## 3 Results
### Range and Charging Rate
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Equilibrium** & **Energy Consumption** & **Energy Consumption** & **Consumption of** \\
**Temperature Time (s)** & **for Equilibrium** & **Temperature (kWh)** & **Heating Mode** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Heating Mode} \\  & \(-\)10 (\({}^{\circ}\)C) Environment & \\ \hline Heating Target & & & \\ Temperature 23 (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 1200 & 0.8 & 3.75 \\ \hline Heating Target & & & \\ Temperature 24 (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 1200 & 0.8 & 3.9 \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Cooling Mode} \\  & 40 (\({}^{\circ}\)C) Environment & \\ \hline Cooling Target & & & \\ Temperature 23 (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 1300 & 2 & 4.9 \\ \hline Cooling Target & & & \\ Temperature 22 (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 1300 & 2 & 5.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Energy consumption of different cabin target temperatures for heating and cooling systems. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Heating** & **Consumption of** & **HVAC** & **Total Consumption** & **Total Change** & **Total Change** & **Starting** & **Range of** & **Remaining** & **Range** & **Range Deformation** \\
**Ambient** & **HVAC** & **Change** & **of the** & **Consumption by the** & **Change** & **Change** & **Status** & **(km)** & **(km)** & **Rate** \\
**Ambient** & **(kWh)** & **(\%)** & **(kWh)** & **(\%)** & **(\%)** & **(km)** & **(km)** & **(km)** & **(km)** \\ \hline Heating & & & & & & & & \\ Target & 3.75 & 4.48 & 12.82 & 13.55 & 86.45 & 219.34 & 185.74 & 90.66 & 29.25 \\
23 (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Heating & & & & & & & & \\ Target & 3.90 & 4.66 & 12.97 & 13.73 & 86.27 & 216.80 & 183.20 & 93.20 & 30.06 \\
24 (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Cooling & & & & & & & & \\ Target & 4.90 & 5.85 & 13.97 & 14.93 & 85.07 & 201.28 & 167.68 & 108.72 & 35.07 \\
23 (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Cooling & & & & & & & & \\ Target & 5.10 & 6.09 & 14.17 & 15.17 & 84.83 & 198.44 & 164.84 & 111.56 & 35.99 \\
22 (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: The effect of different cabin target temperatures on charging rate and range of heating and cooling system. Increasing the temperature target in the heating process by 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C resulted in a loss of 2.54 km in range. A decrease of 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the temperature target in the cooling process resulted in a further loss of 2.84 km in range. As a result of the cabin temperature change, the remaining charge rate during the heating process was 86%, while the remaining charge rate during the cooling process was 84%. Due to the NEDC road operating conditions at low speeds, the range consumption caused by the heating and cooling system was higher. The range degradation rate was 29.25% for heating and 35.99% for cooling at new target temperatures. These results are mainly in line with the current literature such as the works of [PERSON] et al. [9] and [PERSON] et al. [19]. Figure 19 shows the total range, range degradation rate, remaining charge rate, and energy consumption of the heating and cooling system as a result of the change in target cabin temperature after one hour of test under NEDC road operating conditions.