## 2 Related Work
MAPP provides broadcast authentication methods over multiple-zones, using short bilinear pairing signatures. We utilize special elliptical curves to reduce the authentication time \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Message Authentication Done by Signing Message Using Individual Secret Keys and Verification is Done Using the Bilinear Pairing**} \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Function. IDENTITY Authentication Is Satisfied Using Pseudo-Identities**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Certificateless Bilinear Pairing Cryptography Is Used in All Compared Methods**[19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24] & **for Single Group Communication**} \\ \hline
**Security Method** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** & **Communication Type** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [19]} & \(\bullet\) & The user’s private keys are not stored at the Key Generator Center (KGC) & \(\bullet\) & The proposed security model cannot resist the passive malicious Key Generator Center (KGC) & \(\bullet\) & Support Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication \\  & \(\bullet\) & Support signatures aggregation & & & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Self-generation of private keys & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [20]} & \(\bullet\) & They proposed a proof and analysis of the [PERSON] et al. [19] method & \(\bullet\) & Their method introduce additional communication cost & \(\bullet\) & Support Vehicle -to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication \\  & \(\bullet\) & They proved the security local using the random oracle model & \(\bullet\) & The dependence on a fully trusted third party & & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Computationally more efficient due to its constant pairing operations & \(\bullet\) & Their method introduce additional communication cost & \(\bullet\) & Support ad hoc communication \\  & \(\bullet\) & They proposed a new efficient & & & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Correlatedless aggregate signature protocol & \(\bullet\) & Aggregation of signatures done at vehicles by aggregate the messages related to the same Road Side Units & \(\bullet\) & Support ad hoc communication \\  & \(\bullet\) & Computationally more efficient due to its constant pairing operations & \(\bullet\) & Vehicle’s work as aggregator generator & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [22]} & \(\bullet\) & Single manager issues the secret keys for vehicles & \(\bullet\) & Introduce high computation time due to excessive use of bilinear pairing operations & \(\bullet\) & Support Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication \\  & \(\bullet\) & Resist the KGC attacks & \(\bullet\) & Unfortunately this method & \(\bullet\) & Support V2-I communication \\  & \(\bullet\) & Support signature aggregation & \(\bullet\) & Neither to the impersonation attack & & \\  & \(\bullet\) & The privacy proposed a new Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication & \(\bullet\) & However, their method cannot prevent the message modification attacks in which an attacker can repeat the transmission of old messages after modifying its content. & \(\bullet\) & Support V2V and V2I communications \\  & \(\bullet\) & The privacy proposed a group signature-based on bilinear pairing. & \(\bullet\) & The privacy proposed a group & \(\bullet\) & Introduce high communication cost & \\  & \(\bullet\) & The privacy proposed a group signature-based on bilinear pairing. & \(\bullet\) & Suffers from high verification time at receivers due to high number of bilinear pairing operations & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of the previous certificateless bilinear pairing authentication methods. and storage requirements. MAPP supports dynamic key generation per vehicle in each zone that enhances the security level and resists the key attacks in previous V2X methods.