esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Biomethane Production Experiment  
The biomethane production experiment was carried out under potentiostatic conditions at \(-0.80\) V vs. SHE and was able to produce 550 mL of biogas during the 1-week evaluation period (Table 1). The methane content was approximately 91%. The methane production rate was recorded as approximately 21.7 mmol/L(reactor)-day. The COD was reduced from 3160 mg/L to 1422 mg/L and the pH of the effluent changed to around 7.8-7.9 from the feed pH of around 7.0 (W\({}_{\text{a}}\)). The overall efficiency was 80.5% with methane conversion rate of 304.1 mL/mg-COD (87% of max. theoretical conversion). The simultaneous occurrence of electrochemical and heterotrophic methanogenesis results in such high COD to methane conversion rates. The EMY was measured to be 467.8% and suggests that a large portion of methane was produced via heterotrophic methanogenesis.  
However, low concentrations of CO\({}_{2}\) in the biogas (i.e., 7%; CO\({}_{2}\) concentrations of around 35-45% are found in biogas produced via traditional anaerobic digestion reaction [28]) suggests electrochemical reduction of CO\({}_{2}\). With an aim to determine the electrochemical activity, the next set of experiments were performed by autoclaving the reject water before the addition of acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate (W\({}_{\text{aA}}\)) effectively reducing heterotrophic methanogenesis.
## 4 Design
### Publisher-Topic Joining  
#### 4.1.1 Overview  
The publisher establishes a connection with the blockchain network (smart broker) and then starts to register new topics. Each topic \(\tau\) corresponds to a sensor that the publisher \(p\) is responsible for. The whole set of topics in the smart broker belonging to all publishers is as follows:  
\[\Gamma=\{\tau_{1},\tau_{1},\cdots,\tau_{m}\} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\tau_{i}=\{y_{i},G_{i}\}\). Equation (1) defines \(\Gamma\) as the sets of topics in the blockchain. Each \(\tau_{i}\) contains tags that provide static information about the topic data. The set of tags is denoted as follows:  
\[G=\{l,\delta\}\ \bigcup\ \{g_{1},\ g_{2},\ldots,g_{n}\} \tag{2}\]  
Every \(G\) contains two specific tags required for the acceptance of the topic registration, along with other generic tags:  
1. _Location Tag (1)_: The location of the sensors collecting data related to \(\tau_{i}\) is essential for _SRAM_ to provide recommendations to subscribers. _SRAM_ can recommend topics based on data from sensors that are closely related to each other.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{r l} \hline \hline
**Symbols** & **Meaning** \\ \hline \(\tau\) & _A topic in the PS system_ \\ \(\delta\) & _Expected publishing interval_ \\ \(g\) & _A tag for the topic_ \\ \(D_{\tau}\) & _Drifting sore Performance indicator of the topic_ \\ \(\tau_{\tau}\) & _Reputation of the topic_ \\ \(\mu_{\tau}\) & _The quality of the sensor data related to the topic_ \\ \(s\) & _Similarity score_ \\ \(t\) & _Current time_ \\ \(v_{ij}\) & _Expected relationship between the paired topics \(\left\{\tau_{i},\tau_{j}\right\}\)_ \\ \(a_{ij}\) & _Association coefficient between the paired topics \(\left\{\tau_{i},\tau_{j}\right\}\)_ \\ \(w_{ij}\) & _Time window for calculating quality for topics i and j_ \\ \(\mu\) & _Tolerance level of drift_ \\ \(\lambda\) & _Time window for calculating drift for a single topic_ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Parameters/Symbol Table.  
2. _Publishing interval Tag_ (\(\delta\)):The publishing interval of the data related to the \(\tau_{i}\) denotes the frequency or timing at which the data are published. The publishing interval is used by the _TDM_ to calculate the publishing interval monitoring score, which will ultimately be used to calculate the topic's reputation score in the smart broker.
