esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion and Conclusions
In future work, an advanced procedure to account for input errors during spatial downscaling should be developed to improve predictive performance in spatial downscaling of coarse resolution data with errors. From a methodological viewpoint, filtered kriging, as proposed by [PERSON] [38], can be applied to filter out noise or errors in coarse resolution satellite-derived products when error variance information is available. Then, the noise-filtered coarse resolution data can be used as input for ATPRK-based spatial downscaling. The main difficulty of this approach is in the availability of error information. Unlike the synthetic dataset, however, the error information of satellite-based products is usually not available in the study area of interest. When sufficient ground observation data are available, they can be used to generate error distribution maps through geostatistical simulation [39]. The potential of this approach for error filtering should be explored in future work. As new satellite operation programs continue to be developed, many satellite-based products are expected to be available in the future. However, it is not always possible to obtain satellite data acquired at the desired spatial resolution. Thus, spatial downscaling will remain vital in satellite data reconstruction. Based on the major findings and recommendations from this study, spatial downscaling results with improved quality can effectively provide thematic information for environmental monitoring and modeling. Conceptualization, G.-H.K., N.-W.P. and S.H. ; methodology, G.-H.K. and N.-W.P. ; formal analysis, G.-H.K. and N.-W.P. ; data curation, N.-W.P. and S.H. ; writing--original draft preparation, G.-H.K. and N.-W.P. ; writing--review and editing, S.H. ; supervision, N.-W.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Inha University Research Grant. Not applicable. The AMSR-2 soil moisture products are openly available in JAXA's G-Portal System at [[https://gportal.jaxa.jp/gpr](https://gportal.jaxa.jp/gpr)]([https://gportal.jaxa.jp/gpr](https://gportal.jaxa.jp/gpr)) (accessed on 15 November 2022). The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction  
Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is defined as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) measuring less than 1 cm at its largest diameter [1]. In most cases PTMC has a steady state or is very slow growing with a low rate of metastasis, and based on those characteristics it is considered to have a very good prognosis [2]. However, we should not neglect the fact that it is still a carcinoma and a small percentage of patients do not have such good prognoses, due to development of lymph nodes or distant metastases. Given the morbidity associated with thyroidectomy, which cannot be decreased under 1-3%, even in specialized centers [3], extensive surgical treatment for all cases of diagnosedPTMC is not justified; nowadays, even if it is still under debate and only used for selected cases, active surveillance gains an important place in the management of PTMC [2; 3; 4; 5].  
The guidelines of the American Thyroid Association (ATA) advise a risk-directed approach in the management of thyroid cancer; lobectomy, or an active surveillance protocol based on repetitive imaging studies and thyroglobulin measurements, is now suggested for PTMC without known preoperative risk factors [6].  
The prevalence of incidental PTMC in both malignant and benign thyroid diseases is reported to be between 7.1% and 16.3% [7; 8]. It may be incidentally found in up to 22% of cases operated on for exclusively benign diseases of the thyroid, and also in 0.5% to 5.2% of autopsy studies of patients with non-thyroid diseases [9; 10]. As can be seen, the true prevalence of incidental PTMC is not really known, as the literature up to now gives variable data related to geographic region, base disease (benign or malignant), and type of study (live patient or postmortem diagnosis). The continuously increasing prevalence of PTMC in living people, despite an unchanged mortality rate, appears to be related to the development of diagnosis methods and screening programs for thyroid diseases [11].  
As evidenced by histopathological examination, a non-negligible percentage of PTMC may be aggressive [12]. The aggressiveness of PTMC is expressed by metastasis in both lymph nodes (LNs) and distant areas and by an increased recurrence rate, which can be similar to papillary cancer as a percentage [13; 14; 15].  
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of the incidentally identified PTMC in a group of patients operated on for previously diagnosed benign thyroid pathology in an endocrine surgery center serving a large endemic goiter area. We also aimed to identify the cases of PTMC which had increased oncological risk.
