esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Related Background
### Wind Characteristics  
The atmosphere is characterized by many variables. Temperature and relative humidity particularly control the atmospheric pressure gradient to a large extent [1]. According to Pascal's Law, air flows from higher to lower pressures to equilibrate, which results in air movement (i.e., wind). The parameters controlling wind are affected by many factors, the major ones being latitude-dependent radiation and geographic differences in heat fluxes. When flowing from high to low pressure, air is diverted by the Earth's rotation and forms cyclonic weather systems, where air movement is parallel to the pressure isobars form. This global process is attributed to the Coriolis effect [2].  
Unlike synoptic system-based winds, which are generated by global processes and sprawl over a large scale (1000 km or more), local wind patterns are highly dependent on land topography [3; 4]. For instance, the wind shadow effect causes a reduction in wind velocity and increased fluctuations in the velocity airflow, usually due to land obstructions such as topography, flora, and urbanization [5]. On the contrary, narrow valleys or building avenues can result in forced air movements, a phenomenon known as the wind funnel effect that increases wind velocity [6]. In addition, mountainous topography is related to downslope wind, which results in air forced down the slope. The air is compressed by the increasing air pressure toward the lower altitude and, therefore, is accelerated. The downslope wind is usually caused by warmer and drier conditions due to the wind's enhancement [7]. Another common and important phenomenon is the sea breeze, a local-scale effect that occurs along coastlines. The sea breeze is caused by temperature differences between a body of water and its adjacent land. During the day, the water, characterized by higher specific heat, is cooler than the land, which results in a landward wind breeze due to the local pressure gradient and air [8].
## 4 DT Use Cases and Application in Healthcare
### The Rise of Medical Digital Twins  
Medical digital twins (MDTs), though still in their early stages of development, represent a significant advancement in healthcare technology. As virtual representations of individual patients, they offer remarkable potential to transform the healthcare sector. MDTs provide a personalized view into the intricate aspects of human health and disease, promising to revolutionize patient care and treatment [51]. The technology enables physicians to leverage multiple data points and clinical parameters through advanced modeling to determine optimal treatment strategies [61].  
MDTs enable the analysis of an individual's unique reactions to therapies. This allows for the customization of treatment timings and dosages, enhancing effectiveness while reducing side effects [51]. Additionally, MDTs can simulate the impact of new medications or therapies on a virtual patient model. This approach is beneficial for personalized drug development and minimizes the risks typically associated with clinical trials [62]. Moreover, the extensive data from MDTs can be leveraged by researchers to identify new biomarkers specific to diseases or to predict disease progression in real time. MDTs can model the complex interactions between drugs and biological systems through knowledge graphs and AI-driven approaches. This modeling aids researchers and clinicians in understanding and predicting drug interactions and mechanisms of action for both existing and prospective treatments [63].  
In another example, the Swedish Digital Twin Consortium has developed a personalized medication strategy utilizing Digital Twin Patients (DTPs). This approach involves creating a digital twin of a patient, replicating it, and testing each replica with various drugs. The goal is to identify the most effective drug for use in the patient's actual treatment [48].  
[PERSON] et al. describe a high-level outline of a roadmap for building a prototype of an immune digital twin (IDT), as depicted in Figure 3[61]. The intricate and multifaceted nature of the immune system plays a fundamental role in human health and disease. By capturing its key features through digital twins, we have the potential to revolutionize personalized medicine, particularly in predicting individual responses to infection and injury. This could save countless lives and dramatically improve healthcare outcomes. The roadmap emphasizes the crucial need for collaboration between the international non-profit scientific community, the commercial sector, and government funding agencies. Such an endeavor necessitates the development of a collaborative infrastructure and a unified vision for the ultimate IDT product [61].  
Figure 3: A proposed immune digital twins. Source: [61].
# Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Tools to Support
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Preprocessing and Processing Tools
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Category** & **Imagery** & **Indicator/Band** & **Ref.** \\ \hline  & Optical and SAR & Standard Deviation & [177,178] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Optical and SAR & Dissimilarity & [177,183] \\ \hline  & SAR & [PERSON] & [125,184,185] \\ \hline  & SAR & Cloude-Potier & [3,41,45,69,73,125,184,185] \\ \cline{2-4}  & SAR & Freeman–Darden & [3,41,45,72,185,186] \\ \cline{2-4}  & SAR & [PERSON] & [69,125,184,186] \\ \hline  & SAR & [PERSON] & [69,125,185] \\ \hline  & SAR & Touzi & [41,125,185,186] \\ \cline{2-4}  & SAR & H/A/Alpha & [125,184,185] \\ \cline{2-4}  & SAR & Single-Bounce Eigenvalue Relative Difference & [69,185] \\ \cline{2-4}  & SAR & Double-Bounce Eigenvalue Relative & [69,185] \\ \cline{2-4}  & SAR & Difference & [69,185] \\ \cline{2-4}  & SAR & Shannon Entropy & [69,73,130,187] \\ \cline{2-4}  & SAR & The Total Power (Span) & [21,69,99,160] \\ \cline{2-4}  & SAR & Ratio & [21,99,130,160] \\ \cline{2-4}  & SAR & Radar Vegetation Index & [69] \\ \hline  & Optical and SAR & Area & [176,178] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Optical and SAR & Shape Index & [176,183] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Optical and SAR & Border Index & [176,183] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Optical and SAR & Number of Poles & [176] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Optical and SAR & Perimeter & [176,183] \\ \hline  & LiDAR/DEM & Elevation data & [175] \\ \cline{2-4}  & LiDAR/DEM & SLOP & [175] \\ \cline{2-4}  & LiDAR/DEM & Topographic Wetness Index & [175] \\ \cline{2-4}  & LiDAR/DEM & Terrain Surface Texture & [175] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: _Cont._Figure 19: (**a**) The histogram of the overall accuracies reported in wetland classification papers. Box-and-whisker plots displaying the overall accuracies reported in RS-based wetland classification studies according to the (**b**) study extent, (**c**) utilized data type, (**d**) type of employed ML algorithm, (**e**) supervised or unsupervised models, (**f**) pixel-based or object-based methods, and (**g**) selected image resolution.
## 7 Conclusions  
The model established in this paper has the following advantages:  
1. Because the model based on measurement data has passed the verification of different sample data, it has high accuracy and reliability.
2. The model can adjust the corresponding parameters according to different usage scenarios for precise positioning, which has strong flexibility.
3. After the model is trained with many samples, it can dynamically output the movement track of the target point, and at the same time, through pre-processing, the disturbed data is corrected, the noise points are knocked out, and the dynamic law of the static sample points is found; thereby, it can predict the spatial three-dimensional coordinates of the target within a given range, which has a certain degree of advancement.  
The state-of-the-art section is as follows: when a receiver signal in three-dimensional space is interfered, the positioning information of the receivers may conflict with each other. To solve the above problem, in this paper, a new 3D positioning method is developed based on triangulation and a BP neural network. For an indoor target, the proposed method first finds the initial positioning position based on the weighted average method, and then uses the BP neural network to correct the positioning error. We apply the method to a 3D moving target, and the results show that the proposed method has higher localization accuracy than the Kalman filter.  
The model constructed in this paper can be widely used in indoor positioning and has a certain reliability and stability, and its modeling ideas can also be used for reference in other fields.  
The following are available online at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10)) 3390/app122211572/s1.  
Y.F.: investigation, methodology, writing--original draft preparation. W.M.: supervision, writing--review and editing. M.C.: supervision, writing--review and editing. C.C.: methodology, validation. X.Z.: data curation, investigation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51575416), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M672429), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WUT: 2021 IVB009) for the support given to this research.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods** & **RMSE/mm** & **Percentage of RMSE** & **Operation Time/s** \\ \hline Kalman filter & 45.8143 & 100.0\% (Base value) & 0.9726 \\ Proposed method & 42.1672 & 92.0\% & 0.9492 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Comparison results between the proposed method and the Kalman filter.
