## 3 Simulation Results with ITU-R P.1546-6 Model  
In order to study the behavior of wave propagation models, it is useful to define a base station with average parameters. For this purpose, we assume an effective radiated power (ERP) of 46 dBm, with an antenna height of 30 m above ground level [35]. The base station antenna is assumed to be omnidirectional in the horizontal plane and to have a 3 dB beamwidth of 45 degrees in the vertical plane, in order to facilitate easier comparison of the models. However, it should be noted that, in practice, TDD MFCN systems operating in the 3.6 GHz frequency band are typically equipped with sectoral antennas. It is also worth noting that the assumption of sectoral antennas is applicable in the 6 GHz frequency band as well. In real-world deployments, base station antennas are almost invariably installed with a mechanical or electrical downtilt, typically ranging from 5 to 10 degrees. This configuration has a pronounced influence on the spatial distribution of the electric field strength. Downtilt directs the radiated energy towards the ground and the area immediately surrounding the base station, often resulting in an increase of up to 6-10 dB in the field strength within the first few hundred meters. Conversely, it reduces the radiated energy in the horizontal direction and towards more distant locations, leading to a drop in field strength that can reach 3-8 dB, especially when the main lobe of the antenna pattern falls below the horizon. The net effect is a reduction in coverage area and a corresponding contraction in the effective cell radius. Although the ITU-R P.1546-6 and ITU-R P.452-17 propagation models do not explicitly include downtilt as an input parameter in their mathematical formulations, several contemporary simulation environments--such as the one employed in this study--offer the possibility of modeling vertical antenna radiation patterns, including downtilt. This  
Figure 4: Determination of the terrain clearance angle (\(\theta\)). enables both empirical and deterministic models to incorporate downtilt effects in their output. This capability is particularly relevant in comparative studies: empirical models, when downtilt is not accounted for, may significantly underestimate field strength in close proximity to the transmitter and overestimate it at greater distances. Deterministic or hybrid models, by contrast, often yield a more accurate spatial representation of field strength when used with suitable software that accommodates antenna tilt. In view of these considerations, it is not only beneficial but indeed essential to undertake a targeted assessment of the impact of downtilt when modeling field strength distributions for practical deployments. Such an analysis enhances the realism and credibility of the results, particularly in high-frequency mobile networks where directional antennas are the norm. Moreover, downtilt-aware modeling contributes directly to improved network planning and interference mitigation strategies. Against this backdrop, the following section introduces the simulation setup and presents the corresponding results. To this end, three representative base stations were selected within the territory of Hungary, each operating in either the 3.6 GHz or 6 GHz band, depending on the scenario under investigation. The selection was designed to reflect a diverse set of terrain and propagation conditions, thus enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the models' performance under realistic field scenarios:  
1. **TestBS_1** is located south of Budapest, for which an urban, slightly hilly test area was defined;
2. **TestBS_2** is situated near Kecskemet, to which a flat, rural area has been assigned;
3. **TestBS_3** is located at the highest point of Hungary, Kekesteto, with a rural, hilly environment. The test area defined around the base stations is a square of 900 km\({}^{2}\), with 30-30 test points per base station. The base stations and their areas and test points are indicated on the map in Figures 5 and 6.