esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Adaptive Handover Decision Using Fuzzy Logic for 5G Ultra-Dense Networks
## 4 Performance Evaluation  
To demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of FLDHDT for 5G UDNs, simulations were performed on ns-3 [30] by using the conventional Event A3, FLDH [20], and FLDHDT handover schemes. The performance measures included the number of handovers, overall system throughput, and ping-pong ratio.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
1: & **Input**: \(\text{SINR}_{\text{serving}}\), \(\text{SINR}_{\text{neighbor}}\)[M], HOM, TTT, \(\text{cos}\theta_{\text{UELoBS}[i]}\) \\
2: & **Output**: Target BS of handover//return 0, in case of no handover execution \\
3: & \(\text{SINR}_{\text{MAX}}=0\) \\
4: & \(\text{Timer}=0\); \\
5: & \(\text{Target}=0\); \\
6: & **for**\(i=1\):M**do \\
7: & **while** (\(\text{cos}\theta_{\text{UELoBS}}[i]>0\) \&\& \(\text{SINR}_{\text{neighbor}}[i]>\text{SINR}_{\text{serving}}+\text{HOM}\) \& \& Timer \textless\) TTT) \\
8: & \(\text{Timer}++\) \\
9: & **if** (\(\text{SINR}_{\text{neighbor}}[i]\leq\text{SINR}_{\text{source}}+\text{HOM}\)) **then** \\
10: & **break** \\
11: & **if** (\(\text{Timer}==\text{TTT}\) \&\& \(\text{SINR}_{\text{neighbor}}[i]>\text{SINR}_{\text{MAX}}\)) **then** \\
12: & \(\text{SINR}_{\text{MAX}}=\text{SINR}_{\text{neighbor}}[i]\) \\
13: & \(\text{Target}=i\) \\
14: & **end for** \\
15: & **return** Target; \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Pseudocode of handover decision.  
Figure 9: Membership function of linguistic TTT.
## 2 Typical Categories of Game Theory
### Cooperative Game Theory
#### 2.3.2 Communication, Spectrum Allocation and Routing  
For instance, [PERSON] _et al_. [42] proposed a cooperative strategy for multi-user symmetrical cooperative communication networks. An optimal bandwidth allocation framework is suggested that utilizes NBS from cooperative game theory. [PERSON] _et al_. [88] examined the robust detection and estimation problem using recent results for cooperative sensing in cognitive radios and multi-object tracking in sensor networks. The authors of literature [88] considered different types of lying behavior: (1) The liar's behaviors remain constant in the simplistic cases. (2) The lying behaviors of the users change over time in more complex cases. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [89] proposed a coalitional game theoretic approach to the power control problem in resource constrained WSNs and model the problem as two-sided one-to-one matching game and deploy deferred acceptance procedure that produces a single matching in the core. Moreover, as the procedure iterates repeatedly, a certain stable state is achieved where no sensor can anticipate improvements in their power efficiency as far as all of them are subject to their own QoS constraints.  
[PERSON] _et al_. [90] had designed a centralized dynamic spectrum allocation scheme to enhance the spectrum utilization and maximize the profit of operators for cooperative wireless networks. In this scheme, the economic factor of the spectrum of wireless systems is considered in order to guarantee the fairness for the spectrum allocation. Radio access technologies (RATs) are considered as cooperative players participating in cooperative games for spectrum allocation. As an attractive solution for n-person cooperative game with transferable utility, the Shapley value is adopted to handle  
Figure 2: Classification of coalitional games: Class I, II, and III [7].  
the profit allocation among RATs. [PERSON] _et al_. [91] modified the _Ad-Hoc_ On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol [13] using coalitional game theory. AODV is a reactive protocol where the route is created when needed.  
