esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
_applied_  
_sciences_  
_Editorial_  
Advanced Sensors and Sensing Technologies for  
Indoor Localization  
**[PERSON] *\(\copyright\) and [PERSON] \(\copyright\)  
Engineering Department, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Accurate information concerning the position of users, devices, mobile robots, or systems is crucial for the safe and efficient operation of applications in the industrial, commercial, and consumer fields. High-accuracy, short-range localization is also important for specialized applications such as hand and finger tracking for biomedical or telemanipulation scenarios. Particular research interest is devoted to those environments where the availability and accuracy of global navigation satellite systems is challenging, such as indoor environments. In such environments, positioning typically requires ad hoc solutions and strategies and may be achieved using a wide array of sensor technologies and processing methods.  
Applications of sensors for localization include, but are not limited to, radio-frequency, magnetic-field, imaging, inertial, acoustic, and ultrasound sensors. Current research in the field also covers sensing and processing methods applied to the positioning problem. These include robust numerical methods, optimization strategies, tracking algorithms, Bayesian estimators, machine learning, and performance characterization and validation methods.  
This Special Issue is composed of five research papers that explore very different technologies, methods, and applications, which also include specific solutions for gesture recognition, localization inside industrial facilities, and positioning systems that exploit radio frequencies, ultrasound, and Bluetooth wireless technologies. In detail, the covered topics are: the localization of a forklift inside a warehouse by means of inertial, optical, and ultra-wideband sensors [1]; the evaluation of sensor fusion approaches for a 3D ultrasound positioning system [2]; a Bluetooth-low-energy-based positioning system aimed at localizing visitors in museums [3]; the recognition of sign language alphabet by means of a magnetic positioning system and machine learning [4]; a localization platform based on radio-frequency identification (RFID) for fast-moving carts in large distribution facilities [5].  
Furthermore, this issue is notably completed by a review paper that summarizes the current state of the art of indoor localization solutions and presents a case study of a localization system designed to support people with sensory disabilities in indoor environments [6].  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] and F.S. contributed substantially to the work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Acknowledgments:** The Guest Editors would like to thank all of the authors who, with their contributions, have made this Special Issue possible.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# MQC-MB: Multiphoton Quantum Communication Using Multiple-Beam Concept in Free Space Optical Channel
## 4 The Implementation of MQC-MB
### Initial Phase  
This phase prepares quantum signals, generates multiphoton, and creates the quantum channel. The laser that emits multiple photons needs the basic polarization of light as one of the techniques to do the photon's encoding. The polarization state of light is chosen based on the Stokes parameter as a value of the linear polarization angle [33]. Stokes vector is used to identify the polarization of light as the light progresses via an optical system in the multiphoton protocol [34; 35; 36].
_Algorithms_**2015**, \(8\), 484-513; doi:10.3390/a8030484  
_article_  
**Multi-Feedback Interference Cancellation Algorithms for OFDM Systems over Doubly-Selective Channels**  
**[PERSON] 1,2,*, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 4,* and [PERSON] 1,2**  
\({}^{1}\) College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China  
\({}^{2}\) Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing 210044, China; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{3}\) College of Information Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{4}\) School of Communication Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China  
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.L.); Tel.: +86-152-6182-9183 (P.L.); +86-183-8021-0997 (L.L.).  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 28 May 2015 / Accepted: 8 July 2015 / Published: 14 July 2015_  
**Abstract:** Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems over rapidly time varying channels may suffer from significant inter-carrier interference (ICI), which destroys the orthogonality between subcarriers and degrades the detection performance. Without sufficient ICI suppression, OFDM systems usually experience an error floor. According to the approximate matched filter bound (AMFB), the error floor in a coded OFDM system is not irreducible. In this work, we introduce novel multiple feedback matched filter (MBMF)-based ICI cancellation receivers. Based on the output of a novel MBMF scheme, the approach employs a multiple ICI cancellation strategy with or without signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) ordering. The developed schemes can significantly improve the performance and remove the error floor with a negligible complexity increase. Given the multiple cancellation approach, we compare the SINR performance of the MBMF outputs with that employing single feedback and show that the SINR performance with multiple cancellation candidates is improved over that with a single one at practical SNR values. Additionally, for time-varying channels, we exploit partial fast Fourier transform (PFFT) by splitting one OFDM symbol into multiple segments; the channel state is separately estimated by least-squares (LS) methods without inserting more pilots. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed methods over serial and block equalizers and the robustness to the Doppler effects compared to conventional single-segment method.  
