esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) offers good hydrothermal, chemical, and thermal stabilities, and is therefore of interest in membrane synthesis. In this work, an interfacial polymerization (IP) method was applied by anchoring ZIF-8 to the skin layer of thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes in order to obtain monovalent selectivity in electrodialysis. Organic trimesoyl chloride (TMC, 0.1 wt %) solutions and aqueous m-phenyl diamine (MPD, 2% w/v) solutions were used during the interfacial polymerization process. A range of polyamine (PA)/ZIF-8 based membranes was fabricated by varying the concentration of ZIF-8 in the organic solution. The properties of the primary and modified membrane were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), water uptake, ion exchange capacity, and contact angle measurements. No significant changes of the surface structure of the PA/ZIF-8 based membranes were observed. Nevertheless, the presence of ZIF-8 under the PA layer plays a key role in the separation process. For single salt solutions that were applied in electrodialysis (ED), faster transport of Na\({}^{+}\) and Mg\({}^{2+}\) was obtained after introducing the ZIF-8 nanoparticles, however, the desalination efficiency remained constant. When the hybrid membranes were applied to electrodialysis for binary mixtures containing Na\({}^{+}\) as well as Mg\({}^{2+}\), it was demonstrated that the monovalent selectivity and Na\({}^{+}\) flux were enhanced by a higher ZIF-8 loading.  
electrodialysis; ZIF-8; interfacial polymerization; desalination; monovalent selectivity +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Sampietrini Stone Pavements: Distress Analysis Using Pavement Condition Index Method
###### Abstract  
In several Italian cities, it is possible to find historical pavements such as the Sampietrini pavements, which are mainly located in the center of the city of Rome. The Sampietrini pavement is a particular road surface paved in natural stone with irregular sharp elements that are assembled by hand with the evident not plan effect. Because of their peculiarities, they are not suitable for streets where high speed is allowed. In many cases, high vibration and noise levels due to road traffic traveling on Sampietrini pavements are caused by inadequate maintenance, which is also affected by the absence of specific evaluation criteria regarding surface conditions and performances of Sampietrini pavements. It is not possible, in fact, to adopt common approaches developed to be used for flexible and rigid pavements, because they present completely different features and distresses. In this paper, to overpass this problem, a new evaluation criterion based on Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method established for block pavements is proposed. Furthermore, to fully characterize this kind of pavements, other analyses, i.e., International Roughness Index (IRI) and comfort level evaluation based on ISO 2631 standard, were also carried out. The results showed a good correlation between PCI and IRI approaches (\(R^{2}\) = 0.82), also highlighting that new or reconstructed Sampietrini pavements present not negligible roughness level. This aspect was also confirmed estimating the comfort level perceived by users traveling at several speeds (\(\leq\)50 km/h). Finally, speed related threshold values to be adopted for PCI and IRI methods are proposed. The proposed method can be implemented by pavement managers in a PMS ad hoc for stone block paving and thus, it can be integrated with other equivalents methods of visual inspection based on PCI.  
stone pavement; sampietrini; International Roughness Index; Pavement Condition Index; road pavement distress; ISO 2631 +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## Appendix A Detailed Explanation of Completeness, Continuity and Minimality of PECM  
Firstly, unknowns \(\{z_{A_{1}},r_{B_{1}},z_{B_{1}}\}\) can be obtained by solving Equation (10) if given the values of \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\) and \(\beta\); then, the coordinates of point set \(\{A_{1},B_{1},P\}^{\prime}\) is obtained, which means that the pose of the folded panel is known. Hence, compensation parameters \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\) and \(\beta\) can completely characterize the folded panel pose; that is, the PECM has completeness.  
Secondly, according to Equations (8) and (9), all expressions in Equation (10) are elementary functions containing \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\) and \(\beta\). Thus, unknowns \(\{z_{A_{1}},r_{B_{1}},z_{B_{1}}\}\) are implicit continuous functions about \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\) and \(\beta\), which are determined by Equation (10). This fact indicates that the folded panel pose is a continuous function with respect to \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\) and \(\beta\). As a result, the continuity of the PECM has been proven.  
