###### Abstract  
The Shared Mobility Problems (SMP) with the rideshare concept based on sharing a vehicle are fast becoming a trend in many urban cities around the world. Examples of these problems are like ridesharing, carpooling, taxisharing, busypooling, vanpooling, and multi-modal ridesharing. This is the new way to access transportation services by those who are propelling the sharing economy, where access rather than ownership is the new norm. This paper provides a systematic review of SMP using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) method. A total of 110 papers from the last decade are selected from 12 abstracts and citation databases to be reviewed and classified. This is done based on the problem types, variants, characteristics, and solution approaches. The current trends and analysis of the survey findings are also summarised. From this systematic review, it is observed that both the time window and multi-objective problems are popular among the researchers, while the minimisation of the total cost is the main concern in the literature of the SMP. Both static and dynamic cases of the SMP are the most researched where heuristic and metaheuristic approaches are widely adopted by the researchers in the literature. Finally, challenges and suggestions for future work are discussed and highlighted. shared mobility; ridesharing; taxisharing; carpooling; multi-modal; PRISMA +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
Shared mobility describes a wide variety of new technology-enabled services and tools that give instant access to new services and travel information, while complementing traditional public transportation modes like fixed route transit. These services include ridesharing, carsharing, new forms of bikesharing, technology-enabled shared ride services, new private forms of transit, and travel itinerary services that ease the selection of travel options. In addition, these services are widely available to the users via most electronic communication devices such as smartphones. The ridesharing system is one of the promising ways in elevating the traffic congestion problem and reducing CO2 emissions. The ridesharing system is a mode of transportation that allows travellers to share a trip with someone who has similar itineraries to split travel costs such as fuel, toll, and parking fees. It allows practical usage of available empty seats and potentially reduces fuel consumption. Ridesharing is not a new idea, but it was first led by the U.S. government as a regulation policy to conserve fuel during World War II [1]. The popularity of the ridesharing system is closely related to the growth of technological advances in recent years. The advent of the internet, smartphone gadgets, mobile application development platforms, online payments system, and Global Positioning System (GPS) have greatly encouraged the conversion of traditional ridesharing into dynamic ridesharing [1]. Traditional ridesharing only allows the rideshare with early booking while dynamic (or on-demand) ridesharing can serve real-time requests without any booking. The ridesharing system can be categorised into profitable and non-profitable. Taxisharing and ride-splitting are under the categories of profit-based ridesharing. Profit-based ridesharing systems provide rideshare service based on the riders' destinations, which is usually different from the driver. As it involves financial gain, then the received payment from riders involves profit after covering the cost. The riders share the payment so that the travel cost per passenger could be cheaper. Peer-to-peer (P2P) ridesharing, carpooling, and vanpooling are classified as non-profitable ridesharing system. In non-profit-based ridesharing, the destination for both riders and driver are the same. The payment from a shared ride is collected directly to cover the driver's cost. It is not for financial gain [2]. People tend to misunderstand the concept of ride-sourcing and assume it as P2P ridesharing.