## 5 Overview of Policy, Technology, and Stakeholder Collaboration
### Stakeholder Collaboration Overview  
This stakeholder collaboration overview constitutes key recommendations from relevant and selected articles to highlight the critical role of robust public-private partnerships, cross-value chain coordination, and early stakeholder engagement in advancing green shipping corridors for maritime decarbonization. Stakeholder collaboration constitutes a foundational element for developing green shipping corridors (GSCs), supported by diverse theoretical insights and empirical studies. Scholars in [55] conduct a Structural Equation Model incorporating stakeholder theory, planned behavior theory, and resource dependence theory. The scholars emphasize that stakeholder pressure impacts shipping companies' adoption of sustainable practices. Stakeholder influence is not merely a peripheral factor, rather, it directly and indirectly shapes organizational attitudes, behavior control, and business performance. The study identified that bulk shipping companies deal with greater stakeholder pressure compared to container shipping firms, indicating that different shipping segments necessitate tailored stakeholder engagement strategies. Furthermore, larger organizations demonstrate a greater responsiveness and proactive engagement with sustainable practices due to more intense stakeholder scrutiny and higher resource availability, underlining the need for differentiated collaboration strategies aligned with company characteristics. The authors in [46] extend this perspective by highlighting the pivotal role of stakeholders in adopting green shipping practices (GSPs). The authors note that robust corporate commitment and cross-functional integration promote cooperation among shippers, carriers, and logistics providers, and are essential for reducing environmental impacts of cargo movements. This collaborative approach extends beyond mere compliance with environmental regulations, encompassing proactive alignment of industry norms and responding effectively to evolving customer demands. This aligns with the principles of institutional theory. Institutional theory claims that successful sustainability initiatives result from collective stakeholder pressure--regulatory (coercive), market-driven (mimetic), and industry standard setting (normative). Empirical evidence from [49] further underscores the strategic importance of stakeholder collaboration through a comprehensive evaluation of shipper loyalty. This research illustrates how sustainable shipping practices (SSPs) bolster perceived value, trust, and reduce transaction costs, thereby enhancing customer loyalty. Such outcomes are achievable only through consistent and meaningful interactions among stakeholders across the maritime supply chain, from shipping operators to end customers. These interactions must deliver clear economic, emotional, quality, and social benefits to foster sustained commitment and loyalty among stakeholders. Moreover, ref. [53] stress the strategic management of sustainability through systematic resource classification, highlighting that intrafirm resources, interfirm relationship management, and organizational learning resources are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Stakeholder collaboration, particularly interfirm relationship management, is critical for leveraging relational and contractual governance frameworks and ensuring effective communication across organizations. This multi-dimensional collaboration enhances sustainable shipping management, translating organizational capabilities into superior sustainability outcomes. Finally, ref. [41] argue for collaborative governance, emphasizing integrated operational strategies such as berth allocation optimization, sailing speed adjustments, and coordinated scheduling among ports and shipping operators. Such collaborative governance mechanisms, supported by appropriate government intervention, foster proactive stakeholder engagement, incentivizing actors within the maritime industry to actively participate in emission reduction and sustainability initiatives.