## 11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives  
In recent years, OCTA has become indispensable in clinical practice for both the diagnosis and follow-up of AMD as well as to evaluate the response to treatment with anti-VEGF agents. OCTA is a quick and non-invasive diagnostic tool that does not require the use of a contrast agent. It helps to identify early signs of AMD; it shows a good level of sensitivity and accuracy in the diagnosis of late stage of AMD; it also provides the correct characterization of subtypes of MNV, improving the detection rate and offering new insights into the pathophysiology and progression of these lesions.  
OCTA provides some biomarkers as predictors of functional and anatomical outcomes improving patient management and therapy. Moreover, OCTA has several advantages, including a non-invasive and rapid acquisition of angiograms, depth resolution, and perfect microvascular resolution. On the contrary, the main limitation of current OCTA devices are image artifacts; however, OCTA technology is evolving in order to improve image quality, acquisition time, and automatic interpretation of scans, allowing for improved diagnosis and understanding of AMD [122].  
Visualization of the choroid and choriocapillaris may be affected by the loss of flow signal with depth in short-wavelength OCTA devices, but this limitation may be addressed in the near future by new-generation of OCTA devices. In particular, artifacts of masking and unmasking are very common in patients with AMD. These regions are lined with areas of PEDs or large retinal vessels anterior to the choroid on B scans. The creation of artifacts due to PEDs are accompanied by focal unmasking artifacts due to RPE atrophy. In the region immediately below RPE atrophy, there is an increase in OCT reflectivity throughout the choroid. This is also accompanied by an augmented artifacts decorrelation signal in the underlying sub-levels.  
Despite these disadvantages, OCTA is a promising imaging modality that may provide various precious information in patients with AMD, and it may help in correlating functional parameters. Moreover, OCTA might provide deeper knowledge in the pathophysiology of human choroid AMD and possibly allow predicting the natural history of the disease and choosing the best therapeutic approach. In particular, non-invasive in vivo identification of the histopathologic substrate and understanding of biogenesis of first signs of the disease will open the door to further therapeutic targets.  
A.C. ([PERSON]): project administration, methodology, resources, writing--original draft preparation, writing--review and editing, supervision, visualization, data curation, formal analysis, R.M. and G.G.: project administration, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing--original draft preparation, writing--review and editing, supervision, visualization, V.G., S.V., A.M., R.D., M.L., A.C. ([PERSON]), R.S., E.B., C.I., L.V., M.D.T., A.V., F.B., M.P., A.D.Z. and M.F.: writing--original draft preparation, writing--review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This review received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.