esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
The usefulness of the IFRA in diagnosing the inter-turn shorts and potential sources of partial discharges in the transformer winding was investigated on a 315 kVA, 11 kV/433 V, Dyn 11, ONAN distribution transformer. Inter-turn shorts and Partial discharges were emulated while using the special tappings in one of the HV windings.  
Low magnitude switching impulse was found to be effective in diagnosing the inter-turn shorts, but, due to its magnitude being insufficient in accepting the discharge, ineffective in diagnosing the potential sources of partial discharges. Further tests were conducted by gradually increasing the switching impulses. For the emulated PD source, discharges got incepted, with impulses of around 37.5 kV peak magnitudes. Analysis of the frequency response of the transformer containing the potential sources of the PDs, in its normal, discharge-free condition and PD incepted conditions were done while using the EEV TF plots and statistical parameters. The variation found between the frequency responses of different cases demonstrates that the IFRA approach, with switching impulse voltages of a magnitude that is sufficient enough to incept the discharge, is useful in diagnosing the partial discharges within transformers.  
In this work, the focus was only given to analyze the extended usability of the FRA approach and, hence, experiments were only limited with the switching impulse voltages and with the PD source artificially included through the special tappings in the transformer winding. A step-by-step procedure for extending the use of the IFRA extended up to the preliminary diagnosis of potential sources of PDs was also suggested. For getting more insight into the practical constraints of the IFRA, further works can be carried out with different types of PDs and with short duration impulses containing more high-frequency contents.  
Conceptualization, K.A., and B.M., Methodology, K.A., B.M., and R.R., Writing--Original draft Preparation, K.A., Supervision, B.M., and N.P. Writing--Review and Editing, B.M., R.R., N.P., H.H.A., and P.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding  
The authors thank the management of SASTRA Deemed to be University and DST-FIST (sanction order ref: SR/FST/ETI-338/2013(C) dated 10 September 2014) for their motivation, financial support for creating the facilities at HV lab of SASTRA with which, the experimental works were carried out.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Detection of Sulfate in the Suspension  
Several studies have reported F\({}^{-}\) and SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) to be the final by-products of PFOS degradation. An IC analysis was performed to quantitatively determine the concentrations of F\({}^{-}\) and SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) generated as PFOS degraded. Figure 2c illustrates the concentrations of F\({}^{-}\) and SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) during CP-induced PFOS degradation. After 10 h of PFOS's exposure to CP, a concentration of SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) was detected that corresponded to 120% of the theoretical SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) that could be produced from the oxidation of the sulfur present in 8.0 mg/L (the initial concentration) of PFOS. This indicates a significant mineralization of PFOS and its by-product compounds. Along with a rapid decrease in PFOS concentration, there was a correspondingly rapid increase in F\({}^{-}\) and SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) concentrations within 1 h of CP exposure. Over the next eight hours, the PFOS concentration slowly decreased as the F\({}^{-}\) and SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) concentrations slowly increased. Clearly, F\({}^{-}\) and SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) are produced as by-products of the degradation process.  
Figure 2d shows the mass balances based on the measured and estimated amounts of F\({}^{-}\) and SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) from PFOS degradation. Estimated values were calculated from the molecular weights of F\({}^{-}\) and SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\). The difference between the measured and estimated values of F\({}^{-}\) and SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) was approximately 10% and 20%, respectively. These results imply that the mass balance of F\({}^{-}\) and SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) with the degradation of PFOS over time is correct.  
Produced ions such as F\({}^{-}\) and SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) can still adversely affect human health when present in drinking water [65]. Therefore, in practical applications, post-treatment techniques such as electrodialysis, adsorption, and biological conversion are required [66; 67; 68; 69].
