esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Derating of Electrical Contacts with Varying Surface Roughness
###### Abstract  
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of contact surface roughness on the performance characteristics of M12-type electrical contacts, with particular emphasis on current and thermal derating parameters. Three samples were prepared, all made from the same conductive material CuZn42, in accordance with identical geometric and technological specifications, differing in the surface roughness value: R\({}_{\mathrm{z}}\) = 2 \(\upmu\)m, representing high surface finish quality, and R\({}_{\mathrm{z}}\) = 10 \(\upmu\)m, representing lower quality. The results showed that the surface roughness of the contact significantly affects the thermal and electrical properties of the tested contacts. Surfaces with lower roughness (R\({}_{\mathrm{z}}\) = 2 \(\upmu\)m) exhibited better electrical conductivity, lower contact resistance, and slower temperature rise as the current load increased. In contrast, contacts with higher roughness (R\({}_{\mathrm{z}}\) = 10 \(\upmu\)m) showed a faster temperature rise and a reduction in the maximum allowable current at higher ambient temperatures. These results could be useful in the design of systems requiring reliability, particularly in high-power devices.  
e pacs: 1
## 2 Methods
This index combines the values of the indicators according to their relative contribution to each dimension: \[UI=\frac{1}{\sum w_{i}}\sum_{i=1}^{9}w_{i}\cdot x_{i}\] (2) where \(x_{i}\) is the score obtained in indicator \(i\) (ordinal scale: 1, 2, or 3) and \(w_{i}\) is the weight assigned to each indicator. To maintain comparability across dimensions, the sum of the weights was normalised (\(\sum w_{i}=1\)), setting the UI limits within the [1; 3] range. The weights assigned to each indicator were established according to ISO 9241-11 [65] based on the degree of impact on each dimension of usability (see Table 3). A high value (0.25) was assigned to indicators that have a direct influence on achieving the primary objective of the corresponding dimension; a medium value (0.10) was given to those that support or facilitate performance, although they are not sufficient by themselves to ensure it; and a low value (0.05) was attributed to indicators with an indirect contribution, meaning they may influence the outcome without substantially affecting the achievement of the assessed dimension. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted using different weighting schemes to verify the robustness of the results: the original scenario (S1) and two alternative configurations, one with uniform weighting, assigning equal weight to all indicators (S2), and another with inverse weighting, assigning greater weight to the less dominant or more subjectively interpreted indicators (S3).
## 3 Proposed Scheme
### Basic Strategy  
Each vehicle determines its behavior according to the distance \(d=x_{\text{obj}}-x\) between the position of the obstacle \(x_{\text{obj}}\) and its position \(x\). To this end, we define zones before the obstacle, as shown in Figure 3. If a vehicle is in the lane that is closed by the obstacle (referred to as the **closed lane**) and the distance to the obstacle, \(d\), satisfies \(0<d\leq d_{\text{avoid}}\) (referred to as the **avoidance zone**), it attempts to change lanes. If a vehicle is in the lane where the obstacle _does not_ exist (referred to as the **free lane**) and \(d\) satisfies \(0<d\leq d_{\text{avoid}}+d_{\text{prelim}}\) (referred to as the **preliminary avoidance zone**), it attempts to change lanes. If \(d\) satisfies \(d_{\text{avoid}}+d_{\text{prelim}}<d\leq d_{\text{avoid}}+d_{\text{prelim}}+d _{\text{decel}}\) (referred to as the **gap adjustment zone**), a vehicle increases the time headway to make space to accommodate vehicles entering from the neighboring lane.  
Let us describe the notion of the preliminary avoidance zone. In this zone, vehicles in the free lane attempt to change lanes in order to distribute traffic. Note that the length of the preliminary avoidance zone is larger than the avoidance zone. This design is because vehicles in the free lanes need to change lanes earlier to make space so that vehicles in the closed lane can change lanes. Note that the preliminary avoidance zone is unnecessary when a free lane does not have a neighboring free lane. For example, when the center lane of a three-lane road is closed, vehicles in a free lane, i.e., the left edge or the right edge,cannot move to another free lane. Thus, the preliminary avoidance zone is unnecessary in this case, and \(d_{\text{prelim}}=0\).
