## 1 Introduction  
Porous materials play a crucial role in a modern society. A variety of contemporary achievements relies on porous components. These materials are successfully utilized as column packing in different chromatography techniques [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9], as filtration/separation membranes [10; 11], as support for sensors and catalysts [12; 13; 14], as transporters in drug delivery systems [15; 16; 17]. They are also widely applied for detection and removal of pollutants from water [18; 19], for CO\({}_{2}\) capture [20; 21], separation of rare earth elements [22] and many others advanced applications [23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. Porous materials can be obtained either by creating small particles or clusters where the surface-to-volume ratio of each particle is high, or by producing materials where the void surface area (pores) is high compared to the number of particles. These pores can be created through different methods, such as using a porogen during polymerization, or by post-processing the polymer. As a result, an amazing variety of porous products is constantly created and implemented. To improve trucking down and analysis of this impressive class of materials, various types of classifications are applied by scientists around the world. One of the commonly accepted division includes three main groups. Firstly, natural materials with high surface area. There are several natural materials that have a strongly developed internal surface such as, zeolites, clays, pumice, peat, metal oxides or activated charcoal. Zeolites are naturally occurring minerals that have a high surface area and a porous structure. They are composed of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen, and are characterized by a three-dimensional network of tetrahedrally coordinated aluminum and silicon atoms. The pores in zeolites are typically in the range of 0.3 to 1 nanometer in diameter. They are widely used in catalysis, organic synthesis, solar energy storage and use, gas separation and other chemical and biomedical application [30; 31]. In the case of clays, their structure significantly varies as a result of the function of the mineralogical reserve. What is important, on the basis of clay minerals, more advanced porous clay heterostructures (PCH) can be easily obtained. PCH materials were studies as catalysts of various reactions, as adsorbent for CO\({}_{2}\) capture, removal of heavy metal and dyes [32; 33; 34; 35; 36]. In turn, peat is a soil-like material that is composed of partially decomposed plant material. Peat has a high surface area, a relatively high water-holding capacity, and a spongy texture. For dyes and metals in wastewater, it can be used as an adsorbent [37]. However, the oldest and still extensively utilized natural adsorbents are porous carbons. They have been among the most explored materials due to their low cost, good stability, and high specific surface areas [38; 39; 40]. The second significant group are metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). These structures are made up of organic linkers that are held together by metal atoms. As a result, they look like a molecular cage. The metal ions or clusters provide the framework, while the organic ligands provide the porosity. This combination of metal ions or clusters and organic ligands creates a highly porous structure with a large surface area. They are used in desalination, carbon capture and storage, gas separation, biological imaging and sensing and play many other essential function [41; 42; 43; 44; 45]. Finally, permanently porous polymers. These highly cross-linked, three-dimensional networks possess superior inherent porosity, excellent stability, pre-designable and tunable structures. They are a broad class of advanced materials that have gained remarkable attention [46; 47; 48; 49; 50]. Porous polymers are mainly obtained during the radical copolymerization with cross-linking with the presence of diluents.