## 2 Food Ontologies
### FoodWiki  
FoodWiki [18] is an ontology-driven, safe food consumption mobile e-health system. It allows users/patients in risk groups to monitor and control their food intake. Specifically, patients will be able to avoid unhealthy ingredients that could worsen their health condition. The mobile e-health system is equipped with a smart knowledge base component and a search mechanism that takes users' queries and suggests appropriate food consumption relevant to the individual. The intuition is that when people make informed choices about their food consumption, they can maximize their life quality and minimize the usage of unhealthy substances in their meals. Furthermore, many people eat packaged food without paying attention to the ingredients or even worse without proper understanding of the used terminologies in the ingredients section. FoodWiki considers only packaged food products from the market shelves. The system compares and suggests appropriate packaged food products according to the individual's food intolerance/allergy and other relevant health information. It uses food ontology to share knowledge among mobile smart devices of food consumers and the product database of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock via ontology parser Web services. The application supports various platforms, such as mobile applications of iOS, Android, and Windows. The aim of FoodWiki is to help and give instant detailed information to food sensitive people about their about-to-be-consumed nutrients and food items from packaged products, and to do so while users are buying these packaged products from store shelves. FoodWiki does not suggest recipes for healthy eating applications, shopping applications, cooking robots and smart fridges. FoodWiki works as follows: The user, through his/her mobile device, wants to check a packaged product in the supermarket to see if it is suitable for him/her considering his/her health conditions such as food allergy, heart disease, high cholesterol, _etc._ The system requires scanning the barcode of the packaged food, which provides the entire nutritional information, food additives and energy details of the scanned product through a back-end connection to a product database. This database has a unique International Article Number (EAN--originally called European Article Number, hence EAN, now renamed to International Article Number) for each product. The system starts by searching its ontology knowledgebase and tries to retrieve the nutritional information for the selected product. In addition, FoodWiki compares that nutritional information with the specific nutritional concepts that have negative effects for the consumer's health. In order to perform this comparison, it needs to reason with the concepts and relationships defined in three foundation ontologies: Human, Disease and Food Ontologies. The system presents three different colors as a result to the consumer: red, green, and yellow. The green light indicates \"the product is safe\" for the consumer, while the red light is an \"objectionable food product\". The yellow light indicates a warning sign, which alerts the user to seek medical advice from a health professional before consuming the product. It must be noted that FoodWiki operates on a national base; _i.e._, it identifies packaged products that are tracked and included in the database of the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture only. The ontology design of FoodWiki is based on the well-known Web Ontology Language (OWL). The system uses OWL to express food concepts in ontological form with specific spatial terms and features. The food ontology knowledgebase involves four subsections: Person, Disease, Product, and Food Ingredients/Compounds.