## 5 Conclusions  
The objective of this study was to analyze the response of ecosystem indicators to climate change and human activities across different climate zones in Xinjiang. The assessment was performed using the GPP, ET, and LAI from 2001 to 2015. In general, the positive correlation of ecosystem indicators with precipitation was higher than the correlation with temperature. Precipitation improved ecosystem indicators in the hyper-arid zone, and temperature had negative impacts on GPP and LAI in the hyper-arid zone, suggesting that water availability is a limiting factor in the hyper-arid zone. As the climate becomes more suitable for vegetation growth, the positive effects of temperature increase and the negative effects of precipitation increase. GPP and LAI increased and ET decreased in 2001-2015 in Xinjiang. Climate change and human activities were both driving factors affecting ecosystem indicators. Among all ecosystem indicators change that occurred in Xinjiang, the relative contributions of climate change accounted for 19%, 23.8%, and 23.2% in ET, GPP, and LAI, and the relative contributions of human activities were responsible for 80.9%, 78.2%, and 76.8%, respectively, indicating that human activities were the dominant driver of changes in ecosystem indicators. The relative contributions of human activities have considerable impacts on vegetation indicators in the hyper-arid and arid zones. The results from this study highlight the impact of human activities on ecosystem change. Research on changes in ecosystem indicators in arid areas must consider the impact of human activities, such as grazing, irrigation, and land use changes. **Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14163911/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14163911/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14163911/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14163911/s1)), Figure S1: The Sen trend (a) and the Mann-Kendall test (b) of ET, GPP, and LAI in different climate zones from 2001 to 2015; Figure S2: The Sen trend of PRE and TEM in different climate zones from 2001 to 2015; Figure S3: The drought affected areas in Xinjiang from 2001 to 2015; Figure S4: Spatial pattern of the correlation between precipitation (a), temperature (b), and ecosystem indicators (ET, GPP, and LAI) in different climate zones from 2001 to 2015; Figure S5: Spatial distribution of the relative role of climate change (a) and human activities (b) on the variation of the ecosystem indicators (ET, GPP, and LAI) in different climate zones from 2001 to 2015; Figure S6: Relationship between satellite-driven data (MODIS) and the BESS model in Xinjiang; Figure S7: Spatial distribution of the relative role of climate change (a) and human activities (b) on the variation of the ecosystem indicators (ET, GPP, and LAI) in different climate zones during the optimum precipitation accumulation period from 2001 to 2015; Table S1: Summary of the data; Table S2: Percentage of areas with Inter-annual variations of ecosystem indicators; Table S3: Percentage of areas with the positive correlation between ecosystem indicators and climate variables; Table S4: The contribution of climate change and human activities to the variation of ecosystem indicators; Table S5: Cultivated areas and cotton yield in southern Xinjiang and the number of livestock in the IIi region; Table S6: Average correlations between ecosystem indicators and precipitation accumulated over various lengths of time in the entire Xinjiang; and Table S7: Averagecorrelations between ecosystem indicators and precipitation accumulated over various lengths of time for each pixel in Xinjiang. Y.Z. : writing--original draft, investigation, data curation, software; Y.L. : supervision; W.L. : software, writing--original draft preparation, editing; F.L. : software, performed the computations; Q.X. : writing--review and editing, conceptualization. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.