## 3 Material and Method  
### Components of a Solar Water Pumping Station  
A typical photovoltaic solar water pumping station consists of (i) solar panels, (ii) converter/controller, (iii) pump, (iv) DC gate device, (v) turn off your phone (on/off), (vi) DC isolator, (vii) AC switch (for the pump), (viii) AC fuse, (ix) tank, (x) control panel, and (xi) threads. The cell receives a lot of sunlight, which penetrates its surface and is partially absorbed by the phosphorus-containing first layer of the cell [17]. The silicon alloy layer is the primary absorber of much of the light that enters this cell and generates an abundance of free electrons. A significant increase is made by the movement of the light striking the cell, which passes through electrical conductors at its ends and creates a steady current. A transformer is used to connect the pump to the desired location by a panel that is specifically made to convert the solar energy that generates this current. It is important to note that this transformer can control the cycle time of the pump, guaranteeing top performance. The transformer fine tunes the power based on the incoming radiation dose and modifies the frequency of the energy supplied to the pump to effectively control the flow of pumped water. When the solar panels receive an abundance of sunlight, the inverter immediately turns on and begins operating the pump at a low frequency that gradually rises in accordance with the amount of solar radiation interacting with the inverter as shown in Figure 1. It is crucial to note that the inverter uses the most recent Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technology to guarantee maximum efficiency. Finally, it is essential that the solar generator directly transmits the inverter's maximum pump input frequency [18]. * The inclination angle:  
The angle created between a solar panel's surface plane and a horizontal plane is known as the inclination angle and is denoted by the symbol \"B\". In the northern sphere, it is assumed that the sun is inclined to the south. There is a 0\({}^{\circ}\) to 180\({}^{\circ}\) range for the inclination angle. To determine the angle value, we used the following equation:  
\[\cos(\text{B})=\cos(\theta_{\text{z}})\times\cos(\alpha_{\text{s}})+\sin( \theta_{\text{z}})\times\sin(\alpha_{\text{s}})\times\cos(\gamma_{\text{s}}) \tag{1}\]  
As shown in Figure 2, \(\theta_{\text{z}}\) is the incidence angle, that is, the angle between the beam radiation on a plane and the normal to that plane. \(\psi\) is the latitude, which is the angular position north or south of the equator, north positive ranging \(-90^{\circ}\leq\psi\leq+90^{\circ}\), and \(\beta\)  
Figure 1: Typical photovoltaic solar water pumping station. is the slope, which is the angle between the surface plane and the horizontal ranging \(0^{\circ}\leq\beta\leq 180^{\circ}\) (\(\beta<90^{\circ}\) represents that the surface has a downward-facing part). \(\gamma_{\text{s}}\) is the surface azimuth angle, which is the deviation of the projection on a horizontal plane from the normal to the surface from the local meridian, with zero due south, east negative, and west positive ranging \(-180^{\circ}\leq\gamma_{\text{s}}\leq 180^{\circ}\), and \(\omega\) is the solar hour angle, which is the sun angular displacement east or west of the local meridian, which is negative in the morning, positive in the afternoon, equal to zero at solar noon and fluctuates by 15 degrees per hour from solar noon, and \(\delta\) is the declination angle, which is the sun's angular position at solar noon, with respect to the equatorial plane [19; 20]. \[\delta=23.45\text{s}\ \times\ \left(365\frac{284+\text{n}}{365}\right) \tag{2}\]  
where n is the nth day of the year; thus, \(1\leq\text{n}\leq 365\) (i.e., n = 1 to 1 January, n = 32 for 1 February, etc.). It is also the angle between the equator and a line drawn from the Earth's center to the sun's center, positive within the northern hemisphere summer, and negative within the northern hemisphere winter.