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Track Position Measurements  
Track axis identification in approach of absolute geometry have been realized with a use of MSM method by using RTK positioning with a run speed around 30-60 km/h. Track positions were recorded using 20 Hz position update rate, depending on a run velocity, in about 0.3 m step [18; 19]. Considering the length between measured points, it is possible to increase the ran speed, especially, when the geometric sections are long (tangent and curve sections). It should be emphasized that increased run speed affects the inertial measurements due to a stronger impact of centrifugal effects when curvature on a track exist.  
In order to analyze the possibilities of the cant distribution estimation on the base of inertial measurements, the authors developed a method for the estimation of this inclination. The algorithm was adopted to the GNSS track surveying. The measurements were conducted on Gdansk tramway network. As a pulling vehicle, the N8C-MF01 tram was used. The pre-war DWF 300 tram boogies were used as measuring platforms [12]. That solution met the criteria for the track shape restoration because the antennas were fixed relatively close to the track level.  
The measurement system recorded signals and information about following parameters:  
* Measurement performance date and time,
* Geodetic coordinates of the measuring point (plane coordinates in the local coordinate system),
* 2D and 3D position uncertainty radius,
* Number of satellites visible on the horizon,
* Space system geometry,
* Coordinate determination method (code, phase).
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Case** & \(\eta_{1}\) **(Air to PET)** & \(\eta_{2}\) **(PET to Air)** & \(\eta_{3}\) **(Air to Saline)** & \(\eta_{4}\) **(Saline to Air)** & \(\eta_{5}\) **(Air to PET)** & \(\eta_{6}\) **(PET to Air)** & **Receiving Loss (\%)** \\ \hline Without saline & 0.03892 & 0.03892 & - & - & 0.03892 & 0.03892 & 14.68 \\ \hline With saline & 0.03892 & 0.03892 & 0.04567 & 0.04567 & 0.03892 & 0.03892 & 22.30 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparative experimental results of refractory value and loss rate pertaining to without saline and with saline cases. Figure 5: Comparative experiment conducted to quantify the loss rates with and without saline in the chamber. poor results, the developed system yielded good accuracy. The former yielded an accuracy of 89.9% and the latter an accuracy of 87.9%. Figure 6: Graph of variance associated with the (**a**) experiment conducted considering a rate of < 2 s/drop in the first case, (**b**) experimental results comparing single sensors and the proposed system under static conditions in the second case, (**c**) experimental results under moving conditions in a horizontal direction, and (**d**) experiment results under vertical movement conditions in the third case. Communication between the hardware and the application is facilitated through Wi-Fi. Medical staff can monitor the application on their own mobile devices, as shown in Figure 7a. The application shows the currently infused IV fluid volume and the elapsed time. Additionally, it can calculate and show the \(Gtt\) value, which is the term more frequently used in the field. Furthermore, it can send notifications to mobile devices (e.g., it can send an alert if the IV fluid volume is under 10%) while the app is running. Figure 7b presents an image of a notification and a summary of patient information. Notifications to the NS or alerts sent to the mobile devices of medical staff can help prevent over- or under-infusion cases and uneven flow [27]. The developed system can help alleviate the workload of medical staff, prevent unexpected infections, and aid future telemedicine applications. Thus, it is expected that this system will help both patients and medical staff.
## 4 Discussion
### Analysis of Research Results  
#### 4.2.1 Habitat Source Identification  
In this research, the MSPA way was used to find seven types of landscape elements, choose patches affecting ecological links, and use the InVEST model for habitat quality assessment. The final decision was made to select 20 patches as habitat source sites. These chosen patches by these ways are important for keeping landscape connectivity. Given the place's terrain and water systems, areas near the Baiyang Lake wetland are good as habitat source sites. Future studies might think about adding more ecological sources in smaller patches or trying other methods.
