}{Electrical Deficiency/Internal Defect} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(DID_{1}\)E} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(1\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(1\)} & Damaged HV connection terminal & GC, SI & Mechanical defect & Replacement & 2 \\  & & HV connections & & Overheating of the HV connection terminal & M & Higher resistance & Cleaning or replacement & 2 \\  & & & (thermal imaging) & & & & \\  & & & Overheating of HV connections & M & Higher resistance & Replacement of HV connections & 2 \\  & & & (thermal imaging) & & & & \\  & & & & Inadequate results of \(R_{\mathrm{c}}\) for & & & \\  & & & HV connections and & M & Higher resistance & Establishing proper \(R_{\mathrm{c}}\) & 2 \\ \multirow{3}{*}{\(DID_{2}\)E} & \multirow{3}{*}{Electrical measurements of the main circuit} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(2\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(1\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(1\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(1\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(1\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(1\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(1\)} \\  & & & & connection terminals & & & \\  & & & & Improper operation of an electrical blockade & & & \\  & & & & Inadequate circuit breaker & & & \\  & & & & oscillography results & & & \\  & & & Unsatisfactory results of & & & & \\  & & & HV capacitor & M & Improper results & Replacement of HV capacitor bank & 3 \\  & & & bank measurements & & & & \\  & & & Inadequate results of \(R_{\mathrm{c}}\) for & M & Higher resistance & Replacement of contacts & 3 \\  & & & main contacts & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{l}{Mechanical Deficiency/Internal Defect} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(DID_{1}\)M} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\begin{array}{c}\text{Actauting}\\ \text{mechanism}\
# Visible Light Communication System Technology Review: Devices, Architectures, and Applications
###### Abstract  
Visible light communication (VLC) is an advanced, highly developed optical wireless communication (OWC) technology that can simultaneously provide lighting and high-speed wireless data transmission. A VLC system has several key advantages: ultra-high data rate, secure communication channels, and a lack of interference from electromagnetic (EM) waves, which enable a wide range of applications. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been considered the optimal choice for VLC systems since they can provide excellent illumination performance. However, the quantum confinement Stark effect (QCSE), crystal orientation, carrier lifetime, and recombination factor will influence the modulation bandwidth, and the transmission performance is severely limited. To solve the insufficient modulation bandwidth, micro-LEDs (\(\mu\)-LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) are considered as new ideal light sources. Additionally, the development of modulation technology has dramatically increased the transmission capacity of the system. The performance of the VLC system is briefly discussed in this review article, as well as some of its prospective applications in the realms of the industrial Internet of Things (IoT), vehicle communications, and underwater wireless network applications.  
visible light communication; laser diode; light-emitting diode; modulation scheme; optical receiver; quantum communication +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters  
_Crystals_**2021**, _11_, 1098. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091098](https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091098)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091098](https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091098))
# Blockchain Applications in Forestry: A Systematic Literature Review
## 3 Research Methodology
### Search Strategy  
We created a search strategy for this systematic review to gather relevant papers. According to the research topic and objective, we set the searching string in two domains: 'blockchain' and 'forestry'. In the 'blockchain' domain, we included keywords: 'blockchain' and 'block chain'. In 'forestry' domain, the keywords were 'forest\", 'timber', and 'wood*'. The search string was formed by combining two domains by 'AND' as blockchain keywords AND forestry keywords. We did pilot searches to test these potential keywords before finalizing the search string. For instance, in the pilot search, we noticed that using the keyword 'blockchain' did not extract articles with a title containing the keyword'blockchain-based', which did not appear in search results of some databases because the database recognizes \"blockchain-based\" as one word. We included 'blockchain-based' in the search string. The final version of the searching string used in this study:  
(\"blockchain\" OR \"block chain\" OR \"blockchain-based\") AND (\"forest\"\" OR \"timber\" OR \"wood\"\")  
We chose Web of Sciences, Scopus, ACM digital library, and IEEE Xplore as search databases to collect relevant literature. Web of Science and Scopus are the most common and reliable academic databases with high-quality multidisciplinary articles. Since the topic of this study involves multiple disciplines, we decided to use Web of Science and Scopus as search databases. ACM digital library and IEEE Xplore are research databases on information technology (IT), computer science, and electrical engineering. Blockchain belongs to the computing and IT fields. We chose IEEE Xplore and ACM library as well in case some articles were not included in Web of Science and Scopus. The search string was applied to these four databases.  
We set the inclusion criteria for this review to select articles. Since blockchain was originally introduced in 2008, this review only considered the literature published after 2008. This review only accepted articles written in English. The subject (and/or content) of included articles had to be related to the topic of forestry and blockchain technology, applications, solutions, and approaches. In Table 1, we present the inclusion and exclusion criteria applied in this review. We used filter functions for publication year and language criteria in the databases.
# A Review of Small-Scale Vapor Compression Refrigeration Technologies
## 2 Small-Scale Refrigeration Technologies
### Active Technologies
#### 2.2.7 Stirling Cooling  
A Stirling refrigeration cycle involves two isothermal and two isochoric (constant volume) processes to achieve cooling. Regarding the components that make up the system, it is important to highlight the use of a piston and a displacer unit that are responsible for moving the working fluid in any of the different configurations in which this system can be presented. The system also includes a regenerative heat exchanger. Typical working fluids in Stirling refrigerators are He and H\({}_{2}\), although others (N\({}_{2}\), CO, air, CO\({}_{2}\), etc.) have been reported in the literature [39].  
