## 4 Life Cycle Inventory Results
### Palm-Oil-Based Electricity Production Inventory
#### 4.1.3 Transport  
Extracted CPO is transported to a refinery facility located 258 km from the oil mill by road. The refining process removes odors, flavors, and impurities through bleaching and deodorizing methods.  
The mass balance of the studied system resulted in a yield of 1 t of RPO per 1.08 t of CPO. The inputs and outputs for this phase are shown in Table 6.  
Ground Transportation  
The studied palm oil processing mill is located 31.5 km from the plantation in Esmeraldas province, while the refining plant is in Manabi province, 258 km away. Once the oil is extracted, it is transported by a 10 t capacity truck to Timsa port in Guayaquil city. The distance between the processing plant and the port is 326 km by road. Ton-kilometer (tkm) units are included in the study results for each transportation stage.  
Assuming the full capacity of a 10 t truck, a total amount of 3260 tkm was estimated. For each metric ton of pure palm oil was assigned 326 tkm for road transportation to Timsa port in Guayaquil city. Finally, once the RPO arrives at Floreana Island, it is transported 0.5 km by truck to the electricity generation facility. The means of transportation selected from the Ecoinvent database in this phase was transport, truck \(<\) 10 t, EURO 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Inputs/Outputs** & **Unit** & **Amount** \\ \hline \hline Water & L & \(1.5\times 10^{2}\) \\ CPO & kg & \(1.0\times 10^{3}\) \\ Bleaching earth & kg & \(8.0\) \\ Phosphoric acid & kg & \(9.6\times 10^{-1}\) \\ Citric acid & kg & \(7.7\times 10^{-1}\) \\ Sodium hydroxide & kg & \(3.4\times 10^{-1}\) \\ Electricity EC grid & kWh & \(1.6\times 10\) \\ Transport, truck \(<\) 10 t, EURO1 & tkm & \(2.1\times 10^{2}\) \\ \hline \hline
**Output** & & \\ \hline RPO & t & 1 \\ Fatty acids & kg & \(7.0\times 10\) \\ Water vapor & m\({}^{3}\) & \(6.3\times 10\) \\ Wastewater from vegetable oil refinery & m\({}^{3}\) & \(8.7\times 10\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Inputs and outputs for producing 1 t of RPO.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Inputs/Outputs** & **Unit** & **Amount** \\ \hline \hline Phenol, pentachloro- (air) & kg & \(1.8\times 10^{-7}\) \\ Toluene (air) & kg & \(6.7\times 10^{-3}\) \\ m-Xylene (air) & kg & \(2.7\times 10^{-3}\) \\ Zinc (air) & kg & \(6.7\times 10^{-3}\) \\ Chromium (air) & kg & \(9.0\times 10^{-5}\) \\ Nitrogen, total (to freshwater) & t & \(1.0\times 10^{-2}\) \\ Oils, biogenic (to freshwater) & t & \(6.1\times 10^{-2}\) \\ BOD, biological oxygen demand (to freshwater) & t & \(3.1\times 10^{-1}\) \\ COD, chemical oxygen demand (to freshwater) & kg & \(6.7\times 10^{-1}\) \\ Crude palm oil & t & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: _Cont._Marine Transportation  
Once the refined palm oil arrives at Timsa port in Guayaquil city, it is shipped to Floreana Island in Galapagos. The route is made by an 834.5 t capacity tanker ship. The route comprises 1283 km to Velasco Ibarra port on Floreana Island. Assuming that the vessel is travelling at full capacity, the allocation results in 1283 km for the unit output of 1 Tm of RPO (4119 L). For this component, a 960 t capacity barge ship container with 80% load factor (LF) and empty return was selected from the Ecoinvent database.