esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Buffer Allocation via Bottleneck-Based Variable Neighborhood Search
## 4 Numerical Example
### Discussion  
In terms of solution quality, API-VNS can achieve the highest solution quality among five comparison methods in the large-scale experiment. In the small-scale experiment, API-VNS can achieve the highest solution quality in the case of \(\lambda=0.6\), while ETS achieves a higher solution quality than API-VNS in the case of \(\lambda=0.4\). This is because API-VNS can achieve a high solution quality with a short available computation time. If the computation time is extended, the solution quality of API-VNS may be degraded because API-VNS adds only one buffer in each buffer update. In the case of \(\lambda=0.4\), available computation time is very long for the production line with small-scale topology. Even though the buffer is allocated at the real bottleneck of the production line in each buffer update by API-VNS, it is still possible for the final solution to be a local optimal solution because a large number of buffers are allocated with a long available computation time. Solution quality of ETS is hardly affected even though the available computation time is very long, because it adds several buffers at a time and can thus consider more candidate buffer allocation solutions; however, it is usually difficult for ETS to provide a high solution quality in the available computation time. Inv-BS, API-BS, and Inv-VNS cannot achieve the same solution quality as API-VNS in some cases because of the disadvantages of using the inventory indicator and BS. Inventory is not effective enough to represent characteristics of the real bottleneck; meanwhile it is easy for BS to obtain a local optimal solution due to its limited search times.  
As for computation time, API-VNS achieves the same throughput with the least computation time, which shows the advantages of its computation time. Because the API is more effective than inventory to represent characteristics of the real bottleneck, API-BS is found to be better than Inv-BS. Compared to BS that has limited search times, VNS can test more candidate bottlenecks in the case of no satisfactory solution generated, therefore, Inv-VNS is found to be better than Inv-BS. ETS usually requires a long computation time to obtain the same throughput because of its buffer updating regulation, which may test too many candidate buffer allocation solutions. Moreover, with the number of nodes increasing in a production line, computation time of the proposed approach also largely increases. Although it is difficult to estimate the production line scale that leads to unreasonable computation time, we believe that the proposed approach can be applicable to most of the production lines in industry.  
In summary, API-VNS achieves a good balance between solution quality and computation time in available computation time, especially for the efficient buffer allocation of a production line with a large-scale topology.  
Figure 21: Production line topology after buffers are allocated by API-VNS in the case of \(\lambda=0.2\) in experiment 2.
# Error Recovery in the Time-Triggered Paradigm with FTT-CAN
## 1 Introduction
This differs from our approach, in which the overall system timeliness is always guaranteed, and error model violations only have impact on the probability of transient error recovery. For this reason, we will not further consider such ET approaches. In this paper, we propose designing TT systems with a dynamic approach based on the Flexible Time-Triggered (FTT) paradigm, which is a communication paradigm that combines TT communications with online scheduling. This feature allows for scheduling message transmissions in response to particular events, such as transmission errors, thus reducing the error recovery time and bandwidth utilization. Moreover, as message retransmissions are explicitly scheduled, it becomes possible to control the impact of such events on the remaining traffic and so maintaining the determinism of the TT approach. In this work, we consider the FTT implementation over CAN (FTT-CAN protocol). However, the recovery mechanism herein presented can be applied to other broadcast-based communication media that support the FTT paradigm, such as FlexRay [11]. The application to CAN-FD is also immediate. In previous work [12], we considered a restricted fault model with a maximum of one fault per Elementary Cycle (EC). This paper removes this constraint, allowing for a more generic and realistic fault model, where faults are directly modeled by a Poisson process. Moreover, the paper also proposes a new mechanism that supports concurrent scheduling of multiple consecutive retransmissions. This mechanism is unique and essential to obtain high delivery probability for messages with short deadlines. The new error and recovery scenarios are identified and thoroughly described and analyzed. A method for computing a probabilistic guarantee for timely message transmission upon errors is also provided. Finally, the paper also presents a method to compute the amount of resources that must be allocated to the time-triggered traffic to guarantee that all the periodic messages in the system are correctly delivered to their recipients within a given reliability target. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the related work concerning temporal redundancy mechanisms in TT networks and Section 3 describes the FTT-CAN protocol and its underpinnings, detailing also the new fault model. Section 4 presents the error-recovery proposal, including an analysis of the error and recovery scenarios. In Section 5, the methods and algorithms necessary to minimize the used bandwidth are presented, followed by Section 6, where the proposal is assessed. Section 7 describes the updates to the FTT-CAN protocol that must be implemented to support the functionality of the error recovery mechanism. Finally, Section 8 concludes the paper. Appendix A lists all acronyms and B the used benchmark message sets.
