###### Abstract  
Urban landscape parks play a crucial role in providing recreational opportunities for citizens. Different types of landscapes offer varying levels of comfort experiences. However, the assessment of landscape comfort primarily relies on subjective evaluations and basic physiological measurements, which lack sufficient quantification of relevant data. This study employed electroencephalography (EEG) technology and subjective questionnaire evaluation methods. Participants observed two sets of landscape demonstration videos using virtual reality (VR) devices, and EEG alpha values and subjective evaluation scores were collected to assess the comfort levels of free-form landscape and regular-form landscape. Additionally, this study explored the correlation between landscape characteristics and physiological comfort. The analysis of the results showed that: 1. The average amplitude of EEG alpha waves recorded from 11 electrodes in the left temporal lobe and right parietal lobe of the participants was higher after they watched the free-form landscape demonstration. The increased alpha values suggest that free-form landscapes are more likely to induce physiological comfort in these specific brain regions. In contrast, regular-form landscape was found to induce higher alpha values at seven specific electrodes located in the occipital cortex, right temporal lobe, and central regions of the participants. In general, free-form landscape provided physiological comfort to a greater number of brain regions. 2. The two groups of landscapes exhibit distinct subjective cognitive differences in terms of their landscape characteristics. These differences, ranked in order of magnitude, include rhythmicity, sense of order, sense of security, and sense of dependence. 3. This study examined the \(\alpha\)-waves of specific brain regions, including the right and left temporal lobe and occipital lobe, as well as subjective scoring. It discovered that the rhythmicity, degree of variation, degree of color, and sense of nature of a landscape impact the \(\alpha\)-wave value of electrodes in different brain regions. Moreover, there exists a certain linear relationship between the four landscape features and the \(\alpha\)-wave values in different regions of the brain. The results of this study provide some reference for the creation of a comfortable landscape design. free-form landscape; regular-form landscape; virtual reality (VR); EEG; alpha value; landscape characteristics; comfort level +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
this form of garden is very common in southern China [1; 2; 3]. Western garden plants are neatly pruned and their appearance is of geometric form with a pursuit of straight lines and the feeling of order, especially in the 18 th century in the British landscape parks [4; 5; 6]. The Ancient Greek garden style is, to some extent, a combination of the former two: in the core part of the garden is usually presented a regular geometric form but, in the garden boundary, processing is more natural. Overall, the world's gardens are regular, natural, and mixed, and although this categorization may ignore the subtle differences in regional styles, it still provides a suitable basis for the study of garden layout patterns [7]. Although urban gardens today have a wide variety of themes, their layout is still predominantly based on these three main types. However, there is currently limited research on the impact of different landscape layouts on the comfort experienced by park visitors. Most previous evaluations of park landscape comfort have been subjective and based on cognitive assessments, with relatively little quantitative analysis using physiological data indicators to measure human comfort. In this experiment, we utilized electroencephalography (EEG) to gather brain wave data from participants as they viewed videos of regular-form landscapes and free-form landscapes.