## 4 Discussion
For example, SMF therapy has been used to treat chronic pain, wound healing, and osteoporosis [27; 28; 29; 30]. Due to numerous malocclusions, orthodontic treatment has become increasingly popular in recent years [18]. It is crucial to develop a workable technique for expediting orthodontic treatment. SMF may be able to affect bone metabolism, stop the loss of bone mineral density, enhance new bone deposition, and speed up bone turnover, according to a large body of evidence [31; 32; 33]. Despite extensive studies on SMF's effects on bone [34], nothing has been done to expand its use in dentistry, particularly inorthodontics. Four of the studies selected for review [22; 23; 24; 25] suggested that SMF could speed up tooth movement, whereas the remaining study [26] reported a negative effect of the application of SMF (10-17 mT) on tooth movement. Due to earlier, conflicting results, the effect of SMF on OTM is still uncertain overall. Multinuclear cells labelled with TRAP were counted in order to determine how many osteoclasts were present. There were noticeably more TRAP-positive cells in the experimental group. The key to OTM is bone resorption, which osteoclasts are known to be essential for [35]. According to numerous studies to date [36; 37; 38; 39], SMF could alter the internal and external calcium ion concentration, increase the alkaline phosphatase-specific activity, and start the differentiation of pre-osteoclasts into activated osteoclasts. Despite the potential benefits of SMF, there are also concerns about its potential adverse effects on human health. Several studies have suggested that exposure to high levels of SMF can lead to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and changes in cellular metabolism [40; 41; 42]. However, the evidence on the adverse effects of SMF is still inconclusive, and more research is needed to determine the long-term effects of SMF exposure. Although exposure to low-level magnetic fields is generally considered safe and poses no adverse health effects, concerns have been raised regarding the potential health impacts of exposure to high-intensity magnetic fields, especially those experienced in certain occupational settings or due to long-term exposure to electronic devices [43]. Several studies have investigated the effects of magnetic fields on general health, and although the evidence is still inconclusive, some potential adverse effects have been reported. One area of concern is the potential neurological effects of high-intensity magnetic field exposure. Studies have found changes in brain activity and disruptions in neurotransmitter levels in individuals exposed to strong magnetic fields for prolonged periods [41]. Additionally, there are concerns about the impact on reproductive health, particularly in men, as some studies have suggested a possible association between high magnetic field exposure and reduced sperm motility and increased DNA damage in sperm cells. Pregnant women exposed to high magnetic fields have also raised concerns about potential effects on fetal development [44]. The potential link between magnetic field exposure and cancer development has been a topic of debate. Some studies reported an increased risk of childhood leukemia in individuals exposed to high magnetic fields, such as those living near power lines [40; 45]. However, other studies failed to establish a clear causal relationship, and further research is needed in this area [41; 42; 43]. Additionally, exposure to high magnetic fields has been associated with changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and heart rhythm, raising concerns about potential effects on cardiovascular health. This paper had some limitations. For example, the included studies used different types of magnets, magnetic field strengths, and application methods, which made it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Moreover, the majority of the studies were conducted on animal models, which may not necessarily reflect the effect of static magnetic fields on human orthodontic tooth movement.