esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Assessment of Litter Characteristics
As shown in Table 2, carbon content in the waste tea was 529 \(\pm\) 24, which enhanced the nitrogen-fixing capacity of the microorganisms, and reduced the volatilization of NH\({}_{3}\). The C/N in the litter in the waste-tea-litter group (13.3 \(\pm\) 2.0) was higher than that in the nonlitter group (12.8 \(\pm\) 1.4), but the difference was not significant. Therefore, for the broiler litter in the waste-tea-litter group, the litter moisture content and pH had a more obvious effect on the NH\({}_{3}\) emissions compared with C/N. To sum up, the physical and chemical properties of waste tea could affect the NH\({}_{3}\) generation and emission process in the litter. (1) The best C/N range of microorganisms was 25-35, while the C/N of the waste tea was 20.1 \(\pm\) 2.7. Therefore, C/N was not the main affecting factor in NH\({}_{3}\) emissions under the experimental conditions. (2) The moisture content of the waste tea was as low as 8.4% \(\pm\) 1.4, while the moisture contents of the chicken litter and waste tea litter were 73.1% \(\pm\) 4.2 and 59.3 \(\pm\) 1.3, respectively. Due to good hygroscopicity of the tea, the moisture required for microorganism activity was decreased, and the microorganism activity was inhibited. (3) Thanks to special porosity, tea could provide oxygen for aerobic bacteria, and the bacteria had a better capacity to transform NH\({}_{3}\) into organics under aerobic conditions through nitrogen assimilation or nitrogen immobilization. (4) When the weakly acidic tea was mixed with the litter, the H\({}^{+}\) in the litter increased, which enabled the balance relationship between NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\) and NH\({}_{3}\) toward the NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\), and reduced the production of NH\({}_{3}\). (5) The NH\({}_{3}\) volatilization was related to wind speed and the litter surface area. The wind speeds in the two rearing chambers in the rearing experiment were the same. Therefore, the litter surface area was the key. The total excreta of each broiler in the waste-tea-litter group and the nonlitter group was 990 g and 823 g, respectively. Although NH\({}_{3}\) volatilization was in positive correlation with the litter surface area and excreta mass, the NH\({}_{3}\) emissions in the waste-tea-litter group was much lower than in the nonlitter group. The reason might be that the porous surface structure of the waste tea caused the physical absorption of NH\({}_{3}\). The high-balance moisture regain of waste tea could help absorb the NH\({}_{3}\) in the air that was dissolved in manure and urine.
# A Cache Placement Strategy with Energy Consumption Optimization in Information-Centric Networking
## 2 Related Work
[PERSON] and others proposed a cooperative cache routing mechanism [22], in which the idea of centralized control is applied to cache management; not only is caching efficiency improved, but load distribution balancing is also improved. [PERSON] and others proposed a hot area control and content scheduling caching algorithm [23]. The node heat is judged according to the node medium and the node access degree, and the number of request hops is reduced effectively. The selection of placement nodes in the above strategies is mainly based on the content popularity and collaboration, and only from the node of view of service; other performance indicators in the network have not been paid attention to. PSIRP (Publish-subscribe Internet Routing Paradigm) is designed, prototyped, and investigated in clean-slate architecture for the future Internet based on the published-subscribe paradigm [4]. Its architectures are expected to effectively support mobility. Furthermore, based on the ICN paradigm, the authors presents network architecture for the IoT (Internet of Things) [5]. The authors analyze large content in intensive applications and how looped replacement occurs [24]. In one study [25], the authors introduce the Network-oriented Information-centric Centrality for Efficiency (NICE) as a new metric for cache management in ICN. Reference [26] proposes an N-hop content store-based caching policy and routing protocol. In [27; 28; 29], the GreenICN concept has been proposed, and it aims to bridge this gap, addressing how the ICN network and devices can operate in a highly scalable and energy-efficient way. The team is very well positioned to design, prototype, and deploy GreenICN technology, and validate usability and performance of real-world GreenICN applications, contributing to creating a new, low-energy ICN. In general, we can see that the deficiencies in the above strategies mainly include: (1) The placement of cache nodes is not considered from the perspective of the user; (2) the problem of energy saving in the research of ICN cache placement needs to be further studied. In addition, most of the existing cache placement strategies focus on how to improve cache performance and reduce the load. In our paper, a cache placement strategy based on energy optimization is proposed. From the perspective of the user, the problem is transformed into the maximization problem in the optimal stopping theory. The goal is to minimize the network energy consumption while the cache performance is improved. The energy consumption problem of the ICN cache placement problem is mainly studied in this paper.
