# Seasonal Pollution Levels and Heavy Metal Contamination in the Jukskei River, South Africa
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Sediment and Water Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices
\begin{matrix}3.91\\ -0.51\end{matrix} \) & \( \begin{matrix}0.188\\ 1.75\end{matrix} \) & \( \begin{matrix}6.93\\ -3.64\end{matrix} \) & \( \begin{matrix}4.16\\ -4.24\end{matrix} \) & \(\begin{matrix}-1.34\\  
Juk-P1 while other sampling points showed a low degree of contamination. The CFfor Pb in the wet season showed considerable contamination in Juk-P1 and a very high degree of contamination in Juk-P2. Juks-P3, Juks-P4, Juks-P5, Juks-DS-1, Juks-DS-6, Juks-DS-8, and Juks-DS-9 showed moderate contamination. The CF for Pb in the dry season showed very high contamination for Juks-P1 and considerable contamination at Juks-P2 and Juks-DS-1. The CF for Juks-P3, Juks-P4, Juks-P5, Juks-DS-6, Juks-DS-8, and Juks-P9 showed moderate contamination [62]. Enrichment factor results displayed in Table 6 for As, Cd, Th, and U for both the dry and wet season have enrichment factors of less than 2, which indicate minimal enrichment. Enrichment factors for the Hg wet season showed minimal enrichment and for the dry season the results indicate extremely high enrichment for Hg with an enrichment factor higher than 40. Enrichment factor for Pb for the wet season at Juks-P1, Juks-P3, Juks-P4, Juks-P5, Juks-DS-1, Juks-DS-2, Juks-DS-6, Juks-DS-8, and Juks-DS-9 showed moderate enrichment. Enrichment factor for Pb for the dry season at Juks-P2, Juks-P3, Juks-P3, Juks-P4, Juks-DS-1, Juks-DS-2, Juks-DS-6, Juks-DS-8, and Juks-DS-9 showed moderate enrichment. The eEF for Pb showed high enrichment in sample Juks-P2 (wet season). The EF for Pb showed high enrichment in sample Juks-P2 (dry season). Enrichment factor values between 0.5 and 1.5 show that the element is entirely geogenic and EF values over 1.5 indicate that the sources are more likely to be anthropogenic [63]. Enrichment factor analysis indicated that the study area has a high level of sediment contamination and source apportionment is necessary. Hg concentrations reported for the dry season in the sediment of the Jukskei River were higher than the background concentration and exceeded the severe effect level (SEL) of 2000 \(\upmu\)g/kg adopted by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment [29]. The results are not surprising because recently newspapers have reported the discovery of dead fish and the absence of frogs in the Jukskei River ecosystems, prompting the municipal investigation of pollution on the Jukskei River. The phenomenon of high pollution of Hg is not new in \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Sampling Seasons** & **Sample ID** & **As** & **Cd** & **Hg** & **Pb** & **Th** & **U** \\ \hline Dry & & 1.76 & 0.06 & 183 & 26.7 & 0.593 & 0.23 \\ Wet & & 0.79 & 0.32 & 3.88 & 3.88 & 0.51 & 0.2 \\ \hline Dry & & 0.64 & 0.00 & 401 & 3.55 & 0.54 & 0.24 \\ Wet & & 0.00 & 0.6 & 1.04 & 47.5 & 0.46 & 0.17 \\ \hline Dry & & 0.58 & 0.36 & 380 & 2.57 & 0.59 & 0.6 \\ Wet & & 0.00 & 0.00 & 1.23 & 1.26 & 0.35 & 0.13 \\ \hline Dry & & 0.38 & 0.20 & 553 & 1.59 & 0.49 & 0.18 \\ Wet & & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.52 & 1.3 & 0.53 & 0.29 \\ \hline Dry & & 0.31 & 0.20 & 584 & 1.43 & 0.52 & 0.19 \\ Wet & & 0.00 & 0.28 & 0.75 & 2.13 & 0.58 & 0.23 \\ \hline Dry & & 0.57 & 0.00 & 578 & 4.75 & 0.47 & 1.73 \\ Wet & & 0.00 & 0.24 & 0.8 & 2.18 & 0.41 & 0.17 \\ \hline Dry & & 0.48 & 0.25 & 602 & 1.48 & 0.39 & 0.19 \\ Wet & & 0.00 & 0 & 0.42 & 1.58 & 0.5 & 0.13 \\ \hline Dry & & 0.28 & 0.25 & 597 & 1.68 & 0.31 & 0.14 \\ Wet & & 0.17 & 0.52 & 2.62 & 2.82 & 0.54 & 0.28 \\ \hline Dry & & 0.53 & 0.32 & 377 & 2.04 & 0.82 & 0.19 \\ Wet & & 0.10 & 0.24 & 1.1 & 1.63 & 0.47 & 0.17 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Sediment contamination factor for dry season and wet season. South Africa; high concentrations were reported in the Mngceweni River [64]. The presence of industries and other activities close to the environmental water is proving to be a source of pollution of the Julsksei River. The Julsksei River's tributary, the Modderfontein Stream, was identified as the source of heavy metal contamination in earlier chemical pollution investigations [65].