## 2 Digitalization and Cybernation of Work Processes in Manufacturing Systems
### Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Technologies  
Although artificial intelligence (AI) and cognitive technologies are not the same, the terms are often used interchangeably because both technologies aim to mimic human intelligence. The difference is that cognitive technologies focus on specific areas of human cognition, such as language and vision, while AI covers a broader range of technologies and applications. The easiest way to explain the difference between the two technologies is to say that cognitive technologies are a subset of AI technologies. But before that, we need to look at the definitions of intelligence, which are essential for understanding what machines or computers are supposed to replace. There are many definitions. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [45] summarized from the Journal of Educational Psychology the writings of 14 leading experts of the time, who gave 14 different answers as to the definition of intelligence. To cite just a few summaries of the answers: \"the ability to think abstractly ([PERSON]); to learn or the ability to learn to adapt to one's environment ([PERSON]); the ability to adapt oneself appropriately to relatively novel situations in life ([PERSON]); the biological mechanism by which the complexity of the effects of stimuli combine to give somewhat unified behavior ([PERSON]).\"  
Almost 100 years later, the definitions of intelligence are not significantly different, and there are still as many definitions as there are experts in the field. [PERSON] [46] has collected as many as 71 definitions of intelligence, which he divided into the following areas: collective definitions, psychologist definitions and AI researcher definitions. One of the more comprehensive definitions is given by [PERSON] [47], who states that intelligence is \"mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, re-al-world environments relevant to one's life\". He developed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence or Three Forms of Intelligence, which argues that three types of mental processes are necessary for intelligent behavior. These are analytical intelligence, which compares, evaluates and analyses, creative intelligence, which generates insights, inventions and other creative endeavors, and practical intelligence for applying what people have learned in everyday life. The term artificial intelligence was coined in 1956 at a conference at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire (USA) organized by [PERSON] (Stanford) and his friend [PERSON] (MIT). The goal of the conference was to bring together researchers from different fields to create a new area of research dedicated to the development of machines that could simulate human intelligence [48]. Just as there are many definitions of intelligence, there are many definitions of AI. A short and meaningful definition is given by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49], who say that artificial intelligence is real intelligence created artificially. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50] refer to AI as a universal intelligent system or an artificial human. In the case of the item, the input and output are connected by an internal representation (Figure 12). From Figure 12 we can see that AI is connected by computer vision and natural language (hearing). Within the intelligent system, we have learned knowledge, reasoning, planning, interpretation, and machine learning. At the output we have actuators (robotics) and speech. Figure 12: Universal Intelligent System or Artificial Human [50]. AI technologies include:
* Machine learning: Machine learning uses algorithms that can learn from data and improve their performance without being explicitly programmed [51]. There are different types of machine-learning algorithms. In supervised learning, AI systems learn from a set of data for which we also know the output (the outcome). The goal of supervised learning is to compute the parameters of functions that convert the input data into output data. The system is well learned if the error between the computed output and the actual output is minimal or ideally zero.