esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Methodology
### Introduction to DCOR Processes
#### 3.3.4 Level 4 of the DCOR Model
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Level 3** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Design Process Descriptions of DCOR Level 4**} \\ \hline  & DC.1.1 & Confirm the product specification of the new product design \\ \cline{2-3} DC.1 & DC.1.2 & Confirm the conceptual schematics of the new product \\ \cline{2-3}  & DC.1.3 & Confirm the analysis function of the new product simulation \\ \hline  & DC.2.1 & Confirm the design items of the new product design \\ \cline{2-3} DC.2 & DC.2.2 & Confirm the manufacturing process capability of the new product design \\ \cline{2-3} DC.2.3 & Confirm the key components’ layout of the new product design \\ \hline DC.3 & DC.3.1 & Confirm the design activities’ schedule of the new product design \\ \hline  & DD.1.1 & Discuss the evaluation rules for the new product design \\ \cline{2-3} DD.1 & DD.1.2 & Discuss the guidelines for the new product design \\ \cline{2-3}  & DD.1.3 & Confirm the guidelines for the new product design \\ \hline DD.2 & DD.2.1 & Draw the component connected design in the signal function diagram of the new product \\ \cline{2-3} DD.3 & DD.2.2 & Draw the circuit connected design in the signal function diagram of the new product \\ \hline  & DD.3.1 & Simulate the optimization design for testing the new product \\ \cline{2-3} DD.3.2 & DD.3.2 & Simulate the impedance specifications of the new product \\ \hline  & DD.4.1 & Design the component layout design of the new product \\ \cline{2-3} DD.4 & DD.4.2 & Design the structure layout design of the new product \\ \cline{2-3} DD.4.3 & Discuss the circuit layout design of the new product \\ \cline{2-3}  & DD.4.4 & Modify the layout design of the new product \\ \hline  & DR.1.1 & Write the detailed document of the new product’s schematics \\ \cline{2-3} DR.1 & DR.1.2 & List the new product layout diagrams \\ \cline{2-3}  & DR.1.3 & Delete unnecessary auxiliary boxes in the new product layout diagram \\ \hline  & DR.2.1 & Check the details of the new product’s design diagram \\ \cline{2-3} DR.2 & DR.2.2 & Generate the final schematics of the new product design \\ \cline{2-3} DR.2 & DR.2.3 & Generate the final layout of the new product design \\ \cline{2-3}  & DR.2.4 & Generate the final structure layout of the new product design \\ \cline{2-3}  & DR.2.5 & Generate the final circuit layout of the new product design \\ \cline{2-3}  & DR.2.6 & Generate the final components’ BOM of the new product design \\ \cline{2-3}  & DR.2.7 & Generate the product specifications of the new product design \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Design process of DCOR Level 4.
## 3 Results
### Compressive Strength  
The steel slag specimens were prepared with varying water-solid ratios ranging from 0.25 to 0.35 and water contents ranging from 4% to 9%. These specimens were then carbonated using the aforementioned method for controlling water content. The resulting compressive strengths for each specimen are depicted in Figure 6. Notably, the compressive strength of the specimens exhibited a decreasing trend as the water-solid ratio increased. This was attributed to the fact that specimens with lower water-solid ratios tend to be denser and less porous, leading to an optimal compressive strength of 118.7 MPa observed at a water-solid ratio of 0.25 and a water content of 6%. The strength obtained by this specimen in 1 d exceeded the 28 d compressive strength value of the researcher's specimen [17]. However, a higher water-solid ratio offers improved pourability and moldability.  
