esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Mediterranean Aquaponics: Fasting and Refeeding in a Polyculture Aquaponic System
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Nutritional and Plant Growth Indices  
In order to evaluate the comprehensive performance of the entire system, data pertaining to fish growth and dietary intake were meticulously gathered and analyzed. To estimate the growth rate of the entire population of fish in the tank, five fish were randomly selected from the culture aquarium, and their length and body weight were measured. Furthermore, the growth of the fish was monitored over time, from day 0 to day 75, which marked the conclusion of the experiment.  
At the final stage of the experiment, the nutrient indices and survival rate of the two cultivated species, along with the growth performance of the plants, were calculated using the equations described in previous studies (2017; 2017; 2018; 2019). The following equations were employed to analyze the data:  
\[\text{Weight Gain (WG), g/fish = FBW - IBW} \tag{4}\]  
\[\text{Specific Growth Rate (SGR), \%/days = 100 \times(\text{InFBW - lnIBW})/days} \tag{5}\]  
\[\text{Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) = feed intake (g)/wet weight gain (g)} \tag{6}\]  
\[\text{Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) = weight gain (g)protein intake (g)} \tag{7}\]  
\[\text{Fulton Factor (K), g/cm}^{3} = 100 \times\text{FBW (g)/FBL}^{3} \tag{8}\]  
\[\text{Nitrogen Retention (NR), g*N/ABW*days = (FBW * FBN - IBW \times FBN)/(Nd \times FI)} \tag{9}\]  
\[\text{Lipid Retention (LR), \%=100 \times\text{ lipid gain(g)/lipid intake (g)}} \tag{10}\]  
\[\text{Compensation coefficient (CC) = \Delta T/\Delta C} \tag{11}\]  
\(\Delta\)T was the average weight gain (g) in the treatment group tanks divided by the number of feeding days, and \(\Delta\)C was the average weight gain (g) in the control group tanks divided by the number of feeding days; thus, CC \(>\) 1.0 would indicate compensation (2017).  
Where ABW = ((IBW + FBW)/2), IBW and FBW are the initial and final weight, IBN and FBN are the initial and final body nitrogen content, and To Nd is the nitrogen content in food.  
\[\text{Prawn Weight Gain (WGp), g/prawn = FBWp - IBWp} \tag{12}\]  
\[\text{Prawn Specific Growth Rate (SGRp), \%/days}=100\ ^{\ast}\ (\text{lnFBWp - lnIBWp})/\text{days} \tag{13}\]  
where IBWp and FBWp are the initial and the final parawn weights.  
The following equations of plant growth performance indices were used [30]:  
\[\text{Height Gain (LG), cm = FH - IH} \tag{14}\]  
\[\text{Biomass Gain (BG), g = FB - IB} \tag{15}\]  
\[\text{Branch Gain (BrG) = FBr - IBr} \tag{16}\]  
\[\text{Yield kg/m}^{2}=\text{FW/Grow bed area} \tag{17}\]  
IH and FH are the initial and final height of glasswort, IB and FB are the initial and final weight of the plant, and IBr and FBr are the initial and final number of glasswort branches.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Pre-Processing  
The first step is to clean and organize the dataset to eliminate any outliers, inconsistencies, or missing values that could introduce systematic errors. This pre-processing stage is essential for improving the quality of the input data and, consequently, the accuracy of the results. Normalizing the data ensures that all variables are on the same scale, as neural network and clustering algorithms are sensitive to the magnitude of input variables [38].