**Keywords:** interference cancellation; OFDM; doubly-selective channels
## 1 Introduction  
### Background and Motivation  
Information diffusion in social networks represents a fundamental process that shapes public discourse, influences decision-making, and drives behavioral change across communities. Understanding how information propagates through social structures has become increasingly important in domains ranging from crisis communication and public health messaging to marketing and political campaigns. While numerous studies have examined basic diffusion models, the temporal dynamics--specifically, how delays between information exposure and sharing affect overall coverage--remain understudied. Real-worldinformation sharing rarely occurs instantaneously after exposure. Users typically experience delays before propagating content, yet most diffusion models oversimplify this aspect. These delays can stem from several factors: cognitive processing time, verification activities, or simply practical constraints on social media usage. Despite their prevalence, few studies have systematically compared how different delay mechanisms affect information spread across various network topologies (notably [PERSON] (2021) [1] and [PERSON] (2024) [2]).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.2.7 Runoff Coefficient  
The runoff coefficient depends on many basin characteristics, such as vegetation cover, land use, and basin area, among others. It can be determined from rainfall and runoff information [19]. However, when this information is not available, it is determined from the various tables provided by CONAGUA [41].  
With the help of the tables and the DEM, a weighted runoff coefficient was calculated by applying the methodology proposed by [PERSON] et al. [42].  
Intensity-Duration-Return Period (Frequency) (IDF) Curves  
According to [PERSON] [43], the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves allow for the calculation of the average intensity for a probability of exceedance and duration.  
[PERSON] (1990) suggested a procedure for Mexico with which the IDF curves can be estimated from rainfall records of 33 stations in different states of the country, by using the rainfall-duration ratio, which relates the rainfall of 1 h and a return period of 2 years (or any other) with that of 24 h for the same return period. In this research, we applied the equations of [PERSON] [44] and [PERSON] [45] suggested by this method. [PERSON] reported that [PERSON]'s equation is more useful for small periods and return periods of 2 to 10 years, while [PERSON]'s equation has greater functionality for return periods greater than or equal to 10 years.
# A Hybrid Model of Conformer and LSTM for Ocean Wave Height Prediction
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Spearman Correlation Analysis  
Spearman correlation analysis is a non-parametric statistical method used to assess the monotonic relationship between two variables [20]. Unlike Pearson correlation, Spearman correlation does not require data to meet the normal distribution assumption and is suitable for dealing with non-linear relationships, thus improving the robustness of the analysis [21].  
The Spearman correlation coefficient \(\rho\) can be expressed as follows [20]:  
\[\rho=1-\frac{6\sum d_{i}d_{i}^{2}}{n(n^{2}-1)} \tag{1}\]  
where \(d_{i}\) is the difference in rank between the two variables and n is the number of data points. \(\rho>0\) indicates a perfect positive correlation, and \(\rho<0\) indicates a perfect negative correlation.  
An important advantage of Spearman correlation analysis is its insensitivity to outliers and non-linear relationships. This makes it more stable and reliable when dealing with data that include outliers or non-linear relationships. In addition, due to its non-parametric nature, Spearman correlation does not depend on the specific distribution of the data, which is particularly important in practical applications of wave height prediction.
# Fine-Tuning Large Language Models for Kazakh Text Simplification
## 6 Error Analysis  
The human evaluation shows that most simplification errors fall into three core categories. Below in Figure 7 we show error category, illustrate it with a representative example.  
* Tone change: A major shift in stylistic or emotional quality (e.g., poetic to neutral, ironic to neutral, emotional to neutral, descriptive to neutral) that substantially alters the sentence's tone.
* Tense change: Mis-renders the temporal reference (past, present, or future) of an event, e.g., recasting a forthcoming or ongoing action as already completed--thereby misleading the reader about when something happens.
* Semantic drift: Small lexical or structural modifications (a word swap, dropped qualifier, wrong suffix, etc.) that inadvertently changes what the sentence means--introducing errors, nonsense, or subtle shifts in who is doing what or why.  
Figure 6: Example output of KazSim for Kazakh sentence pairs with English translation.  
Figure 8 illustrates the relative frequency of three error types across 163 sentence-pair comparisons. We have manually checked the result of KazSim (Llama-3.3-70B) model. Semantic drift emerges as the most common discrepancy, appearing in 35.6% of the pairs, while alterations in tone account for 30.7% of the mismatches. In contrast, shifts in tense are comparatively rare, affecting just 5.5% of the examples. Altogether, these three error categories comprise roughly 71.8% of all pairs, leaving the remaining 28.2% of sentences free from detectable tone, tense, or meaning changes.  