Thirdly, according to Equation (9), the folded panel pose (\(\{A_{1},B_{1},P\}^{\prime}\)) is determined by \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\) and \(\beta\). If the value of \(\beta\) is not given, \(\boldsymbol{r}^{{}^{\prime}}_{A_{1}}\) and \(\boldsymbol{r}^{{}^{\prime}}_{B_{1}}\) will be unknown. If the value of \(k_{1}\) or \(k_{2}\) is not given, \(\boldsymbol{r}^{{}^{\prime}}_{p}\) will be unknown. All of the above facts show that \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\) and \(\beta\)are the minimum parameter numbers used to determine the folded panel pose, thereby verifying suggestions that the PECM has minimality.
# Collaborative Caching for Implementing a Location-Privacy Aware LBS on a MANET
###### Abstract  
This paper addresses the challenge of preserving user privacy in location-based services (LBSs) by proposing a novel, complementary approach to existing privacy-preserving techniques such as _k-anonymity_ and _l-diversity_. Our approach implements collaborative caching strategies within a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), exploiting the geographic of location-based queries (LBQs) to reduce data exposure to untrusted LBS servers. Unlike existing approaches that rely on centralized servers or stationary infrastructure, our solution facilitates direct data exchange between users' devices, providing an additional layer of privacy protection. We introduce a new privacy entropy-based metric called accumulated privacy loss (APL) to quantify the privacy loss incurred when accessing either the LBS or our proposed system. Our approach implements a two-tier caching strategy: local caching maintained by each user and neighbor caching based on proximity. This strategy not only reduces the number of queries to the LBS server but also significantly enhances user privacy by minimizing the exposure of location data to centralized entities. Empirical results demonstrate that while our collaborative caching system incurs some communication costs, it significantly mitigates redundant data among user caches and reduces the need to access potentially privacy-compromising LBS servers. Our findings show a 40% reduction in LBS queries, a 64% decrease in data redundancy within cells, and a 31% reduction in accumulated privacy loss compared to baseline methods. In addition, we analyze the impact of data obsolescence on cache performance and privacy loss, proposing mechanisms for maintaining the relevance and accuracy of cached data. This work contributes to the field of privacy-preserving LBSs by providing a decentralized, user-centric approach that improves both cache redundancy and privacy protection, particularly in scenarios where central infrastructure is unreachable or untrusted.  
location-privacy-aware LBS; privacy loss; collaborative caching; MANET +
Footnote †: journal: applied sciences
# Decimal Multiplication in FPGA with a Novel Decimal Adder/Subtractor
## 4 Decimal Multiplier
### Architecture of the Two Versions of the Decimal Multiplier  
The complete decimal multipliers include the multiples generators, the partial product generators and the partial product reduction (see Figure 7).  
The output of the partial product reduction is in BCD/excess-6 format. A final BCD/excess-6 to BCD converter is required if the result in a pure BCD format is needed. The difference between both multipliers is the partial product generator and the required multiples. In Figure 7a, multiplier 1 uses the partial product generator based on multiples Ae3, 2 Ae3, 5 Ae3 and 10 Ae3 (obtained directly from multiple Ae3), and in Figure 7b, multiplier 2 uses the partial product generator based on multiples 2 Ae3, 4 Ae3 and 5 Ae3.  
Figure 7: Architecture fo the proposed decimal multipliers. (**a**) Decimal multiplier with method 1 and (**b**) decimal multiplier with method 2.  
For an N \(\times\) N decimal multiplier the theoretical area occupation of both decimal multipliers can be estimated (see Table 10).  
There are two lines in the Table for the multiples generator: the first line is when the operands and the result are in BCD and the second line is when they are in BCD/excess-6 representation. In the last case, the final converter is not used.  
The area of multiplier 1 with inputs and output represented in BCD is \(2N^{2}-7\) higher than multiplier 2. When inputs and output are represented in BCD/excess-6, multiplier 1 has an area \(2N^{2}+N-6\) higher than multiplier 2.
## 3 Bioactivity of Pigments and Lipids from Plastids of Marine Phytoplankton
### Lipids
#### 3.2.1 Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids  
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) are well known to be beneficial for human health. The most recognized omega-3 fatty acid source is fish oil but its quality depends on several parameters such as species, seasons and quality of consumed food. Moreover, the content of lipid-soluble pollutants in fish oil may be high because of the biom magnification of such compounds in food chains. Microalgae, and specifically the marine strains, are considered as more interesting alternative sources for omega-3 PUFA production. Indeed, they have PUFA of higher and more constant quality than the ones from fish because they are at the bottom of food chains.  
