esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Metrics and Parameter Setting  
#### 4.2.1 Metrics  
We selected precision, recall, and _F1-score_ to evaluate the accuracy of the classification. Precision refers to the proportion of samples correctly predicted as positive by the model in all samples predicted as positive, and recall refers to the proportion of samples correctly predicted as positive by the model in all samples that are positive. The _F1-score_ is the harmonic average of precision and recall. The higher the _F1-score_, the better the model performs in both precision and recall.  
\[Precision=\frac{TP}{TP+FP} \tag{9}\]  
\[Recall=\frac{TP}{TP+FN} \tag{10}\]  
\[F1\text{-}score=\frac{2*Precision*Recall}{Precision+Recall} \tag{11}\]  
where \(TP\) is the number of positive classes predicted to be positive, \(FP\) is the number of negative classes predicted into positive classes, and \(FN\) is the number of positive classes predicted to be negative.
# Two-Step Classification with SVD Preprocessing of Distributed Massive Datasets in Apache Spark
## 3 Proposed Method
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dataset Size** & **Precision** & **Recall** & \(F1\) **Metric** & **Time** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{one-step classifier} \\ \hline
5.000 & 0.858 & 0.861 & 0.860 & 0:00:26 \\ \hline
10.000 & 0.861 & 0.862 & 0.861 & 0:00:26 \\ \hline
25.000 & 0.814 & 0.818 & 0.816 & 0:00:32 \\ \hline
50.000 & 0.803 & 0.807 & 0.804 & 0:00:42 \\ \hline
75.000 & 0.802 & 0.806 & 0.803 & 0:01:00 \\ \hline
100.000 & 0.825 & 0.828 & 0.826 & 0:01:14 \\ \hline
200.000 & 0.800 & 0.804 & 0.802 & 0:01:56 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{two-step classifier} \\ \hline
5.000 & 0.805 & 0.805 & 0.805 & 0:00:21 \\ \hline
10.000 & 0.821 & 0.822 & 0.821 & 0:00:23 \\ \hline
25.000 & 0.772 & 0.774 & 0.776 & 0:00:29 \\ \hline
50.000 & 0.758 & 0.762 & 0.761 & 0:00:42 \\ \hline
75.000 & 0.747 & 0.751 & 0.749 & 0:00:52 \\ \hline
100.000 & 0.787 & 0.789 & 0.788 & 0:01:04 \\ \hline
200.000 & 0.762 & 0.766 & 0.763 & 0:01:45 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 13: Logistic regression. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dataset Size** & **Precision** & **Recall** & \(F1\) **Metric** & **Time** & **Number of Trees** & **Number of Nodes** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{one-step classifier} \\ \hline
5.000 & 0.907 & 0.907 & 0.907 & 0:29:27 & 60 & 28,908 \\ \hline
10.000 & 0.927 & 0.925 & 0.926 & 0:36:01 & 50 & 28,522 \\ \hline
25.000 & 0.945 & 0.945 & 0.945 & 0:49:12 & 44 & 31,618 \\ \hline
50.000 & 0.953 & 0.953 & 0.953 & 1:04:11 & 42 & 35,836 \\ \hline
75.000 & 0.950 & 0.949 & 0.949 & 2:01:05 & 44 & 38,600 \\ \hline
100.000 & 0.958 & 0.958 & 0.958 & 2:28:11 & 48 & 45,134 \\ \hline
200.000 & 0.951 & 0.950 & 0.950 & 3:42:04 & 56 & 56,274 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{two-step classifier} \\ \hline
5.000 & 0.918 & 0.915 & 0.916 & 0:25:53 & 38 & 17,730 \\ \hline
10.000 & 0.936 & 0.935 & 0.935 & 0:31:19 & 56 & 31,786 \\ \hline
25000 & 0.941 & 0.939 & 0.939 & 0:43:14 & 38 & 27,384 \\ \hline
50.000 & 0.942 & 0.940 & 0.941 & 1:01:23 & 60 & 48,250 \\ \hline
75.000 & 0.942 & 0.940 & 0.941 & 1:52:59 & 40 & 33,402 \\ \hline
100.000 & 0.956 & 0.955 & 0.955 & 2:18:01 & 56 & 48,278 \\ \hline
200.000 & 0.947 & 0.945 & 0.946 & 3:45:36 & 60 & 58,190 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Random forest.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, to overcome the limitation of the dielectric-based AMC for low frequencies, possible design methods were studied and proposed. The proposed design performance was analyzed and verified for WPTS applications. The performance of the proposed IML-based AMC design has been verified experimentally. To the best our knowledge, this is the first work on AMC design that shows the measurement results for a target frequency of 6.98 MHz. The proposed design showed very good magnetic shielding performance and slightly improved PTE performance. In addition, it showed better PTE and magnetic shielding performances than the ferrite-only-based AMC. Therefore, the proposed IML-based AMC design could be a solution to the magnetic leakage problem while maintaining or improving PTE performance. To achieve the best PTE improvement, the losses could be minimized by selecting the ferrite material, which has high permeability with minimum loss.  