The initial compressive strength of the specimens demonstrated an increase, followed by a decline as water content increased. This phenomenon is attributed to the fact that \(\gamma\)-C\({}_{2}\)S requires a certain amount of water to dissolve Ca\({}^{2+}\) during the carbonation reaction (see Equation (4)) [34]. An increase in water content provides more water for the carbonation reaction, which makes \(\gamma\)-C\({}_{2}\)S and the other reactive constituents more susceptible to carbonation, thus increasing the strength. Excess water may obstruct the pores of the steel slag specimens, resulting in the hindered diffusion of carbon dioxide [35].  
\[\text{Ca}_{2}\text{SiO}_{4}+4\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\to 2\text{Ca}^{2+}+ \text{H}_{4}\text{SiO}_{4}+4\text{OH}^{-} \tag{4}\]  
The higher the water-cement ratio, the greater the optimal water content required for achieving maximum compressive strength in the specimen. This is attributed to the fact that specimens with higher water-cement ratios possess a more porous structure, thereby rendering it more challenging for water to hinder the carbonation process compared to specimens with lower water-cement ratios. This was consistent with the discussion in [PERSON] et al.'s study [36].
# Research on New Drilling Downlink Communication Based on Anisotropic Magnetoresistive Technology
###### Abstract  
With the continuous improvement of automatization of underground oil and gas resources exploitation, more and more instructions are required for the control technology while drilling in complex processes. The conventional downlink communication technology has shortcomings, such as data transmission lag and high bit error rate, which cannot meet the actual needs. Therefore, developing a new high-speed and low bit error rate (BER) downlink communication technology is very important. In this study, a new type of downlink communication system based on the electric current field is designed. Firstly, based on the theory of electromagnetic field and electromagnetic wave, the current distribution model of the drill string is established. Then, the magnetic field distribution model of the drill string is deduced according to the research on the static electromagnetic field and boundary problems. Finally, the ground simulation experiment platform of the downlink communication system is built and tested. The experimental results show that the BER is only 1.02% when the data transmission rate is 1 kbps. To further reduce the BER of the system, the influence factors of information transmission such as different transmitting voltage, inter-electrode distances, and working temperature are tested and analyzed, respectively, which provides ideas for optimizing the technology of downlink information communication while drilling.  
anisotropic magnetoresistance detection; current measurement; downlink communication; information transmission; modulation and demodulation
## 3 Our Approach
### Network Model  
We consider the network composed of two kinds of nodes: wireless nodes and servers.  
* Wireless nodes. They provide data to the network to enable decisions to be made. In our model, decisions are made primarily in secure servers, and therefore the main task of these wireless nodes is sending data to the servers. The more data is sent to the servers, the more redundancy can be used to discard bad data and to detect failures or intrusions. But also, the more data is sent, the more bandwidth is used and the more energy is consumed, so we have to reach a compromise. There are many wireless nodes in an intelligent ambient, so they have to be inexpensive, what usually means very limited resources, battery-powered, not maintained and hence insecure; an intruder may have physical access to them.
* Servers. They receive data from sensors and make decisions in order to reach the applications objectives. These decisions may imply to act in the environment and therefore they have to be secure. Servers are usually well maintained, wire-connected and their resources are not usually constrained at all.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Simulated Cases
#### 2.2.2 Spherical Regions (SR) Case  
The Spherical Regions (SR) case has homogeneous liver and activity in three spherical regions only. These spheres, placed inside the liver, are named \"SS\" (Small Sphere), \"MS\" (Medium Sphere), and \"BS\" (Big Sphere) and their radii are 10, 20, and 30 mm, respectively. Slices of the contoured CT, activity map and reconstructed SPECT image for this case are reported in Figure 2.  
We developed this scenario in order to compare the average absorbed dose for each sphere obtained from the GATE output with that obtained from OLINDA-EXM [39] S-factor for \({}^{90}\)Y and spheres of soft tissues with unit density. From the table of S-factors associated to sphere masses included into OLINDA-EXM, the following relationship between S-factor (expressed in \(\frac{mGy}{MBq\cdot s}\)) and sphere mass \(m\) (expressed in \(g\)) was obtained and used to derive the corresponding dosimetric factor for a sphere of arbitrary mass:  
\[S\bigg{[}\frac{mGy}{MBq\cdot s}\bigg{]}=0.12456\cdot m[g]^{-0.97267} \tag{3}\]  
As S-factors are referred to spheres with unit density, the soft tissue density for this scenario was set to 1.00 g/cm\({}^{3}\).
