## 2 System Design and Development  
### System Architecture  
This research mainly develops a high-pressure shockwave soil-loosening device with automatic monitoring capabilities. Figure 2 shows the system architecture. This shockwave soil-loosening device uses gas to transmit high-pressure shockwaves. To provide this shockwave soil-loosening device with automatic monitoring capabilities for experimental analysis of shockwave soil-loosening effectiveness, we combine this device with a shockwave activator and multiple pressure detectors and integrate software design, hardware development, and interface technology. This system can automatically measure parameter values such as tank pressure, output pressure, and soil impact pressures at different distances while activating shockwaves to loosen the soil. In the system architecture of Figure 2, the black lines represent the electronic circuits, the blue lines represent the gas pipelines, the red dotted line is the signal control line, and the green dotted lines are the signal acquisition lines. In the following, we will describe the functions of each component in the system architecture. Figure 2: System architecture of the high-pressure shockwave soil-loosening device. 1. Shockwave generator: This is a supersonic shockwave-generating device. It allows users to adjust the volume and pressure of the device's storage tank. 2. Activator: This is a solenoid valve that starts the shockwave generator to generate supersonic shockwaves. The monitoring host can control the solenoid valve. 3. Air source: It can supply the high-pressure gas required for the shockwave generator's storage tank. An air source can be a high-pressure gas cylinder or an air compressor. 4. Regulator: It can adjust the gas pressure of the shockwave generator's storage tank. 5. Input pressure gauge: It can display the gas pressure of the shockwave generator's storage tank. 6. Inlet valve: This valve controls the gas flow from the gas source into the shockwave generator's storage tank. 7. Volume adjuster: It can adjust the volume of the shockwave generator's storage tank by changing its piston position. 8. Tank pressure detector: This is a PM20C gas pressure sensor (\(s_{pt}\)) [23] used to detect the pressure of the storage tank. The maximum pressure of each detector is 1 MPa. The signal transformation unit can send the detected pressure signal (\(p_{t}\)) to the monitoring host for processing. 9. Shock tube: The shockwaves generated by the generator first enter the shock tube, which uses gas to transmit high-pressure shockwaves. 10. Output pressure gauge: This is a legacy mechanical pressure gauge installed on the shock tube to indicate its maximum pressure. 11. Output pressure detector: This is a Model 113B23 high-pressure and high-speed pressure sensor (\(s_{po}\)) [24]. The maximum pressure of the detector is 103.42 MPa. It can detect the shockwave pressure output to the shock tube. The signal transformation unit can send the detected pressure signal (\(p_{o}\)) to the monitoring host for processing. 12. Outlet valve: This is a control valve that can transmit high-pressure shockwaves from the shock tube. The transmitted high-pressure shockwaves can be sent to the drilling unit's shock output tube through the high-pressure hose for injection output. 13. Exhaust valve: This is a control valve used to discharge the high-pressure gas accumulated in the shock tube. 14. Drilling unit: It mainly comprises a charging motor, a reducer, and a rotary joint and drives the shock output tube to complete the earth drilling work. 15. Shock output tube: This is a hollow stainless steel spiral output tube (drill bit). There are many holes drilled around the output tube. When the output tube is drilled into the soil to a predetermined depth, the shockwaves generated by the shockwave generator can be directly ejected from these holes to loosen soil at the crop roots.