## 2 Background and Related Work
It should be noted, however, that the efficiency and applicability of the scheme depend on the characteristics of the implementation environment, such as the capabilities of the user devices and the network infrastructure, aspects that may influence the practical performance of the solution in real scenarios. There are other contributions in the literature that pursue similar research directions and propose solutions developed with regard to comparable functional requirements and close technical contexts [18; 19; 20]. This reflects the scientific community's ongoing efforts to find coherent answers to recurring challenges in this field. The research of today in the 5G wireless network field focuses on incorporating software-defined networking (SDN) principles and network function virtualization (NFV) into wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to achieve programmable control flexibility and scalability for secure environments [21]. A significant development in network security features a collaborative security framework that employs intrusion prevention with IPS-like authentication in the data plane alongside a combined anomaly detection system and an intelligent monitoring module in the control plane to achieve better detection accuracy and fewer false alarms. The solution's performance metrics and practical usability are contingent upon multiple elements, including node collaboration levels and edge processing capabilities, as well as the threat characteristics specific to each deployment environment. The behavior of the model across various operational situations is affected by these aspects. Similar approaches to the issue can be found in [22]. Research into data security for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems includes developing encryption methods that integrate authentication and keyword search capabilities while removing the need for conventional certificate management systems through certificateless authenticated encryption with keyword search (CLAEKS) solutions. One of the noteworthy approaches is [23], which proposes an advanced security model that better reflects real-world conditions for these systems and provides a practical implementation of CLAEKS designed to meet industrial requirements. This formal demonstration establishes CLAEKS as the sole solution that provides security guarantees against relevant attacks within this enhanced framework. It should be noted that integrating the proposed scheme into a particular operational environment affects its practical application since the cloud system's architecture and available resources determine the solution's effectiveness and performance. Current research efforts in wireless communication security integrate elliptic curve-based cryptosystems with symmetric algorithms to create efficient hardware solutions for devices with limited resources [24]. The hardware implementation of the ECIES cryptographic scheme using a 163-bit elliptic curve with the AES algorithm stands out as a major advancement in this area. This design leverages the ECDH protocol during key exchange to establish secure communication within limited computational resources. Hardware limitations that exist in mobile or embedded platforms and compatibility issues with current standards in diverse communication infrastructures can influence the solution's effectiveness. Especially for these types of implementations, the results of studies conducted in [25; 26]. Although key agreement protocols like MQV, HMQV, and NAXOS have included different scalar multiplication enhancements, none of them have combined DBNS with point halving in authenticated key exchange processes. The incorporation of this scalar multiplication approach into GN-AK delivers an innovative advancement. Recent studies have focused on securing scalar multiplication techniques to guard against side-channel attacks through research on specific subspaces of elliptic curves.