Among the marine strains, the pymnesophytes as _Isochrysis galbana_ and _Pavlova lutheri_ are rich sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 6%-14% total fatty acids) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 5%-26% of the total fatty acids [160; 161; 162; 163; 164], while diatoms as _Phaeodactylum tricornutum_ or _Odontella aurita_ are rich sources of EPA (26% of the total fatty acids) [160; 161; 165].  
Due to its content of DHA and EPA, _Isochrysis galbana_ was used in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This microalga induced a decreased glucose, TAG and cholesterol blood levels. However, an increased light-density lipoprotein level and a decreased high-density lipoprotein level were observed in the diabetic rats, but also in the healthy ones [166]. The marine diatom _Odontella aurita_ is the only microalga known to be rich in EPA and currently approved as a dietary supplement [120].  
Omega-3 fatty acids act as important mediators of gene expression working via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors that control the expression of the genes involved in the lipid and glucose metabolism and adipogenesis [167]. Ethyl-EPA markedly reduced the fatty droplets in the liver cells of mice fed a high-fat diet, also lowering plasma levels of total cholesterol and TAG [168]. [PERSON] _et al._[169] showed that oral administration of highly purified EPA ethyl ester improved hepatic fat accumulation in high fat/high sucrose diet-fed mice by suppressing the TAG synthesis enzymes regulated by sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 and decreased the accumulation of hepatic monounsaturated fatty acids produced by stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1. Numerous studies showed biochemical functions of _Chlorella_, especially when administered on the presence of underlying disorders such as in streptozotocin induced diabetes rats [170]. Recent studies in hypercholesterolemia rats have shown that DHA supplementation reduced total weight gain, adiposity index, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and glucose plasmatic concentration regardless of the dose and form of supplementation [171].
# Material Characterization for Sustainable Concrete Paving Blocks
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Discussion  
According to the test results, it is obvious to note that replacing either coarse aggregate or fine aggregate with different waste materials can influence block's properties. Furthermore, different types of waste materials have different effects on various properties. By observing the section of crushed blocks mixed with different recycled coarse aggregates, RCCA and CG, it can be noticed that the coarse aggregate particles maintained their shapes after blocks crushing, which proves that the failure was due to the failure of mortar. By comparing the aggregate properties among NCA, RCCA, and CG, the biggest physical difference between those aggregates is the aggregate water absorption. Since the mix proportion was designed with \"Mass method,\" the aggregates should be totally dry before casting. In that case, the RCCA particles would absorb more free water, and the cement hydration reactions would be more inadequate compared with the reactions in the block mixed with NCA and CG. Hence, increasing the replacement level of RCCA would lead to the strengths decreasing of concrete paving block's. The block's water absorption increases for the same reason. Furthermore, due to fact that the crushed glass particles have a smaller water absorption value than the natural coarse aggregates, replacing the NCA with CG would lead to the strengths increasing and the water absorption decrease of concrete paving blocks.  
The same phenomenon was also observed for the blocks mixed with NFA and RCFA. According to the sieve analysis result, the RCFA contained a larger amount of dust than NFA. This dust can absorb free water and reduce the cement hydration reactions in block, and then decrease the block's compressive strength and tensile splitting strength, as well as lead to the increase of the water absorption.  
Compared with other recycled aggregates, crumb rubber particles have an extremely small elastic modulus. In that case, when the concrete mixtures were cast into blocks under pressure, the crumb rubber particles deformed and such deformation is recovered after taking the blocks out of moulds. This recovering deformation causes volume expansion (especially on the surfaces of one block), which contributes to the decrease of block's compressive strength and tensile splitting strength, as well as the increase of the water absorption. In addition, there is a potential alkali-silica reaction for blocks mixed with glass. As presented, the block mixed with 40% crushed glass has higher compressive strength and tensile splitting strength than the block mixed without crushed glass at 28 days. An addition batch of blocks mixed with 40% crushed glass are stored in the laboratory for the purpose of long-term investigation.
