# Empowering WBANs: Enhanced Energy Efficiency Through Cluster-Based Routing and Swarm Optimization
## 2 Related Work  
[PERSON] et al. [11] presented the hierarchical energy efficient secure routing (HEESR) method, which separates placed SNs into relay and direct nodes based on therequirements. Compared to traditional protocols, the CH selects data based on power level and traffic priority, such as critical and non-critical data. Then, it forwards the identified best path to obtain the data. It uses Huffman coding technology to compress and encrypt the data with an asymmetric encryption algorithm to ensure safe data transmission. The protocol primarily increases privacy and routing performance by using data priority, and it outperforms other traditional routing algorithms by attaining 6% less power consumption, 92% throughput, and 93% security, which significantly balances the packet loss rate and transmits data within a specified time. [PERSON] et al. [12] suggested a distributed, energy-efficient, two-hop-based routing (DECR) method for WIoT-enabled WBANs. They optimize CH selection and routing using modified grey wolf optimization. When calculating the CH of each group, the connectivity and RE of the nodes are considered simultaneously. This method also developed a mathematical framework for identifying the optimum number of groupsby considering transmission distance within and between groups to decrease overall transmission distance and transmission number. Lastly, the suggested routing method ensures packets are delivered efficiently from CH to the receiver. According to simulation results, the suggested approach exceeds traditional routing and clustering methods in different performance measurements. [PERSON] et al. [13] recommended DT-MAC, an enhanced variant based on the prominent MT-MAC algorithm, to ensure effective packet delivery. It considers the mechanism of node transfer between virtual clusters to ensure network truthfulness, and it employs the theory of the least-connected dominant set for network creation to maximize power utilization. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that when using the suggested methodology, the latency is enhanced slightly, by about 3%, improving the proposed PDR by 13% to 17% and decreasing processing time by about 15%. [PERSON] et al. [14] suggested a biosensor data routing method considering distance and residual power. It equalizes the power used by various biosensors while reducing grid consumption. Later, the ERSCR technique was enhanced, and the \"joint relay selection, clustering, and routing (JRSCR)\" technique was proposed to enhance the process of the network. JRSCR makes use of the ERSCR technique. Furthermore, using the relay node directly as the CH reduces the number of transmissions. Another advantage is that both approaches are acceptable to a human body's natural physical state. Experimental outcomes show that the suggested methodology is efficient regarding energy utilization, NLT, and throughput. [PERSON] et al. [15] suggested that the body-to-body network (BBNs) algorithm deals with data-driven quality metrics by considering relations and node costs of adjacent nodes. Furthermore, the algorithm addresses system-specific feature factors by incorporating load-balancing and buffer handling depending on the victims' health conditions and beaconless routing techniques. In addition, the suggested approach focuses on transmitting the primary victims' vital signs while eliminating network traffic and improving the NLT. The simulation findings demonstrate that the suggested methodology significantly exceeds existing methods regarding E2E delay and PDR for vital signs of critical victims. [PERSON] et al. [16] suggested an enhanced routing system to solve the node energy in WBANs, known as energy-efficient and reliable routing based on reinforcement learning and fuzzy logic (EERR-RLFL). Based on simulation results, EERR-RLFL exhibits superior performance in packet loss ratio, energy efficiency, and network durability compared to single-hop transport and optimizing cost-efficient and energy-efficient routing. [PERSON] et al.