# Virtual Grid-Based Routing for Query-Driven Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Simulation Results
#### 4.2.1 Energy Consumption  
The energy level of sensor nodes plays a vital role in resource-constrained WSNs. Since it is not always possible to recharge or replace a sensor node's battery, preserving the limited battery power of sensor nodes is of utmost importance. In a mobile sink-based query-driven scenario, most of the energy is consumed in propagating the mobile sink position information and forwarding the query packet to its intended region.  
Figure 7 depicts the energy utilization patterns of the VGRQ and QDVGDD protocols. With an increasing number of sensor nodes, there is a corresponding rise in energy consumption. However, it is observed that the VGRQ protocol exhibits lower energy consumption compared to QDVGDD since the number of grid cells is decided according to the count of sensor nodes, and accordingly, the chain is connected. Data and query transmission is carried out via chain, which saves sensor nodes' energy. In QDVGDD, the number of grid cells increases with the sensor network length, and consequently, the overhead of border cell headers increases, which causes high energy consumption. On the other hand, QRRP performs better than QDVGDD. In QRRP, the mobile sink periodically updates ring nodes about its location. And query and data transmission take place via rings, which conserve energy. However, the number of ring nodes in QRRP is higher as compared to cell headers in VGRQ. QRRP performs better than QDVGDD since it employs a randomly moving mobile sink to collect the data, which uniformly distributes the energy consumption across the network.
## 3 DWS Measurement Error Suppression Strategy  
In the face of measurement nonlinearity induced by beam walk, adjusting the distance from the measurement beam entrance pupil to the detector enables meeting the requirements of directional measurements for the Taiji program. However, preliminary factors such as interference platform design, ground installation and adjustment, telescope, and interference measurement platform coupling render this method challenging to implement. Based on DWS measurement results without beam walk, suppressing the beam walk amount of the QPD image plane and ensuring optimal overlap of interference spots emerge as the foremost considerations for resolving this issue.
## 4 Case Study
### Concepts  
The primary aim of the proposed approach is to find dual separate paths between each QuadBox to all other QuadBoxes in an HSR network. A QuadBox is used to connect rings in an HSR network. To prevent a single point of failure in HSR networks, a pair of two QuadBoxes are used to connect rings [23].  
There are three types of QuadBoxes defined in this paper: access QuadBox, trunk QuadBox, and QuadBox pair. Each access QuadBox connects to at least one DANH ring, whereas trunk QuadBoxes do not connect to any DANH ring. A QuadBox pair consists of two access QuadBoxes that are used as a pair to connect to the same DANH ring.  
Figure 5 shows a sample HSR connected-ring network with eight DANH rings, where each ring connects to one QuadBox pair.  
Figure 4: Path recovery in the failure case.
## Results
### Scaling behavior of spectral indices  
Our third objective was to explore how the relationship between indices and water status changed when the imagery was scaled to the coarser resolutions provided by satellites (Figure S4). Because our study area is small, only imagery from PlanetScope was used in the scaling experiment.  
Assessing the distribution of pixels within the study area between the resampled UAV NDVI data (n = 35) and the NDVI derived from Planet (n = 35) (Figure 5a), we found that the range in NDVI values was much smaller for the PlanetScope data, with values across the study area ranging from 0.2 to 0.5. The resampled UAV NDVI pixel values contained more spectral information, suggesting higher spectral sensitivity of the MicaSense RedEdge narrow-band sensor in comparison with PlantScope's sensor. A narrow-band sensor such as the RedEdge can provide more detailed information by capturing a more precise measurement of specific wavelengths (see Figure S5). Therefore, the spectral sensitivity of the sensor was preserved despite the change in spatial resolution. We found a positive correlation between the UAV NDVI and Planet NDVI, spearman's rho statistic (\(r_{s}\)) = 0.64, \(p\) = \(<\) 0.001(Figure 5b, Figure S6). The UAV NDVI values trended higher than the Planet NDVI values, which is consistent with higher sensitivity in the MicaSense RedEdge red and infrared spectral bands (Figure S5). We found that Planet data was able to capture an overall trend in treatments (i.e., able to detect healthy green vegetation from dead dry vegetation), even when treatments were represented by single pixels  
Figure 4: Spectral index value for all pixels (Day 1 and Day 2) by treatment: Difference between pairs of treatments determined from Wilcox test are indicated at the top of each pair: ns = not significant at 0.05 significance level (\(p\) > 0.05). *: \(p\) \(\leq\) 0.05 **: \(p\) \(\leq\) 0.01, ***: \(p\) \(\leq\) 0.001.  
