## 3 Results of the Literature Review and Discussion
### Review of Research in the Field of Adaptive Dynamic Facades
As an adaptive solution to the issue of moisture removal in multilayer external enclosures, [PERSON] et al. [98] used ventilated air ducts in such enclosures. The results of this study showed that even with high indoor air humidity of approximately 70%, the relative air humidity in the insulation material did not exceed 50%. This ensured the strong thermal insulation performance of the panels, which led to significant energy savings [99]. At the same time, a temperature stratification of 8-10 \({}^{\circ}\)C by height was recorded in the ventilated ducts. In continuation of this work, [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [100] analyzed the problems of heat and moisture in a multilayer brick wall [101] insulated with panels with ventilated ducts based on a system of non-stationary differential equations for heat and moisture transfer. The results of the analysis showed that for a sharply continental climate, the seasons corresponding to the end of summer-beginning of autumn and winter-beginning of spring are the most critical in terms of humidification. Innovations in the development of external enclosures imply the efficiency of the design. Thus, in their work, [PERSON] et al. [102; 103; 104; 105] studied the use of photovoltaic systems in buildings (BIPVs) to achieve this goal. The results showed that the use of BIPVs contributed to energy production, which generally affected the efficiency. A study on the performance of passive and active facades [106; 107], taking into account the flow behavior in the cavity, was conducted by [PERSON] et al. [108] under real-weather conditions in Switzerland. The results showed that increasing the thickness of the cavity behind the external cladding from 45 mm to 110 mm could increase the heat flow through the cavity by up to 1.5 times. It was also shown that reflective insulation on the cavity surface adjacent to the wall core could increase the surface temperature of the cladding by more than 30% compared to the case without reflective insulation [109; 110]. Theoretical research in the field of closed air spaces in cold conditions, located in thermal insulation with and without a heat-reflecting screen, was carried out in [111; 112; 113]. The efficiency in terms of energy savings regarding the use of closed spaces and a heat-reflecting screen amounted to 20%, which was also confirmed experimentally [114; 115; 116; 117]. In particular, recently [118], a study of ventilated facades (OVFs) with adaptive dynamic insulation in hot periods was conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [119]. Here, the issue of air penetration beyond the thermal insulation layer was considered as an adaptive solution. The results showed that the heat removal efficiency was 2.1-2.6 times higher than that of a conventional OVF. Works devoted to the issue of energy saving have been actively performed for several decades. During this time, the studies conducted have considered various solutions. However, such studies have been constrained by the climatic and/or economic conditions of the region of observation. At the same time, to achieve specific goals, it is necessary to adapt the developed solutions for external fencing (Table 1). However, according to this review, starting in the beginning of 2001, all decisions taken have been essentially periodically repeated with more modern solutions. Given this situation, with the advent of new building materials and designs, it is necessary to continue to study this problem so as to achieve progress.