## 4 Discussion
### The Overview of Legal Regulations and Standards  
The governments of states address the problem of the potential harms of EMFs and introduce some measures of protection in their legislation. One of the legal approaches to ensure no harm to humans happens is the introduction of norms that determine the maximal amount of electric field force or magnetic force that can be emitted by devices that create the field. There is an independent international body called the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection [17], which was founded in 1992 and issues guidelines regarding the scope of its activities. In 1998, ICNIRP issued a set of guidelines [18] on EMFs and the protection of the general public against their harm. Three physical quantities were analyzed, and their reference levels were established (reference levels are not supposed to be exceeded; sticking to them guarantees no harm to the population); these quantities were \(E\) (kV/m), \(H\) (A/m) and \(B\) (uT); the levels depend on the \(f\) (Hz) and are shown in Table 3.  
ICNIRP amended its guidelines in 2010 [19] and then further in 2020 [1], allowing for higher reference values. For our further considerations, the \(f\) of 50 Hz (standard frequency of electric current) is assumed, and the norms analyzed are for the general public (there also exist norms for professionals working with EMFs, which can be found in the same documents as the ones for the general public). The guidelines' comparison is in Table 4.  
In Europe, the majority of countries' legislation ought to be consistent with the laws of the European Union. The European Union took a stance on the issue already in 1999 when the recommendation of the European Council on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields was passed (1999/519/EC [20]). This legal act was inspired by the guidelines of ICNIRP from 1998; it constitutes a framework for all European countries, and among its annexes are the enumeration and definitions of physical quantities that are to be used for EMF evaluation and tables with reference values and formulae for calculations of summary exposure to different EMFs simultaneously. The document itself \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline  & **1998** & **2010** & **2020** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{Scope of regulation (frequencies)} & Up to 300 GHz & 1 Hz–100 kHz & 100 kHz–300 GHz \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Physical quantities regulated} & Electric field strength, magnetic & Electric field strength, magnetic & Electric field strength, magnetic \\  & field strength, magnetic & field strength, magnetic & field strength, power density S \\  & flux density & flux density & (W/m\({}^{2}\)) \\ \hline E for general public (\(f\) = 50 Hz) & 5 kV & 5 kV & Not affected \\ \hline B for general public (\(f\) = 50 Hz) & 100 uT & 200 uT & Not affected \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The comparison of guidelines published by ICNIRP. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline  & **\textless{}1 Hz** & **1-8 Hz** & **8-25 Hz** & **0.025-0.8 kHz** & **0.08-3 kHz** & **3-150 kHz** & **0.15-1 MHz** & **1-10 MHz** & **10-400** & **400-2000** & **2-300** \\ \hline E [kV/m] & - & 10,000 & 10,000 & 250/ f & 250/ f & 87 & 87 & 87 (f\({}^{85}\)) & 28 & 1.375(f\({}^{85}\)) & 61 \\ \hline H [A/m] & \(3.2\times 10^{4}\) & \(3.2\times 10^{4}\) & \(3.2\times 10^{4}\) & 4000/ f & 4/ f & 5 & 5 & 0.73/ f & 0.73/ f & 0.073 & 0.0037/(f\({}^{85}\)) & 0.20 \\ \hline B [uT] & \(4\times 10^{4}\) & \(4\times 10^{4}\) & \(10^{4}\)/ f & 5000/ f & 5/ f & 6.25 & 6.25 & 0.92/ f & 0.92/ f & 0.92 & 0.0046- f\({}^{85}\) & 0.20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The reference values of \(E\), \(H\) and \(B\) for EMFs with different \(f\) following ICNIRP. calls on member states to fulfill important duties concerning the education of the general public about the possible dangers of EMFs, promote research on that topic and ensure the safety of workers exposed to EMFs.