## 4 Discussion
An in vivo study has confirmed excellent tissue compatibility, further supporting its clinical use [72]. Comparative studies suggest that Super EBA provides superior sealing compared to amalgam, gutta-percha, and glass ionomer cement [59; 60]. However, longer-term follow-up studies are needed to fully evaluate its clinical performance and potential complications [73; 74]. MTA has emerged as a preferred material in endodontics due to its excellent sealing ability, biocompatibility, and capacity to stimulate hard tissue formation. Its formulation includes tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, and bismuth oxide for radiopacity [75; 76]. Originally developed in the 1990s by [PERSON] et al., MTA is a bioceramic hydraulic cement derived from Portland cement, with bismuth oxide added to increase visibility on radiographs [77; 78; 79]. Upon mixing with sterile water at a 3:1 ratio, MTA undergoes a hydration reaction, forming calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrate, and sets within approximately 165 min [80]. It maintains a high pH (10.2 to 12.5) that contributes to its antimicrobial activity [81]. To address esthetic concerns related to discoloration, white MTA was introduced in 2002 [82]. MTA is bioactive and capable of forming hydroxyapatite in physiological environments, promoting strong bonds with dentin and facilitating tissue remineralization [83; 84]. It also possesses osteeconductive properties, supporting bone regeneration [85; 86]. However, MTA is not without limitations. Its long setting time, high cost, and difficult handling are frequently cited drawbacks. Additionally, it lacks a solvent for easy removal and may be subject to washout during early setting phases [7]. Newer formulations, such as MTA Angelus and MTA Plus(tm), aim to mitigate these disadvantages through faster setting and improved handling [87; 88]. Overall, MTA continues to demonstrate superior clinical performance in retrograde surgeries, with consistently high success rates [89]. Nevertheless, efforts are ongoing to improve its usability and reduce costs without compromising its biological and mechanical properties. IRM(r) is another ZOE-based material that has been reinforced with 20% polymethyl methacrylate to improve its mechanical strength. Although its sealing ability and biocompatibility are well-documented, its biological activity is inferior to that of MTA [5]. Historically, IRM has served as a control material in comparative studies, due to its reliable performance and favorable clinical outcomes [90; 91]. While IRM lacks the capacity to stimulate cementogenesis or hard tissue formation, its effectiveness derives from its physical sealing ability, which prevents microbial ingress. A study reported comparable success rates to MTA in the short term, although MTA remains superior in long-term regenerative outcomes [92]. Thus, while IRM continues to be a viable material in endodontic surgery, its use is generally more limited in contexts where biological interaction is critical. Retroplasty is a fluid resin-based compound containing aromatic or aliphatic dimethacrylate monomers. First introduced in 1984, Retroplasty has been used as a root-end filling material with favorable outcomes in terms of sealing ability and biocompatibility [90; 91]. It was demonstrated that Retroplasty provides a durable seal, reducing the risk of reinfection by preventing microleakage. In an in vitro comparison of the sealing ability of MTA and Retroplasty, both materials performed well; however, Retroplasty was especially noted for its effective sealing under a stereomicroscope using Rhodamine B dye [90]. This study highlighted Retroplasty's ability to maintain a consistent seal over time, making it a reliable option for endodontic surgery. The biocompatibility of Retroplast is also well-documented, which is critical for promoting favorable healing responses. Research on the healing potential of various endodontic materials, including Retroplast, has shown that its use in retrograde fillings supports tissue regeneration and repair [92; 93; 94].