esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Static Analysis for ECMAScript String Manipulation Programs
## 4 An Abstract Domain for String Manipulation
### An Abstract Domain for \(\mu\)JS
#### 4.2.1 Coalesced Sum  
One way to merge domains is the coalesced sum [30]. The resulting domain contains all the non-bottom elements of the input domains, with a new top and a new bottom.  
**Definition 1** (Coalesced sum domain [31]).: _Let \(\langle A,\leq_{A},\sqcup_{A},\sqcap_{A},\bot_{A},\top_{A}\rangle\) and \(\langle B,\leq_{B},\sqcup_{B},\sqcap_{B},\bot_{B},\top_{B}\rangle\) be two lattices abstracting the posets \(\langle C,\leq_{C}\rangle\) and \(\langle D,\leq_{D}\rangle\) with abstraction functions \(\alpha_{A}:A\to C\) and \(\alpha_{B}:B\to D\), respectively. The coalesced sum domain \(A\oplus B\) is defined as:_  
\[A\oplus B\stackrel{{\text{\tiny def}}}{{=}}\big{\{}\bot_{A\oplus B }\big{\}}\cup\big{\{}\;a\;|\;a\in A_{\mathcal{L}}\;\big{\}}\cup\big{\{}\;b\;| \;b\in B_{\mathcal{L}}\;\big{\}}\cup\big{\{}\top_{A\oplus B}\big{\}}\]such that the partial order is defined as \(x\leq_{A\oplus B}y\Leftrightarrow x\leq_{A}y\ (x,y\in A)\lor x\leq_{B}y\ (x,y\in B)\) and \(\forall x\in A\oplus B\). \(\bot_{A\oplus B}\leq_{A\oplus B}x\leq_{A\oplus B}\top_{A\oplus B}\), its least upper bound is defined as:_  
\[x\sqcup_{A\oplus B}y\stackrel{{\text{\tiny def}}}{{=}}\begin{cases}x \sqcup_{A}y&\text{if }x,y\in A_{\
ot\perp}\\ x\sqcup_{B}y&\text{if }x,y\in B_{\
ot\perp}\\ x&\text{if }y=\bot_{A\oplus B}\\ y&\text{if }x=\bot_{A\oplus B}\\ \top_{A\oplus B}&\text{otherwise}\end{cases}\]  
_and its greatest lower bound \(\top_{A\oplus B}\) can be dually defined. The abstraction functions \(\alpha_{A\oplus B}:C\cup D\to A\oplus B\) is defined as:_  
\[\alpha_{A\oplus B}(x)\stackrel{{\text{\tiny def}}}{{=}}\begin{cases} \alpha_{A}(x)&\text{if }x\in\ C\\ \alpha_{B}(x)&\text{if }x\in\ D\\ \top_{A\oplus B}&\text{otherwise}\end{cases}\]  
In our case, if we consider the abstract domains \(\mathbb{Z}^{\sharp}\), \(\mathbb{S}^{\sharp}\) and \(\mathbb{B}^{\sharp}\), the coalesced sum is the abstraction of \(\wp(\mathbb{V})\) depicted in Figure 6.  
This is the simplest choice but unfortunately this is not suitable for dynamic languages, in particular for dealing with dynamic typing and implicit type conversion. The problem is that the type of variables is inferred at run-time and may change during execution. For example, consider the \(\mu\)JS fragment if \((y<5)\)\(\{x=\text{``42''};\}\)else\(\{x=\text{true};\}\). The value of the variable \(y\) is statically unknown hence, in order to guarantee soundness, we must take into account both the branches, meaning that \(x\) may be both a string and a boolean value, after the if statement. On the coalesced sum domain, the analysis would lose any precision w.r.t. collecting semantics by returning \(\alpha_{\mathbb{S}}(\text{``42''})\sqcup\alpha_{\mathbb{B}}(\text{true})=\top\).
# Robust Structural Damage Detection Using Analysis of the CMSE Residual's Sensitivity to Damage
## 4 Numerical Simulation
### Robustness Performance Investigation
#### 4.3.2 Effects of Damage Level  
In this section, damage detection analysis is performed to consider how varying the damage level would affect the damage identification performance of the proposed scheme. The results of damage cases C (\(\alpha_{28}=30\%\)), E (\(\alpha_{28}=20\%\)), and F (\(\alpha_{28}=10\%\)), are shown in Figures 13, 16 and 17, respectively.  
For the RCMSE method, it can be seen from the bottom panels of Figures 13, 16 and 17 that all damage cases are located, indicating the RCMSE method outperforms the classical CMSE method with regard to damage localization. Moreover, it can be seen that the RCMSE method always over- or under-estimates the extent of the damage. This is because, as mentioned earlier, the damage of element No. 28 mainly changes the third modal parameters of the structure; these parameters, however, contribute little to the damage detection analysis.  
