esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research  
Many limitations must be considered in this study: Firstly, the small sample size, which was a convenience sample, and the measurements were conducted by a not-blinded expert clinician directly on a virtual cast. There were too few images to permit the software superimposition measurement, which reduces the power of this study's conclusions. It is also necessary to take into account that the authors assumed that the elastic properties of abutments, implants, plaster, and Duralay are included in the range of tolerance which allows the passive fit, established by the outcomes of gypsum checks. Understanding the elastic behavior of these materials better could lead to a better interpretation of the results. Moreover, the lack of clinical studies and of a real consensus regarding the clinically acceptable misfit means that there is no significant reference to compare these results, so it could be considered as a pilot study, which may pave the way for further studies with larger samples and more images to superimpose with 3D software analysis for more powerful results.
# Spatial Multiplexing Holography for Multi-User Visible Light Communication
## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, we developed an SMH framework to facilitate a multi-user system in visible light communication (VLC). Our approach was designed to fulfill the unique requirements of the VLC system, offering a high degree of user customization including self-designed power allocation, adjustable power coverage areas, and secure communication facilitated by optical keys. Utilizing holographic theory, we demonstrated the efficacy of SMH through both simulations and experimental validations.  
In simulations, we configured a five-user scenario to evaluate the performance of SMH in terms of power allocation, coverage, and OAM secure communication, witnessing superior outcomes compared to the traditional approaches. Experimentally, SMH enabled precise power distribution among users, ensuring seamless video streaming quality across different resolutions--from 4K to 720P--unlike the conventional MPH method.  
Figure 10: Experimental results for OAM secure communication. **(a)** ROP of three users with different OAM keys; **(b)** Data rate of three users with different OAM keys; **(c)** CCD recording of three users; **(d)** One frame of a 1080P video received by User 3 under different OAM keys.  
Furthermore, SMH showcased remarkable efficiency in power coverage experiments, achieving over 100% target area coverage and enhancing edge power by up to 11.6 dB. In terms of secure communication, our findings revealed that higher OAM modes enhance the isolation rate between modes, bolstering the security of transmitted data. Specifically, during the transmission of 1080P videos, only the correct OAM key facilitated clear and uninterrupted streaming, underscoring the potential of SMH in safeguarding communication.  
To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first application of digital holography for enabling multi-user communication in a VLC system. This approach innovatively addresses distinct self-design needs for various system participants. With its versatility and high performance, the SMH framework paves a new path for VLC system development and holds the potential to shape the evolution of the 6G era.  
Conceptualization, C.C. and J.S.; methodology, C.C.; software, C.C and Z.Z.; validation, C.C., Y.W. and H.Z.; formal analysis, C.C.; investigation, Z.Z.; resources, N.C.; writing--original draft preparation, C.C.; writing--review and editing, J.S., J.Z., Z.L., H.C. and C.S.; project administration, J.S.; funding acquisition, N.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022 YFB2802803) and Natural Science Foundation of China Project (No. 61925104, No. 62031011, No. 6201157).  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data underlying the results are all presented in this paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Stability Study by Multiple Light Scattering  
Tests on cosmetic formulations' stability are carried out to predict their ability to maintain their original physicochemical properties over the declared shelf life [24; 25], which in the case of the macroemulsions tested was set at 2 years. The use of multiple light scattering (MLS) permits the detection of changes not visible to the naked eye but changing  
Figure 1: Comparison of the particle size distribution curves recorded for macroemulsions 1 (**A**) and 2 (**B**), stored at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 days.  
the physical stability of a given cosmetic product [26; 27; 28]. The analysis of stability by MLS was performed for the two cosmetic macroemulsions stored at three temperatures, 4, 25 and 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, for 30 days. The main parameter analyzed was the Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI), characterizing the total stability of the cosmetic product, whose value was predicted to increase with the increasing destabilization of the sample [29; 30].  
As follows from the results of the TSI measurements for macroemulsion 1, Figure 2A, for the sample stored at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the TSI changes over a period of 30 days are insignificant; for the sample stored at room temperature, the TSI changes are acceptable, below a value of 3. However, for the sample stored at an elevated temperature (40 \({}^{\circ}\)C), the TSI value after 30 days increases almost to 4, which is high taking into account the relatively short time of storage.  
Figure 3A presents the backscattering profile (ABS) for macroemulsion 1 (stored at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C); the \(x\) axis represents the height of the sample, while the \(y\) axis represents the intensity of backscattering. The measurements conducted on day 0 are marked in blue, while those conducted on day 30 are presented in red. The results show a decrease in the backscattering intensity, reaching up to 6%, in the lower part of the sample (left side of the profile), between the results obtained on day 0 and day 30. The change was interpreted as instability described as insignificant creaming; this observation was made only for the sample stored at an elevated temperature.  
