## 3 Results
### Joint Range of Motion  
The results of the joints' range of motion during walking are summarized in Table 3.  
There was a significant large effect of load on hip abduction-abduction range of motion (\(p<0.001\), \(\eta 2\)p = 0.600), as well as on foot pronation--supination (\(p<0.05\), \(\eta 2\)p = 0.412), which demonstrated a larger range of motion during walking with a load compared with the no-load condition. No effect of load carrying was found on other measured variables (\(p>0.05\)). There was a significant large effect of group (\(p=0.041\), \(\eta 2\)p = 0.185) on adduction-abduction range of motion. This implies that the research group (PFPS) had a smaller hip range of motion. There was a significant interaction be  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PFPS Group**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Control Group**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\(p\) Value (between**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(p\) Value (between**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(p\) Value (between**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(p\) Value (Intersection \\  & **Without** & **Load** & **With Load** & **Without** & **Load** & **Load** & **With Load** & **With Load** & **With Load** \\  & **\(\mathbf{\overline{X}}\) (\(\pm\)SD)** & **\(\mathbf{\overline{X}}\) (\(\pm\)SD)** & **\(\mathbf{\overline{X}}\) (\(\pm\)SD)** & **(\(\pm\)SD)** & **Square n2p)** & **Square n2p)** & **Square n2p)** \\ \hline
**Hip adduction** & 4.51 (2.10) & 4.64 (3.07) & 2.59 (2.56) & 4.92 (2.30) & 0.017 \({}^{*}\) & 0.399 & 0.029 \({}^{*}\) \\
**Hip internal** & 7.53 (8.23) & 9.80 (9.00) & 5.21 (4.22) & 6.88 (4.76) & 0.018 \({}^{*}\) & 0.455 & 0.718 \\
**rotation** & 26.49 (4.35) & 29.12 (5.97) & 24.20 (4.94) & 26.92 (4.28) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 0.260 & 0.945 \\  & & & & & (0.411) & (0.060) & (0.000) \\
**Knee valgus** & 8.51 (6.51) & 10.57 (3.97) & 7.68 (2.67) & 9.03 (2.40) & 0.003 \({}^{*}\) & 0.469 & 0.498 \\  & & & & & (0.344) & (0.025) & (0.022) \\
**Knee internal** & 11.82 (7.84) & 13.75 (5.79) & 10.44 (5.93) & 11.46 (4.52) & 0.004 \({}^{*}\) & 0.541 & 0.180 \\  & **Foot** & 1.57 (9.16) & 3.35 (9.62) & 0.56 (7.78) & 2.4 (6.72) & 0.028 \({}^{*}\) & 0.776 & 0.971 \\  & & & & & (0.210) & (0.004) & (0.009) \\ \hline  & & & & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Joint maximal angle parameters with and without load according to research groups and load condition (right leg, in degrees).  
Figure 3: Hip joint adduction maximal angle (in degrees) according to the PFPS, controls and load conditions (right leg).  
tween group and condition in the hip adduction-abduction range of motion (\(p\) = 0.025, \(\eta\)2p = 0.217). In the PFPS group, the mean hip adduction-abduction range of motion was 11.20 (\(\pm\)2.13)\({}^{\circ}\) and 13.2 1(\(\pm\)2.24)\({}^{\circ}\) without and with weight compared with 11.98 (\(\pm\)1.72)\({}^{\circ}\) and 16.99 (\(\pm\)4.38)\({}^{\circ}\) in the controls (Figure 4). This suggests a larger adduction-abduction range of motion in the control group. No other differences were found between groups regarding joint range of motions. No interaction between weight carrying and dominant leg or between weight carrying and leg side (left or right) was found, without a difference between groups.