## 4 Core Insights and Critical Reflections
### Constraints of Policies, Regulations, and Standardization Systems
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Constraints** & **Specific Manifestations** & **Impact and Challenges** \\ \hline Airspace management and flight approval & UAV operations are constrained by restricted airspace, altitude, and coverage; the approval procedures are often complex and time-intensive; regulatory frameworks differ across regions; and a unified, efficient air traffic management system is still lacking. & Such constraints reduce the flexibility and efficiency of operations, elevate associated costs, impede the implementation of large-scale and high-frequency missions, and weaken the capacity for timely emergency response. \\ \hline Data security and privacy protection & High-resolution data may involve sensitive content, posing risks of leakage and misuse; the legal and regulatory framework remains underdeveloped, with a lack of clear operational guidelines and well-defined responsibilities. & These issues trigger public concerns, pose risks to personal privacy and corporate confidentiality, elevate data compliance challenges, and obstruct effective data sharing and utilization. \\ \hline Lack of industry regulations & Unified standards are lacking across various aspects, including UAV platforms, sensors, data formats, processing procedures, and the quality of resulting products. & Inconsistencies in data quality and formats hinder comparability and interoperability, increase the challenges for users in selecting and utilizing data, and ultimately impede industry-wide collaboration and technological advancement. \\ \hline Improvement and adaptability of the regulatory system & Regulatory frameworks have not kept pace with technological advancements; legal provisions remain ambiguous or overly complex; and coordination among oversight bodies is inadequate. & Such challenges lead to confusion and compliance uncertainties for operators, constrain technological innovation and market development, and impede effective responses to emerging application needs. \\ \hline Responsibility identification and insurance mechanism & There is a lack of clarity in determining accident liability, and the associated legal frameworks and insurance mechanisms remain inadequate. & Accidents often lead to difficulties in liability attribution and compensation, which in turn elevates the overall operational risk. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Key constraints of the policy, regulatory, and standards framework for UAV-RS. emerging interdisciplinary field, UAV-RS currently lacks unified industry standards and technical specifications across many critical aspects. These include performance standards for UAV platforms, sensor calibration and data quality benchmarks, standardized data processing workflows and product specifications, and application service protocols. The absence of such standards has resulted in inconsistent data quality across different manufacturers and research institutions, making it difficult to compare and interoperate results, thus undermining data sharing and practical applications [219]. For instance, in Structure from Motion Multi-View Stereo (SfM-MVS) data processing, the use of \"black-box\" software packages often hinders error isolation or correction, as they rarely provide clearly interpretable bundle adjustment reports [220]. The lack of standardized data processing procedures and accuracy assessment methods also compromises the credibility and comparability of UAV-RS outputs. Establishing a comprehensive standard system for UAV-RS is essential for regulating market practices, ensuring data quality, and promoting the healthy development of the industry. This requires joint efforts from governments, industry associations, research institutions, and enterprises. For example, in the field of engineering surveying and mapping, the unification of technical standards remains one of the most urgent issues to address. (4) Improving and Adapting the Regulatory Framework.