## 1 Introduction  
The release of pharmaceutical residues into waterbodies and soils poses a serious ecological and human health threat, largely attributed to the extensive use of pharmaceuticals [1, 2]. Primarily expelled through urine, excess pharmaceuticals eventually find their way into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) within influent wastewater. Regrettably, the practical treatment technologies are inadequate in effectively eliminating contaminants. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), for instance, represents a prominent member of the sulfonamide antibiotics extensively employed in addressing bacterial infections among humans, inclusive of prostatitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections. Notably, SMX undergoes incomplete metabolism within the human and animal systems, posing challenges for effective elimination through conventional wastewater treatment procedures. Furthermore, the introduction of antibiotics into the biological treatment units of WWTPs could result in the creation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) by the resident microbes. Moreover, there is a burgeoning interest in extracting nutrients, particularly phosphorus, from human urine as an alternative source of fertilizer for agricultural production [3, 4]. However, the use of antibiotics in urine hinders its potential use as a fertilizer, resulting in adverse effects on both the environment and human health [5]. Therefore, it is crucial to develop techniques for the elimination of antibiotics. One effective method involves preventing their introduction into WWTPs by removing them from origin. In recent years, various physico-chemical technologies, such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) [6; 7], membrane filtration [8], and adsorption [9], have been developed and employed for pharmaceutical treatment. Among these methods, adsorption has shown promise due to its potential for real wastewater treatment, characterized by low- cost, low-energy and low-maintenance [10]. In contrast to chemical oxidation, adsorption could be emphasized for its lower energy requirements and reduced production of harmful by-products. Furthermore, compared to membrane filtration, the authors could emphasize the potential advantages of adsorption in terms of simplicity, lower capital investment, and adaptability to a wide range of contaminants without the need for frequent membrane replacement. Consequently, a range of materials has been developed to remove antibiotics from urine. Carbon-based materials have emerged as potentially favorable alternatives to metal-based adsorbents in urine due to their toxic-free and environmentally benign characteristics. Graphene oxide [11] (GO), carbon nanotubes [12] (single or multi-walled), and activated carbon [13] (AC) have demonstrated high adsorption capacities for pharmaceuticals, the removal efficiency could be over 80% under the neutral pH. However, the need for a more cost-effective adsorbent remains to align with economic considerations. Biochar (BC) has emerged as a cost-effective material with a significant specific surface area, demonstrating successful utilization in removing diverse antibiotics from land and water environment [14]. Despite the unique composition of urine in comparison to conventional wastewater influents, BCs present a potential solution to directly adsorb the antibiotics residue in the urine. Our previous study demonstrated that biochar derived from specific feedstocks and prepared at different temperatures showed varying levels of aromaticity, influencing the adsorption of SMX and underscoring the pivotal role of biochar's aromatic structures in the removal of SMX from hydrolysis urine [15]. However, it is significant to know that while the as-prepared biochar may have similar specific surface areas and pore structures, potential implications of the pore adsorption process cannot be ruled out. This is particularly relevant given that the pore size was calculated based on average pore size, warranting a more detailed analysis of pore structure.