## 1 Introduction  
Waste management is the primary public utility for every community to ensure the protection of public health and the environment [1]. According to United Nations by 2025, 66% of the global population will be residing in urban cities, in comparison to 54% currently residing in the urban cities. It also estimates that the material consumption in cities will accelerate to nearly 90 billion tonnes by 2050, contrasted with 40 billion tonnes in 2010 [2]. The consumption of material significantly spikes up the generation of waste. The improper management, inadequate collection of waste, and dumping in the open-air adversely affect the environment [3]. However, the advancement in technology has progressively encouraged researchers to integrate the technology that can lower the effect of solid waste on the atmosphere [4]. At present, the Internet plays an imperative role in technological development and recent advancement in digital technologies had a tremendous impact on everyday lives, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) [5]. IoT is enhancing the quality of life as it authorizes the idea of smart cities by enhancing the interconnection between humans and objects [6]. The implementation of IoT in multiple sectors, such as as smart cities, intelligent wearable, smart homes, smart grids, and smart industries, have realized the real-time monitoring and controlling system [7]. The existing studies have primarily concentrated on the implementation of IoT in waste management for real-time monitoring and collection of garbage data [8]. In the waste collection system, one of the most promising technology is IoT [9; 10], as IoT can track and handle the waste information from everywhere in the world over Internet Protocol (IP) [8]. In IoT, the role of wireless communication is crucial as the connectivity should be reliable and stable for continuous monitoring of the system [11]. At present, IoT is demanding minimum power consumption and long-range transmission features for wireless communication as the sensor nodes are energy-constrained devices [12]. With the evolution of Long-range (LoRa), the requirement of IoT is achieved as LoRa delivers long-range coverage with minimum power consumption [13]. The motivation of our study comes from Reference [14], in which a LoRa (Long-range) communication protocol is employed for the implementation of a smart waste management system to transmits real-time filling data with minimum energy consumption. With this advantage, LoRa Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN)-based IoT architecture is proposed with customized nodes for real-time monitoring of the bins. A customized sensor node and gateway are designed based on LoRa modulation technology for providing energy-efficient and stable connection establishment between the nodes and cloud server. The main contribution of this study is divided as follows:  
* We proposed architecture for designing and developing a customized sensor node and gateway based on LoRa technology for realizing the filling level of the bins with minimal energy consumption. * We evaluated the energy consumption of the proposed architecture by simulating it on the Framework for LoRa (FLoRa) simulation by varying distinct fundamental parameters of LoRa communication. * We provided the distinct evaluation metrics of the long-range data rate, time on-air (ToA), LoRa sensitivity, link budget, and battery life of sensor node. * We concluded with a real-time experimental setup, where we received the sensor data on the cloud server with a customized sensor node and gateway. The rest of the paper is categorized into various sections as defined. Section 2 addresses the work that has already been done in the field of solid waste management. Section 3 covers the overview of long range (LoRa) including evaluation metrics of LoRa. Section 4 covers the hardware implementation, where the design and development of customized sensor node and gateway are discussed. Section 5 covers proposed LoRa-based architecture for solid waste management.