Conceptualization, S.M.R. and I.-J.Y.; methodology, S.M.R., J.H.L. and I.-J.Y.; software, S.M.R., J.H.L. and I.-J.Y.; validation, S.M.R., S.H.C., I.-K.C. and I.-J.Y.; formal analysis, S.M.R., J.H.L., J.H.O., I.-K.C. and I.-J.Y.; investigation, S.M.R., S.H.C., J.H.O. and I.-J.Y.; resources, S.M.R., J.H.L., J.H.O., I.-K.C. and I.-J.Y.; data curation, S.M.R., S.H.C., J.H.O., I.-K.C. and I.-J.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, S.M.R.; writing--review and editing, I.-J.Y.; visualization, S.M.R.; supervision, I.-J.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded in part by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute under Grant No. 23 ZH140 and in part by the Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation (IIIT) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT; No. 2020-0-00839, Development of Advanced Power and Signal EMC Technologies for Hyper-connected E-Vehicles).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
[25] used 18 wide-chord struts to replace 48 LPT-GVs in the original ITD, which not only ensured the outlet flow quality of the ITD but also reduced the weight of the guide vane by 20-39%. The integrated design of a wide-chord strut and ITD can enhance the secondary flow  
Figure 1: Typical ITD in a turbofan aeroengine. in the ITD, resulting in a deterioration in the uniformity of the outlet flow. Therefore, [PERSON] [26] arranged two zero-loading splitter blades between adjacent wide-chord struts, effectively improving the uniformity of ITD outlet flow. [PERSON] [27] and [PERSON] [28] further indicated that a small splitter blade could break the large passage vortices in the passage of wide-chord struts into small passage vortices, thereby improving the outlet flow uniformity at the expense of increasing flow losses. [PERSON] [29], [PERSON] [30], [PERSON] [31], [PERSON] [32] and [PERSON] [33] carried out design and flow mechanism research of the integrated AITD and noted that the convergence passage of a wide-chord strut can effectively inhibit the three-dimensional separation on the shroud and suppress the passage vortices around the blade tip by improving the radial and circumferential pressure gradient, which is conducive to reducing the flow loss in the AITD. In an integrated AITD, the distance between the LPT-GV and the upstream HPT rotor is greatly shortened so that the wake of the HPT rotor can reach the LPT-GV before dissipation, which provides an opportunity to use the upstream sweeping wakes to inhibit its boundary layer separation. The inhibition mechanism of upstream sweeping wakes on the flow separation of high-loading LPT blades in cascade wind tunnels [34; 35; 36; 37; 38] has been studied systematically. However, different from the linear cascade flow, the AITD is an S-shaped annular passage with a strong axial reverse pressure gradient and radial pressure gradient, which inevitably affects the transport and dissipation of the HP rotors' wakes in AITD. There were only a few studies [18; 23; 24] on the influence of sweeping wake on ITD flow, and most of them were generally coupled with the influence of inlet swirl or tip leakage flow, so the impact of a decoupled wake is still not particularly clear. [PERSON] et al. [33; 39; 40] studied the transport mechanism of the decoupled wake in AITD and the influence of Re and FSTI (free stream turbulence intensity) on its propagation. They found that with the shortening of the axial length of AITD, the upstream wake almost existed in the full channel range, and could periodically suppress the separation bubble on the suction surface of LPT-GV. Based on their works, the effects of sweeping wakes with different HPT rotor trailing-edge radii on the internal flow field of an AITD and the boundary layer of an integrated LPT-GV will be studied in this paper.
