## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Biocatalyst [Reference]** & **Poliutants** & **Conditions and Degradation Efficiency** \\ \hline Conortium immobilized in exposed of poly (vinyl alcohol): AC1 & & & \\ (80\%) anaerobic sludge plug [10\%] & _Loosely-nitrogen elegans_ plugs [10\%] & & & \\ (Cloverline and acknowledg)/LC (no anaerobic sludge fusion reaction (NaHs)) & & & \\ (10\%). Developers plugs & & & \\ (Naphth): gas condensate and straight-run diesel fraction & & & \\ (7-10 g/ L, COO) & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cont. Not all microbial cells secrete synthesized enzymes into the environment. Thus, the stage of their isolation for use in the processes of destruction of hydrocarbon pollutants makes a significant contribution to the increase in the costs of the process with the participation of enzymatic NCs. The presence of BCs in the form of living whole cells of microorganisms ensures the presence of a constant source of replenishment of enzymes in the system. They can be synthesized in cells when they are present in media with hydrocarbon pollutants as inductors. Microorganisms, especially those that are parts of stable consortia, synthesize not one but a whole range of enzymes capable of catalyzing not one but several biochemical processes associated with the destruction of organic pollutants. Whole cells provide stabilization of the enzymatic NCs contained in them. This provides such complex microbial BCs with a number of advantages over free forms of enzymes--in particular, a longer period of semi-inactivation due to increased resistance to negative environmental factors [70]. In addition to the synthesis and storage of enzymatic NCs, whole microbial cells in the processes of pollutant destruction perform a number of auxiliary functions that contribute to increasing the efficiency of the process as a whole: the entire microbial biomass is a sorbent of hydrocarbon pollutants, increasing the contact surface and the area for the manifestation of catalytic activity; bacteria and phototrophs synthesize exopolysaccharide, which act as sorbents of hydrocarbon pollutants and also contribute to the formation of stable microbial populations characterized by increased biocatalytic activity against various xenobiotics [71]; bacteria are known for their ability to produce biosurfactants that exhibit the properties of surfactants that contribute to the removal of oil pollution; and microalgae  
Figure 2: Various BCs used for the degradation of hydrocarbon pollutants and wastewaters polluted by oil residues discussed in the review. The direct effect on hydrocarbon pollutants is provided by enzymes that are NCs (marked by violet). These enzymes can be synthesized by microbial catalysts directly in the process of destruction, as well as isolated and used as parts of NComs. The outer contour contains a set of the most commonly used microbial BCs: bacteria and consortia (marked by orange), mycelial fungi (marked by blue) and phototrophic microorganisms and those microbial cells that are not effective destructors of hydrocarbon pollutants but act as auxiliary “personnel” in such processes (marked by green). carry out the process of transformation of CO\({}_{2}\) into O\({}_{2}\) as result of photosynthesis, which, in the case of the functioning of consortia of cells with different enzymes, makes it possible to maintain metabolic activity of aerobic cells of different microorganisms in an active state and stimulate the oxidative destruction of various pollutants [70]. Each of the types of microbial cells has its own characteristics, which must be taken into account in their practical application. In the case of complex contamination, such as those discussed in this review, it is advisable to use consortia-containing cells destructing various organic compounds and toxic products of their primary (mainly oxidized) conversion. A high efficiency of degradation of pollutants can be achieved due to bionanocatalysts (enzymes) synthesized by these cells.