For macroemulsion 2, the TSI values were notably lower for the samples stored at all temperatures of storage (Figure 2B). These results are in full agreement with the backscattering profiles recorded for the sample stored at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 3B), which is characteristic of a cosmetic macroemulsion that is stable over time; no significant changes in the backscattering intensity were noted in the entire volume of the sample. The results of the MLS analysis correspond to the data obtained from the particle size distribution showing the relatively lower stability of macroemulsion 1, however, still at an acceptable level, which permitted the use of this cosmetic product in further in vivo tests.  
Figure 2: Changes in Turbiscan Stability Index for macroemulsions 1 (**A**) and 2 (**B**), stored at different temperatures for 30 days.
# Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis Using Aspect Map
###### Abstract  
Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is the task of classifying the sentiment of a specific aspect in a text. Because a single text usually has multiple aspects which are expressed independently, ABSA is a crucial task for in-depth opinion mining. A key point of solving ABSA is to align sentiment expressions with their proper target aspect in a text. Thus, many recent neural models have applied attention mechanisms to learning the alignment. However, it is problematic to depend solely on attention mechanisms to achieve this, because most sentiment expressions such as \"_nice_\" and \"_bad_\" are too general to be aligned with a proper aspect even through an attention mechanism. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel convolutional neural network (CNN)-based aspect-level sentiment classification model, which consists of two CNNs. Because sentiment expressions relevant to an aspect usually appear near the aspect expressions of the aspect, the proposed model first finds the aspect expressions for a given aspect and then focuses on the sentiment expressions around the aspect expressions to determine the final sentiment of an aspect. Thus, the first CNN extracts the positional information of aspect expressions for a target aspect and expresses the information as an aspect map. Even if there exist no data with annotations on direct relation between aspects and their expressions, the aspect map can be obtained effectively by learning it in a weakly supervised manner. Then, the second CNN classifies the sentiment of the target aspect in a text using the aspect map. The proposed model is evaluated on SemEval 2016 Task 5 dataset and is compared with several baseline models. According to the experimental results, the proposed model does not only outperform the baseline models but also shows state-of-the-art performance for the dataset.  
aspect-based sentiment analysis; class activation mapping; convolutional neural networks; opinion mining; weakly supervised learning +
Footnote †: journal: Accepted: 5 August 2019; Published: 8 August 2019
# Inter-Blockchain Communication Message Relay Time Measurement and Analysis in Cosmos +
## 7 Conclusions  
This study thoroughly examines Cosmos' inter-blockchain message transfer performance and communication protocol. The findings shed light on the behavior and characteristics of message delivery times in the Cosmos ecosystem. According to the data, IBC message relay time followed a lognormal distribution, with an average transfer time of 55.448 s. The R to A time section substantially impacted overall message transmission efficiency, resulting in delays in the IBC message relay process. Furthermore, the study emphasized the importance of improving inter-blockchain protocols to enhance communication and reduce transfer times. Future studies should look at the fundamental reasons for message relay delays and provide solutions to improve the Cosmos protocol between existing blockchains. By tackling these issues, we may improve blockchain network performance and interoperability, boosting the potential uses of decentralized systems and applications.  
Conceptualization, J.K.; methodology, J.K.; formal analysis, J.K., M.E. and H.J.; investigation, J.K. and M.E.; resources, J.K. and M.E.; data curation, J.K. and M.E.; writing--original draft preparation, J.K. and M.E.; writing--review and editing, M.E. and H.J.; funding acquisition, J.K., M.E. and H.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2023R1A2C2006045).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Robust Clustering Routing Method for Wireless Sensor Networks Considering the Locust Search Scheme
## 5 Experiments and Simulation
### Network Instability Period  
The statistics of the network instability period are shown in Figure 6. The figure reveals the round in which the first sensor node dies for every protocol in comparison. Likewise, the figure shows the round where half of the sensors are out of power and the time where all sensor nodes are dead.  
