## 4 Pharmacological Properties of _Elaeedendron_ Species
### Antibacterial Activity
The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns exhibited four diffraction peaks indexed to (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes fcc at 32.24\({}^{\circ}\), 48.11\({}^{\circ}\), 58.64\({}^{\circ}\), and 77.47\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. The lowest inhibitory concentrations and IC\({}_{50}\) values, on the other hand, were greater than the norms. In conclusion, a single-step technique for producing silver nanoparticles from _E. croceum_ has been developed [52]. The antibacterial activity of _E. croceum_ extracts demonstrates the species' potential as an herbal medication against bacterial infections and verifies the species' traditional usage as a herbal remedy for sore throat in South Africa [53]. [PERSON] et al. examined the antimicrobial property of _E. transvaalense_ stem bark extracts and components in methanol and dichloromethane. 6\(\beta\)-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-ene-3-one,4\({}^{\prime}\)O-methylepigallocatechin, lup-20(30)-ene-3\(\alpha\),29-diol, and 30-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-3-one were tested against _Salmonella typhimurium_, _Staphylococcus epidermidis_[54]_Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei_, and _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ using a micro-titer plate broth two-fold serial dilution experiment with ciprofloxacin as the control sample. The extract and compounds had moderate antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration values 0.1 mg/mL to 1.7 mg/mL. Using the serial broth microdilution assay and ciprofloxacin as a positive control. [PERSON] et al. investigated the antimicrobial activities of _E. transvaalense_ bark ethanol extracts and the molecules 4\({}^{\prime}\)-O-methyl-epigallocatechin, lup-20(30)-ene-3,29-diol and lup-20(29)-ene-30-hydroxy-3-one isolated from the plant against _Neisseria gonorrhoeae_, _Digella ureolytica_, and _Gardnerella vaginalis_. MIC values for the extracts and compounds varied from 1.6 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL, whereas the positive control had a MIC of 0.01 mg/mL [19]. [PERSON] et al. used disc-diffusion and micro-dilution assays to test the antimicrobial activity of _E. transvaalense_ bark aqueous and hexane ethanol extracts against _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Klebsiella pneumoniae_, _Bacillus subtilis_, and _Escherichia coli_ with neomycin as a positive control. Water and ethanolic extracts were potent against _Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus_, with MICs ranging from 0.1 mg/mL to 0.8 mg/mL [55]. Using the agar dilution method, [PERSON] et al. investigated the antimicrobial activities of _E. transvaalense_ chloroform and aqueous bark extracts against _Enterobacter cloacae_, _Enterobacter aerogenes_, _Bacillus pumilus_, _Bacillus cereus_, _Klebsiella pneumoniae_, _Bacillus subtilis_, and _Escherichia coli_. The extracts had MIC values between 20 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL against _Bacillus cereus_, _Bacillus pumilus_, _Bacillus subtilis_, and _Staphylococcus aureus_[10]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the antibacterial activities of _E. transvaalense_ bark methanolic and water extracts against _Staphylococcus epidermidis_, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Escherichia coli_ and _Staphylococcus aureus_ utilizing broth microdilution and plate-hole diffusion methods with ampicillin as the control sample. The extracts had minimum inhibitory concentration values from 1.3 mg/mL to 17.2 mg/mL against _Staphylococcus aureus_ and _Staphylococcus epidermidis_. The control sample had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.2 mg/mL [56]. These findings supported the species traditional usage as an herbal remedy for venereal illnesses, sexually transmitted infections, stomach pains, diarrhoea, sore throat, skin infections, and wounds [10; 25].