# Assessment of Energy Use and Photovoltaic Energy Potential in Saudi Arabian Governmental Schools
## 2 Literature Review
The study finds retrofitting techniques that lower lighting electricity usage by 49%, cooling loads by up to 17%, and yearly energy expenses by 18% through an optimization process. There has been a recent surge in the publication of research on grid-connected PV systems. At Jose Olaya Hualhuas State School in Peru, [PERSON] et al. [20] described and assessed off-grid and on-grid PV systems using the PVsyst 7.2 software. The authors hope this will favor the institution's financial future and significantly influence the next generation of energy-conscious individuals. They promise a minimum lifespan of ten years, sufficient to observe the returns on investment. [PERSON] et al. [21] examined load management and solar PV systems of a suggested ten kWp PV system installed on a school roof in M'sila, Algeria. Using pvPlanner software, simulations were run to assess the performance of four different PV module technologies. According to the findings, amorphous silicon technology outperforms other options in this field. Demand-side management is considered an efficient means of integrating and promoting solar energy since it reduces energy usage. An investigation of the economic feasibility and performance of a ten kWp grid-connected solar PV system constructed at Maungaraki School in Wellington, New Zealand, was given by [PERSON] et al. [22]. According to the authors, the annual performance ratio (PR) was 78%. Furthermore, according to the economic evaluation, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for this system at 4%, 6%, and 8% discount rates was NZD 0.121, 0.141, and 0.162 per kWh, respectively, with a PBP of 6.4 years. Overall, there was a 32% decrease in the total yearly electricity use from the grid. In Daegu Metropolitan City, South Korea, [PERSON] et al. [23] assessed the performance, natural state of operation, and cost-effectiveness of the two similar PV systems in the Osan Building of Kiemyung University and Dongho Elementary School. Due to a discrepancy in the array elevation angle between the two systems and other factors, the average yearly power production of the Osan Building system was 40,094 kWh. In contrast, that of the Dongho Elementary School system was 25,848 kWh. The Osan Building system demonstrated greater economic efficiency with an LCOE of $0.531/kWh for the Osan Building and $0.824/kWh for Dongho Elementary School. [PERSON] et al. [24] suggested using the HOMER program to design PV systems for the Indonesian INTIS Balikpapan Elementary School building. The proposed PV solutions fall into off-grid, on-grid, and hybrid PV systems. As determined by the results, the off-grid system's operational cost was $0.160 per kWh, which was 2.8 times more than the price the State Electricity Company charged. The operating cost of the hybrid system was $0.086/kWh, whereas the operating cost of the on-grid system was $0.032/kWh of electricity.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] used DesignBuilder software to study roof PV systems for a two-story detached school building in Izmir, Turkey, with 36 and 53 kW\({}_{\rm P}\) capacities. The data revealed a PBP of 7.6 to 7.9 years. [PERSON] et al. [26] contrasted a 223.5 kW\({}_{\rm P}\) PV system with a diesel-generating set for energy sustainability at the Yaba College of Technology in Nigeria. The results showed that choosing a PV system as a sustainable alternative to the grid for electricity generation was the preferred course of action. According to the results, neither the diesel generator nor the solar PV system could be operated independently. Still, after 15 years, the PVpower alternative offers significant cost savings over the long-term care contract.  
[PERSON] et al. [27] investigated the economic and environmental assessment and performance analysis of two kWp grid-connected PV systems at the High School of Technology of Meknes, Morocco. The authors found the system's potential to reduce CO\({}_{2}\) emissions by approximately 5.01 tonnes annually. Its PBP ranged from 11.10 to 12.69 years, and it was discovered to have an LCOE of $0.073-0.082/kWh.