# Image Analysis and Processing for Generating Camouflages from Digital Earth Photographs
## 5 Analysis and Verification of Camouflage Generation Algorithm and Application  
In order to estimate the quality of generated camouflages and compare them with those generated by other camouflage generators, we used the method of estimating the quality of camouflage based on color difference and size of gradient [19]. This method is shown in Figure 17.  
The method receives as an input (point (a) in Figure 17) a background slice in which the quality of the camouflage is tested, and the tested camouflage itself (both images must be of the same size). Then, the ICSI (image color similarity index) [19] (point (b) in Figure 17) and GMSD (gradient magnitude similarity deviation) [19] (point (c) in Figure 17) values are calculated between the background and the camouflage. We add the obtained results together with appropriate weights denoting the importance of the given information (point  
Figure 16: Graphic layer class diagram of _CamnoGenerator_ application. Figure 17: Method of estimating the camouflage quality [19]. (d) in Figure 17) and we obtain an estimated value of the camouflage quality, whereby the closer it is to the \"0\" value, the better the quality of the camouflage is. The received value does not have a \"1\". Several background scenes (N) and camouflage images (M) are introduced into the camouflage quality estimation method. Color and texture are analyzed using ICSI and GMSD indicators. When calculating ICSI and GMSD, the resolutions of the camouflage and background images are aligned to facilitate comparison. Since ICSI and GMSD are computed for paired images, the \(M\times N\) color and texture matrices are obtained separately. The weights of each metric are determined using the information entropy method. The final performance rating for each camouflage pattern is determined by the weighted average of the difference between the camouflage image and all background images. Three types of terrain were selected for the camouflage analysis: desert, temperate forest, and steppe. For each area, on the basis of digital Earth images, the camouflages were generated using the developed application and previously analyzed applications. In addition, military camouflages intended for operations in the abovementioned areas were analyzed in order to compare the camouflages created by the _CammoGenerator_ application. The images used for the analysis (digital Earth and images of the area) were obtained from Google Maps [20]. When performing the calculations, the weight of each of the parameters (ICSI and GMSD) was assumed to be the same, i.e., it amounts to 0:5, and the calculations were performed in Matlab [21]. Figure 18 shows the digital Earth images used to generate the camouflage and the images of the areas from digital Earth photo areas needed for quality analysis. Figures 19-21 show the camouflages analyzed in these three mentioned areas: forest terrain, steppe terrain, and desert terrain. Figure 18: Photographs of the terrains (digital Earth and real) used during the camouflage analysis: forest terrain, steppe terrain, and desert terrain. Figure 19: Camouflages analyzed in the forest area: (**A**) generated with created _CammoGenerator_, (**B**) generated with _Camouflage Generator_[15], (**C**) generated with _Digital Cammo Generator_[16], (**D**) MARPAT camouflage (Marine pattern) [22], (**E**) EMR camouflage (Edinaya maskrovochnaya rascvetka) [23], (**F**) tested section of terrain. Figure 20: Camouflages analyzed in the steppe area: (**A**) generated with created _CammoGenerator_, (**B**) generated with _Camouflage Generator_[15], (**C**) generated with _Digital Cammo Generator_[16], (**D**) UCP camouflage (Universal Camouflage Pattern) [24], (**E**) tested section of terrain. The camouflages analyzed in selected areas are as follows: (1) generated with created _CammoGenerator_ (Figure 22), (2) generated with _Camouflage Generator_[15], (3) generated with _Digital Cammo Generator_[16], (4) MAPAT camouflage (Marine pattern) [22], and (5) EMR camouflage (Edinaya maskrovochnaya rascvetka) [23].