## 4 Materials and Methods  
### Experimental Site and Materials  
'Starkrimson' apples are widely cultivated and consumed, so improving their postharvest quality and shelf life has practical relevance for both producers and consumers. Starkrimson apple trees were chosen as the test material and planted at Guozhixing Apple Base (120\({}^{\circ}\)446 E and 37\({}^{\circ}\)364 N), Jinling Town, Zhaoyuan City, Yantai City, Shandong Province, on a cultivation site of 20 \(\mathrm{hm}^{2}\). In September 2023, 20 fruit trees with identical agronomic traits were randomly selected in the center of the orchard. When the soluble solids content (SSC) of apples on the tree reaches or exceeds 12% as measured by a fruit refractometer, the fruits can be harvested. Fruits of uniform size and consistent coloration and free from diseases, pests, or mechanical damage were harvested from the mid-to-outer canopy regions of each tree, with 20 apples collected per tree, resulting in a total of 400 apples. The fruits were packaged with reinforced foam mesh, packed in cartons, and returned to the laboratory for use the same day.  
The 4% calcium concentration employed in this study was selected based on pre-experiments, which demonstrated that this specific concentration optimally balanced fruit quality enhancement with the reduction of potential negative impacts. The experimental treatments comprised four groups. In the control group (CK), apple fruits were soaked in water. In the T1 treatment group, fruits were soaked in a 4% calcium chloride solution (analytical grade, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). The T2 treatment group (T2) consisted of apple fruits soaked in a solution containing a 4% concentration of sorbitol-chelated calcium. The chelated calcium was manufactured using the water system technique [41], where a certain percentage of sorbitol and calcium nitrate interacted at a temperature of 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 35 min. The chelation rate was determined to be 100% using EDTA titration. Apple fruits soaked in a 4% concentration calcium nitrate (analysis purity, Sinopharm Group chemical test Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) were the T3 group (T3). For each treatment group, 30 undamaged apples of uniform size were selected. The apples were then cut horizontally into uniform slices, 6 mm thick and including the core, using a manual slicer with adjustable thickness settings. This ensured consistency in the size of each slice. The apple slices from each group were immersed in four different treatment solutions for 30 min. During the immersion process, the slices were regularly turned to ensure even contact with the solution. After immersion, the apple slices were removed and drained of excess solution on the surface. The treated apple slices were packaged in sealed bags to avoid exposure to air. The packages were labeled with the treatment group and date, then stored in a cold room at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. During storage, samples were taken out periodically (every 3 days) for testing. The detailed experimental design is as follows (Table 5).
## 3 Experiments and Analysis
### Ablation Study
#### 3.3.4 Representation Consistency: Encoder and Decoder Stages  
Analyzing Representation Consistency (RC) learning in encoding and decoding stages (Table 7) with fixed parameters allows exploration of reasonable framework structures. Firstly, the RC module acting independently in either stage shows varying responses across datasets, but generally outperforms the baseline (no RC). Secondly, for S2 Looking (significant visual style differences), representation consistency between bi-temporal features is more crucial in encoding than decoding. For LEVIR-CD+ (complex background details), representation control in decoding yields better performance. In conclusion, full-stage representation consistency is optimal for addressing visual style issues, effectively handling both global style differences and local content discrepancies.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Value**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**S2 Looking F1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**LEVIR-CD+ F1**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{2}}\) \\ \hline
0 & 66.93 & 66.93 & 87.02 & 87.00 \\
0.01 & 67.21 & 67.13 & 87.69 & 86.94 \\
0.025 & 67.08 & 67.57 & 87.38 & 86.93 \\
0.05 & 67.59 & 67.08 & **87.25** & 87.03 \\
0.075 & 67.01 & **67.55** & 87.07 & 86.78 \\
0.1 & **67.2** & 67.56 & 86.89 & **87.39** \\
0.25 & 66.75 & **67.57** & 86.79 & 86.85 \\
0.5 & 66.38 & 67.13 & 86.99 & 87.01 \\
0.75 & 66.30 & 67.47 & 87.07 & **87.02** \\
1 & 66.36 & 67.45 & 86.45 & 86.40 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Impact of the loss weighting parameter for LS (\(\lambda_{1}\)) and GS (\(\lambda_{2}\)) modules on S2 Looking and LEVIR-CD+ performance. Color convention: best, 2 nd-best, and **3 rd-best**.