Table 3 shows the number of equations and the corresponding condition number of the original and reduced CMSE systems for damage cases E and F. It is also observed for each damage case that the condition number is reduced as some redundant equations are eliminated. This, again, confirms that reasonable reduction of the dimension of the CMSE system yields a better-conditioned system and better damage identification.  
Then, 1000 Monte Carlo simulations are performed to obtain the identification probability of these three damage cases, and the results are displayed in Figure 18. Two findings are observable. First, by means of eliminating redundant equations and optimizing the construction of CMSE systems, the  
Figure 16: Damage identification results of damage case E at a 3% level of noise, with an iterative Tikhonov solution: (**a**) CMSE method; (**b**) RCMSE method.  
Figure 17: Damage identification results of damage case F at a 3% level of noise, with an iterative Tikhonov solution: (**a**) CMSE method; (**b**) RCMSE method.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Damage Case**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Original System**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Reduced System**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(N_{m}\) & \(\kappa\) & \(N_{m}\) & \(\kappa\) \\ \hline E & 60 & 126.30 & 56 & 36.61 \\ F & 60 & 124.03 & 40 & 25.71 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The number of equations (\(N_{m}\)) and the corresponding condition number (\(\kappa\)) of the original and reduced CMSE systems for damage cases E and F.  
damage localization performance of the classical CMSE method is significantly improved. In addition, there is always a lower damage identification probability as the damage level decreases because severe damage always causes a larger change in the structural modal parameter. This trend also reveals that the CMSE and RCMSE methods are both sensitive to the damage level of the structure.
## 3 Theory
### Spatial Resolution  
The theoretical spatial resolution \(R_{T}\) at a certain frequency (\(f\)) or wavelength (\(\lambda\)) is generally limited by the numerical aperture (\(NA\)) of the imaging system and can be defined by the Rayleigh limit [41]  
\[R_{T}=0.61\frac{\lambda}{NA}=0.61\frac{c}{NAf} \tag{1}\]  
Figure 1: Schematic layout of our THz-TDS setup in transmission mode. Its components are a femtosecond (fs) laser, a beam-splitter (BS), dielectric mirrors (M), a delay line (DL), lenses, THz emitter and detector PCAs, a lock-in amplifier (LIA), a data acquisition card (DAQ) and a computer. See text for details.  
where \(\lambda~{}=~{}c/f\) is the wavelength and \(c\) the speed of light in vacuum. As a consequence, \(R_{T}(f)\) is strongly frequency-dependent and small objects or any spatial features are easier resolvable at high frequencies. Therefore, in a broadband THz imaging system it is crucial to calculate the spatial resolution for each frequency of interest.
# Analysis of Security Issues and Countermeasures for the Industrial Internet of Things
## 4 Security Countermeasures in IIoT systems
### Perception Layer
In such cases, privacy-preserving authentication and data control schemes can be employed that ensure the security and privacy requirements for cross-domain jurisdictions [147]. This scheme helps seamless integration of two underlying cryptographic primitives, called blind-signature and hash-chain, and delivers them into a single authentication and key establishment protocol that is flexible and lightweight in nature. The blind signature is defined as a digital signature that is used by another party to gain access to a message using the first party's signature without revealing any information. The usefulness of this scheme is that, on the one hand, the service provider can authenticate the authorized users using digital signatures, and on the other hand, the user can maintain their privacy without being tracked by the activities they performed.
## 2 Background and Related Work  
### New Features and Challenges  
There are three main differences between caching in ICN and existing caching systems: Transparency, the traditional caching is usually in the form of a dedicated closed system, mainly for a single traffic type. For example, objects are logically isolated by domain in cache systems such as Web and CDN. In ICN routing and storage based on the globally unique identifier of the content completely realizes the independence of caching and application, making it a basic service that is universal, open, and transparent to the upper layer. At the same time, caching transparency also brings problems such as inconsistent caching targets and cross-application competition for caching resources.  
Universality, caching is generally only equipped with specific nodes in traditional cache research. The network structure of the cache is a regular tree-like hierarchy, so the mathematical model of collaboration and content placement between caches can be established based on a priori knowledge of traffic requirements and cache structure, then the optimal solution can be obtained. In ICN, the cache can be equipped on any node. As a result, the topology of the cache needs to be described by the mesh structure of an arbitrary graph, and the upstream and downstream relationship between nodes is no longer clear. The difficulty of mathematical modeling and analysis has increased.  
Fine granularity, the objects stored and replaced in traditional caching systems are generally based on files or variable segments of files [15; 16; 17]. However, such caching systems have a large read and write overhead, which is difficult to meet the requirement of the ICN [18; 19]. Therefore, the file in ICN is divided into smaller independently identifiable data blocks (chunks) which are smaller than those in CDN and so on [20], and chunks are the basic caching units [9; 18; 21]. This makes many analysis reference models of traditional cache invalid for ICN.
