esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Study Area and Data Sets  
### Study Area  
Karamay is a prefecture-level city in the northern part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the People's Republic of China. Karamay covers an area of 9500 km\({}^{2}\) and consists of four administrative districts, Urho, Baijiantan, Karamay and Dushanzi (Figure 1). Oil and natural gas are the main natural resources in Karamay with characteristics of large storage and higher quality. The region is in the mid-latitudes and has a typical temperate continental desert climate. The geomorphological type is predominantly Gobi Desert [37] with an altitude of 250 m to 500 m. Of interest, the relatively minor change in elevation assists with achieving a more accurate result in the SAR interferometry by minimizing the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) error.
# Improving the Robustness of DTW to Global Time Warping Conditions in Audio Synchronization
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Non-Uniform Transition Patterns  
A fourth way to deal with severe time warping is to use non-uniform transition patterns at different positions in the cost matrix. This approach is identical to standard DTW except that the set of allowable transitions at each position \((i,j)\) in the pairwise cost matrix may be different. Consider a nominal set of allowable transitions \(\{(0,1),\,(1,0),\,(1,1)\}\) with corresponding weights \(\{1,\,1,\,2\}\) and a desired maximum time warping factor \(W_{max}\). If we remove the \((1,0)\) transition from all positions \((i,j)\) where \(i\%W_{max}==0\), and likewise remove the \((0,1)\) transition from all positions \((i,j)\) where \(j\%W_{max}==0\), then we effectively impose a maximum time warping factor of \(W_{max}\). Figure 1 shows an illustration of the case when \(W_{max}=3\). The benefit of this approach is that it can handle more extreme time warping, but it limits horizontal/vertical degenerate paths and avoids the computational cost of adding additional transition types.  
Figure 1: An example of a pairwise cost matrix in which the set of allowable transitions at each position \((i,j)\) is different. The pattern shown above assumes nominal transitions of \((0,1)\), \((1,0)\), and \((1,1)\), but where \((0,1)\) transitions are removed in every third row and \((1,0)\) transitions are removed in every third column. The resulting pattern allows for a maximum time warping factor of 3.  
In Section 3, we will characterize how effective the above methods are in dealing with varying global time warping conditions.
# Effect of Zr Modification on NH\({}_{3}\)-SCR Reaction Performance of Cu-Ce/SAPO-34 Catalysts
## 3 Results and Discussion
### In Situ DRIFTS Measurements
#### 3.5.1 Nh\({}_{3}\) Adsorption Experiment  
Figure 5 shows the in situ DRIFTS spectra of NH\({}_{3}\) adsorbed onto the 4 Cu-4 Ce-4 Zr/SAPO-34 catalyst. The test temperature was 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the characteristic curves of the samples at 3, 6, 10, 20, 30, and 40 min were recorded. In Figure 5, it can be seen that the characteristic peaks appeared at 1097, 1128, 1400, 1458, 1508, 1651, 2360, 3034, and 3117 cm\({}^{-1}\). The adsorption peak at 3117 cm\({}^{-1}\) in the N-H stretching vibration area was attributed to the symmetric vibrations of NH\({}_{3}\) in the Lewis acid coordination state [22], the peak at 3034 cm\({}^{-1}\) was attributed to the Bronsted acid site with the deformation vibrations of NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\) in an ionic state adsorbed on the peak [23], the peak at 2360 cm\({}^{-1}\) was attributed to the N-N stretching vibrations of surface N\({}_{2}\) molecules [24], and the peak at 1651 cm\({}^{-1}\) was attributed to the symmetric bending vibrations of N-H bonds in covalently adsorbed NH\({}_{3}\) in the Lewis acid sites. The peaks at 1458 and 1400 cm\({}^{-1}\) were classified as the deformed vibrations of NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\) in the ionic state on the Bronsted acid site [25; 26], and the peaks at 1508, 1128, and 1097 cm\({}^{-1}\) were regarded as the symmetric vibrations of NH\({}_{3}\) coordinated by the Lewis acid site [27]. According to the conclusions of the NH\({}_{3}\)-TPD analysis, the majority of the weak acid sites were considered to be weak Lewis acid sites, and the quantity of strong acid sites was less than that of Bronsted acid sites. In general, there were both Lewis acid sites and Bronsted acid sites on the surface of the 4 Cu-4 Ce-4 Zr/SAPO-34 catalyst. Lewis acid sites were dominant due to their large amount, which played an important role in the NH\({}_{3}\)-SCR activity of 4 Cu-4 Ce-4 Zr/SAPO-34.
