esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Cerium oxide has attracted much attention for several catalytic and environmental applications, such as depollution of noxious compounds from gaseous streams originating from industrial productions and from automobiles, the (industrial) gas-phase catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene, and the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater through catalytic wet oxidation [1]. The interest arises from its remarkable Ce\({}^{3+}\)/Ce\({}^{4+}\) redox and oxygen storage capacity properties. According to the literature the reduction of the ceria is controlled by the nature of oxygen vacancies, albeit the mechanism of creation of these favourable defects and their roles in the activation mechanisms, reducibility and activity of nanosized ceria at the atomic level is still lacking [2]. Cerium oxide has also been used in reactions for therapeutic applications to avoid reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI, like hydrogen peroxide) that increases retinal neurons degeneration (cerium nanoparticles were effectively used to scavenge these ROI within to retinal cells and inhibit the progressive degeneration) [3].The preparation route determines structural and surface properties of cerium oxide and there is a growing interest in controlling the morphology to obtain cerium oxide nanotubes. Very recently, cerium oxide nanotubes have been produced by hydrothermal alkali treatment [4], precipitation method [5], surfactant-assisted method [6], simple solid-liquid interface reaction route [7], by etching Ce(OH)\({}_{3}\) nanotubes/nanorods with H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)[8] or using carbon nanotubes as templates by a liquid phase deposition method [9; 10; 11].  
Studies of the influence of ceria materials in oxidation reactions are of interest since ceria is used as catalyst support in several oxidation applications. Here cerium oxide nanorods were tested as catalysts in the liquid phase oxidation of ethylbenzene using _tert_-butyl hydroperoxide (_t_-BuOOH) or H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) as oxidising agent: a possible reaction product is acetophenone which is used as ingredient in perfumes and as a chemical intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals, resins and flavouring agents. Additionally, the catalytic oxidation of cyclohexene is investigated. The role of the Ce\({}^{3+}\)/Ce\({}^{4+}\) redox and defect sites on the catalytic reaction is discussed. Additionally, the UV-vis absorption and luminescence techniques were used to study the presence and environment of Ce\({}^{3+}\) in the samples before and after exposure to _t_-BuOOH or H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\). The fluorescence of Ce\({}^{3+}\) activated compounds is widely studied [12]. Usually, the Ce\({}^{3+}\) emission consists of the allowed electric dipole _5d_-_4f_ transitions, since the Ce\({}^{3+}\) has a _4f_ configuration; the ground states have a doublet with an energy separation around 2000 cm\({}^{-1}\) (_\({}^{2}\)F\({}_{5/2}\) and \({}^{2}\)F\({}_{7/2}\)_). The lower excited states are the crystal field components of the _5d_ configuration. Also a broad band in a lower energy position has been attributed to the Ce\(4\)_f_-_O\(2p\) charge transfer [13].
## 4 Experimental Verification and Discussion  
### Hardware Design  
A WPT prototype is developed to verify the proposed control method, and its configuration is shown in Figure 7, which includes a DC power supply, inverter and its drive circuit, LCC-S compensation network, transmit coil, receive coil, Buck-Boost converter and its drive circuit, electronic load, etc. MOSFETs (IPW6R190C6) and diodes (MBR20200 FCT) are adopted in the primary side inverter and the secondary side rectifier. Both the transmit and receive coils are spiral-shaped disc structures. An electronic load with a constant resistance mode is adopted as the system load.  
The vertical distance between the coils is 10 cm. The horizontal misalignment range of the coils is selected from 0 cm to 10 cm, which corresponds to the mutual inductance varying  
Figure 6: Waveform and THD of the current through receiver coil under variable mutual inductance conditions. (**a**) Waveform of the current through receiver coil. (**b**) THD of the current through the receiver coil.  
Figure 7: Photograph of the developed WPT prototype.  
from 45.30 \(\upmu\)H to 28.27 \(\upmu\)H. Other parameter values of the developed WPT prototype are shown in Table 2.  
The constant voltage output and maximum efficiency coordinated control method rely on wireless communication between the WPT primary and secondary sides. The BT24 Bluetooth module is selected to achieve the communication between the primary and secondary side DSP controllers in the developed prototype. The Bluetooth module can automatically pair after power is on. After pairing is completed, the secondary side controller will continuously send the calculated optimal phase shift angle that makes the system work at the maximum efficiency point. When the primary side controller receives the optimal phase shift angle, it will generate two complementary pulse width modulation (PWM) signals with the optimal phase shift angle to control the inverter.
## 8 Conclusions  
As shown in this article, the tensile properties of the SAC305 and SACX0807 solders at room temperature are comparable (with strain rates studied). A similar conclusion can also be stated for the uniaxial creep behaviour. In the accelerated creep test, the strain contours were measured using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. Due to the hourglass-type specimen, the DIC captures creep strains on particular cross-sections of the specimen (having different acting nominal stress), bringing more creep curves from a single creep test. Subsequently, these creep curves are used to calibrate a viscoplastic model. Thus, the acceleration of the creep test is in obtaining more strain data from a single test. The procedure is described in detail and can help researchers with its application to other engineering materials.  
