## 3 Results of the Literature Review and Discussion
### Review of Research in the Field of Adaptive Dynamic Facades
investigated the key design parameters regarding the thermal performance of an office building in Rio de Janeiro, taking into account shading and natural ventilation. The results showed that an acceptable level of thermal comfort could be achieved for almost 70% of the working hours. In countries with hot climates, reducing the load on air conditioning is an important goal [76; 77]. In this regard, [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [78] conducted a simulation of various designs of enclosures [79] with void spaces (VSTIs) in the climatic conditions of Qatar. As a result, it was found that the energy efficiency was approximately 12%, and the carbon dioxide emissions amounted to 4%. [PERSON] and [PERSON] conducted an experimental [80] and theoretical [81] study on the use of a spray-evaporative cooling system in a ventilated wall cavity for air conditioning in buildings with hot and dry conditions. The results of these studies showed that a ventilated wall cavity with evaporative cooling using sprayed droplets with a thickness 5 um could reduce the outside air temperature from 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 25.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The application of various solutions in ventilated facades plays an important role in energy saving. To achieve this goal, [PERSON] et al. [82] conducted a modeling analysis on the addition of a second air chamber, parallel to the existing one; these were connected to each other by the lower part of the facade. The results showed that the proposed system allowed for an increase in efficiency of 38% in the summer and significant savings of up to three times in winter compared to a conventional ventilated facade [83]. [PERSON] et al. [84] conducted a study of an innovative ventilated facade using exhaust air from rooms during the heating season, taking into account the configurations of the materials in the ventilated facade. The results showed that the ventilated facade had excellent energy-saving potential compared to a facade with closed cavities. Seeking to achieve zero consumption in buildings, various scientists have studied different adaptive facade solutions [85]. For example, [PERSON] et al. [86] investigated a climate-adaptive facade element--a module using solar radiation [87; 88]. The results showed that depending on the time of day and the season, the temperature difference in the room between the opaque supporting wall and the solar facade module ranged from 0.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 9 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Perforated facades have recently become popular. Thus, [PERSON] et al. [89] conducted a study on the suitability of perforations throughout Europe. In parallel with the perforation patterns on the facade, the orientation of the facade was analyzed, where the perforations showed positive effects in terms of energy savings. As an adaptive enclosure, [PERSON] et al. [90] investigated an energy storage sun wall on a south-facing facade under free- and forced-convection conditions in Japan. The results of their study showed that such an adaptive approach led to energy savings of more than 3%. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al. [91] used heat-sensitive coatings [92] composed of vanadium dioxide (VO2) doped with wolfram (\(W\)) and aluminum nitride (AlN), with a high absorption capacity and different thicknesses (10-75 mm) as an adaptive solution to tackle overheating. The results showed that the adaptive approach helped to reduce the room temperature to 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while it increased it to 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C in sunny winter periods. As another solution for energy saving, [PERSON]. [93] investigated the use of translucent membranes on the facades of buildings. In terms of profitability, they were not entirely effective, and the payback period was approximately 30 years; however, the potential for the use of ventilated air ducts was highlighted in [94; 95]. In Germany, [PERSON] et al. [96] investigated the use of cyber-physical systems on facades based on an intelligent system [97]. Their study showed the possibility of combining the functions with respect to climate indicators and the issue of ventilation with heating.