# Robust Simulation of Cyber-Physical Systems for Environmental Monitoring on Construction Sites
## 7 Conclusions  
This study proposed developing an ontology-based E-CPS model for construction sites. The study also conducted a robustness design and simulation of the E-CPS within three scenarios, including uncertain perceptual data, sensory data conflicts, and expert score conflicts, using the spatio-temporal correlation, belief functions, and improved D-S evidence theory. The simulation results demonstrate that the three methods allow the system to have anomaly recognition, conflict resolution, and fault-tolerant reasoning capacities, thus improving system robustness. The main findings are summarized as follows. (1) The established ontology-based E-CPS model can achieve early warning, remote control, and green construction evaluation functions under uncertainty through Jena reasoning, which can be applied on construction sites. (2) The abnormal-data-recognition algorithm based on the spatio-temporal correlation can significantly improve system robustness against erroneous data, which ensures the validity of the decision-making of project managers on construction sites. (3) The data-level fusion algorithm based on the belief function can effectively identify interfering data, thus improving the stability of the output data when E-CPS witnesses individual data changes; (4) the proposed algorithm based on the improved D-S evidence theory can improve system robustness regarding experts score conflicts. Hence, the aforementioned methods can be utilized to perform the uncertainty-detection process in different scenarios, and they can prevent uncertain monitoring data, such as PM10 and noise entering the decision-making layer of the E-CPS and interfering with the environmental control on construction sites. This helps project managers to make more reliable and efficient decisions, in order to better control noise and dust on construction sites, when the uncertain data are detected and processed. This study can deepen the understanding of the E-CPS robustness, and the proposed model can further expand the understanding of information management on construction sites, which will provide a reference for E-CPS design on construction sites. In addition, this study can aid project managers to better conduct environmental management on construction sites. This can make contributions to promoting green construction management on construction sites. Although a significant amount of time was required to analyze E-CPS robustness, it is challenging to measure the robustness of organization and management. Like any other new feature, there is room for optimizing environmental-monitoring indicators in the ontology-based E-CPS model, in order to comprehensively evaluate the environmental performance on construction sites. In future work, more effort will be dedicated to ensuring the system robustness within uncertain situations such as organization and management in the operation period of the projects. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Z.X. and Y.N. ; methodology, Z.X. ; X.W. and Y.N. ; software, Z.X. and H.Z. ; validation, Z.X., X.W. and H.Z. ; formal analysis, X.W. ; and Y.N. ; investigation, X.W. ; Y.N. and H.Z. ; writing--original draft preparation, Z.X. ; X.W. and Y.N. ; writing--review and editing, Z.X. ; X.W. and H.Z. ; visualization, Z.X., X.W. ; and funding acquisition, Z.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-72071043), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20201280), MOE (Ministry of Education in China), Jiangsu Provincial Key R&D Programme (Social Development) (BE2022820) and the Project of Humanities and Social Sciences (20 YJAZH114). **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The data are contained within the article. Additional supporting data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.