# Numerical Analysis on Spanwise Correlation of Vortex-Induced Force of Split Double-Box Beam
## 1 Introduction
The results demonstrate that the primary cause of VIV for streamlined box girders at large attack angles is the circulation process of the massive vortex structure production and dissipation on the upper surface, rather than the alternate shedding of symmetrical vortex pairs [15]. Although a few scholars have studied the vortex excitation force spreading correlation for bridges with simpler aerodynamic profiles (e.g., rectangular sections, closed-ended streamlined sections), fewer studies have been conducted on separated double box girder sections. It is believed that the vortex vibration response is perfectly correlated along the spanwise correlation, and replacing the aerodynamic correlation with that of the incoming flow when calculating the vortex-induced vibration response of bridges. In fact, as for large-span bridges, especially the split double-box beam with complex flow fields, the approximation is conservative and becomes one of the reasons why the actual vortex-induced vibration response is inconsistent with the calculation results [16; 17]. Taking Xihoumen Bridge as the engineering background, the 2D and 3D numerical models of the scaled-down sections were designed and established based on the ANSYS Fluent platform and the RANS SST turbulence model. The bypass of the split double-box beam in static conditions and the vortex vibration response of the separated double-box beam section was investigated, to obtain the correlation of the aerodynamic force, sur face pressure, and wake wind velocity. The study aims to obtain the correlation between among aerodynamic force, surface pressure, and wake velocity of the separated double box girder in the stationary and vibrating conditions. It is a complement to the vortex-induced vibration characteristics analysis of large-span bridges to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the vortex-induced vibration characteristics of such complex cross-sections as split double-box beams, and to optimize the design methods for large-span bridges to enhance their comprehensive wind resistance performance.
# All-Integer Quantization for Low-Complexity Min-Sum Successive Cancellation Polar Decoder
## 5 Experimental Results
### Complexity Analysis  
Intuitively, integer-based calculations are known to be faster and less complex than computations using high-precision floating-point arithmetic. To clearly illustrate this speed improvement, let \(C_{approx}(N)\) represent the computational time of the approximated SC decoding algorithms, where \(N\) denotes the code length. The reduction in relative computational complexity can be expressed as \((C_{sc}(N)-C_{approx}(N))/C_{sc}(N)\). To measure the reduction in complexity, the simulation (written in C) is set up with normalized SNR values fixed to achieve a target FER of approximately \(10^{-4}\). For comparison purposes, arithmetic operations and high-precision floating-point values provided by the C math header are not directly utilized. Considering IEEE 754 [28], we store the mantissa and exponent of the values separately before performing the integer-based calculations. To maintain precision in fixed-point calculations, all mantissa values are scaled to \(10^{7}\). For simplicity, the hyperbolic functions and related operations are directly employed to calculate the floating-point values in conventional SC decoding, as these functions can be efficiently computed on the CPU, offering a good balance of speed and very high precision. The comparison of computational complexity is shown in Table 2. The fixed-point min-sum SC decoding algorithm reduces computational complexity by approximately 35% relative to the original SC decoding algorithm. Furthermore, this reduction increases to 75% with the all-integer-quantized min-sum SC decoding algorithm, clearly demonstrating that all-integer calculations can significantly reduce the computational complexity in polar code decoding.  
The experiment highlighted that, in scenarios where the precision of floating-point calculations is not essential, the integer-based MS-SC decoding algorithm is a more efficient and practical choice, offering a better balance between performance and resource utilization. This comparison underscores the practical benefits of integer-based implementations in real-world communication systems.
As far as VPD is concerned, satellite observations and Earth System Models (ESMs) have consistently shown that the beneficial effect of CO\({}_{2}\) fertilization on ecosystem productivity dynamics has been significantly offset by the continuously rising VPD [15; 41]. It was noteworthy that a recent study, based on satellite observations and ESMs, discovered that increases in GPP caused by CO\({}_{2}\) fertilization were wholly offset by decreases in GPP due to increasing VPD and that changes in vegetation growth driven by climate considerably outpaced CO\({}_{2}\)-induced changes under rising water constraints [42]. Intrinsically, vegetation physiologically regulates its stomatal conductance to reduce water losses in response to rising VPD [2,43], and decreasing SW capacity further reinforces plants' stomatal closure and limits physiological water transfer from soil to leaf [44]. However, this sensitivity of vegetation growth to rising atmospheric dryness versus SW deficit is difficult to distinguish owing to their covariation in the context of global warming [29,35]. Besides, frequently occurring atmospheric water anomalies and compound droughts strongly restrict vegetation productivity by regulating vegetation photosynthesis and phenology, especially in global drylands [30,45,46]. Yet, it remains poorly documented what are the relative offsets occurring in the contributions between enhanced atmospheric VPD, decreased SW at different soil depths, significant CO\({}_{2}\) fertilization to vegetation dynamics, and the differences in the contribution of SW at different depths to vegetation dynamics across global drylands over the past few decades. To this end, this study thoroughly examines vegetation dynamics in global drylands using satellite-observed LAI, which is widely employed to characterize vegetation canopy structure and greenness and their changes; satellite-observed GPP, SIF, and flux-based GPP to effectively reflect vegetation photosynthetic and primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Then, we detected the response of vegetation dynamic to climate change over vegetated areas of global drylands during the period of 1982-2018. This work aims to (1) explore the differences in the contribution of SW at different soil depths to vegetation dynamics across global drylands and (2) to determine the degree to which increasing atmospheric and SW constraints offset the beneficial effects of CO\({}_{2}\) fertilization to vegetation greening in global drylands. Addressing these research gaps is of great benefit to monitoring the interannual dynamics of the carbon-water relationship in global dryland ecosystems and deeply comprehending the potential mechanisms by which dryland vegetation responds to enhanced atmospheric and SW constraints, further serving target 15 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) published by the United Nations, that is, \"Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss\".
