## 2 Related Work  
The integration of blockchain technology into SG systems presents a promising solution for enabling fair and decentralized energy trading, particularly in the era of EVs. [PERSON] et al. [4], in their work, emphasized the significance of the energy internet (EI) revolving around SG, drawing its parallel with the legacy internet, where conventional routing and packets are replaced with energy routing and packets. The EI is an integration of conventional distributed energy resources (DERs), distributed renewable energy resources (DREs), distributed energy-storage devices (DESDs), real-time energy monitoring, information sharing, real-time pricing, and energy transactions. EVs, with their inherent energy storage capabilities and potential for bidirectional energy flow in the V2G mode, represent both a significant disruption and an opportunity within this ecosystem. [PERSON] et al. [6] and [PERSON] et al. [8] make a case for blockchain applications in SG's cyber-physical layer. They presented a comprehensive framework with individual blockchains for sensors, microgrids, EVs, energy trading, and cyber security. In their seminal work, [PERSON] et al. [9] presented a thorough survey paper on the above topic covering various aspects of blockchain-based SGs. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [10] addressed energy trading issues over the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). They concluded that security analysis on a real-world dataset confirmed that their proposed energy blockchain and credit-based payment scheme was meeting the security needs of IIoT. [PERSON] et al. [11] considered the security issues of permissioned blockchain networks for SG applications and proposed an architecture based on a smart contract that met the security of the smart grid infrastructure and the privacy of stakeholders. [PERSON] et al. [9] also presented several practically implemented prototype systems utilizing blockchain-based SG technology, such as KWHcoin [12], NRGcoin [13], and Solarcoin [14], etc., which reward customers for using green energy. The growing adoption of EVs further amplifies this push toward a more sustainable energy landscape. EVs, with their ability to not only consume, but also potentially supply energy back to the grid, represent a critical component of this evolving scenario. Several other blockchain-based SG platforms offer a favorable environment for purchasing energy from various stakeholders, including EV owners. These platforms facilitate energy transactions and ensure transparency, security, and efficiency in the process. Most notable of these include Exergy [15] and Pylon [16]. Exergy [15] is the first practical system implemented to link a microgrid through a blockchain-based energy trading platform. Similarly, Pylon [16] is a practically implemented blockchain-based platform for several energy providers, including small prosumers and potential EV owners utilizing V2G technology to make their information available to other energy stakeholders and make buying/selling decisions accordingly. [PERSON] et al. [17] and [PERSON] et al. [18] extensively discussed the scenario of energy trading in the blockchain-based SG network. They optimized the robustness issues of the conventional power systems focused on 'long-distance, one-way energy transmission' by catering to distributed bidirectional energy management, improving the system efficiency and stability, and allowing for more players (prosumers/IPPs) to enter the energy market. [PERSON] et al. [19] and [PERSON] et al. [20] conducted comprehensive surveys on the intricacies of a blockchain-based payment system for managing energy trading on the EI. They introduced the concept of a cryptocurrency-based payment system with fungible \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Acronyms** & **Definitions** \\ \hline BTC & BitCoin \\ CDA & Continuous Double Auction \\ PAER & Peak-to-Average Energy Ratio \\ TPS & Transactions Per Second \\ ToU & Time-of-Use \\ GDPR & General Data Protection Regulation \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}