## 3 Research Methodology
### Working on the Proposed Protocol
c. Cluster Head Flow Diagram: The drone will take a flight to provide communication and monitoring of the area. Furthermore, it helps in information gathering of the user equipment, which helps in rescuing the victims. The drone takes flight from a base station and hovers over the disaster area; once the drone detects the user equipment after the detection of user equipment, then the drone confirms if the user equipment is already detected or not if the UE is detected, then the drone flies toward next position. The drone requests for CH, and in the case that there is no CH, then the drone itself becomes CH, or if the drone finds the CH then it hands over its data to CH as, shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 3: Creation of UAV CH and UAV client. In Algorithm 2, the UAV hovers over the disaster area; it is not stable at one fixed position, moving from one position to another. The hovering UAV changes its position for the discovering of UE in the disaster area. As the hovering UAV changes its position at some specific time for discovering the new UE, the optimal position is a must for the UAVs to avoid collisions between them and to avoid the redundancy of the data from the hovering drone. ```
Input Model: CH and next position Output Model: No of UE and location of UE  UAV \(\leftarrow\) Hovering Disaster area; CUAV \(\leftarrow\) Search UE. If (UE == Yes & UE == connected); UAV \(\leftarrow\) Move next position; If else (UE == Yes & UE! = connected); UAV \(\leftarrow\) connect UE; UAV \(\leftarrow\) location UE if else (UE! = connected); UAV \(\leftarrow\) location (X,Y) UE;  UAV \(\leftarrow\) Move next position; End if
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**Algorithm 2**Client UAV algorithm  
(ii). Part II: Providing Communication in Area: After the allocation of UE is carried out in the scanning part, then the communication part will take place in this surveillance. Surveillance UAV: Surveillance drone comes after the scanning using hovering drones. Now the exact location of the UE is known, so enough drones take flight toward the disaster area. These drones contain the following: (i) camera for video monitoring or live coverage, (ii) Wi-Fi communication capability, and (iii) solar power system for energy consumption. These drones are further divided into CH and client drones, which both perform dedicated tasks. CH are used for communication and data transfer. Data are gathered by client UAVs from the UE or disaster area and then sent toward the CH. Afterward, the CH finds the nearest CH, so CH can transfer the data to the next CH. In this way, data reaches the center base station. CH also runs the algorithm that performs the data filtering if the two UAVs send the same data; in this case, the CH takes a step and iteratively puts the redundant UAV into sleep mood, which can be used later for replacing the low-power drone. The redundant algorithm puts the UAV that sends the same data to the CH into periods of sleep, as shown in Algorithm 3 and Figure 4.  
b. Communication UAV: Communication UAVs focus on the case scenario in which cellular network infrastructure is totally damaged due to the disaster and when the cellular network is not fully functioning; in such cases of reduced communication, these UAVs can be deployed. However, at this time, the rehabilitation of cellular networks is a major need to facilitate and support the rescue operation of the first responder. For rehabilitation of the network, the communication UAVs (CUAVs) are used to provide alternate connectivity in the disaster area. UAVs use the flocking model to avoid collision and obstacles for communication purposes. There is also one sleeping drone. The sleeping drone becomes alive when the battery life of an already alive drone is less than the threshold. The drone with less battery life passes the information to the newly alive drone. The communication between the drone and BS takes place through the relay drone or nearest cellular pool. Communication UAVs are divided into two categories, (i) relay UAVs (RUAVs) and (ii) client UAVs.