## 4 Test Results  
### System Configuration  
Currently, the GPS-related correction information is being broadcasted in Korea by various agencies such as National Geographic Information Institute (NGII), Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASSI), and National Maritime PNT Office (NMPO). Most of these services are widely used for the RSs operated by NGII. There are more than 50 RSs operated by NGII as described in Figure 6, providing various services such as VRS, MAC, FKP, and DGPS. The RSs are used to simultaneously broadcast the DGPS (mountpoint: DGPS_V2) and FKP correction (mountpoint: FKP_V31) information. Thus, several RSs located nearby the test users were selected to receive the corrections in the tests.  
Figure 5: Flow chart of real-time FKP-DGPS algorithm.
# UnifiedCut: A Simple and Efficient Neural Model for Thai, Burmese and Khmer Word Segmentation
###### Abstract  
Word segmentation is a critical task in natural language processing for southeast Asian Abugida languages, including Thai, Burmese, and Khmer. Existing approaches demonstrate that models using fixed-length windowed context inputs can achieve high segmentation accuracy; however, they often rely on low-level character features or language-specific preprocessing. Character-based methods can limit feature learning, while language-specific features add complexity due to specialized preprocessing requirements. This paper introduces UnifiedCut, which is a neural model that leverages multiple n-grams within a windowed multi-head attention mechanism. This design captures segmentation features from local contexts and multi-perspective n-gram inputs, enhancing generalization and recall, particularly for out-of-vocabulary words. Compared to CNN- and RNN-based approaches, UnifiedCut's multi-head attention enables finer-grained feature extraction and greater parallelism, resulting in a faster, more scalable solution. Comprehensive experiments on public datasets for Thai, Burmese, and Khmer show that UnifiedCutachieves state-of-the-art performance in word segmentation.  
word segmentation; transformer encoder; multiple n-grams; Thai; Burmese; Khmer
# Payment Maintenance Decision Making Based on Optimization Models
## 4 Model Application
### Results of the Models
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Road Number (from** & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**PCI Improvements of Each Road**} \\
**Left to Right)** & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**(Difference between the Output PCI from the Model and Original PCI of Each Road)**} \\ \hline No. 1–10 & 31.37 & 0.00 & 19.64 & 13.92 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 17.86 & 27.14 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ No. 11–20 & 2.31 & 18.65 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 30.45 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 2.13 & 0.00 & 18.68 \\ No. 21–30 & 23.11 & 16.79 & 0.00 & 2.86 & 13.32 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 2.11 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ No. 31–40 & 30.47 & 0.00 & 26.32 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 2.63 & 18.19 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ No. 41–50 & 0.00 & 1.76 & 0.00 & 32.11 & 17.74 & 0.00 & 19.94 & 26.46 & 13.35 & 25.43 \\ No. 51–60 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 10.35 & 7.78 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 25.46 \\ No. 61–70 & 0.00 & 28.88 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ No. 71–80 & 11.02 & 21.31 & 0.00 & 7.48 & 28.69 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 24.70 \\ No. 81–90 & 25.46 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 30.11 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 19.91 & 21.84 & 19.40 & 0.00 \\ No. 91–100 & 0.00 & 9.78 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 7.37 & 0.00 & 12.11 & 13.10 \\ No. 101–110 & 21.37 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 10.13 & 0.00 & 9.61 & 10.32 & 7.68 & 14.32 \\ No. 11–120 & 11.22 & 6.99 & 9.24 & 0.00 & 15.46 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 8.41 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ No. 121–130 & 0.00 & 23.90 & 0.00 & 10.61 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ No. 131–140 & 3.31 & 11.76 & 9.42 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ No. 141–149 & 0.73 & 0.00 & 15.76 & 0.00 & 11.39 & 13.64 & 0.00 & 9.80 & 10.46 & — \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: PCI improvements of 149 roads according to the optimal scheme obtained by the MMQLB model with a 5 million CNY budget limitation. Figure 2: Pavement maintenance scheme obtained using the MMQLB model.