## 6 Numerical Results
### Energy and Exergy Analysis
After all, for a circulation pump the fuel F is the electrical energy consumed and the product Ps is the mechanical energy increase of the flow between the inlet and outlet. Therefore, by this approach the mechanical energy did not have to be considered separately in this case study. In the same way as with energy, the exergy of every flow was calculated and the yearly-cumulated values were obtained. Therefore, the fuel and product of each component were calculated as well as the P/F exergy efficiency ratio; the results appear in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ENERGY [kWh]**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Fuel** & **Product** & \(\eta\) **[\%]** \\ \hline
**C1** & 56,358 & 44,962 & 80 \\
**C2** & 58,056 & 45,426 & 78 \\
**M1** & 1,218,898 & 1,218,898 & 100 \\
**D1** & 1,165,613 & 1,159,401 & 99 \\
**HX1** & 61,330 & 60,109 & 98 \\
**T1** & 60,434 & 57,978 & 96 \\
**B1** & 837,763 & 768,894 & 92 \\
**B2** & 79,315 & 72,902 & 92 \\
**HC** & 16,642,400 & 16,635,432 & 100 \\
**H** & 600,469 & 599,120 & 100 \\
**HX2** & 294,871 & 294,151 & 99 \\
**T2** & 295,005 & 289,954 & 98 \\
**DHW** & 289,954 & 289,873 & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Seasonal energy efficiency of components. Compliant with the results, we have seen that the energy efficiency of boilers are higher than those of cogeneration engines, while the opposite happens with the exergy efficiencies. This means that, even if in terms of energy boilers seeming to have better performance, the real losses are higher there than in cogeneration engines. After all, cogeneration engines simultaneously produce thermal energy and electricity and the last one is a high-quality energy. The energy efficiency for electricity production in the cogeneration units is 39.8% and the energy efficiency 38.3%, the efficiency for producing heat and DHW is 86.4%, and the exergy efficiency is 4.2%. Finally, as a whole, the average energy efficiency of the energy supply system is 89.4% whereas its exergy efficiency is 7.1%.
# Authenticated Multicast in Tiny Networks via an Extremely Low-Bandwidth Medium
## 4 Sender Authentication
### TESLA Protocol  
TESLA (Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication) [15], standardized in [16], is a standard multicast authentication protocol. It is computationally lightweight and uses only symmetric cryptographic algorithms. TESLA replaces asymmetric cryptography with time-delayed disclosure of preimages of a one-way function. This restores the asymmetry between the sender and the receivers.  
The keys used by TESLA to authenticate the messages are generated according to the Lamport scheme [17], in which the sender uses a one-way function \(F\), chooses the number \(\ell\) of keys to be generated, and randomly generates the initial seed \(s_{\ell}\). Each subsequent value is then generated according to the following formula:  
\[s_{i-1}=F(s_{i})\,,\quad\text{for}\quad i=\ell,\ell-1,\dots,1. \tag{2}\]  
The final element \(s_{0}\) is then transferred to the intended receivers and properly authenticated. The remaining elements of the chain are disclosed in due time: first \(s_{1}\), then \(s_{2}\), and so on. Each \(s_{i}\), \(i=1,2,\dots\), is used as a seed to derive an authentication key \(K_{i}\), that is,\[K_{i}=F^{\prime}(s_{i})\,, \tag{3}\]  
where \(F^{\prime}\) is another one-way function. The \(s_{i}s\) are consumed at regular intervals, called _epochs_. In the \(i\)-th epoch, each message \(m\) is accompanied with a tag \(t\);  
\[t=\text{MAC}_{K_{i}}(m)\,, \tag{4}\]  
where MAC is a keyed message authentication code function. A receiver cannot verify the tag \(t\) immediately, as it does not yet know the key \(K_{i}\) necessary to recompute \(t\) according to (4). The element \(s_{i}\) is published by the sender in epoch \(i+d\), where \(d\) is a delay parameter. At that moment, i.e., when \(s_{i}\) is revealed, the receiver:  
* Checks that \(s_{i}\) satisfies Formula (2) (note that \(s_{i-1}\) was revealed in the previous epoch);
* Calculates \(K_{i}\) according to (3);
* Checks that the tags from epoch \(i\) satisfy Equation (4).  
An extension of TESLA enabling packet authentication without delay \(d\) was presented in [12] (Section 3.1). In the extension, the messages are buffered by the sender, meaning that in epoch \(i\) the sender must know the messages to be sent in epoch \(i+d\).
## 5 Conclusions  
This study clarified the change of quality and the diversity and dynamic changes of the microbial community of samples during cold storage and analyzed the volatile components produced during storage and the correlation between them. During storage, the quality of fish was decreased, the sensory score declined, fish films turned green and yellow, and there was also protein degradation, sugar content decrease and tyramine, cadaverine and putrescine accumulation. The most abundant microbial taxa were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes at the phylum level, and _Pseudomonas_ was the dominant genus. Alcohols and esters were the main VOCs in fish of spoilage. Ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, acetone, toluene, ethylbenzene and carbon disulfide were identified and quantified as the potential chemical corruption index of samples stored aerobically using statistical multivariable methods. Phenylethyl alcohol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 1-butanol were associated with _Pseudomonas_, _Planifilum_ and _Mycobacterium_. Ethyl acetate was associated with _Hafnia_, _Thuera_ and _Yersinia_. _Pseudomonas_ is suggested as the main SSO to help predict the shelf life of critical levels and may be related to 3-methyl-1-butanol.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods12132479/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods12132479/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods12132479/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods12132479/s1)): Table S1: VOCs produced in samples during storage.  