Figure 7: Representative examples of the three main error categories.
## 3 Numerical Methods
### Finite Volume Method  
The finite volume method (FVM) is conceptually straightforward. The domain of study is discretized in a series of non-overlapping finite volumes, and the governing equations, usually expressed in Eulerian formulation, are converted into algebraic expressions by integrating them over each discrete volume. The balance equations are applied on a node located in the center of the finite volume, while the flux terms are calculated at its faces (Figure 4a). This allows first and second-order approximations of derivatives. The surface flow for a given shared face is set identical and in opposite direction for the adjacent discrete volumes, and equal to a boundary condition at the edge of the domain. By doing so, the balance equations are held at the whole domain and within each finite volume, which is one of the most attractive features of the FVM. Additionally, since the calculation of properties happens in the center of each volume, it is relatively easy to implement boundary conditions of a higher order [85]. Numerical implementation of this method is also straightforward in the case of structured meshes, becoming more complex for unstructured meshes due to the bookkeeping necessary for the calculations of interface flux balances.  
Figure 4: Diagram of finite volume (FVM) and finite element methods (FEM) approximation principles. (**a**) In FVM, the domain is discretized in finite volumes, and balance equations are solved at the center of each volume. (**b**) In FEM, the domain is discretized in finite elements, and the variables distribution is assumed to follow a prescribed shape function within each finite element.  
The use of FVM for the solution of convection-diffusion problems was first introduced in the early 1960s by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [86]. Since then, FVM has been particularly successful in its application to computational fluid dynamics, as many of the current commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software suites are based on this method. Biomechanical applications of this method mostly focus on hemodynamic and tracheo-bronchial airway simulations. However, this method can be applied to other boundary value problems such as electromagnetics and structural mechanics [87; 88].
# The Nuclear Receptor PXR in Chronic Liver Disease
## 3 PXR and Cholesterasis
### The Homeostasis of Bile Acids and PXR
Indeed, some studies suggested that physiological concentrations of BAs are not sufficient to activate PXR-related pathways, whereas the increase in BA release occurring after a scratch damage of intrahepatic bile ducts does activate PXR, affecting the transcription of PXR-regulated genes, as for example CYP3A4, that are also responsible for BA detoxification [33; 41]. Other PXR-regulated genes including enzymes, growth factors, bile acids transporters, and efflux pumps demonstrated a protective role towards cholestatic injury. Therefore, PXR seems to play an anti-cholesteratic role by both inhibiting BA synthesis and enhancing the activity of the detoxification apparatus responsible for their elimination [32]. Interestingly, the homeostasis of BAs is regulated by the negative feedback of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which upon BA binding activates a signaling cascade able to upregulate the enteral fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19) [31]. Once in the hepatocyte, FGF-19 binds to the FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4), triggering the co-receptor \(\beta\)-kolto, which reduces the synthesis of BAs by inhibiting CYP7A1 transcription [42]. It has been demonstrated that PXR uses the FGF-19/CYP7A1 axis to help FXR in the homeostasis of BAs [32]. Although some evidence indicates that PXR expression increased in patients with cholestatic diseases (see below), further analyses on late-stage cholestasis revealed a downregulation of PXR [12]. This observation confirms the results indicating that PXR expression varies according to the different stages of cholestasis. Indeed, a preclinical in vivo study investigating PXR and CAR-mediated CYP3A modulation in bile duct ligated (BDL) rats showed that, after an initial upregulation during the first stages, these two NRs virtually disappeared in the late stages of cholestatic disease [43].
