## 1 Introduction  
Concrete has long been a stalwart of construction, renowned and widely used as a reliable and durable building material [1; 2; 3]. For decades, it has been a crucial component in a wide array of civil engineering projects, including bridges, roads, skyscrapers, and dams [4; 5]. The strength and stability that it provides for these structures are unparalleled. Steel reinforcement, an integral part of concrete's composition, significantly adds to its overall strength and durability [6; 7]. The presence of steel reinforcement converts concrete into a versatile and highly resistant material capable of withstanding heavy loads and extreme environmental conditions [8; 9]. However, in a corrosive environment, a steel reinforcement within concrete is highly susceptible to corrosion. The corrosion of a steel reinforcement can lead to structural failure, weakening the overall integrity of the concrete. As time passes, this corrosion can spread, causing the concrete to crack and crumble [10; 11; 12]. To prevent such structural decay, it is crucial to quantitatively characterize the passivation process of steel reinforcement in concrete. The passivation process refers to the formation of a protective layer on the surface of steel, which primarily consists of an oxide film [13]. This film not only prevents direct contact between the steel and the corrosive environment but also acts as a diffusion barrier, further retarding the corrosion process [14]. Electrochemical methods have become a popular tool for studying the passivation process of steel in concrete. These methods are easy to implement and provide quantitative data that can be used to assess the condition of steel reinforcements within concrete [15; 16; 17; 18]. Techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization scans, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear polarization resistance (LPR) have been widely used to study the passivation process [19; 20; 21]. Each method has its own advantages and limitations, but together, they provide a comprehensive understanding of the process. Potentiodynamic polarization scans allow for the determination of the corrosion potential and corrosion rate by scanning the potential of a steel reinforcement in a controlled manner. This method provides a dynamic picture of the corrosion behavior of steel in concrete, enabling engineers to identify areas that may be susceptible to corrosion. EIS is an impedance-based technique that measures the capacitance and impedance of the oxide film on a steel reinforcement. It offers insights into the structure and integrity of the passivation layer, allowing engineers to assess its effectiveness in protecting the steel from corrosion. LPR is a semi-empirical method that quantitatively characterizes the passive film on steel by measuring the charge-transfer resistance at the steel/electrolyte interface. It provides a direct assessment of the condition of the passive film on the steel reinforcement, enabling engineers to identify any defects or areas of corrosion. The electrochemical methods used are destructive in nature, and this needs to be known, especially when used to characterize the corrosion behavior of a material in a given environment. The passivation of steel bars is an electrochemical behavior, so electrochemical testing techniques can be used to detect and analyze the passivation state and behavior of steel bars. [PERSON] et al. examined the passivation and degassivation properties of Cr-Mo corrosion resistance (CR) steel in a simulated concrete pore solution, finding that the corrosion resistance steel completes passivation faster than ordinary carbon (LC) steel and has higher corrosion resistance [22]. The passive film is mainly composed of metal oxides or hydroxides. The growth of the passive film was divided into four steps, and the theoretical thickness of the CR steel was thinner than that of the LC steel. [PERSON] et al.