# Nexus between Building Information Modeling and Internet of Things in the Construction Industries
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Theories Employed for BIM and IoT Adoptions  
As it can be seen in Figure 7 that the TAM, TOE, IDT, HOT-Fit, and Institutional theories have been employed to gauge the amount of BIM and IoT acceptance by both people and organizations. TAM which was propounded in 1989 by [PERSON] is one of the most extensively used acceptance theories. It discusses the importance of attitude, intention, and action in embracing or rejecting innovations. External factors, according to this model, impact Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, and attitude. Attitude results in behavioural intent. Using the Technology Acceptability Model, [PERSON] et al. [64] examine  
Figure 5: Geographical distribution of BIM and IoT studies. Figure 6: Major themes of the studies on BIM and IoT. the extent of BIM acceptance in Ghana's construction sector. Hypotheses were constructed, a questionnaire was designed, and a survey was performed among construction industry experts based on the TAM constructs. [PERSON] et al. [65] employed the TAM as a theoretical basis for investigating the willingness for IoT adoption in Taiwan's construction industry. Similarly, the IDT which was popularized by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in 1995 is also one of the most widely used acceptance theories. The IDT theory's construct incorporates observability, complexity, compatibility, trialability, and relative benefit. The IDT theory was adopted by [PERSON] et al. [66] as a foundation to investigate the drivers of sustainable adoption of BIM in Nigerian construction small and medium-sized enterprises. According to the findings, organizational preparedness is of the highest significance for the proliferation of BIM in SMEs. Also, the independent drivers, which are the most significant, comprise BIM features, and internal and external environment drivers, and therefore represent the BIM adoption as a complex socio-technical system. In a similar study, [PERSON] et al. [67] also employed the IDT as a basis for investigating BIM implementation in the Vietnamese construction industry. The findings revealed that the BIM team functions as a tool that facilitates BIM implementation; nonetheless, there was a contradiction between the duties of the BIM team and the organization. Besides, the TAM and IDT theories, the TOE has also enjoyed some level of popularity. The TOE can be defined as the enterprise-level innovation process. The TOE frameworks classify characteristics into three categories. The first dimension is technological, the second is organizational, and the third is environmental. Relying on the TOE theory, [PERSON] and [PERSON] investigated the profound barriers to BIM adoption in the construction of small and medium-sized enterprises. The findings indicated that the barriers to BIM adoption are socio-technical and that SMEs have the desire to accelerate BIM adoption by concentrating more on their internal environment. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [68] establish a study model that incorporates the important success elements linked to BIM technology, the construction firm, and the environment in the Chinese construction sector, based on the TOE theory. The authors discovered that BIM's relative benefit was a key driver in its acceptance, whereas its complexity was a deterrent. Furthermore, management support was a crucial factor in BIM adoption. Organizational preparedness, on the other hand, was important for engineering consulting businesses but not for construction companies. Surprisingly, no persistent substantial influences of any environmental variables were found by the authors. The institutional theory which was propounded by [PERSON] et al. [69] has been used for BIM and IoT. The theory focuses on the function that the institutional environment plays in creating behavioural changes and attaining social legitimacy. Isomorphisms are the foundational building blocks of this theoretical framework. Institutional theory:  
Figure 7: Overview of the theories adopted for BIM and IoT.