3. Other generic tags, such as sensor type, key timestamps, keywords, and measurement units, provide additional information and descriptions about the topic. There is both an upper and lower limit to the number of tags for a topic. This is to ensure that the recommendation process has sufficient data and, at the same time, is not biased toward any topic. Tags must also be chosen from a preset list of tags.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Shelf-Life Study
#### 3.1.2 Shelf-Life Estimation (\(\mathrm{ts_{SL}}\))  
The shelf-life estimation was performed using Equation (6) [40], and assuming a limit of 8 logCFU/g for the APC count [41; 35]:  
\[\mathrm{ts_{SL}}=\left(\frac{\mathrm{logN_{1}-logN_{0}}}{\mathrm{k_{\mu max,ref} \exp}\left[\left(-\frac{\mathrm{E_{a,\mu max}}}{\mathrm{R}}\right)\cdot\left[ \frac{1}{\mathrm{T}}-\frac{1}{\mathrm{T_{ref}}}\right]\right]}\right)+\lambda_{ \mathrm{ref}}\exp\left[\left(-\frac{\mathrm{E_{a,\lambda}}}{\mathrm{R}}\right) \cdot\left[\frac{1}{\mathrm{T}}-\frac{1}{\mathrm{T_{ref}}}\right]\right] \tag{6}\]  
where \(\mathrm{ts_{SL}}\) is the estimated shelf-life in days; \(\mathrm{logN_{1}}\) is the limit of the APC load (8 log CFU/g); \(\mathrm{logN_{0}}\) is the initial value of APC; \(\mathrm{\mu_{max,ref}}\) is the maximum growth rate constant of the microorganism at a reference temperature, \(\mathrm{T_{ref}}=4\)\({}^{\circ}\)C; \(\mathrm{T}\) is the temperature in K; \(\mathrm{E_{a,\mu}}\) and \(\mathrm{E_{a,\lambda}}\) are the activation energy of the studied action for the maximum growth rate and lag phase, respectively, indicating the temperature-dependence; R is the universal gas constant (R = 8.314 J/(mol\(\cdot\)K)); and \(\lambda_{\mathrm{ref}}\) is the lag phase at the reference temperature. Based on Equation (6) and the kinetic parameters in Table 2, the predicted shelf-life of bacon at a representative (4 \({}^{\circ}\)C) refrigeration temperature is calculated to be 60 d (CNT), 42 d (RN), 78 d (RSE) and 51 d (RSE-RSME), respectively, demonstrating the beneficial effects of the rose extract.
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper presents a new Hierarchical Federated Learning (HFL) approach in order to enhance scalability, computational power, and privacy preservation in healthcare practice. The HFL model is also capable of reducing the communication overhead through its two-level aggregation process, while preserving privacy through the use of LDP, GDP, SMPC, and HE. From the experiments performed on a real healthcare dataset and synthetic dataset, it is clear that the proposed HFL framework has better accuracy and training time, as well as privacy leakage, compared to other federated learning models, including FLBM-IoT and PPFLB.  
The experiment with the HFL framework gave a fairly high model accuracy of 97%. The level of client identifiability was 69%, which remained the same, and the training depth and level of privacy leakage were decreased by 15% and 30%; thus, the proposed solution would be most suitable for large-scale healthcare networks. In addition, the incorporation of the Novel Aggregated Gradient Perturbation Mechanism led to the solution of the basic conflict between privacy and efficiency, thus developing a highly secure model for healthcare systems.  
Therefore, the HFL framework introduced an improved architecture for preserving the privacy of patients' records when practicing machine learning in healthcare. It presents a flexible, safe, and effective model of implementation that is easily adaptable to different healthcare settings and will improve workflow processes while enhancing patient care without compromising on data security matters.
