###### Abstract  
Nowadays, bee products are commended by consumers for their medicinal and dietary properties. This study aimed to differentiate between monofloral bee pollens originating from Portugal using phenolic and volatile profiles and investigate their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were recorded between 2.9-35.8 mg GAE/g and 0.7-4.8 mg QE/g, respectively. The LC/DAD/ESI-MS* analytical results allowed us to identify and quantify a total of 72 compounds, including phenolic and phenylalanine compounds, whereas GC-MS results revealed the presence of 49 different compounds, mostly ketones, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons, and terpen. The highest DPPH* radical scavenging activity, EC*0: 0.07 mg/mL, was recorded in the sample dominated by _Castanae_ sp. pollen, whereas the _Rubus_ sp. (1.59 mM Trolox/mg) and _Cistaceae_ sp. (0.09 mg GAE/g) pollen species exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in ABTS**+ and reducing power assays, respectively. Regarding the anti-carcinogenic activity, only _Canduus_ sp. showed remarkable cytotoxic potential against MCF-7. * 202328760103390/moleculars2822760103390/moleculars282276010390/moleculars2822760  
transported to the hive by sticking to the pollen basket on the hind leg of the bees [8]. This final product is called bee pollen. The amount and diversity of nutritional and bioactive compounds in bee pollen varies depending on the plant(s) from which the pollen is collected [9; 10]. Environmental factors such as the geographical region where the plant grows, the soil, and climate are also closely linked to the value of pollen [10]. Bee pollen is frequently evaluated based on whether it is mono or multifloral. Pollen that is predominantly obtained from a major taxon, comprising not less than 80% pollen from one flower, is called monofloral [11]. However, in most cases, bees collect pollen by visiting many flowers, and therefore, beekeepers obtain a mixture of pollen from various botanical origins when harvesting pollen, which is then classified as multifloral. In this case, a colour-based separation of bee pollen pellets to obtain monofloral bee pollen is necessary so that the biological activity or nutritional value of bee pollen with a fixed composition can be evaluated [12]. In Ancient Greece, Rome, and Egypt, bee pollen was viewed as a food source as well as a natural remedy [8]. Today, there is a great interest in researching and revealing the nutritional values and therapeutic properties of bee pollen. Efforts to study bee pollen from different botanical origins around the world have focused upon its detailed physicochemical composition [13], macro/micronutrients [14; 15], and characterization of bioactive compounds [8; 9; 16] in order to ascertain what contributes to bee pollen's anti-diabetes [17; 18], antimicrobial [I, 4], anticancer [6; 19; 20], and antioxidant biological properties [10; 15; 17]. However, the variability of the bee pollen composition, which is related to its botanical and geographical origin, represents a major drawback in the potential exploitation of this matrix. A key aspect of setting bee pollen to an international standard, and determining its commercial value, is to evaluate the botanical source of the pollen and establish its physicochemical composition, bioactive compound composition, and biological activity [8; 11; 21]. Moreover, bee pollen from a single botanical source has a stable chemical composition, which makes it more applicable to different areas. There are few studies linking volatile organic composition in monofloral bee pollen with botanical origin. Additionally, most studies investigating the bioactive compounds of a natural product such as bee pollen have focused on phenolics, however, the bioactive compound composition of bee pollen, in most cases, is very rich in phenylamides [10]. There are unfulfilled findings concerning the presence of these compounds in bee pollen.