As to the collaborative technique employed in sensor networks, an integrated multi-target collaborative tracking model was constructed based on mobile dynamic coalition under the background of multi-satellite tracking [92]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [93] used game theory to set up a cluster of cooperative nodes in WSN. A source node gives his sampling data to a destination node needing other nodes' relay. There are two scenarios for the behavior of relay nodes. In the first scenario all the nodes are all prone to cooperation, while in the second case they are all selfish. In the first scenario a node will make its choices without expecting his personal reward if he can bring benefit to the network by his actions. In the second scenario proper polices are needed for cooperation enforcement. A node acquires some credits which represented by virtual money or a reputation level when it cooperates with other nodes. Moreover, we can use non-cooperative game theory in the second scenario for the selfish nodes.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Application of the Pd-Based Photocatalyst in the Degradation Process of Phenol
#### 3.2.3 Influence of the Photocatalyst Reuse  
An important factor that characterizes a photocatalyst is its stability. It is desired that after a treatment process, the photocatalyst to be recovered and reused in other treatment processes, with the same efficiency to minimize the treatment costs. The photocatalyst obtained by Pd adsorption on IL impregnated Florisil showed stability in the sense that the Pd ions were not detached from the solid support following a photocatalysis process. This was determined by analyzing them in the solution resulting from the photocatalysis process when a concentration below the detection limit was obtained. At the S:L = 0.5:1, after a photocatalytic process, the catalyst was reused in two new degradation processes of phenol from aqueous solutions. It is noted that the efficiency of the photocatalyst decreases by 5% after the first cycle because a part of the IL impregnated onto Florisil is degraded by the UV-vis irradiation. In the further cycle, the efficiency of phenol degradation remains constant (Figure 9). These results underlined the efficiency of using as photocatalyst of F-IL-Pd compared with the sample of F-IL, where the probability of IL degradation from the Florisil surface is much higher.  
Even if a part of IL is degraded from the surface of the photocatalyst, the efficiency of the Pd based photocatalyst is not influenced only by 5% because the Pd ions are still coating the surface of Florisil. As it is mentioned in the literature, the photoirradiation led to the greater deposition of Pd ions onto  
Figure 8: The degradation degree of phenol versus the solid:liquid (S:L) ratio.  
Figure 9: The degradation degree of phenol versus the photocatalyst reuse.  
the surface of the solid support [34; 35; 36]. This good deposition of Pd ions onto the surface of Florisil, even after one photodegradation process, can be seen from the BFTEM image and EDX spectrum of the reused photocatalyst presented in Figure 10. From the BFTEM images, it can be observed that a part of IL from the Florisil surface is degraded (the black spots are in a smaller amount), but there is still a very good coating with the Pd ions. This conclusion can be raised from the EDX spectrum where the peaks specific for the studied IL (C, P and Cl) are not so evident, but the Pd ions are very well-identified.
# Resource Management in Cloud Radio Access Network: Conventional and New Approaches
## 3 Resource Management Techniques in C-RAN
### Computational Resource Management Based on RRH Clustering Techniques
#### 3.2.1 Location-Aware RRH Clustering  
[PERSON] et al. proposed a two-step resource management mechanism for minimizing expensive handovers within the BBU pool while improving the QoS [49]. First, they designed a hierarchical location-based clustering algorithm to cluster VBSs according to the location of their associated RRHs. This strategy divides the entire area in a grid and places RRHs close to each other in a cluster. It accepts the clustering distance and the entire RRH list as inputs and produces the clustered RRH as the output. Then, they proposed a packing algorithm, which simultaneously addresses host overutilization and improves cluster packing using location, mobility, and handover information. The complexity analysis of the algorithms and performance comparison with other existing schemes in terms of the QoS (number of expensive inter-cluster handover) and resource (RRH, hosts, and energy) consumption was demonstrated.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Results of Optimization
When we compared the results with the MATLAB optimization results, 97% verification was obtained. The new design becomes 23.9% lighter and 38.6% cheaper. In total, a 1827 g weight reduction was achieved compared to the existing material and section geometry. Additionally, although the energy absorption up to 20 mm displacement was at a better level in the current model, the optimum design has better and 3% higher performance because the optimum design has less mass.
