esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An Overview of CNN-Based Image Analysis in Solar Cells, Photovoltaic Modules, and Power Plants
## 3 Exhibition of Recent Literature
### Literature Examining Other Imaging Technologies from 2024  
The main data from the publications analyzing the 2024 IR and RGB images are summarized in Table 4. The paper by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2020) presents an error-detecting CNN model based on a large-scale IR image database (20,000 IR images) trained with real solar power plant images. It aims to identify 12 types of defects, such as hotspot, shadowing, and cracking. The authors investigated various image processing and hyperparameter optimization techniques (e.g., Optuna, Bayesian Optimization) to improve the model performance. [PERSON] et al. (2019) propose the NASNet-LSTM model for PV anomaly detection based on IR images. The method uses the largest open IR dataset with 12 classes (11 fault types + 1 normal) and achieves a classification accuracy of 84.75%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the hybrid approach in detecting electrical and non-electrical faults. In the research work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2019), a CNN-based feature extraction and SVM-based class-classification hybrid model is presented to detect 12 types of solar faults in IR images (20,000 IR images). The system learns from a large dataset of 20,000 images and achieves an outstanding 92% classification accuracy. The focus is on automated PV module health monitoring. A study by [PERSON] et al. (2019) investigates error detection based on RGB images collected from UAVs using AlexNet features and a voting-based ensemble method. The two-class ensemble (SVM + KNN) achieved 98.3% accuracy, outperforming the results of individual classifiers. The goal is to detect common visual errors (e.g., refraction, discoloration). [PERSON] et al. (2019) implemented CenterNet-based key point detection to detect solar panels in UAV images. The goal was to use field-level automated analysis to quickly and accurately identify the position of modules in visual images, in preparation for two-step fault analysis. The research of [PERSON] et al. (2019) aims to apply a VGG16-based CNN model to error detection in visual (RGB) images (599 images, augmented), such as dust, bird droppings, or shading. An interface with PyQt5 was developed to support user decision-making. The system F1-score was 91.67%.
###### Abstract  
Geopolymers are inorganic, chemically resistant aluminosilicate-based binding agents, which remove hazardous metal ions from exposed aqueous media. However, the removal efficiency of a given metal ion and the potential ion remobilization have to be assessed for individual geopolymers. Therefore, copper ions (Cu\({}^{2+}\)) were removed by a granulated, metakaloin-based geopolymer (GP) in water matrices. Subsequent ion exchange and leaching tests were used to determine the mineralogical and chemical properties as well as the resistance of the Cu\({}^{2+}\)-bearing GPs to corrosive aquatic environments. Experimental results indicate the pH of the reacted solutions to have a significant impact on the Cu\({}^{2+}\) uptake systematics: the removal efficiency ranged from 34-91% at pH 4.1-5.7 up to \(\sim\)100% at pH 11.1-12.4. This is equivalent to Cu\({}^{2+}\) uptake capacities of up to 193 mg/g and 560 mg/g in acidic versus alkaline media. The uptake mechanism was governed by Cu\({}^{2+}\)-substitution for alkalis in exchangeable GP sites and by co-precipitation of gerhardtite (Cu\({}_{2}\)(NO\({}_{3}\))(OH)\({}_{3}\)) or tenorite (CuO) and sperrinite (Cu(OH)\({}_{2}\)). All Cu-GPs showed excellent resistance to ion exchange (Cu\({}^{2+}\) release: 0-2.4%) and acid leaching (Cu\({}^{2+}\) release: 0-2.0-7%), suggesting that tailored GPs have a high potential to immobilize Cu\({}^{2+}\) ions from aquatic media.  
