## 8 Conclusions  
Nowadays, _A. altissima_ can be a valuable species to satisfy some human services, considering it is an IAS and presents some negative effects. There have been distinct investigations with different plant parts to explain its traditional use in medicine and unveil its potential for pharmacology and the food industry. It is a species that can present some variation in its morphology according to its location and is tolerant to diverse factors, which enable its propagation. In addition, biologically, it displays methods of reproduction that greatly favour its spread. Regarding antimicrobial activity, the studies performed so far have demonstrated that the methanolic extracts of the leaves show great effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of the bark and wood has also demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity. These results are very much in line with its traditional use in medicine, where it is used as an astringent and parasiticide. The antioxidant activity has been performed already with different parts of the plant extracted with different solvents. Most studies have shown that methanolic extracts of the leaves contain phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Furthermore, _A. altissima_ showed anti-inflammatory effects due to the chemical composition of the leaves, bark, and seed oils. The results of some studies demonstrating the potent inhibitory effect of the extracts of this species, such as the decoction that reduces cytokine levels and interleukins and TNF, support the use of the plant boiled together with other ingredients to treat problems such as dysentery, intestinal bleeding, and others.  
According to the literature, the main extracts for analysing the biological activities of _A. altissima_ are essentially made from the leaves, seeds (e.g., essential oil), and bark. However, extracts from other plant parts have been rarely investigated, such as flowers and stems. Moreover, new compounds have been discovered, but few are known about their possible activities.  
The novelty of this work is the detailed description of the major biological activities and analytical techniques that have been used to date using different plant extracts of _A. altissima_. Other articles describe only the characteristics of this species, or the chemical compounds, or only the bioactivities of one plant extract, while in this paper, we compiled all the information overall about _A. altissima_ to better understand what possible investigations could be carried out.  
This review also shows that knowledge about the phytochemical composition and biological activities of _A. altissima_ has been growing, leading it to be a promising species for future research.  
Conceptualization, E.G., J.G. and O.A.; formal analysis, E.G., J.G. and O.A.; research and writing--original draft preparation, D.C., S.I.P., H.M., A.Y.S. and T.R.; writing--review and editing, D.C., S.I.P., H.M., A.Y.S., T.R., C.B., E.G., J.G. and O.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was partially supported by CICS-UBI, which is financed by National Funds from the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) and by Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) under the scope of PORTUGAL 2020 and Programa Operacional do Centro (CENTRO 2020), with project references UIDB/00709/2020 and UIDP/00709/2020. The Forest Research Centre was supported by the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through UI/BD/151511//2021. [PERSON] acknowledges the FCT in the form of fellowship (UI/BD/151511//2021).  
Not applicable.  
This manuscript not reports any data.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.