## 5 Essential Oils from _Lamiaceae_ Family
### Selected Compounds as Essential Oils from Lamiaceae Family  
The following table presents a summary of the main compounds of EOs from the _Lamiaceae_ family and their effects on inflammatory processes (Table 1). Terpineols are isomers of monocyclic monoterpene alcohol naturally present in different plants, among which the most common are \(\alpha\)-terpineol and terpinene-4-ol [120] (Figure 1). In particular, the latter has been shown in vitro to suppress inflammatory mediator production by activation of monocytes [99] and to inhibit inflammatory cytokine generation in LPS-stimulated human macrophages [100] but also in animal models to attenuate inflammation in dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis [121], prevent LPS-induced acute lung injury by decreasing LPS-induced NF-\(\kappa\)B activation and trigger peroxisome PPAR-\(\gamma\)[122] (Figure 2). Linalool (3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadian-3-ol) is an acyclic monoterpene found in EOs of hundreds of plants widely spread worldwide and principally in _Lamiaceae_ family [74] (Figure 3A). Several in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated different anti-inflammatory effects of this monoterpene also interfering with the mediators of the inflammation pathways. In detail, in RAW 264.6 monocyte/macrophage-like cells linalool decreased the generation of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-6 and inhibited the activation of the nuclear factor-\(\kappa\)B (NF-\(\kappa\)B) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways [102]. In addition, in animal models, it has been shown that linalool attenuated acute lung inflammation by reducing TNF-\(\alpha\), IL-6, IL-8, IL-\(\beta\) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production [103], further supporting linalool as a promising tool to treat inflammatory related diseases. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Compound** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Experimental** \\ **Model** \\ \end{tabular} & **Effects** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Terpineols} & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2000 [99] \\  & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory cytokines & [PERSON] et al. 2014 [100] \\  & in vivo & \(\downarrow\) inflammation & [PERSON] et al. 2018 [101] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Linalool} & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2013 [102] \\  & in vivo & \(\downarrow\) acute lung inflammation & [PERSON] et al. 2015 [103] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Limonene} & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2013 [104] \\  & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2010 [105] \\  & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2015 [106] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Carvacrol} & in vivo & \(\downarrow\) inflammation, antibacterial & [PERSON] et al. 2008 [107] \\  & in vitro/in vivo & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2012 [108] \\  & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2010 [109] \\  & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2009 [110] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Eucalypt} & in vivo & \(\downarrow\) inflammation & [PERSON] et al. 2007 [111] \\  & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2011 [112] \\ \cline{1-1}  & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2016 [113] \\ \cline{1-1}  & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2004 [114] \\ \cline{1-1}  & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2015 [115] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Tymol} & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2014 [116] \\ \cline{1-1}  & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2004 [117] \\ \cline{1-1}  & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2005 [118] \\ \cline{1-1}  & in vitro & \(\downarrow\) inflammatory mediators & [PERSON] et al. 2014 [119] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(\downarrow\) Decrease of levels.  
\end{table}