## 4 Results and Discussion
### A Comparative Assessment with Similar Studies  
Rockfall hazard and risk assessment have remained an important topic for researchers over the last three decades. Assessing hazard and risk for rockfalls involves several methodologies, which mainly depend on the purpose and scale of the investigation. The common target areas are highways, transportation corridors, river terraces, cultural and historical sites, open-pit coal mining sites, valleys, and rock cliffs. With the change in the purpose of the investigation, the methodological framework differs significantly. Transportation corridors and highways are the most common target of rockfall hazard and risk assessment studies, which are usually performed through modified RHRS models [2; 14; 27; 31; 34; 48; 65; 66]. Similarly, historical and cultural heritage sites have been investigated for hazard and risk mapping through numerical analysis, experimental work, and modified risk rating systems [21; 35; 37; 67; 68]. The physically-based computer model is applied for assessing rockfall hazard and risk in Yosemite valley, USA [33]. Most hazardous areas of rockfall in the open-pit coal mines were determined through a novel Evolving Rockfall Hazard Assessment (ERHA) model by [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [12]. Modern-day GIS and LiDAR technology has been utilized for a rockfall hazard and risk assessment study in Malaysia [69]. The current model also computes the hazard and risk along the KKH, but with a slight modification. This modification is the quantification of animal activity at slopes that trigger rockfall.  
Modification of the RHRS models has remained a continuous process after the first model developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [23] and the most adopted RHRS model [1]. The RHRS model by [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [1] assesses rockfall hazard along Oregon's roads. This model laid the foundations for modern RHRS models. The parameters used in the RHRS model refer to both hazard and risk definitions explained by [PERSON], et al. [70].  
Later, [PERSON] [71] suggested to divide the model into hazard rating and risk rating. The first attempt to modify the RHRS model was carried out by the New York department of transportation by developing the Rock Slope Rating procedure (RSRP). With minor modifications, [PERSON] [27] developed the mRHRS model. To address rockfall hazard in the USA and other parts of the world, various rockfall models have been developed, namely MORFH RS (Missouri), ORHRM (Ohio), TRHRS (Tennessee), CRHRS (Colarado), RHRON (Ontario), R\({}^{3}\)S\({}^{2}\) (Austria), and FRHI, RRRS (Greece) [11]. All the modified RHRS models are easy to use. Modifications are based on the requirement of each transportation board. The modification of models is actually the consideration and explanation of all the parameters in detail from the basic RHRS model. The need of modification of a model further extends to the geological, topographic, and climatic conditions of the particular area for which the model has been developed. The current RHRSP model presents a novel attempt to quantify the animal activity on slopes, which is a major source of rockfall triggering in the mountainous terrains of Pakistan. RHRSP is equally applicable to other parts of the world with the same geological and morphological conditions.