esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Antimicrobial Peptides--Mechanisms of Action, Antimicrobial Effects and Clinical Applications
## 2 Antimicrobial Peptides
### Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides  
Research suggests that AMPs have a completely different mechanism of action on microorganisms than antibiotics currently used to treat infections [1; 22; 23] (Figure 1).  
Understanding the interaction of peptides with microorganism membranes is a significant factor in improving the design and development of AMPs [24]. The interaction of these peptides with biological membranes and their structure also depends on the lipids contained in the cell membrane itself [25]. Individual AMPs interact with the bacterial cell membrane and thus interfere with the construction of the inner or outer bacterial membrane, resulting in cell death [26]. Impaired membrane integrity occurs due to the interaction of AMP with a negatively charged cell membrane, inhibition of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis, or interaction with specific intracellular targets [22; 24; 27]. The critical interaction points between the peptide and the bacterial membrane are electrostatic forces between the cationic AMPs and the negatively charged bacterial surface [28; 29; 30]. The cytoplasmic membranes of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are rich in phospholipids,phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin, which have negatively charged major groups which strongly attract positively charged AMPs [1; 31]. The cationic amphipathic \(\alpha\)-helix is one of the most common types of AMP [25]. For amphipathic \(\alpha\)-helix peptides, several models explain how they work. The barrel pore model (Figure 2) in which the amphipathic \(\alpha\)-helix creates vertical pores across the membrane and peptides accumulate in barrel-shaped aggregates showing water-permeable and transmembrane-oriented pores [32; 33].  
The formation of a transmembrane water-permeable pore results from the association of several AMP molecules with lipid heads in a toroidal pore model (Figure 3) [33].  
The carpet model (Figure 4) provides an alternative view where AMPs come into contact with the phospholipid head and spread across the membrane surface, covering the carpet-like membrane. When the peptide concentration reaches a critical value in this model, the membrane collapses, creating defects, and dissolves into micelles [33].  
Figure 1: Mechanisms of AMPs action.  
Figure 3: Toroidal pore model.  
Figure 2: Barrel–stave pore model.
## 1 Introduction  
Uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) (Figure 1) are gut microbiota-derived metabolites produced during metabolic processes, exclusively generated by degradation of dietary protein aminoacids, which accumulate in kidney compartments in patients with end-stage renal disease [1]. These toxic substances contain aromatic rings derived from tryptophan and tyrosine moieties, which are absorbed in the gut and sulfated via a sulfation process in the enterocytes and liver cells. PCS and IS circulate in the bloodstream tightly bound to albumin, and they are actively excreted in urine [2]. In chronic kidney disease patients, the blood concentration of IS and PCS increases as the renal failure worsens, so these metabolites can be used as predictors of poor clinical outcomes [3]. In addition, they are recognized as non-traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors [4]. Because of their albumin-binding properties, IS and PCS are not sufficiently removed by conventional dialysis methods, accumulating in ESRD patients. This is why material scientists are still developing different methods and materials for adsorbing IS and PCS in blood-fractionated serum. Strategies to remove these toxins are based on prolonged dialysis treatment [5], taking advantage of sophisticated synthetic high-flux membranes [6]. Different materials have been tested for removing these toxins, including poly-methacrylate (PMMA) [7], poly-ethersulfone/polyammide [8], and divinylbenzene [9]. Different coated and functionalized materials, useful in removing aromatic species similar to IS/PCS, have been reported in the literature: divinylbenzene coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (DVB-PVP) [10], cellulose-bearing hexadecyl chains [11] and vitamin E-bonded cellulose [12] have been investigated for their hydrophobic nature and biocompatibility. However, the production of these composites is time- and energy-consuming, due to the use of co-precipitation processes, thermal extrusions or chemical copolymerization using eco-incompatible and bio-unfriendly conditions, together with the solvents' toxicity. Here, we report the effect of a polydopamine (PDA)coating on the intrinsic capacity of the polyvinylpyrrolidone-co-styrene (PVP-co-S) co-polymer particles and diatomaceous earth (DE) to trap blood toxins. In particular, the efficiency of surface chemical modification of PVP-co-S and DE with polydopamine (PDA) was investigated in the adsorption, directly from blood sera, of IS and PCS as prototypes of protein-bound uremic toxins, which are currently the most studied in the context of the gut-heart-kidney axis.
# Survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Mars Exploration: Deployment Use Case
## 3 Preliminary Studies
### Different Types of UAVs in Space
#### 3.2.1 Airships and Balloons
For Titan, NASA has established many mission ideas that are collectively referred to as the Titan Biological Explorer. One of the designated mission concepts involves a balloon that will descend to the surface of Titan, collect information, re-ascend, and travel to a new location [75]. Lately, different types of prototypes have been suggested for the Earth-based balloon-UAV hybrid platform that can also be used for planetary exploration [76]. Balloons are being made from materials strong enough to withstand both high temperatures and acidic climates. The balloon actually consists of a compact envelope that has the advantage of simplified transport storage. The flexible envelope will need an inner layer to protect from extreme temperatures and an outer layer to provide tensile stability. Furthermore, a corrosive barrier coating will be applied to shield the framework from the acidic climate. The innermost coating would be used to prevent gas escape, the outer material would provide structural stability, and the outermost layer would shield the structure from corrosion.
## 3 Fabrication and Measurement
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Type** & **Radiation Direction** & **Aim at All Cut-Planes** & **\# HPBW** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} * Increased Size \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} * Increased Complexity \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[2]} & Dielectric & \multirow{3}{*}{Broadside} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & \multirow{3}{*}{189\%} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} \\  & resonator & & & & & \\  & antenna & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[14]} & Patches & \multirow{3}{*}{Broadside} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\sim\)200\%} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} \\  & antenna & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[17]} & Dielectric & \multirow{3}{*}{Broadside} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\sim\)350\%} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} \\  & resonator & & & & & \\  & antenna & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[19]} & Dipole & \multirow{3}{*}{Broadside} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\sim\)230\%} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} \\  & antenna & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[26]} & Tapered slot & \multirow{3}{*}{End-fire} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(<\)200\%} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} \\  & antenna & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[27]} & Microstrip & \multirow{3}{*}{Broadside} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\sim\)230\%} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} \\  & antenna & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[28]} & Dielectric & \multirow{3}{*}{Broadside} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\sim\)330\%} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} \\  & resonator & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & antenna & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[29]} & Microstrip & \multirow{3}{*}{Broadside} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(241\%\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{No} & \multirow{3}{*}{Yes} \\  & antenna & & & & & \\ \hline This work & ALTSA & End-fire & Yes & \(237\%\) & No & No \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* #: Maximum amplification of the HPBW in the given cut-planes mentioned in the literature. *: Increased size or complexity compared to basic antennas, and little addition treated as no increase. \(\sim\): Not mentioned directly but estimated according to the figures in the reference.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison between wide-beam antennas. Figure 8: Measured reflection coefficients of the proposed antenna. Figure 7: (**a**) Top view of the fabricated antenna. (**b**) Bottom view of the fabricated antenna. (**c**) Photograph of the measurement scene.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Odometry Errors: Systematic and Non-Systematic
#### 2.3.1 Systematic Odometry Errors  
Systematic odometry errors are usually invariant because they are caused by inaccuracies and imperfections in the mechanical implementation of the robot, such as mismatches between the nominal and effective parameters, or by limited sensors capabilities, resolution and sampling rate. [PERSON] et al. [3] concluded that the systematic errors that have greater effects in the odometry are caused by unequal wheel diameters and placement accuracy in the wheelbase, which is the distance between the point of contact of the wheel with the floor and the center of the robot. Systematic errors accumulate constantly, so they are usually the main contributors to positioning errors in smooth indoor terrains.
# Hydrophobic Fluorinated Porous Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Adsorption of Nerve Agents
## 1 Introduction  
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) have been widely used in World Wars I and II, leading to massive human casualties due to their strong toxicity, rapid action, and low lethal inhalation dose. CWAs are extremely poisonous to humans and animals upon release [1], and the destruction of remaining stocks from the war remains a global concern. Although CWAs have been banned by the Chemical Weapons Convention, they can be easily obtained by terrorist organizations, posing a global threat. Therefore, the development of high-performance adsorbents for the effective capture of CWAs is urgently needed.  
Porous materials have been extensively studied for the adsorption and catalysis of CWAs [2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. Activated and impregnated activated carbons (such as metal salts, acids, and organic amines) are the most commonly used materials for CWA capture [13; 14; 15], while metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and zeolites have also attracted significant attention in recent years [16; 17; 18; 19; 20]. However, water molecules from atmospheric humidity strongly compete with CWAs for the porous materials' adsorption sites,thus significantly limiting their adsorption capacity. Therefore, several hydrophobic MOFs have recently been developed which could effectively capture sarin [[(CH\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)CHO]CH\({}_{3}\)P(O)F] and mustard gas [(ClCH\({}_{2}\)CH\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)S] simulants, even in the presence of mimic ambient moisture [21; 22].  
