# E-Waste Challenges in India: Environmental and Human Health Impacts
## 4 Major Challenges Related to E-Waste-Management in India
### E-Waste Management: Policies and Guidelines in India  
The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) was notified about the management of electronic waste guidelines that require producers and manufacturers to compensate for the charges for recycling of electronic waste [53; 54]. The 2011 E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules shall recognize the manufacturers responsible for the recovery and processing of e-waste in the United States. It came into force on 1 May 2012. It emphasizes the introduction of extended producer responsibility (EPR) [44; 54]. PC (personal computer) manufacturers, mobile phones, and home appliance manufacturers must establish drop-off locations or launch a \"recycling take-back\" programme. \"These guidelines will be applicable to each producer, purchaser and large-scale consumer involved in the distribution, purchase, production and dealing with electronic products and equipment\". The ministry has granted producers a one-year window to set up their operation. The 2016 e-waste rule was revised in 2018; it was comprehensive and featured measured provisions to promote \"authorization\" and \"product swearship\" together with other entities such as producer responsibility organizations (PROs) incorporated into these guidelines. Here, product stewardship means that anyone involved in product design, manufacturing, sales, or who uses a product is responsible for its environmental impact \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**S. No.** & **Companies** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & & It is the first recognized formal sustainable waste processing unit, \\  & & authorized by the government. It is eco-friendly and aims to reduce \\  & & landfill waste, pollution and recycle glass, metal, plastics, etc. It \\  & & safeguards sensitive data from obsolete laptops, computers and \\  & & guarantees privacy of customers [44; 49]. No melting occurs \\  & & during segregation. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2} & & It constitutes a collaborative partnership between M/s. GJ Multiclade \\  & & India private limited and E-Parisaraa private limited. It is India’s first \\  & & biomedical waste management and handling company [49]. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{3} & & This represents an alliance between the Environmental Protection \\  & & Agency (EPA) along with companies such as consumer tech \\  & & manufacturers, merchants, and service vendors, and provides greater \\  & & possibilities for recycling and donation. This involves “e-Cycle” \\  & & recovery and recycling of electronic material, and sound management \\  & & of heavy toxic metal (lead, mercury, cadmium, etc.) [49; 50]. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{4} & & Manufacturers Association for \\  & & Information Technology (MAIT) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{5} & & This company has been approved by the Central Pollution Control \\  & & Board (CPCB) and the Government of India (GOI) [44; 52]. It helps \\ \cline{1-1}  & & with the safe disposal of e-waste by using innovative technology and \\ \cline{1-1}  & & also helps in the recycling of waste. It has constant surveillance, such \\ \cline{1-1}  & & as CCTV (closed-circuit television camera). \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Several efforts addressing electronic waste (e-waste) management in India. throughout its entire lifecycle, which also includes its end-of-life management. This 2016 rule emphasizes securing authorization from stakeholders [54]. In November 2022, MoEF&CC issued a revised set of e-waste rules, The E-Waste (Management) Rules 2022, which came into force from 1 April 2023. A \"digitalized systems approach\" was introduced to address the challenges. In addition, EPR was introduced, and producers, importers, and brand owners (PIBO) must be responsible for collecting and recycling the electronic waste they share on the market [44, 54, 55]. The main objective was to promote a circular economy following EPR practices. In 2022, the EPR rule framework was highlighted to manage electronic waste.