# Connection-Aware Digital Twin for Mobile Adhoc Networks in the 5G Era  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Information Engineering, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325015, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Y. )1 School of Information Engineering, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325015, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Y. )1 School of Information Engineering, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325015, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Y. )1 School of Information Engineering, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325015, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Y. )1 School of Information Engineering, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325015, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Y. )1 School of Information Engineering, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325015, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Y. )1 School of Information Engineering, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325015, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Y. )1 School of Information Engineering, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325015, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Y. )1 School of Information Engineering, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325015, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Y. )1 School of Information Engineering, Wenzhou 325015, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS]. dynamic environment also leads to unstable links between nodes, resulting in intermittent connections and degraded communication quality [3]. The energy consumption of mobile devices is another critical concern, as continuous communication and dynamic routing can quickly deplete battery life, impacting network longevity [4]. Additionally, the dynamic routing of messages introduces complexity, as routes require constant recalibration to adapt to node mobility and changing network conditions [1]. Finally, 5G disconnections in nodes, caused by signal loss or network coverage gaps, can disrupt both local and remote communication. Monitoring is a critical task in 5G-MANETs, enabling the evaluation of Quality of Service (QoS) and helping to identify key contextual variables that influence performance [4; 5]. This is especially relevant in the implementation of routing protocols, where assessing performance requires the continuous monitoring of network resources. Thus, metrics such as latency, delivery probability, overhead, and hop count become significant variables to collect [4; 6]. However, monitoring 5G-MANETs poses unique challenges, particularly due to their dynamic topology and the constantly shifting interactions between nodes, which make the accurate calculation of performance metrics difficult [6]. Additionally, the demand for ultra-low latency and precision in modern communication systems further intensifies the need for advanced monitoring tools that can provide real-time insights in challenging environments [3]. In this context, the widespread adoption of 5G technologies has become a game-changer for communications. 5G offers extensive coverage, fast data transmission with minimal delay, and robust support for real-time data streams [2]. Consequently, 5G is highly compatible with MANETs, particularly because of its ability to integrate with sophisticated monitoring frameworks like Digital Twins (DTs) [7; 8], which can significantly improve monitoring precision and overall network performance [9]. DTs serve as digital replicas of physical assets, faithfully reflecting their real-time performance and operational conditions to ensure a high degree of accuracy [10]. These digital models rely on ultra-low latency communication mechanisms, enabling the creation of virtual entities that closely mimic the behavior and processes of their physical counterparts [10].