## 1 Introduction  
As a multifunctional resource, plant biomass has always played a vital role in human life. Today, it is a source of food, energy, and materials for thousands of millions of people. However, ecological sustainability and global food security are also major contemporary concerns [1]. Despite the importance of natural ecosystems in general, and agroecosystems in particular, for poverty reduction and food security, such systems are those most disturbed and threatened by anthropogenic pressures and climate change. In sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture accounts for about 36% of the gross domestic product and 65% of employment [2]. However, the sector faces many challenges, including a growing demand for food and the environmental impact of conventional agriculture. It is vital that ecological supply and consumption remain in balance. Agriculture must also be able to meet local survival and development needs [3]. Over the past few decades, modern agricultural practices have often been detrimental to the environment and to human health [4; 5]. Rapidly urbanizing populations have profoundly affected land use and land cover, leading to changes in the supply of, and demand for, ecosystem services [3; 6]. In response to these changes, many rural communities have adopted agroecological practices to improve the sustainability and resilience of their food-producing systems. Reducing the use of nonorganic fertilizers, promoting biodiversity, and improving soil quality are some of the methods used to achieve the goal of scaling up and to promote agroecological practices. In Togo, agricultural practices have significant environmental and social impacts [7]. Farmers face the challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, and food insecurity. Against this backdrop, more attention needs to be paid to ecosystem stability by implementing agroecological restoration projects to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals [8]. In southeastern Togo, various agricultural practices have been experimentally introduced, promoted, and implemented in the farming environment. Among these, mulching has recently received particular attention because of its many advantages [9]. These agricultural practices aim to protect and restore soil health, biodiversity, and agricultural ecosystems [10]. They also ensure sufficient food production while minimizing negative environmental impacts. Understanding vegetation health and biomass availability in agricultural areas is essential for assessing the effectiveness of these agroecological practices. A promising method for assessing vegetation health and biomass availability is the use of geographic information systems and remote sensing. Indeed, for the sustainable management of green biomass, including residues, the use of satellite-based remote sensing products to investigate the effects of post-fire rehabilitation treatments on vegetation appears to represent a significant opportunity. Among the form of spectral index-based remote sensing commonly used for biomass estimation is the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) [11; 12]. A considerable number of remote sensing studies have used the NDVI algorithm [13] to assess burn severity [14; 15], and the normalized burn ratio (NBR) has been adopted as the standard spectral index for estimating fire/burn severity [16; 17]. As mentioned above, vegetation indices based on remote sensing data can effectively reflect canopy chlorophyll ratios. Hence, they are often used to calculate FPAR (photosynthetically active radiation). Other green biomass assessment models take different environmental factors into account. In Togo, the low productivity of crops increases the vulnerability of local populations [18]. Despite a small population size and the presence of rivers and wetlands, socioeconomic and ecological factors mean that the country faces significant exposure to climate change [19].