## 1 Introduction  
Inflammation is the body's nonspecific response to infectious or non-infectious etiologies, which accompanies pain, heat, redness and swelling [1, 2]. The triggered acute inflammatory responses are resolved by the innate immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils [3]. However, prolonged inflammation, also referred to as chronic inflammation, causes additional damage to organs including the brain, lungs, heart, digestive tract, kidneys, intestinal tract, and reproductive system. Failure to prevent chronic inflammation results in chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and bowel diseases [3]. Dysregulation of nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-\(\kappa\)B), Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were involved in causing the inflammatory diseases [4]. Glucocorticoids (GCs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the major classes of anti-inflammatory drugs. GCs inhibit the production of prostaglandandins and other inflammatory proteins. On the other hand, NSAIDs target the cyclooxygenase (COX) regulation of prostaglandandins and thromboxanes synthesis [5; 6]. However, GCs potentiate the risk of musculoskeletal, metabolic, cardiovascular, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal diseases [7]. NSAIDs are also associated with side effects such as gastric ulcers and bleeding, renal injury, and cardiovascular diseases [8]. Therefore, it is necessary to discover new therapeutic modalities for inflammatory conditions.  
Medicinal plants have provided therapeutic benefits for different cultures around the world over a long period of time. Asian countries for centuries have been using traditional herbal medicine with its unique treatment methods [9]. Scientific studies have explored the chemical profiles of traditional herbs and screened their pharmacological activity to discover lead molecules for modern medicine [10].  
The dried root of _Scutellaria bicalensis_ Georgi (SG) has a long history as a traditional herbal medicine for treating gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, bleeding, inflammation, and insomnia [11]. Pharmacological studies have reported the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anticancer, anticonvulsant, and antiviral effects of SG extracts [12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. The major active constituents responsible for SG's function are bacialin, bialelein, wogonin, and wogonoside [17]. More than 180 drugs in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia contain SG, which is used in two ways: non-processed and processed forms [18]. Processing (Paozhi in Chinese and Poje in Korean) is a series of techniques such as cutting, frying with or without liquid excipients, roasting, and steaming, which are used to achieve different clinical needs from the same herb [19]. Previous study has reported that processed _Scutellaria bicalensis_ Georgi (PSG) inhibited the expression level of chymase, tumor necrosis factor-\(\alpha\) (TNF-\(\alpha\)), COX-2, NF-\(\kappa\)B, and the activity of myeloperoxidase in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model [20]. PSG treatment decreased NF-\(\kappa\)B-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines, serum inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarker levels in acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharideacharide (LPS) [21]. However, the potential molecular basis behind the anti-inflammatory effects of PSG remains unclear. Therefore, in this article, we aim to unravel the mechanism of PSG against inflammatory and oxidative stress.