## 1 Introduction
(2019) examined the Iranian Abadan CCPP and proposed three configurations for a solar power tower SPT. The first, preheating inlet fuel, achieved 42.56% energy and 39.42% exergy efficiency, reducing emissions by 8041 tons/year. The second, preheating inlet air, reached 51.38% energy and 41.75% exergy efficiency, saving USD 11 million annually and cutting emissions by 34,563 tons/year. Using a dual-pressure heat-recovery steam generator, the third achieved 47.8% energy and 40.97% exergy efficiency, with the maximum power output at 370.4 MW. [PERSON] et al. (2019); [PERSON] et al. (2019) recovered waste heat from BC in an Iraqi city called the Al-Qayara power station and integrated it with SPT. The plant's capacity is 561.5 MW, with 130.4 MW from waste heat and 68 MW from CSP. This study introduces a new hybrid solar-natural gas-driven system, integrating a gas turbine unit (K1) and a solar parabolic trough collector (PTC), RC, and ORCs to create a poly-generation system for power production. An inclusive 4E analysis--encompassing energy, exergy, environmental, and exergoeconomic--has been conducted to thoroughly evaluate and understand the proposed system. The system is designed explicitly for the Kirkuk Power Plant in Iraq. A deep understanding of the features and limitations of Kirkuk, located in Northern Iraq with substantial solar radiation potential, is essential for justifying the implementation of this system. Utilizing solar energy alongside the waste heat from the Brayton cycle unit (K1) could significantly enhance the electricity output of the existing plant. The primary aim of this hybrid system is not only to boost power generation but also to reduce environmental pollution. Additionally, the results of this study will give insightful information and serve as a foundation for power plant engineers, operators, and designers.
## Enhanced Stiffness Model of the 3 DJM  
As shown in Figure 2, the 3-DOF joint module (3 DJM) of the CHRA was made up with a base, a moving-platform and a passive spherical joint connecting them. Six cables were employed to drive the moving-platform and a _variable-stiffness device_ (VSD) was placed along with each driving cable. For routing the cables, six small holes were drilled in the moving-platform and the base, denoted by \(A_{i}\) and \(B_{i}\) (\(i=1,2,\ldots,6\)), respectively. In this design, \(A_{2}A_{3}=A_{4}A_{5}=A_{6}A_{1}=l_{A}\), \(B_{1}B_{2}=B_{3}B_{4}=B_{5}B_{6}=l_{B}\), \(A_{1}A_{2}=A_{3}A_{4}=A_{5}A_{6}=e_{A}\), \(B_{2}B_{3}=B_{4}B_{5}=B_{6}B_{1}=e_{B}\), where \(e_{A}\approx 0\) and \(e_{B}\approx 0\). The distance between the moving-platform and the spherical joint is denoted as \(h_{A}\in\mathbb{R}\), and the distance between the base and the spherical joint is denoted as \(h_{B}\in\mathbb{R}\). Each cable was actuated by a cable driving unit.  
To describe the pose of the 3 DJM, two frames were attached to the moving-platform (named moving frame {A}) and the base (named base frame {B}), which were both located at the center of the joint \(O\). With the two frames, the pose of the 3 DJM can be represented by a rotation matrix \(\mathbf{R}\in SO(3)\). Thus, the motion trajectory of the 3 DJM was a parameterized curve \(\mathbf{R}(t)\) on \(SO(3)\). The enhanced stiffness model of the 3 DJM was established by using the covariant derivative of the load to the displacement on SO(3) [30].  