(Figure 5c). However, PlanetScope data was not able to capture subtle changes in water content (e.g., the water treatment had lower NDVI than the control).
# Review on the Service Safety Assessment of Main Cable of Long Span Multi-Tower Suspension Bridge
## 6 Conclusions  
The long-span multi-tower suspension bridge is widely used in the construction of river and sea crossing bridges. Loading bearing and anti-sliding safeties of the main cable directly affect the service safety of long-span multi-tower suspension bridge. Previous researches indicated that the loading bearing safety of main cable was affected by the temperature, electrochemical corrosion, friction wear, and fatigue stress, and the anti-skidding safety of main cable was influenced by the temperature, electrochemical corrosion, and time-varying dynamic load. The anti-sliding safety factor of main cable considering environmental conditions (temperature, wind and electrolyte solution), time-varying load, as well as main saddle structural parameters and materials was not proposed. In the present study, we proposed the research idea of predicting the load bearing safety factor of main cable based on tribo-corrosion-fatigue damage, and establishing the anti-sliding safety factor model of main cable considering environmental conditions, time-varying load, saddle structural parameters, and saddle materials. Meanwhile, it is intended to reveal relationships between load-bearing/anti-sliding safety factor, environmental conditions, and the design parameters of suspension bridges, respectively. Therefore, optimized design parameters can be obtained, which can be used to conduct the optimized structural design of suspension bridges.  
Conceptualization, D.W.; formal analysis, D.W. and B.W.; investigation, D.W.; resources, D.W. and B.W.; writing--original draft preparation, D.W.; writing--review & editing, J.Y. and M.A.W.; visualization, B.W.; supervision, J.Y.; project administration, D.W.; funding acquisition, D.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research reported here was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant no. 2018 XKQYMS14). The authors also wish to thank TAPP and PAPD.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Changes of Gait Patterns after Correction of Refractive Error in the Elderly with Cataracts
###### Abstract  
The aim of this study was to verify whether providing older adults with actual corrected glasses for refractive errors would have a positive impact on their gait patterns. This study included 30 subjects with an average age of 78.77 \(\pm\) 7.27 years. The measurement of gait patterns was performed using the Optog gait analysis system, and a comparative analysis was performed to compare the patients before and after they wore correction glasses. Step length, stride length, and width showed significant increases after the patients wore correction glasses, and cadence showed a decrease compared to before they wore correction glasses (\(p\) < 0.05). A strong positive correlation was observed between step length and stride length (r = 0.779, \(p\) < 0.001), and a decrease in cadence (r = -0.686, \(p\) < 0.001) was observed with increasing step length. In addition, a proportional increase in speed with increasing step length was observed after the patients wore correction glasses (r = 0.416, \(p\) < 0.05). The correction of residual refractive errors in order to provide optimal visual information can have a positive effect on gait patterns. Therefore, efforts by optometry professionals to provide the accurate correction of refractive errors in elderly patients can contribute to the prevention of falls, and collaboration with other experts is needed.  
refractive error; corrected glasses; gait pattern; optog gait fall risk Article
# Primary User Emulation Attacks: A Detection Technique Based on Kalman Filter
## 1 Introduction
In Reference [31], the authors proposed an approach based on Kalman filtering combined with the particle swarm optimization algorithm for calculating the motion vectors of moving objects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of the Kalman filter for tracking the PU position and detecting the PUE attacker in the cognitive radio context. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we describe the proposed localization approach based on the Kaman filter. In Section 3, we first present the metrics used for evaluating the proposed approach's performance, then we discuss some examples of results and compare the proposed approach with the RSS-based location technique. Finally, some conclusions are drawn in the last section.
