## 5 Summary and Conclusions  
The teaching of anatomical structures has been impeded by various challenges and limitations, such as high cost of cadavers and limited qualified instructors, to mention a few. On the other hand, the advances in instructional technologies have provided various opportunities for creating innovative learning environments and new pedagogies in delivering educational resources. Specifically, there is evidence that immersive blended learning creates affordances for asynchronous online technology, improved learner engagement and meaningful learning spaces within blended anatomy courses.  
While there is increased interest in using AR as learning tools, the amount of available primary research studies on their integration into educational settings, particularly the musculoskeletal system, is still relatively insignificant due to the novelty of this technology. This research developed an immersive anatomy AR application called _Anat_Hub_ (Anatomy Hub), which was developed at a selected tertiary institution in Cape Town, South Africa, to assist in teaching and learning the names, attachments, actions, and innervation of the human musculoskeletal system. The hub displays a range of important features as a learning tool, particularly for medical bioscience undergraduate students, to simplify complex theoretical content in anatomy and promote self-regulated learning. The application was tested by undergraduate health sciences students, who were mostly using the technology for the first time, and on a range of mobile device specifications. The feedback obtained confirms its viability for improved learner engagement and quality anatomy education, while specifying areas for improvement and future research.  
It can be concluded that the development of the application was successful and achieved the main aim and objectives. To reiterate, the results of this pilot study suggest that the _Anat_Hub_ AR mobile application may be a valid learning tool that can create affordance for asynchronous learning. The positive indication by volunteers to use and recommend the application further validates its potential. It is also recommended that further improvements to the application are carried out and validated evaluation questionnaires with more detailed analysis are used. The idea offered in this research is one of its kind in Africa and can extend beyond the anatomy education domain. Notably, the review of the literature suggests that more research needs to be done in Africa in order to fully exploit the potential of this technology. Future studies can explore mixed reality for educational purposes, which combines the advantages of both augmented and virtual reality to further accelerate learner retention in anatomy education.  
Figure 19: General recommendations for improving the _Anat_Hub_ mobile application.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, R.C.M.K., O.E.I. and O.E.; methodology, O.E.I., D.L.d.L.S., R.C.M.K. and O.E.; validation, R.C.M.K., O.E., O.E.I. and M.S.; visualization and software--shoulder and arm, A.B., T.G. and B.A.; visualization and software--leg and foot, K.J.F., C.C.C. and N.M.; visualization and software--forearm and hand, N.Y., A.L. and L.D.; visualization and software--hip and thigh, K.A.F., L.M. and S.G.; investigation, O.E.I., A.B., K.A.F. and R.C.M.K.; writing--original draft preparation, O.E.I., A.B., K.A.F. and R.C.M.K.; writing--review and editing, K.A.F., A.B., O.E.I., R.C.M.K. and O.E.; supervision, O.E.I., R.C.M.K., O.E., D.L.d.L.S. and M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors gratefully appreciate resources made available by the University of the Western Cape.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.