# Thermophilic Methane Production from Hydrothermally Pretreated Norway Spruce (_Picea abies_)
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Bio-Methane Potential Synringe Test Setup  
Cheap disposable plastic medical syringes (BD Plastipak, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) of 100 mL were used as batch reactors for BMP test [27]. Triplicates of each OL of 6, 10, 20, and 30 g COD/L for both HWE feeds were prepared (Table 4) for bio-methane potential (BMP) tests to study the effect of OL on methane yield. After feeding, syringes were closed airtight by adding a needle with silicone rubber stopper at the tip. Fed syringes were kept at 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a thermostat. Stirring was not applied but frequent gas sampling acted as manual stirrer. During the test, gas volume was recorded depending upon the activity. After prolonged gas accumulation, gas (minimum 5 mL) was transferred to a separate syringe by pushing through interconnected gas valves (Mininert(r) syringe valve) for determination of methane content of the produced biogas. Methane volume was adjusted to 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 1 atm and presented as NmL.  
Usually, OL is used interchangeably with substrate to inoculum (S/I) ratio. However, S/I is based on volatile solids (VS) of substrate and inoculum. The value of 0.5 (based on volatiles) has been found to be boundary to avoid overloading conditions if the inoculum is sewage sludge [28]. However, this value can change with the types of inoculum and substrate used. The S/I value can be higher if inoculum is compact such as granular sludge and lower if the substrate is more complex such as algae residues [29]. As our substrate is mostly liquid, COD based loading per volume of inoculum is more logical. In addition, volatiles such as acetic acid is lost during drying at 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C which gives incorrect methane potential values using VS.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **Inoculum (mL)** & **Substrate (mL)** & **OL (gCOD/L)** \\ \hline H170 & 240 & 160 & 20 \\ H140 & 200 & 200 & 20 \\ H170 syn & 200 & 200 & 20 \\ H140 syn & 160 & 240 & 20 \\ Control (Blank) & 240 & 160 (distilled water) & NA \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
NA: Not applicable.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Organic loading (OL) of AMPTS II-fed hydrolysates and synthetic hydrolysates.
## 5 Telemedicine to Monitor the GFD  
Patients affected by gluten-related disorders were already under considerable pressure before the pandemic started due to regular clinical and dietetic follow-up sessions [1]. The medical care of these patients is traditionally provided during periodic visits to healthcare professionals, who evaluate overall health, nutritional status, and adherence to the GFD and measure CD-specific serum antibodies [51]. In the pandemic scenario, telemedicine as a support for patients has been favored, and data suggest that patients trust the combined gastroenterological and nutritional televisits [5; 52]. It represents an excellent opportunity to transform our current vision of professional healthcare and reinvent it through available online technologies to welcome, include, and support patients who reported positive results with telemedicine during the pandemic [49; 50; 51]. However, telemedicine was shown to be an effective tool in nutritional monitoring of chronic diseases even before the pandemic [53; 54; 55]. The American Telemedicine Association defined telehealth as \"technology-enabled health and care management and delivery systems that extend capacity and access\" [56]. Once diagnosed with a gluten-related disorder, the GFD is initiated, and periodic monitoring of the presence and intensity of symptoms, adherence to the diet, the presence or appearance of other pathologies, and quality of life must be provided [57] (Table 1). A recent study assessing the effectiveness of online consultations in the follow-up of celiac patients showed that health problems were detected significantly more frequently using ad hoc online questionnaires, with no differences in the detection of growth problems and dietary disarrangements when compared with a group that was \"traditionally\" evaluated by face-to-face assessments [51]. The term telemedicine includes phone calls, televisits, and different remote point-of-care diagnostic tests to detect gluten intake and to monitor GFD adherence [5].  
