## 4 Results  
### Evaluation of Simulated Typhoon Wind Speed  
The wind speed data from the WRF and empirical parameter typhoon models are compared with the SMAP wind speed data. To ensure consistency in the comparison, the simulated data from the WRF and empirical parameter typhoon models are interpolated \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Namelist Parameter** & **Setting Codes** & **Description** \\ \hline mp\_physics & 24, 24 & WSM7 \\ ra\_hw\_physics & 1, 1 & RRTM \\ ra\_sw\_physics & 1, 1 & Dudhia \\ sf\_sfclay\_physics & 1, 1 & revised MM5 Monin–Obukhov \\ sf\_surface\_physics & 2, 2 & unified Noah \\ bl\_pbl\_physics & 1, 1 & YSU \\ cu\_physics & 1, 1 & Kain–Fritsch (new Eta) \\ sf\_ocean\_physics & 1 & simple ocean mixed layer (oml) model \\ isftcflx & 1 & Donelan Cd + constant Z0q for Ck \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Main parameter settings for WRF simulations. Figure 4: SWAN simulation domains. The red line shows the SWAN area of typhoon Surigae, and the blue line shows the SWAN area of typhoon Neperatk. and masked according to the SMAP wind field data. Table 3 provides explanations for the corresponding cases where abbreviations are used in the presentation of results. Figures 5 and 6 display the comparison of simulation results for Typhoon Surigae with SMAP data. From Figures 5 and 6, it can be observed that the highest wind speed recorded by SMAP always exceeds 60 m/s. However, the wind speed simulated by WRF driven by FNL and ERA5 data peaks around 40 m/s, showing a certain discrepancy with the extreme wind speeds observed by SMAP. The empirical parameter typhoon models, Holland and Jelesnianski, provide wind speed extremes that are closer to the SMAP wind speed data compared to the WRF simulations, with both models simulating peak wind speeds reaching 60 m/s. However, the simulated wind speeds outside the typhoon's influence area of WRF simulations are closer to the SMAP wind field data. Therefore, it can be inferred that, compared to the WRF model, the empirical parameter typhoon models, Holland and Jelesnianski, have an advantage in simulating the intensity of the typhoon. However, they are less effective than the WRF model in simulating the wind field in the outer regions of the typhoon and the structure of the Typhoon. It is noteworthy that the extreme wind speed data simulated by the WRF model driven by ERA5 is lower than that simulated by the WRF model driven by FNL. Figures 7 and 8 present the comparison of Typhoon Nepartak, with data uniformly interpolated and masked. As shown in Figure 7, the typhoon was in a strong tropical storm stage, with the maximum wind speed reaching approximately 30 m/s. At this point, there was little difference in the maximum wind speed simulation between the WRF model and the empirical parameterized typhoon models. However, in the region outside of the typhoon, the WRF simulated wind field data were found to be more consistent with the SMAP data. In Figure 8, which corresponds to the times of 6 July 2016, 22:00, the typhoon had intensified to a super typhoon with maximum wind speeds exceeding 60 m/s. The empirical parameterized typhoon models, Holland and Jelesnianski, demonstrated better agreement with the SMAP wind field data in terms of maximum wind speed simulation compared to the WRF model simulations driven by FNL and ERA5 data. Figure 6: Wind field for Typhoon Surigae at 21:00 on 17 April 2021. (**a**) shows the simulation driven by FNL data using WRF, (**b**) shows the simulation driven by ERA5 data using WRF, (**c**) shows the simulation using the Holland empirical parameter typhoon model, (**d**) shows the simulation using the Jelesnianski empirical parameter typhoon model, and (**e**) shows the SMAP data. For the simulation of Typhoon Nepartak, the maximum wind speeds simulated using ERA5-driven WRF were consistently lower than those obtained using FNL-driven WRF, which aligns with the findings for Typhoon Surigae.