# An Overview of Shared Mobility Operational Models in Europe
## 5 Scooter Sharing
### Legal Framework in Europe  
As e-scooter sharing is relatively new and its use is on the rise (using the term e-scooter sharing because its only refers to standing electric scooters and not impeds) [90], there was a need to introduce order on the roads in urban areas; therefore, each country implemented a new legal framework. The text presents the legal structures of five European nations, and Table 3 offers an overview of the primary concepts.  
The use of e-scooters on the road in Austria is regulated by the Austrian Road Traffic Regulations (StVO). The minimum age to ride an e-scooter is 12 years; however, it is possible to obtain a \"bike-pass\" from the age of 9, which also allows 9- to 12-year-olds to ride an e-scooter independently. The maximum allowed speed is 25 km/h, motor power must not exceed 600 watts, and helmets are obligatory for children under 12. E-scooters are allowed to ride on a cycle path or cycle lane; if there are none, they are allowed on the road, and it is forbidden to use the pavement [91].  
The use of e-scooters in Denmarks is regulated by Danish law. The minimum age to ride an e-scooter is 15 years; however, children and young people under the age of 15 may only ride an e-scooter under adult supervision. The maximum speed is 20 km/h, and e-scooters that are designed to exceed the maximum speed limit are not allowed on the road. Helmet use is obligatory, and if there is a cycle lane, it is obligatory to ride on it when using an e-scooter. It is forbidden to ride e-scooters on pavements, footpaths, or pedestrian crossings [91].  
\begin{table}
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Italy's use of e-scooters is regulated by law no. 121/2021 (art. 1 ter). The minimum age for riding an e-scooter is 14 years. The maximum allowed speed is 20 km/h and 6 km/h in pedestrian areas. Wearing a helmet is recommended for everyone, but for adolescents between 14 and 18 years of age, it is obligatory. E-scooters are allowed to ride on cycle paths and mixed pedestrian/cycle paths, on urban roads where the speed limit is 50 km/h, and in pedestrian areas, but the maximum speed limit is 6 km/h. It is forbidden to ride on pavements and to ride against the direction of traffic [91].  
Germany's use of e-scooters is regulated by the regulation for very low-power electric vehicles. This law also applies to Segways, but not to monowheels, hoverboards, or electric skateboards. The minimum age to ride an e-scooter is 14 years of age. The maximum allowed speed is 20 km/h, and wearing a helmet is not obligatory. E-scooters are allowed to ride on cycle lanes and cycle paths; if there are no cycle lanes or cycle paths, it is allowed to use the carriageway and outside built-up areas, the hard shoulder. Riding on pavements and pedestrian areas is strictly prohibited [91].  
Croatia's use of e-scooters is regulated by the law of road safety. The minimum age to ride an e-scooter is 14 years of age. The maximum allowed speed is 25 km/h, and the engine power must not exceed 600 watts. Wearing a helmet is obligatory for everyone. E-scooters must be ridden on cycle paths or cycle lanes, and if there are no cycle paths or cycle lanes, they can be ridden on roads where the maximum speed is 50 km/h, and the e-scooter must be kept on the right side of the road. It can also be ridden in areas reserved for pedestrians at walking speed, which is 5 km/h [91].