## 1 Introduction
### Weaknesses  
The current Eurocodes include some disadvantages:  
1. The load factors are dissimilar, \(\gamma_{\rm G}\
eq\gamma_{\rm Q}\), i.e., the permanent load safety factor is different from the variable load safety factor, which increases the required calculation work, complicates the codes, and makes the codes prone to design errors. The basic assumptions in the partial safety factor approach are that the characteristic value of the permanent load is the mean, and the characteristic value of the variable load is the 0.98-fractile of the one-year load. These assumptions result in dissimilar load factors, \(\gamma_{\rm G}\
eq\gamma_{\rm Q}\). As these assumptions have not been questioned earlier, partial safety factor codes with the same load factors have not been proposed previously.
2. The characteristic load of the variable load is the same for all variable loads, which is the 0.98-fractile of the one-year distribution, regardless of the load variation, and the variable load safety factor (\(\gamma_{\rm Q}=1.5\)) is the same for all variable loads in the design of normal structures. This creates excess safety and material waste for the variable loads with low variation. The article explains that this deficiency is mainly overcome by setting the characteristic load of the variable load changeable and the function on the alterability of the variable load. It means that each variable load has its own characteristic load. As the variable load characteristic values are changeable, this feature is used to obtain another positive result, i.e., the load factors are fixed as the same.
3. In the current Eurocodes, various materials fit differently with the reliability model. The design of some materials is more accurate regarding the target reliability than others. The proposed procedure allows the formulation of codes where one material can be selected to have an almost ideal fit with the target reliability and with virtually no reliability error. The timber, \(V_{M}=0.2\), is selected here to be the ideal material. Other materials have higher reliability variations. This article presents two options in which the material safety factors are functions of the load proportions when all materials fit well with the reliability model.
4. The current Eurocodes may include wide reliability variation regarding the target, about \(-20\%\) to \(20\%\), i.e., a variability ratio (high safety factor or reliability index regarding the low value) of about 1.4 [14; 19]. The high-reliability variability is due to the fixed characteristic load of the variable load, the independent load combination and the indirect safety factor setting procedure using the reliability index as a reference. In this article, the safety factors are calculated directly without using the reliability index as a calculation aid, and the variability ratio is about 1.03-1.07.
5. Current codes include several safety factors with rounding errors. This article explains a method to eliminate the rounding errors in the safety factors.
6. This article proposes partial safety factor codes with the same load factors, \(\gamma_{G}=\gamma_{Q}\). Thus, the proposed codes can be used as the design value format, i.e., as allowable stress codes, by removing the load factors and by multiplying the characteristic resistance values with the load factors.