Porous organic frameworks (POFs) have also been widely used in various fields, such as gas storage and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, energy storage, etc., as they combine the properties of porous materials and polymers [23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36]. It is thus expected that POFs would effectively adsorb CWAs due their large surface area, tunable pore size, and funneling channel. However, their use for the removal of CWAs has not yet been reported, indicating that additional hydrophobic porous materials with high adsorption capacity need to be explored.  
In this study, a new conventional POF material, denoted as C-1, was synthesized using 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene and 1,4-phthalaldehyde. To increase the hydrophobicity of C-1, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalaldehyde, containing the hydrophobic -F group, was used as fluorinated linker, resulting in a novel POF material, named C-1-F. The surface and channel hydrophobicity of C-1 and C-1-F were characterized by contact angle and water vapor adsorption isotherms, while dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) was used as a safe simulant of the nerve agent sarin due to their similar molecular structures and volatilities. The results showed that the fluorinated POF had a significantly enhanced adsorption capacity for DMMP compared to C-1 under both dry and wet air conditions.
# Fertilization and Soil Microbial Community: A Review
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Bacterial and Fungal Species Affected by Chemical or Organic Fertilizers
The relative abundance of _Proteobacteria_ in soil treated with bioorganic fertilizer was significantly higher than without fertilization, while _Acidobacteria_ were significantly lower. Summarizing the studies reported here, organic fertilizers increase soil organic matter and micronutrient contents, improve soil structure and promote a higher microbial diversity. Moreover, adding organic matter also favors the microbial activity that can be measured by dehydrogenase activity, related to soil quality. Finally, although depending on soil type, specific groups linked to fundamental nutrient cycling such as _Proteobacteria Firmicutes_ are promoted by organic fertilization, probably because of both organic carbon improvement and the addition of specific microbial groups from the organic fertilizers. In contrast, long-term N input by chemical fertilization not only decreases soil pH but also diminishes the relative abundances in particular microbial groups possessing genes related to P-solubilization. Moreover, the abundances in _Proteobacteria_ such as _Alpha-Proteobacteria_ and _Gamma-Proteobacteria_, together with some _Actinobacteria_ containing genes coding for mineralize organic-P compounds in soils (e.g., alkaline phosphatase), are disadvantaged. Microbial groups related to nitrogen cycle (AOA and AOB) could be favored only with a combined chemical and organic fertilization.
## 4 Discussion
### Differences in Intra-Network Connections  
* **Default Mode Network (DMN)** According to previous studies, DMN is a signature intrinsic network that is frequently linked to sex differences [44]. For example, in the DMN, the basal configuration exhibits distinct sex-specific dynamics, and it diverges between the sexes during early adulthood. There is a globally age-modulated reconfiguration in men but not women, where the reconfiguration correlates with measures of personality traits. In women, the basal reconfiguration likely exhibits a strong dependence on the menstrual cycle [45].
* **Sensorimotor (SM Hand Mouth)** Based on previous studies, females spend more time than males in two transient network states that spatially overlap with the sensory motor network and dorsal attention network [46].
* **Cingulo-Opercular Task Control (CNG)** Additionally, men and women have different functional connectivity patterns. For the regulation of emotion, a better suppression of negative emotion in women was associated with stronger functional connectivity in CNG [46, 47, 48].
* **Subcortical (SUB)** Studies have shown substantial functional connectivity differences between the sexes in several subcortical regions including the amygdala, caudate, thalamus, and cortical regions such as the inferior frontal gyrus [47].
* **Visual System (VIS)**Previous research has shown various differences in the visual system across the sexes, as females tend to prioritize the utilization of low spatial frequencies, which convey information regarding the overall structure of objects, while males exhibit a segregative approach that emphasizes individual objects and intricate details [49].
* **Fronto-Parietal Task Control (FRNT)** In the FRNT, women have shown higher connectivity than men in the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) for the anterior network, and another cluster is found in the right MFG right dorsal network. Previous resting state fMRI studies have shown that women have higher connectivity in prefrontal regions for cognitive networks, which includes the IFG, MFG, and medial prefrontal regions [50].
* **Salience (SAL)** The salience network, a network associated with helping direct attention to the most relevant stimuli in one's environment, has differences between male and female subjects. For example, in male patients with autism, they had increased connectivity between the salience and primary sensory networks [51].
## 2 Methodology and Data Collection
It should be clarified that one out of the six inputs (splice methods) is not quantitative, and therefore, its statistical properties are not given in Table 2. The distribution of each input is also depicted in the histograms provided in Figure 4.  
