## 2 Literature Review
It integrates the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social, and environmental) and aims to increase soil fertility and carbon sequestration, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, enhance resilience to climate change, and promote the use of natural ecosystem services. Practices of CSA include mulching, the application of organic materials, intercropping, conservation tillage, crop rotation, integrated nutrient management, water harvesting, and agroforestry [46; 47]. However, despite its potential benefits and contributions, there are still various challenges hindering the adoption of CSA by smallholders [47; 48]. [PERSON] et al. [47] suggest the main challenges are related to land tenure, information and knowledge, and economic investment and benefits. Shrinking cropland and land tenure issues are barriers to the integration of CSA by farmers. As a result of growing population pressure and the continuous expansion of the agricultural frontier, the size of cropland per capita in many countries is decreasing. However, the size of available land for agriculture plays an important role for farmers. Having larger land allows farmers to implement CSA practices on one part of the farm while maintaining traditional farming systems of the other part. Farmers with smaller land tend to be more hesitant. Land tenure often becomes another barrier for the implementation of CSA practices in cases where farmers can use and manage land without necessarily being the owners of the land. The uncertainty over access to the land discourages investment. An additional challenge in the adoption of CSA practices is the lack of knowledge and information transfer. CSA practices have to be designed specifically for each case according to geographical characteristics, such as temperature, humidity, and soil conditions. Thus, case-specific knowledge is needed to implement CSA. Finally, there is the challenge of the slow return of benefits and lack of financial support. This is one of the major challenges affecting the integration of CSA practices in agriculture. Many CSA practices require a high initial investment and take time to generate tangible benefits to the farmers. [PERSON] et al. [48] suggest that initial capital investment needs to cover the cost of conversion and loss of productivity during the transition stage, as well as increased labor demand. Farmers need to recover their investment fast due to weak economic stability and lack of financial support. The food and agricultural value chain consists of all the stakeholders who participate in the coordinated production and value-adding activities that are needed to make food products. According to FAO [49], the concept of the sustainable value chain (SVC) in agriculture consists of three main pillars, which are economic, social, and environmental. In economic terms, a value chain is considered sustainable if the activities carried out by each stakeholder are commercially viable. In societal terms, a sustainable value chain considers \"socially and culturally acceptable outcomes in terms of the distribution of benefits and costs associated with the increased value creation\" [49]. In environmental terms, a sustainable value chain requires value chain actors generating positive or neutral impacts on the natural environment from their activities. The roles of value chain actors such as wholesalers, food processors, and logistic companies are essential to smallholder farmers and agri-businesses because \"they are the farmers' proximate interface with the market, through which farmers sell their products, receive logistics, and intermediation services and buy farm inputs\" [50]. Clearly, SVC development in agriculture requires the orchestration of many different actors. It needs to consider the involvement of private-sector entities (primary traders, processors, wholesalers, or retailers such as supermarkets), facilitation of farmers into producer groups, creation of enabling policy environments, and consumer preferences [51; 52].