## 2 Literature Review  
Many recent studies have explored higher data rates and extended transmission ranges using LED-based systems. Using five primary-colored LEDs, [PERSON] et al. [9] showed a transmission of 15.17 Gb/s over 1.2 m of clear tap water. [PERSON] et al. [10] demonstrated a transmission of 2.175 Gb/s over 1.2 m of clean tap water using a single green LED, operating at 521 nm. [PERSON] et al. [11] experimentally verified a 200 Mb/s data rate with a BER of 3.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\), through a tap water tank of 5.4 m. [PERSON] et al. [12] investigated the performance of white, blue, and green LED arrays in transmitting voice in real time, through a 50 cm tap water tank. The findings show that blue light has the lowest attenuation and exhibited the best performance. Significant progress has been made in research on underwater LED-based systems, both theoretically and experimentally. However, most of these studies were performed using tap water and did not consider the effect of real water channel parameters, such as salinity, turbidity, and temperature, on system performance. The fundamental characteristics of various water bodies, from shallow to deep oceans, vary widely, making the propagation of underwater optical beams very challenging. Therefore, a complete understanding of the effect of water parameters on the light beam propagation for UWOC is required. Over the past few years, great and valuable studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of different real water channel parameters on both LED and LD UWOC systems. [PERSON] et al. [13] calculated the received power for various wavelengths such as 470 nm, 525 nm, and 660 nm based on the attenuation coefficients for pure sea, clear ocean, coastal water, and harbor water types. They concluded that the blue spectrum has a better communication window than the red and green spectrums for pure sea, clear ocean, and coastal water types. However, the green spectrum performs better in harbor water than the blue and red spectrums. Therefore, the type of water and chlorophyll content affects the wavelength choice. [PERSON] et al. [14] used three types of water channels including clear, sea, and cloud water to test the received light intensity from LED and laser diodes at different transmitting distances up to 50 cm. Seawater was collected from Mengabang Telipot beach in Kuala Terengganu. In the seawater, they found that the received power from red laser light is approximately 35% higher than the power from green LED light. Experimental studies were performed by [PERSON] et al. [15; 16] using a 450 nm LD transmitter to investigate the effect of salinity on a transmission distance of up to 2 m. The results showed that at less than 40 cm, salinity of 35 g/L can block more than 90% of the laser's power [15]. The authors also determined that the transmission depth of the saline water channel is only about 60 cm [16]. Another water channel parameter that may affect the UWOC system performance is air bubbles. [PERSON] et al. [17] demonstrated a UWOC system for swimming applications using a 520 nm LED transmitter and an integrated detector-preamplifier. The system achieved a communications range of more than 1 m in all three scenarios under consideration: still pool water, still spa water, and bubbles spa water. The effect of bubbles produced by a spa jet is quite noticeable and significantly exceeds the effect of the bubble density and size expected by a swimmer. [PERSON] et al. [18] experimentally investigated the performance of green-LD-based UWOC links in the presence of different air bubble sizes. The received signal intensity was measured at five different beam sizes and under four bubble sizes. Large bubbles with a size comparable to the beamwidth can result in a deep fade or complete communication loss. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no prior study considers the Red Sea salinity and turbidity effect on a white-LED-based UWOC link. Therefore, this study aims to explore the feasibility of such a system, considering the Red Sea environment.