The viscoplastic model used in this study for both solder alloys consists of three parts: the Chaboche model, the Perzyna model and the Norton model. The parameters obtained via optimisation in OptiSLang significantly improved the accuracy of the predictions compared to the traditional analytical approach (almost five times less objective function value). The advantage is mainly in the possibility of multiaxial stress state consideration and the usage of more experiments in the optimisation procedure simultaneously.  
The influence of temperature on the mechanical properties of both solder alloys is under investigation. The capabilities of the material model to describe the temperature effect will be presented in a future study. The accelerated technique with DIC can be applied to the case of elevated temperature analogously. Especially for SAC alloys, where the investigated temperatures are below 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C, standard sprays can be used to create a pattern.  
Conceptualisation, R.H., P.D. and Z.P.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.P., R.H., J.R. and B.G.; methodology, R.H., P.D. and Z.P.; data curation, Z.P., R.H., B.G. and P.D.; investigation, Z.P., R.H., B.G. and P.D.; formal analysis, J.R. and R.H.; software, Z.P.; writing--review and editing, Z.P., R.H., J.R. and P.D.; visualisation, Z.P.; supervision, R.H. and P.D.; project  
Figure 18: Effect of element size on the prediction of tensile test (**a**) and creep test (**b**).  
administration, R.H.; resources, R.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of Czech Republic, grant number SP2023/027 and by The Technology Agency of the Czech Republic in the frame of the project TN01000024 National Competence Center-Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors are thankful for the support of Vitesco Technologies Czech Republic s.r.o. company.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Cathode Shape Design for Steady-State Electrochemical Machining
## Appendix A Experimental Tests of the Potential Model
### Transition into Steady State  
Since the formulation of the inverse problem is based on the shape of the anode in steady state (see Section 2.2), ECM experiments were carried out to investigate if the potential model can describe the steady state, including the instationary transition at the beginning of an ECM process. The machining parameters were chosen such that the initial gap widths (\(\tilde{l}_{0}^{\text{std}}\)) deviated from the standard equilibrium front gap widths (\(\tilde{l}_{\text{e}}^{\text{std}}\)) by more than 30%. The process was interrupted after certain time intervals to determine the gap widths during the transition stage. A continuous experiment under the same machining conditions, but without interruptions, was carried out to check the influence of the interruptions on the process.  
The panels (a) and (b) in Figure 11 show, as an example, the evolution of the gap width and the current density, respectively. The solid lines in both panels represent the theoretical evolution of the corresponding quantities. Both the experimental and the theoretical gap widths increase with time and asymptotically approach an upper limit. The experimental gap widths deviate from the theoretical values by less than 3%. Apart from five zero values in the experiment with interruptions, the experimental as well as the theoretical current density decrease with time and asymptotically approach a lower limit. The maximum deviation between the experimental and the theoretical current density is less than 5%.  
The zero values of the current density evolution in Figure 11 are attributed to the interruption of the process for gap width determination. However, the nonzero current density values of the experiment with interruptions agree with those obtained in thecontinuous experiment within experimental uncertainties, indicating that the interruptions do not significantly disturb the overall process. The experimental data agree with the theoretical calculation for both the gap width and the current density evolution; hence, under the process conditions of this example, the potential model can be used to describe the current density and the gap width during the transition stage of a basic ECM experiment.
# Constructed Wetlands for the Wastewater Treatment: A Review of Italian Case Studies
## 2 Classification of CWs
### Sub-Surface Flow (SSF) CWs
#### 2.2.1 Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow (HSSF) CWs  
In HSSF CWs, the wastewater moves horizontally below the surface through the substrate media, plant roots, and rhizomes towards the system outlet [24]. According to [38], unlike the FWS CWs, HSSF CWs require a small land area but with high investment costs. HSSF CWs are poor in removing ammonia nitrogen (nitrification) but because of anoxic and anaerobic conditions, they can treat nitrate nitrogen (denitrification) very well [15]. TSS, BOD\({}_{5}\), and COD were reported to be effectively removed by HSSF CWs at rates of 83.9%, 79.2%, and 72.1%, respectively [25].
