# BIM and GIS Applications in Bridge Projects: A Critical Review
## 3 Analysis
### Operation and Maintenance
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Examples** & **Application Type** & & **Key Outcome** & **Limitations** \\ \hline
[47] & Bridge monitoring & \(\bullet\) & Key structural performance parameters could be dynamically displayed using the developed dynamic & \(\bullet\) & Feasibility of the model needs to be verified for different bridge types \\  & Bridge monitoring & \(\bullet\) & By incorporating BIM provisions during the & \(\bullet\) & and their environments. \\  & & & costs could be realized through the reduction of tactile & \(\bullet\) & Need the actual data to verify the reliability of the model and conclusion. \\ \hline
[48,49] & Bridge monitoring & \(\bullet\) & Deformation displacement curves obtained by BIM monitoring system were more in line with the actual deformation curves. & \(\bullet\) & Need the actual data to verify the reliability of the model and conclusion. \\ \hline
[50] & Imaging processing & \(\bullet\) & Deflection measurement error between imaging instrument and special bridge deflection measurement instrument was only 3.0\% to 6.9\%. & \(\bullet\) & Application lacks operation process diagram. \\ \hline
[51] & Bridge Management & \(\bullet\) & Balanced decision making proposed for bridge maintenance management strategy based on several constraints, including cost optimization and decision support from professionals. & \(\bullet\) & It is uncertain whether the objectives and requirements of all constraints are met by a balanced maintenance plan and life cycle cost. \\ \hline  & & & & \\ \hline
[13,74] & Benefit-cost & \(\bullet\) & Review is based on the results of a benefit-cost (BC) analysis that showed overall positive returns. & \(\bullet\) & Benefits of GIS in managing major transportation program assessments have not yet been validated. \\ \hline
[14,78] & Disaster response system & \(\bullet\) & Rapidly maintained remote monitoring sensors and surveillance facilities with AR-based assistance and correctly assessed bridges and their elements through mobile 3D graphics. & \(\bullet\) & Lack of alternative disaster management measures for disaster managers. \\ \hline
[70] & Fire alarm time & \(\bullet\) & Using spatial data and attribute data of bridges and fire stations, the closest fire station can be determined in addition to calculating likely arrival time of fire brigades from fire station. & \(\bullet\) & There are still some factors that have not been considered, such as wind intensity. \\ \hline
[71,72] & Bridge evaluation & \(\bullet\) & Storm surge modeling was coupled with bridge fragility models and GIS analysis to evaluate the potential for network disruptions. & \(\bullet\) & Influence of uncertain storm factors is not considered. \\ \hline
[73] & Bridge evaluation & \(\bullet\) & System developed for prior identification of vulnerable components whose failure due to a major earthquake event may have disproportional socio-economic impact. & \(\bullet\) & The threshold value (capacity) of each component needs to be modified with more cases. \\ \hline
[75] & Bridge evaluation & \(\bullet\) & Assessed regional network resilience by leveraging scenario-based traffic modeling and GIS techniques. & \(\bullet\) & There are limited records of bridge closure times, especially after dangerous events. \\ \hline
[76] & BMD & \(\bullet\) & Determined optimal intervention programs for large infrastructure networks using a linear optimization model. & \(\bullet\) & Application of mixed integer nonlinear model is not considered. \\ \hline
[77] & Disaster response system & \(\bullet\) & Mobile disaster response system not only reports sudden disaster information, but also offers precise disaster locations. & \(\bullet\) & The speed of information feedback still needs to be strengthened. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._