# A Cooperative MAC Protocol for a M2M Heterogeneous Area Network
## 2 IoT Communication Requirements for Smart City Applications
Similarly, traffic monitoring applications in intelligent transportation systems could generate such event-based traffic. Traffic arrival processes and data characteristics could significantly influence network design for M2M/IoT applications. Table 1 listssome of the communication requirements of smart grid and smart city applications [11; 12; 13]. The table shows traffic QoS requirements, data transmission link requirements, and traffic generation processes. Table 1 demonstrates that delay requirements could vary significantly from a few milliseconds to many seconds. Some applications might tolerate packet losses, whereas several classes of applications can compensate for packet losses using either the data link layer and/or transport layer retransmission procedures. These layers can use an Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) procedure. Table 1 shows that most of the smart city and smart grid applications are heavily uplink-biased (device to a network-based data sink link) traffic. Even in the case of demand response systems, traffic may not be fully symmetrical. In this paper, the link that is carrying data from end devices to a network-based data sink is referred as the uplink (UL). Similarly, the link carrying data from the data sink to end devices is referred as the downlink (DL).
###### Abstract  
Here, we investigated the effects of _Zingiber mioga_ extracts (FSH-ZM) on the moisturization and depigmentation of skin as well as wrinkle formation in UVB-irradiated HRM-2 hairless mice. The mice were divided into six groups as follows: normal control (NC), UVB-irradiated control (C), positive control 1 (FC1, L-ascorbic acid 200 mg/kg b.w.), positive control 2 (PC2, Arbitin 200 mg/kg b.w.), Z100 (FSH-ZM 100 mg/kg b.w.), and Z200 (FSH-ZM 200 mg/kg b.w.). The experiment spanned a period of 6 weeks. We found that FSH-ZM led to an increase in the expression of hyaluron synthase 2, fibrillin-1, and elastin mRNAs, and showed improved skin hydration in HRM-2 hairless mice compared to that in the UVB-irradiated control group. Furthermore, FSH-ZM also inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and wrinkle forming factors generated by UVB and reduced the formation of wrinkles in the test group relative to that in the control group by increasing collagen synthesis. Moreover, we found that FSH-ZM decreased the expression of melanogenesis factors, which improved depigmentation in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. These results suggest that _Zingiber mioga_ can potentially be utilized to develop products aimed at improving skin moisturization and depigmentation and reducing wrinkle formation.  