metakaloin-based geopolymer; heavy metals; environmental protection; copper; water treatment; green technology +
Footnote †: journal: polyymers
# Fabrication of Stretchable Transparent Electrode by Utilizing Self-Induced Vacuum Force
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Evaporation Rate on the Fabrication Process
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Solvent** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Evaporation Rate** \\ **(n-Butyl Acetate = 1.0)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Boiling** \\ **Point** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Vapor Pressure** \\ **(20 \({}^{\circ}\)C)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline acetone & 7.7 & 55.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 24.0 kPa \\ THF & 8.0 & 66.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 143 kPa \\ ethanol & 2.3 & 78.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 5.87 kPa \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Vaporization ability for different solvents used to prepare electrically conductive slurry [15]. Figure 9: Fabrication quality of the stretchable electrodes fabricated using different slurry solvents. The void in the elastomer substrate is observed only in the case of using ethanol solvent, which has relatively poor vaporization ability (Case B in Figure 8). performance of electric conduction (i.e., lower resistance) was observed in the electrode using acetone as the solvent in the carbon slurry (note Figure 10a). From this comparison, the effect of the evaporation rate of the solvent on the fabrication process can be established. Additionally, for both acetone and THF, the lowest value of electrical resistance (i.e., highest value of electric conductivity) was obtained when the amount of solvent used to prepare the carbon slurry was 15 mL. However, the electrical resistance increased as the amount of solvents increased (note Figure 10a,b for 15, 16, and 17 mL of both the solvents). This increase in the electrical resistance was caused because the portion of the carbon particles, the main electric conductors in the electrode, decreased as the amount of solvent was increased. Consequently, the carbon particles became excessively isolated from the elastomer, thereby deteriorating the electrical-conductivity performance of the electrode. However, the resistance slightly increased as the portion of solvent decreased in the slurry from 15 to 13 mL. This increase in the resistance was observed because the self-induced vacuum force that causes the penetration of the elastomer into the line pattern was weakened as the amount of solvent decreased. This weakening of the vacuum force, in turn, reduced the transfer ratio of the electrode pattern from the pattern substrate to the elastomer, thereby resulting in lower electric conduction. These results suggest that there is an optimum proportion value of the solvent for the preparation of the carbon slurry. This value strikes a balance between the penetration of the elastomer and the isolation of carbon particles from the elastomer.
## 5 The Simulation Validation and Results Analysis
### The Effect of Different Communication Topology Optimization Strategies  
As mentioned above, the planning hierarchy of the UAVs is determined by the communication topology structure. In the proposed approach, the communication topology structure is optimized by the weighted minimum spanning tree strategy. However, in Reference [18], the planning hierarchy of the UAVs is determined according to the identity numbers of the UAVs. Since the identity numbers of the UAVs are pre-defined, the planning hierarchy is fixed. A Fixed planning hierarchy results in a fixed communication topology structure. More specifically, the UAVs automatically establish a fixed multi-hop chain, where the UAV \(A_{i}\) acts as relay for the UAV \(A_{i+1}\). To analyze the effect of different communication topology optimization strategies on the performance of cooperative target tracking, the proposed method is compared with the method of Reference [18] by setting up the following two group experiments.  
* Group A: the minimum spanning tree topology (the proposed method);
* Group B: fixed communication topology structure (the method of Reference [18])  
In Scenario 2, two UAVs \(A_{1}\) and \(A_{2}\) locate a single static target \(T\). The detailed initial settings of the UAVs are listed in Table 4. The position of the static target is \((-800,\,0)\) m, and the position of the base station \(B\) is \((-500,\,-800)\) m. The other simulation conditions are identical to Scenario 1.
# Effect of PEF Treatment on Chosen Properties of Raw and Hot Air- and Freeze-Dried Poultry Meat
Conventional thermal drying methods significantly affect the quality of the dried product through, e.g., shrinkage and an increase in hardness (decreasing the drying rate and rehydration capacity) [13; 14], a darkening of color [15; 16], the degradation of vitamins and loss of amino acids [17], and the acceleration of protein and fat oxidation [18; 19]. In order to limit such undesirable changes, low-temperature treatments are increasingly used to preserve food, including meat and meat products [20; 21]. Therefore, the freeze-drying technique, in which the material is frozen and then the water is removed by sublimation at reduced pressure, is suitable for heat-sensitive products [14; 22]. However, drying is a time-consuming and expensive process. Moreover, it should be designed and optimized appropriately to the characteristics of the raw material and the product obtained. Therefore, methods for the pretreatment of raw materials are being sought to reduce the drying time and its costs while maintaining or even improving the quality of the dried material [23; 24; 25]. In recent years, for technological, nutritional, and environmental reasons, there has been an increased interest in unconventional non-thermal food pretreatment techniques such as ultrasound (US), high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), or pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment [23; 26; 27]. The PEF, as a promising technology for the food industry, involves applying an electric current to a material placed between two electrodes, leading to the electroporation of cell membranes and, thus, changes in the structure of the tissue. The increased permeability of the membranes facilitates heat and mass transfer during its further processing, e.g., pickling, brining, cooking, freeze-thawing, or drying [28; 29; 30]. Overall, most research on the use of PEF pretreatment has focused on plant-based foods [31; 32]. Although the interest of meat technologists and scientists in the PEF technique has increased and more research has been carried out [28; 29; 32; 33; 34], it is still a poorly explored area. Therefore, the PEF has not yet been implemented on a larger scale in the meat industry [31]. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the impact of unconventional pretreatment, namely, the pulsed electric field, on the kinetics of hot air (HA)-drying and freeze-drying (FD) and the properties of poultry meat. The physical properties of the obtained dried materials, such as the dry matter content, water activity, rehydration rate, hygroscopic properties, color parameters, and structure of the dried poultry, were evaluated.