## 2 Methods
### Ground Data Processing
#### 2.3.1 SPAD Calibration
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Vegetation Index** & **Abbreviation** & **Formula** & **Reference** \\ \hline Simple Ratio Index\({}_{680}\) & SR\({}_{680}\) & p\({}^{680}\) & [61] \\ Simple Ratio Index\({}_{750}\) & SR\({}_{750}\) & p\({}^{750}\) & [62] \\ Normalized Difference Vegetation Index\({}_{680}\) & NDVI\({}_{680}\) & \((\rho 800-\rho 680)\) & [63] \\ Normalized Difference Vegetation Index\({}_{705}\) & NDVI\({}_{705}\) & \((\rho 750-\rho 705)\) & [62] \\ Modified Red Edge Simple Ratio Index & mSR\({}_{705}\) & \((\rho 750-\rho 445)\) & [45] \\ Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index & mND\({}_{705}\) & \((\rho 750-\rho 705)\) & [45] \\  & & \((\rho 750-\rho 705)\) & \\  & & \((\rho 750+\rho 705-\rho 2\times 2\times 4\rho 445)\) & [45] \\ MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index & MTCI & \((\rho 753.75-\rho 708.75)\) & [40] \\  & & & \\ Vogelmann Red Edge Index 1 & VOG\({}_{1}\) & p720 & [64] \\ Vogelmann Red Edge Index 2 & VOG\({}_{2}\) & \((\rho 734-\rho 747)\) & [65] \\ Vogelmann Red Edge Index 3 & VOG\({}_{3}\) & \((\rho 715+\rho 720)\) & [65] \\ Photochemical Reflectance Index & PRI & \((\rho 531-\rho 570)\) & [66] \\ Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index & TCARI & \(3\times\left[(\rho 700-\rho 670)-0.2\times(\rho 700-\rho 550)\times(\frac{\rho 7 00}{\rho 670})\right]\) & [67] \\ Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Index & mCARI\({}_{705}\) & \([(\rho 750-\rho 705)-0.2\times(\rho 750-\rho 550)]\times(\frac{\rho 750}{\rho 70 5})\) & [68] \\ Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index & NDVI green & \((\rho NIR-\rho\)Green) & [69] \\ Simple Ratio & Simple Ratio & pNR & [61] \\ Green Chlorophyll Index & CI green & \(\frac{\rho\ NIR}{\rho\Red}-1\) & [44] \\ Normalized Difference & NDVI & \((\rho NIR-\rho\)Red) & [63] \\ Vegetation Index & EVI\({}_{1}\) & \(2.5\times\frac{(\rho NIR-\rho\)Red)}{(1+\rho\ NIR+6\times\rho\Red-7.5\times\rho \Blue)}\) & [70] \\ Enhanced Vegetation Index 2 & EVI\({}_{2}\) & \(2.5\times\frac{(1+\rho\ NIR+2+\lambda\circ\rho\Red)}{(\alpha\times\P \NIR+\rho Red)}\) & [71] \\ Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index & WDRVI & \((\alpha\times\rho\ NIR+\rho\)Red) & [72] \\ Green Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index & WDRVI green & \((\alpha\times\rho\ NIR-\rho\)Green) & [73] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Hyperspectral and broad band indices used in this research.