## 1 Introduction
In another paper, it was reported that there was a high correlation coefficient between the received signals in the uplink channel for a BS antenna with a separation of 5 \(\lambda\) at 2 GHz [25]. Hence, the performance of the uplink channel from the MIMO terminal must be evaluated considering the BS correlation conditions. Herein, the correlation coefficient between the signals received at the BS antennas is referred to as the BS correlation in the discussion that follows. In one of my previous studies [21], in which the performance of the uplink channel was examined, a control method for BS correlation of a 2 \(\times\) 2 MIMO system based on [PERSON] model [26] using a _multiple probe antenna based method_ was proposed. In the 2 \(\times\) 2 MIMO system, there are two BS antennas; therefore, the BS correlation can be controlled by using the virtual point source separation to represent the spatial correlation of the BS \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Target** & **Issues Focused on** \\ \hline Reverberation chamber & Mobile & Using a universal software radio peripheral [9] \\ based method & terminal & 2 \(\times\) 2 MIMO, NLOS, 28 GHz [10] \\ \hline Two-stage method & Mobile & 3D channel model, active antenna array [11] \\  & terminal & Non-Stationary channel model [12] \\ \hline Multiple probe antenna & Mobile & Cluster environment [13] \\  & Mobile & Channel emulation technique [14] \\  & terminal & Plane-wave field synthesis [15] \\  & & Bit error rate, IoT wireless device [16] \\  & & 3D channel model, probe selection [17] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Base & Radiated testing of massive MIMO [18] \\  & station & Probe selection algorithm [19] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Novelty of the present work. antennas. However, in a 4 \(\times\) 4 MIMO system, there are six possible combinations of spatial correlation, owing to the different relative separations between the BS antennas when the four-element BS antennas are arranged in, for example, linear or circular arrays. This paper presents a methodology to control the spatial correlation of the BS antennas in a 4 \(\times\) 4 MIMO system based on [PERSON] model with communication via the uplink channel. First, the implementation model used to enable BS correlation with the BS antenna arrangement is described. Then, a 4 \(\times\) 4 correlation matrix of a BS MIMO antenna is achieved by controlling the initial phases of the secondary wave sources depending on the BS correlation. Finally, the validity of the proposed initial phase setting method used to assess the 4 \(\times\) 4 MIMO system was verified by evaluating the uplink channel using bidirectional MIMO-OTA apparatus. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: in Section 2 I present the propagation model for the uplink channel; in Section 3 the methodology of the proposed method is described; Section 4 shows the method for implementing a 4 \(\times\) 4 correlation matrix; in Section 5 I discuss the experimental and analytical results; Section 6 concludes the paper.
# Experimental Investigation into Permeable Asphalt Pavement Based on Small-Scale Accelerated Testing
###### Abstract  
The durability of permeable pavement needs to be further studied by accelerated pavement testing (APT). Full-scale APT facilities are commonly associated with a very high initial investment and operational costs. A piece of small-scale accelerated testing equipment, the model mobile load simulator (MMLS), was used to investigate and evaluate the mechanical properties of three types of permeable asphalt pavements, including a 4 cm porous asphalt layer with cement-treated permeable base (4 PA-CTPB), 7 cm porous asphalt layer with cement-treated permeable base (7 PA-CTB), and 7 cm porous asphalt layer with cement-treated base (7 PA-CTB). Under different conditions of subgrade soil, transverse and longitudinal strains at the bottom of the porous asphalt layer and average rut depth and temperature data were collected. The results indicated that 4 PA-CTPB produced the maximum average rut depth but minimum resilient tensile strain. The transverse resilient tensile strain of 7 PA-CTPB was significantly higher than the other two structures under both wet and dry conditions. The transverse resilient tensile strain significantly increased with increasing loading cycles with a decreasing rate, which could be affected by both load and temperature. MMLS could be used to explore and evaluate the mechanical properties of permeable asphalt pavement. From the data under dry and wet conditions, it may be better to increase the strength of the subgrade, where a suitable hydraulic conductivity coefficient should be considered.  