# An Experimental Study of Industrial Site and Shaft Pillar Mining at Jinggezhuang Coal Mine
## 3 Mining Experiment of Panel 0091 and Subsidence Monitoring
### Measured Subsidence  
The subsidence of lines A and B are shown in Figure 5. The following parameters can be obtained through data analysis:  
1. Subsidence boundary angle: As defined in the regulation [19], the subsidence of point C6 is 10 mm and this can be considered as the subsidence boundary. The distance between C6 and the panel boundary is 274 m. The mine depth is 318 m. The subsidence boundary angle of the rise face is 49\({}^{\circ}\).
2. Maximum subsidence angle: B10 represents the maximum measured subsidence. The distance between B10 and the panel center is 33.7 m and the mine depth of the center is 333 m. Thus, the maximum subsidence angle is 84\({}^{\circ}\).
3. Advance angle: According to the data of B9, the inital influenced distance is 189 m. Thus, the advance angle is 61\({}^{\circ}\).
4. The subsidence of B10 is used to study the dynamic subsidence laws. As shown in Figure 6, the maximum subsidence velocity is 1059 mm/month. The velocity is more than 50 mm/month for 124 days.  
Figure 5: Mine subsidence of lines A and B of panel 0091 starting from 2 September 2008. (**a**) Subsidence of line B. (**b**) Subsidence of line A.
## 3 Results  
### General Statistical Analysis of the Bout  
Table 2 presents the frequency and percentage of matches concluding in each round across the five weight categories analyzed. A comparison of the five weight categories reveals no significant differences among them (\(\chi^{2}\) = 2.021, \(p\) = 0.732). In all five weight categories, the majority of matches end in the third round. On the other hand, we examined whether the matches, in general, utilize the total match time (nine minutes) or if they finish before this time. In the featherweight and heavyweight categories, 93.3% (n = 14) of the bouts utilized the total time, while 6.3% (n = 1) did not. Significant differences were found between these variables (\(\chi^{2}\) = 11.267, \(p\) = 0.001). In the lightweight category, 92.9% (n = 13) consumed the total time, while 7.1% (n = 1) did not reach it, also showing significant differences (\(\chi^{2}\) = 10.286, \(p\) = 0.001). In the welderweight category, 100% (n = 14) of the matches utilized the total time. In the light-heavyweight category, 80% (n = 12) exhausted the total time, while 20% (n = 3) did not, revealing significant differences (\(\chi^{2}\) = 5.400, \(p\) = 0.020). When comparing the five weight categories, no significant differences were observed (\(\chi^{2}\) = 4.131, \(p\) = 0.389), as the distribution of the variables is similar. Table 3 shows how the matches conclude in each weight category. When compared, no significant differences were found (\(\chi^{2}\) = 6.593, \(p\) = 0.581), as most matches end due to exhaustion of the total regulated time. Table 4 presents an analysis of the sequential, temporal, technical, and tactical parameters in the featherweight, lightweight, welderweight, light heavyweight, and heavyweight categories. In most variables, no significant differences were found. However, statistically significant differences were detected in eight variables. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Weight Category**} \\ \cline{2-10} \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Round**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Featherweight**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Lightweight**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Welterweight**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Light Heavyweight**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Heavyweight**} \\ \cline{2-10} \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Fr.**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**\%**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Fr.**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**\%**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Fr.**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**\%**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Fr.**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**\%**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Fr.**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**\%**} \\ \hline
1 st Round & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0. & 0 & 0. & 0 & 0 \\
2 nd Round & 1 & 6.7 & 1 & 7.1 & 0 & 0. & 2 & 13.3 & 1 & 6.7 \\
3 rd Round & 14 & 93.3 & 13 & 92.9 & 14 & 100 & 13 & 86.7 & 14 & 93.3 \\ Total & 15 & 100 & 14 & 100 & 14 & 100 & 15 & 100 & 15 & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: Fr. = Frequency; % = Percentage.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Analysis of bouts that end in different rounds based on weight category.
