# Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Mediated Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
## 15 Other Types of Nanoparticle
Significantly better results were obtained following the administration of 40 mg/kg NPI 32101 than with sulfasalazine. In their study, [PERSON] et al. [39] assessed the impact of particle size and siRNA binding on the processes carried out at the cellular level, the permeability of the intestinal epithelium, and the effectiveness of RNAi in vivo for polymeric nanoparticles. Their findings demonstrated the efficacy to deliver therapeutic siRNAs and the authors achieved gene silencing and reduced inflammation by using TNF-\(\alpha\) siRNA. Galactosylated trimethyl chitosan-cysteine (GTC) nanoparticles (NPs) of varying particle size and optimized binding affinity for siRNA were prepared in order to assess their impact on cellular processing, intestinal permeability and inflammation. With sizes varying between 200 and 500 mm, GTC-NPs showed an exponentially increasing impact on intestinal permeability. When compared to GN1 and GN2, when sized 200 mm and with moderate binding affinity to siRNA, nanoparticles proved to be superior. Bigger nanoparticles (450 mm) with high binding affinity for siRNA (GN4) had a favorable effect on UC in vivo treatment. The same was obtained for small nanoparticles (200 mm) with intermediate binding affinity to siRNA (GN3). These findings paved the way for the optimization of polymeric nanoparticles for IBD treatment [39]. Soybean oil (SBO) or virgin coconut oil (VCO) loaded lipid nanospheres were developed and tested in vivo. Embelin lipid nanospheres were tested in vivo in rats with ulcerative colitis induced by acetic acid, estimating the clinical activity score, macroscopic, biochemical and histopathological characteristics, and spleen weight [40]. Bearing a long lipophilic chain, embelin could be easily incorporated into various-sized lipid nanospheres via ultra high pressure homogenization and ultrasonication. The prevention of ulcerative colitis in these rats was more efficient when using embelin lipid nanospheres compared to embelin conventional suspension. The protective effect of embelin against acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in rats was confirmed by biochemical and histopathological findings [40]. The effect of Eudragit S100 (an anionic copolymer) nanoparticles was studied by [PERSON] et al. [41], who loaded the NPs with a combination of celecoxib and curcumin and assessed their efficacy in rats with ulcerative colitis induced using TNBS. The preparation of pH-sensitive nanoparticles of celecoxib, curcumin, and celecoxib-curcumincombination smaller than 115 mm was successful, demonstrating their ability to limit the release of encapsulated agents into the upper gastrointestinal tract and to release them at the inflammation site inside the colon. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed using a rat model of ulcerative colitis, where celecoxib-curcurcinin combination proved to be more efficient than celecoxib or curcumin alone. Celecoxib dose reduction could be obtained by an enhanced bioavailability of the encapsulated agents and the targeting ability of the pH-sensitive polymer. The authors showed that when administered in doses of 5 mg/kg, CelNPs obtained similar effects to the conventional dose (10 mg/kg). Nevertheless, dose linearity could not be indicated regarding efficacy. The drug combination not only reduces the side effects of celecoxib, but it also ameliorates the cardiorenal toxicity of celecoxib when used to selectively target the colon [41]. In terms of therapeutic efficacy, the nanospheres had considerable anti-inflammatory effects on the rat model of TNBS-induced colitis, which might be connected to the higher concentration of the drug at the site of inflammation together with the specific high-efficiency intestinal uptake of the nanospheres and their adhesion to the inflamed intestinal tissue (Table 1).