## 3 Results
### Evaluation of Tracking Reliability  
In this section, we will evaluate the tracking reliability based on two long term recording results. One is done in a tunnel where only one tube in one direction has been measured. The second test site is a standard track with the cable mounted directly on the rail. To evaluate the number of correctly tracked trains without the availability of ground truth from an alternative tracking system, the following steps were taken:  
1. Identify the tracks that do not end at the end of the monitored cable section or in a station as potential tracking errors.
2. Exclude trains that stop on the open track as in that case the train ID is lost based on visual evaluation.
3. Exclude artifact tracks based on visual evaluation.
4. Count the total number of train tracks and the number of excluded tracks.  
We collect the respective numbers of the correct and lost train tracks for two different test sites, where we were conducting long term measurements in Table 3. In the following subsections, we will describe the specific results for the two test sites.
# Review of Convective Heat Transfer Modelling in CFD Simulations of Fire-Driven Flows
## 4 Specific Treatment of Burning Surfaces
### Modelling Approaches
* FireFOAM 2.2.x model:
* If \(\dot{m}^{\prime\prime}_{pprol}<10^{-4}\) kg/(m\({}^{2}\cdot\) s): \[\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c}=\frac{min(max(0,\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c,\;laminar }),\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c,\;threshold})}{\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c,\;threshold }}\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c,\;flame}\] (43)
* If \(\dot{m}^{\prime\prime}_{pprol}\geq 10^{-4}\) kg/(m\({}^{2}\cdot\) s): \[\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c}=\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c,\;flame}\cdot f_{ blowing},\] (44) where \(\dot{m}^{\prime\prime}_{pprol}\) is the mass loss rate due to pyrolysis of the solid fuel, \(\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c,\;laminar}=-\alpha\rho_{c}\frac{\partial\tau}{ \partial s}\) is the convective heat flux calculated based on the molecular thermal diffusivity (positive for heating up of the wall, i.e., \(T_{g}>T_{w}\)), \(s\) is the direction normal to the wall, \(\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c,\;threshold}\) is a threshold value (e.g., in the range of 0.5 kW/m\({}^{2}\)[61]), \(\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c,\;flame}\) is the maximum value (e.g., in the range of 15 kW/m\({}^{2}\)[61]) of the convective heat flux without mass transfer (i.e., calculated based on an average temperature difference and a convection coefficient value) and \(f_{blowing}\) is a correction for the 'blowing' effect (i.e., see Section 4.2). This approach, does not directly take into account the local properties of the flow and considers that the convective heat fluxes remain relatively constant with elevation (i.e., the convective heat transfer coefficient, \(h\), is not calculated). The first part of the wall function is employed in the early stages of flame spread when pre-heating of the virgin material occurs and there is no (substantial) burning. In this case, a linear function will assign a fraction of the a priori-determined convective heat flux in the fuel surface based on the fire intensity (i.e., determined by the resolved convective heat flux) in this area [61; 62]. The convective heat transfer approach used in FireFOAM 2.2.x has some deficiencies. More specifically, a constant \(\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c,\;flame}\) value is employed and the convective heat fluxes only change due to mass transpiration effects, not directly accounting for local properties of the flow (i.e., in the determination of the \(\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c,\;flame}\)). Effectively, the main part of the convective heat transfer model (i.e., Equation (43)) does not explicitly consider the flame temperature for determining the convective heat transfer value, since \(\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c,\;flame}\) is an a-priori determined value, rather it is only used for calculating \(\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}_{c,\;laminar}\). Examples of modelling convective heat transfer using this approach exist in literature when it comes to flame spread over large-scale configurations, e.g., [62; 63].