# Time-Sensitive Networking in IEEE 802.11 be: On the Way to Low-Latency WiFi 7
## 6 Case Study: Interactive Museum
Then, according to the TMB path loss model for 5 GHz indoor scenarios [61] and the MCS table from IEEE 802.11 ax (it is expected that IEEE 802.11 be inherits the MCS table from IEEE 802.11 ax and enriches it with more modes derived from its enhancements in the PHY layer: up to 16 spatial streams, higher modulations (4096-QAM), and wider channels (320 MHz)), data rate of each user was automatically computed. Figure 7: Interactive museum 3D view. If we observe the latency of BE packets, it grows in all three policies when increasing \(N_{\text{BE}}\), attaining the preemptive prioritization policy the highest values but with a median contained below 20 ms. Moreover, although outliers achieve up to 125 ms in some concrete cases, they are always below 150 ms. As for latency of TS packets, its value grows in line with \(N_{\text{BE}}\) when using the no prioritization policy, unable to meet the stated requirement (i.e., \(t_{\text{TS}}<5\) ms) on average for more than \(N_{\text{BE}}=20\) users. On the contrary, non-preemptive and, especially, preemptive prioritization policies are able to keep latency values regardless \(N_{\text{BE}}\) below 3.83 ms and 2.58 ms, respectively. In addition, these values attain very low dispersion, thus ensuring predictable bounded latency and, therefore, supporting time-sensitive communications.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Cation Concentration of Pore Solution
#### 3.2.2 After Completion of Model Test  
The next goal of this study was to verify whether the divalent cations of surface expansive soil layer migrate downward and aggregate around the clay particles. Therefore, after completion of model test, the soil samples taken from the surface, middle and bottom expansive soil layers (soil layers at depths of 0-30 mm, 90-120 mm and 180-210 mm, respectively) were dried to a constant weight and then were ground through a 1 mm standard sieve. Then, the cation concentration in pore solution of the above soil samples was measured. The results obtained are plotted in Figure 6.  
As seen in Figure 6, the concentration of Ca\({}^{2+}\), Mg\({}^{2+}\) of pore solution, in contrast to the initial values (Table 1), drops down in the surface expansive soil layer while increases in the middle and bottom ones. Therefore, this phenomenon proves that the Ca\({}^{2+}\) and Mg\({}^{2+}\) cations in the surface soil layer migrate downward along with water molecules and aggregate around clay particles in the saturated process, and eventually form the electrical environment.  
Figure 5: The cation concentration of pore solution at three soil layer interfaces under the saturation process: (**a**) Mg\({}^{2+}\); (**b**) Ca\({}^{2+}\).
## 3 Results
### Current Status, Challenges and Future Developments
#### 3.2.3 Renewable Hydrogen Transport and Distribution
A comparative analysis of import routes to Germany is performed, evaluating options such as hydrogen, methane, methanol and ammonia, also studying other important options from seven countries compared to local productions options. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [132] study the cost of reallocating gas pipelines for use in hydrogen transport, GIS was used to assess the availability and suitability of the gas pipeline network in Germany. This approach identified that more than 80% of the gas pipeline network analyzed is technically feasible for repurposing to transport hydrogen. Another study found focuses on urban or regional contexts and studies a very important factor, such as safety, such as [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [123] assess the risks associated with the road transport of hydrogen in Yokohama, taking into account accidents and road infrastructure and identify specific risks in densely populated urban areas. The effects of road structure, traffic volumes, and population information were reflected in the estimation of the risk for each road segment by using GIS.