## 3 Results
### Executive Function
#### 3.2.2 TMT-B Assessment Test Results  
The pre-test scores and post-test scores showed that the mean of the pre-test is 69.43, the standard deviation is 1.65, and the standard error is 0.26; the mean of the post-test is 66.25, the standard deviation is 2.55, and the standard error is 0.40 (Table 18) (Figure 10). The paired sample correlation showed that there was a significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) (Table 19). The paired sample \(t\)-test result showed that there was a significant difference (\(p<0.001\)) (Table 20). The mixed repeated-measure ANOVA results were significantly different in pre/post-test, F [1; 32] = 192.012, \(p<0.001\); difficulty, F [1; 32] = 36.012, \(p<0.001\); pressure, F [1; 32] = 38.679, \(p<0.001\); the interaction effect of difficulty and pressure, F [1; 32] = 4.298, \(p<0.05\) (Table 21). Table 22 shows the mean of scores and other details of three independent variables (difficulty, pressure, and pre/post-test) with two levels in TMT-B. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Mean** & **N** & **SD** & **SE** \\ \hline TMT-B Pre-test & 69.43 & 40 & 1.65 & 0.26 \\ TMT-B Post-test & 66.25 & 40 & 2.55 & 0.40 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: N, number of participants; SD, standard deviation; and SE, standard error.  
\end{table} 
Table 18: Paired samples statistics of TMT-B. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Mean** & **SD** & **SE** & **Lower** & **Upper** & **t** & **df** & **Sig. (2-Tailed)** \\ \hline TMT-B Pre/post-test & 3.18 & 2.47 & 0.39 & 2.39 & 3.97 & 8.132 & 39 & 0.000 *** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: ***\(p<0.001\); SD, standard deviation; and SE, standard error.  
\end{table} 
Table 20: Paired sample test of TMT-B. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Type III** & & & & & & Partial \\
**Source (TMT-B)** & **Sum of** & **df** & **Mean** & **F** & **Sig.** & **Eta** \\  & **Squares** & & & & & & & **Squared** \\ \hline Pre/Post-Test & 201.613 & 1 & 201.613 & 192.012 & 0.000 *** & 0.857 \\ Pre/Post-Test \({}^{*}\) Difficulty & 37.813 & 1 & 37.813 & 36.012 & 0.000 *** & 0.529 \\ Pre/Post-Test \({}^{*}\) Pressure & 40.613 & 1 & 40.613 & 38.679 & 0.000 *** & 0.547 \\ Pre/Post-Test \({}^{*}\) Competition & 0.113 & 1 & 0.113 & 0.107 & 0.746 & 0.003 \\ Pre/Post-Test \({}^{*}\) Difficulty \({}^{*}\) & 4.513 & 1 & 4.513 & 4.298 & 0.046 \({}^{*}\) & 0.118 \\ Pressure & & & & & & & \\ Pre/Post-Test \({}^{*}\) Difficulty \({}^{*}\) & 0.012 & 1 & 0.012 & 0.012 & 0.914 & 0.000 \\ Competition & & & & & & & \\ Pre/Post-Test \({}^{*}\) Pressure & & & & & & & \\ Competition & & & & & & & \\ Pre/Post-Test \({}^{*}\) Difficulty \({}^{*}\) & & & & & & & \\ Pressure \({}^{*}\) Competition & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: *\(p<0.05\); ***\(p<0.001\).  
\end{table} 
Table 21: Tests of within-subject effects of TMT-B. Figure 13A shows two lines intersecting each other, and they are not parallel due to the different slopes. The blue line is steeper than the green line. So, there was an exponential interaction of pre/post-test * difficulty in the TMT-B. Figure 13B shows two separate lines, and they are not parallel due to the different direction. So, there was an antagonistic interaction of pre/post-test * difficulty in the TMT-B. The interaction of pre/post-test * difficulty with the pressure condition (Figure 14A) shows two lines intersecting each other, and they are not parallel due to the different slopes. The blue line is steeper than the green line. So, there was an exponential interaction of pre/post-test * difficulty in the TMT-B. The interaction of pre/post-test * difficulty without the pressure condition (Figure 14B) shows two separate lines, and they are not parallel due to the different direction. So, there was an antagonistic interaction of pre/post-test * difficulty in the TMT-B.