## 3 Results and Discussion
### Compressive Strength  
In this section, compressive strength results for the studied SCC mixtures at 7, 14, and 28 days are presented in Figure 5 (CS-containing samples) and Figure 6 (AVM-containing samples). Compressive strength is a crucial parameter for assessing the performance of newly designed building materials. As expected in water-cured cement-based materials, all mixtures exhibited an increasing trend in compressive strength over time. This trend is primarily attributed to continuous cement hydration, involving main mineral phases like C\({}_{3}\)S, C\({}_{2}\)S, C\({}_{3}\)A, and C\({}_{4}\)AF [54]. In the case of LC\({}_{3}\), chemical reactions between metakaolin and calcium hydroxide also contribute [55]. In OPC, the high proportion of C\({}_{3}\)S is responsible for early strength development, explaining why the reference OPC system had an early strength approximately 6.69 MPa higher than LC\({}_{3}\)-50 blends after 7 days of curing. Another factor contributing to the generally lower compressive strength values of LC\({}^{3}\)-50 is the substantial cement replacement with pozzolana active materials, such as metakaolin, leading to slower early strength development [55]. At later ages, C\({}_{2}\)S starts contributing to compressive strength, complementing the effect of C\({}_{3}\)S and further increasing strength over time [56]. The addition of CS superplasticizer to OPC and LC\({}^{3}\)-50 systems resulted in an increasing trend in compressive strength with its dosage (Figure 5). Notably, in OPC systems, the addition exhibited similar increasing trends for samples after 7 and 28 days, with a minimal impact on 14-day strength--although the reason for this is unclear. After  
Figure 4: Yield stress and slump flow results of the mixtures containing (**a**) CS and (**b**) AVM superplasticizers.  
28 days of curing, OPC samples with 2 wt.% of CS reached 54.09 MPa, while for LC\({}^{3}\)-50, the compressive strength was 31.67 MPa. The relatively lower results in LC\({}^{3}\)-50 can be attributed to the presence of inert limestone filler meant for filling existing voids. Optimizing the amount of limestone filler in LC\({}^{3}\) can significantly enhance concrete compressive strength, as discussed in studies such as [57; 58].  
The addition of AVM to the studied samples resulted in a contrasting trend compared to CS. Compressive strength for OPC-AVM and LC\({}^{3}\)-50-AVM only slightly increased at 28 days of curing with a dosage of 2.5 wt.% AVM, as shown in Figure 6. However, with further dosing of AVM at 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by weight of OPC, the compressive strength results decreased by 16.2%, 35.0%, and 49.6%, respectively. In LC\({}^{3}\)-50-AVM systems, similar trends were observed with AVM dosages of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by weight of LC\({}^{3}\)-50. By 28 days, results decreased to a lesser extent by 7.4%, 27.0%, and 37.2%, respectively.  
The observed results can be related to research conducted by [PERSON] et al. [50] on the impact of phenol on cement hydration. The authors noted that phenols retard hydration, and increasing the dosage of hydroxyl groups prolongs setting time. This delay may be  
Figure 5: Compressive strength development of **(a)** OPC mixtures and **(b)** LC\({}^{3}\)-50 blends containing commercial superplasticizer for up to 28 days.  
Figure 6: Compressive strength development of **(a)** OPC mixtures and **(b)** LC\({}^{3}\)-50 blends containing AVM superplasticizer for up to 28 days.  
attributed to the supply of -COOH and -OH, creating a repelling effect known as steric hindrance. The delayed hydration effect hinders the rapid formation of C-S-H, affecting compressive results due to excessive AVM addition, as illustrated in Figure 6. A similar explanation of the retarding impact of hydroxyl groups in cement was provided in studies such as [59], where the number and stereochemistry of hydroxyl groups were identified as crucial parameters controlling the retardation caused by sugar alcohols and phenols on cement hydration.