# Review of Remote Sensing Methods to Map Coffee Production Systems
## 3 Results
### Spectral Sub-Pixel Approaches  
Spectral sub-pixel approaches are often applied to mapping applications with moderate- and low-resolution imagery (Landsat and MODIS) in complex, heterogenous landscapes to overcome limitations due to spatial resolution. Sub-pixel-based approaches estimate the relative proportions of constituents in a landscape that are represented by a single pixel. The constituents, referred to as \"endmembers\", are distinct sub-pixel classes characterized by the reflectance measures of pure surface elements, such as green vegetation, bare ground, and water. Pixels contain fractions, or fractional endmembers, of each class. For example, a pixel estimated to contain 5% bare soil, 25% shade, and 70% green vegetation may represent a shaded coffee system, whereas a pixel containing 30% bare soil, 10% shade, and 60% green vegetation may represent a sun-grown system. [PERSON] et al. [69] used spectral mixture analysis, with shade, soil, and green vegetation as endmembers. They used aerial photographs to train a maximum likelihood classifier for four models with different combinations of bands, fraction images, and thermal images. The coffee agroforestry class ranged from 67-90% for user accuracy and 81-92% for producer accuracy across the four models. [PERSON] et al. [70] used spectral linear mixing to derive fraction images (soil, coffee, and water/shade) from MODIS imagery, which they used as input data in a Support Vector Machine classifier. The efficacy of this approach was limited, however, as the highest overall accuracy was 67%. Spectral mixture analysis has successfully been used to classifydifferent stages of successional forest [71] and detect forest cover changes [72; 73], demonstrating its efficacy in heterogeneous landscapes where coffee is typically grown. However, spectral sub-pixel approaches, while better at capturing landscape heterogeneity than spectral pixel-based approaches, are often still limited by cloud cover and are more time-intensive than pixel-based approaches, requiring more technical training and computing power to complete the analyses. A full assessment of sub-pixel-based approaches to the coffee sector is challenging, given that few scholars have pursued this approach.
###### Abstract  
Ultrasonic Lamb wave testing has been successfully applied in nondestructive testing. However, because of Lamb wave multimodal and dispersion characteristics, the received signals are often multimodal and overlapping, which makes them very complicated. This paper proposes a mode separation method by combining dispersion compensation with the independent component analysis of fourth-order cumulant. Taking two-mode overlapped signals as an example, the single-mode dispersion compensation is performed according to the measured distance difference between the two sets of signals. The two sets of signals are returned to the same distance. The fourth-order cumulant independent component analysis method is further used to process the Lamb wave signals of different superposition situations at the same distance. The corresponding mode signal contained in the two sets of signals is separated through the joint diagonalization of the whitened fourth-order cumulant matrix. The different modes are compensated and separated successively, achieving the multimodal signal separation. Experimental results in steel plates show that the presented method can accurately achieve mode separation for the multimodal overlapping Lamb waves. This is helpful for the signal processing of multimodal Lamb waves.  
Lamb wave; dispersion compensation; blind signal separation; mode separation; independent component analysis Article
# Interactions between Phase-Separated Liquids and Membrane Surfaces
## 3 Contact with Liquid Phases that Separate from Solution Reshapes Membranes at Phase Boundaries
### Wetting Transition & Budding in Vesicle-Enclosed ATPSs  
Wetting of a membrane by a liquid phase--constituting a modification of the contact area between the phase and the membrane as the liquid coats the surface--is dependent on properties of the ATPS. In a system with a fixed PEG to dextran weight ratio, raising the total polymer concentration increased the membrane wetting by the dextran phase, from no wetting (full PEG wetting) to partial wetting [32]. Similarly, vesicles that formed with PEG bordering the lipid bilayer and dextran as a droplet in the center saw a reversal upon hypertonic dehydration: The PEG phase moved to the center as dextran fully bordered the membrane (Figure 2a, first branch) [31].  
