## 4 Discussion  
### Analysis of Mismatch Conditions  
This section examines whether the specifications of the multi-function consoles currently installed in Jangbogo class submarines meet the specifications recommended in previous studies or the  
Figure 5: Mismatch rate of design specifications of the present submarine console. standards. The result of the mismatch equation is also carefully analyzed and organized for each key design variable. First, the current SH was found to be too high for the body size of the majority of Korean males. ABS [13] and MIL-STD-1472G [14] recommend that the SH is between 380 to 540 mm considering the user's PH. Although the current SH complies with the range suggested by the above-mentioned standard, considering the ST (40 mm), the current SH should be lowered as the average PH of Korean males is 428.01 mm, and sitting with 475 mm of SH can cause discomfort to the users as their feet do not touch the floor. Secondly, the match rate of the current SW was 85.25%, which was significantly higher than the match rate of the other target design variables. MIL-STD-1472G [14] and ISO9241-5 [47] recommended that the seat should be at least 460 mm wide to fit the person with the widest hip. The current SW was 490 mm, and thus it was confirmed to meet the recommended specification. In addition, considering the fact that the size of the widest HP of Korean male is 475 mm, the current SW is not expected to cause any difficulty to the sitting task of console operators. However, the current seat is too wide for 14.75% of men and the SW could be narrowed to more effectively utilize the limited space in the submarine. It would not be a big problem to make the SW slightly narrower than it is now. Third, the current SD has a match of only 21.51% for the Korean male body size and it turned out to be the worst fit for most men. NUREG-0700 [15] and MIL-STD-1472G [14] recommended that the depth of the seat should be from 381 to 431.8 mm considering the body size with the shortest BPL. The current SD of the seats installed in Jangbogo class submarines is 482 mm, and thus it is much longer than what is recommended. Among the Korean male anthropometric dimensions used in this study, the dimension of the user with the shortest BPL is only 420 mm and the BPL of users in the fifth percentile is only 454 mm. Therefore, it would be very difficult for them to bend their knees comfortably while leaning back on their backrest and sitting with a correct posture on the seat. There is a need to improve the SD by reducing the depth. Fourth, the match rate of the current UEB was 62.16% and it is considered higher than the match rate of other key design variables. MIL-STD-1472G [14] recommended that the UEB should be from 480 to 580 mm so that users can support their torso well while they are sitting. The current UEB of the Jangbogo class submarine seat is 510 mm and it is considered to be in the recommended range. However, 37.84% of users have a high UEB, and hence they are hindered from making basic upper body movements. In addition, considering the unique usage context of the submarine console, where there is an administrator who monitors the console information from behind the seat, it is necessary to lower the UEB of the current seat. Finally, the match rate of the current TH to the Korean male body size was only 16.63%. The TH is closely related to the SH, STT, and PH [47]. MIL-STD-1472G [14] and ABS [13] recommended that the TH should be in the range 740-790 mm and 650-810 mm, respectively. However, the current TH in the Jangbogo class submarine is 817 mm, which is greater than the height recommended by the standard. When the user works on a worktable that is higher than his or her body size, the manipulation of the keyboard and track ball tasks for a long period of time can be restricted because the comfortable operation of the shoulder joint and upper arm is not guaranteed. Meanwhile, the STC is naturally determined by the SH and the TH.