## 3 Results and Discussion
### Chemical Composition
#### 3.1.2 Chemical Composition of Royal Jelly  
Royal jelly is a valuable source of nutrients and bioactive components whose composition depends on a multitude of factors such as the beekeeping season, climatic conditions, the ecosystem in which the bees live, honey sources to which they have access, pollution \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fresh Apilarnil**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Lyophilized Apilarnil**} \\  & **Own Apiary** & **Market** & \\  & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** \\ \hline Water content (\%) & 68.54 \(\pm\) 0.295 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 78.58 \(\pm\) 0.005 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 6.78 \(\pm\) 0.470 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\ \hline DM (\%) & 31.36 \(\pm\) 0.274 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 21.43 \(\pm\) 0.017 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 93.19 \(\pm\) 0.475 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\ \hline Acidity & 26.62 \(\pm\) 0976 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 12.62 \(\pm\) 0.69 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 78.25 \(\pm\) 0.160 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\ \hline pH & 5.74 \(\pm\) 0.010 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 4.17 \(\pm\) 0.152 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 5.55 \(\pm\) 0.050 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline Impurities (\%) & 15.28 \(\pm\) 0.091 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 5.47 \(\pm\) 0.026 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 5.65 \(\pm\) 0.735 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline Protein (mg/g) & 44.86 \(\pm\) 0.335 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 22.04 \(\pm\) 1.235 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 117.25 \(\pm\) 4.695 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\ \hline Ash (\%) & 0.88 \(\pm\) 0.025 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.45 \(\pm\) 0.010 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 1.89 \(\pm\) 0.010 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Macroelements} \\ \hline Na & 144.02 \(\pm\) 52.962 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 159.53 \(\pm\) 8.209 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 184.00 \(\pm\) 8.174 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline Ca & 284.23 \(\pm\) 176.104 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 309.11 \(\pm\) 36.465 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 413.81 \(\pm\) 40.722 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline K & 787.65 \(\pm\) 780.596 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 578.89 \(\pm\) 338.69 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 2252.91 \(\pm\) 1262.09 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline Mg & 369.93 \(\pm\) 372.89 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 206.06 \(\pm\) 11.377 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 459.60 \(\pm\) 187.333 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline P & 1233.00 \(\pm\) 1256.88 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 375.78 \(\pm\) 85.878 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1343.25 \(\pm\) 691.903 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Microelements} \\ \hline Fe & 12.31 \(\pm\) 9.461 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 7.86 \(\pm\) 2.064 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 32.58 \(\pm\) 19.219 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline Mn & 4.71 \(\pm\) 1.605 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 4.79 \(\pm\) 0.919 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 4.22 \(\pm\) 0.403 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline Cu & 3.71 \(\pm\) 1.767 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 4.54 \(\pm\) 0.989 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 7.40 \(\pm\) 3.478 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline Zn & 8.66 \(\pm\) 6.455 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 9.34 \(\pm\) 2.743 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 30.10 \(\pm\) 23.129 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline Cr & 3.29 \(\pm\) 0.848 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 6.80 \(\pm\) 0.049 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 6.40 \(\pm\) 0.127 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Contaminants} \\ \hline Ni & Undetectable & Undetectable & Undetectable \\ \hline Cd & 1.34 \(\pm\) 0.268 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 2.22 \(\pm\) 0.374 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.68 \(\pm\) 0.516 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline Pb & Undetectable & Undetectable & Undetectable \\ \hline \end{tabular} Results are expressed as the two-determination mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between samples in a row (\(p<0.05\)) according to the Tukey test.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Chemical composition of fresh and lyophilized apilarnil. sources within flight of bees, and also the genetics of the colony. In the hive, royal jelly intervenes in the phenotypic development of worker bee larvae when they benefit from abundant feeding over a longer period of time, turning them into queens, and it also plays an important role in the social behavior of the bee colony by stimulating memory and learning. Consumed by humans, it is a functional food with high biological and therapeutic value [42].