## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, large-size asphalt mixtures, characterized by their superior rutting resistance, durability, reduced asphalt usage, and increased single-layer paving thickness, have garnered attention from road engineers and researchers worldwide. [PERSON] et al. conducted research on the anti-reflective cracking properties of large-particle-size porous asphalt mixtures and established a model for estimating the fatigue life of anti-reflective cracking based on the specimen height and void ratio [1]. In response to the characteristic high porosity of porous asphalt mixtures, [PERSON] et al. classified all mineral materials into four categories: large particle aggregates, primary selling materials, Physical Distortion Aggregates (PDA), and interstitial aggregates. [PERSON] analyzed the primary framework void structure formed by the main aggregates, determined the particle size range for each type of aggregate, and proposed a method for calculating the void ratio of the primary framework [2]. [PERSON] et al. conducted numerical tests of the uniaxial penetration of an asphalt mixture to analyze the influencing factors of shear strength and shear cracking mechanism of the asphalt mixture [3]. [PERSON], et al., described the rehabilitation of two test sections in Brazil using a composite of dense graded asphalt mixtures with typical (9.5 or 19 mm) and large-stone (32 mm) nominal maximum aggregate size; the results demonstrate that the large-stone asphalt mixture is a promising approach to improve rutting resistance of roads under very heavy traffic [4]. [PERSON] et al. analyzed the dynamic properties, crack resistance, and mechanical resistance of asphalt mixtures through indoor experimental methods and a multifunctional pavement material tester [5; 6; 7; 8]. Regarding the forming methods for large-particle-size asphalt mixtures, [PERSON], [PERSON], et al. have found that the vibratory molding method is more suitable for large-particle-size asphalt mixtures and skeleton-dense asphalt mixtures [9]. [PERSON], et al. observed that when forming specimens of \(\Phi\)152 mm using the heavy Marshall compaction method, compacting both sides over 75 times can easily lead to extensive damage to the main aggregates [10]. [PERSON] studied the VVCM method for AC-25 mixtures, recommended related parameters, and verified its road performance [11]. Regarding volume parameters, [PERSON] et al. examined the relationship between VV and the high-temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. They found that the maximum penetration load and shear strength decreased with increasing VV when the asphalt type, compaction effort, and gradation remained constant [12]. [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] found that a high VV value can reduce the water stability and fatigue life of asphalt mixtures, while a low VV value can decrease their rutting resistance [13; 14; 15]. [PERSON], [PERSON] analyzed the influence of volume parameters on asphalt mixtures, particularly examining the effects of VV, VFA, and VMA on the performance of ATB-30 asphalt mixtures. Their findings revealed a strong correlation between VV, VFA, and the mechanical properties of the asphalt mixture, but a weaker relationship with VMA [16; 17]. Some researchers believe that VMA is an important recommended value in asphalt mixture design; however, other studies indicate no correlation between the minimum VMA value and road performance, suggesting the evaluation of asphalt mixture durability based on asphalt film thickness instead of VMA [18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. However, most existing studies focus on asphalt mixtures with a maximum nominal particle size of \(\leq\)37.5 mm. Research on asphalt mixtures with a particle size \(>\)37.5 mm remains limited. For large-particle-size asphalt mixtures, the change in aggregate size means that traditional forming methods and volume parameter evaluation metrics may no longer be appropriate. In this specific area, there is still limited existing research.