# Software Defined Wireless Mesh Network Flat Distribution Control Plane
## 7 Evaluation
### Experimental Setup  
For experimental evaluation, we used Mininet-wifi, the Software Defined Wireless Network emulator, which creates a network of virtual SDN switches (routers), stations (hosts) and wireless channels (links). We exactly used Open vSwitch [28], which is a software-based virtual SDN switch with OpenFlow support, to create mesh routers that are equipped with two non-overlapped interfaces. Mininet-wifi was run in VirtualBox as virtualization software, and Linux used as the hosting operating system. As we mentioned previously, the POX controller was used as our experimental SDN controller platform and the programming coding to implement the proposed architecture was implemented in python. All the software used for experiment prototype implementation are summarized in Table 1.  
All experiments were performed on a Dell Laptop (Inspiron15 5000 Series) with an i7-8550U Intel CPU, running at 1.8 GHz, with 12 GB DDR4 2400 MHz RAM.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Impact Sound Sources and Measurement Method  
The impact sources used in this study are shown in Figure 1. The heavy-weight impact sound source we used was a bang machine with a standard-weight impact force characteristic 1 and a rubber ball with a standard heavy-weight impact force characteristic 2, as mentioned in KS F 2865, KS F 2810-1 and KS F 2810-2 [36; 43; 44]. A tapping machine was used as the standard light-weight impact source. The purpose of using a floor mat is to reduce the impact sound generated by children's behavior in apartment houses. Therefore, an impact source with a force similar to that of children's behavior was selected. For the standard weight impact simulating children's behavior, a rubber ball drop height of 0.4 m with a standard weight impact force characteristic 2 was selected based on existing papers. The drop height of the standard-weight impact force characteristic 2 mentioned in ISO 16283-2 and KS F 2810-2 is 1 m [44; 45]. In this case, the impact force is about 1800 N, and the impact force generated by the children's behavior is about 1100 N, which is similar to a rubber ball drop height of 0.4 m [46; 47]. The experimental floor mat specimen was placed at the center of the living room of the sound source room. Then, a total of five exciting positions were considered. As shown in Figure 2, a total of five microphones, including one in a central position, were installed in the downstairs sound-receiving room. The floor impact sound insulation performance test was conducted according to KS F 2810-1 and KS F 2810-2 [43; 44]. During the experiment, the test beds were closed to everyone except the experimenters to control any possible noise from outside that might have affected the results.  
Figure 1: The employed impact sound sources in the sound source room. (**a**) Bang machine; (**b**) rubber ball (drop height of 1 m); (**c**) tapping machine; (**d**) rubber ball (drop height of 0.4 m).  
Figure 2: View of the sound-receiving room with five microphones.
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Disc Cutter Wear Analysis
#### 3.1.3 Flank Wear VB  
The overall wear of the disc cutter was observed, and the overall wear of the flank showed uneven wear. Figure 12 shows the wear morphologies of disc cutter at the same cutting position under different cutting lengths, and it can be seen that the flank wear is mainly for the wear  
Figure 11: Variation of CER with cutting length.  
Figure 10: SEM morphologies of cutting edge wear. (**a**) Initial morphology of cutting edge; (**b**) Worn morphology of cutting edge.  
ribbons and flank wear bands. Positions 1 and 2 show trace wear phenomena on the flank face during ultrasonic cutting, producing a wear ribbon at the cutting edge. Furthermore, scratches caused by high-strength aramid fiber, phenolic resin, and other materials appeared to varying degrees on the disc cutter's flank face. Moreover, due to the presence of the positive clearance angle of the disc cutter, at a cutting length of 93.00 m, the scratches near the cutting edge were gradually covered by friction as the cutting length increased. The flank wear band was clearly visible in position 3. This is because the honeycomb core has rebound characteristics. During the cutting process, the honeycomb core was deformed elastically by the extrusion pressure of the cutting edge and the friction between the rake face and flank face [30], and the high-strength aramid fiber repeatedly rubbed the flank face during the high-speed rotation of the disc cutter, resulting in a flank wear band. Figures 13 and 14 show the results of the SEM observation and the variation of flank wear \(VB\) with cutting length at position 3, respectively. It can be clearly seen from Figure 13 that the wear band marked on the tool's flank face and the transverse scratches near the cutting edge also indicate abrasive wear of the disc cutter, while EDS analysis also shows that no oxidative wear has occurred on the flank face of the disc cutter. When the cutting length was increased from 23.25 m to 93.00 m, the flank wear \(VB\) did not change significantly. Also, a new micro-chipping occurred in the middle of the wear band area when the cutting length was 93.00 m. In this process, the wear was relatively uniform and basically in the normal wear stage.  
