###### Abstract  
Growing concerns about global greenhouse gas emissions have led power systems to utilize clean and highly efficient resources. In the meantime, renewable energy plays a vital role in energy prospects worldwide. However, the random nature of these resources has increased the demand for energy storage systems. On the other hand, due to the higher efficiency of multi-energy systems compared to single-energy systems, the development of such systems, which are based on different types of energy carriers, will be more attractive for the utilities. Thus, this paper represents a multi-objective assessment for the operation of a multi-carrier microgrid (MCMG) in the presence of high-efficiency technologies comprising compressed air energy storage (CAES) and power-to-gas (P2G) systems. The objective of the model is to minimize the operation cost and environmental pollution. CAES has a simple-cycle mode operation besides the charging and discharging modes to provide more flexibility in the system. Furthermore, the demand response program is employed in the model to mitigate the peaks. The proposed system participates in both electricity and gas markets to supply the energy requirements. The weighted sum approach and fuzzy-based decision-making are employed to compromise the optimum solutions for conflicting objective functions. The multi-objective model is examined on a sample system, and the results for different cases are discussed. The results show that coupling CAES and P2G systems mitigate the wind power curtailment and minimize the cost and pollution up to 14.2% and 9.6%, respectively. compressed air energy storage; demand response; emission; multi-carrier microgrid; multi-objective programming; power-to-gas facility +
Footnote †: journal: Sustainable  
International Energy Agency's statistics reported in [5], the share of annual wind power generation of 2182 TWh is estimated by 2030. Although developing RESs have various advantages, their volatility and uncertainties due to their probabilistic nature pose intense challenges to the power system's economic operation and management. One effective way to cope with the volatilities of RES is employing energy storage systems to compensate for the RESs fluctuation. Some cases of this specific technology are battery storage systems [6], hydrogen storage systems [7], battery storage [8], compressed air energy storage (CAES), and power to the gas facility (P2G). The CAES system is one of the large-scale storage systems that can pressurize the air into the salt caves or underground reservoirs with a compressor during charging mode and release the compressed air into the turbine to generate power during discharging mode [9]. Although there are only two large-scale practical CAES plants in operation at present [10; 11], various studies demonstrate the positive advantage of CAES in recent years, which is used as a standalone option or mixed with other energy sources. For example, a revision of the latest studies on the CAES system to enhance CAES's fundamental understanding was investigated [12]. In [13], a self-scheduling method considering CAES thermodynamic characteristics for participating in energy markets was presented to maximize the system profit. In [14], an integrated photovoltaic-CAES system was investigated to show the effectiveness of applying CAES in exploiting the photovoltaic energy system's surplus energy. In [15], a two-stage bi-level approach for a generation company owning CAES, thermal generators, and wind units was investigated to improve its profitability. An economically stochastic security-constrained unit commitment model considering CAES and wind power generation was developed [16]. The proposed scheduling model can manage the uncertainty of wind output and reduce the expected operational cost. The economic energy scheduling of a site comprising various units, e.g., CAES, thermal generators, and wind power plant, is conducted using the look-ahead approach [17].