## 3 Results
### Estimated Quantitative VOC Composition of K. parviflora Rhizes and Leaves  
To further study the variation in the relative abundance of VOCs between rhizomes and leaves, the average values of normalized peak areas of the individual volatiles of the samples were log\({}_{2}\)-transformed. The results were presented as the fold-change value of a metabolite concentration as normalized relative to the control--in this case, the rhizome samples. The significant differences in the calculations were assessed with a \(p\)-value \(<\) 0.05. Moreover, the log\({}_{2}\)-transformed data explain the relative abundance of compounds in the leaves, whether higher or lower compared to the rhizomes, and are designated with positive and negative values, respectively.  
For easier understanding of the distribution of metabolites across the two tissues in each growth condition, scattered plot-based visualizations were created based on log\({}_{2}\)-transformed data and a \(p\)-value \(<\) 0.05 (Figure 5). Here, the original \(p\)-value was transformed to -log 10. The positive side of the log\({}_{2}\)FC values on the \(X\)-axis explains that the metabolites were significantly increased or higher in the leaves relative to the rhizomes (control), while the negative side shows that the compounds were significantly decreased or lower in the leaves, and consequently increased in the rhizomes. The \(Y\)-axis describes the significant levels of compounds, and the values are represented as gray and red dots.  
Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 5a present the relative abundance of 85 volatile compounds observed among the 2 types of plant tissue in the growth room conditions. Most of the leaf volatiles had significant differences in their estimated abundance relative to those of the rhizomes (\(p\)-value \(<\) 0.05). A total of 51 VOCs in the rhizomes were significantly higher than those in the leaves. On the other hand, a total of 27 volatiles were found to be higher in  
Figure 4: The PCA score plot generated from the GC-TOF-MS data of _K. parviflora_ rhizomes and leaves from field and growth room (GR) conditions. The first two principal components (PCA) accounted for a total of 69.6% of the variance. (\(n=24\)).  
the leaves. Only 7 compounds were found to be of similar compositions in the two tissues: \(\alpha\)-pinene; bornyl acetate; cyanophyllene oxide; and unknown compounds 2, 3, 4, 5.  
As indicated in Supplementary Table S2 and Figure 5b, out of 100 annotated VOCs from the field samples, 11 compounds in the leaves were found to have similar abundances to the rhizomes (\(p\)-value > 0.05). These were \(\beta\)-myrrene, cyanophyllene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 7-endo-ethenyl-bicyclo [4,2,0]-oct-1-ene, methyl palmitate, humulene, carveol, nerolidol, allo-aromadendrene epoxide, carophyllene oxide, and m-mentha-1(7),8-diene. In addition, it was shown that 21 volatiles were significantly more abundant in the leaves than in the rhizomes. In contrast, 68 compounds were significantly higher in the rhizomes. Overall, it is evident that there is wide variation in the relative abundance of VOCs in \(K\). _parriflora_ tissues according to the change in growth environment.