## 3 Results
### Matching Time  
Matching time was recorded when the referent name was correctly matched to the traffic sign. For regulatory signs that passed the 67% comprehension test, the mean matching time ranged from 2.71 to 10.14 s (shown in Table 4), with \"Bike Lane\" being matched with the fastest time of 2.71 s, followed by \"Left lane must turn left\" at 3.32 s and \"No Left Turn\" at 3.55 s. \"Minimum Speed of 40\" obtained the lowest matching time among the regulatory signs at 10.14 s. For warning signs, the matching time was slightly higher, ranging from 3.80 to 13.90 s. \"Y Junction\" was matched at 3.80 s, then \"Road Narrows\" at 4.25 s and \"Flooding Area Ahead\" at 4.37 s. \"Signal Ahead\" was matched with the slowest time of 13.90 s. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Matching Accuracy (In Percent)**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**Display Conditions** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Drivers**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Non-Drivers**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**F-Test**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)-Value**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-6}  & **Mean** & & & & & & \\ \hline
1. Symbol & 61.97 & 8.88 & 55.03 & 9.10 & 8.93 & 0.004 \\
2. Text & 92.86 & 13.91 & 91.90 & 10.40 & 0.09 & 0.765 \\
3. Symbol + Text & 88.43 & 9.46 & 86.27 & 8.22 & 0.89 & 0.350 \\ F-test & 7.43 & & 9.01 & & & \\ \(p\)-value & 0.001 * & & 0.000 * & & & \\ Groups differed & 1 \& 2 & & 1 \& 2 & & \\ significantly at 0.05 level & 1 \& 3 & & 1 \& 3 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* values indicate statistical significance at \(p\) < 0.05.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Matching accuracy of drivers and nondrivers vs. display condition. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Matching Accuracy (In Percent)**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**Traffic Sign Types** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Drivers**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Non-Drivers**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**F-Test**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)-Value**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-6}  & **Mean** & & & & & \\ \hline
1. Regulatory & 79.93 & 8.33 & 75.87 & 5.83 & 4.78 & 0.033 * \\
2. Warning & 56.05 & 10.28 & 48.77 & 10.30 & 7.52 & 0.008 * \\ F-test & 97.73 & & 157.37 & & & \\ \(p\)-value & 0.000 * & & 0.000 * & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* values indicate statistical significance at \(p\) < 0.05.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Matching accuracy of drivers and nondrivers vs. traffic sign types. For traffic signs that did not reach the 67% matching accuracy, the mean matching time ranged from 2.71 to 34.36 s. Some traffic signs obtained a mean matching time of less than 10 s, but only a few were able to match them correctly. For \"Speed derestriction,\" no matching time was recorded, since none of the participants matched it correctly. When matching time was analyzed through traffic sign type, the results showed that there was no significant difference in matching time between drivers and nondrivers for both regulatory and warning signs. However, drivers took less time in matching the signs with their referent names than nondrivers. On the other hand, matching time between regulatory and warning signs showed a significant difference for both drivers and nondrivers. Drivers took a longer time in matching warning signs at 7.35 s, than matching the regulatory signs at 5.67 s. Similarly, nondrivers took a much longer time to match warning signs at 8.16 s, than regulatory signs at 5.87 s (Table 7). Table 8 shows that there was no significant difference in matching time between drivers and nondrivers, for all types of display conditions. However, signs represented by symbols had the longest matching time compared to other display conditions. In terms of driving experience, drivers had shorter matching time at 6.84 s compared with nondrivers at 6.98 s (Table 8). When text was added to the symbol, the matching time of drivers was faster at 5.49 s, compared to 6.02 s for nondrivers. Matching time was still best with text only, at 4.63 s and 5.24 s for drivers and nondrivers, respectively.