## 3 Methodology
### Model Formulation
#### 3.2.2 Formulation
\[\sum_{\forall j\in I}x_{mj}^{k}=1\forall k\in K\forall m\in D \tag{5b}\] \[\sum_{\forall j\in I\cup D\cup M}x_{ij}^{k}=\sum_{\forall j\in I \cup D\cup M}x_{ji}^{k}=y_{i}^{k}\forall k\in K\forall i\in I\] (6) \[U_{lk}-U_{jk}+H\cdot x_{ij}^{k}\geq H-1\forall k\in K\forall i,j \in I\cup D\cup M\] (7) \[t_{i}^{k}+t_{ij}-(1-x_{ij}^{k})\cdot H\leq t_{j}^{k}\forall k\in K \forall i,j\in I\cup D\cup M\] (8a) \[t_{i}^{k}+t_{ij}+(1-x_{ij}^{k})\cdot H\geq t_{j}^{k}\forall k\in K\] (8b) \[l_{i}\leq t_{i}^{k}\leq e_{i}\forall k\in K\forall i\in I\] (9) \[\mathrm{q}_{i}^{k}+q_{j}-(1-x_{ij}^{k})\cdot H\leq\mathrm{q}_{j}^{k} \forall k\in K\forall i,j\in I\cup D\cup M\] (10a) \[\mathrm{q}_{i}^{k}+q_{i}+(1-x_{ij}^{k})\cdot H\geq\mathrm{q}_{j}^{k} \forall k\in K\forall i,j\in I\cup D\cup M\] (10b) \[\mathrm{q}_{i}^{k}\leq Q\forall k\in K\forall i\in I\] (11) \[\sum_{\forall j\in I}x_{mj}^{k}=1\forall k\in K\forall m\in D \tag{5b}\]0 (12) \[\sum_{\forall j\in I}x_{mj}^{k}=1\forall k\in K\forall m\in D \tag{5b}\]1 (13) \[\sum_{\forall j\in I}x_{mj}^{k}=1\forall k\in K\forall m\in D \tag{5b}\]2  
In our model, the objective function is given by Equation (1) to minimize the total ride-time for vehicles from the demand points to the rail station and the total wait-time for passengers taking the subway beforehand. The objective could not only reduce the total operational cost for the designed feeder bus system, but also increase residents' travel convenience. The constraint described by Equations (2) guarantees that each feeder bus covers at least one demand point. The constraint described by Equation (3) guarantees each demand point is only visited by one feeder bus, which aims to avoid undesirable competition among bus routes and further increase the whole system efficiency. The constraints described be Equations (4) and (5) guarantee that each feeder bus eventually starts at a bus depot and ends at a rail station. The constraint described by Equation (6) guarantees each demand point is not served by different vehicles at the same time. The constraint described by Equation (7) is used for sub-tour elimination in the vehicle routing. The constraint described by Equation (8) is used for calculating the arrival time of the next node covered by the vehicles after visiting the previous node. The constraint described by Equation (9) guarantees that a feeder bus arrives at the demand point in the boarding time windows. The constraint described by Equation (10) is used for determining the number of passengers on the feeder bus when the vehicle visits a demand point. The constraint described by Equation (11) guarantees that the number of passengers loaded at each pickup location on each feeder bus should not be more than the vehicle capacity. The constraints described by Equations (12) and (13) guarantee that the total travel distance and time of each feeder bus should satisfy its upper and lower limits. The constraint described by Equation (14) guarantees that the passengers of the demand points picked up by a feeder bus choose the same subway schedule at the rail station.
