# Mineral Composition of _Chelidonium majus_ L. and Soils in Urban Areas
## 4 Discussion
These processes involve the input of substances from various sources that influence the soil's physicochemical properties [8; 9; 29; 68]. In urban environments, the sources of the main elements, such as calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P),sulfur (S), and aluminum (Al), are diverse and can come from both natural and anthropogenic processes. The most important sources of element supplies include construction materials, ash from furnaces and the combustion of fossil fuels, industrial waste (Ca, Mg, Al), metallurgy, steel industry, dust and pollution from road traffic, metal waste (Fe, Mg, Al), organic waste, fertilizers, detergents, municipal waste (P), road de-icing agents (Na), the combustion of fossil fuels containing sulfur, and emissions from road transport (S). All of the examined sites are located in the areas of historically industrial cities along rail and road transport routes, which affects the soil conditions in the analyzed city parks [29; 33; 69]. The boron (B) content in _Ch. majus_ roots (22.69 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) reported by [PERSON] et al. [40] is similar to our results (average 27.33 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)), with almost three-fold higher values obtained in the case of the stem. In turn, low B values in roots (18.7 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) and leaves (12.39 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) were presented by [PERSON] et al., [26] and, in this study, they were twice as high, and, in the case of leaves, many times higher (Table 2). Cobalt occurs in small amounts in leaves and in more significant amounts in roots; other authors have found such regularities [26; 40]. Similarly, Li values were recorded in leaves (L: 0.52 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)), roots (R: 3.17 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)), Mo (L: 0.12 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\), R: 3.17 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)), and Ti (L: 4.13 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\), R: 20.24 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) by the authors mentioned above [26; 40]. [PERSON] et al., [26] reported vanadium (V) content in the aerial part of _Ch. majus_ (1.05 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) and roots (2.07 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)); however, this element was not detected in our study. Similar Mo concentrations in _Ch. majus_ (Table 2) were found in medicinal plants such as _Cynoglossum funcutum_ [PERSON]. (L: 158 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\), R: 0.302 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) and _Thalictrum foliolossum_ DC (L: 0.211 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\), R: 0.156 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) [70]. The Se content in _Alchornea coridifolia_ [PERSON]. & [PERSON] is 8.50 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)[59], compared to _Ch. majus_ 0.70 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) in leaves. The authors of this study also noted higher Ti values in _Acalypha wilkensiana_ [PERSON]. (475.2 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) and _Aframomom melegueta_ (Roscope) [PERSON] (778.5 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)). In _Ch. majus_, the Ti content is in the range of 4.00-19.0 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) in the aboveground part of the plants, while the content of this element in the soil is on average 0.02 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\). Similar results were obtained in the range of results for Rb in _Datura metel_ L. (41.1 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) and _Colotropis procera_ ([PERSON]) [PERSON]. (30.1 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)), with the Rb content in the aboveground part of _Ch. majus_ ranging from 17.0 to 70.0 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\). In the case of V, different results varied for different species, ranging from 21.1 to 320 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)[59], whereas in _Ch. majus_, only 2.00 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) was found only once in roots (PSh-2). Similarly, Sr in _Chelidonium majus_ has similar values (Table 2) to _Momorica charantia_ L. (73.2 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) and _Mangifera indica_ L. (59.3 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) with respect to strontium and antimony. Strontium (Sr) and antimony (Sb) show high correlations between the soil and tissues of _Ch. majus_ and other elements (e.g., Mo, Li, La, Ge, Table S1).