From the achieved outcomes, it is remarked that the proposed protocol accomplishes the maximum values. The first dead node appears at round 8 in the proposed method. Fifty percent of the network dies in round 12, while the complete set of sensor nodes dies in round 22. The GWO and LEACH protocols reached lower indicators concerning the first, half, and last node out of power in the wireless sensor network, proving that the proposed method provides a longer lifetime to the network.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### s-IGDT System  
An IGDT system was simulated for image guidance applications in surgical procedures. The system, illustrated in Figure 1, incorporated a linear X-ray source array and a small detector. Referring to a commercial X-ray source array (NuRay Technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou, China), the linear X-ray source array was designed to have multiple focal spots, which were arranged along an \(x\)-axis with identical distance intervals. The central X-ray beams emitted at each focal spot are directed through the center of the object, and each X-ray beam fully covers a detector under given geometries. The linear X-ray source array was modeled with lengths of 660, 990, and 1320 mm for evaluating the effect of scan ranges on truncation artifacts in s-IGDT images. Also, the numbers of focal spots in the linear X-ray source array were adjusted to 21, 41, and 81, respectively, to consider the various distributions of truncation artifacts. The s-IGDT scans were implemented with the reference condition of a 1320 mm length array or 21 focal spots in order to reflect the variation in a single factor on s-IGDT images. The detector was based on Rad-Xcam RT1763 (TELEDYNE DALSA, Waterloo, ON, Canada) with a size of 170 \(\times\) 170 mm\({}^{2}\). The pixel size was scaled by a factor of three compared to the real model to reduce simulation time. We also designed a virtual detector with a size of 340 \(\times\) 170 mm\({}^{2}\) for acquiring ground-truth (GT) projections without truncation in a region of interest (ROI). The distance from the X-ray source array to the object center was set to 1207 mm, and the source-to-detector distance was fixed at 1348.8 mm. A summary of the simulation parameters for the s-IGDT system is presented in Table 1.
# Load Forecasting with Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods
## 3 Methodology
### Modeling
#### 3.2.1 Random Forest  
Random forest is a method that consists of the simultaneous operation of multiple uncorrelated decision trees. The training process, based on bootstrapping, is carried out by generating random subsamples from the training set. Through these subsamples, different models are generated and trained independently through random features selection. Once the models have been trained, the aggregating proceeds, generating assembled results through the average of the forecasted values of each of the decision tree models made. The combination of these techniques is also known as bagging. Bootstrapping ensures that the same data are not used for all trees, and random features selection reduces the correlation between trees [48; 49; 50]. Thus, by means of the training carried out with bagging, the RF enables improvements in the generalization by reducing the sensitivity of the model to the variations in the data [51]. The difficulty that the presence of different decision treesadds to the RF defines it as a black box technique since, as discussed in (3), the forecasted variable depends directly on the scores of each of the trees.  
\[\hat{y}=\sum_{d=1}^{t}\frac{p(\hat{y}_{t}|x)}{t} \tag{3}\]  
where \(\hat{y}\) is the forecasted variable, \(t\) is the number of trees, and \(p(\hat{y}_{t}|x)\) is the probability function of the forecasted variable given the independent variables.  
Thus, because of the dependence of the decision trees, the objective function \(J\), in addition to seeking to minimize the error, considers the complexity of the set of decision trees, as shown in (4).  
\[J=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\frac{(\hat{y}_{k}-y_{k})^{2}}{n}+\sum_{d=1}^{t}f(\hat{y}_{k}) \tag{4}\]  
where \(n\) is the number of samples, \(\hat{y}_{k}\) is the forecasted variable at time \(k\), and the difficulty of each of the decision tree is given by the function \(f(\hat{y}_{k})\).  
RF is a commonly used ML algorithm that can be advantageous for electricity consumption forecasting. The principal advantages of this model are as follows:  
* Robustness: It can handle electricity fluctuations due to its robustness against noise and outliers in data.
* Non-linearity: It is capable of capturing non-linear relationships effectively, allowing it to model the complex dependencies presented in the electricity consumption.
* Scalability: It can handle large datasets efficiently and scale well with increasing data information.
* Out-of-the-box performance: It provides good performance with low hyperparameter tuning.
# Improving Localization of Deep Inclusions in Time-Resolved Diffuse Optical Tomography
## 2 Methods
### Temporal Windows
#### 2.3.1 Standard Moments  
Standard moments have been used to retrieve the optical properties of homogeneous media [34] and layered models [35]. Standard moments windows are defined as \(w(t)=t^{n}H(t)\), where \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) and \(H(t)\) is the Heaviside step function. These types of windows can be computed fast with state-of-the-art techniques [22]. The Fourier transform of standard moment window is  
\[W(f)=\frac{n!}{(i2\pi f)^{n+1}}, \tag{11}\]  
whose magnitude is \(n!\cdot(2\pi f)^{-(n+1)}\). Therefore, the standard moments in time domain are equivalent to  
\[\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}u(t)\,t^{n}H(t)\,\,\mathrm{d}t=\int_{0}^{\infty}u(t)\,t ^{n}\,\,\mathrm{d}t=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}U(f)\,\overline{(i2\pi f)^{-n-1}n! }\,\,\mathrm{d}f, \tag{12}\]  
where the term \(\overline{(i2\pi f)^{-n-1}n!}\) can be considered as a window in frequency domain. This window magnitude tends to a Dirac delta distribution as \(n\) goes to infinity, which is obvious since \(t^{n}H(t)\) will approach a step function with infinity value at \(t>=0\) and the only non-zero magnitude frequency in the spectrum will be the zero frequency. Therefore, the higher the order, the smaller the frequency range covered by the windows.  
