## 3 Results  
* A total of 160 subjects (76 male and 84 female) were included in the study:
* 52 (32.50%, 52/160) patients had no malocclusions (Group \"0\"--control group). Vision defects was detected in 50.98% of them;
* 61 (38.13%, 61/160) patients showed sagittal malocclusions, 52 (32.50%, 52/160) showed Class II,
* 9 (5.63%, 9/160) showed Class III;
* 51 (31.88%, 51/160) patients showed vertical malocclusions, 36 (22.50%, 36/160) showed deep bite and 15 (9.38%, 15/160) an open bite;
* 34 (21.25%, 34/160) patients showed transversal malocclusion with a presence of cross bite. We observed the results obtained by the following groups (Table 1). * **Sagittal malocclusions*
* **Class II. *
* The presence of sight defects was detected in 40.38% of the subjects. Higher percentages were found for almost all visual defects compared to the control group. In particular, children with myopia were more than twice (61.54% vs. 23.53%, \(p<0.001\)) that of the control group, and children with latent or manifested strabismus were almost four or three times more represented, respectively (40.38% vs. 11.54%, \(p<0.01\); 36.54% vs. 11.54%, \(p<0.01\), respectively). A tracking defect was found in 42.31% of children compared to 21.57% of the control group (\(p<0.001\)) and an alteration in the tracking precision was detected in 40.38% (vs. 17.31%, \(p<0.001\)). The percentage of children with strong compensation of the body and head was greater than the control group (40.38% vs. 15.38%, \(p<0.01\)). * **Class III. *
* The presence of vision defects was detected in 44.44% of the subjects. Children with astigmatism, latent or manifested strabismus were almost five times more represented than in the control group (55.56% vs. 11.54%, \(p<0.01\)). A tracking defect and an alteration in the tracking precision were found in 55.56% of children compared to 21.57% and 17.31%, respectively, of the control group (\(p<0.001\) and \(p<0.01\), respectively). The percentage of children with strong compensation of the body and head was greater than the control group (55.56% vs. 15.38%, \(p<0.01\)). * **Vertical malocclusions*
* **Deep bite. *
* The presence of vision defects was detected in 51.43% of the subjects. Significantly higher percentages than those in the control group were found for hyperopia (40.00% vs. 17.65%, \(p<0.001\)) and manifested strabismus (40.00% vs. 17.65%, \(p<0.01\));
* **Open bite. *
* The presence of vision defects was detected in 53.33% of the subjects. Children with astigmatism were four times more represented than in the control group (46.67% vs. 11.54%, \(p<0.01\)). * **Transversal malocclusions*
* **Cross bite. *
* The presence of vision defects was detected in 45.45% of the subjects. Children with myopia or hyperopia were significantly less numerous than those in the control group (2.95% vs. 23.53%, \(p<0.001\) and 2.94% vs. 17.65%, \(p<0.001\), respectively). On the contrary, children with astigmatism (50.00% vs. 11.54%, \(p<0.05\)) or latent and manifested strabismus (38.24% vs. 11.54%, \(p<0.01\)) were more represented than in the control group. The percentage of subjects with strong compensation of the body and head was greater than the control group (38.24% vs. 15.38%, \(p<0.01\)). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models (see Table 2) demonstrated that Class II malocclusions resulted independently associated with myopia (OR 5.68, 95% CI 2.58-12.49, \(p<0.001\)); on the contrary, myopia was less likely if cross bite malocclusion was present (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.005-0.30, \(p=0.002\)). Cross bite emerged as a risk factor for astigmatism (OR 3.93, 95% CI 1.67-9.25, \(p=0.002\)); on the contrary, hyperopic vision was less likely to occur with cross bite malocclusion (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01-0.81, \(p=0.031\)).