## 6 Discussion
### Results Analysis  
As can be told from the tables above, MIss WiLDe managed to outperform competing models in several categories, most significantly in adjectives (cf. Table 5). Consider the following example:  
_Eventually they will be replaced, but more than 60 years on they run with the rhythmic reliability of a Swiss watch._  
Here our model voted for metaphorical use with a high degree of confidence (0.2:0.8), while MelBERT estimated it was literal (0.66:0.34). The definition of the target word retrieved from Wiktionary and used by our model is 'Of or relating to rhythm.' and this of the modified noun is 'The quality of being reliable, dependable, or trustworthy.' In terms of [PERSON] [1], MIss WiLDe managed to detect the violation of semantic restrictions present between basic senses of the target adjective _rhythmic_ and the noun _reliability_. Another example including an adjective is the following:  
_There is a refreshing simplicity and tenderness in [PERSON]'s account of the way [PERSON] nurses her, but she herself is too sketchily drawn for the episode to carry much weights._  
The definition of _refreshing_ is 'That refreshes someone; pleasantly fresh and different; granting vitality and energy', while _simplicity_ is defined as 'The state or quality of being simple'. Although the middle part of the adjective's definition seems to already point at the figurative meaning of the word, it can still be argued that overall it is _more_ literal than metaphorical and therefore it constitutes the word's _basic meaning_. In the prototypical situation, for its modifier, _refreshing_ would demand a noun belonging to the semantic field of fluids, drinks. _Simplicity_ is not fulfilling this condition, which hints at figurative usage. Although the phrase _refreshing simplicity_ is quite commonly used, our model managed to detect that it is metaphorically motivated. Due to its high frequency in corpora, it would be difficult to argue that such word matching is unnatural or exotic. As recent language models are pretrained also on the texts from the books, where juxtapositions similar to _refreshing simplicity_ are observed quite often, without the use of definitions, it would be difficult for them to discern metaphoricity underlying such wordings. In other words, without the definitions conveying the _basic meanings_ it would be hard to find any indication \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dataset** & **Model** & **Precision** & **Recall** & **F1** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{TroFi} & DeepMet & **53.7\%** & 72.9\% & 61.7\% \\  & MelBERT & 53.4\% & **74.1\%** & **62.0\%** \\ \cline{2-5}  & MsW\_base & 53.3\% & 73.4\% & 61.7\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & MsW\_cos & 53.2\% & 72.8\% & 61.4\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & MsW\_sbert & **53.7\%** & 69.7\% & 60.6\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Results for TroFi (Trope Finder). of breaking some semantic restrictions. In our case, [PERSON] voted 0.84:0.16 for _refreshing_ to be used literally, while MIss WiLDe leaned towards metaphoricity with the probabilities of 0.41:0.59. By looking at the estimation scores, it can be assumed that making the decision was not easy for our model, which can be explained with the reasoning just outlined. _An **incoming** Labour government would turn large areas of Whitehall upside down (...)_  
Phrase _incoming Labour government_ from the sentence above can be viewed as an example of TIME AS SPACE metaphor ([57,58]), where the target word _incoming_ is used in the sense of 'future'. Its primary meaning related to physical motion is described by the first definition found in Wiktionary and thus provided to our model (\"Coming in; arriving\"). The contextual meaning is portrayed by the second of the Wiktionary's definitions (\"Succeeding to an office\"). This example also shows that, as a general rule, our choice to use only first definitions as the ones likely to convey _basic meaning_ was right.