## 5 Cone Beam Computed Tomography--Current Use in Orthodontics  
Three-dimensional imaging is currently a key element in the diagnosis and treatment of malocclusions. The methods used in 3D technology include the following: computed tomography (CT), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), computer-aided design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM), micro computed tomography (MCT), 3D laser scanning, structured light technique, stereophotogrammetry or 3D surface imaging systems (3 dMD), 3D facial morphometry (3 DFM), adjustable aperture computed tomography (TACT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [23; 24; 25; 61; 62]. Three-dimensional imaging allows you to personalize therapy through accurate measurements of the facial skull and the creation of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference Number** & **Authors** & **Article Title** & **Publication Year** & **Type of Work** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[22]} & & “Finite element study of & & \\  & & controlling factors of anterior & & \\  & & intrusion and torque during & & \\  & & Temporary Skeletal Anchorage & & \\  & & Device (TSAD) dependent en & & \\  & & mass retraction without & & \\  & & posterior appliances: & & \\  & & Biocreative hybrid retractor & & \\  & & (CH-retractor)” & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[51]} & & “Enhanced artificial & & \\  & & intelligence-based diagnosis & & \\  & & using CBCT with internal & & \\  & & denoising: Clinical validation & & \\  & & for discrimination of fungal & & \\  & & ball, sinusitis, and normal & & \\  & & cases in the maxillary sinus” & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[52]} & & & “Analysis of temporary & \\  & & skeletal anchorage devices & & \\  & & used for en-mass retraction: a & & \\  & & preliminary study” & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[53]} & & & “Effectiveness of orthodontic & & \\  & & miniscrew implants in & & \\  & & anchorage reinforcement & & \\  & & during en-mass retraction: A & & \\  & & systematic review and & & \\  & & meta-analysis” & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[54]} & & & “Factors controlling anterior & & \\  & & torque with C-implants & & \\  & & depend on en-mass retraction & & \\  & & without posterior appliances: & & \\  & & biocreative therapy type & & \\  & & II technique.” & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[56]} & & & “Anterior torque control using & & \\  & & partial-osseointegrated & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & mini-implants: biocreative & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & therapy type II technique” & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: List of mentioned authors and works related to TSAD and BOS. perfectly fitting overlays, braces, guides, and orthodontic splints [24]. It becomes possible to accurately visualize the structure of teeth and their position relative to each other [63; 64; 65]. CBCT, i.e., cone tomography, was introduced to dentistry and orthodontics at the turn of the 20 th and 21 st centuries, being a breakthrough three-dimensional imaging method, offering a significantly wider range of diagnostic possibilities than 2D methods [66; 67]. With a lower radiation dose than classic CT, it allows for a precise assessment of the structure of soft tissues [2; 68]. It is used in the imaging and treatment of such defects and diseases as impacted teeth, supernumerary teeth, resorption of tooth roots, cleft upper lip and palate, pathologies in the jaws and mandible, temporomandibular joint, and alveolar processes. Diagnosing respiratory disorders such as sleep apnea is also important. CBCT is used to perform accurate measurements of the facial skeleton, necessary to assess malocclusions, as well as to monitor the course of orthodontic treatment, also with the use of TsAD [69; 70; 71; 72; 73]. It is also useful in determining the thickness of the alveolar bone and gums, as well as in creating spatial models that help in selecting a place for fixing the TSASD [74]. CBCT works on the principles of ordinary computed tomography, where the patient is exposed to an X-ray tube on one side, and on the other, there is a detector that measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the tissues.