# Recent Advancement in Assessment and Control of Structures under Multi-Hazard
## 5 Multi-Hazard Assessment and Vibration Control of Buildings  
This section provides a review of studies related to building response to multi-hazard, with emphasis on wind and seismic forces. Building response to seismic forces is controlled \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of** & **Type of Bridge** & **Aims** & **Main Contribution/Conclusion** \\ \hline  & Earthquakes, Wind, Tsunami, Flood, Surge, and Wave & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) & Highway bridges & Review & \begin{tabular}{c} Summary of the state-of-the art in \\ fragility and restoration models \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline  & Earthquakes, Blast and Fire & & \\ \hline [PERSON], et al. (2018) & \begin{tabular}{c} Concrete-filled fiber \\ reinforced polymer \\ tube (CFFT) \\ bridge columns \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Experimental \\ investigation of lightly \\ reinforced \\ CFFT columns \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Experimentally validated design \\ equations and a formulation for \\ displacement-based seismic design \\ including fire protection provisions \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline  & Earthquake and traffic loads & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) & \begin{tabular}{c} Bridges in Southeast \\ Coastal areas of China \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Study combinations of \\ seismic and truck loads \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Probabilistic methodology to combine \\ earthquake and truck load \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) & Highway bridges & \begin{tabular}{c} Studying effect of \\ traffic loads on \\ seismic reliability \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Framework for joint fragility \\ assessment, fragility surfaces, and \\ case study application \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline  & Earthquake, Traffics-Load, and Deterioration & & \\ \hline Deco and & \begin{tabular}{c} Bridges in general \\ Fangopol (2018) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Life-cycle risk \\ assessment \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Probabilistic framework for life cycle \\ risk assessment of spatially \\ distributed group of bridges \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline  & Earthquakes and High water & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) & Generic & Risk assessment & \begin{tabular}{c} An analysis of risk metrics, \\ stakeholder perceptions, and impact \\ on retrofit strategies \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline  & Traffic Load and Wind & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) & Long span bridges & Review & Summary of recent advances. \\ \hline  & Wave and Storm Surge & & \\ \hline [PERSON], and [PERSON] (2018) & Costal RC bridges & Capacity assessment & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Probabilistic approach to global limit \\ state capacities \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) & Costal RC bridges & Fragility assessment &
\begin{tabular}{c} Development of surrogate models and \\ uncertainty analysis \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont. by various factors, such as amplitude, duration, and frequency content of ground shaking. It also depends on the characteristics of the building itself and the underlying soil properties. Larger earthquakes produce ground motion with more energy at lower frequencies than smaller earthquakes. Large earthquakes are hazardous to all buildings, particularly to those that have natural frequencies close to the dominant frequency of ground shaking. Such a phenomenon has been observed in ground shaking and building response during past earthquakes (see, for example, [125, 126]). Wind loads contain energy at lower frequencies than seismic ground motions. Low to mid-rise buildings with relatively low vibration frequencies are therefore more susceptible to dynamic vibrations caused by seismic forces than those due to wind. Wind forces on such structures could, nevertheless, have undesired effects on components such as roofs, windows, chimneys, etc. Damage to light and improperly anchored roofs in low-rise buildings during strong wind is, therefore, of concern. In super tall buildings, wind generally induces stronger displacement response than earthquakes.