## 2 Data Acquisition and Processing
### In-Situ Data Collection
#### 2.3.3 Farming Practices  
Information concerning crop type and variety, soil texture, and agronomic practices (soil preparation, sowing, weeding, fertilization, harvesting, _etc._) was recorded for each of the 48 fields. After harvest, farmers also provided the fresh weights of total aboveground biomass and reproductive parts (quantified, for example, in number of carts or bags) for the entire field.
## 5 Experimental Results
### Side Effects Analysis  
The key challenge in designing the stress-based screen methodology is suppressing the adversary effect on the flash reliability (i.e., error characteristics) due to electrical stress added to detect the Soft defect. Figure 14 shows how electrical stress affects RBERs of flash memory quantitatively. From the evaluation results in Figure 14a,b, we know that the effect of 200 erase cycles on RBER can be neglected even at the end-of-life (EOL) stage. Although there is an RBER difference of 1\(\sim\)2 bits, it results from an avoidable noise effect such as RTN (Random Telegraph Noise) [34], not a reliability difference. However, when we apply  
Figure 12: Experimental results for channel hole. Bowing defects (**a**) Error characteristics between WLs. (**b**) Detection accuracy vs. program voltage. (**c**) Infant mortality in a flash chip.  
Figure 13: Experimental results for channel hole Bending defects (**a**) \(V_{th}\) distribution after programming CKBD pattern (**b**) Detection accuracy vs. VCC (**c**) Infant mortality in a flash chip.  
the pre-condition P/E cycles as a source of electrical stress, we should consider how much flash reliability can be degraded as the number of P/E cycles increases. Figure 14c,d show how much RBER can worsen due to the pre-condition P/E cycles. Although the effect of 50 pre-condition P/E cycles is negligible at the early stage of flash lifetime, at the EOL of a flash block, the RBER difference increases up to 5 bits, and RBER variations between flash blocks in a chip are also enlarged. Therefore, it is necessary to implement new stress conditions to maintain stress effects on defect activation while avoiding adverse impacts on flash reliability.  
Before redesigning the stress condition, we first explored the maximum allowable number of pre-condition P/E cycles. Figure 15a shows that the maximum allowable number of pre-condition P/E cycles needs to be limited by 30 to avoid flash reliability degradation. However, as shown in Figure 14b, 30 pre-condition P/E cycles are insufficient to activate all hidden channel hole defects at room temperature (25 \({}^{\circ}\)C). To find out the optimal stress condition, we examined additional bad blocks during the early stage of the flash lifetime while varying the number of pre-condition P/E cycles and operating temperature. Evaluation results in Figure 15d confirmed that when the operating temperature is set to 85 \({}^{\circ}\)C, additional bad blocks (i.e., infant mortality) can be removed with only 30 pre-condition P/E cycles without degrading the flash reliability.
## 5 Conclusions  
The experimental results show that the standard deviations of the X-axis coordinate, Y-axis coordinate and yaw angle errors are less than 6 mm, 14 mm and 0.3\({}^{\circ}\), respectively, and the maximum errors are less than 10 mm, 32 mm and 0.65\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. This is indicative of high accuracy, sufficient to meet the accuracy requirements of detection. The position error of the tracked vehicle is less than 13 mm and the yaw angle error is less than 0.16\({}^{\circ}\), which meets the requirements of motion control accuracy. At the same time, the maximum angular velocity in the correction process is 0.07 rad/s, which is less than 0.82 rad/s in the traditional correction strategy. This improves the stability of the roadheader movement while ensuring correction accuracy.  