## 4 Findings and Discussion
### Discussion
#### 4.4.2 Concept Misrepresentation  
Although the phrases \"interpretability\" and \"explainability\" are sometimes used synonymously in the literature, they are not the same. A model's active quality of explainability defines the steps it takes to reveal to people its frequently intricate internal workings [132]. The level at which a model's mechanics make sense to people, in contrast, is referred to as a model's interpretability [70; 132]. Thus, there is a need for universally acceptable terminology, and elimination of ambiguity in definitions [93].
# Luminescence Tuning of Fluorinated Bistolanes via Electronic or Aggregated-Structure Control
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Synthesis and Crystal Structure  
Based on the aforementioned molecular design, fluorinated bistolanes **1 aB-C** with a CH\({}_{3}\)O group and **1 bB-D** with a hexyloxy (C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{13}\)O) moiety were synthesized according to the procedure shown in Scheme 1. AcO-substituted **1 aB** was obtained in 48% yield by the Pd(0)-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of **3a**, readily accessible from **2a**[21; 23], with **B**. In contrast, CF\({}_{3}\)-substituted **1 aC** and CN-substituted **1 aD** were obtained in 36% or 32% yield, respectively, by nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the in situ generated lithium acetylide derived from **3a** with perfluoroluene and perfluorobenzonitrile, respectively [32]. In a similar manner, C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{13}\)O-substituted analogue **1 bB** was prepared in 54% yield through a Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction and **1 bC** and **1 bD** were prepared in 32% and 17% yields, respectively, through nucleophilic substitution reactions. Each fluorinated bistolane was purified by column chromatography and recrystallization from a 1:1 solution of CH\({}_{2}\)Cl\({}_{2}\) (good solvent) and MeOH or hexane (poor solvent). The structure of each compound was confirmed by \({}^{1}\)H, \({}^{13}\)C, and \({}^{19}\)F NMR, IR, and HRMS and the spectra indicated that the purity was sufficient to evaluate the LC and PL behaviors.  
Among the fluorinated bistolanes, AcO-substituted **1 aB** and CF\({}_{3}\)-substituted **1 aC** furnished single crystals appropriate for X-ray crystallographic analysis. **1 aB** crystallized with a monoclinic crystal structure in the \(P\) 2\({}_{1}\) space group with two molecular units in the unit cell. As shown in Figure 3a, the three aromatic rings were found to be almost coplanar, although there may be a rapid equilibrium between the coplanar and twisted conformations through free rotation of the \(C_{\text{sp}}\)-\(C_{\text{sp2}}\) single bonds [33]. The packing structure (Figure 3b) revealed several close contacts that were shorter than the sums of the van der Waals radii (carbon: 170 pm, hydrogen: 120 pm, and fluorine: 148 pm) [34]: \(H_{\text{alkyl}}\)-\(C_{\text{sp2}}\) (288 pm), \(H_{\text{aryl}}\)-\(C_{\text{sp2}}\) (284 pm), \(H_{\text{aryl}}\)-\(F\) (253 pm), \(H_{\text{alkyl}}\)-\(F\) (246 pm), \(H_{\text{aryl}}\)-\(O\) (257 pm). Thus, the crystal lattice of **1 aB** contains two CH-\(\pi\) interactions and three hydrogen bonding interactions. In contrast, **1 aC** crystalized with a monoclinic crystal structure in the \(P\) 2\({}_{1}\)/\(c\) space group with four molecular units in the unit cell. As shown in Figure 3c, each **1 aC** molecule was also found to be coplanar with several short contacts (Figure 3d), such as \(C_{\text{sp2}}\)-\(C_{\text{sp2}}\) (332 pm), \(H_{\text{aryl}}\)-\(F\) (251 pm), \(C_{\text{sp2}}\)-\(F\) (314 pm), and \(F\)-\(F\) (265 pm). Thus, **1 aC** also formed a tight packing structure with one \(\pi\)-\(\pi\) interaction, one hydrogen bonding interaction, and one lone-pair-\(\pi\) interaction [35; 36].