## 1 Introduction
[23] compiled the new general service list (NGSL) as an expanded version of GSL, [PERSON] et al. [24] compiled the function word list as a standard to optimize the word list results of the corpus software. Domestically, the Taiwan College Entrance Examination Center (TCEEC) also compiled a word list that includes two different levels: Common European Framework of Reference for Language (CEFR) A2 and B1 word lists, which serve as the lexical threshold for the English curriculum of K12 education in Taiwan [25]. Vocabulary is an essential element for composing meaningful linguistic patterns of English [11; 15; 26]. Thus, [PERSON] [27] noted that the lexical threshold refers to an EFL reader's vocabulary knowledge that is required for understanding a genuine text. Vocabulary knowledge is also considered as a good predictor of English proficiency. Based on a corpus-based approach, [PERSON] [28] found 3000 high-frequency word families that covered 89-95% of lexical items and 5000 high-frequency word families covered 92-98% of lexical items in written texts. [PERSON] [27] explained that once EFL learners acquire 6000-8000 vocabularies, they will reach 98% lexical coverage--namely, they may understand 98% of the words in an English text. Based on the prior studies, it can be inferred that high lexical coverage brings a better comprehension level in reading English contexts with the same for listening comprehension and speaking ability [20; 26; 29; 30; 31]. Lexical coverage determines EFL learners' comprehension level of English contexts [32], while EPT is used to test EFL learners' comprehension level. Thus, this research hypothesizes that the lexical difficulty tendency of OEPT can be explored by a corpus-based approach that conducts vocabulary classification and composition analysis as well as vocabulary coverage calculation. In the present study, a Taiwan military academy has established the Military Online English Proficiency Test (MOEPT) for evaluating EFL cadets' English comprehension levels. The reason that English acquisition is also emphasized by the military is because in cadets' future careers, they need to operate many U.S.-made weapon systems [33]. Additionally, frequent military exchanges between Taiwan and the U.S. will rely on officers who have adequate English communication skills. Thus, in addition to using MOEPT to evaluate cadets, more importantly, it has also become a referential indicator for English pedagogical goals. In the development process of this MOEPT system, the academy hopes MOEPT can be a test system with moderate difficulty level and that meets the needs of English for military purposes. Under the condition that there is not enough professional manpower and sufficient funds to build a CAT system of MOEPT, this study detects the difficulty level of MOEPT by a corpus-based word classification method. In addition, the function word list [24] and TCEEC word list [25] are adopted as standardized measurement tools to classify the lexical items. The results offer important implications for future updates of MOEPT and the developments of English pedagogy and learning strategy.
## 3 Results
### Validating on the Original O-SMA Dataset  
#### 3.1.1 Averaging Fusion  
When validating on the original O-SMA dataset, all SMA techniques performed similarly with the averaging fusion method. All mean values of validation AUC and accuracy metrics were within the limits of the standard deviations (denoted by the background colors in the legends of Figures 7 and 8). Channel color augmentations yielded slightly lower results compared to the non-augmented baseline. The only technique that demonstrated improved performance was spatial modification of the image.
# Performance and Challenges of Service-Oriented Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 7 Service-Oriented Architectures Approaches for WSNs
### Other Approaches
This implementation meets the requirements of service discovery, such as supporting mobility and dynamics in the network, running on heterogeneity nodes platforms, adapting to software modified/changed, and being flexible and easy to maintain. The heterogeneities of WSNs are supported in this architecture by providing a gateway library. The NanoSD protocol reduces packet size and communication overhead which can provide fast processing. The developer has the ability to select proper routing for WSNs and applications of the routing protocol [90]. The WSNs and SOA approaches are integrated for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), which can obtain the best results for safety and security in its applications. This integration is useful to develop several ITS applications [12]. In addition, a WSN based on SOA with web service is used to detect collision, such as vehicles with motorway guardrails. The simulation applied to determine the propagation wave on guardrails uses the Finite Element Method (FEM) in real-time. This system improved the reliability of collision detections, reduced cost, and is easy to maintain [91]. This approach has packet collide limitation. Due to the receiver node being received, information from multi-sensors are transmitted at the same time.
# An Analysis of Mechanical Properties for Ultrasonically Welded Multiple C1220-Al1050 Layers
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, the multi-layer ultrasonic welding characteristics of aluminum and copper sheets were analyzed, and the strength, fracture type, and interface were observed according to the weld location. Multi-layer ultrasonic welding conditions were optimized using the Taguchi method, and the detailed results are as follows.  