**Author Contributions:** X.S.: Conceptualization, Writing--review and editing, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation. Y.W.: Writing original draft, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Formal analysis. X.G.: Data curation, Methodology, Supervision. Y.L.: Methodology, Supervision. X.D.: Writing original draft, Methodology, Supervision. J.Z.: Conceptualization, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Validation, Supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the Key Laboratory for Nutrition and Safety of Xinjiang Specialy Foods, Shihezi City of Eighth Division (grant number 2022 PT02), Xinjiang Special Agricultural Products Processing Process Control and Safety Innovation Team, the Innovative team-building plan for key field projects in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps [grant number 2019 CB007], Research platform projects of Shihezi University (grant number KYPT201904) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers 31960460).  
**Data Availability Statement:** The authors declare that the dataset used and analyzed during the current study can be made available upon reasonable request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Smart Grid Architecture for Rural Distribution Networks: Application to a Spanish Pilot Network
## 3 Electrical Actuations to Evolve the Rural Grid
### Promotion of Distributed Generation  
The presence of renewable generation in power networks is progressively gaining more and more importance [33]. The growth of DGs in the PN will improve the grid reliability and the continuity of supply to customers, increasing the global efficiency of the grid. For the adopted network, the maximum generation capability of DGs for end-use customers is high because the legal ceiling is about 64 kW, according to Spanish Regulations [40], while the consumption peak is below 30 kVA. The latter, along with the availability of space that rural consumers have to install DGs, yields a tremendous potential for decarbonising the rural grid. Photovoltaic is the most usual DG technology, offering the lowest levelised cost of energy amongst the eligible options [41]. However, there are other technologies such as wind, gasification and biomass, which are also attractive to rural areas, thanks to the availability of farm and forestry residues [33]. In addition, the DSO has carried out strategies in order to apply a curtailment to these DGs when necessary.
## 6 Simulation Results
### Performance Evaluation
#### 6.2.2 Scenario 2  
As shown in Figures 14 and 15, compared with the distance scheme and the cone-based scheme, the proposed HDTC scheme is able to achieve a smaller group size, a more stable group formation and nearly the same connection time and number of hops for information dissemination. For the case of a straight-line motion (as shown in Figure 10 (top left)), with varying the transmission range, the HDTC scheme is superior to the other two schemes with regard to the group size (Figure 14 (top right)) and the number of in/out members (Figure 14 (top left)). Similarly, with varying the cone angle \(\theta\), the HDTC method in group members is about 55%\(\sim\)65% less the number of members than the other two methods (Figure 15 (bottom left)); the HDTC method in the number of in/out members is about 80%\(\sim\)90% less than the other two methods (Figure 15 (top right)).  
Figure 11: Scenario 1: The connection time, the frequency of the link up/down, the group size and the number of hops with varying the connection distance.  
Figure 12: Scenario 1: The connection time, the frequency of the link up/down, the group size and the number of hops with varying the vehicle speed.  
Figure 14: Scenario 2: The frequency of the link up/down, the group size and the number of hops with varying the connection distance.  
Figure 13: Scenario 1: The connection time, the frequency of the link up/down, the group size and the number of hops with varying \(\theta\).  
Notice that the above experiment is based on the land headway LH = 20 m. To evaluate the impact of the land headway (LH) on system performance, Figure 16 demonstrates the network behaviors with varying LH and the cone angle \(\theta\), which shows that a smaller value of LH may lead to a larger group size and a higher frequency of the link up/down. Compared with the cone-based method and the distance method, the HDTC method owns a lower frequency of the link up/down (Figure 16 (top right)) and a smaller group size (Figure 16 (bottom left)), due to its more stable network structure. Moreover, if LH \(<\) R, the number of hops for information routing is nearly independent of the values of LH. That is, for the HDTC scheme, the variation of the LH does not have a significant influences on system performance under this scenario.
## 2 Radar Jamming Signal Analysis and Modeling
### Smart Noise Jamming  
With the continuous advancement of radar technology, radar's resistance to jamming has been steadily improving. Utilizing simple noise for suppression-style jamming doesn't yield high energy efficiency and offers limited benefits. Simultaneously, the widespread adoption of sidelobe cancellation and nulling techniques has made it difficult for interfering signals to penetrate sidelobes, thereby increasing the difficulty of implementing traditional noise modulation-based jamming.  
As a response, some researchers began combining suppression-style jamming with deception-style jamming, giving rise to the concept of Smart Noise. Smart Noise combines the characteristics of suppression-style and deception-style jamming. Because Smart Noise jamming modulates using the radar's own transmission signal, the resulting signal possesses features similar to the transmission signal. This allows it to pass through matched filters and achieve the same pulse compression gain as the target echo. Moreover, compared to other jamming signals, Smart Noise requires lower emission power from radar jamming devices. The Smart Noise jamming discussed in this paper includes Noise Convolution Jamming and Noise Product Jamming.