permeable pavement; porous asphalt; accelerated pavement testing; mechanical properties; strain Article
_Article_  
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as Promising Delivery Systems for Plant Extracts: The Case of Silymarin  
[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 23, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 1,*  
Received: 29 June 2018; Accepted: 16 July 2018; Published: 18 July 2018  
**Featured Application: Silymarin, a standardized extract derived from seeds and fruits of _Sillybum marianum_** [PERSON], is widely used for treatment of various acute and chronic liver toxicities, inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress. The extract has low toxicity and exerts significant anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, it has been reported that the extract is beneficial in type 2 diabetes patients. However, Silymarin is a low water soluble and low permeable compound, belonging to biopharmaceutical class IV type that faces stipulated requirements in delivery design. Thus, to overcome these limitations, the extract was encapsulated into nanostructured lipid carriers. The lipid nanocarriers offer potential applications as natural, low cost and innovative delivery systems to improve solubility, permeability and stability of extract. Other advantages are: possibility of controlled drug release and drug targeting, no biotoxicity of the carrier, biodegradation and no problems with respect to scale-up production in the food and pharmaceutical fields.**  
Background: Silymarin is the extract from seeds of _Sillybum marianum_ [PERSON] and it has been used for decades as hepatoprotectant. Recently, it has been proposed to be beneficial in type 2 diabetes patients. However, silymarin is a poorly water soluble drug with limited oral bioavailability. In this study, nanostructured lipid carriers were proposed to enhance its solubility and intestinal absorption. Methods: Nanostructured lipid carriers were made of Stearic acid:Capryol 90 as lipid mixtures and Brij S20 as surfactant. Formulations were physically and chemically characterized. Stability and in vitro release studies were also assessed. In vitro permeability and Caco-2 cellular uptake mechanism were investigated. Results: Obtained results were based on size, homogeneity, \(\zeta\)-potential and EE%. Nanostructured lipid carriers could be orally administered. No degradation phenomena were observed in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Storage stability of suspensions and lyophilized products was also tested. Glucose was selected as best cryoprotectant agent. About 60% of silymarin was released in 24 h in phosphate buffered saline. In vitro parallel artificial membrane permeability assay experiments revealed that the nanocarrier enhanced the permeation of Silymarin. Caco-2 study performed with fluorescent nanoparticles revealed the ability of carrier to enhance the permeation of a lipophilic probe. Cellular uptake studies indicated that active process is involved in the internalization of the formulation. Conclusions: The optimized nanostructured lipid carriers showed excellent chemical and physical stability and enhanced the absorption of silymarin.  
**Keywords:**_Sillybum marianum_ [PERSON]. [PERSON]; NLCs; stability; in vitro release; PAMPA; Caco-2; up-take
## 6 Quantitative Evaluation
### Scalability Evaluation  
As shown in Figure 6, analyzing system throughput and transaction latency under varying loads of concurrent subscriber requests revealed critical insights into performance dynamics. As depicted in the results, blockchain transaction latency exhibited a predictable, gradual increase in response to the growing number of concurrent requests. Starting at a baseline of 0.5 s, latency scaled linearly with the request volume, reaching a peak of 0.6 s at 1000 concurrent requests. This linear behavior reflects the proportional relationship between the incoming request load and processing requirements, demonstrating that the system's performance is consistent and aligned with theoretical expectations for this workload. It further indicates that the system effectively handles scaling demands without introducing inefficiencies or bottlenecks under higher loads.  
System throughput demonstrated stability up to a threshold of 500 requests per second, aligning seamlessly with the system's designed processing capacity, as demonstrated in Figure 6. However, throughput reached a plateau beyond this point, signaling a bottleneck imposed by the current resource allocation and processing framework. This observed limit highlights the need for strategic scalability enhancements to address future demand surges while maintaining the system's integrity and efficiency.  
The performance plateau observed in the system arises from a combination of architectural and operational constraints. Key factors include resource limitations, such as CPU and memory capacity, coupled with the blockchain network's finite transaction throughput. As concurrent requests increase, the system faces additional overhead from tasks like request queuing and synchronization, which amplify the strain. The computational demands of executing smart contracts further exacerbate delays, while network bandwidth constraints within the distributed system add to the bottleneck. Collectively, these challenges define the saturation point where the system reaches its performance limits.
