## 1 Introduction  
Industry is the most important driver of economic development [1]. In the last decade, European and global industry have been in an era of digitalization and cybernetics. Manufacturing companies are striving to adapt their production structures and systems to the principles of Industry 4.0 [2]. The key enablers of Industry 4.0, such as decentralization, connectivity, horizontal and vertical integration, collaboration, digitalization, cybernation, smart machines and products, and automation [2], have revolutionized the industrial sector. These elements have opened the way to new forms of organization and innovative management principles. The new organization forms and the innovative management principles have become key elements of Industry 4.0 manufacturing systems [3], the so-called Smart Manufacturing Systems (SMS) [4]. These SMS enable the processes of digitalization and cybernation, thus reducing human intervention in the manufacturing process. Over time, various concepts of SMS and advanced automation technologies have been developed, such as cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) [5], cloud manufacturing [6], ubiquitous manufacturing systems [7], socio-cyber-physical systems (SCPS) [8], socio-cyber-physical manufacturing systems (SCPMS) [9], intelligent manufacturing [10], and personalized manufacturing [11]. The key technologies of Industry 4.0 and SMS are important to European industry, but the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused many problems for the economy, industry, manufacturing activities, transport, etc. In fact, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic [12] highlighted the need to rethink existing working methods and approaches in European and global industry. The pandemic has shown industries all around the world that their current manufacturing systems are not as resilient as was assumed [13]. According to a literature review [14; 15; 16; 17] many authors have pointed out the problems that manufacturing companies around the world have had due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Modern industry, manufacturing companies and their manufacturing systems must be focused on agile, networked, service-oriented, green, and social manufacturing practices, among others [18]; be more environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable and human-centred [19; 20]; and be resilient [13; 21]. The future of production systems will depend on socio-technical developments and business strategies shaped by global changes [19]. The evolution and the future of manufacturing and manufacturing systems are presented in [19; 20; 22; 23]. Earlier concepts of manufacturing systems including the latest CPPS tend to underestimate, neglect or ignore the role of humans in manufacturing. The importance of the role of humans in manufacturing systems of the future is acknowledged in [8; 9; 24; 25]. This role was also highlighted during the pandemic. The paper [25] emphasizes the need to restructure manufacturing systems from the perspective of social factors. According to [19], humans are an integral part of manufacturing systems and play an important role in their management and control. In [2] the authors highlight that in structuring new production systems, physical, cyber, and social systems come together to achieve common goals and create intelligent environments. In the future, the agility, efficiency, flexibility, and robustness of such systems will generally depend on the roles of the humans in them. Based on a literature review, this paper presents the evolution of the role of humans in manufacturing systems in the spirit of digitalization, cybernation and cognitization. Definitions of digitalization, cybernation and cognitization in manufacturing systems are established. The main contribution of this paper is a systematic presentation of the different roles of humans in manufacturing systems through the evolution of industrial revolutions and the new concept of the next generation of CPPS, called Cognitive Cyber-Physical Production Systems (C-CPPS).