# Application of the KINEROS 2 Model to Natural Basin for Estimation of Erosion
## 4 Discussion of Simulation Results  
### Hydrological Results of KINEROS 2  
Once the basin was delineated, discretized in flat elements and channels, and we have these parameterized elements with vegetation and soils, we can introduce rainfall and run the model to obtain the simulation results. This model cannot be correctly validated without measuring the flow at the basin's outlet for different rainfall events. The alternative is to pseudo-calibrate the KINEROS 2 model using another physically based model very similar to KINEROS 2, but already validated. This physical model ([PERSON] et al., 2014) estimates erosion and sediment transportation in small peri-urban basins during singular events ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2014). Hydrological results obtained from KINEROS 2 are compared with the results of the physically based model of [PERSON] et al. (2014)([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2014). All 2012 rainfall events are presented in comparative tables and graphs ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2014). Comparing both models, the average difference is around 8%, which is adequate for the study case.  
KINEROS 2 produces the graphic and table results for target area. It offers infiltration, runoff, peak flow, and solid material quantity for planes that discharge into channels and runoff into the basin outlet.
###### Abstract  
Surface contamination by microbes is a major public health concern. A damp environment is one of potential sources for microbe proliferation. Smart photocatalytic coatings on building surfaces using semiconductors like titania (TiO2) can effectively curb this growing threat. Metal-doped titania in anatase phase has been proven as a promising candidate for energy and environmental applications. In this present work, the antimicrobial efficacy of copper (Cu)-doped TiO2 (Cu-TiO2) was evaluated against _Escherichia coli_ (Gram-negative) and _Staphylococcus aureus_ (Gram-positive) under visible light irradiation. Doping of a minute fraction of Cu (0.5 mol %) in TiO2 was carried out via sol-gel technique. Cu-TiO2 further calcined at various temperatures (in the range of 500-700 \({}^{\circ}\)C) to evaluate the thermal stability of TiO2 anatase phase. The physico-chemical properties of the samples were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-visible spectroscopy techniques. XRD results revealed that the anatase phase of TiO2 was maintained well, up to 650 \({}^{\circ}\)C, by the Cu dopant. UV-vis results suggested that the visible light absorption property of Cu-TiO2 was enhanced and the band gap is reduced to 2.8 eV. Density functional theory (DFT) studies emphasize the introduction of Cu+ and Cu2+ ions by replacing Ti+ ions in the TiO2 lattice, creating oxygen vacancies. These further promoted the photocatalytic efficiency. A significantly high bacterial inactivation (99.9999%) was attained in 30 min of visible light irradiation by Cu-TiO2.  
Cu-doped TiO2; doping; phase transition; _Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus_; photocatalysis; antibacterial coatings
# Integrated Optical Phased Arrays for Beam Forming and Steering
## 7 Performances
### Scalability
In addition, large-scale OPAs are limited by sensitivities to fabrication imperfections, phase mismatches, and temperature gradients [16]. It is hard to eliminate these flaws, which can be greatly decreased by precise fabrications and optimized element distributions. Calibration can also be used to partially solve these problems.
## 3 Results
### Staggered Arrangement of the Nozzles  
Subsequently, the cooling efficiency was investigated for the staggered arrangement of air nozzles. Since the outlet air stream from the nozzles is flat, empty spots are also created in the staggered nozzle arrangement, but they are significantly eliminated compared to the inline staggered arrangement because a pair of four nozzles in a single row is rotated to the centre of the heat exchange surface (25\({}^{\circ}\) inclination).  
At the beginning of the experimental measurements, it was possible to predict that the staggered nozzle arrangement would shorten the cooling time of the coolant precisely because of a more efficient coverage of the heat exchange surface by the cooling air stream. In addition to the fact that the individual air streams overlap each other in the row, the rotated nozzles from the first row and the second row also interfere with the air stream in the rows below them. Also in this case, we focused on recording the temperatures of the cooled coolant from the cooler, and the measured values when the nozzle distances from the heat exchange surface were varied (60 mm to 170 mm) were compared with the values obtained from cooling by the fan (Figure 6). The common operating temperature of the engine is between 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and when this value is exceeded, the thermostatic valve will release some of the hot coolant into the cooler. Only a few seconds elapse between the thermostat releasing the coolant and the water pump drawing in the cooled coolant; the time may vary depending on the actual operation and load on the engine. For forced cooling by means of a fan, a time period of 30 s has been considered (under normal operation and proper operation of the cooling circuit, this time period will not be exceeded).  
