## 2 Materials and Methods
### Case Studies: Palazzo Vecchio-Palazzo Torrigiani Elevated Path
#### 2.2.2 La Specola Museum  
As mentioned above, La Specola museum is located at the end of the Palazzo Vecchio-Palazzo Torrigiani elevated path. It was inaugurated on 1775 thanks to the Grand Duke of Tuscany [PERSON], who reorganized the collections of the [PERSON] family. Since 2019, the museum has been closed to the visitors for refurbishment. The museum is divided in two sections: the zoological collection (rooms I-XXIV), with objects (especially taxidermic works) dated between the second half of the 19 th century and the first decades of the 20 th century, and the collection of anatomical waves (rooms XXIV-XXXI), with objects (especially specimens of the human body made out of a mixture of waves, resins, and dyes) dated between the second half of the 18 th century and the second half of the 19 th century. All the objects are exposed in the rooms and housed inside showcases of artistic and historic value, made of solid wood and single glazing dated to the first half of the 19 th century [31; 32; 33]. Figure 4 depicts the plan (a) and a view (b) of La Specola museum. In the plan, the rooms (X and XXII, in the zoological section) selected and analyzed in this study are pointed out. Figure 4: (**a**) Plan with the monitored zones (rooms X and XXII) pointed out and (**b**) view of La Specola museum. The building envelope of the museum is made of plastered stone and brick masonry external walls, wooden floors and roof, and false ceilings. Windows are made with a wood frame and single glazing, while skylights are made with a metal frame and single glazing. Shading devices, which are always closed, consist of external and internal shutters for the windows, while the skylights are equipped with internal drapes. The zoological section is non-air-conditioned, whereas a heat pump system is present only in some rooms of the anatomical waxes section (rooms XXIV, XXVIII, and XXIX-XXXI), with ceiling fan coils that maintain the indoor air temperature between 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C [33]. The rooms of the museum are lit with tubular fluorescent lamps (turned on only during opening hours), while only some of the showcases are lit internally with tubular fluorescent or LED lamps. According to the detailed results obtained in the previous studies [31; 32; 33], on the basis of specific criteria (i.e., trend of indoor microclimate parameters, air-conditioned or non-air-conditioned rooms, presence of windows or skylights, type of solar shadings, state of conservation and technical features of the external walls, conservative requirements of the exhibits, and type and relevance of the exhibits), the selected rooms X and XXII are considered representative of the non-air-conditioned area of the museum. Room X, located in the southwest corner of the building, has two external walls, one window with external and internal solar shading, and an uninsulated pitched roof. Room XXII, located in the northwest area of the building, is an internal room without external walls and is, thus, more protected from the outdoors; it also has one skylight without external solar shading and an uninsulated pitched roof. Moreover, both rooms have a much smaller area than the zones analyzed in Vasari Corridor. In room X, various mammals coming from the aquatic environment are exhibited, while, in room XXII, marine reptiles are displayed. Table 3 shows the main geometric data of the museum envelope, relative to rooms X and XXII, and Table 4 reports the thermophysical properties of the opaque and transparent envelope components (external walls, floors, roof, and windows), defined by visual inspection and gathered from documentation on historical construction materials and techniques.