# Two-Dimensional Vortex Solitons in Spin-Orbit-Coupled Dipolar Bose-Einstein Condensates
###### Abstract  
Solitons are self-trapped modes existing in various nonlinear systems. Creating stable solitons in two- and three-dimensional settings is a challenging goal in various branches of physics. Several methods have been developed theoretically and experimentally to achieve this, but few of them can support stable multi-dimensional solitons in free space. Recently, a new scheme using spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) has been proposed to create stable 2D solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). This paper reviews recent theoretical progress on creating stable 2D solitons in spinor dipolar BEC with SOC, combined with long-range dipole-dipole interaction (DDI), Zeeman splitting (ZS) and contact nonlinearity, in free space. The continuous family of stable symmetric vortex solitons (SVS), asymmetric vortex solitons (AVS), as well as gap solitons (GS) is found via different settings. Their existence and stability conditions are summarized and discussed in detail. The mobility properties of these types of solitons are also addressed. For SVS, a potential method to manipulate its shape and mobility is investigated. These results are supposed to enrich our understanding of 2D solitons and help create multi-dimensional solitons in experiments.  
vortex solitons; gap solitons; spin-orbit coupling; dipole-dipole interaction +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Bat Optimized Link State Routing Protocol for Energy-Aware Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
## 5 Simulation and Result  
This section presents the experimental work for evaluating BOLSR and comparing its performance with those of three approaches, the state-of-the-art approach CAABO, EBOLSR, and OLSR. The simulation was implemented using the MATLAB toolbox. Figure 6 shows the implementation of the routing protocols in the MATLAB simulation.  
There are different reasons that motivated us to use MATLAB instead of other tools such as NS2 or NS3. The state-of-the-art related work such as the work of [42] used MATLAB in MANET research. MATLAB is defined as a computer programming tool that offers to the user a suitable environment for implementing numerous types of calculations in simple, swift, and efficient ways [43]. It is employed to implement differential mathematical equations and algorithms such as the bat algorithm. Unlike other tools, MATLAB facilitates the process of implementing algorithms that require iterations and specific functions in order to investigate optimal solutions. Moreover, it includes libraries that provide a symbolic solution, data analysis, and graphic plots of the results. The simulation model and parameters are presented in Section 5.1. Next, the evaluation metrics are provided in Section 5.2. After that, experimental results and discussion are presented in Section 5.3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** & **Description** \\ \hline \(n\) & 20 & Number of solutions for each generation \\ \hline \(d\) & 6 & The dimension of the bat algorithm \\ \hline \(hB\) & 10 & Upper boundary \\ \hline \(LB\) & \(-10\) & Lower boundary \\ \hline \(fmin\) & 0 & Lower frequency \\ \hline \(fmax\) & 10 & Higher frequency \\ \hline \(Alpha\) & 0.9 & Constants \\ \hline \(Gamma\) & 0.04 & Constants \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The bat algorithm parameters.
## 4 Cases Study
### Portugal Arch Bridge Case Study
#### 4.2.3 Scenario 3 (Preventative Maintenance Scenario)  
Scenario 3 considers preventative bridge maintenance, intending to avoid costly major rehabilitation and replacement by doing relatively minor repairs and operations that keep the bridge in good condition. The effects of preventive maintenance have been calculated as the occurrence of a deterioration procedure at interval \(t_{PD}\) following the carrying out of the preventative measure, with no improvement in reliability score. Its upkeep is periodic, with typical activities carried out at set periods. The dependability decline was predicted to be slowed by three years (Figure 22) if preventative interventions were adopted over six years.  
Availability was predicted to decline gradually, with a temporary uptick soon after the precaution was implemented. Minimal costs were taken into account when making these decisions. The decline in user safety has outpaced the decline in reliability. Figure 23 is depicting the situation in general:  
Figure 23: Changes in Key Performance Indicators in the third scenario (_source: COST Action TUI1406_).  
Figure 22: Reliability of Semi-Quantitative Performance Indicators in the third scenario (_source: COST Action TUI1406_).