# Vulnerability Assessment of Ubiquitous Cities Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
## 1 Introduction  
The rate of urbanization has drastically increased due to several reasons with the main being population growth. As a direct result of this urbanization, megacities or extremely densely populated cities are forming [1]. Studies by the United Nations (UN) show that 54% of the global population are living in major cities, and it will rise to 66% by 2050 [2]. Urbanization creates subsequent issues including growing population densities, amplified pollution, poor sustainability, and weak security [3; 4]. These phenomena impose problems in the form of urban management which increases demands on resources and services within cities [5]. However, there is no doubt that urbanization can provide prospective economic opportunities with proper planning and management [6]. A relatively new solution to alleviate the problems associated with increases in population density is the implementation of Ubiquitous cities [7]. Ubiquitous cities assure in achieving prosperity both economically and inconvenience. Local municipalities and governments may work in unison while optimizing and sharing information and reducing disparities between regions [8].  
Urban management is a difficult task that generally requires a broad interdisciplinary understanding of both technical knowledge and general urban function [9]. Automation and self-intelligence of cities is a result of a crucial ligament in knowledge management and control through the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) [10]. ICTs are being developed to alleviate this issue and many more by providing services that can display comprehensive data as required on demand [11]. Advancements in ICTs have seen them place themselves in a position where they are dependent on in the fields of urban planning and management. They increase the quality and ease of day to day tasks. Areas such as the office, security, residential, commerce, health care, education, outdoor environment, transportation, and the integrated city networks can be managed wholly by the use of ICTs [12].  
The ubiquitous cities' services are enabled through the adaption of ICTs and ubiquitous computing [13]. With the implementation and reliance on such a broad network of ICTs, vulnerabilities and failure points are created [14]. Natural disasters can wreak havoc through cities, by adding the reliance on infrastructure which can also be damaged by these phenomena can worsen the matter. Not only are these ICTs vulnerable to natural disasters but they are also susceptible to man-made risks such as terrorist attacks [15]. These threats can be both be in the physical and viral sense. With the latter being a more predominant threat to the implementation and reliance on ICTs [16].
## 4 Machine Learning Based Mimetic Whistle Receiver
### D-LSTM Training Method and Biomimetic Receiver  
The spectrogram of \(\mathbf{Y}\) in Equation (4) is obtained from taking Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and is used for the input training data of the machine learning networks. The proposed D-LSTM network learns the spectrogram of \(\mathbf{Y}\) to check the accuracy between the input bits (\(\mathbf{B}\)) and the estimated bits (\(\mathbf{B}\)). Figure 6 shows the training process of the proposed D-LSTM.  
Figure 5: DAG-net and LSTM (D-LSTM) network structure. LSTM: long-short term memory.  
Figure 6: D-LSTM network training strategy. UWA: underwater acoustic.  
The length of the transmitted whistle sequence depends on the number of input bits. If the bit length is long and the machine learning networks demodulate all bits, a large memory is needed for the D-LSTM and the computational complexity increases. Thus, the block window is used for the finite memory and the overlapped processing is performed to track the link information. The window size of the proposed D-LSTM is three and the one window span is shifted for overlapping. The window processing procedure is depicted in Figure 7.  
In Figure 7, for the processing of the \(n\)-th window, the propose D-LSTM receiver detects the bits not only from the \(n\)-th window but also from the (\(n\)\(-\)1)-th windows, and updates the whistle information for the next window. This window processing enables the receiver to use the memory dynamically and reduces the memory size and the computational complexity. The following section mentions the classification and implementation of the processes of the D-LSTM.
# IoT-Based Smart Surveillance System for High-Security Areas
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions of this Study
#### 1.2.2 Ambient Environment  
The operation of GMS is not infected by conditions in the ambient environment, such as sunlight, dust, fog, or any other environmental condition. Noise and dust also do not interfere with its communication. Due to the discussed ambient environmental features, GMS was selected for use in SS-HSA. The previous solutions in this field have not been environmentally friendly.
radially linear focusing force inside the plasma bubble, which is proportional to the radial offset \(r\), i.e., \(F_{\perp}\propto r\), can preserve the slice emittance of the electron beam. If the RMS beam radius of the witness beam satisfies the matching condition, the projected beam emittance growth can be also suppressed [7].  
In particle accelerators, beam profiles are typically assumed to be Gaussian. However, due to the action of non-linear forces such as the space charge effect or various nonlinearities in the beam line, realistic particle beams normally deviate from the standard Gaussian shape [11; 12; 13; 14]. A non-Gaussian transverse beam distribution can affect the beam properties, such as the transverse emittance and brightness [15]. Here we look into this intrinsic mechanism and explore the influences of non-Gaussian beam profiles on electron beam dynamics in a quasilinear wakefield. This work will be crucial for the optimisation of accelerators and for the development of diagnostics for beams with more realistic distributions.  
This paper is organized as follows. The simulation configuration and main parameters are presented in Section 2. In Section 3, the plasma wakefield properties and the basic beam dynamics of a Gaussian profile witness bunch are shown. The mathematical characterizations of the higher-order features of non-Gaussian distributions as well as their influences on the plasma response and beam properties, e.g., emittance and brightness, are discussed in Section 4. Finally, we summarize all key findings in Section 5.
