# The Role of Blockchain in Improving the Processes and Workflows in Construction Projects
## 4 Results and Discussion
### The Challenges of Blockchain Technologies in the Construction Industry  
The blockchain has evolved over the last decade. Many technical obstacles such as chain structure, storage, data management, and consensus processes still exist. The body of literature reviewed was used to compile a comprehensive list of the challenges associated with blockchain implementation in the construction industry. Based on the literature, the non-construction challenges mentioned are also applicable to the construction industry; conversely, specific examples to provide context were not available. Furthermore, to ensure that the list was as comprehensive as possible, the grey literature (e.g., news articles, online articles, agency reports, industry reports,) was reviewed. Table 2 demonstrates the challenges of the implementation of blockchain technology based on the reviewed papers that addressed these challenges. Blockchain challenges need to be addressed in terms of protocol enhancements. The goal is to figure out how to build smart contracts that will enhance system performance. For \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Challenge** & **Construction Context and Description** & **Reference** \\ \hline Technological state of the industry & Prior to implementation, there is a fundamental requirement for a certain level of technology to existing within an industry. The industry is still not adequately digitalized to fully benefit from blockchain technology & [52] \\ \hline Skills & Given the nascence of the technology, there are a significant number of people who are inadequately trained in blockchain. For successful implementation, the industry requires new talent. & [53; 54] \\ \hline Resistance to change & Changes in processes at all levels of the organization are required for implementation. Because the industry has been resistant to change in the past, it is possible that blockchain will not reap all of its potential benefits. & [52; 55] \\ \hline Readiness for adoption & To achieve full adoption, all participants must share information and collaborate. Information sharing, trust, and collaboration are the most critical issues in the construction industry. & [41; 56] \\ \hline Power & The blockchain consensus mechanism uses a lot of computational resources and energy, which results in a low throughput and long delays. & [57] \\ \hline Malicious attacks & Blockchain is vulnerable to various types of attacks. Theft of data/currency puts construction projects and other projects at risk. & [58] \\ \hline Legal & There are not enough legal precedents or regulations in place. Construction has a difficult time enforcing regulations because it relies heavily on legally binding contracts to operate. & [59; 60] \\ \hline Interoperability & When various applications need to communicate, data transfer might be difficult. This is already viewed as a major issue for BIM in the construction industry. & [36] \\ \hline Coding of smart contracts & Human error and poorly written contracts have the potential to be disastrous. All construction projects rely on well-written contracts that spell out all of the parties’ responsibilities. & [61] \\ \hline Connectivity and bandwidth & For system stability and continuous internet connectivity, sufficient server capacity is required. Lack of connectivity could cause parts of the supply chain delivery system to fail. & [53; 62] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Blockchain implementation challenges in the construction industry. example, instance consensus algorithms which are nodes selected from a small number of trusted endpoints; an adaptive consensus technique to improve the likelihood of high accuracy; a consensus algorithm to reduce network transmissions based on security assertion; a consensus protocol using reliable components; and a consensus algorithm combining PoW and PBFT [63; 64; 65]. As a result, researchers are working to develop better protocols that can save more energy, reduce costs, and protect against adversarial power [66].