# Comparison of Microbial Gene Diversity in Grassland Topsoil Depending on Soil Quality
## 3 Results
### Genomic Characteristics of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes According to Soil Quality
#### 3.2.1 Characteristics of Prokaryotes  
Twenty-six phyla of prokaryotes in grassland topsoil, including Proteobacteria, were analyzed at the phylum level. In high-quality soil, Proteobacteria were the most dominant (35.35%), and Acidobacteria (24.75%) were the second most dominant, followed by Actinobacteria (5.40%), Chloroflexi (4.28%), Bacteroidetes (6.10%), and Verrucomicrobia (5.45%). In low-quality soil, Proteobacteria was the most dominant (37.74%) and Acidobacteria was again the second most dominant (21.71%), followed by Actinobacteria (8.52%), Chloroflexi (8.20%), and Verrucomicrobia (5.32%). Compared with low-quality soil, high-quality soil had a higher proportion of Acidobacteria (3.04%), Thaumarchaeota (1.88%), Bacteroidetes (1.82%), and Gemmatimonadetes, Rokubacteria, and Armatim \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Characteristic**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Sample * Number**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Avg. according to Soil Quality Level**} \\ \cline{3-10}  & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** & **High** & **Low** \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Major chemical factors and enzyme activity} & pH (pH unit) & 4.55 & 6.11 & 7.06 & 6.02 & 6.09 & 7.05 & 6.11 & 6.15 \\  & Soil organic matter (g/kg) & 18.00 & 14.34 & 8.00 & 8.04 & 16.51 & 14.33 & 14.34 & 12.98 \\  & Electrical conductivity (dS/m) & 0.16 & 0.12 & 0.20 & 0.04 & 0.06 & 0.07 & 0.12 & 0.11 \\  & Available & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Phosphorus & 218.63 & 173.00 & 159.07 & 87.35 & 46.70 & 30.39 & 173.00 & 108.43 \\  & \(\beta\)-Glucosidase (mg & & & & & & & \\  & PNP/kg h) & 19.85 & 15.93 & 3.66 & 7.54 & 13.73 & 13.26 & 15.93 & 11.61 \\  & \(\beta\)-Glucosmididase & & 6.23 & 4.14 & 1.87 & 6.19 & 9.93 & 6.49 & 4.14 & 6.14 \\  & (mg PNP/kg h) & Acid phosphatase & & & & & & & \\  & (mg PNP/kg h) & 123.37 & 56.26 & 60.6 & 68.95 & 91.91 & 118.04 & 56.26 & 92.57 \\  & Arylsulfatase (mg & & & & & & & & \\  & PNP/kg h) & 13.14 & 8.32 & 2.12 & 8.12 & 8.48 & 21.97 & 8.32 & 10.77 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Soil quality *} & Soil quality index & 0.79 & 2.40 & 1.51 & 1.26 & 1.42 & 0.54 & 2.40 & 1.10 \\  & Score & 4.61 & 73.21 & 22.87 & 13.60 & 18.98 & 2.51 & 73.21 & 12.51 \\  & Evaluation & Low & High & Low & Low & Low & High & Low \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Diversity index} & Chao1 & 1214.93 & 1818.16 & 981.90 & 1682.19 & 1686.97 & 1576.15 & 1818.16 & 1428.43 \\  & Observed & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & species (16S) & Shannon & 8.39 & 9.22 & 7.52 & 8.73 & 8.73 & 8.70 & 9.22 & 8.41 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Simpson & 0.99 & 1.00 & 0.98 & 0.99 & 0.99 & 0.99 & 1.00 & 0.99 \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Eukaryote (18S)} & Chao1 & 917.67 & 1184.79 & 687.72 & 1020.27 & 1066.56 & 960.62 & 1184.79 & 930.57 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Observed & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & species & 794 & 1053 & 555 & 874 & 899 & 826 & 1053 & 789 \\ \cline{1-1}  & [PERSON] & 7.97 & 8.33 & 7.14 & 7.01 & 7.59 & 6.57 & 8.33 & 7.26 \\ \cline{1-1}  & [PERSON] & 0.99 & 0.99 & 0.99 & 0.97 & 0.98 & 0.91 & 0.99 & 0.97 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* All samples were collected in duplicate.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Soil quality and biodiversity index based on physical and chemical properties of grassland topsoil. adetes (0.50-1.00%). On the contrary, low-quality soil had more Actinobacteria (3.12%), Chloroflexi (2.82%), Proteobacteria (2.39%), candidate phylum WPS-2 (1.04%), Patescibacteria, and others (0.50-1.00%) than high-quality soil. At the class level, \(\delta\)-Proteobacteria, Blastocatellia (Subgroup 4), and Subgroup 6 were predominant in high-quality soil. In low-quality soil, \(\alpha\)-and \(\gamma\)-Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were predominant (Figure 2a). Figure 2: Biological gene diversity at the phylum and class levels, according to the quality (high and low) of grassland topsoil.