Figure 2: Concept design of the _3-DOF joint module_ (3 DJM).
## 4 Results and Discussion  
To study the flow behavior and the variations in velocity and temperature due to the varying values of the involved parameters, this section is divided into two subsections. One is for the velocity profile, and the other is for the temperature distribution. Both the stretching and shrinking cases combined with the convergence or the divergence of the channel are discussed in detail using the graphical aid. As water is taken to be the base fluid, the numerical values of the Prandtl number Pr shall be fixed at 6.2 throughout the study, unless stated otherwise. Copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) are the nanoparticles incorporated in the base fluid. The thermophysical properties of the base fluid and the nanoparticles are highlighted in Table 1. Furthermore, in all of the graphical descriptions, a solid line represents the graph for Cu, while the dashed line represents the same for Ag.
# Rateless Coded Uplink Transmission Design for Multi-User C-RAN
## 4 Decoding Performance Analysis and Degree Profile Design
### EXIT Analysis of the Decoding Process
Figure 4 shows an example where \(SNR=\frac{P}{\hat{v}_{0}}\)= \(-2\)dB, the number of quantization bits at the RRH is eight, three channel matrices \(\mathbf{H}\) are considered: case 1 is \(\mathbf{H}=\left[ \begin{array}{cc}1.9781&0.6696\\ 1.2958&0.3872\end{array} \right]\), case 2 is \(\mathbf{H}=\left[ \begin{array}{cc}0.5826&1.1291\\ 0.8247&1.5324\end{array} \right]\), and case 3 is \(\mathbf{H}=\left[ \begin{array}{cc}2.8884&0.4533\\ 0.3361&1.1801\end{array} \right]\). From Figure 5, one can find that the linear lines (called LA in the figure) well approximated the Monte Carlo simulations (called MC in the figure). With step 1 to step 5 shown in the above, we can trace the update of \(x_{i,u}^{(l)}\) in each decoding iteration (recalling that \(x_{i,u}^{(l)}\) is the EI from the output nodes to the input nodes of user \(i\)). To guarantee the successful decoding at the second decoding stage which is individually performed on the LDPC subgraph, \(x_{i,u}^{(l)}\) should exceed a certain threshold before the maximal decoding iteration times. Therefore, we derive the successful decoding condition: \(x_{i,u}^{(l^{\prime})}>x_{i,u}^{th}\), where \(l^{\prime}\) is the maximal decoding iteration times. Here, the threshold EI \(x_{i,u}^{th}\) can be calculated from the following equation (recalling that \(m_{th}\) is the minimal LLR required for LDPC successful decoding):  
\[J(m_{th})=\sum\
olimits_{d=1}^{d_{p}}\alpha_{i,d}J\Big{(}dJ^{-1}\Big{(}x_{i,u} ^{th}\Big{)}\Big{)}. \tag{22}\]
## 2 Method Principles
### Global-Local Feature Complementary Module  
In order to make full use of global feature and local feature, a global-local feature complementary module (GLFC) is proposed. In order to make full use of the feature information of different dimensions to supplement the original feature information, the module uses the extended convolution of different expansion rates to extract the feature information of different dimensions. Firstly, local feature information is obtained through dilated convolution layers with smaller dilation rates (d = 1, 3), and global feature information is obtained through dilated convolution layers with larger dilation rates (d = 5, 7). Secondly, dot product operations are performed on the local and global features separately. Finally, the local features, global features, and original input features are added point by point to obtain the output features. The structure of the GLFC module is shown in Figure 2.
# A CMOS Multiplied Input Differential Difference Amplifier: A New Active Device and Its Applications
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a newly developed active device, referred to as a multiplied input differential difference amplifier (MIDDA), which allows operations of summation/subtraction and multiplication of input signals. It was designed and fabricated using I3T25 0.35 \(\upmu\)m ON (ON Semiconductor, Phoenix, AZ, USA) Semiconductor technology. The achieved results, which describe the experimentally verified behaviour of the fabricated device, are introduced, as well as the simple applications of MIDDA with electronically controllable parameters, useful for analogue signal processing. Moreover, the paper discusses an interesting example of nonlinear application to a double-sideband amplitude modulator, based on the utilization of multiplication and summation of particular signals. The laboratory experimental results which are achieved through the use of a fabricated prototype (both in time and frequency domain), confirm the workability of the concept.  
