## 3 Results  
### Inactivation Efficiency of B. atrophaeus by Direct CAPP  
Recovery of viable spores on barley seeds displayed large standard deviations. Therefore, calculation of recovery from CAPP treatments, as well as gas control (Cg), also resulted in high standard deviations for both plasma sources (Figure 2). Inactivation efficiency in both plasma sources showed no significant differences compared to gas flow of argon alone (Cg 2 min 0.85 \(\pm\) 2.6 log\({}_{10}\) reduction CFU/mL), nor with increasing exposure time to CAPP (\(p\) = 0.718; Figure 2A,E). Moreover, differences between the two plasma sources were not significant (\(p\) = 0.633). The mean inactivation detected for the volume-DBD treatment was 1.37 \(\pm\) 1.36 log\({}_{10}\) reduction CFU/mL and 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.32 lo\({}_{10}\) g reduction CFU/mL for CD treatment across all exposure times to CAPP. Maximum mean decontamination was 1.43 \(\pm\) 1.38 log\({}_{10}\) reduction CFU/mL for 10 min volume-DBD treatment. For wheat, a significant reduction in _B. atrophaeus_ spores was observed compared to the gas control and 5 and 10 min exposure times for the volume-DBD treatments and all exposure times in the CD treatment (Figure 2B,F). Maximum inactivation occurred after 10 min exposure in both plasma sources with 0.96 \(\pm\) 0.15 log\({}_{10}\) reduction CFU/mL for the volume-DBD and 1.19 \(\pm\) 0.35 log\({}_{10}\) reduction CFU/mL for the CD plasma source. Moreover, One-way-ANCOVA showed that the plasma source type did not significantly affect inactivation efficiency (\(p\) = 0.276), with a mean inactivation across all exposure times for volume-DBD treatment of 0.57 \(\pm\) 0.32 log\({}_{10}\) reduction CFU/mL and 0.83 \(\pm\) 0.41 log\({}_{10}\) reduction CFU/mL for CD treatment. On the other hand, exposure time significantly affected inactivation efficiency (One-way-ANCOVA, \(p\leq\) 0.001), with no significant interactions between the factor plasma source and the covariate time of exposure (One-way-ANCOVA, \(p\) = 0.999). Efficiency of inactivation in rapeseed increased with elevated exposure time in both plasma sources and was significantly higher compared to the gas control only (\(p\leq 0.01\); Figure 2C,G). Apart from this, there was no significant difference in inactivation between the plasma sources (\(p=0.116\)), with mean values across all exposure times for volume-DBD of 1.52 \(\pm\) 0.55 log\({}_{10}\) reduction CFU/mL and 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.49 log\({}_{10}\) reduction CFU/mL for CD. Maximum mean inactivation occurred at 10 min volume-DBD treatment, reaching 2.08 \(\pm\) 0.42 log\({}_{10}\) CFU/mL reduction. Exposure time, on the other hand, displayed a significant impact on inactivation efficiency (One-way-ANCOVA, \(p\leq 0.001\)). Plasma source, as well as the interaction of factor plasma source and co-variate exposure time, was not significant (One-way-ANCOVA, \(p=0.118\), \(p=0.928\), respectively). Inactivation in lupine increased with elevated exposure time with significant differences between gas control and 5 and 10 min exposure time in the volume-DBD treatment, as well as in all exposure time in the CD treatment (\(p\leq 0.01\); Figure 2D,H). Mean inactivation of the volume-DBD treatment was 1.59 \(\pm\) 0.77 log\({}_{10}\) reduction CFU/mL and 0.98 \(\pm\) 0.38 log\({}_{10}\) reduction CFU/mL for the CD treatment across all exposure times. Maxi  
Figure 2: Inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus spores for the volume-DBD (**left column**) and CD (**right column**) treatment of barley (**A,E**), wheat (**B,F**), rapeseed (**C,G**) and lupine (**D,H**). The dotted line is equal to the zero reference line. ** denotes statistically significant differences in mean values relative to Cg 2 min with \(p\leq 0.01\) according to One Way Analysis of variance and multiple comparisons versus the control group (Bonferroni \(t\)-test). mum mean decontamination was detected at 10 min exposure to the volume-DBD with 2.15 \(\pm\) 0.51 log\({}_{10}\) CFU/mL reduction.