## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Term** & **ID** & \(\mathbf{p}\) & **Benjamini** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{GO, cellular component} & Nucleosome & GO:0000786 & \(5.43\times 10^{-26}\) & \(9.55\times 10^{-24}\) \\  & Nuclear nucleosome & GO:0000788 & \(9.14\times 10^{-21}\) & \(8.04\times 10^{-19}\) \\  & Extracellular region & GO:0005576 & \(1.04\times 10^{-11}\) & \(6.10\times 10^{-10}\) \\  & Extracellular space & GO:0005615 & \(9.96\times 10^{-10}\) & \(4.38\times 10^{-8}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{ KEGG pathways} & Systemic lupus erythematosus & Mmu05322 & \(2.95\times 10^{-24}\) & \(4.34\times 10^{-22}\) \\  & Alcoholism & Mmu05034 & \(3.57\times 10^{-18}\) & \(2.62\times 10^{-16}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{GO, biological process} & Nucleosome assembly & GO:0006334 & \(3.76\times 10^{-16}\) & \(3.56\times 10^{-13}\) \\  & Regulation of gene silencing & GO:0060968 & \(4.25\times 10^{-12}\) & \(2.27\times 10^{-9}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & DNA methylation on cytosine & GO:0032776 & \(1.84\times 10^{-10}\) & \(6.55\times 10^{-8}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Xenophagy & GO:0098792 & \(1.06\times 10^{-09}\) & \(2.40\times 10^{-7}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c} GO, Gene Ontology; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. The DAVID functional analysis tool was used to perform GO analysis to identify overrepresented terms for each module. The Benjamini–Hochberg method was used for multiple test hypothesis correction to control the FDR (FDR < 0.1).  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Functional enrichment analysis of inflammatory DEGs in the HMLS compared to the DSS group. when the tight junction bond between cells becomes loose, both the permeability and FD-4 flux value increase. Other studies have shown that TJs function as ion transport channels [45], which increases the epithelial resistance value differently, depending on the type and number of ions and determines the absorption of ions. Conversely, in the case of the FD, permeability analysis shows that, unlike the TEER results, every water sample improved permeability. In this study, function of HMLS led to high TEER and low permeability in the inflamed Caco-2 cell model. Zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) localizes at the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane, close to the TJ strands. Occludin is a TJ protein consisting of four transmembrane domains altering epithelial permeability. Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) are contributing to the semi-permeable barrier, whereas cytosolic proteins link membrane components to the actin cytoskeleton [46]. It is known that claudin-1, -3, and -4 are pore-sealing claudins. An increased expression of these proteins leads to a very tight epithelia and decreased solute permeability (mainly sodium ions) across the epithelial monolayer [47]. To understand the permeability improvement of DSW derived mineral water function, we chose those genes. Efficacy of all DSW-derived water samples improved TEER and led to low permeability in the inflamed Caco-2 cell model. This narrowing of the TJ spacing is regulated by occludin and claudin-1, and it serves to reduce paracellular permeability. Alternatively, high intestinal permeability due to loose TJs is one of the causes of IBD [48]. Gene expression of occludin, claudin-1, and claudin-3 was high in the HMLS group. However, it is unclear at this time why this particular magnesium:calcium ratio induces high TJ gene expression. In line with our findings, it has been previously reported that magnesium is involved in increasing the mRNA expression of occludin, ZO-1, and claudins [49]. A chronic or acute colitis mouse model can be generated by administering DSS to mice. This model is known to be a good model for studying pathological and immunological properties [50]. Pathological features of the colon in this model include granulation around the epidermis, severe swelling of the tissue wall, hypertrophy of the mucous tissues, and infiltration of granulocytes, including eosinophils [51].