## 4 Case Study  
The Kambove open-pit mine [32] is situated on the Katanga Plateau, in the town of Kambove, Katanga Province, in the southeastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), as shown in Figure 6. The mine extends approximately 2.5 km east to west and 1 km north to south. With an annual production capacity of 1 million tons of ore, the final designed slope boundary height reaches 220 m. The surface rock strata of the Kambove open-pit mine exhibit severe weathering and are characterized by fault distributions. During mining operations, slope failures occur frequently. Based on field investigations, these failures are primarily classified as bedding-plane landslides, which are significantly influenced by mining-induced disturbances and meteorological conditions [33]. Figure 4: Predictive model fitting curve. Figure 5: Methodology path flowchart. The rock formations in the Kambove open-pit mine area consist of a sedimentary sequence composed of clastic rocks, argillaceous rocks, and carbonate rocks. This mining area has undergone multiple nappe tectonic movements, which have superimposed upon each other, resulting in the occurrence of exotic ore deposits within the region. During the period of overthrust tectonic activity, the edges of various rock fragments underwent displacement and compression, forming unconformable sliding surfaces. The lithology of the ore deposit stratigraphy is quite complex, with a significant depth of weathering ranging from completely weathered to highly weathered. Fracture karst (cavities) is relatively developed. The ore bodies are directly water-filled, and some slopes have poor stability, making them highly susceptible to collapse. The landform characteristics of the Kambove open-pit mine are shown in Figure 7, with some slope landslide areas marked by red diagonal lines [34]. Considering the geological conditions and mining processes at the site, there are varying levels of landslide risk around the perimeter of the open-pit mine area. Therefore, a comprehensive slope monitoring scheme using two slope radars has been designed to cover the entire mine area, as shown in Figure 8. The slope radars selected are ArcSAR (Software version number: SSR200K V2.1. The manufacturer of this device is Changsha Smart Mining Inc., Ltd., which is from Changsha, China. This device has been purchased by the mine.) radars, which are deployed at high points in the north and south directions of the mine area. Initially, the radar equipment can be installed in a fixed position. However,  
Figure 6: Kambove open-pit mine (the photo was taken by the author). Figure 7: Kambove open-pit mine landform characteristics (the photo was taken by the author). as the slope height increases, there may be blind spots in the radar's field of view. To address this issue, the radars can be deployed at the bottom of the open pit to provide real-time monitoring of high and steep slope areas that pose a risk. The slope radars are set to collect data every 10 min, resulting in 144 data sets per day. The short-range monitoring distance is set to 0 m, while the long-range monitoring distance is set to 1200 m. The azimuth monitoring angle is approximately 120\({}^{\circ}\), covering a slope length of about 2.5 km. The slope is monitored using a downward-looking angle of \(-8^{\circ}\). For the landslide risk prediction in the hazardous areas of the Kambove open-pit mine, observation points need to be manually set up based on the displacement deformation map from the previous cycle and the geological structural characteristics of the site, such as the locations of exposed faults, the positions where cracks appear, and the areas with severe weathering, as shown in Figure 9. In the specialized software platform for slope radar monitoring, users can conveniently utilize the zoom function to clearly view deformation hazard zones highlighted by a red point cloud model.