Zingiber mioga; moisturizing; wrinkle improvement; whitening +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Continued Fractions Applied to the One Line Factoring Algorithm for Breaking RSA
###### Abstract  
The RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) cryptosystem is an asymmetric public key cryptosystem popular for its use in encryptions and digital signatures. However, the [PERSON]'s attack on the RSA cryptosystem utilizes continued fractions, which has generated much interest in developing competitive factoring algorithms. A general-purpose integer factorization method first proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] formed the basis of the well-known Continued Fraction Factorization (CFRAC) method. Recent work on the one line factoring algorithm by [PERSON] and its connection with [PERSON]'s factoring method have motivated this paper. The emphasis of this paper is to explore the representations of \(\frac{D}{Q}\) as continued fractions and the suitability of lower ordered convergences as representations of \(\frac{e}{q}\). These simpler convergences are then prescribed to [PERSON]'s one line factoring algorithm. As an illustration, we demonstrate the working of our approach with two numbers: one smaller number and another larger number occupying 95 bits. Using our method, the fourth convergence finds the factors as the solution for the smaller number, while the eleventh convergence finds the factors for the larger number. The security of the RSA public key cryptosystem relies on the computational difficulty of factoring large integers. Among the challenges in breaking RSA semi-primes, RSA250, which is an 829-bit semi-prime, continues to hold a research record. In this paper, we apply our method to factorize RSA250 and present the practical implementation of our algorithm. Our approach's theoretical and experimental findings demonstrate the reduction of the search space and a faster solution to the semi-prime factorization problem, resulting in key contributions and practical implications. We identify further research to extend our approach by exploring limitations and additional considerations such as the difference of squares method, paving the way for further research in this direction.  
continued fractions; one line factoring; prime factorization; semi-primes; Wiener's attack; public key cryptography; RSA attack; cybersecurity
# Mobile Autonomous Sensing Unit (MASU): A Framework That Supports Distributed Pervasive Data Sensing
## 2 Related Work
These solutions are limited to support pervasive sensing since they compel software designers to choose between short- or large-range data sensing. Using a hybrid approach platform like METIS [22] (an adaptive smartphone-based sensing system) it is possible to support social sensing by combining smartphones with other devices. This platform decides whether to perform sensing tasks on the local smartphone or on fixed remote sensors, considering the energy costs and the mobility patterns of the user. Following the same line, the middleware proposed in [23] supports collaborative sensing by allowing smartphones to delegate part of their sensing activities to other nearby devices. This leads to an overall reduction in the battery drain of the group of devices involved. Similarly, the CoMon [8] platform supports cooperation, by sharing sensed data among nearby smartphone users, to address the energy drain problem caused by continuous sensing and processing tasks required by monitoring applications. This platform is focused on the detection of potential collaborators (mobile users) and trying to maximize the mutual benefits for the people involved. These last three platforms only try to maximize the benefits of collaborative sensing (in terms of energy consumption) by using smartphones. The lack of capability to involve heterogeneous devices limits their support for pervasive sensing. Some other platforms, like EasiSee [24], have addressed quite well the sensing scenario by adopting a pervasive approach; in this case, for counting and classifying vehicles in real-time. However, the solution is ad hoc to the problem being addressed (e.g., it considers sensing activities conducted only by a camera and magnetic sensors), which limits its usefulness in other application scenarios. Provided that pervasive monitoring usually entails diverse types of sensing devices and is dynamic in terms of communication support and users mobility patterns, the monitoring platform should also provide context-awareness [25] and support for device heterogeneity (i.e., allowing interoperability and considering hardware and energy limitations). In this sense, most of the platforms described in this section include centralized components, require a stable communication link to access remote resources, do not support heterogeneous devices or are specific for a certain application domain. Any of these issues jeopardize the suitability of the platforms to support pervasive sensing in various application domains. Next section presents the MASU framework, which is proposed to deal with these issues.
# Testing and Analysis of MOSFET-Based Absorber Integrated Antenna for 5G/WiMAX/WLAN Applications
## 3 Design Analysis of SRD Pulse Generator and Diode-Based Quasi-Circulator  
To aid the designed model for power amplifier simulation, the SRD pulse generator was used, which provides the required circulator's incident RF power. In this section, a transient of the pulse generator and a diode-based three-port circulator are presented.