amplitudes modulator; analogue signal processing; differential difference amplifier; electronic control; MIDDA; multiplication; on-chip experiments +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters  
However, the proposed multiplication-mode current conveyor (MMCC) reported in [5; 6], has some important drawbacks: (a) the MMCC element does not provide immediate results for the operation of multiplication in the form of current-sourced signal (therefore, it is not suitable for simple and direct creation of electronically controllable inverting/noninverting amplifiers, current-/voltage-mode integrators, etc., with a minimal number of external passive elements); (b) summation/subtraction operations are not directly available in the frame of the designed MMCC device (therefore, employment of the device as part of the chain in multi-feedback systems is much more difficult in the case of filters and oscillators). Our contribution presents an active device for direct providing the operations of multiplication, voltage summing, and subtraction, in a so-called multiplied input differential difference amplifier (MIDDA). A MIDDA addresses the issues previously noted, relating to MMCC elements. Its features are fully utilized in the nonlinear application of a double-sideband amplitude modulator (AM-DSB), that is not directly available with the help of previously reported MMCC elements (additional active circuitry must be included in order to obtain the same function, and therefore the final application is much more complex).
# Global Time-Varying Path Planning Method Based on Tunable Bezier Curves
###### Abstract
[PERSON] [24] used the optimal fitting interpolation of a Bezier curve to smooth the trajectory and improved the obstacle avoidance ability of the robot in the dynamic environment by considering the speed of obstacles. In order to optimize the distance between the start point and the target point, the improved genetic algorithm is used to explore the Bezier curve control points, and the optimal smooth path is selected to minimize the total distance between the start point and the end point [25]. [PERSON] [26] proposed a new collision cost prediction network (CCPN) that adopts a real-time updated sensor data occupation grid to estimate collision costs and avoid robot collisions with static and dynamic obstacles. [PERSON] [27] proposed an effective real-time path planning algorithm based on the geometry applied to three-dimensional environments, which adopts a three-dimensional potential field to generate the intermediate point that characterizes the path of the robot with less degrees of freedom and significantly improves the maneuverability of the manipulator to avoid obstacles. The researchers propose a variety of local real-time path planning methods for single obstacles, moving vehicles, or remotely piloted aircraft. However, the global real-time path planning method of the snake manipulator is lacking. Therefore, a global time-varying path planning method based on a Bezier curve (GTVP) is proposed. The GTVP method generates the real-time motion trajectory of the manipulator according to the real-time data of dynamic obstacles and then obtains the trajectory of the center point of each joint of the manipulator according to the repeated path method, which skillfully combines the trajectory planning of joint space with the trajectory planning of Cartesian space. The layout of this paper is as follows. Section 2 introduces the improvement of the proposed method. Sections 3 and 4 describe the trajectory planning process of this method in single-obstacle and multi-obstacle environments. Section 5 carries out theoretical verification of the method. Section 6 carries out simulation verification and Section 7 summarizes this article.
# A 12 dBm B1 dB N-Path Notch Filter for Transmitter Leakage Suppression in Wideband Receiver
## 1 Introduction
This trade-off underscores the ongoing challenge of achieving high linearity without compromising bandwidth in N-path filter designs. This paper presents the design of a reconfigurable notch filter to suppress TX leakage in wireless transceiver systems. The proposed filter employs a hybrid architecture that combines an impedance-transformed shunt N-path filter with a series N-path BRF to mitigate TX leakage effectively. The proposed notch filter demonstrates a block compression point (B1 dB) capable of achieving up to +12 dBm passband receiver linearity and notch block power. This performance significantly improves the isolation between transceiver channels, enhancing overall system linearity and mitigating interference. A detailed analysis explores the trade-offs between insertion loss, bandwidth, and linearity, providing valuable insights into the design optimization of reconfigurable notch filters for high-performance transceiver applications. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 derives the basic impedance characteristics of N-path filters. Section 3 shows the proposed N-path BRF architecture. Section 4 describes the complete circuit implementation structure. Section 5 gives the proposed filter's measurement results. The conclusion is given in Section 6.