## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electromagnetic Simulation and Analysis for Dielectric Heating Applications
#### 3.2.2 Frequency Response of Power Intensity  
The frequency response of power intensity was analyzed through simulations comparing the cross-sectional power distributions in fish scales and fish muscle under a power  
Figure 6: Frequency response of the horn antenna for dielectric heating applications: (**a**) the 3D radiation pattern with horn antenna structure, (**b**) S-parameter (S11) analysis, (**c**) 2D radiation pattern in E-plane and H-plane. density of 900 W/m\({}^{3}\), as shown in Figure 7. The simulations were conducted at varying distances (3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm, and 12 cm) between the horn antenna and the target tissues to evaluate how distance impacts the energy distribution within the tissues. At 3 cm, fish scales exhibit a highly uniform power distribution with minimal localized variation. The red regions indicate consistent energy absorption, suggesting that shorter distances enable even energy distribution across the scales' surface. In contrast, fish muscle at the same distance shows a more heterogeneous power distribution, characterized by distinct high-intensity zones. This localized energy absorption aligns with the power density Equation (4), which describes the relationship between electromagnetic energy distribution and tissue properties. This selective energy absorption in muscle is likely attributed to its higher water content and dielectric properties, which enhance localized heating. As the distance increases to 6 cm, the uniformity of power distribution in both fish scales and muscle begins to decline. In fish scales, energy absorption becomes concentrated in the central regions, while the peripheral areas show reduced intensity. Similarly, in fish muscle, the high-intensity zones diffuse, leading to a more distributed yet less focused energy pattern. This pattern is consistent with Equation (4), as increased distance leads to reduced energy density due to spatial dispersion of the electromagnetic field. At 9 cm, energy absorption in both fish scales and muscle continues to centralize, with peripheral regions experiencing a noticeable decrease in intensity. Fish scales display distinct localized  
Figure 7: Simulated power density and SAR values in fish scales and muscle at various antenna distances. heating zones, indicating a reduction in overall uniformity compared to shorter distances. Meanwhile, fish muscle retains concentrated regions but exhibits a more dispersed energy absorption pattern overall. The energy absorption trend at this distance suggests an optimal balance between power density and uniform distribution, preventing excessive heating in one region. At the farthest distance of 12 cm, power intensity in both fish scales and muscle significantly diminishes. The energy distribution in fish scales becomes fragmented, with irregular and less centralized intensity. In fish muscle, the power distribution becomes increasingly uniform, though at a lower intensity, as the energy dissipates more broadly with greater distance. This behavior can be explained using Equation (2), where \(PD\) is inversely related to the square root of the dielectric properties and distance. The further the energy source, the weaker the field strength and energy absorption. These results emphasize the diminishing effectiveness of energy delivery as the distance between the horn antenna and the target tissues increases. Maintaining an optimal distance is critical to ensuring efficient energy transfer and effective heating. While fish scales achieve more uniform energy absorption at shorter distances, fish muscle localizes energy more effectively due to its dielectric properties. Based on the simulated power intensity distribution, 6 cm and 9 cm appear to be the most promising for practical applications. At 6 cm, energy absorption in fish scales remains highly concentrated in the central regions, providing sufficient intensity to target parasites such as liver flukes, while avoiding excessive energy delivery to the muscle, as predicted by Equation (4).