# Electrochemical Degradation of Crystal Violet Using Ti/Pt/SnO\({}_{2}\) Electrode
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Energy Consumption  
In order to consider the industrialization of a process, it is useful to estimate the operating cost in terms of energy consumption (kW h m\({}^{-3}\)) for the treatment of 1 m\({}^{3}\) of solution. The calculation of the energy consumed, expressed in W h m\({}^{-3}\) is determined from the following relation:  
\[Energy\,consumption=\frac{(U\times I\times t)}{V_{S}} \tag{11}\]  
where \(U\) is the cell potential (\(V\)), \(I\) is the applied current (A), t is the time of electrolysis (h), and \(V_{s}\) is the volume of the treated solution (m\({}^{3}\)). The price of electricity depends strongly on the country. For example, the unit price of electricity for industrial use is around 0.1346 \(\xi\) per kW h m\({}^{-3}\) in France and around 0.9010 Dh per kW h m\({}^{-3}\) in Morocco. Table 2 summarizes the process energy cost used in this study calculated at different treatment times: 30, 60, 90, 120 min. The treatment of 1 m\({}^{3}\) of CV under optimal treatment conditions ([NaCI] = 0.01 mol L\({}^{-1}\), [Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)] = 0.1 mol L\({}^{-1}\) and i = 50 mA cm\({}^{-2}\)) costs about 0.17 \(\xi\) (1.13 Moroccan dirham) for one hour of treatment. In these conditions, the electrochemical process allows to reach a maximum of CV removal higher than 95%.  
On the other hand, Figure 10 shows the energy consumption as a function of removal for CV and COD. As expected, it can be noticed that the energy consumption increases significantly to reach the ceiling values of removal. Further, 97% decolorization and 79% COD removal are achieved after 60 min of treatment, i.e., an energy consumption of 1.26 kW h m\({}^{-3}\), while 2.52 kW h m\({}^{-3}\) (i.e., 120 min.) are needed to increase the CV and COD removal of 100% and 82%, respectively. As a result, electrochemistry can be used for the treatment of dyes. To render the process as economical as possible it is very important to establish specifications on the quality of the treated water in order to define stopping criteria.
## 4 Discussion
### Clinical Implications  
The findings of our study have important clinical implications for the assessment and rehabilitation of individuals with CAI. By understanding the relationship between ankle JPS, balance, and pain, clinicians can develop targeted interventions to improve functional outcomes and reduce the risk of recurrent ankle injuries in this population. First, the study highlights the importance of assessing ankle proprioception and balance in individuals with CAI. Impaired ankle JPS was found to be associated with decreased balance, indicating the significance of addressing proprioceptive deficits in the assessment process. Clinicians can incorporate objective measures of ankle JPS, such as digital inclinometers, to identify proprioceptive impairments and tailor interventions accordingly. Furthermore, this study identified pain as a significant mediator in the relationship between ankle JPS and balance in individuals with CAI. This emphasizes the need to consider pain management strategiesand address fear-avoidance behaviors when designing rehabilitation protocols. Interventions that combine proprioceptive training exercises, pain management techniques, and balance exercises may yield better outcomes in terms of improving balance and functional stability. Proprioceptive training exercises, such as balance and stability exercises, have shown promise in enhancing balance and reducing the risk of recurrent ankle sprains in individuals with CAI. Clinicians can incorporate these exercises into rehabilitation programs to improve proprioceptive acuity and promote better balance control. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach that considers the interplay between ankle JPS, pain, and balance. By integrating the assessments of ankle JPS, pain evaluation, and balance measures, clinicians can develop individualized treatment plans that address the underlying factors contributing to balance impairments in individuals with CAI. It is essential for clinicians to recognize that pain can have a significant impact on balance and proprioception. By addressing pain as a potential confounding or moderating factor, clinicians can better understand the complex relationship between ankle JPS and balance and tailor interventions accordingly. Future research should further investigate the role of pain in this relationship to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between ankle JPS, balance, and pain.