## 3 Bitcoin Mining Activity: The Model
### Simulation Results
#### 3.2.1 Total Wealth Per Capita and Hash Rate  
At first, we analyzed the total average wealth per capita of miners. Figure 1 shows the comparison of the total average wealth per capita of the miner population, both when miners apply only the first miner's strategy and when they apply both proposed miners' strategies, assuming \(\gamma_{1}\) and \(\gamma^{off/on}\) equal to 0.5. Remember that \(\gamma_{1}\) is the percentage of cash invested to buy new hardware and \(\gamma^{off/on}\) is the percentage of hashing capability to turn on/off. The figure highlights that miners, which adopt both miners' strategies proposed (hence, they buy new hardware units, divest old hardware units, and adjust their hashing capability, following the mechanism described in Section 3.1), are able to achieve profits higher over time than miners that adopt only the first strategy, hence those who buy new hardware units and divest the old hardware units.  
We studied the sensitivity of the model to the parameters \(\gamma_{1}\) and \(\gamma^{off/on}\). We varied the average percentage of the wealth that miners allocate for buying new hardware, \(\gamma_{1}\), to verify how varying this parameter can impact miners' success.  
Figure 2a shows the average and the standard deviation (error bars) of the total wealth per capita for miners, at the end of the simulation period, for increasing values of \(\gamma_{1}\). The average of the values reported in the figure is equal to \(Q=1.16\times 10^{8}\). We set \(\gamma_{1}\) to 0.5, because the average total wealth per capita associated with this value of \(\gamma_{1}\) is close to \(Q\) and the standard deviation of the total wealth per capita is low. Figure 2b shows the average and the standard deviation (error bars) of the total wealth per capita for miners, at the end of the simulation period, for increasing values of the average of \(\gamma^{off/on}\), having set \(\gamma_{1}\) to 0.5. We set \(I^{off/on}=10\), because the values of profits do not vary much with \(I^{off/on}\), and \(\gamma^{off/on}\) to 0.5, because 0.5 is the lower value of \(\gamma^{off/on}\) that allows miners who adopt both strategies to achieve higher profit over all simulation periods than the profits obtained by miners who adopt only the first strategy.  
Figure 1: Comparison of the total average wealth per capita of the miner population, both when miners apply only the first proposed strategy and when they apply both proposed strategies, in the market using the Proof of Work (PoW).  
Figure 3 shows the comparison of the simulated and real hash rate, both when miners adopt only the first miners' strategy and when they adopt both miners' strategies. Results show that by applying both miners' strategies, the system can better reproduce the real hash rate trend, introducing a fluctuating trend. Note that the simulated quantities in figure have been multiplied by 100, which is the resizing applied to the real market.
# Research on Fault Diagnosis of Rotating Parts Based on Transformer Deep Learning Model
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Experimental Verification of Actual Scene Dataset
#### 3.6.2 Analysis of Experimental Results  
After experimental verification, the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 97.20% in this dataset. As shown in Figure 16, the t-SNE clustering diagram shows that, except for a very small number of sample points that are misjudged, the rest are clearly distinguished and separated. Not only does it demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in capturing complex fault features, but it also verifies its practicality in practical industrial scenarios.
# Design and Analysis of Dual-Band High-Gain THz Antenna Array for THz Space Applications
## 3 Proposed Array Antenna Design
In the next step, the Type B THz antenna array is developed; in this development process, a set of two identical novel shape elements are placed in a row by separation distance of 533 \(\upmu\)m; thus, the Type B THz array is achieved with better gain and directivity at 0.725 and 0.75 THz, respectively. Similarly, in Type C antenna array development process, a set of four identical novel shape elements are placed in a row with separation distance of 533 \(\upmu\)m. Thus, a high-gainand directive 4 \(\times\) 1 THz array antenna is designed.
## 2 Results
### Efficacy of PM-477 against Biofilms of Gardenella in Human BV Samples
When compared with the baseline samples, no significant changes were observed upon incubation with the buffer  
Figure 5: PM-477 dissolves the _Gardnerella_-dominated biofilm on exfoliated vaginal epithelial cells from BV patients. (a) Representative examples of multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a Gard Cy3 probe (_Gardnerella_, yellow fluorescence) and universal Eub 338 Cy5 probe (all bacteria, red fluorescence) in 400 \(\times\) magnification (where not stated otherwise) for patients 11, 12, and 15. Baseline (prior to treatment), Control (buffer-treated controls after 24 h incubation), PM-477 (treatment with 200 ug/mL for 24 h), Octenisept (treatment 1/20 for 24 h). (b) _Gardnerella_ cell density in samples of patients 1–15 expressed as the number of yellow bacteria counted in areas containing 10 epithelial cells (see methods for a detailed description of the counting method). Dotted line represents the lower limit of detection. \(p\)-values were calculated with one-way ANOVA on log-normalized data in GraphPad Prism; \(\mathbf{{}^{**}}\)\(p\leq\) 0.01, \(\mathbf{{}^{***}}\)\(p\leq\) 0.001.  