# A Systematic Literature Review on Applications of GAN-Synthesized Images for Brain MRI
## 3 Results
### Quality Improvement:
#### 3.1.5 Image Denoising  
The visual quality of MRI is vital for down-the-line operations on acquired scans, and the existing noise in the scans can alter the diagnosis result. Denoising is mostly a preprocessing step for image analysis similarly to segmentation and registration [90]. Image denoising and synthesis are utilized to study the complete manifold learning of brain MRI. The higher SNR value improves segmentation and registration tasks. A low-dimensional manifold is preferred for statistical comparisons and the generation of group representatives. T1-weighted brain MR images are generated by learning from 2D axial slices of brain MRI. Skip-connected auto-encoders are used for image denoising to traverse the manifold description of regular brains [91]. The Rician noise of MRI is the magnitude of the complex image data distribution. Structure-preserved denoising of 3D MRI images allows for exploring the similarity between neighboring slices. The Rician noise in MR images is removed by the residual encoder-decoder Wasserstein generative adversarial network (RED-GAN), where a 3D-CNN operates on 3D volume data. The generator is an auto-encoder proportionally containing convolutional and de-convolutional layers supported by a residual block [92]. Residual encoder-decoder up-sampling non-similar WGAN (REDUPNSWGAN) uses a filter-based method to remove Rician noise, preserving the structural association between the neighborhood slices in 3D MRI. WGAN measures Wasserstein distance to differentiate between ground-truth and dummy images using residual encoder-decoder. GNET removes Rician noise with the help of Huber loss. DNET calculates the loss of discriminated samples, and the feature extractor in AVGNET calculatesthe perceptual loss [93]. A hybrid denoising GAN removes noise from highly accelerated wave-controlled aliasing in parallel imaging (Wave-CAIPI) images with the help of a 3D generator and a 2D discriminator [94].
# Data Acquisition System Based on the Bluesky Suite in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility
## 4 Discussion  
Using the BL07U data acquisition system, users obtained the Ti L-edge absorption spectra of TiO\({}_{2}\) standard sample and users' samples at the same time. The peaks of absorption spectra in Figures 6 and 7 were roughly the same, and Figure 6 is the standard sample of TiO\({}_{2}\), so it indicated that the user's sample was a Ti compound. The difference in the peaks' shapes between Figures 6 and 7 indicated that the coordination and valence states of Ti were different. The data in Figures 6 and 7 were obtained simultaneously, so the difference in the peaks' shapes was not caused by the difference in incident photon flux.  
The simultaneous measurement of multiple channels has three advantages: First, it shortens the experiment time. Second, the experimental results suffer from less systematic uncertainties as the effect induced by the non-uniformity of the incident photon flux is ruled out. Third, the error on the beam energy calibration can be reduced by inquiring the theoretical value of the peak position of the standard sample.
# Remote Speckle-Based Measurements of Backward Brillouin Acoustic Vibrations in Optical Fibers
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Setup  
The experimental setup can be seen in Figure 1.  
A CW-laser with a wavelength of 1550 nm was used as a pump source. To achieve the desired frequency difference, an intensity electro-optic modulator was used, which created two sidebands to the spectrum of the laser source. The modulation frequency was chosen according to the principle that was presented in the previous section according to the camera's frame rate which, in our experiment, was 900 kHz. The Brillouin frequency was approximately found by measuring the frequency shift between the inserted pump wave and the back-reflected Stokes wave. This measurement was performed by using a [PERSON] scanner with a spectral resolution of about 67 MHz. Since the accepted value was about 10.6 GHz, modulation frequencies around 5.3 GHz were scanned in small steps of 200 khz, to ensure that the generated acoustic frequency will be able to detect by our camera.  
The pump waves were amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The output power of the EDFA was 26 dBm, and it was connected to 12 km single-mode silica fiber via an optical circulator. The core diameter of the fiber was 8 \(\upmu\)m and its cladding diameter was 125 \(\upmu\)m. The fiber was fixed on a metallic reflector and was illuminated by CW-laser at a wavelength of 532 nm. This illumination passes the fiber cladding and core and due to the reflection at the metallic mirror, a speckle pattern was generated. The illuminated fixed part of the fiber was coiled to many rounds on the reflected surface to increase the interaction between the light and the fiber, and so to enhance the influence of the acoustic vibration on the recorded speckle pattern. The speckle pattern was captured with a high-speed camera (with 128 by 16 pixels) using a 75 mm lens. As we noted above, the camera's frame rate was 900 frames per second.