## 6 State of Art in Control and Automation in Distribution Networks
### Control and Automation at the Low-Voltage Level (LV)  
Electricity distribution is the end of the delivery of electrical energy after generation and transmission. The construction of MV and LV distribution systems is regulated by CEI EN 50160 standards [115]. CEI EN 50160 standard provides guidelines on acceptable voltage parameters and deviations. In LV, the phase-to-phase voltage must not exceed 1000 V [116]. The low-voltage distribution system is prone to faults, malfunction, and human error. The automated system is the solution to those aforementioned challenges [117]. Artificial intelligence technology improves reaction time, judgment time, and acquiring information relative to human beings [118]. Distribution automation also assists in the reduction of operation and maintenance costs, improves power quality and the reliability of the system, and reduces equipment damage. The low-voltage level distribution systems need online information and remote administration for effective management of the system [117]. Low-voltage level possesses the most complex application of distribution automation since it necessitates a high number of installation locations all of which must be economically feasible [119]. The following are necessary at the low-voltage level. Load Management: This is achieved by controlling consumer appliances. The utility-activated relay shuts down non-essential loads, such as pool pumps. Automated Meter Reading (AMR): This metering system is used by the electricity service provider to see the power usage and pre-ser consumption. These devices provide the ability to remotely reconfigure operational settings and schedules. Demand-side management: This is an extension of AMR with capabilities to monitor power use and provide real-time pricing to the consumer depending on the time of use (TOU) to encourage consumption behavior. Quality of Service: This is employed in the tracking of power outages and the duration thereof and also for monitoring of power quality issues [119]. The following, which are detailed below, are necessary for the automation and control of ADNs. Information acquisition: The primary role of electrical automation control is data collection. This further needs precise comprehension of the running time, operational state, breakdown issues, and more information to ensure personnel fully understand the system's operational state. This information must be accurate and timely throughout, and when there is a failure, accurate and effective decisions are made and troubleshooted timely. Information transmission: After information gathering, it is analyzed, and instructions are conveyed to the terminals and then executed on the equipment based on that information [120]. This data transmission is pivotal to attaining effective control. Information analysis: This is the process of implementing system control and monitoring. The data from equipment terminals and software are processed and analyzed, then stored in the database. If the system is unable to interpret the data, the operator takes over to coordinate numerous tasks of the system [118]. Table 4 summarizes and reviews the control and automation in ADNs and its impacts and limitations. It is seen from the table that most of the research is conducted using simulation software to make the network efficient in the operations and optimize the DER regarding power flow, fault identification, and management and voltage regulation. The resiliency of systems was investigated to adapt in real-time due to the system dynamics. In the next section, optimization methods for demand-side resources in active distribution networks are explored more in depth.