# Tele-Assessment of Executive Functions in Young Adults with ADHD: A Pilot Study
## 5 Materials and Methods
### Measures
There are also specific measures:  
* CR congruent: the number of correct responses in congruent trials (central and peripheral targets). * CR incongruent: the number of correct responses in incongruent trials. * RT incongruent: The mean reaction time for correct responses in incongruent trials. For the mixed-rule block (Block 3), the general indices are as follows:  
* FC accuracy: the accuracy related to cognitive flexibility, measured from incongruent trials in the mixed-rule (third) block of the Flanker task. * FC RT: the speed related to cognitive flexibility, based on reaction times in incongruent trials from the mixed-rule block of the Flanker task. The specific measures are as follows:  
* CR mixed congruent: the number of correct responses in congruent trials. * RT mixed congruent: the mean reaction time for correct congruent responses. * CR mixed incongruent: the number of correct responses in incongruent trials. * RT mixed incongruent: the mean reaction time for correct incongruent responses. The performance in incongruent trials is interpreted as a measure of interference control in the single-rule task and as a measure of cognitive flexibility in the mixed-rule task. The performance in congruent trials reflects basic processing abilities, such as multi-stimulus integration and task compliance. N-back. The N-back task is a well-established measure of the updating component of working memory [88; 89]. In this task, participants are presented with a continuous sequence of stimuli, each shown individually at the center of the screen. Their task is to press the spacebar whenever the current stimulus matches the one presented steps 1 or 2 earlier. The task comprises six blocks:  
* Blocks 1 and 2 present colored stimuli (yellow, blue, green, and red circles). * Blocks 3 and 4 use geometric shapes (a triangle, circle, square, rhombus, and pentagon). * Blocks 5 and 6 feature letters (I, m, g, t, and b) shown in both uppercase and lowercase. The participants in each block perform a 1-back (respond when the stimulus matches the one immediately preceding it) and 2-back task (respond when the stimulus matches the one shown two steps earlier). Each block contains 52 trials: 16 targets (stimuli that require a response) and 36 non-targets. Stimuli are displayed for 1500 milliseconds, followed by a 1000 ms interstimulus interval (ISI). The participants may respond at any time from the stimulus onset to the end of the ISI. The performance in span-1 and span-2 was interpreted as reflecting updating efficiency under low and high working memory loads, respectively. The general indices are as follows:  
* WM1 accuracy: the accuracy of working memory updating under a low cognitive load, calculated based on the performance in the 1-back blocks. * WM-1 RT: the speed of working memory updating under a low cognitive load, derived from reaction times in the 1-back blocks. * WM-2 accuracy: the accuracy of working memory updating under a high cognitive load, based on the performance in the 2-back blocks. * WM-2 RT: the speed of working memory updating under a high cognitive load, measured through reaction times in the 2-back blocks. Other specific variables are the accuracy and RT for each block. Planning Task (TPQ). This task, adapted from the work of [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [90], as well as [PERSON] and [PERSON] [91], assesses a person's planning ability, defined as the capacity to select and organize a sequence of actions to achieve a specific goal. In the task, participants are asked to plan the order of a series of daily activities for a hypothetical day, making sure to include all of them while respecting logical and temporal constraints and aiming to follow the shortest route possible. A visual map displaying streets, houses, and buildings is shown on screen, along with a list of 11 activities. Each activity must be completed at a specific location and under given constraints (e.g., \"Math homework must be done before 5 p.m.\" or \"You must buy a bus ticket before going to tennis class\").