# Influence of Gender Composition in Pedestrian Single-File Experiments
## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, there have been a number of studies that have shown that fundamental diagrams of various geometrical settings, such as stairs [1; 2], single-file experiments [3; 4; 5], corridors [6; 7; 8; 9; 10], or crossings [11; 12], vary [13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. However, it is not only the spatial structure that creates differences. When we look more closely into the specific structure, it becomes clear that there are also variations depending on the experimental setup. The type of flow, such as uni-, bi-, or multidirectional streams; human factors such as age, gender, height, and culture [3; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26], or external factors such as restricted visibility [27], different height adjustments due to smoke [28], motivation or instruction [18], temperature [29], sidewalk quality [29; 30], rhythm or background music [31; 32], or properties of human movement, such as step length and frequency [33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39], all affect the fundamental diagram. This list is only exemplary and does not claim to be complete. To reduce potential influences and to enable a thorough analysis of single factors, single-file experiments have been introduced. As will be shown in this work, in these very simplified experiments, it is difficult to analyze and quantify the effects of multiple factors. The question of which factors are relevant to the course of the fundamental diagram in single-file experiments is not yet clear. It is also difficult to compare experiments, partly owing to the combination of different human factors and partly because the measurement methods or the experimental scenarios vary, too. For instance, for one experiment, there might only be data in the low-density range, whereas another experiment might also have data for the high-density range. Furthermore, it should be noted that often the problem arises that the fundamental diagrams represent a group that is homogeneous in one factor but different in terms of other factors. This problem was discussed in more detail in [40],where single-file school experiments were studied to analyze how human factors affect the fundamental diagram of pedestrian dynamics. With respect to the effect of gender, the results of some existing studies can be summarized as follows. [PERSON] et al. [20] have shown that for densities higher than 1.0 m\({}^{-1}\), group compositions homogeneous in gender lead to higher speeds than a heterogeneous group composition with alternating order. However, a comparison with data from other cultures and different ages raises the question of which other factors also need to be considered. In [21], using the data from the experiments introduced in [20], [PERSON] et al. have shown that the headway to the front and to the back is important, too. This result suggests that the arrangement by gender has an effect on the distances between pedestrians and must be taken into account in modeling the speed-density relation. While these findings indicate a significant contribution of gender, in [PERSON] et al. [40], it was still concluded that gender could be neglected. This analysis is based on multiple linear regression from experiments with heterogeneous group compositions. To analyze these contradictory findings, further single-file experiments are performed for the present study. Four different group compositions, female, male, gender alternating, and gender random order, are considered to investigate the following three hypotheses derived from the studies to date [20; 21; 40]. 1. The speed-density relation depends on the gender composition of the group of test persons. 2. At high densities, the distance between individuals depends on the gender of the neighboring pedestrians. 3. The inclusion of additional human factors that were not previously included, such as the weight, exact height, and the gender of the previous pedestrian, improves the multiple linear regression model developed in [40].