# Cell Response to Oxidative Stress in Antarctic Filamentous Fungi
## 2 Biodiversity of Filamentous Fungi in Antarctica
Culturable soil fungi isolated from King George Island, Deception Island, and Robert Island were identified to 19 genera, namely, _Penicillium_, _Pseudogymoascus_, _Lambertella_, _Cadopiora_, _Candidia_, _Mortierella_, _Oxygenales_, _Geomyces_, _Vishniacozyma_, _Talaromyces_, _R Rhizous_, _Antarcomyces_, _Cosmospora_, _Tetracaladium_, _Leptosphaeria_, _Lecanicillium_, _Thelebolus_, _Bjerkandera_[63]. The culture-dependent method has been used successfully to assess fungal diversity in a number of Antarctic regions [28; 41; 64; 65]. In addition, various methods such as direct or luminescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and microarray analysis have been used to study Antarctic mycobiota [49; 66; 67; 68]. On the other hand, molecular approaches allowed for the expansion of the number of identified fungi from different niches in Antarctica [26; 57; 69; 70; 71]. The simultaneous use of both methods increases the chances of obtaining more accurate information about fungal diversity [72]. The miscellany of black fungi in the Antarctic cryptoendolithic habitat was described by combining high-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent methods (genera _Cyphellophora_, _Cryomyces_, _Catenelustroma_, _Coniospora_, _Elasticomyces_, _Friedmanniomyces_, _Knufa_, _Meristemomyces_, _Rachidadosporium_, _Cladophialophora_, _Exophila_, _Extremus_, _Hortaea_, _Neoderiesia_, _Oleguttula_) [59]. [PERSON] et al. [60] reviewed the use of culture-dependent and molecular methods for the identification of fungi in the Antarctic marine environment. In coastal and offshore Antarctic waters, genera belonging to the orders _Eurotiles_, _Hypocreales_, _Chatethyriales_, _Kriegeriales_, _Penicillium_, _Metschnikowia_, _Rhodotorula_, and _Glacizyma_ were found. In addition, the genera _Pseudocreosporella_, _Toxicoladosporium_, _Trichoderma_, _Humicola_, _Paraconiotithyrium_, _Phaeacromonium_, and _Phenolferia_ have been identified in Antarctic marine sediments. Molecular tools have allowed the identification of the orders _Saccharomyces \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l l l} \hline \hline \(\mathbf{\lambda}\) & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Strain**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Antarctic Samples**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Origin**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**References**} \\ \hline
60. &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Phenoliferia_ \\ _psychrolenplica_ \\ \end{tabular} & Snow samples & King George Island & [44] \\ \hline
61. & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Phoma herbarum_ \\ \end{tabular} & Water &
\begin{tabular}{c} Lakes in Admiralty Bay \\ (King George Island) \\ \end{tabular} & [45] \\ \hline
62. &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pseudogymoascus_ \\ _pannorum_ \\ \end{tabular} & Soil & Livingston Island & [40] \\ \hline
63. &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pseudogymoascus_ spp. \\ \end{tabular} & Lichen thalli and soils & South Shetland Islands & [55] \\ \hline
64. &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Talaromyces pinophilus_ \\ \end{tabular} & Soil & Livingston Island & [40] \\ \hline
65. &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Thelebolus microspores_ \\ \end{tabular} & Penguin sample & Potter Peninsula/Cove & [41] \\ \hline
66. & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _T. microsporus_ \\ \end{tabular} & Water &
\begin{tabular}{c} Lakes in Admiralty Bay \\ (King George Island) \\ \end{tabular} & [45] \\ \hline
67. &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Torulopsis psychrophilla_ \\ \end{tabular} & Soil & Schirmacher Oasis & [56] \\ \hline
68. &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Trichoderma harzianum_ \\ \end{tabular} & Permafrost sediments & Bellingshausen Station & [2] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._and _Eurotiales_, the genera _Wickerhamomyces_, _Geotrichum_, _Letendraea_, and _Bullena_, and the families _Saccharomycesceae_ and _Aspergillusaceae_. Soil samples collected from the permanent Bulgarian Antarctic base \"St. Kliment Ohridski\" (62\({}^{\circ}\)38\({}^{\prime}\)29\({}^{\prime\prime}\) S, 60\({}^{\circ}\)21\({}^{\prime}\)53\({}^{\prime\prime}\) W) on Livingston Island have demonstrated the presence of 109 filamentous fungi [43, 47].