## 5 Conclusions  
The CFRP and ZT-CFRP laminates were printed using the novel robotic MCFA-AM process under 0.78 bar of localized magnetic compaction pressure, and their void contents and ILSS were compared with those of other laminate types manufactured under various compaction pressures. The traditional CFRP manufactured by the OOA-VBO process, a common molding process for manufacturing structural-composite parts, was used as the control/benchmark case for comparison. All the different kinds of sample were analyzed microscopically to determine the void contents and the morphologies of the fracture sites. This in turn allowed a better understanding of the effects of CNF z-threads and void-content control on the ILSS and shear-fracture mechanism within the printed or molded laminates. The use of nanomaterials was consistently found to be effective in improving the composites' properties. For the ZT-CFRP samples printed using MCFA-AM, the ILSS \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{34.1 pt} p{34.1 pt}} \hline OOA-VBO & Advantages: high ILSS, low void content, allows sophisticated fiber-reinforcement directions, can produce large parts, mature technology, many available prepreg materials on the market, no need for autoclaving, little requirement for automation, no requirement for sophisticated computer design of the process (some process simulation can be helpful, but it is not required), can be used to manufacture thermoset and thermoplastic CFRP parts \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{p{34.1 pt}}{Disadvantages: very slow production speed, requires oven and molds, uses many consumables (not a particularly green process, with additional costs), requires very extensive effort to clean and prepare the mold before and after the parts are manufactured, requires significant well-trained labor, the part size is limited by the oven and mold, inability to quickly make newly designed parts on demand (long production-development cycle and investment), large footprint (low portability) \\ \hline Traditional FDM & Advantages: highly agile production of newly designed parts on demand (fast production-development cycle and lower investment required), highly automated, mature technology, minimum use of consumables (greener process, with reduced cost), many compatible filaments/materials available on the market, small footprint (highly portable), can be used to manufacture thermoset and thermoplastic CFRP parts \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{p{34.1 pt}}{Disadvantages: low ILSS, high void content, limited size of parts, the fiber-reinforcement direction is limited by the print-bed plate or mold arrangement, need to carefully clean and maintain the print-bed plate} \\ \hline MCFA-AM & Advantages: high ILSS, low void content, allows sophisticated fiber-reinforcement directions, fast production speed, minimum handling and post-process cleaning, minimum use of consumables (greener process, with reduced costs), less labor needed, highly automated (in the future, once fully developed), can manufacture large parts, agile production of newly designed parts on demand (fast production-development cycle and lower investment required), no molds or oven/autoclave needed, small footprint for maximum portability, can be used to manufacture thermoset and thermoplastic CFRP parts \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{p{34.1 pt}}{Disadvantages: low maturity, requires the development of a sophisticated manufacturing-automation system, requires a sophisticated computer algorithm to design the printing path for complex parts, the fast-curing thermoset prepreg has a short shelf life, few compatible filaments available on the market} \\ \hline \end{tabular} Comment: all three manufacturing methods can use traditional CFRP prepregs and ZT-CFRP prepregs. Generally, the benefit of the ZT-CFRP can be directly added to the physical properties, such as the improvement of the ILSS.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Advantages-and-disadvantages comparison between OOA-VBO, traditional FDM, and MCFA-AM methods.