# Password Managers--It's All about Trust and Transparency
## 4 Results
### Online Questionnaire Study
#### 4.3.1 Non-Users of Password Managers
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Reasons** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Usability category} & \(\bullet\) I find it difficult to use a password manager. \(\bullet\) It is hard to update passwords. \(\bullet\) It is difficult to recover my account if I forget my master password. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Trust category} & \(\bullet\) I do not trust the browser extension of a password manager to fill in my passwords. \(\bullet\) I do not trust vendor of a password manager to store my passwords. \(\bullet\) A password manager will not delete my password permanently from its database after I delete it from my account/vault. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Transparency category} & \(\bullet\) My passwords will be synchronized to my other devices using vendor’s services. \(\bullet\) I do not know where my passwords will be stored in a password manager. \(\bullet\) I do not know how my online passwords will be processed in a password manager. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Security category} & \(\bullet\) All my passwords will be leaked if the database of a password manager is hacked. \(\bullet\) If my master password is compromised/stolen, all my passwords will be exposed. \(\bullet\) People who use my computer will be able to login to my password manager. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 21: Every three reasons from Table 20 were grouped in a category. McNemar test was used to see if there was any significant difference between these categories. show that usability is not the main reason for not a using password manager, rather it is the trust issue followed by transparency and security. We also used a McNemar test to see if there was any significant difference between the trust, transparency and security categories. We found that there were no significant differences between the trust, transparency and security categories as the McNemar exact \(p\)-value was greater than 0.05. There was no significant difference between the trust and transparency categories as shown by the McNemar exact \(p\)-value = 0.063 and test statistic = 3.947 (36 participants chose only trust reasons, 21 chose only transparency, 50 participants who chose from both categories were excluded, while 27 participants did not choose from transparency or usability category). There was no significant difference between trust and security categories as McNemar exact \(p\)-value = 0.059 and test statistic = 4.083 (31 participants chose only trust reasons, 17 chose only security, 55 participants who chose from both categories were excluded, while 31 participants did not choose from transparency or usability category). There was a similar finding between the security and transparency categories as shown by the McNemar exact \(p\)-value = 1.000 and test statistic = 0.021 (24 participants chose only security reasons, 23 chose only transparency, 48 participants who chose from both categories were excluded, while 39 participants did not choose from transparency or usability category). As seen above, when we compare between the four categories, we found that the most selected category is trust which implies that trust issue is a major problem that makes people not to use a password manager. It is followed by transparency and security categories as both categories have a similar number of selected times, yet, they were not selected as many as trust category. Also, we found that fewer non-user participants selected usability reasons (category) when compared with trust, transparency and security categories, therefore we can see that usability is only a minor issue for non-users. Moreover, we found that the difference between usability category and the other three categories (trust, transparency and security) is significant. However, we found no significant difference between trust, transparency and security category, yet, trust were selected the most by non-users. Few non-user participants made a few comments regarding their reasons for not using a password manager.