# Bio-Inspired Energy-Efficient Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for the IoT in Disaster Scenarios
## 7 Simulation Results  
A simulation was conducted to validate the proposed model. Matlab 2019b was used to perform the simulation. The properties of the Matlab installation environment were as follows: Windows 10 64-bit operating system, Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-6700 CPU @ 3.40 GHz, and 16 GB of RAM. To validate the model, the simulation results of the proposed model were compared with those of the traditional LEACH model [44], DEEC model [48], a state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithm based on PSO [35] and hybrid PSO-GA [38] and PSO-HSA [36] models. The parameters used for this simulation are given in Table 4.  
The simulation considered two scenarios for a 200 \(\times\) 200 m area. Based on the literature [34; 36; 39], we identified that choosing a 200 \(\times\) 200 m simulation area for WSN applications in environmental monitoring balances computational efficiency and practical considerations. Smaller areas require less computational power and allow for faster i resource management and the testing of various configurations. Moreover, we used it as an early-stage research and proof of concept for the proposed method, providing a controlled environment for baseline comparisons before scaling up. Additionally, larger areas introduce more variability and complexity in propagation models, while smaller areas help validate models and algorithms before addressing scalability issues. **Scenario 1**: This scenario represents a normal situation, where the BS/sink is located at (100,100). All the sensors are positioned around the BS for short-range communication. **Scenario 2**: This scenario represents a disaster situation, where the BS/sink is located at (0,0). All the sensors are situated far from the BS for long-range communication. This simulation helps to understand and compare the proposed model's stability under different conditions with different models. The following performance metrics were considered to validate the proposed model:  
* Residual Energy: The sum of all the remaining energy of all alive sensor nodes was used as a performance metric to evaluate the model. Residual energy is directly related to energy utilisation within the network and influences the network's lifetime. * Throughput: This is another important performance factor for evaluating the protocol. Throughput defines how much information the client receives from the monitoring area that the sensors collect and send. It measures how many packets the BS receives from the sensor nodes. * Network lifetime: The main objective of the proposed model is to maximise network lifetime. This metric measures how many nodes are alive and able to send information to the sink. As mentioned above, this metric is directly related to the residual energy of a node. Figures 6 and 7 present the average residual energy of all nodes for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, respectively. The residual energy of the proposed model is compared with that of the LEACH, DEEC, and PSO models. For the calculation of the residual energy, 200 nodes were considered for both scenarios. According to the figures, the proposed model achieved the highest residual energy for all nodes across different numbers of rounds. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Initial energy \(E_{o}\) & 0.5 j \\ Transmission and receive energy \((E_{dec})\) & 50 (nj/bit) \\ Multipath fading \((E_{amp})\) & 0.0013 pj/bit/m\({}^{4}\) \\ Free-space transmitter amplifier energy \((E_{fs})\) & 10 pj/bit/m\({}^{2}\) \\ Power exponent & 0.1 \\ Sensory modality & 0.01 \\ Particle position \((X_{min},X_{max})\) & 0,200 \\ Particle velocity\((V_{min},V_{max})\)m/s & 0,200 \\ No. of rounds & 2000 \\ No. of iterations & 5 \\ Swarm size & 15 \\ Acceleration constant & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Possible relay nodes of the CH. For Scenario 1 (Figure 6), the LEACH and DEEC models showed that all nodes' residual energy was depleted after 1200 rounds. PSO performed better than the LEACH and DEEC models, with residual energy becoming low around 1450 rounds.