The relative motion of piston and displacer makes cooling possible. When the bulk of the working gas is located between the displacer and the cold end, it expands due to piston motion while absorbing heat at constant temperature. When the bulk of the working gas is located between the displacer and the piston, it compresses at constant temperature, rejecting heat to the environment through the hot heat exchanger. Finally, isochoric processes occur as the piston and the displacer move together while rejecting or absorbing energy to/from the regenerator, as can be seen in Figure 8.  
Figure 7: Schematic diagram of an absorption refrigeration system.  
Stirling coolers are used in a variety of small-scale applications including portable refrigerators, electronic cooling, climate control of small spaces, laboratory equipment cooling, etc. Stirling refrigerators can reach from a few watts to a few hundred watts of cooling. An example of a high-capacity Stirling cryocooler reached a cooling power of 700 W at 77 K [40].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### The Design of a Method for Finger Vein Image Deblurring Restoration Tasks
#### 2.1.1 The DeblurGAN-v2 Generator Architecture and Loss Function  
The overview of the DeblurGAN-v2 generator architecture is shown in Figure 3. It restores a sharp finger vein image from a single finger vein blurred image, via the trained generator.  
Figure 2: The overall flowchart of the proposed method: DRL-FVRestore.  
Most of the existing CNN [24] frameworks for image deblurring follow the design of ResNet architecture, and most of the state-of-the-art methods for handling different levels of blurring make use of multi-stream CNN and input image pyramids of different scales [19]. However, processing multi-scale images is both time consuming and requires a large amount of memory space. Many existing restoration network backbones tend to adopt FPN to combine multi-scale finger vein features to achieve the finger vein image deblurring restoration task. By applying FPN to finger vein images, multiple feature layers of finger veins can be generated, and these layers encode different finger vein image feature information to obtain more image feature information. Specifically, the FPN paths mainly consist of bottom-up and top-down. The bottom-up path is mainly a convolutional network structure for feature extraction of blurred finger vein images to extract and compress major information on the semantic features of finger veins; the top-down path implements the FPN to reconstruct clear finger vein images from semantic feature-rich layers. In this study, we designed DeblurGAN-v2 with FPN as backbone architecture and obtained final feature maps at five different scales as output. These feature maps are further unsampled to \(\frac{1}{4}\) of the input size and concatenated into a tensor containing different levels of finger vein feature information. Moreover, in pursuit of the strong deblurring performance and the reduction in the loss of vein texture information  
Figure 3: The overview of the DeblurGAN-v2 Generator Architecture.  
during feature extraction by the network, we used Inception-Resnet-v2 as the backbone and collaborated with FPN to form the generative network.  
The role of the generator loss is to provide a metric that compares the original finger vein image with the restored image from the training phase. In this paper, we chose to use \(\mathcal{L}_{2}\) loss, perceptual loss \(\mathcal{L}_{perc}\), and adversarial loss \(\mathcal{L}_{adv}\) as joint losses to jointly constrain the training of the deblurring network. Where the \(\mathcal{L}_{perc}\) loss is calculated as the Euclidean distance on the \(conv3\times 3\) feature map in VGG19 [25] after pre-training, and the adversarial loss \(\mathcal{L}_{adv}\) is obtained from the global discriminator and local discriminator. The specific loss function is formulated as follows:  
\[\mathcal{L}_{G}=0.5\times\mathcal{L}_{2}+0.006\times\mathcal{L}_{perc}+0.01 \times\mathcal{L}_{adv} \tag{2}\]
# IoTBystander: A Non-Intrusive Dual-Channel-Based Smart Home Security Monitoring Framework
## 6 Dual-Channel Aggregation  
Due to the heterogeneity of the channels, recognized events in smart homes may vary in categories, coverage, and precision, often resulting in overlaps, as illustrated in Figure 6. To enable comprehensive and accurate monitoring, this section introduces a dual-channel aggregation mechanism that merges event sequences from audio and traffic channels,  
Figure 5: Testbed setup for the traffic-based recognition.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Device** & **Event** & **Signature** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{huawei smart plug} & on & C-322 S-139 C-54 \\ \cline{2-3}  & off & C-198 S-169 C-54 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{xiaomi smart plug} & on & S-223 C-207 S-54 \(\ldots\) C-223 S-143 C-54 \\ \cline{2-3}  & off & S-223 C-207 S-54 \(\ldots\) C-111 S-111 C-54 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{gosund smart plug} & on & S-202 C-170 S-186 C-106 \\ \cline{2-3}  & off & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{xiaomi camera} & on & S-219 C-192 S-110 C-52 \(\ldots\) S-[161-170] C-46 \\ \cline{2-3}  & off & S-219 C-192 S-110 C-52 \(\ldots\) S-46 C-46 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{xiaomi gas sensor} & stop & C-111 S-111 C-54 \\ \cline{2-3}  & alarm & S-223 C-207 S-54 C-223 S-143 C-54 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{xiaomi door sensor} & on & C-179 S-116 C-54 \(\ldots\) C-179 S-116 C-54 \\ \cline{2-3}  & off & C-179 S-116 C-54 \(\ldots\) C-91 S-91 C-54 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{xiaomi smoke sensor} & stop & C-91 S-91 C-54 \\ \cline{2-3}  & alarm & C-282 S-116 C-54 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Traffic signatures for different events.  
addressing the heterogeneity and improving the overall accuracy of event recognition. We provide a detailed explanation of the decision fusion mechanism employed by IoTBystander, which is essential for enhancing its scalability and flexibility. By aggregating outputs from multiple independent monitoring channels, IoTBystander leverages complementary insights from diverse data sources, improving the system's reliability and robustness and ensuring more consistent and precise event detection.