# Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Jara Honey Produced in Western Georgia
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phenolic Compounds  
Phenolic compounds are one of the most significant chemicals in honey [20]. They are powerful natural antioxidants that are biologically active secondary metabolites from plants that operate at the molecular level [73]. Phenolic compounds, as secondary plant metabolites and natural antioxidants, significantly determine the biological activity of honey [20; 43]. In particular, these compounds are responsible for the antioxidant activity of honey [43; 74], as they can bind or neutralize free radicals [11]. The content of phenolic compounds, both qualitatively and quantitatively, depends entirely on the type of honey plants [11; 35; 75].  
The main indicators of honey's botanical origin are polyphenols, which also have a strong medicinal and dietary value [14; 76]. Honey is utilized as an essential source of phenolic compounds in the human diet due to its abundance of phenolic compounds [20; 77].  
The total amount of phenols in the honey samples taken for analysis ranged from 622.34 to 1105.56 mg/kg. According to the phenol content, the samples from Keda  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Samples**} & **Total Phenols** & **Total Phenolic** & **Total Flavonoids** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Antioxidant Activity** \\ **DPFH-50\% Inhibition** \\ **mg of Samples** \\ \end{tabular} & **Color (mmPfund)** \\ \hline JH-1 & 801.61 \(\pm\) 20.04 & 453.3 \(\pm\) 11.33 & 231.8 \(\pm\) 5.80 & 90.01 \(\pm\) 2.25 & 181.61 \(\pm\) 4.54 \\ \hline JH-2 & 1105.56 \(\pm\) 27.64 & 682.4 \(\pm\) 17.06 & 321.4 \(\pm\) 8.04 & 75.1 \(\pm\) 1.88 & 294.81 \(\pm\) 7.37 \\ \hline JH-3 & 987.19 \(\pm\) 24.68 & 543.8 \(\pm\) 13.60 & 307.9 \(\pm\) 7.70 & 88.29 \(\pm\) 2.21 & 249.31 \(\pm\) 6.23 \\ \hline JH-4 & 872.48 \(\pm\) 21.81 & 418.5 \(\pm\) 10.46 & 265.8 \(\pm\) 6.65 & 79.59 \(\pm\) 1.99 & 189.98 \(\pm\) 4.75 \\ \hline JH-5 & 752.99 \(\pm\) 18.82 & 452.1 \(\pm\) 11.30 & 229.4 \(\pm\) 5.74 & 94.75 \(\pm\) 2.37 & 180.76 \(\pm\) 4.52 \\ \hline JH-6 & 670.61 \(\pm\) 16.77 & 379.9 \(\pm\) 9.50 & 203.7 \(\pm\) 5.09 & 107.15 \(\pm\) 2.68 & 146.68 \(\pm\) 3.67 \\ \hline JH-7 & 622.34 \(\pm\) 15.56 & 388.7 \(\pm\) 9.72 & 154 \(\pm\) 3.85 & 128.08 \(\pm\) 3.20 & 148.26 \(\pm\) 3.71 \\ \hline JH-8 & 634.22 \(\pm\) 15.86 & 359.8 \(\pm\) 9.00 & 185.7 \(\pm\) 4.64 & 125.77 \(\pm\) 3.14 & 131.11 \(\pm\) 3.28 \\ \hline JH-9 & 647.77 \(\pm\) 16.19 & 419 \(\pm\) 10.48 & 143.6 \(\pm\) 3.59 & 111.58 \(\pm\) 2.79 & 130.44 \(\pm\) 3.26 \\ \hline JH-10 & 900.55 \(\pm\) 22.51 & 533.8 \(\pm\) 13.35 & 291.4 \(\pm\) 7.29 & 82.38 \(\pm\) 2.06 & 219.16 \(\pm\) 5.48 \\ \hline JH-11 & 988.79 \(\pm\) 24.72 & 580.2 \(\pm\) 14.51 & 299.7 \(\pm\) 7.49 & 89.83 \(\pm\) 2.25 & 271.29 \(\pm\) 6.78 \\ \hline JH-12 & 902.03 \(\pm\) 22.55 & 567.2 \(\pm\) 14.18 & 232 \(\pm\) 5.80 & 85.88 \(\pm\) 2.15 & 232.87 \(\pm\) 5.82 \\ \hline JH-13 & 931.49 \(\pm\) 23.29 & 612.4 \(\pm\) 15.31 & 221 \(\pm\) 5.53 & 86.43 \(\pm\) 2.16 & 274.29 \(\pm\) 6.86 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Total phenols. phenolic acids, flavonoids, color, and antioxidant activity of Jara honey.  
(788.31 mg/kg) and Khulo (817.51 mg/kg) had similar phenol levels. However, in the Keda honey, there was a noticeable difference between the samples. In particular, the phenol content, including JH 6-9, averaged 643.73 mg/kg, with a relatively high content observed in the third sample (987.19 mg/kg) and the second sample (1105.56 mg/kg). A similar difference was observed in the samples of the Khulo Jara honey. The average total phenol content in the Shuakhevi honey was relatively high at 930.72 mg/kg (Table 6).