## 5 Experiments
The motions of the end-effector controlled with the two proposed path generators followed the desired trajectory well, but the motion with the constant-curvature model did not, as shown in Figure 21. The blue solid line presents the end-effector's orientation with the optimization path generator, and the green dotted line shows the results from the path generator with the Jacobian matrix and PID control algorithm. The red dashed-dotted line represents the results from the constant-curvature model, and the black dashed line is the desired orientation path. The two proposed path generators showed similar results, even near 120 s. Both of the experimental results with the two path generators could not reach the desired values due to the physical limitation of the joint structure. However, the path generator with the Jacobian matrix and PID control algorithm generated commands that were beyond the limitations of the joint structure. If these commands are repeated, the wires and joints may suffer damage. The experimental results showed the accuracy of the proposed kinematic model and the validity of the two path generator algorithms. The forward kinematic model of the articulated joint robot arm with frame transformation and the symmetric wire length model for the joint structure were more precise than the constant-curvature model. The two proposed path generators solved the inverse kinematics efficiently and generated accurate actuation paths for open-loop control in an actual system. Figure 20: Experimental apparatus.
## 4 Parameters for the Optimal Election of CH
### Objectives  
The intention of the BEA-SSA-based scheme for electing the optimal CH is shown in Equation (28), where \(di\) is the distance, \(E^{p}\) is the energy, \(Se\) is the security, \(De\) is the delay, \(Tr\) is the trust, and RSSI is the Received Signal Strength Indicator. The objective function is shown below. Our objective function is distance, security, and delay should be minimum, but the remaining parameters of energy, trust, and RSSI must be maximum. Here, for security analysis, the risk factor is considered. Therefore, the risk factor must be minimum.  
\[Obj=\min\left[\begin{array}{c}(we_{1}\times di)+(we_{2}\times(1-E^{p}))+( we_{3}\times(Se))\\ +(we_{4}\times De)+(we_{5}\times(1-Tr))+(we_{6}(1-\text{RSSI}))\end{array}\right] \tag{28}\]  
In Equation (13), \(we_{1}\)-\(we_{6}\) are weight factors that ranges from 0 to 1; \(we_{1}\) is assigned with 0.2, \(we_{2}\) is assigned with 0.3, \(we_{3}\) is assigned with 0.1, \(we_{4}\) is assigned with 0.2, \(we_{5}\) is assigned with 0.1, and \(we_{5}\) is assigned with 0.1.
## 3 Problem Description of FFSP-AGV  
The FFSP-AGV investigated in this paper is defined by the following: s (s > 1) successive stage processing is required for n (n > 1) jobs, following the same production flow as stage 1, stage 2, \(\ldots\), stage s. Moreover, each stage j (j = 1, 2, \(\ldots\), s) has lj (lj \(\geq\) 1) UPM, and at least one stage has two or more parallel machines. Each operation Oj (i = 1, 2, \(\ldots\), n) is executed without pre-emption by one machine k (k = 1, 2, \(\ldots\), lj) chosen from lj machines, and the processing time of each operation is deterministic and known in advance. Let transportation task Tj represent the transport of job \(i\) to the machine executing Ojj. Obviously, before beginning the operation, Tij should be carried out by one AGV chosen from a set of \(r\) (\(r\geq\) 2) identical AGVs. Note that an AGV may need to execute empty/null travel from its current location to the location where the job must be picked up, unless the two locations are the same. It should be noted that the transport times between one UPM and another UPM or between a UPM and the load area (LA) are distance-dependent and are exactly the same for each AGV, regardless of the job being transported.  
The schematic diagram of the studied problem is shown in Figure 1. At the beginning, all jobs are ready to be transported at the LA from where each of them must be transported by one AGV to the machine in stage 1 to execute their first operations Oi1. For each of its following operations, each job will be picked up via an AGV from the machine in which its previous operation was executed to the machine processing the current operation. A job arriving at a machine is transferred to its buffer area, and thus, the AGV can proceed to its next vehicle assignment without delay. Moreover, the machine layouts in the shop and AGV paths between the LA and the UPM or among UPMs are known in advance.  
The objective of the FFSP-AGV is to minimize the makespan, i.e., the completion time of the last operation. The scheduling is composed of three sub-problems: (1) sequencing the jobs in each stage, (2) assigning the machines to jobs in each stage and (3) assigning the AGVs to transport jobs in each stage. In addition, the problem requires the following additional assumptions:  
1. The buffer area is sufficiently large, such that jobs can wait either for the machines or for the AGVs.
2. Each machine can only execute one operation at a time at most.
3. Each AGV can only execute one transport task at a time at most.
4. Failure and preventive maintenance activities of machines are not considered.
5. Once a job starts to be processed or transported, the task cannot be interrupted.
6. Cross conflict and congestion conflict of AGVs are not considered.