# Raman Spectroscopy of Individual Cervical Exfoliated Cells in Premalignant and Malignant Lesions
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Band** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Increased Band Intensity in**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Contributing Band at 50\% of**} \\ **(cm\({}^{-1}\))** & **Raman Assignment** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**CIN Patients**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Statistical Significance**} \\ \cline{3-5}
**C/N *** & & & **Cytoplasm * C** & **Nucleus * N** & **Cytoplasm** & **Nucleus** \\ \hline
843/839 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Deformative vibrations of amine groups/Polysaccharide} & X & X & \\ structure & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & X & & X \\
861 & Phosphate group & X & X & \\
914/914 & Proteins and lipids stretching, ribose vibration & X & X & \\
917 & C-C proline and valine stretching & X & X & \\
934 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & C-C collagen skeleton & & \\
942 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & C-C stretching mode of proline and valine and protein & & X \\  & backbone (alpha-helix conformation)/glycogen & & & \\
951 & Stretching (CH\({}_{3}\)) of proteins (alpha helix) & X & & \\
980 & C-C stretching \(\beta\)-sheet (proteins), +CH bending (lipids) & X & & \\
992/992 & C-O ribose, C-C & & & \\
997 & C-O ribose, C-C & & & \\
1037 & Collagen & X & X & \\
1063 & C-C lipid skeleton stretching & X & X & \\
1077/1077 & symmetric PO\({}_{3}\)-stretching of DNA & & & \\  & Phospholipids, phosphodieser nucleic acid groups, & & X & X \\  & collagen & & & \\
1085 & Nucleic acid phosphodieser groups & & & \\
1108/1105 & Cytosine, carbohydrates peak for solutions & & & \\
1150 & C-C and C-N proteins and lipids stretching, glycogen & & & \\
1184 & Cytosine, adenine, guanine & & & \\
1209 & C-C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{5}\) tryptophan and phenylalanine stretching & & & & \\  & Cuanine, amide III & & & \\
1234 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & NH\({}_{2}\) guanine and cytosine, amide III. Asymmetric & & \\
1243/1243 & phosphate stretching modes & & & \\
1295 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{CH\({}_{2}\) deformation} & & & \\
1311 & CH\({}_{3}\) and/or CH\({}_{5}\) collagen and lipids twisting & & & \\
1320/1323 & Guanine (RNA/DNA), CH in protein and carbohydrates & & & \\
1355 & Guanine & & & \\
1377 & T, A, G (DNA/RNA ring mode) & & & \\
1396/1394 & C=O symmetric stretching, CH\({}_{2}\) deformation & & & \\
1440/1440 & CH\({}_{2}\) proteins and lipid bending & & & \\
1445 & CH\({}_{2}\) proteins and lipids bending & & & \\
1546/1574 & Amide II, nucleic acid modes, ring breathing modes in & & & \\  & DNA bases & & & \\
1603/1600 & Adenine, guanine (RNA/DNA), C=C phenylalanine & & & \\  & bending, amide I C=O stretching & & & \\
1608 & C=C phenylalanine and tyrosine & & & \\
1650/1648 & Amide I (C=O stretching, C-N stretching and N-H & & \\  & proteins bending) & & & \\
1655 & Amide I collagen and protein & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* C = Cytoplasm, N = Nucleus. The PERMANOVA statistical test indicated that differences in the Raman spectra obtained from the cytoplasm were significant (Pseudo F = 6.38, \(p\) = 0.0014).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Assignments of the Raman spectra of cytoplasm and nucleus of cervical cell [21, 22, 29]. In both graphs, the groups are separate and distinct. There is more significant variability in CIN samples (red) compared to healthy patient samples (blue). This could be due to two interrelated factors. The first could indicate that samples originating from a high-grade lesion such as CIN2 or CIN3/CIS and reflects the infection of HPV in the affected cervical cells, as indicated by the increasing variability in the spectral response, that is, higher dispersion due to more significant impact at the cellular-molecular level given the infection status of the cells. A second factor contributing to the variability is that patients with lesions were grouped in a single group, and samples with high-grade lesions may exhibit more variability than the CIN1 samples, a lesion in which minor cell abnormalities are expected to occur. A narrower dispersion is observed in the group of samples from healthy patients (blue), where there are no cellular abnormalities due to the absence of the HPV effect.