Adherence to the GFD could be evaluated through questionnaires, such as the Celiac Disease Adherence Test (CDAT) [57], which consists of seven questions with a score ranging from 7 to 35. Higher scores denote worse GFD adherence. It is a simple and sensitive tool that is easily administered.  
Currently, new and different technologies help us to communicate via diversified tools such as computers and mobile phones, which are instruments through which it is possible to monitor diseases and comorbidities; in particular, with innovative and new mobile apps, it is possible to educate patients on how to self-monitor their pathologies and symptoms [58]. Undoubtedly, in the future, mobile apps for the GFD could be a method used to monitor patient adherence.
# An Improved Channel Estimation Technique for IEEE 802.11p Standard in Vehicular Communications
## 6 Issues and Future Work  
There are two main issues of the discussion and future work. The first issue is related to the computational complexity of the channel estimation process. The schemes that follow scenario 1 achieve better BER curves at the expense of the computation complexity, which is the outcome of complex matrix multiplications. The higher computational complexity leads to a higher requirement of hardware resources, which ultimately requires more energy. This energy demand becomes a critical issue for electric vehicles as discussed in [43]. The proposed scheme keeps the requirement of hardware resources low. However, if computational complexity is not the major concern then the proposed scheme can be further improved by constructing data pilots using Deep Learning techniques.  
The second issue is related to the proper utilization of the \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) parameters, which represent the time and frequency variations. Most of the current schemes utilize these parameters, with the assumption of prior knowledge. However, those schemes not mentioned the determination process of these parameters. Some authors [36] determined these parameters from a difficult realization of map knowledge and GPS. However, due to mobility and highly random road scattering variants, these parameters are hard to determine. One future consideration is to devise an algorithm to determine or predict these parameters or lower their dependence on the overall system performance.
## 2 Results and Discussion
Figure 4: Multiplex PCR assay using three specific markers for the perilla subspecies in a single reaction. A mixture of three specific markers, _P/LS_, _P/Myb-P1 pro_, and _P/DFRpro_, was used for PCR amplification. Lanes on 3% electrophoresis gel: M: 100 bp DNA ladder; 1-3: 'Cham-Dlggae’, 'Ip-Dlggae’, and 'Bora-Dlggae’, respectively, which represent the three cultivar types of _P. frutescens_ var. _japonica_; 4: 'Jureum-soyeop’, representing _P. frutescens_ var. _crispa_; 5: 'Jasoyeop’, representing _P. frutescens_ var. _acuta_; 6: 'Chungsoyeop’, representing _P. frutescens_ f. _viridis_. _crispa_. Sample K was also not identified because only the 189 bp amplicon of _PfDFRpro_ was detected. The sensitivity of the multiplex system was checked using template DNA dilution methods [27]. Optimized template DNA concentration isolated from fresh leaves of perilla was 10-20 ng. Therefore, the gel image (Figure 4a) clearly detected all perilla subspecies. However, Figure 5a shows that the three multi bands for lane G and K was difficult to detect when 10 ng DNA templates isolated from dried leaves of herbal products were used. Although these bands remained undetected in this study, our results demonstrated the specificity and sensitivity of these subspecies-specific primers, which were used to identify and distinguish between PK- and PA-type perilla varieties. The Korean Food and Drug Administration noted that the two perilla medicinal varieties, _P. frutescens_ var. _acuta_ and _crispa_ were established as Jasoyeop and are not currently distinguishable in herbal medicine [28]. Nevertheless, for the standardization efforts to control the quality of the medicinal plant, the distinction between _P. frutescens_ var. _acuta_ and _crispa_ may be required. Nuclear ITS and chloroplast DNA sequences have commonly been used to develop molecular markers to identify various plant species [29]; however, the limited differences between perilla subspecies at these loci do not provide sufficient information to distinguish between subspecies (Table S1). Using previously identified genes putatively providing distinct genetic differences between perilla cultivars [17,18], we identified subspecies-specific indels and SSRs in three genes and developed _PfLS_, _PfMyb-P1 pro_, and _PfDFRpro_ markers to distinguish between the four Korean perilla varieties, Dlggae (_P. frutescens_ var. _japonica_), Chungsoyeop (_P. frutescens_ f. _viridis_), Jasoyeop (_P. frutescens_ var. _acuta_), and Jureum-soyeop (_P. frutescens_ var. _crispa_), using indel and SSR sites identified from the exon4/3' UTR regions of \(LS\) and the 5' upstream promoter regions of _Myb-P1_ and _DFR_. Figure 5: Multiplex PCR identification of 11 commercial dried leaves and twigs of Jasoyeop products. (**a**) Lanes on 3% electrophoresis gel: M: 100 bp DNA ladder; A–K: purchased commercial dried Jasoyeop products (see Table 3 for full details); (**b,c**) Sequence analysis of PCR products amplified using the _PfMybpro_ and _PfDFRpro_ marker primers, respectively, aligned using Clustal W2.