Figure 12: Wear morphologies of disc cutter at the same cutting position under different cutting lengths.
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Temperature Rise and Thermal Deformation Patterns of DPRS
#### 3.1.3 Influence of Speed at Different Ambient Temperatures  
Figure 12 illustrates the temperature variation at Node #9 for a DPRS with a load of 30 kN at 1000, 2000, and 3000 rpm at ambient temperatures of 20 and 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The temperature at Node #9 increases significantly when the screw speed increases at a given ambient temperature. This is because, as the speed increases, the frictional torque and frictional heat generation within the DPRS increase, and the heat source generates more heat; thus, the node temperature rises significantly as the speed increases. Comparison of Figure 12a,b shows that the difference in the steady-state temperature of the DPRS at different speeds decreases as the ambient temperature rises.  
The results show that the speed is one of the main factors influencing the DPRS temperature and that the influence of the speed variation on the steady-state temperature of the part decreases as the ambient temperature increases.  
Figure 11: Temperature rise curve of the nut at different loads: (**a**) 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (**b**) 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 12: Temperature rise curve of the screw at different speeds: (**a**) 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (**b**) 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
# Leveraging Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Swahili Language Conversation Systems
## 5 Implementation
### Output Response
#### 5.2.4. GPT-Neo Model Response  
The GPT-Neo model was evaluated on its ability to generate responses for Swahili queries under both Fine-Tune and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) conditions. Table 15 provides an example of a Swahili question and its English translation, along with the corresponding responses generated by the GPT-Neo model under both approaches. While the RAG method improved response quality compared to the Fine-Tune approach, GPT-Neo's outputs remained less detailed and comprehensive than those generated by the mT5 model but showed noticeable improvement over GPT-2. For instance, the Fine-Tune response for GPT-Neo briefly mentioned [PERSON] and electromagnetism, whereas the RAG response expanded on this by describing [PERSON]'s experiments and their significance in the discovery of electricity.  
Figure 22 further illustrates the comparative performance, demonstrating that RAG enables GPT-Neo to generate more contextually relevant and informative responses compared to Fine-Tune. However, the model still lacks the depth and nuance observed in the outputs of mT5, particularly when addressing complex and detailed queries. These results suggest that while GPT-Neo benefits significantly from the RAG framework, it remains a less robust option than mT5 for tasks requiring high levels of accuracy and contextual understanding in Swahili language processing.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Language** & **Question** & **Fine-Tune Answer** & **RAG Answer** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Swahili_} & Historia ya nishati ya umeme & [PERSON] na uvumbuzi wa & [PERSON] alifanya majaribio \\  & ilianzia wapi? & sumakuumeme. & kuhusu sumakuumeme, ambayo \\  & & sumakuumeme. & yalikuwa muhimu katika uvumbuzi \\  & & & wa nishati ya umeme. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_English_} & _Where did the history of electricity_ & _[PERSON] and the discovery of_ & _[PERSON] conducted experiments_ \\  & _energy begin?_ & _electromagnetism._ & _on electromagnetism, which were crucial_ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 15: Swahili question and answer with English translation for Figure 22.  
Figure 21: Response created by GPT-2 model in both cases for Fine-Tune and RAG, with RAG showing an improvement response compared to Fine-Tune.
# Mechanical Design and Testing of Mobile Monitoring Units for Security Systems
###### Abstract
As was overviewed in the analysis of the current state, mobile monitoring units have been used mainly for environmental or geophysical observations, which are usually based on the sensing of the scalar values of physical, chemical or biological quantities. Therefore, there is no need to consider, for example, the influence of vibrations in these systems, which can be caused, for example, by wind. However, sensors such as accelerometers and magnetometers can be influenced by these vibrations, and misleading warning or alarm information about the violation of the protected area could be transmitted. Furthermore, the mobile monitoring units had to be designed to be in long-term continuous exterior operation without connection to electrical networks. For this, a base with interchangeable accumulators had to be considered. Also, the stability of the mechanical design needs to be analyzed, mainly in relationship with the solar panels mounted on the top part of the construction. The most demanding task in this area was to design the overall structure of the mobile monitoring unit, considering its placement in exterior conditions, sometimes on uneven terrain, its transportation, and also its construction from commercially available materials, making the manufacturing process and eventual repairs as simple as possible. The article involves an overview of the progress of developing and enhancing the design of the mobile monitoring unit from an initial simple design, with the most important modifications involving the design of the hexagonal basis for the accommodation of the accumulators and other necessary equipment, to the final design with tensioning steel wire ropes to ensure the stability of the mobile monitoring unit even under difficult operational or severe weather conditions. Therefore, a whole series of simulations and analyses to determine the dynamic characteristics of the designed constructions were performed. To confirm the correctness of the calculation models, experiments on the mobile monitoring unit prototypes were also performed.