# A Review of Neuro-ML Breakthroughs in Addressing Neurological Disorders
## 2 Literature Review
### Neurological Disease Classification  
Neurological diseases encompass a wide range of disorders that affect the nervous system. These diseases are classified into neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive degeneration of the nervous system's structure and function. The most common neurodegenerative diseases are [13; 14]:  
* AD is a form of dementia through which the subject loses their memory, exhibits cognitive decline, and experiences behavioral changes. AD is marked by progressive cognitive decline generated by the accumulation of beta-amyloid and tau tangles in the brain. Thus, memory deterioration occurs gradually, and behavioral changes often accompany these changes in language and daily functions. In ref. [15], it is mentioned that genetic clinical examinations identify specific loci associated with the rapid progression of this disease. * PD is a disorder that predominantly affects motor function. This function is lost due to the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. In this class, there are forms with early-onset and late-onset symptoms. The pathological features include Lewy bodies, which consist of aggregated alpha-synuclein [16]. PD is classified based on its clinical characteristics, including tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia [17]. * Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease that leads to the degeneration of mo-tor neurons. The result of this disease is paralysis [18]. The degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons leads to muscle atrophy and, ultimately, respiratory failure. This condition is linked to genetic components represented by mutations in the SOD1 gene [19]. * Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a progressive dementia that degenerates the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. FTD encompasses several forms, including behavioral variant FTD and semantic variant primary progressive aphasia. These are differentiated by clinical presentation and underlying pathology. Genetic mutations, particularly in the MAPT and GRN genes, further classify the familial forms of FTD [20]. * Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary condition characterized by motor dysfunction and cognitive decline. This disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. It is primarily associated with the expansion of CAG repeats in the HTT gene. This leads to progressive motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms [21]. To prevent this disease, genetic testing is necessary for early diagnosis [22]. * Lewy body dementia (LBD) is a form of dementia that involves the accumulation of Lewy bodies in the brain. It is classified as a synucleinopathy, primarily characterized by the presence of alpha-synuclein aggregates [23]. It has symptoms similar to [PERSON]'s and PDs. * Prion diseases are a unique category of transmissible neurodegenerative disorders. It includes conditions such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). CJD genetic variants involve specific prion protein (PRNP) gene mutations and are associated with distinct phenotypic subtypes [24]. The disease is characterized by spongiform changes in brain tissue and an abnormal prion protein [25]. * Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a reference disease in this class of neurodegenerative diseases. This represents a group of genetic disorders characterized by the degeneration of the part of the brain responsible for coordinating movements [26; 27]. SCA represents a diverse group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders. It is characterized by progressive ataxia caused by the degeneration of the cerebellum and its connections. These diseases are classified into hereditary ataxias associated with specific genetic mutations or sporadic forms without a clear genetic basis [28]. * Multiple sclerosis (MS) is not a degenerative disease. It is an inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system. It is characterized by the presence of lesions and inflammation, leading to chronic neurodegeneration.