# On the Use of Structured Prior Models for Bayesian Compressive Sensing of Modulated Signals
## Appendix B Sampling Algorithm
### Conditional Distribution of \(\mathbf{x}\)  
In the augmented space, likelihood correlations induced by \(\mathbf{H}\) and \(\mathbf{\Phi}\) are no more linked directly to \(\mathbf{x}\) but only through \(\mathbf{u}\) and \(\mathbf{y}\). Hence, the conditional density of \(\mathbf{x}\) says \(\mathrm{p}(\mathbf{x}|\tau,\mathbf{\Theta},\mathbf{u},\mathbf{y})\) will have the same separability form as the prior density \(\mathrm{p}(\mathbf{x}|\tau,\mathbf{\Theta})\) that is  
\[\mathrm{p}(\mathbf{x}|\tau,\mathbf{\Theta},\mathbf{u},\mathbf{y})=\mathrm{p}( \mathbf{x}_{\mathcal{A}}|\tau,\mathbf{y})\prod_{q=-Q}^{Q}\prod_{b=1}^{B} \mathrm{p}(x_{q,b}|\tau,\mathbf{\Theta},\mathbf{u},\mathbf{y}) \tag{10}\]  
where \(\mathbf{x}_{\mathcal{A}}\) is the vector of non active coefficients (\(\mathrm{p}(\mathbf{x}_{\mathcal{A}}|\tau,\mathbf{y})\equiv\delta_{\mathbf{0}}\)). Then, samples of \(x_{q,b}\), \(q\in\{-Q,\,\ldots,\,Q\}\), \(b\in\{1,\,\ldots,\,B\}\) can be drawn in independent manner. More specifically, the conditional distribution of the carrier coefficients \(x_{0,b}\) reduces to complex distribution of mean \(m_{0,b}\) and variance \(s_{0,b}\) given by  
\[m_{0,b} =s_{0}\mathbf{P}_{0,b}\mathbf{\Phi}(\mathbf{H}^{\top}\mathbf{y}+ \mathbf{u}) \tag{11}\] \[s_{0,b} =\frac{\mu\tau\tau_{0}v_{b}}{\mu\tau+\tau_{0}v_{b}} \tag{12}\]  
The posterior densities of sidebands coefficients \(x_{q,b}\) are given by  
\[x_{q,b}|\tau,\mathbf{\Theta},\mathbf{u},\mathbf{y}\sim(1-z_{q,b})\delta_{0}+z _{q,b}\mathcal{CN}(m_{q,b},s_{q,b}) \tag{13}\]  
where  
\[m_{q,b} =s_{q,b}\mathbf{P}_{q,b}\mathbf{\Phi}(\mathbf{H}^{\top}\mathbf{y }+\mathbf{u}) \tag{14}\] \[s_{q,b} =\frac{\mu\tau\tau_{|q|}v_{b}}{\mu\tau+\tau_{|q|}v_{b}} \tag{15}\]
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Engineered Features  
In medical imaging and the study of pulmonary nodules, the differentiation between benign and malignant nodules hinges on the analysis of growth rates and textural variations. Malignant nodules, characterized by their rapid and aggressive growth, exhibit more nonhomogeneous textures and irregular appearances compared to benign ones. These differences are quantifiable through the Hounsfield unit values in CT scans. To enhance the accuracy of texture representation, the 3D-LOP descriptor has been developed. It surpasses traditional LBP by accurately modeling the nodule's texture while also considering the spatial information of neighboring voxels. This method effectively mitigates the impact of noise and captures the spatial inhomogeneity inherent in anatomical structures, thereby offering a rigorous approach to distinguishing malignancies based on texture analysis. The LOP descriptor's introduction marks a significant advancement in utilizing imaging to assess the severity of lung nodules, leveraging textural irregularities as a reliable indicator of malignancy. This segment begins with a succinct summary of the conventional LBP descriptor, preceding an in-depth discussion on the recently introduced 3D-LOP descriptor.  
Figure 1: Diagrammatic representation of the computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) system developed for diagnosing lung nodules.