Conceptualization, Y.M. and H.C. ([PERSON]); Methodology, Y.M.; Software, W.Y.; Validation, H.C. ([PERSON]); Data curation, H.C. ([PERSON]); Writing--original draft, W.Y.; Writing--review & editing, H.C. ([PERSON]); Supervision, D.Z.; Project administration, H.C. ([PERSON]); Funding acquisition, Y.M. and H.C. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number (51874157, 51974159, 52174115), and the Innovation Leading Team of Liaoning Technical University, grant number (LNTU20 TD-02).  
Not applicable.  
The data that support the findings of this study are available within the article.  
Our deepest gratitude goes to the anonymous reviewers for their careful work and thoughtful suggestions that have helped improve this paper substantially.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Discussion
### RQ1: What Were the Approaches Adopted by Thermal Comfort Studies Conducted in Bus Cabins?  
The approaches assumed or investigated in the thermal comfort studies applied in bus cabin environments were identified in the general objective of each research included by this review. Table 7 shows the result of this proposed identification.  
According to Table 7, most thermal comfort studies in bus cabin environments focused on the thermal sensation aspect. Of the 16 research papers directed at the most investigated aspect, 12 analyzed only the passenger cabins [5; 9; 10; 11; 13; 14; 46; 47; 48; 53; 55], two observed only the drivers [18], one focused on passengers and drivers [49], and two sampled drivers and ticket collectors [50; 52].  
The two papers that addressed the productivity aspect are aligned with the drivers, who were questioned regarding the interference of thermal comfort in their driving performance [19; 51]. They were two field studies that sought, subjectively, to correlate the six parameters employed in the models of thermal comfort with the performance of these workers, through five questions about each parameter.  
Concerning the energy or fuel conservation aspect, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] in their field study conducted in the Netherlands, sought to save energy in electric buses without compromising the feeling of well-being of the passengers. [PERSON] et al. [16; 54] conducted an experiment and developed a control strategy for an air-conditioning system aiming to save fuel in Chinese buses without affecting the passengers' thermal comfort. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17], through a field study in China, developed models that combined thermal comfort and air quality, elements that might be capable of optimizing air-conditioning control, maintaining an optimal balance between energy conservation and passenger satisfaction.  
Overall, the energy and fuel economy approach is always accompanied by the well-being approach, seeing that saving fuel is pointless without providing a comfort level suitable for bus passengers.
# Studies and Rejection of Intercrystal Crosstalk on FPGA in a High-Energy Photon-Counting System
## 2 Methodology
### Steel Penetration (SP) Simulation Model  
There are three commonly used indicators for large container inspection system to assess the performance: Contrast Index (CI) [25, 26]. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) [27], and SP [20]. The SP indicator is tested in Section 5, which is defined as the maximum thickness of the iron plate (Fe) when an absorber behind the plate can still be recognized. We built a SP simulation model based on Geant4 and verified the rejection performance of the proposed method for intercrystal scattering in Section 5.1. A lead block (Pb, 100 \(\times\) 100 \(\times\) 200 mm\({}^{3}\)) is  
Figure 1: The probability of crosstalk caused by photons with different energies and the distribution of crosstalk deposition locations (with the incident detector as the comparison standard).  
Figure 2: Schematic of system geometry and the measurement procedure, in which collimator width is changed from 5 mm to 10 mm and the thickness of the iron plate is set to 10, 20, and 30 cm, respectively.  
usually taken as the absorber in the SP model. Simulation is conducted in Geant4 as shown in Figure 3.
