## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Screening of NADES for Phytochemical Recovery Across Diverse Plant Matrices  
The current study evaluated five natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) formulated with choline chloride and other natural compounds. These synthesized NADESs were utilized in extraction protocols and compared with traditional solvents such as ethanol, acetone, and water for recovering bioactive compounds. The efficiency of solvents in extracting red (betanin) and yellow (vulgaxanthin) pigments from dried beetroot was evaluated, as shown in Figure 1. Among the tested solvents, NADES2 exhibited the highest extraction efficiency for both pigments, yielding 179.86 mg of betanin/100 g d.m. and 170.77 mg of vulgaxanthin/100 g d.m. For red pigment extrac \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Factors** & **Name** & **Units** & **Low (\(-\)1)** & **Medium (0)** & **High (+1)** \\ \hline
1 & Temperature & \({}^{\circ}\)C & 40 & 60 & 80 \\
2 & Time & min & 10 & 30 & 50 \\
3 & Liquid/Solid Ratio & \(v/m\) & 5 & 10 & 15 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Coded levels and decoded values of Box–Behnken design. tion, NADES4 (163.73 mg/100 g d.m.) also exhibited strong performance without any statistical differences. NADES5 (137.23 mg/100 g d.m. ), conventional water extraction (125.40 mg/100 g d.m. ), and NADES1 (119.31 mg/100 g d.m.) showed moderate efficacy, while NADES3 (68.11 mg/100 g d.m.) was the least effective. In yellow pigment extraction, NADES4 (134.82 mg/100 g d.m.) and NADES5 (129.01 mg/100 g d.m.) followed NADES2 in performance, and water (100.38 mg/100 g d.m.) outperformed NADES1 (83.73 mg/100 g d.m. ), while NADES3 (24.42 mg/100 g d.m.) again ranked lowest, highlighting its poor suitability for pigment recovery. Other research also investigated betalain extraction methods from beetroot. [PERSON] et al. [24] created a deep eutectic solvent (DES) by combining magnesium chloride hexahydrate with urea and tested this at pH levels of 3 and 7, comparing it to water under the same conditions. They found that the DES (2:1 ratio, pH 3) facilitated the highest recovery of betalain at 3.99 mg/g, compared to 3.55 mg/g for water [24]. In a study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [25], the authors prepared 10 distinct DES mixtures using choline chloride or various hydrogen bond acceptors, including ascorbic, lactic, or malic acids, and combined them with hydrogen bond donors like ethylene glycol, butanediol, acetic acid, glycerol, glucose, sorbitol, and xylitol. The obtained mixtures were utilized for extracting betalains from beetroot. The central composite design was used to optimize the recovery protocol. A choline chloride-glucose combination with a molar ratio of 1:0.75, a water content of 30.83%, and a temperature of 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C produced 1192.17 mg/kg of betalain, 738.83 mg/kg of betacyanin, and 453.34 mg/kg of betaxanthin. Moreover, the authors recognized that the stability and bioaccessibility of betalains extracted using NADESs have improved. The leafy Amaranth (_Amaranthus_ L.) is another example of a plant rich in betalains. Due to the low extraction yield with conventional solvents, [PERSON] et al. [26] developed a green method utilizing ultrasound-assisted extraction with NADESs. The combination of  
Figure 1: Comparison of the tested solvents regarding their efficiency in extracting red pigment (mg of betanin/100 g d.m.) and yellow pigment (mg of vulgaxanthin/100 g d.m.) from dried beetroot. Error bars represent the standard deviation (SD) of three independent measurements. The values with the same uppercase letters (A–C) for red pigment or lowercase letters (a–e) for yellow pigment do not differ significantly (\(\alpha\) = 0.05). lactic acid and fructose outperformed four other NADESs, yielding 79.68 mg of betalains per 100 g of fresh weight. A significant yield enhancement was observed following the use of ultrasonication, achieving 297.28 mg per 100 g, which represents a 12-fold increase over conventional methods and 3.7 times higher than the NADES alone.