Figure 6: Comparison of the outlet cooler temperatures \(T_{out}\) for staggered arrangement of the nozzles when varying the spacing of the nozzles from the cooler. (**a**) Nozzle spacing 60 mm to 110 mm compared to the fan; (**b**) Nozzle spacing 120 mm to 170 mm compared to the fan.  
From Figure 6, it can be concluded that the cooling capability was lower compared to the fan only at nozzle distances of 60 mm and 70 mm from the heat exchange surface. Within a time of 45 min and 55 s, the 80 mm and 90 mm distances already reached the same outlet temperature value as with fan cooling, and within 46 min, the mentioned distances were already 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C more efficient. The nozzles spacing of 80 mm to 170 mm have reached a more effective cooling efficiency throughout the entire cooling process compared to the fan. At a time of 46 min, the lowest temperature recorded was 61.84 \({}^{\circ}\)C at a nozzle spacing of 160 mm, which is more than 6 \({}^{\circ}\)C compared with the fan (\(T_{out}\) = 67.97 \({}^{\circ}\)C at the same time). The most effective cooling was achieved at a nozzle spacing of 160 mm, where at the end of cooling, the coolant reached an outlet temperature of 49.88 \({}^{\circ}\)C, nearly 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C less than the initial spacing of 60 mm.
# TASE: Task-Aware Speech Enhancement for Wake-Up Word Detection in Voice Assistants +
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Databases
#### 3.1.1 OK Aura Database  
In-house data collection of WUW samples is done in two rounds. During the first round, -4300 samples (2.8 h) from 360 speakers are collected, constituting the main bulk of positive WUW samples. Furthermore, office background ambient is recorded, as well, in order to obtain samples for posterior acoustic contamination.  
The second round of data collection gathers 1247 utterances (1.4 h) from 80 speakers. It is designed with two purposes: (1) to address the main cases where Aura's WUW classifiers typically under-perform and (2) to ask the participants to sign a consent form to make the data publicly available. Therefore, the dataset not only contains positive WUW samples but also other non-WUW samples that are phonetically similar to the WUW. Actually, sentences are scripted in different levels of similarity to the WUW:  
1. The WUW itself: _OK Aura_.
2. The WUW within a context sentence: _Perfecto, voy a mirar que dan hoy. OK Aura_.
3. Contains \"Aura\": _Hay un aura de paz y tranquilidad_.
4. Contains \"OK\": _OK, a ver que ponen en la tele_.
5. Contains similar word units to \"Aura\": _Hola Laura_.
6. Contains similar word units to \"OK\": _Prefiero el hockey al baloncesto_.
7. Contains similar word units to \"OK Aura\": _Porque Laura_, _zque te parecio la pelicula_?  
Furthermore, knowing that WUW task performance depends on gender, age, and accent biases, plus other acoustic conditions, such as closeness to the microphone or room size, we also collect such metadata, as seen in Table 2.  
Data acquisition is done from a web-based form service called Jotform ([[https://form.jotform.com/201694606537056](https://form.jotform.com/201694606537056)]([https://form.jotform.com/201694606537056](https://form.jotform.com/201694606537056)), accessed on 1 February 2022). We actually encourage readers to contribute to the dataset while the form is still open. Meanwhile, the current dataset version has been published as the \"OK Aura Wake-up Word Dataset\" [38], and it is publicly available ([[https://zenodo.org/record/5734340](https://zenodo.org/record/5734340)]([https://zenodo.org/record/5734340](https://zenodo.org/record/5734340)), accessed on 1 February 2022) under request to any of the authors via EULA.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Metadata** & **Values** \\ \hline Age & 20 s, 30 s, 40 s, 50 s, 60 s\(\ldots\) \\ Gender & Female, Male, Non-binary \\ Distance & Close, Two steps away \\ Room size & Small (0-10 m\({}^{2}\)), Medium (10–20 m\({}^{2}\)) \\ Prosody & Unknown, Neutral, Annoyed, Friendly \\ Accent & Andalusian, Andean-pacific, Castilian, \\  & Non-native\(\ldots\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Metadata in the OK Aura Wake-up Word Dataset.
