# Radiator Enablers for Wireless Communication Evolution
## 3 Radiators' Novel Technologies, Design, and Implementation Issues
### Advanced Antenna Designs for High-Performance Satellite Communication Systems
#### 3.6.5 Example Designs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Design Type** & **Description** & & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** & **Suitable Applications** \\ \hline Single-Patch Antennas (refs.[124; 126; 127; 128; 129; 130]) & Basic design with a radiating patch on a dielectric substrate & - & Simple and & - & Limited gain & Ideal for low-cost, \\  & & - & Simple and & - & Fixed radiation pattern & low-gain applications with relaxed radiation \\  & & - & Wide beamwidth & - & Limited & \\ \hline Waveguide Antennas (refs.[119; 123]) & Uses guided structures for efficient radiation & - & High efficiency & & \\  & & - & Compact and durable & - & Higher cost & Useful for applications that need robust designs \\  & & - & Wide scanning & - & Design complexity & and high efficiency \\  & & & capabilities & & \\ \hline Reflector Antennas with & Uses a reflective metasurface to direct & - & High gain and & & \\  & metasurface to direct & - & Simple & - & Fixed & \\  & the radiation & & feed structure & & \\  & & - & Low SLL & & \\ \hline Patch Arrays & Multiple patch antennas & - & Increased gain & - & Increased & Suitable for applications \\  & combined to form linear or & - & Beam steering via & - & complexity & requiring beamforming, \\  & planar arrays & - & Feeding network & - & Mutual coupling & higher gain, and compact \\  & & - & Scalable design & & between elements & solutions for arrays \\ \hline  & & - & Real-time beam & & \\  & Array Antennas (ref.[122]) & Array of elements with phase control for beam steering & - & Adjustment & - & High power & Preferred for dynamic \\  & & - & High gain and & - & consumption & beam steering in \\  & (ref.[122]) & - & Beam steering & - & Compact and & - & Expansive \\  & & - & lightweight & & \\ \hline Metasurface Antennas & Modulated surfaces & - & Dynamic beam & - & Sensitive to & Ideal for adaptive \\  & control amplitude, phase, and polarization & - & Lightweight & & & precision & polarization control, \\  & & and compact & - & Complex & - & Relatively & and efficiency \\  & & - & radiation patterns & & higher cost & \\ \hline Metantennas (ref.[122]) & Combines metasurfaces with arrays for intelligent & - & Adaptive and & & & \\  & beam steering & - & Configurable & - & Emerging & Suitable for 5G-beyond \\  & & - & Supports spectral & - & technology & and 6G satellite systems \\  & & and spatial control & - & High & requiring reconfigurable, \\  & beam steering & - & Compact with & & development cost & multi-frequency operation \\  & & - & Enhanced & - & Complex feeding & \\  & & channel capacity & mechanism & & \\  & broadening beams and & - & Low SLL & - & Path loss variations & Ideal for LEO \\  & maintaining signal quality & - & Constant SNR & with Earth’s & & constellations requiring \\ \hline Lens Antennas (ref.[120]) & Uses dielectric lens-like structures to focus and steer beams & - & Smooth & - & Bulk designs & \\  & - & Beam scanning & - & Complex & multibeam satellite \\  & steer beams & - & multibeam designs & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Example design evaluation. TRIKSEL antenna (ref. [123]), a dual-polarized, full-metal phased array element intended for Ku-band LEO SatCOM applications uses a tri-ridge waveguide technology, achieving a 6% BW and scanning capabilities up to \(\pm 60^{\circ}\) with negligible scan loss and XPD \(\geq 25\) dbs. It is a durable, compact solution for LEO satellite communication systems that combines high performance with manufacturing feasibility. Lens antennas, such as the three investigated in ref. [120], provide high-performance multibeam functionalities with smooth scanning capabilities and a compact design. On the other hand, microstrip patch antenna designs can be used for a variety of application demands, such as those with wide beamwidth (ref. [128]), broadband applications with antenna designs providing dual-band (refs. [124; 129; 130]) and triple-band (ref.