## 3 The 6G Technology
### Sixth-Generation Key Enabling Technologies
#### 3.4.4 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)  
The NOMA technology is expected to assist the 6G networks by providing efficient spectrum multiple access to accommodate the ever-increasing level of connectivity [15]. NOMA was developed to support non-orthogonal resource allocation among users as OMA is unable to handle the huge spectral demand in next-generation wireless networks [98]. Categorically, NOMA is sub-divided into two, namely power-domain NOMA and code-domain NOMA [98]. It executes the superposition coding at the transmitter and successive interference cancelation (SIC) at the receiver, thereby achieving multiplexing users in the power domain [99]. As an enabling 6G network technology, the NOMA system encourages simultaneous transmission across multiple users. It offers high edge throughput and low latency transmission, which are core requirements in the future 6G network. Integrating ML techniques can further improve the performance of NOMA systems for optimized applications.
# Type Hierarchy Enhanced Event Detection without Triggers
## 3 Methodology
### Instance Encoding
#### 3.3.3 Word-Level Representation  
Existing studies generally only adopt context-level representation and ignore word-level, or each word is considered at the word level. However, it will contain useless words such as \"the', \"an\", \"a\", etc. We introduce attention mechanisms in our framework to select words with top \(K\) (in our experiments, we set \(K=8\)) contribution to learning a weight distribution. In this way, we can filter out the useless words in the sentence. We give an example and visualize it later in the case study section.  
\[\alpha^{j}=\frac{exp(h_{j}h_{context}^{T})}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}exp(h_{i}h_{ context}^{T})} \tag{5}\]  
\[h_{word}=gather(h,topK(a^{j}).indices) \tag{6}\]  
where the attention vector \(\alpha\) is calculated based on hidden states \(h\) and the context representation \(h_{context}\). Specifically, the attention score calculation of the \(j\)-th input token is illustrated in Equation (5). Then, we use the top \(K\) operation to obtain the \(K\) indices of hidden states by contribution ranking. Finally, we use the gather operation to obtain the hidden state corresponding to the indices. It is noted that both top \(K\) and gather are functions that come with the framework codebase. we obtain the word-level representation \(h_{word}=\{h_{1},h_{2}\cdots h_{k}\}\).
## 2 Related Work  
### Registration for the Multi-Source RS Data  
Segmentation needs to take use of the direct correlation between the TLS point cloud and digital images, which could be obtained according to the registration result. Existing registration algorithms for point cloud and images mainly includes four groups: (1) Registration by use of artificial targets (e.g., retro-reflective targets); (2) Registration through corresponding features respectively extracted from images and point cloud [30,31]; (3) Registration with the point cloud respectively generated by digital images and acquired by TLS [32, 33, 34]; (4) Registration with intensity image and digital image generated by point cloud [35, 36, 37]. For geological objects, as the indeterminate distribution and irregular appearance of rock mass, it is difficult to directly extract corresponding primitives including points, regular line segments and planar features from the point cloud and images.  
A G-Super4 PCS algorithm for registration of TLS point cloud and digital images is provided [9]. With the Structure from Motion (SfM) technique, a point cloud could be generated from digital images, which has different scale, position and attitude with the TLS point cloud. The G-Super4 PCS algorithm firstly performs key-scale rough estimation combining spin images and cumulative contribute rate, then defines a generalized super 4-points congruent base as the registration primitive, and introduces the rock surface features contraints to improve the efficiency and accuracy of its extraction. On the above basis, two key point clouds respectively extracted from the TLS point cloud and generated from digital images are used for rough estimation of rigid transformation parameters, and then the original TLS point cloud and the dense SfM point cloud from digital images are used for fine registration.