If the standard moments are centralized by the time of flight \(\left\langle t\right\rangle=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}u(t)\,tH(t)\,\,\mathrm{d}t\) then  
\[\begin{split}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}u(t)\,(t-\left\langle t \right\rangle)^{n}H(t)\,\,\mathrm{d}t&=\int_{0}^{\infty}u(t)(t- \left\langle t\right\rangle)^{n}\,\,\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\int_{0}^{\infty}u(t)\sum_{k=0}^{n}\binom{n}{k}\,(-1)^{n-k}\,t ^{k}\langle t\rangle^{n-k}\,\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\sum_{k=0}^{n}\binom{n}{k}\,(-1)^{n-k}\,\langle t\rangle^{n-k }\int_{0}^{\infty}u(t)t^{k}\,\mathrm{d}t,\end{split} \tag{13}\]  
which is a weighted sum of standard moments. Now, we introduce the state-of-the-art windows known as Mellin-Laplace moments.
## 1 Introduction
The main direction for reducing the friction resistance of the rod end to movement in the nodes connecting the rod ends to the supporting structure is the use of bearing units, such as in the case of an axial rotary attachment [16] or the rod's end movement along a cylindrical surface [14], when the rod is loaded by a followed force, directed towards the positive pole. In both cases, the friction resistance during rotation and movement creates significant damping and interference during the rod free vibrations. This resistance limits the possibility of increasing the axial force in the rod to values close to critical and distorts the dependence of the vibration frequency on the axial force. Both factors reduce the accuracy of determining the critical force by extrapolating the measured values to zero frequency. To improve the extrapolation accuracy, the maximum test load should be brought closer to the critical one. At the same time, the possibility of measuring the natural vibration frequency with sufficient accuracy is correspondingly reduced, due to its small value. Since the minimum frequency is limited by the rod movable end's friction resistance to movement, the direction for the test device improvement should be a decrease in the resistance to movement. To plan the experiment and define the parameters limits that can be used for extrapolation, dependence between the squared natural vibration frequency and tensile load was theoretically investigated in the present study, considering the lumped mass of the sliding mechanism at the rod end. In the present study, that was aimed at an experimental investigation of buckling in systems including a tensile rod with an end sliding along a circular guide, the following problems are solved:  
* finding a dependence of the natural vibration frequency of the rod with a mass at the end that moves along a curved guide on the tensile force;
* developing a scientifical method for the experimental determination of the critical load for a rod that has an end moving along a circular guide. The method includes an originally developed stand, the idea and design of which allow reducing the influence of resistance to the movement of the rod's end that moves along a circular guide and ensuring an accurate determination of the critical load;
- experimentally proving the phenomenon of buckling under tension of a rod, the end of which moves along a curved guide under different end conditions, considering imperfections in its end's fixation;
- experimental determination of the critical load and proven correspondence of the critical load value to theoretical calculations.
## 6 Perspectives
### Industrial Applications Where This Study Could Be Implemented  
The results obtained in this study not only demonstrate the effectiveness of the system in controlled virtual scenarios but also highlight its potential for practical applications in the industry. The ability of SCARA robots to efficiently coordinate and avoid collisions in complex environments suggests that this system could be projected for future implementation in various industrial manufacturing applications within dynamic and complex environment. Some examples are detailed below:  
Assembly of electronic components: A system consisting of two SCARA robots configured to work together to assemble printed circuit boards (PCBs) in mobile phones andcomputers. One robot can hold a PCB while another places a component on the board, ensuring precision and avoiding damage to delicate components.  
Handling of chemicals: In the chemical industry, an SCARA robot can measure and dose chemicals, while others transport them to different containers, ensuring the robots work in sync to minimize the risk of human exposure.  
Collaborative welding: In automotive manufacturing, SCARA robots collaborate in welding vehicle chassis parts, ensuring a precise and strong bond without interference between them.  
Quality inspection: An SCARA robot can position products on an inspection line while another performs the inspection with sensors and cameras, removing defective products without stopping production.  
Manufacturing of medical devices: In the medical device industry, SCARA robots assemble precise components of medical equipment, such as pacemakers and insulin pumps, ensuring high standards of quality and precision.  
Food and beverage production: Several SCARA robots perform pick-and-place operations on a food production line, such as placing caps on bottles and packaging products, maintaining hygiene and efficiency.  
The implementation of the cooperative SCARA system in any of these examples of real-world applications can provide significant improvements in efficiency, flexibility, and precision, translating these benefits into reduced cycle times, improved product quality, and decreased operating costs in the industry.