## 1 Introduction
Numerous randomization schemes like the Random Switching Frequency (RSF), the Random Zero Vector (RZV) and the Random Pulse Position (RPP) have been lately published for DC-DC (chopper) and DC-AC (inverter) converters [7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. The author in [7] proposed a novel Hybrid RPWM (HRPWM) technique based on modified SVPWM for three-phase VSIs to eliminate the PWM acoustic noise. The proposed HRPWM technique could remove the unpleasant acoustic high-frequency noise more effectively than fixed PWM with lower switching losses and a shorter random frequency range. The effects of the SVPWM, Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM (SHEPWM) and RPWM strategies were developed in [8]. The acoustic noise emitted by a two-level inverter-fed IM and a harmonic spectrum were carried out corresponding to the three PWM techniques at different conditions. Consequently, the experimental results showed that the acoustic noise and the harmonic spectrum were significantly reduced with the RPWM strategy. Nowadays, a lot of researchers have published and investigated the random SVPWM strategy effect in termsof acoustic noise emitted by an electric motor [15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21]. SVPWM is very well considered in industry as regards the higher DC bus utilization and the superior waveform properties compared to other PWM techniques. Based on the switching signal for VSI modulated with the SVPWM technique, three parameters can be randomized. The three randomization schemes are the RSF, the RZV, and the RPP. For the three-phase inverter, the switching signals are generated by comparing three deterministic reference signals to a triangular carrier with random parameters. This paper presents the simulation and experimental implementation of the fixed SVPWM and three random SVPWM schemes: RSF_SVPWM, RZV_SVPWM and RPP_SVPWM. The investigation of spectral characteristics in terms of harmonic spectra and acoustic noise emitted by an IM is studied and discussed. Therefore, this document is structured as follows: Section 2 presents the description of acoustic noise in electric machines. In Section 3, the principles of advanced SVPWM techniques are presented. In Section 4, the two-level PWM inverter and the IM are applied using Simulink, and the obtained simulation results are presented and discussed. An experimental setup of an PWM inverter and an IM is presented in Section 5, and the experimental tests of emitted noise are given and discussed. Some general conclusions are provided in Section 6.
## 3 Optimal Scheduling Modeling
### Constraints  
(a) The electric power balance constraints:  
\[{}_{G}\left(t\right)+P_{st}\left(t\right)+P_{EY}\left(t\right)+P_{Grid}\left( t\right)=P_{D}\left(t\right) \tag{16}\]  
where \(P_{D}(t)\) is the micro grid power load demand at time \(t\), \(P_{G}(t)\) is the total power output of wind turbines, photovoltaic arrays and gas turbines; \(P_{st}(t)\) and \(P_{EY}(t)\) are the charging and discharging power of the storage battery and EVs at the moment t, respectively; \(P_{Grid}(t)\) is the micro grid injection or output power from/to the main grid at time \(t\).  
(b) Distributed generation constraints:  
The distributed generators constraint:  
\[P_{Gi,\min}\leq P_{Gi}(t)\leq P_{Gi,\max} \tag{17}\]  
Ramping constraints:  
\[-R_{i}^{down}\leq P_{Gi}(t)-P_{Gi}(t-1)\leq R_{i}^{up} \tag{18}\]  
Start-off time constraints:  
\[\begin{cases}P_{ch}(t)\leq P_{ch,\max}\\ P_{dis}(t)\leq P_{dis,\max}\end{cases} \tag{19}\]  
where \(P_{Gi}(t)\) is the class \(i\) generator output power in \(t\) time; \(P_{Gi,\min}\), \(P_{Gi,\max}\) are the lower and upper generator output powers, respectively; \(R_{i}^{down}\), \(R_{i}^{up}\) are the ramping-down and ramping-up speeds of the generator \(i\).  