Other experiments using osmotic dehydration to generate an ATPS displayed a deflation effect that reduced the vesicle volume. This generated excess membrane area relative to the enclosed volume, allowing the vesicle to take on non-spherical shapes and leading to liquid phase droplets and membrane reshaping one another [33]. Many studies identified budding--a nonspherical morphology in which a \"bud\" deviates from the spherical membrane and partially surrounds one of the liquid phases (Figure 2a)--in these systems as a reshaping phenomenon [30,33,34,35,36]. Budding occurred while the dextran droplet wetted the vesicle interior, as the liquid-liquid interfacial tension pulled inward on the membrane [36]. In some cases this reshaping led to complete division into two smaller vesicles [35]. The introduction of PEGylated lipids, which promote budding of a PEG/dextran ATPS [34], into a distinct lipid domain in the membrane led to those domains partitioning into distinct daughter vesicles containing different bulk liquid phases upon fission (Figure 2b) [35]. In addition to these reshaping processes, \"inward\" budding, where external dextran droplets wet and bend inward the vesicle membrane, has been observed (Figure 2c) [36]. Other, more irregular membrane shapes such as \"raspberries\" of small droplet buds have formed during deflation (Figure 2a, second branch), though those smaller droplets eventually coalesced into a larger one forming a single bud in a vesicle [33].
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Business Aspects (Complexity and Cost)  
Depending on the KPIs selected at the strategic level (as well as productivity and sustainability, technology integration may be desirable), the workflow may be profitable or not. An additional, interesting, yet heuristic, metric for the workflow could be the transactions taking place. This exceeds the purposes of the current work; however, there are already works towards this [117], helping the study of the efficiency of the changes and the insertion of certification procedures. What is attempted herein, is backtracking in the lifecycle [36] that could be helpful towards facilitating accounting for all of the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and the operating expense (OPEX) involved, while changes are associated with the help of matrices such as those of Equation (1).  
\[[\mathit{New\ operations}]=[\mathit{Association\ Matrix}]\cdot[\mathit{Old\ operations}], \tag{1}\]  
Figure 12: Workflow for process chain management.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Part**} & **Process 1** & **Process 2** & **Process 3** & **Sensor 1** & **Sensor 2** & **Agent 1** & **Agent 2** & **Agent 3** & \\  & **Milling** & **Welding** & **Drilling** & **Electric** & **CMM** & **Logging to** & **QR** & **QR** & \(\ldots\) \\  & & & & & & & **Blockchain** & **Engraver** & **Reader** & \\ \hline \#1 & X & X & & & X & & X & X & \(\ldots\) \\ \hline \#2 & X & X & X & X & & & & & \\ \hline \#3 & & X & X & & X & X & X & X & \\ \hline \(\ldots\) & \(\ldots\) & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Instance of enhanced binary clustering algorithm for CAPP.  
Moreover, regarding different policies, such as dematerialization [118], it seems that there is the chance through such knowledge bases to take into account additional KPIs that could potentially be transformed into monetary units, such as: time, quality, energy consumption, flexibility, amount of data utilized, social KPIs and training needs. Then, using an overall cost function, one could determine whether digitalization is profitable. A first approach to this would be the correlation of heuristic values with existing measurable KPIs, as per Equation (2). A human expert, however, would probably still be needed to interpret the results and be able to make comparisons between different case studies in different sectors.  
\[\begin{bmatrix}\textit{dematerialization}\\ \textit{greenness}\\ \textit{human empowerment}\\ \textit{innovation degree}\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&\dots&\vdots \\ \vdots&a_{22}&\vdots&\vdots\\ \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&a_{N-1N}\\ \vdots&\dots&a_{N2}&\dots&a_{NN}\end{bmatrix}. \tag{2}\]
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Physical Properties of Matrix  
The fabricated matrices were evaluated for thickness, mass, and drug content uniformity. Drug content uniformity, between batches and within batches, was determined by dissolving individually weighed matrices (n = 6) in water in a volumetric flask. The obtained solutions were filtered through a G-2 glass filter (40 \(\upmu\)m). An aliquot of the filtrate was suitably diluted and analysed for MTZ content using UV spectrophotometer (Jasco V650 PC, Tokyo, Japan) at 320-nm wavelength. The thickness of the matrices was measured at six randomly selected spots with a screw gauge. For mass uniformity, 20 inserts from each batch were weighed individually and their average mass was determined. The acceptable deviation of particular matrix mass compared to average matrix mass was established as 5%.