## 2 Overview of Original Articles  
Transcatheter interventions have become a valuable therapeutic alternative for the treatment of valvular diseases and are often preferred over surgical replacement by patients with severe symptomatic valve disease. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement has emerged, has been widely assessed, and has become a well-established option [1]. As the procedure has gained maturity, it has been assessed for mitral and pulmonary valve replacement. In this Special Issue, Contribution #1 aimed to demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of 4D cardiac computed tomography (CT) segmentations to conduct a landing zone analysis for the perioperative evaluation of transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement. Determining the optimal delivery is especially important for patients with a history of congenital heart defects, as their anatomy is often altered due to the multiple surgeries they undergo during infancy. One major innovation of transcatheter procedures was their minimally invasive nature. The surgical management of the mitral valve has also evolved into minimally invasive strategies. The authors of Contribution #2 aimed to analyze and report their experience in treating mitral annular calcification via minimally invasive mini-thoracotomy. This study also suggests widening the inclusion selection to include mild-to-severe mitral calcification patients, instead of only severe cases, given the low perioperative mortality reported. However, a recent study performed a risk analysis for this procedure on the mitral valve. The authors highlighted the need for safety surveillance during the learning curve of the surgery program [2]. CT angiography has also demonstrated success for peripheral arterial disease detection and diagnosis. Contribution #3 assessed this approach in 40 patients. The authors' findings demonstrated good reliability for the detection and diagnosis of peripherical arterial disease. Multi-imaging approaches have been demonstrated to facilitate complex cardiovascular surgical procedures. In many situations, previous animal testing is required to assess the effectiveness of the procedure. Contribution #4 aimed to demonstrate the safety, reproducibility, and accuracy of a real-time cross-imaging fusion guide-image to minimize the risk of transjugular intra-hepatic portosystemic shunts in an animal protocol. The authors suggested the potential usefulness of this approach in both emergency and non-emergency clinical contexts. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is widely used for a more detailed assessment of cardiovascular diseases. Its non-ionizing nature facilitates the clinical follow-up of patients without radiation and can often overcome limitations of Doppler ultrasound. More recently, CMR has been used for the imaging of atrial fibrillation (AF) prior to cardiac ablation [3]. Several comorbidities have been associated with the redevelopment and persistence of AF after an ablation procedure. Obesity has been identified as a well-established risk factor for AF. Contribution #5 aimed to determine the factors influencing cardiac fat deposition and its impact on heart function and AF recurrence. Obesity was associated with increased cardiac fat deposition. Biological sex was a determinant of fat deposition locations in the heart, leading to reduced cardiac function. Several questions remained open regarding the association of obesity and cardiac fat deposition with electrical remodeling, left atrial scar location, and impaired hemodynamics. CMR allows for the comprehensive evaluation of blood hemodynamics using 4D flow MRI [4]. This advanced flow imaging technique is typically acquired using a single range of velocities, which is also referred to as single velocity encoding. Recently, dual- and multi-velocity encoding sequences were developed to increase the sampling accuracy range of 4D flow [5; 6]. Contribution #6 aimed to investigate the feasibility and added value of dual-velocity 4D flow encoding to assess complex flow patterns in patients with type B aortic dissection.