## 4 Conclusions  
We have obtained exact analytical solutions for velocity profiles and shear stresses. Fractional Maxwell, Kelvin-Voigt, Zener, Poynting-Thomson, and Burgers models were considered. We demonstrated that the same form of the solution is applicable to all the models considered, thus generalizing prior studies. For both centerline velocity and shear profiles, three types of behavior (monotonically increasing, resonant, oscillating aperiodic) have been identified. In addition to it, switching between trends of relative velocity amplitudes have been predicted. Monotonically decreasing trends were found to be typical for relatively low values of normalized pipe radius with more complex behaviors taking place for higher values of the normalized radius. In addition to this, centerline velocity profiles featured almost constant plateaus. The proposed models cover the widest range of viscoelastic materials both in terms of the balance between viscous and elastic properties (via fractional-order) and the ratio of elastic properties for complex materials.  
The approach we developed features an advantage that is worth mentioning. It allows the wide range of fractional viscoelastic models to be represented and solved in the same functional form. In fact, the entire system behavior can be described by a single function \(\xi\) (or \(\tilde{\omega}\)). It, in turn, is related to a complex compliance with the functional form identical for all five models considered in this study. Knowing complex compliance, complex and relaxation moduli and creep compliance are readily obtained. These quantities can be directly measured thus providing immediate practical applications for materials analysis. However, for some specific fields (e.g., polymers), experimental creep compliance data for short times has not been well-established so far. This problem was outlined in recent studies (see, for example, Reference [74]). It definitely deserves attention of the research community and will hopefully be addressed in future studies.  
The following are available online at [[http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/24/9093/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/24/9093/s1)]([http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/24/9093/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/24/9093/s1)).  
Conceptualization, D.G.; methodology, D.G.; software, D.G.; validation, R.P.; formal analysis, D.G.; investigation, D.G.; resources, R.P.; writing--original draft preparation, D.G.; writing--review and editing, R.P.; funding acquisition, R.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Argonne National Laboratory through grant #ANL 4J-303061-0030A \"Multiscale modeling of complex flows\".  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 PSIFTIS Imaging Experiment Results and Data Processing
### Infrared Polarization Image Fusion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & \(\mathbf{0}^{\circ}\) & \(\mathbf{45}^{\circ}\) & \(\mathbf{90}^{\circ}\) & \(\mathbf{135}^{\circ}\) & **Means of Different** & **Fusion** \\  & **Polarization** & **Polarization** & **Polarization** & **Polarization** & **Polarization Images** & **Polarization** \\ \hline PSNR & 34.7211 & 34.8012 & 34.7931 & 34.7033 & 34.7547 & 56.0787 \\ AG & 7.5988 & 8.9013 & 8.4875 & 6.0465 & 7.7585 & 11.4275 \\ EN & 6.6616 & 6.7024 & 6.7536 & 6.5899 & 6.6769 & 7.2470 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Evaluation and analysis of polarimetric image array fusion. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & **MSE** & **PSNR** & **EN** & **MI** \\ \hline PI & 9.2040 & 38.4910 & 1.0768 & / \\ PF & 10.4426 & 37.9427 & 1.0896 & / \\ Maximum Value of & 10.4424 & 37.9428 & 1.1076 & 1.6908 \\ Regional Contrast & 9.1250 & 38.5285 & 1.1094 & 1.5396 \\ Minimum Value of & 12.4729 & 37.1711 & 1.0720 & 1.6575 \\ Maximum Value of & 7.2628 & 39.5198 & 1.1336 & 2.0651 \\ Weighted Regional Energy & 7.2628 & 39.5198 & 1.1336 & 2.0651 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Evaluation of different high-frequency horizontal component fusion rules. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & **MSE** & **PSNR** & **EN** & **MI** \\ \hline PI & 0.1326 & 56.9048 & 0.2772 & / \\ PF & 0.5865 & 50.4480 & 0.7176 & / \\ Maximum Value of & 0.5864 & 50.4480 & 0.2704 & 0.3121 \\ Average Value of & 0.2245 & 54.6178 & 0.2075 & 0.2150 \\ Minimum Value of & 0.6054 & 50.3105 & 0.2561 & 0.2570 \\ Maximum Value of & 0.1171 & 57.4456 & 0.7341 & 0.7227 \\ Weighted Regional Energy & 0.1171 & 57.4456 & 0.7341 & 0.7227 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Evaluation of different high-frequency diagonal component fusion rules. Because each image unit in the polarization image array has a small number of pixels, the polarization image array obtained by fusion is reconstructed with pseudo color super-resolution to improve the image resolution, and then the image units are fused with the contrast-weighted average, as shown in Figure 22b. Figure 22a shows the unprocessed polarization image unit. Subjectively, it can be seen that the complementarity between image units makes the fused image complete without loss, and the clarity and detail information of the fused image are higher than the unprocessed image; from the objective index, the peak signal-to-noise ratio is increased by 45.67%, the average gradient is increased by 8.03%, the information entropy is increased by 56.98%, and the image quality is significantly improved.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### The Preparation of RTV-SWCNTs Composite  
To improve the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix, the surface modification of the SWCNTs is needed to improve its dispersion. The existing modification technologies can be roughly divided into two categories: covalent functionalization and noncovalent functionalization [21]. In this paper, noncovalent functionalization is used to modify the surface of the SWCNTs. Two-component room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV) is used as the matrix material, which consists of rubber (component A) and a cross-linking agent (component B). SWCNTs are used as the reinforced phase, and tetrahydrofuran (THF), which is a volatile solvent, is used as the dispersant. RTV-SWCNTs composites with SWCNT volume contents of 0.25 vol%, 0.5 vol%, 1 vol%, 2 vol%, and 4 vol% are prepared, respectively. Each SWCNTs-A solution is treated in a static state to observe whether there is precipitation in the solution and to preliminarily judge the dispersion of the SWCNTs in the RTV. The SWCNTs-A solution samples standing for 48 h are shown in Figure 2.  
It could be seen that there was no precipitation of the SWCNTs in the SWCNTs-A solution, indicating that the solvent THF can disperse the SWCNTs in component A of the RTV.  
Figure 1: Structure schematic of the three-layer BHP structure.  
Figure 2: SWCNTs-A solution samples after 48 h of precipitation.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, the deformation and failure characteristics were captured through uniaxial compression tests on a tunnel with different structural plane dip angles, and the following conclusions were drawn:  
(1) The dip angle of the interface has a significant effect on the strength of the rock surrounding the tunnel. As the angle of the interface increased, the UCS of the sample first decreased and then increased, and reached the minimum value at 60\({}^{\circ}\). This result indicates that 60\({}^{\circ}\) is the most dangerous angle in the tunnel, and should be paid more attention in engineering.  
(2) According to the deformation results, it was found that stress concentration can easily occur close to the interface, which is an area prone to damage. Under the influence of interfaces with different dip angles, the deformation modes in the surrounding rock of the tunnel are obviously different, and the deformation contour generally converges toward the tunnel cavity.  
(3) There are five types of failure in the surrounding rock, namely, tensile failure, shear failure, contact slip failure, collapse failure, and bending failure. Tension failure was the main failure form and appeared in all samples. Shear failure occurred mainly in samples with a small dip angle. The slip failure of the interface mainly occurred in samples with \(\alpha\) greater than 45\({}^{\circ}\). The 90\({}^{\circ}\) dip angle was dominated by collapse failure, while the 0\({}^{\circ}\) dip angle was dominated by bending failure.  
(4) In tunneling, rock masses generally incorporate two or three major joint sets instead of one discontinuity set. A wedge may form when two intersecting surfaces (such as bedding, faults, or joints) meet, and the block moves downward. The combined form of two structural planes is calculated by numerical simulation, and the strength prediction formula of the rock mass is obtained. When the combination of the structural plane is 45\({}^{\circ}\)+60\({}^{\circ}\), the rock mass is at its weakest.  
Conceptualization, Z.S. and X.D.; methodology, X.D.; software, X.Y.; validation, Z.S. and P.L.; investigation, X.Y.; data curation, Z.S.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.S.; writing--review and editing, P.L.; visualization, X.Y.; supervision, X.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China, grant number 2018 YFC0809600, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 51978019, and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation, grant number 8222004.  
Not applicable.  
The relevant data are all included in the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.