# CSO Based Solution for Load Kickback Effect in Deregulated Power Systems
## 1 Introduction  
In the previous decades, with the change in the power sector, there has been a tremendous development in load utilization, because of the overwhelming upkeep and types of gear. Now and again, the demand required is high, because of various consumers requesting power in the same time period [1]. Because of this issue, the Generation Companies (GENCO's) are infrequently not able to meet their client requests, subsequently making them unsatisfied, or to end their agreements. A portion of the developing issues related with power system operation incorporate constrained supply of system assets that thus drives the administrators to operate their systems at their most extreme limit, bringing about consistent price hikes in the power market [2]. All the previously mentioned constraints made us explore and investigate and examine novel ways to build proficient usage of assets in power operations. The author proposed an idea of about power system planning studies, with consideration of Optimal Power Flow (OPF) constraints [3]. On the premise of investigating new ways, demand response (DR) has, as of late, turned into a noteworthy asset in power system operation [4; 5]. The utilization of demand response administration in power systems empowers the administrator to productively use their assets, and in addition, enhance the power system's operation. The utilization of Demand Response Program (DRP) in power system operation builds the benefit of clients and the administrators [6]. Also, consumers who participate in this program are rewarded with incentives for shaving off some of their demand power during peak hours [7; 8]. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) report on DR implementation in US utilities and electricity markets in 2006 has classified demand response program in two major categories, namely, Time Based Rate Demand Response Program (TBRDRP), and Incentive Based Demand Response Program (IBDRP) [4]. TBDRP involves changes in price over a day, in accordance with load demand. The higher the demand, the more the price rate, whereas prices decrease in hours wherethe demand is lower [9]. Here, the consumers are neither penalized nor rewarded, as done in IBDRP. IBDRP involves paying customers a certain amount in the form of incentives, in order for them to shift or curtail their loads during peak hours. Here, the customers are penalized if they fail to curtail the load based on the contract they maintain with the GENCOs. Demand response, when considered theoretically, is satisfying, but when implemented in practical cases, various criteria and constraints need to be checked [10]. Demand response (DR) gives an opportunity in the integration of distributed energy resources as demand side resources (DSR), and encourages them to participate in power system services. The DR program gives support and infrastructure for DSR to produce or consume power with some operating constraints [11]. The main objective of the DR program is balancing the supply and demand power, and maintaining the system without congestion occurring with various demand side resources [12; 13]. The proposed work is focused on realizing the unprepared demand response services with real-time control strategies. The main issue associated with implementing demand response in the power systems' operation network is the load kickback effect [14]. Load kickback effect can be described as the sudden rise in demand during the non-peak hours that is caused by the overuse of power by the consumers after their reduction of power during peak hours [15]. In load kickback effect, the load demand may go beyond the level during the steady state operation before the outage during the system restoration [16]. It is observed that load kickback effect is produced in demand response programs after the load elasticity from DSRs is activated [17]. It may lead to cancellation of the contract, and produce more congestion problems.