## 1 Introduction  
In modern power systems, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) and Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) has experienced rapid growth. The introduction of flexible loads, Energy Storage Systems (ESS), rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV), electric vehicles (EVs), and Demand Response (DR) providers has contributed significantly to this trend [1]. Consequently, the power system is evolving rapidly, necessitating enhanced flexibility for the coordinated operations of system operators [2]. This evolution also facilitates the active involvement of new entities in AS provision [1,3]. ASs, managed by the grid operators (transmission system operators (TSOs) and distribution system operators (DSOs)), ensure the proper operation of the power grid. To ensure a reliable power supply, it is necessary that frequency, voltage, and power quality remain within certain limits, which becomes more difficult with increased participation of RES and DER [4,5]. TSOs leverage aggregated services from DERs for grid balancing and managing congestion at the transmission level. Simultaneously, DSOs harness the flexibility of DERs for local services, including balancing, voltage control, and congestion management [2]. A high degree of observability, interoperability, and operational coordination among DERs is crucial for the efficiency of the overall operation and their joint participation in ASs. Additionally, it is important to ensure that DERs adhere to required technical performance standards and network constraints [2,6]. Recent studies have explored the various aspects of DER integration and their participation and possibilities in being involved in the provision of ASs. For instance, coordinated voltage management in systems with a high interconnection of PVs is investigated in [7]. A day-ahead congestion management framework based on congestion prices, utilizing DR from the consumer end, is proposed in [8]. In [9], the authors investigate decentralized congestion management strategies from different DER types. Methodologies for voltage control and reactive power implications under high DER penetration are explored in [10]. Ref. [11] examines power system restoration in a RES-dominant decentralized grid system, while [12] details harmonic mitigation strategies and control using power electronic devices in RES-based systems. In [13], the authors aim to determine a range of ASs achievable through converter-interfaced DERs and propose methodologies for the measurement and quantification of ASs. The newly explored ASs encompass the following: (1) Inertial response; (2) Primary frequency response; (3) Active power smoothing (ramp-rate limitation); (4) Exchange of reactive power for voltage regulation; (5) Fault-ride-through and contribution to fault clearing; (6) Voltage harmonic mitigation. In the dynamic development of modern PSs, the efficient operation of MGs has become increasingly crucial. MGs consist of various energy resources, including photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, battery storage systems, controllable loads, and more. Optimal operation of these resources has always been the goal of MGs, especially from an economic point of view. However, having all these aggregated DERs, MGs represent a valuable resource for the provision of ASs. Therefore, this important aspect of providing ASs has to be added to the optimization procedure of MGs. One of the important aspects that contribute to the optimization of MG performance is the dispatching of AS signals among the available resources. The strategic allocation and management of AS signals within an MG is given in [14; 15; 16]. The control mechanisms in MGs are broadly categorized as centralized, decentralized, or distributed controls, each serving a range of control functions analogous to those employed in the larger power grid. These functions encompass droop control, voltage and frequency regulation, active and reactive power sharing, energy management, and participation in energy markets [17; 18; 19].