Figure 1: Pearson coefficients of the input variables. Figure 2: _Cont._  
Figure 3: Schematic illustration of length and outer diameter of a mechanical splice. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Minimum** & **Maximum** & **Mean** & **Median** & **Variance** & **Standard** \\  & & & & & & **Deviation** \\ \hline Steel grade & 60.00 & 500.00 & 310.73 & 500.00 & 46,272.79 & 215.11 \\ \hline Bar diameter (mm) & 12.00 & 32.26 & 24.16 & 25.00 & 55.25 & 7.43 \\ \hline Coupler length (mm) & 45.00 & 490.54 & 88.80 & 0.00 & 20,316.91 & 142.54 \\ \hline Coupler outer diameter (mm) & 7.29 & 64.00 & 17.23 & 0.00 & 519.34 & 22.79 \\ \hline Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 20.00 & 600.00 & 61.82 & 25.00 & 15,448.67 & 124.29 \\ \hline Ultimate strain (\%) & 1.08 & 17.90 & 9.93 & 11.00 & 15.33 & 3.92 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Statistical properties of the input and output parameters. Figure 2: Splice types considered in the database: (**a**) headed bars, (**b**) grouted splice, (**c**) shear-screw, (**d**) swaged couplers, (**e**) taper threaded, and (**f**) threaded [9].
# A Clutter Loss Model for Satellite Communication Systems
## 5 Clutter Loss
### Combination of Reflection Loss and Diffraction Loss
According to this approach, the loss experienced by each ray (all of which build up the beam radiated by the 5G antenna) is calculated, and it contributes to the clutter loss statistics, which hence span from very low values, for example, in the case of LoS, to very large ones, for example, in the case of rays trapped among high buildings. It is worth noting that, in principle, the diffracted and reflected/diffracted rays should be combined in phase, which is a function of the path length (which can be easily taken into account) and of the reflection coefficients (more difficult to evaluate accurately). Nevertheless, the sum of the rays' power at the satellite is a good compromise between the accuracy and simplicity of the proposed approach, even more at the statistical level. By combining the statistics of the total clutter loss and the base station radiated power, conditioned to the elevation angle, it is possible to calculate the power interfering with the satellite. This is not possible with the traditional ray-tracing approach using isotropic receivers [16], for which all the radiated rays are combined at the receiver and the one affected by the lowest loss dominates; in this case, the range of possible clutter loss values is therefore limited. Measurements are expected to provide results closer to the ray-tracing approaches, as they typically use omnidirectional receivers on the ground (and directive transmitting antennas installed on a building), and therefore the total received power is also inherently calculated by combining all rays [17; 18]. In fact, ray-tracing simulations and measurements sufficiently represent the behavior of conventional wireless systems, using static antenna radiation patterns, but not that of 5G systems, whose adaptive antennas (beam forming) radiate towards different single users in each instant. To allow a fair assessment of the proposed model, a new ray-tracing methodology is presented in Section 7, based on a set of receiver nodes enabling the independent evaluation of all the rays transmitted from an omnidirectional antenna.
# Integration of Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks in Academic School Gardens
###### Abstract  
In this work, the combination of capabilities provided by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) with parameter observation in a school garden is employed in order to provide an environment for school garden integration as a complementary educational activity in primary schools. Wireless transceivers with energy harvesting capabilities are employed in order to provide autonomous system operation, combined with an ad-hoc implemented application called MySchoolGardenApp, based on a modular software architecture. The system enables direct parameter observation, data analysis and processing capabilities, which can be employed by students in a cloud based platform. Providing remote data access allows the adaptation of content to specific classroom/homework needs. The proposed monitoring WSN has been deployed in an orchard located in the schoolyard of a primary school, which has been built with EnOcean's energy harvesting modules, providing an optimized node device as well network layout. For the assessment of the wireless link quality and the deployment of the modules, especially the central module which needs to receive directly the signals of all the sensor modules, simulation results obtained by an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching deterministic method have been used, providing coverage/capacity estimations applicable to the specific school environment case. Preliminary trials with MySchoolGardenApp have been performed, showing the feasibility of the proposed platform as an educational resource in schools, with application in specific natural science course content, development of technological skills and the extension of monitoring capabilities to new context-aware applications.  
s acnol garden; wireless sensor networks; energy harvesting; smart agriculture; EnOcean; MySchoolGardenApp
# GPRS Sensor Node Battery Life Span Prediction Based on Received Signal Quality: Experimental Study
## 3 Material and Methods
### Experiment Setup  
In this paper, we had a target of getting information about the impact of the signal quality represented by received signal quality information (RSSI) on the current consumption of GPRS based sensor nodes. Our experiment had two main parts: the data acquisition part and the data transmission part. Each part has its own microcontroller. This can be seen in Figure 5 below.