# Organic Nanostructured Materials for Sustainable Application in Next Generation Solar Cells
## 3 The Performance of Nanostructured Organic Devices
### Organic Solar Cells Based on Small Molecule Donor and Polymer Acceptor  
Polymer donors and small molecule acceptors are often used in organic solar cells. According to research by [PERSON] et al. after 7 days of thermal annealing, the efficiency and thermal stability of the organic solar cell with combination of small molecule donor and polymer acceptor retained 89% of its initial efficiency [65]. Their device has a power conversion efficiency of 8.0% and small-size phase separation in the active layer. Because of large-size phase separation, most small-molecule donors have strong intermolecular interactions and high crystallinity, and so do not match polymer acceptors. By providing substantial steric  
Figure 7: Illustration of different structures of PSC device fabricated using: (**a**) P3 HT: PCBM device without MLA and (**b**) with MLA; (**c**) PCDTBT: PC\({}_{70}\)BM device without MLA and (**d**) with MLA. (regenerated from reference [62] with copyrights from RSC Publishing, the Owner Societies 2013).  
hindrance, a suppressed-stacking between molecular backbones may be accomplished utilizing a mix of polymer donor and small molecule acceptor, SD/PA-type OPV device. In another study, a polymer acceptor based on the double B \(\leftarrow\) N bridged bipyridyl (BNBP) unit was employed to develop S\({}_{\text{D}}\)/P\({}_{\text{A}}\)-type small-molecule solar cell. With poly[(\(N\),\(N^{\prime}\)-bis(2-hexyldecyl))-diamine-bis(difluoro-borane)-2,2-bipyridine)-_alt_-(2,5-dithiophene) as the acceptor and 7,7'-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4_H_-silolo[3,2-_b_-4,5-_b_']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis (6-fluoro-4-(5'-hexyl-[2,2'-bithiophen]-5-yl)benzo[_c_][1,2,5]thiazolo) as the donor. The OPV device achieved a high open-circuit voltage (\(V_{\text{OC}}\)) of 1.08 V and a PCE of 3.50% [66]. Although S\({}_{\text{D}}\)/P\({}_{\text{A}}\) systems have made significant progress in recent years, with a PCE increase of 9.51%, they still trail behind other types of OPVs, owing to the absence of high-performance polymer acceptors and the non-ideal shape of the S\({}_{\text{A}}\)/P\({}_{\text{A}}\) blend. Future research on S\({}_{\text{D}}\)/P\({}_{\text{A}}\)-type OPVs should focus on developing novel polymer acceptors with a narrow band-gap, broad absorption, and high electron mobility, as well as finding the right small molecule donors to match the polymer acceptors' energy level, absorption spectrum, and hole/electron mobility. Predictably, the gap between S\({}_{\text{D}}\)/P\({}_{\text{A}}\)-type OPVs and other OPVs discussed in this review can be narrowed through material innovations and process optimization.
# Research on Energy Harvesting Mechanism and Low Power Technology in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 Methods
### Data Fusion Mechanism Based on Integer Wavelet Transform  
Data fusion is a very important technology in WSN and is a research hotspot. This technology can process a large amount of raw data collected by sensor nodes in various networks through a certain algorithms, remove the redundant information, and transmit only a small number of meaningful processing results to the convergence node. The use of data fusion technology can greatly reduce the amount of data needed to be transmitted in the WSN, reduce data conflicts, reduce network congestion, thus effectively saving energy costs, and prolong the life of the network.  
In WSN, the perceptual data collected by nodes from the environment are time-series data, as a strong time correlation and periodicity because of the short interval, while the dataset generated by the whole network has a certain spatial correlation due to the close distance. For spatial correlation between data, integer wavelet transform can also be used to remove redundant parts.  
Figure 4: Time slot model of sending and receiving separation beacon mechanism based on reply ACK.
## 3 System Model and Problem Formulation
### System Model  
In this study, we consider a multi-UAV-aided MEC system as shown in Figure 1, which consists of three main layers. In the first layer, a \(\mathcal{D}=\{1,\ldots,K\}\) set of device users is distributed in which each device has an intensive application required to be executed. In the second layer, there is a \(\mathcal{G}=\{1,\ldots,M\}\) and \(\mathcal{U}=\{1,\ldots,N\}\) set of ground base stations (GBSs) and UAVs, respectively, that offer the storage and computation capabilities for device users due to their limitations in computation and battery. Moreover, UAVs can be utilized as a potential MEC server to provide communication and computation resources through hovering over the crowded areas which are still loaded due to the fixed location of GBSs. Furthermore, UAVs and GBSs are controlled and managed through a backbone router, in which the controller technology of software defined network (SDN) is efficiently utilized. Finally, in the last layer, a single cloud is configured and attached to the backbone router in the second layer through the core of the network.  
