# Move Over Law Compliance Analysis Utilizing a Deep Learning Computer Vision Approach
## 2 Literature Review  
Responder vehicles are emergency vehicles such as police cars, fire trucks, and ambulances and towing/recovery vehicles. The crashes of responder vehicles have been a significant issue throughout the US. A total of 122 police officers were killed throughout the US while on duty because of the collision by vehicles from 2009 to 2018. This could explain nearly 8% of officer fatalities and 23% of fatalities related to on-road motor vehicle incidents [3]. A study conducted in Ohio revealed that crashes involving patrol cars constituted just 4% of all incidents included these vehicles, but 55% resulted in severe injuries. Moreover, about two-thirds of these crashes happened on roads with high speed and volume [4]. A study on first responder roadway safety in Florida estimated the financial cost of crashes for these vehicles in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Based on this study, 13, 24 and 16 crashes with fatality involved first responders occurred at Florida in 2016, 2017, and 2018. These crashes account for 1.2%, 1.19%, and 1.21% of the total crashes in 2016, 2017 and 2018. The most crashes among first responder vehicles in all three years were related to police vehicles. The potential liabilities for all first responders to the state of Florida was estimated at more than USD 29 million, USD 31 million, and USD 44 million in 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively [5]. Move Over laws state that motorists should slow down. If possible, motorist should change lanes away from the responder vehicles on the shoulder, providing space for incident responders and reducing the risk of crashes. The \"Move Over\" law has been enacted in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia; however, it should be mentioned that the emergency responder vehicle types covered in each state and the actions required for drivers vary [6]. For example, Move Over laws in some states only cover emergency vehicles, but in some other states, such as Florida and North Carolina, they cover emergency and towing/recovery vehicles. Additionally, some states such as California and Georgia cover transportation maintenance vehicles as well. Animal control vehicles are another type of responder vehicles that are covered in the Move Over law in the state of Alaska [7]. When moving over to another lane is not possible or unsafe, drivers should slow down. Some states force drivers to reduce their speed to a specific amount which is less than the posted speed limit. For example, if the speed limit is 25 miles per hour, motorists should slow down to 20 miles per hour or less [6]. However, some other states do not determine a specific amount for speed and only require drivers to reduce their speed to a safe or reasonable speed. Raising public awareness about Move Over laws is important and could significantly impact the safety of emergency responders and reduce crashes and injuries. State agencies are taking action using media campaigns. Examples of efforts made in different states for raising public awareness are websites dedicated to describing the laws, signage along highways, public service announcements and commercials, brochures, flyers, and information sheets [6; 7]. A study investigated the effectiveness and impact of Move Over laws on safety improvement [8]. In this study, the Move Over law compliance for motorists in a section of Florida freeways was quantified by using marked research vehicle and a police vehicle at each staged stop, a video of passing traffic, and a laser speed calculation device for calculating speed of passing vehicle. They investigated more than 9000 vehicles located on the right lane of Florida freeways in north and central Florida. They computed the Move Over law compliance in Florida as equal to 75.9%, but the compliance to slowing down without moving over was 5.8%. Moreover, it was concluded that blue and red emergency lights on patrol vehicles increased compliance to 80%. The compliance was 68.8% when only amber lights were used.