## 3 Results
### Effect of Six Specific Parameters Included in the Validated Model
However, when excluded from the model (i.e., all the windows are closed), the simulation results showed that 2.0% less energy was needed for the heating. It should be noted that the offices were mechanically ventilated and, in this respect, there was no need to open the windows for fresh air. A random and infrequent opening of the windows during the heating season was a result of the psychological needs of the occupants. This also resulted in a small influence of the window opening on the energy use in the offices during the heating period. In the cooling season, in contrast, the simulation results without window opening revealed a 7.3% increase in energy use. This clearly showed that occupants opened the windows very thoughtfully: mainly when the outdoor air temperatures were lower than the indoor air temperatures. Nevertheless, both effects resulted in a moderate 3.2% higher annual energy use. If we observe the calculated indoor average air temperatures, the simulations showed very similar results: by opening windows, the users only had a slight influence on the air temperature during the cooling season (they were able to decrease it slightly), while in the heating season the influence of the window opening was much smaller (Figure 3). The effect of the use of internal roller blinds was investigated. Occupants' activities, such as their daily use of roller blinds for protection against glare, were estimated from the actual monitored use. As such, they were included in the optimized model. For the purposes of this analysis, simulations on the model confirmed that the use of internal roller blinds had a positive influence in one season. But this positive effect was counterbalanced by a negative effect in another season. The results of the simulations show that if the internal roller blinds were excluded from the model (i.e., no use of the roller blinds), the energy use in the offices was lower by 2.6% in the heating season and higher by 2.9% in the cooling season. The consequence was a total effect of 0.5%, which almost equals a zero-energy effect on the annual simulation output of the whole model. For this example, simulations of the internal air temperatures were also made. Their calculated averages showed noticeable, but very small, deviations in the heating and cooling seasons (Figure 3). The largest effect on the energy use in the offices, 17.6% in total, was caused by users' adjustments of the temperature setting with the room-temperature controllers (an adjustment from the general setting of the system). In the heating season, they typically adjusted the temperature higher, while in the cooling season the set temperature was usually lowered. Excluding these adjustments means the general settings of the system apply: 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the heating season and 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the cooling season. The results of the simulations in this analysis--excluding the temperature adjustments--showed that this resulted in a 13.1% higher energy use for heating the offices and a 21.2% higher energy use for cooling them. This phenomenon was reflected primarily in the calculated average internal air temperature in the cooling season, which deviated from the result obtained with the validated result by almost half a degree (Figure 3). Our goal was also to determine the effect on the results of the combination of all six specific parameters when they were excluded from the model. The simulations showed that the energy effect caused by these specific parameters for the whole year's energy use was 8.2%. If these data were not known and included in the model, the results for energy use would be 8.2% lower, i.e., 8.2% less energy would be calculated if all the specific parameters detected by monitoring and analyzed for the purposes of the simulations were excluded from the validated simulation model. As regards the seasons, it was found that the effect on the results was particularly large when cooling. In such a case, 15.9% less energy would be used just in the cooling season (Figure 3).