# Accounting for Carbon Footprint Flows in Wine Production Process. Case Study in Spanish Winery
## 3 Case Study
### Discussion  
The results of the project can be analyzed from different perspectives and scopes, intertwining environmental and management concerns, production process and supply chain, and internal stakeholders' relationship with external ones.  
Regarding the impact on the CF of the referred activities, the results are rather positive not only in terms of reduction but also in terms of aggregated CF. The study of [PERSON] et al. [20] on different wineries in Spain and south of France, which could be comparable to that of the project, reached a range of CF between 0.6 to 2.65 kg per bottle. Although the many differences existing among wineries advise not to compare their CF results, the data obtained for the project are definitely in the low part of the range. Furthermore, considering that [PERSON] et al. [20] concluded that through the establishment  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **Year 1—CO\({}_{2}\) eq.** & **Year 2—CO\({}_{2}\) eq.** & **Change in \%** \\ \hline CF for the company and its supply chain & 12.734 tons & 10.224 tons & –19.71\% \\ \hline Average CF per unit of product (in Kg/L) & 0.828 kg/L & 0.795 kg/L & –3.98\% \\ \hline Average CF per 0.75 L bottle (estimated) & 0.755 kg/bottle & 0.731 kg/bottle & –3.28\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Carbon Footprint of the company and unitary.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & **[PERSON] et al.** & **[PERSON] et al.** & **[PERSON] et al.** & **[PERSON] \& [PERSON]** & **[PERSON] et al.** \\  & [56] & [15] & [57] & [58] & [20] \\ \hline Kg/0.75 L & 0.90–2.00 & 0.65–1.17 & 1.43 & 1.03–0.617 & 0.85 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Carbon footprint (CF) per bottle in different studies.  
of best practices and better resource consumption wine CF could be of about 0.64 kg per bottle, the 3.3% decrease obtained in our project after just one year of implementation is noteworthy.  
After the two years of data, and the different results obtained from the LCA, the strong impact that the supply chain has in the product unitary CF became clear. Although the company was already aware of the room for improvement existing in the transport and distribution activities undertaken by the company itself (reducing consumption and/or shifting to electricity, renewables, etc.), finding out how relevant some particular supplies were to the CF brought in a new way to look at the supply chain and a whole new approach to procurement design. Specifically, the strong CF impact that bottles may have within the production process, and the unexpected differences found in CO\({}_{2}\)-related emissions between equivalent chemical treatments used in vineyards, paved the way to look at the supply chain as an equally important field to measure, reduce and account for CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. In this sense, implementing the LCA and MTCA tools has not only helped to reduce the CF of the company, but has also transformed the company into a tractor element for other companies.  
From the relational perspective, an indirect outcome of the project, which was not really expected in its original design, was a significant improvement in the relationship between the company and its suppliers, especially the cooperative farmers, both in terms of communication and efficiency. Once engaged in the project, most of these farmers found the application very useful and convenient, becoming more committed to reducing their own energy consumption and that of the company, but also to participate in further initiatives to reduce the environmental impact. On the other side, by having the chance to monitor the activity of the farmers, the technical staff of the company can also notice irregular trends, deviations or room for improvement linked to changes in weather conditions, quality of grape or specific needs of the company for the final product characteristics.