## 1 Literature Review  
The transportation sector has a significant contribution to global GHG emissions. In 2016, the energy sector contributed 73.2% of global GHG emissions, industries (chemicals and cement) contributed 5.2%, waste (landfills and wastewater) totaled 3.2%, and agriculture, forestry, and land use produced 18.4% [1]. Out of the 73.2% of GHG emissions from the energy sector, 24.2% comes from industries, 16.2% from transportation, 17.5% from energy used in buildings, 7.8% from unallocated fuel combustion, 5.8% from fugitive emissions from energy production, and 1.7% from energy used in agriculture and fishing. Emission from road transport alone is 11.9% out of the 16.2% for transportation. Citing the International Energy Agency, IEA 2021 [2], the United Nations (UN's) 2021 global status report for buildings and construction [3] reported that, in 2020, the transportation sector had a 23% share of global CO2 emissions. The international energy agency [2] mentioned that for the transport sector, there is a need for a major transformation that includes efficiency improvement and a shift from oil to electricity and low-carbon fuels. \"The IEA's Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) is a pathway for the global energy sector to achieve net zero CO2 emissions by 2050, while also achieving universal energy access by 2030 and major improvements in air quality\" [2]. A reduction in emissions in the transportation industry will have a good impact on the efforts to reduce global emissions. In this plight, electric cars are seen as good alternatives, primarily because consumers do not see any emissions while driving electric cars. However, a significant amount of emissions is produced by some electricity grids. Some scholars [4] performed a high-resolution emissioninventory for a populated middle eastern city using a bottom-up approach. Among other things, it was reported that the emission of SO\({}_{\rm x}\) and NOx primarily came from the power plants contributing 97% and 56% of the total emissions, respectively. Electricity grids are located far away from many end users. Power grids often transport electrical energy over long distances and between many locations. Understanding the patterns of production and consumption of electricity is a necessary first step toward reducing the health and climate impacts of associated emissions. Electricity has a large fraction of emissions from fossil fuel consumption [5]. The electricity to power most electric vehicles comes from the grid. The electrification of passenger road transport and household heating features is a major component of current and planned policy frameworks for GHG emissions reduction targets [6]. Electric cars have the potential to reduce carbon emissions, reliance on imported oil, and local air pollution, but the carbon reduction potential for electric cars depends on where they are charged [7]. Some scholars [6] analyzed current and future emissions trade-offs in 59 world regions with heterogenous households by combining bottom-up life cycle assessment and forward-looking integrated assessment model simulations. The scholars found that in 53 world regions, under the current carbon intensities of electricity generation, heat pumps and electricity are less emission-intensive than fossil-fuel-based alternatives. A previous report [7] noted that where power generation is dominated by coal, the emissions from electric cars are equivalent to average petrol cars, but they result in less than half the emissions of the best petrol hybrids in countries with low-carbon power. When it comes to behavioral changes or policies that shift electricity demand and affect new sources of clean generation, the effect on GHG emissions is highly dependent on the emission rates of the specific sources of generation that are displaced or ramped up in response [8]. In order to maximize carbon reduction emission potentials, a report [7] recommended that electric cars be used with low-carbon power.