## 3 Results and Discussion
#### 3.2.3 QP and QQ Macro and Microelements Content
Figure 2: SP and OR folic acid content. Small letters in common indicate no significant differences between OR and SP samples withdrawn at different moments; Big different letters indicate significant differences between SP and OR samples withdrawn at the same moment. could have a negative influence on the bioavailability of essential minerals like zinc, iron, calcium, and magnesium [76]. Several studies demonstrated that fermentation with LAB led to a significant reduction of the phytic acid amount, increasing the concentration of Ca and Mg [77; 78]. The increment of mineral content in quinoa sourdough is caused by the diminution of phytic acid due to the acidic pH value, which activates flour endogenous phytase and due to the phytase activity of LAB. In the conditions of our study, after 24 h of fermentation the pH value of the SP was 4.2, compared to pH value of 5.8 for OR [38]. The drop of the pH to 4.2 for SP 24 h after 24 h of fermentation, enhanced lactic acid content, and decreased the phytic acid amount leading to higher amount of minerals such as calcium, potassium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and chromium. This is in agreement with [79] who proved that during fermentation of quinoa with _Lactobacillus plantarum_ the phytate was tremendously reduced (82-98%) and iron amount increased three to fivefold. Highlighting this idea, [69] reported that using _Lactobacillus plantarum_ strains for fermenting quinoa sourdough could be considered as a bio-enrichment of it, due to the ability of these strains to increase mineral bioavailability such as Ca, Fe, and Mg, through phytate degradation. This is supported also by [1] who previously demonstrated that quinoa LAB sourdough had a phytase activity 2.75 times higher that raw quinoa flour.
# PFC Inductor Design Considering Suppression of the Negative Effects of Fringing Flux
## 3 Influence of the Conductive Non-Magnetic Material on the Inductor Parameters  
Concerning the analyses of the fringing flux generation from previous experiments, the side effect of the type of the air gap can be once reflected within the stability of the value of inductor inductance. This effect can be observed when the additional cooling system is placed across the inductive component. The experimental investigation of this effect was realized by laboratory measurements, while the value of inductance was measured in dependency on the distance from the aluminum heatsink (Figures 16 and 17). As a heatsink, the aluminum plate was used where the inductors were pressed through an insulating pad against the aluminum heatsink. During the measurements, we observed the effect of the distance of the inductor from the aluminum plate on the inductance value. In this way, the dependency of the stability of inductance value was performed for both inductor types (Figures 11 and 12).  
The results from the measurements are reported in Figure 17. Two types of inductors were tested, i.e., L1 referring to Figure 10 and L2 referring to Figure 11. It can be seen that the influence of the heatsink on the value of inductance considering shorted air ap of the inductor was significant. The inductance value of the coil when it was closest to the aluminum plate was approximately 220 \(\mu\)H and after moving to a distance of 3 cm, the inductance of the coil increased to 245 \(\mu\)H. In contrast, the coil with distributed small air gaps showed a significantly lower dependence of the inductance value on the distance from the heatsink. This is confirmation of the side effect of fringing flux, i.e., more care must be taken in the case when the inductor of the switching power supply needs an additional heatsink. The heatsink behaves like a conductor in which eddy losses are generated due to magnetic flux (induction), which impairs the efficiency of the entire power supply. Thus,  
Figure 16: Practical realization of PFC inductor v2 for experimental verifications (**left**) and demonstration of the evaluation of the inductance value stability (**right**).  
Figure 17: Value of inductance for evaluated inductors in dependency on the distance from the heatsink.  
the heatsink behaves in part as a shorted winding turn, resulting in a reduction of the inductance value as the distance from the heatsink decreases.