## 3 Results and Discussion
### Methodology for Relative Assessment of Sustainability of Construction Solutions (MARS-SC)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **kg/m\({}^{2}\)** & **GWP** & **ODP** & **AP** & **POCP** & **EP** & **NRE** \\ \hline Hemp and flax insulation & 4.320 & \(-2.44\times 10^{0}\) & \(1.32\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.90\times 10^{-2}\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-2}\) & \(2.07\times 10^{-1}\) & \(5.32\times 10^{1}\) \\ Base solution & 262.14 & \(5.68\times 10^{1}\) & \(3.61\times 10^{-6}\) & \(1.32\times 10^{-1}\) & \(8.28\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.88\times 10^{-2}\) & \(5.81\times 10^{2}\) \\ TOTAL & & \(5.44\times 10^{1}\) & \(3.75\times 10^{-6}\) & \(1.51\times 10^{-1}\) & \(2.04\times 10^{-2}\) & \(2.26\times 10^{-1}\) & \(6.34\times 10^{2}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Impacts of materials used in solution 06—hemp and flax insulation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **kg/m\({}^{2}\)** & **GWP** & **ODP** & **AP** & **POCP** & **EP** & **NRE** \\ \hline Hemp fibre insulation & 4.200 & \(-7.42\times 10^{0}\) & \(4.99\times 10^{-8}\) & \(6.47\times 10^{-3}\) & \(4.78\times 10^{-3}\) & \(7.10\times 10^{-2}\) & \(2.47\times 10^{1}\) \\ Base solution & 262.14 & \(5.68\times 10^{1}\) & \(3.61\times 10^{-6}\) & \(1.32\times 10^{-1}\) & \(8.28\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.88\times 10^{-2}\) & \(5.81\times 10^{2}\) \\ TOTAL & & \(4.94\times 10^{1}\) & \(3.66\times 10^{-6}\) & \(1.39\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.31\times 10^{-2}\) & \(8.99\times 10^{-2}\) & \(6.06\times 10^{2}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 13: Impacts of materials used in solution 08—straw insulation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **kg/m\({}^{2}\)** & **GWP** & **ODP** & **AP** & **POCP** & **EP** & **NRE** \\ \hline \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Rock wool \\ Base solution \\ TOTAL \\ \end{tabular} & \(10.54\) & \(1.06\times 10^{1}\) & \(2.22\times 10^{-11}\) & \(1.18\times 10^{-1}\) & \(2.71\times 10^{-2}\) & \(2.37\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.63\times 10^{2}\) \\ \(5.68\times 10^{1}\) & \(3.61\times 10^{-6}\) & \(1.32\times 10^{-1}\) & \(8.28\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.88\times 10^{-2}\) & \(5.81\times 10^{2}\) \\ \(5.68\times 10^{1}\) & \(3.61\times 10^{-6}\) & \(2.51\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.54\times 10^{-2}\) & \(2.55\times 10^{-1}\) & \(7.45\times 10^{2}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Impacts of materials used in solution 03—rock wool insulation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **kg/m\({}^{2}\)** & **GWP** & **ODP** & **AP** & **POCP** & **EP** & **NRE** \\ \hline \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Grass wool \\ Base solution \\ TOTAL \\ \end{tabular} & \(262.14\) & \(5.68\times 10^{1}\) & \(3.61\times 10^{-6}\) & \(1.32\times 10^{-1}\) & \(8.28\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.88\times 10^{-2}\) & \(5.81\times 10^{2}\) \\ \(5.68\times 10^{1}\) & \(4.03\times 10^{-6}\) & \(1.81\times 10^{-1}\) & \(9.65\times 10^{-2}\) & \(5.57\times 10^{-1}\) & \(6.23\times 10^{2}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Impacts of materials used in solution 04—glass wool insulation. As each category exerts distinct impacts on the overall environmental footprint, applying a system of weights is essential. The weight coefficients for each category in MARS-SC were referenced from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [30,31] and are reflected in Table 15. The following weights were considered as follows:  
* GWP = 38%;
* ODP = 12%;
* AP = 12%;
* POCP = 14%;
* EP = 12%;
* NRE = 12%. The environmental performance of each solution in all impact categories, presented in Table 15, was determined using the following normalisation equation:  
\[\overline{P_{i}}=\frac{P_{i}-P*_{i}}{P_{i}^{*}-P*_{i}}\;\forall_{i}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(\overline{P_{i}}\) is the result of the normalising parameter \(i\), \(P_{i}\) is the value of the \(i\) parameter to normalise and \(P*_{i}\) and \(P_{i}^{*}\) serve as benchmarks for parameter \(i\), representing the levels of the best and worst values, respectively.