Consequently, each device user can process their intensive computation application locally using their resources or offloading and then processing at one of the available GBSs or UAVs (in the case of GBSs being overcrowded) or at the cloud server. Thereupon, \(\mathcal{S}=\{0,1,\ldots,M,M+1,M+2,\ldots,J,J+1\}\) is used to denote the set of the available servers that can be used to process the intensive application of mobile user, where 0 indicates the local resources of mobile users, from 1 to \(M\) indicates one of the available GBSs, from \(M+1\) to \(J\) (i.e., \(M+N\)) indicates one of the available UAVs, and \(J+  
Based on previous studies in MEC [39; 40], we adopt a quasi-static model in our simulations where the devices' number remains unchanged over the offloading period, whereas it may be changed over the different periods. A further discussion of the load balancing, communication and computation setup and their requirements for mobile-edge cloud computing models are presented below, taking into account the key roles they play.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### DNA Extraction and Library Preparation  
To dislodge bacterial cells from solid waste, 2 g of each soil sample was first mixed with 5 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), vortexed, and allowed to stand at room temperature for five minutes. An aliquot of 400 \(\mu\)L of the supernatant was used for DNA extraction using the Fecal/Soil Total DNA(tm) Extraction Kit (Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA, USA). The libraries of bacterial 16S rDNA V1-V3 hypervariable region gene fragments were amplified using the universal primers 27F (5\({}^{\prime}\)-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3\({}^{\prime}\)) and 1429R (5\({}^{\prime}\)-TACGYTACCTTGTTACGACT-3\({}^{\prime}\)) according to the protocol described by [PERSON] et al. [28]. This was followed by a nested PCR using the 27F and 518R (5\({}^{\prime}\)-GTATTACCG CGGCGTGCG-3\({}^{\prime}\)) primer pairs having overhanging adapter sequences compatible with Illumina indexing and sequencing adapters. The purification of the amplified 16S rDNA gene fragments in each library was carried out using AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter, Agencourt Bioscience Corporation, Beverly, MA, USA) following the manufacturer's protocol. The cleaned products were subjected to a PCR (95 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s, 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s, and 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s including initial denaturation of 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 min and final extension at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min) to add Illumina sequencing adapters and dual-index barcodes to each amplicon library using the full complement of Nextera XT indices (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The resultant barcoded PCR products were purified using AMPure XP beads, validated for fragment size (\(\sim\)630 bp) using a Bioanalyzer DNA 1000 chip (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA), and quantified using the Qubit-HS assay (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), then pooled to a final DNA library before being denatured and sequencedon an Illumina Miseq System (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) using paired 300-bp reads to generate high-quality, full-length reads of the V3 and V4 region. The dataset for this study was submitted to NCBI with the BioProject accession number PRJNA893411.
# Assessing the Potential of PlanetScope Imagery for Iron Oxide Detection in Antimony Exploration
Finally, a fuzzification process was employed on the outputs from each satellite to generate prospectivity maps and identify new points of interest, which were subsequently validated through fieldwork. Although PlanetScope lacks Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) bands--unlike Sentinel-2, ASTER, and Landsat 9--this work investigates whether its superior spatial resolution can offset that limitation in mapping Fe\({}^{3}\)-rich zones. As the approach relies solely on VNIR data, it is inherently constrained to detecting Fe\({}^{3+}\) only, since identification of Fe\({}^{2+}\), ferrous silicates, and other minerals requires SWIR data [17; 22; 23; 24]. Ultimately, this study seeks to demonstrate that PSB.SD can serve as a viable, low-cost alternative for iron oxide mapping, particularly in academic and early-stage exploration projects.