## 4 Applications
### High-Order Harmonic Generation Spectroscopy
The source provides nine-cycle \(\sim\)100-\(\upmu\) pulses, tunable from 3.2 \(\upmu\)m to 3.7 \(\upmu\)m (from 0.34 eV to 0.38 eV), at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. High-order harmonics were observed extending up to 9.5 eV, which is more than 6 eV above the bandgap. The interpretation of HHG spectra generated in bulk materials can be linked to the standard techniques available for HHG in gases, opening the way to the reconstruction of the band structure based on HHG spectroscopy [76]. An additional limiting issue in solid state HHG is ultrafast carrier scattering processes. Scattering leads to a disruption of the coherent charge transport under the external driving field, thus reducing HHG efficiency. In this sense, the possibility to control charges oscillations on an extremely ultrashort temporal window is promising, so as to preserve coherence. Sub-cycle confinement of intraband currents was achieved in 120 nm-thin polycrystalline \(SiO_{2}\) films exposed to an intense ultrafast optical waveform generated in a visible light synthesizer [77]. Here, few-cycle to sub-cycle CEP-locked waveforms with a carrier frequency tunable in the visible spectral range were used. The possibility to apply a similar approach to the study of materials of interest for technological applications is extremely attractive, such as low band-gap (\(\sim\)1 eV) semiconductors. In this context, pulses with a longer wavelength are required. Few-cycle CEP-stable sources in the IR to THz domain can provide a powerful tool for exploring these systems. It is worth mentioning here the results recently obtained by [PERSON] and coworkers [78]. In their experiment, they were capable of detecting HHG emission from bulk GaSe by using 30-THz waveforms with a hundred-femtosecond duration. In particular, harmonics in the terahertz-to-visible spectral region were detected. HHG-based experiments in condensed matter systems are of crucial interest for technological applications, paving the way for the development of XUV photonics as a tool for controlling and manipulating charge transport dynamics on an attosecond time scale.
# High Density RF-DC Plasma Nitriding under Optimized Conditions by Plasma-Diagnosis
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Plasma Diagnosis on N\({}_{2}\) + H\({}_{2}\) Plasmas by OES  
The plasma diagnosis under the various RF-voltages, DC-biases, and pressures was made with and without the hollow cathode setup. The measured spectrum of N\({}_{2}\)-H\({}_{2}\) plasmas is shown in Figure 2. This spectrum was analyzed with the use of the reference in Table 1.  
The highest intensity peak was detected at \(\Lambda\) = 391.4 nm for N\({}_{2}^{+}\) ions. The other species ware also detected at \(\Lambda\) = 580.4 nm for neutral N\({}_{2}\) molecule, and at \(\Lambda\) = 336.0 nm for NH radicals, respectively. This identification of NH-radicals is discussed later. In the above spectrum, N\({}_{2}^{+}\) is a mother species used to generate other nitrogen ions. This mother ion is yielded by the ionization reaction sequence by collisions between electrons and N\({}_{2}\) molecules. Following the study in [14], when a single electron collides with N\({}_{2}\) molecules, the kinetic energy of the electron ionizes the molecule at the specified energy level by releasing two electrons. The reaction can be written as follows:  
\[\mathrm{e}+\mathrm{N}_{2}(\mathrm{A}^{3}\sum_{u}^{+}) \rightarrow\mathrm{N}_{2}^{+}+\mathrm{e}+\mathrm{e} \tag{1}\] \[\mathrm{e}+\mathrm{N}_{2}(\mathrm{a}^{\prime}\sum_{u}^{-}) \rightarrow\mathrm{N}_{2}^{+}+\mathrm{e}+\mathrm{e}\] (2) \[\mathrm{e}+\mathrm{N}_{2}\Big{(}\mathrm{B}^{3}\Pi_{\mathrm{g}} \Big{)} \rightarrow\mathrm{N}_{2}^{+}+\mathrm{e}+\mathrm{e} \tag{3}\]  
In this cascading reaction between electrons and neutral nitrogen molecules, the N\({}_{2}^{+}\) yield becomes the highest among various species in the N\({}_{2}\) + H\({}_{2}\) plasmas.
