## 3 Results
### Fish Histology
#### 3.3.3 Kidney  
Sea bream individuals in 20 ppt salinity showed bigger collecting ducts than the ones in 8 ppt salinity. There were minimal histopathological alterations for the 20 ppt salinity group and mild histopathological alterations for the 14 ppt and 8 ppt salinity  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **20 ppt** & **14 ppt** & **8 ppt** & **\(p\)-Value** \\ \hline Initial mean weight (W\({}_{\text{in}}\), g) & 3.89 \(\pm\) 0.05 a & 3.85 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & 3.97 \(\pm\) 0.05 a & 0.321 \\ Final mean weight (W\({}_{\text{fin}}\), g) & 19.44 \(\pm\) 0.31 a & 18.52 \(\pm\) 0.28 a & 19.71 \(\pm\) 0.36 b & 0.024 \\ Weight gain (WG, g) & 15.6 \(\pm\) 0.32 a & 14.67 \(\pm\) 0.28 a & 15.7 \(\pm\) 0.38 a & 0.173 \\ Specific growth rate (SGR, \%/d) & 3.60 \(\pm\) 0.05 b & 3.09 \(\pm\) 0.14 a & 3.58 \(\pm\) 0.06 b & 0.032 \\ Survival (\%) & 90\(\pm\) 6.74 a & 97 \(\pm\)1.33 a & 96 \(\pm\)2.30 a & 0.436 \\ Body weight increase (BWI \%) & 412.8 \(\pm\) 11.88 a & 387.3 \(\pm\) 10.24 a & 408.9 \(\pm\) 13.70 a & 0.268 \\ Initial coefficient factor (Kin) & 1.24 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 1.28 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 1.26 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 0.178 \\ Final coefficient factor (Kin) & 1.49 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 1.48 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 1.54 \(\pm\) 0.01 b & 0.02 \\ Initial mean length (Lin, cm) & 6.77 \(\pm\) 0.03 a & 6.70 \(\pm\) 0.03 a & 6.80 \(\pm\) 0.03 a & 0.123 \\ Final mean length (Lin, cm) & 10.71 \(\pm\) 0.18 a & 10.76 \(\pm\) 0.05 a & 10.82 \(\pm\) 0.06 a & 0.787 \\ Food conversion ration (FCR) & 0.70 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 0.70 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & 0.121 \\ Daily food intake (DFI \%/d) & 1.54 \(\pm\) 0.02 a & 1.55 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & 1.56 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & 0.945 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Data were expressed as mean \(\pm\) S.E.M (In\({}_{\text{initial}}\) = 234). Means in a row followed by the same superscript are not statistically significantly different (ANOVA, \(p\)\(>\) 0.05).  
\end{table}
Table 2: Gilthead sea bream growth performance of the trials during the 45 days of cultivation in brackish aquaponics systems.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **20 ppt** & **14 ppt** & **8 ppt** & \(p\)-Value** \\ \hline Initial number of branches & 8.38 \(\pm\) 0.44 a & 7.33 \(\pm\) 0.49 a & 9.11 \(\pm\) 0.74 a & 0.100 \\ Final number of branches & 14.22 \(\pm\) 1.93 a & 13.38 \(\pm\) 1.26 a & 18.94 \(\pm\) 2.55 a & 0.114 \\ Final height (cm) & 10.22 \(\pm\) 0.56 a & 14.66 \(\pm\) 0.78 b & 20.27 \(\pm\) 1.2 c & 0.027 \\ Rate of height gain (cm/d) & 2.82 \(\pm\) 0.42 a & 2.62 \(\pm\) 0.45 a & 8.97 \(\pm\) 0.92 b & 0.000 \\ Final fresh weight of the aerial part & 8.99 \(\pm\) 0.88 a & 21.26 \(\pm\) 3.15 b & 57.03 \(\pm\) 586 c & 0.000 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Data were expressed as mean \(\pm\) S.E.M (n = 54). Means in a row followed by the same superscript are not significantly different in statistical terms (ANOVA, \(p\)\(>\) 0.05).  
\end{table}
Table 3: Rock samphire’s growth performance during the 45 days of cultivation trials in brackish aquaponics systems.  
groups (Table 4). The most important were granulomas, haemorrhage, glomerulopathy, Bowman's capsule epithelial cells proliferation, and tubule degeneration (Figures 1 and S1).