## 4 Recent Trends, Research Directions, and Lessons Learned  
Artificial intelligence and neural networks are widely used in every aspect of transportation. All systems that handle the movement of goods by road contain their applications [123]. It is anticipated that future smart cities will include ITS as a crucial component of urban design as they will improve energy efficiency while enhancing road and traffic safety and transit efficiency [125]. The findings unmistakably demonstrate that when vehicle speed and class descriptions were considered the ANN model could accurately predict vehicle traffic flow. Data loggers are electronic devices used in road transportation networks to gather data or information that has been gathered over time by moving cars on highways and at crossings. This data can be examined or preserved for later use, using sensors to capture the data [12]. Future logistics requirements will change due to new technology and societal advancements, which could also have a disruptive impact on markets and dramatically expand the bounds of current services [126]. The high mortality toll is partly due to inadequate infrastructure, including bad roads and vehicles without current safety equipment, but human error also contributes significantly. More than 90% of traffic collisions in the EU are caused by human error, including speeding, distracted driving, and intoxicated driving [6]. Future vehicle networks will have to upgrade from the existing two-dimensional handover and resource allocation situations to three-dimensional ones with the potential incorporation of UAVs, further increasing the task complexity. The best option right now for its explanatory power is NN-based DL. However, because of the deep network topology, NN training frequently consumes a sizable amount of computational resources [38]. In order to help traffic planners reduce congestion, numerous attempts have been made to pinpoint the date, place, and severity of an occurrence. Their endeavors cover a wide range, from manual reporting to automatic algorithms to neural networks. Human-written manual reports may take longer to detect incidents and be less economical, whereas experts in public transportation and AI professionals are developing innovative ideas that might help the sector address its expanding problems. To achieve high accuracy, incident-responsive algorithms and prediction systems are crucial for public transit networks' safety and security [127]. Today's world needs ubiquitous AI, notably in road transportation, where its use is essential to prevent accidents and increase user safety. The majority of automobile accidents are related to human mistakes. Keeping an eye out for ways to improve safety by developing autonomous incident detectors using ML and AI applications is crucial. The ability to improve road transportation through AI and ML is vital. However, we must investigate automatic incident detectors as numerous studies have focused on various aspects of road transportation and its use with AI and ML. However, AI will unavoidably change the public transportation industry and understanding how AI might affect the sector is essential. Public transportation stakeholders should proactively consider AI's opportunities in order to enhance their offerings and create the mobility of the future [128]. As human error (such as speeding, distracted driving, and drunk driving) causes more than 90% of accidents on EU roads, where more than 25,000 people died in 2017, AI-based systems deployed in autonomous transportation could dramatically increase road safety [120]. Previous research focused on autonomous vehicles connected with smart vehicle communication systems. A smart crossroad management system based on the internet of things is further explained. A wireless network type known as an ad hoc network does not rely on the established infrastructure. A wireless network type known as an ad hoc network does not rely on established infrastructure. This wi-fi or ad hoc network serves as a conduit for data transmission.