# Green Extraction of Valuable Compounds from Rubber Seed Trees: A Path to Sustainability
## 8 Challenges and Future Directions  
### Technical Challenges in Green Extraction for Rubber Seeds Oil  
Green extraction methods for obtaining rubber seed oil hold great promise, but they are not without their technical hurdles. To achieve the highest oil yield while upholding sustainability principles, a delicate adjustment of various extraction parameters is necessary. These parameters encompass temperature, pressure, solvent selection, and extraction duration, making the quest for maximal oil yield a complex and time-consuming endeavor.  
The essence of green extraction methods lies in their ability to selectively target desired compounds while leaving unwanted components behind [115]. This selectivity, however, poses a significant challenge, demanding a profound understanding of rubber seed chemistry and the behavior of different compounds during extraction. Equally critical is the judicious choice of green solvents, considering factors like availability, cost, toxicity, and compatibility with the extraction process [11; 71]. Identifying eco-friendly solvents that efficiently extract desired compounds remains an ongoing challenge. Scaling up laboratory proven green extraction methods to meet commercial production demands is another obstacle [102]. Ensuring that these methods maintain their efficiency and sustainability on a larger scale necessitates meticulous engineering and process design.  
Analyzing and characterizing the bioactive compounds extracted from rubber seeds is indispensable for gauging their quality and potential applications. This undertaking often requires advanced analytical techniques, which can be technically intricate and resource intensive. Furthermore, green extraction methods should be not only ecologically sound but also economically viable. Developing cost-effective processes that can compete with traditional extraction methods presents a significant challenge.  
Consistency and reproducibility of green extraction methods are paramount for both research and industrial applications [116]. Variations in extraction conditions or raw materials can significantly impact the quality and quantity of extracted compounds. Moreover, green extraction should avoid generating copious amounts of waste or environmentally harmful byproducts. Devising efficient waste management strategies that align with sustainability goals poses its own technical challenge.  
Meeting regulatory requirements for the production and use of extracted compounds, particularly when intended for consumption or pharmaceutical applications, can be a complex endeavor, necessitating meticulous documentation and adherence to stringent quality standards [71]. Additionally, the availability of rubber seeds as a raw material may fluctuate geographically, introducing challenges in ensuring a consistent supply for extraction processes. Addressing these multifaceted technical challenges in green extraction for rubber seed oil calls for multidisciplinary research efforts, robust collaboration between academia and industry, and a continuous stream of innovation in extraction techniques and technologies.