## 3 Results, Discussion and Outlook
### Categories of Research Studies
#### 3.2.2 Development and Adaption of Existing Curricula
The STCW Convention, which is critical to the regulation of seafarers' standards, needs to be updated in a timely manner to reflect technological advances, environmental concerns and the changing landscape of global crises, especially considering that it has been 13 years since the last amendments. These revisions should include modern technology, mental health provisions, pandemic preparedness and increased cooperation to ensure that the Convention remains relevant and effective in protecting the welfare and professionalism of seafarers. COLREGs convention is a set of international rules and regulations designed to ensure the safe navigation of ships at sea [40]. These rules were developed by the IMO to minimize the risk of collisions between ships, especially in areas of heavy maritime traffic. The COLREGs provide a standardized set of rules that all seafarers must follow, regardless of their nationality or the flag their ship flies. Several papers examine the connection of autonomous ships with the COLREGs' rules. Currently, there is no unanimous answer on how instruments such as the COLREGs for autonomous ships should be changed, if at all, but it is an important topic of conversation in the maritime industry. It is expected that the first-generation autonomous ships should follow the existing rules and regulations of the COLREGs due to the mixed environment [41]. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [42] conducted a survey of experienced sailors, and the results show that there are many obstacles to implementing the COLREGs with autonomous ships. The original COLREGs were preferred by the majority of participants for most rules, but minor changes were preferred for some rules. A similar survey was also conducted by [PERSON] et al. [43]. The results of the authors' survey show that there are no insurmountable obstacles to the operation of autonomous ships in the COLREGs' rules. However, further elaboration and revisions should be made to remove uncertainties in interpretation. When rearranged, the current COLREGs can be divided into provisions for information gathering and decision making. Since the primary objective of the COLREGs is to protect human life by avoiding collisions, each provision should be considered with autonomous ships in mind [44]. [PERSON] et al. [45] believe that it is of great importance to study in depth the human-machine interactions between autonomous and traditional ships in order to prepare for a future in which autonomous and traditional ships will operate side by side. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the education and training scheme for the seafarers who engaged in MASS to ensure the ship's safety navigation [46]. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [47] conclude that the COLREG convention and rules are outdated and were developed primarily based on the technology available at the time they were adopted, so a new convention may be needed to address collision avoidance when autonomous operations are introduced. According to [PERSON] et al. [48], addressing the challenges of autonomous collision avoidance at sea requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach that involves stakeholders from industry, academia and practice, emphasizes the need for a thorough integration of all COLREG rules into the collision algorithms, and explores the development of artificial intelligence capable of understanding the explicit aspects of navigation at sea while enabling effective human-machine interactions. In his article, [PERSON] [49] considers factors such as \"narrow channels\", \"collision avoidance\" and \"restricted visibility\", recommends specific criteria for the application of navigation rules and points out the need for new equipment. He highlights the existing practice of communication between traditional ships and approaching ships and emphasizes the need for future research on ship navigation information and effective methods for fully autonomous ships.