(1) To optimize the quadruple lap ultrasonic welding process conditions of 0.4 t aluminum and copper sheets, an experimental plan was established using the Taguchi method, and the experiment was performed with 25 conditions. For strength evaluation, the ultrasonic welding performance was evaluated by measuring the tensile strength as a composite material and the shear force at the weld interface through two types of tensile tests: simultaneous tensile and individual tensile.  
Figure 18: SEM images of fractured weld zone on the Cu surface with optimal welding conditions and non-optimal welding conditions: (**a**) optimal welding conditions, and (**b**) non-optimal welding conditions.  
(2) Using the tensile test of the weld as a composite material through simultaneous tensile tests, it was verified that there were five types of fracture, which were caused by the difference of stress in each weld. In the simultaneous tensile test, the displacement-strength curve showed the yield point at two positions, which was caused by a series of fractures of the aluminum base material.  
(3) To identify the individual shear strengths of the multi-layer, dissimilar ultrasonic welds, three tensile tests were performed for each specimen depending on the location of the weld, and it was found that as the distance from the horn increased, each of the shear strengths decreased, while the difference in strength values increased.  
(4) The Taguchi S/N ratio was used to optimize the welding conditions, and strength was selected as the characteristic value to optimize based on its 'larger-the-better' characteristics. For quadruple lap welding of pure aluminum and copper sheets (0.4t), the S/N ratio was the highest at 64.48 when the pattern was--Pitch: 1.5 mm, Height: 0.75 mm, and Stub tooth: 0.70 mm; and welding conditions were--amplitude: 80%, welding time: 3.5s, pressure load: 1.0 bar. Those were selected as the optimal conditions.  
(5) To evaluate the optimized welding conditions, additional tests were conducted using the welding conditions showing the maximum strength values and the optimized welding conditions using the Taguchi method through simple tests. A strength evaluation of the optimized weld was performed, and for the simultaneous tensile test, it was found that the strength of the optimized weld was improved by 45% compared to other cases.  
Conceptualization, I-j.K.; methodology, S.K. and K.C.; formal analysis, J.K. ([PERSON]), J.K. ([PERSON]).  
This study has been conducted with the support of the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology as \"Study on the Optimal Welding Condition of Titanium Materials for Manufacturing Ship Scrubber (PJA19300)\".  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Research on Personalized Course Resource Recommendation Method Based on GEMRec
## 3 Graph-Enhanced Multimodal Recommendation Method: GEMRec  
This section provides a detailed introduction to the algorithm design of the graph-enhanced multimodal recommendation method (GEMRec), highlighting its innovations. GEMRec adopts multimodal feature fusion, cross-modal relationship capture, and similarity search technology based on graph edit distance to achieve a personalized and interpretable recommendation system. Below, each innovation and its technical details are introduced in detail (Figure 1).  
Figure 1: GEMRec algorithm structure diagram.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Discussion
#### 5.3.2 NLP-BiLSTM  
Figure 11 shows that the training accuracy (98%) and validation accuracy (99%) obtained with BiLSTM outperformed those obtained with LSTM. Although there was also a decay at Epoch 10, this decayed slightly (to 97%). At the end of the run, at Epoch 17, there was a decrease in the validation accuracy, indicating possible overfitting.
# Equivalent Circuits for Microwave Metamaterial Planar Components
###### Abstract  
Metamaterial components and antennas are based on the general understanding that an artificial structure composed of adequately designed and manufactured elementary cells or arrays has unusual resonance and propagation properties. Metamaterials exhibit equivalent values of the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability that are both negative simultaneously, in contrast with ordinary materials. Single elements, periodic, or quasi-periodic configurations can be suitable for a metamaterial response. In this paper, equivalent circuits for microwave propagation and resonance are compared, deriving a lumped element modeling complementary to those already available in the literature, with a particular focus on planar resonating devices and calculating the effective value for the dielectric constant and the magnetic permeability directly from experimental findings using the impedance (\(Z\)-parameters) notation.  
microwaves; metamaterials; equivalent circuits +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors