## 3 Results
### Young Instars  
At 14 DAA, the numbers of _B. tabaci_ were significantly lower in the spend treatment than in the foliar, followed by the drench treatment for the low XXpire low (\(F_{2,14}=64.3\); \(p<0.001\)) and Zylam treatments (\(F_{2,14}=38.3\); \(p<0.001\); Figure 1A). For the XXpire high treatment, the densities of _B. tabaci_ were significantly lower in the spend treatment than in the drench, followed by foliar treatments (\(F_{2,14}=108.3\); \(p<0.001\)). Among insecticide treatments applied as foliar, the numbers of _B. tabaci_ were significantly lower in the Zylam treatment than in XXpire low, followed by XXpire high treatments (\(F_{2,14}=72.6\); \(p<0.001\); Figure 1A). For the spend treatment, the numbers of _B. tabaci_ were significantly lower in the Zylam treatment than in XXpire high, followed by XXpire low treatments (\(F_{2,14}=42.6\); \(p<0.001\)). However, there were no significant differences between XXpire high and Zylam treatments in _B. tabaci_ densities for the drench treatment but were significantly lower than in the XXpire low treatment (\(F_{2,14}=101.6\); \(p<0.001\); Figure 1A). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**After**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Treatment**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Young Instars \({}^{\star}\)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Late Instars \({}^{\dagger}\)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**All Immature Stages**} \\ \cline{3-11} \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Application**} & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**F**} & **df** & \(p\) & **\(F\)** & **df** & \(p\) & **\(F\)** & **df** & \(p\)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{7 DAA} & Insecticide \({}^{\text{a}}\) & - & - & - & - & - & - & 86.7 & 2.56 & \textless{}0.001 \\  & Method \({}^{\text{b}}\) & - & - & - & - & - & - & 293.0 & 2.56 & \textless{}0.001 \\  & Insecticide \(\times\) Method & - & - & - & - & - & - & 35.4 & 4.56 & \textless{}0.001 \\  & Insecticide & 133.7 & 2.56 & \textless{}0.001 & 95.1 & 2.56 & \textless{}0.001 & 240.4 & 2.56 & \textless{}0.001 \\
14 DAA & Method & 107.2 & 2.56 & \textless{}0.001 & 244.7 & 2.56 & \textless{}0.001 & 343.9 & 2.56 & \textless{}0.001 \\  & Insecticide \(\times\) Method & 35.6 & 4.56 & \textless{}0.001 & 8.6 & 4.56 & \textless{}0.001 & 32.1 & 4.56 & \textless{}0.001 \\  & Insecticide & 92.7 & 2.55 & \textless{}0.001 & 102.3 & 2.55 & \textless{}0.001 & 173.8 & 2.55 & \textless{}0.001 \\
21 DAA & Method & 39.7 & 2.55 & \textless{}0.001 & 157.5 & 2.55 & \textless{}0.001 & 164.3 & 2.55 & \textless{}0.001 \\  & Insecticide \(\times\) Method & 26.1 & 4.55 & \textless{}0.001 & 3.8 & 4.55 & 0.008 & 27.2 & 4.55 & \textless{}0.001 \\  & Insecticide & 172.6 & 2.55 & \textless{}0.001 & 232.0 & 2.55 & \textless{}0.001 & 416.4 & 2.55 & \textless{}0.001 \\
28 DAA & Method & 208.2 & 2.55 & \textless{}0.001 & 170.9 & 2.55 & \textless{}0.001 & 386.6 & 2.55 & \textless{}0.001 \\  & Insecticide \(\times\) Method & 39.4 & 4.55 & \textless{}0.001 & 62.7 & 4.55 & \textless{}0.001 & 62.3 & 4.55 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{\star}\) 1 st and 2 nd instars, \({}^{\ddagger}\) and pupal stages; \({}^{\ddagger}\) two rates of spintemon + sulfcoaflor (XXpire\({}^{\text{a}}\)) and a rate of dintoeturan (Zylam\({}^{\text{b}}\)); and \({}^{\ddagger}\) insecticides applied with water volumes, 1870.8, 3741.6, and 7483.2 L/ha. The first two water volume treatments were sprayed using Teelet 8002 VS (referred to as “foliar”) and Teelet 8004 EVS (referred to as “spench”), and the third water volume was drenched to the soil media of the potted poinsetia plant.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Analysis of variance of _B. tabaci_ immatures observed on poinsetia leaves after application of insecticides at three foliar spray or drench volumes. At 21 DAA, for the XXpire low treatment, the numbers of young instars of _B. tabaci_ were significantly lower in the spend treatment than in foliar and drench treatments (\(F_{2,13}=52.6\); \(p<0.001\); Figure 1B). For the XXpire high treatment, the densities of _B.