# Protection from 'Fake News': The Need for Descriptive Factual Labeling for Online Content
## Appendix A  
The federal government regulates consumer disclosures on a wide variety of other products and for a myriad of services, which are discussed in this section. Notably, state governments, in some locations, may also have additional labeling requirements. States cannot require companies to replace federal labels with state labels, due to federal preemption doctrine [80]; however, in cases where voluntary federal standards exist these would be overridden by mandatory state standards. The sources of federal regulation range from the FTC Act, which covers most commercial transactions' representations and advertising, to specific regulations for products, such as wool and textiles [81]. Table A1 summarizes products with regulated disclosures in the United States, and the source of the disclosure requirements. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Product** & **Regulating Law (s)** \\ \hline Weight Loss Products/Services & Voluntary guidelines (Industry Panel and FTC) * \\ \hline Clothing & Textile Act \\  & Wool Act \\  & Care Labeling Rule \\ Fur & Fur Products Labeling Act \\ \hline Business Opportunities & FTC Business Opportunity Rule \\ \hline Native Advertising & Enforcement Policy Statement on Deceptively \\  & Formatted Advertisements * \\ \hline Ceiling Fans & Energy Labeling Rule \\ \hline Showerheads & Energy Labeling Rule \\ Faucets & \\ Toilets & \\ Urinals & \\ Water Heaters & Energy Labeling Rule \\ Pool Heaters & Energy Labeling Rule \\ Furnaces & Energy Labeling Rule \\ Boilers & \\ Dishwashers & Energy Labeling Rule \\ \hline Air Conditioners & Energy Labeling Rule \\ Heat Pumps & \\ Refrigerators & Energy Labeling Rule \\ Freezers & \\ Washing Machines & Energy Labeling Rule \\ Televisions & Energy Labeling Rule \\ Light Bulbs/Lamps & Energy Labeling Rule \\ Diamonds/Pearls/Gemstones & FTC Jewerly Guides * \\ Environmental Benefits/Carbon Offsets & FTC Green Guides * \\ \hline Feather/down/bedding products & FTC Business Guide * (with information from the \\ International Association of Bedding and Furniture \\ Law Officials) \\ Social media posts & FTC Endorsement Guides * \\ Funeral and Related Services & Funeral Rule * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table A1: Government Labeling/Production Information Requirements and their Sources. Modified from: [79]. Across these regulations, a number of consistent themes and purposes emerge. The first is to provide consumers with standardized information in a consistent form. Heaters, air conditioners, other appliances (shown in Figure A1) and light bulbs (shown in Figure A2) have disclosures that allow consumers to compare products based on standard metrics of power consumption, a common estimated power cost value and a common estimated use per year. Other features, for example, the brightness of lightbulbs, are also described in a standard way for some products. For clothing, material content and cleaning instructions are presented in a common form. The second theme is that regulations notify consumers of risks. For example, cigarettes and smokeless tobacco have warning labels [82] and clothing that cannot be cleaned using normal methods of washing must notify consumers and include cleaning instructions [83]. The third theme is that the advertising and marketing materials must provide consumers with accurate and complete information. The FTC has issued instructions to social media influencers [84] regarding how to disclose affiliation and compensation. It also requires funeral homes to provide price lists and other information to customers in a standardized way [85]. The government has worked with relevant industries to develop government standards, cooperative standards or private standards. In content rating labeling, two different standards are prominent: MPAA ratings for films and V-Chip ratings for television programming. The two standards, which are summarized in Table 11, are relatively similar.