# A Novel Anti-Jamming Decision-Making Algorithm Based on Knowledge Graph Technology
## 4 Decision-Making Algorithm Based on Anti-Jamming Knowledge Graph
### Decision-Making Algorithm
#### 4.1.1 Algorithm Description
In each time slot, use the time-frequency domain feature extraction method to extract the time-frequency domain features of jamming patterns (line 6), and then search for strategies in the current time slot according to the features by the knowledge graph (line 7). Then, calculate the corresponding parameters of strategies to form the'strategy-parameter' set in the time slot (line 8) by the communication parameter decision-making method. Finally, fuse strategies in each time slot (line 9), where \(\oplus\) is the fusion symbol. ```
1:Initialization: \((\mathbf{A},\mathbf{P})=(0,0)\)
2:The receiver obtains the jamming patterns and parameters from the jamming sensing module:
3:if jamming pattern is known
4:The receiver directly obtains the strategy set \((\mathbf{A},\mathbf{P})\) by **anti-jamming knowledge graph**; else
5:for t = 1, 2,..., T do
6:The receiver obtains the time-frequency features by **time-frequency domain features extraction method**;
7:The receiver searches for the strategy set \(\mathbf{A}^{\prime}\) according to the features by **anti-jamming knowledge graph**;
8:The receiver calculates the corresponding parameters of strategies according to **the communication parameter decision method** and obtains set \(\left(\mathbf{A}^{\prime},\mathbf{P}^{\prime}\right)\);
9:The receiver fuses strategies, \((\mathbf{A},\mathbf{P})=(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{P})\oplus\left(\mathbf{A}^{\prime},\mathbf{P}^ {\prime}\right)\);
10:t = t + 1; end for
```  
**Algorithm 1** Communication anti-jamming decision-making algorithm based on the knowledge graph
# Enhancing Real-Time Kinematic Relative Positioning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
## 3 Cycle Slip Detection Strategy for a UAV  
Cycle slips can be detected by differencing GNSS measurements gathered from two closely located receivers to form DD measurements, eliminating many common measurement errors [25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. However, in this paper, a cycle slip detection capability has been integrated into a single GNSS receiver to simplify implementation and ensure robust independent operation. A common method for cycle slip detection in a single GNSS receiver uses a combination of single- or dual-frequency codes and carrier phase measurements [30; 31].  
Although there are many cycle slip detection methods in the literature, carrier phase measurement characteristics should be considered to obtain proper cycle slip detection performance for a relatively low-cost GNSS receiver on small rotary-wing vehicles. In this work, we developed cycle slip detection strategies based on the test statistics of the following three cycle slip detection methods obtained through flight test data.  
* Time-Differenced Dual-Frequency carrier phase Combination (TDDFC);
* Doppler-Aided Cycle Slip Detection (DACSD);
* Time-Differenced Single-Frequency carrier phase Measurements (TDSFM);  
GNSS data from GPS, Galileo (GAL), and Beidou (BDS), corresponding to the frequencies and wavelengths listed in Table 1 were collected and used.
## 3 Methodology
### Drone 3D Position Estimation and Outlier Frame Removal  
Only frames in which both ground QR code and inventory QR code were detected in all captured frames were used in the subsequent process. The drone's 3D position is estimated using ground QR codes. The problem of solving the camera pose using the 3D-2D correspondence point relationship is called the Perspective-n-Point (PnP) problem [50]. To solve the PnP problem, several algorithms, such as Perspective-Three-Point [51], Direct Least-Squares [52], and Effective PnP (EPnP) [53], have been proposed. To estimate the drone's 3D position from the image, among them, we use an EPnP algorithm with both high accuracy of camera pose calculation and robustness. EPnP is an algorithm that computes the rotation vector and translation vector from four or more pairs of 2D coordinates in image and 3D coordinates in the real world. However, it is very restrictive, in that more than four ground QR codes are photographed in one frame. To solve this problem, we used the vertices and orientation of the data zone obtained through the QR code decoding. 3D coordinates for the vertex of the data zone were derived using the 3D coordinates of the QR code stored in the ground QR code and orientation information. The rotation vector and translation vector \(t\) were derived from one ground QR code by utilizing the orientation of the QR code. Then, the rotation transformation matrix \(R\) was derived using the Rodrigues rotation and the rotation vector. The estimated drone 3D position is defined as below:  
\[D_{pos}=-R^{-1}t. \tag{1}\]  
where \(D_{pos}\) corresponds to the 3D coordinates of the drone. However, due to several possible sources of noise in the process of estimating the drone's 3D position, the estimated 3D positions of the drone may be outliers. Accordingly, the outlier was detected and removed from the estimated 3D positions of the drone using the continuity of the video frame. Since the video is continuously photographed, the estimated 3D positions of the drone are densely distributed along the movement path of the drone. If the estimated 3D position is the outlier, they are widely distributed and relatively low in density, because they move away from the movement path of the drone. We performed clustering of the estimated 3D positions of the drone using density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) [54]. The DBSCAN algorithm should predefine the minimum number of samples and epsilon, which means the distance between samples. In this paper, the epsilon is set to 0.2 and the minimum number of samples is set to 3. Algorithm 1 presents the detailed pseudocode for DBSCAN. After removing frames determined to be outliers, the cluster containing the largest number of frames was used to estimate the inventory 3D. Algorithm 2 presents the detailed pseudocode for outlier frame removal. Figure 5: Estimated vertices of QR code (red) detected by the segmentation model and data zone (green).