## 4 Methodology
### Proposed Model
#### 4.1.3 JPU Module  
The JPU module facilitates multi-scale feature fusion and contextual information aggregation to refine feature representations. It integrates features from different pyramid scales and enhances feature resolution through parallel convolutional operations. The JPU module is defined as follows:  
\[\text{JPU Output}=\text{Conv2D}(\text{Concatenate}(\text{conv1}\times 1,\text{ conv2}\times 2,\text{conv3}\times 3)) \tag{9}\]  
where \(\text{conv1}\times 1\), \(\text{conv2}\times 2\), and \(\text{conv3}\times 3\) represent feature maps obtained from \(1\times 1\), \(2\times 2\), and \(3\times 3\) convolutional operations, respectively. The JPU module enriches feature representations with multi-scale contextual information, enabling accurate vessel segmentation across varying vessel widths and contrasts.  
The JPU module's Concatenate operation is essential for merging feature maps that were taken at several pyramid scales, adding multi-scale contextual information to the feature representations. The module integrates features from different fields of reception while preserving spatial information by concatenating the feature maps along the channel dimension. This allows strong vessel segmentation across a wide range of vessel thicknesses and intensities by allowing the model to incorporate contextual information at coarser scales and fine features at higher resolutions. Additionally, the model can learn discriminative features, which are necessary for precise segmentation of retinal vessels in fundus images, due to the parallel convolutional procedures (1 \(\times\) 1, 2 \(\times\) 2, and 3 \(\times\) 3), which further improve feature resolution and variety. By enhancing feature discrimination and adaptation to intricate vessel architectures, the JPU module enhances the overall efficacy of the segmentation framework through the synergistic integration of multi-scale characteristics.
## 2 Antenna Design
### Two-Port Dual Band-Notched Antenna  
The designed dual-notch UWB antenna is replicated horizontally with the minimum edge-to-edge separation of 3 mm to create two port antennas with overall dimensions of 21.5 \(\times\) 28 \(\times\) 1.6 mm\({}^{3}\) (0.24 \(\times\) 0.31 \(\times\) 0.01 \(\lambda^{3}\)), as represented in Figure 8. The closely placed monopole antennas lead to strong mutual coupling. The coupling between the elements is decoupled using the neutralization line that connects the two symmetrical antennas and DGS. The geometrical information of the projected design is represented in Table 3. The neutralization line is comprised of the horizontal stub that provides an out-of-phase current with identical magnitude to the coupling current resulting in current cancellation and aiding in improving isolation across the impedance bandwidth. Incorporating the neutralization line on the radiator and ground plane increases capacitance, raising the Q-factor and, therefore, resulting in a slight variation in impedance bandwidth between the single element and MIMO antennas. The slots of the same width as C6 and C4 are used to improve the isolation at the lower frequency of 4 GHz. These slots moderately influence the second notch band. The projected two-port antenna operates from 3.4-12.1 GHz with isolation greater than 16 dB, and band notching of 4.5-5.2 GHz and 7.3-8.9 GHz, as illustrated in Figure 9.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Ls** & **Ws** & **c1** & **c2** & **c3** & **c4** & **c5** & **c6** & **c7** \\ \hline
21.5 & 28 & 16 & 0.5 & 3.8 & 0.5 & 3 & 6 & 0.8 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Geometrical information of the two-port band-notch antenna (mm).  
Figure 7: Significance of the variations of n5 and n6 on band notching.