## 1 Introduction
Several studies and reviews have evaluated the benefits of natural products and derivatives in OA, including anthocyanins and polyphenols from pomeranguate juice [24], phenolic compounds (from olive trees) [25], avocado and soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) [22; 23; 26; 27], acetyl-keto-\(\beta\)-boswellic acid (AKBA) (from _Boswellia serrata_) [28], topical capsaicin (from chili peppers) [29], epigallocatechin 3-gallate (abundant in green tea) [30], gingeros [31], curcumin (from Curcumin longa species) [32; 33] and cucumber (from the _Cucurbitacea_ family) [34]. Cucumber (_Cucumis sativus_ L.), which probably originated in India, is a widely popular cultivated plant and is extensively used in traditional medicine. The active components of cucumber extracts include amino acid derivatives such as L-citrulline and iminosugars, possessing anti-inflammatory activity and improving cartilage nutrition [35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40]. Moreover, it has been suggested that flavonoids and tannins in the phytochemical composition of aqueous fluid cucumber extracts may be responsible for their free radical scavenging and analgesic effects [41]. In animal models, ethanol extracts of cucumber seeds at 100-200 mg/kg showed analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions similar to aspirin and ibuprofen [42]. The cucumber peel and cucumber plant have also medicinal value, with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, as well as hepatotoxicity and hypoglycemic effects after decoction of the fruit and the plant [43; 44; 45]. The therapeutic value of different parts of _Cucumis sativus_ have been especially explored in different skin formulations for cosmetic applications, such as antioxidant, antiaging and anti-wrinkle products [34]. However, data on the analgesic efficacy of cucumber in patients with arthrosis are scarce. In a randomized controlled study of the effectiveness of a cucumber extract (Q-Actin(tm)) (20 mg/day) against glucosamine-chondroitin (1350 mg twice a day) in 122 patients with moderate OA treated for 6 months, the cucumber product provided a statistically significant improvement in knee pain, physical function and stiffness during the treatment period as compared with glucosamine-chondroitin [46]. The present randomized double-blind controlled trial in patients with OA of the knee was designed to provide evidence of the effectiveness of oral cucumber supplementation on a set of clinical, functional and biochemical variables that, as a whole, have not been previously evaluated. Biochemical variables included biomarkers of inflammation and matrix cartilage degradation, which were selected to determine whether the study product could modify the inflammatory profiles of patients with OA and cartilage metabolism. It was hypothesized that oral supplementation with a natural cucumber extract for 8 weeks could be associated with improvements in pain, physical and muscle function and biomarkers of inflammation and matrix cartilage degradation as compared with a placebo.
[34] tested the effects of flowering information on the estimation of rape vegetation coverage at the flowering stage, and proposed a florescence index to improve estimation accuracy. (3) The application of remote sensing-based flowering information. As flowering spectral information is varied with plant types and fruits, it can be used to classify vegetation types [35] or to extract information related to fruits or yield [36]. Since the green part of rice canopy structure is becoming stable at the flowering stage, the ongoing flowering can be regarded as a process in which white florets information is gradually added into the green background. If the canopy spectrum before flowering and the spectral information during flowering could be obtained, it is possible to use the difference of spectral characteristics before and after flowering to optimize the estimation model and improve the accuracy of yield estimation. Monitoring spectral changes during the flowering stage requires remote sensing data with high temporal and spatial resolution, which is difficult to meet by current satellite data. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are capable of obtaining the required data as demanded. In this study, UAV equipped with hyperspectral imaging sensors are used to obtain hyperspectral images that cover the whole flowering stage of rice, and new florescence spectral indices were proposed based on spectral characteristics before and after flowering, and then the capabilities of these florescence spectral indices in improving the performance of VIs-based yield estimation models were tested. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the characteristic date of the flowering stage and sensitive bands for rice yield estimates by analyzing spectral information of the flowering stage; (2) to propose florescence spectral indices that can express spectral changes during the flowering stage; (3) to optimize traditional multi-growth VIs-based estimation models by combining spectral information at the flowering stage and traditional vegetation indices, so as to verify the performance of florescence spectral index in improving the estimation accuracy of rice yield.
## 3 Experiments and Analyses  
### Experimental Platform Construction  
The algorithm models involved in this paper were all run on the same platform. The experimental platform is configured as shown in Table 1. Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) was used as the optimizer to speed up the training process, the initial learning rate of the experiment was set to 0.001, the batch size was 32, the weight recession coefficient was set to 0.001, and the momentum factor was set to 0.92 with 100 iterations.
# Oil Sludge as a Rejuvenator for Aged Bitumen: Structural and Thermal Effect
## 3 Results  
### Study of Physical Properties of Aged Bitumen After Introduction of Oil Sludge  
The physical and mechanical properties such as penetration, softening temperature, and rheological properties of artificially aged bitumen were measured and compared with virgin bitumen to evaluate the efficiency of oil sludge recovery.  
Table 2 presents the penetration and softening point values of virgin, aged, and oil sludge-modified bitumen samples. As expected, the aged asphalt binder exhibited reduced penetration and an increased softening point due to oxidative hardening and molecular rearrangement. The incorporation of oil sludge led to a notable enhancement in both parameters. At a 5% dosage, the penetration value even surpassed that of the virgin binder, indicating a pronounced rejuvenating effect.  
During the aging process, bitumen typically requires higher temperatures to soften, resulting in elevated softening point values [32]. In this study, the softening point continued to increase with oil sludge addition, which may reflect improved cohesion and thermal stability within the modified binder. Similar effects of organic additives on penetration and softening behavior have been observed in other studies [33].