(c) Storage battery constraints:  
Capacity constraints:  
\[E_{st,\min}\leq E_{st}(t)\leq E_{st,\max} \tag{20}\]  
Charge and discharge power constraints:_Appl. Sci._**2015**, \(5\)  
\[\begin{cases}P_{ch}(t)\leq P_{ch,\max}\\ P_{dis}(t)\leq P_{dis,\max}\end{cases} \tag{21}\]  
where \(E_{st,\max}\), \(E_{st,\min}\) are the upper and lower capacities of energy storage battery; \(P_{ch}(t)\), \(P_{dis}(t)\) are the charge and discharge power, respectively; \(P_{dis,\max}\) and \(P_{ch,\max}\) are the maximum limits of charging and discharging power.  
(d) Thermal energy constraints:  
The thermal power balance:  
\[Q_{b1}(t)+Q_{MT}(t)=Q_{D}(t) \tag{22}\]  
where \(Q_{D}(t)\) is the load demand at time \(t\); \(Q_{b}(t)\) and \(Q_{MT}(t)\) are thermal outputting of the gas boiler and micro gas turbine at time \(t\).
## 2 Device Fabrication
### Fabrication of the Collimated VCSEL on PCB
Figure 3 shows the SEM (scanning electron microscope) images of a device after pedestal fabrication (Figure 3a) and after lens integration (Figure 3b), as well as a zoom illustrating the good surface quality of the lens (Figure 3c) and a general view of different VCSELs chips after wire bonding (Figure 3d). Such technology offers a new, efficient, cheap, and straightforward solution for single or multiple VCSEL chip(s) collimation(s) at a post-dicing stage. To verify the collimation effect of our microlens, we measured the divergence angles of the bare VCSELs and lensed VCSELs in the same mode. The applied current in both cases was fixed at 3 mA, and the typical divergence curves obtained before and after lens integration are shown in Figure 4a. The full 1/e\({}^{2}\) divergence angle of the VCSELs could be effectively decreased from 14\({}^{\circ}\) (in red) down to 2.9\({}^{\circ}\) (in blue). The maximal variation observed on the final beam divergence of the five different VCSEL chips shown in Figure 3d was 2.68 \(\pm\) 0.27\({}^{\circ}\), demonstrating the good reproducibility of the developed fabrication method. We also performed light-current characterizations to evaluate the VCSEL performances after lens integration. As seen in Figure 4b, only a slight modification of the L-I-V curve was observed. The threshold current of the VCSEL without lens was around 1.3 mA, while the current for the lensed-VCSEL was 1.5 mA. This phenomenon was linked to the presence of polymer material at the VCSEL surface, as microlens insertion slightly changed the reflexion coefficient of the top mirror [28]. Finally, we checked that the DOP (degree of polarization) of all VCSELs was kept higher than 75% after lens integration. Figure 2: Process flow for microlens integration on a single vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) chip already assembled on printed circuit board (PCB): (**a**) VCSEL chip assembly, (**b**) Soft-thermal printing of DF-1050 dry photoresist film, (**c**) Peeling of the liner’s film, (**d**) Result after 3 soft-printing of DF-1050 films, (**e**) Direct UV laser writing on the printed films for pedestal definition, (**f**) Pedestal hard-bake, (**g**) Inkjet printing of Prielex resist on the pedestal surface, (**h**) UV curing of microlens and wire bonding.
## 1 Introduction
applications, including mechanical reinforcement, provision of gas barriers, dimensional stability, improved heat distortion temperature, flame retardant properties, and thermal conductivity [26]. Various characteristics of polymer nanocomposites filled with nano-precipitated calcium carbonate (nano-PCC) have been reported and these include viscosity, stiffness, dimensional stability, yield stress, and crystallinity enhancements. Nanoclay is another representative nanofiller that exhibits different morphology and properties. Nanoclay is a layered silicate that has a very large surface area and consists of several tens to hundreds of very thin sheets of about 1 nm in thickness and 30-1000 nm in length [27]. Well-dispersed nanoclay platelets in polymers can significantly improve stress-transfer efficiency, and thus, they have a positive impact on impact fracture toughness [28; 29]. They can also show improvements in strength and modulus [30]. However, there is little research for DLP 3D printing application of nanofillers such as nanoclay and nano-PCC. Specially, the hybrid use of cellulose nanocrystal and inorganic nanofillers (i.e., nanoclay and nano-PCC) in DLP 3D printing has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the morphological and mechanical properties of DLP 3D-printed photopolymer nanocomposites filled with CNCs and/or inorganic nanofillers.