## 4 Experimental Verification and Analysis
Therefore, forming a high-quality radiation pattern is the primary goal of a DBF system. However, various random errors, systematic errors, and interferences in the antenna array significantly impact the radiation pattern. Hence, assessing the influence of these errors on the overall DBF system is crucial. In general, amplitude and phase errors follow certain distributions. For example, amplitude errors between channels often follow a normal distribution, while phase errors follow a random uniform distribution. To further investigate the effects of amplitude and phase errors on beam pointing and sidelobe levels, it was assumed here that amplitude and phase errors follow Rayleigh distribution, normal distribution, and uniform random \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sequence**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Operating Frequency**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Theoretical Pointing**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Measured Elevation and Azimuth**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Optimal CNR**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Measured Results \(e\)**} \\  & & & **Aagles (Unit: \({}^{\circ}\))** & & \\ \hline
1 & L42 & \((10,180)\) & \((11,181)\) & 71.08 & 1.40 \\ \hline
2 & L42 & \((45,180)\) & \((45,181)\) & 72.91 & 0.86 \\ \hline
3 & L42 & \((90,180)\) & \((89.5,180)\) & 72.58 & 0.50 \\ \hline
4 & R42 & \((10,180)\) & \((11,181)\) & 75.14 & 1.40 \\ \hline
5 & R42 & \((45,180)\) & \((44,179)\) & 75.64 & 1.23 \\ \hline
6 & R42 & \((90,180)\) & \((88,178)\) & 75.08 & 2.00 \\ \hline
7 & R94 & \((10,0)\) & \((9,359)\) & 74.78 & 1.40 \\ \hline
8 & R94 & \((45,0)\) & \((44,359)\) & 75.78 & 1.22 \\ \hline
9 & R94 & \((90,0)\) & \((89,359)\) & 75.26 & 1.00 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Beam pointing accuracy test record. Figure 20: Schematic diagram of beam pointing accuracy error. distribution, respectively. The variations in the beam radiation pattern when errors exist in different channels were analyzed. The analysis below examines the scenarios and optimization methods when amplitude and phase errors exist in different channels. From Figures 21 and 22, it can be seen that when amplitude and phase errors are present in different channels, both the sidelobe level and beam pointing of the radiation pattern undergo significant changes. The elements near the center of the array have a more substantial impact on the radiation pattern. As elements move closer to the center of the array, beam pointing errors become larger, and sidelobe levels increase. Therefore, in practical design, the positions of channels need to be adjusted based on the amplitude and phase differences between each channel and the reference channel. Channels with larger errors should be placed at the edges of the array during beam synthesis. This approach reduces the impact of errors on the radiation pattern, thereby improving system accuracy. The variations in sidelobe levels and beam pointing deviations of the radiation pattern when both amplitude and phase errors are present are analyzed below, as shown in Figures 23 and 24. Figure 21: Sidelobe level variation curve with amplitude error when amplitude and phase errors are present in different channels. Figure 22: Beam pointing deviation variation curve with phase error when amplitude and phase errors are present in different channels. Further comparison reveals that phase errors play a decisive role in beam pointing. As phase errors increase, beam pointing deviations also increase. Conversely, amplitude errors primarily determine sidelobe levels. Moreover, when amplitude and phase errors follow different distribution patterns, their impact on the radiation pattern varies accordingly. Since the sidelobe level and beam pointing deviation after beamforming are proportional to the amplitude and phase errors between channels, we need to determine the amplitude and phase errors based on the system's performance requirements. The higher the performance requirements, the smaller the amplitude and phase errors must be.