## 3 Results
### Attention Span  
#### 3.1.1 D-CAT Assessment Test Results  
The pre-test scores and post-test scores showed that the mean of the pre-test was 373.63, the standard deviation was 2.35, and the standard error was 0.37; the mean of the post-test was 382.30, the standard deviation was 5.06, and the standard error was 0.80 (Table 3) (Figure 5). The paired sample correlation showed that there was a significant difference (\(p<0.001\)) (Table 4). The paired sample \(t\)-test result showed that there was a significant difference (\(p<0.001\)) (Table 5). The mixed repeated-measure ANOVA results were significantly different in the pre/post-test, F [1; 32] = 1649.438, \(p<0.001\); difficulty, F [1; 32] = 174.918, \(p<0.001\); pressure, F [1; 32] = 168.781, \(p<0.001\); and the interaction effect of difficulty and pressure, F [1; 32] = 25.329, \(p<0.001\) (Table 6). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **N** & **Correlation** & **Sig.** \\ \hline D-CAT Pre/Post-test & 40 & 0.512 & 0.001 *** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: *** \(p<0.001\).  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Paired sample correlations of D-CAT. Figure 5: Results of attention span assessment tests before and after training (with 95% CI for the mean). (**A**) D-CAT assessment test results. (**B**) SAT assessment test results. Table 7 shows the mean of scores and other details of three independent variables (difficulty, pressure, pre/post-test) with two levels in the D-CAT. Figure 6A shows two separate lines, and they are not parallel due to the different slopes. The blue line is steeper than the green line. So, there was an exponential interaction of pre/post-test * difficulty in the D-CAT. Figure 6B shows two separate lines, and they are not parallel due to the different slopes. The blue line is steeper than the green line. So, there was an exponential interaction of pre/post-test * pressure in the D-CAT. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Type III**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Mean**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**F**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Sig.**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Partial**} \\
**Source (D-CAT)** & **Sum of Squares** & **df** & **Square** & **F** & **Sig.** & **Eta** \\ \hline Pre/Post-Test & 1505.113 & 1 & 1505.113 & 1649.438 & 0.000 *** & 0.981 \\ Pre/Post-Test * Difficulty & 159.613 & 1 & 159.613 & 174.918 & 0.000 *** & 0.845 \\ Pre/Post-Test * Pressure & 154.013 & 1 & 154.013 & 168.781 & 0.000 *** & 0.841 \\ Pre/Post-Test * Competition & 2.113 & 1 & 2.113 & 2.315 & 0.138 & 0.067 \\ Pre/Post-Test * Difficulty * Competition & 23.113 & 1 & 23.113 & 25.329 & 0.000 *** & 0.442 \\ Pre/Post-Test * Difficulty * Competition & 0.013 & 1 & 0.013 & 0.014 & 0.908 & 0.000 \\ Pre/Post-Test * Pressure * Competition & 1.013 & 1 & 1.013 & 1.110 & 0.300 & 0.034 \\ Pre/Post-Test * Difficulty * Pressure * Competition & 0.313 & 1 & 0.313 & 0.342 & 0.563 & 0.011 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: *** \(p<0.001\).  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Tests of within-subject effects of D-CAT. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & **95\% C.I.** \\ \hline
**Diffulty** & **Pressure** & **Pre/Post-Test** & **Mean** & **SE** & **Lower** & **Upper** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{with} & pre-test & 373.70 & 0.80 & 372.07 & 375.33 \\  & post-test & 386.90 & 0.90 & 385.06 & 388.74 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{2}{*}{without} & pre-test & 373.70 & 0.80 & 372.07 & 375.33 \\  & post-test & 383.50 & 0.90 & 381.66 & 385.34 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{without} & pre-test & 373.80 & 0.80 & 372.17 & 375.43 \\  & post-test & 383.50 & 0.90 & 381.66 & 385.34 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{2}{*}{without} & pre-test & 373.30 & 0.80 & 371.67 & 374.93 \\ \cline{1-1}  & post-test & 375.30 & 0.90 & 373.46 & 377.14 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: SE, standard error.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Estimated marginal means of D-CAT- Interaction of difficulty * pressure * pre/post-test.