# Analysis of Instantaneous Energy Consumption and Recuperation Based on Measurements from SORT Runs
## 5 Conclusions  
The analysis of the instantaneous energy consumption and recuperation of an electric bus in the SORT provided important information on the energy efficiency of this type of vehicle in various operating conditions. The SORT, thanks to the inclusion of three operational scenarios (SORT 1, SORT 2, SORT 3), proved to be an effective tool for standardised assessment of the efficiency of electric buses. The obtained results eliminate the influence of many environmental variables, enabling precise energy efficiency analysis. A bus's energy consumption depends largely on factors such as vehicle weight, passenger load, route profile (considered topography and frequency of stops) and weather  
Figure 10: Comparison of model fit. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **RMSE** & **MSE** & **MAE** \\ \hline Linear regression & 4.681 & 21.907 & 3.153 \\ KNN regression & 4.623 & 21.369 & 2.952 \\ Neural network & 4.832 & 23.348 & 3.241 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Basic measure of prediction accuracy. conditions, including temperature and humidity, which affect battery efficiency. An important role is played by the recuperation system, which allows for the recovery of energy during braking, significantly improving the overall energy efficiency of the vehicle. At the same time, differences in the efficiency of recuperation were observed depending on the driving scenario, which indicates the need for further optimization of the energy management strategy. The comparison of modelling methods (linear regression, KNN, neural network) showed a high level of fit (R\({}^{2}\) > 90%) in all applied approaches. At the same time, KNN and neural network methods better accounted for nonlinear dependencies in the data. However, the analysis of residuals indicates the need to include additional variables and time delays to improve the precision of the predictions. Although the SORT provides representative results for standardised conditions, real operating conditions of buses may differ due to local variability in traffic, road surface conditions or climate. For this reason, it is important to combine test results with real data to obtain a more complete picture of vehicle performance in everyday operating conditions. The obtained results emphasize the potential for energy optimization of electric buses, primarily through route optimization, implementation of real-time adaptive energy management systems and further improvement of recuperation technologies. It is also advisable to continue research on integrating SORT results with real operational data and developing advanced predictive models that consider more complex dependencies and environmental factors. In summary, the studies indicate a significant contribution of electric buses to sustainable public transport. Their potential for reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions is significant. Still, full realization of this potential requires further research into their use's actual operational efficiency and optimization. Conceptualization, E.K., M.Z.-L., A.D., P.W., P.L., M.S., B.S., N.L., M.G. and J.M. ; methodology, E.K., M.Z.-L., A.D., P.W., P.L., M.S., M.G. and J.M. ; software, E.K., M.Z.-L., P.W., P.L. and M.G. ; validation, E.K., M.Z.-L., P.W., M.G. and J.M. ; formal analysis, E.K., M.Z.-L., A.D., P.W., P.L., M.S., B.S., N.L., M.G. and J.M. ; investigation, E.K., M.Z.-L., A.D., P.W., P.L., M.S., B.S., N.L., M.G. and J.M. ; resources, E.K., M.Z.-L., P.W., P.L., M.S., M.G. and J.M. ; data curation, E.K., M.Z.-L., A.D., P.W., M.G. and J.M. ; writing--original draft preparation, E.K., M.Z.-L., A.D., P.W., P.L., M.S., B.S., N.L., M.G. and J.M. ; writing--review and editing, E.K., M.Z.-L., A.D., P.W., P.L., M.S., B.S., N.L., M.G. and J.M. ; visualization, E.K., M.Z.-L. and J.M. ; supervision, E.K., M.Z.-L., A.D. and J.M. ; project administration, E.K., M.Z.-L., A.D. and J.M. ; funding acquisition, M.Z.-L., A.D., P.W. and M.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.