control, indicating that the vaginal microbiome was generally stable over the time-course of the experiment. PM-477 significantly reduced _Gardnerella_ cells in the patient samples (median of 300 cells/10 epithelial cells) when compared to baseline (median of 1200 cells/10 epithelial cells, \(p=0.02\)) and when compared to the buffer control-treated samples (median of 900 cells/ 10 epithelial cells, \(p=0.007\)): 3 of the 15 samples showed a \(>\)500-fold reduction in _Gardnerella_ load, 4 showed a \(>\)100-fold reduction, 7 a \(>\)10-fold reduction, and 11 a \(>\)2-fold reduction (data for individual patient samples are presented in Appendix A Table A2). The effects of PM-477 on _Gardnerella_ were similar to those of Octenisept. Unlike PM-477, however, the lytic activity of the disinfectant was not specific for _Gardnerella_ but affected all bacteria (Figure 5a, Appendix A Table A1). Two other potential BV-associated bacteria, _A. vaguine_ and _L. iners_, as well as _L. crispatus_, were visualized by using selective FISH probes, and their cell numbers per 10 epithelial cells were counted (Appendix A Table A2). _A. vaguine_, _L. crispatus_, and _L. iners_ were detected in 10, 3, and 8 out of the 15 samples, respectively. Treatment with PM-477 reduced the median cell counts of _L. iners_ when compared to treatment with the buffer control in all samples, whereas the numbers of _L. crispatus_ and _A. vaguine_ bacteria were unaffected. Octenisept strongly reduced the cell counts of all three species. In summary, these experiments provide proof of the efficacy and selectivity of PM-477 for the genus _Gardnerella_ in vitro and also in the native BV biofilm.
## 1 Introduction  
Food allergies have become increasingly common around the world, and it is estimated that globally, about 220-520 million people may suffer from food allergy [1]. Although it is possible to develop an IgE-mediated allergy to any food, most individuals with allergies react to one or a combination of nine common foods: cow's milk, soy, egg, wheat, peanut, tree nuts, sesame, fish and shellfish [2].  
Food allergies are one of the first manifestations of allergic disease and have been shown to significantly impact on general health perception, parental emotional distress and family activities [3]. Young children, in particular, are at risk of developing food allergy, and it is estimated that 5% to 8% of toddlers are affected, compared with 1% to 2% of adults [1]. The incidence of allergic diseases is increasing globally, and this poses a major burden to healthcare costs in every country around the world [1].  
Many children outgrow their food allergy; however, recent data suggest that the natural history of food allergy has changed, and it is now common for allergies to persist to late childhood and early adulthood [4, 5].  
In an affected patient with a food allergy, management consists of removal of the food from the diet and provision of an action plan for management of any accidental exposure to the food protein. More recently, complete exclusion of the food from a food allergic individual has been questioned. It is possible that including the allergenic food in the diet has potential to increase the likelihood of a child outgrowing the allergy more quickly or to allow a certain amount of the food to be tolerated [6]. Complete and absolute avoidance of a food allergen may not be necessary in a child's diet if they show tolerance to that food in an alternative format. Many children with cow's milk or egg allergies tolerate foods containing baked milk [7] or egg protein [8], and the hypothesis that this might be associated with a move towards tolerance of the protein has moved dietary management strategies away from strict avoidance to allowing the inclusion of the baked protein in the diet if it is tolerated [9, 10, 11].  
With the rising incidence in food allergies there has been interest in improving their management, with the aim of offering a treatment strategy that does not solely rely on avoidance of food proteins in the diet. Immunotherapy is used successfully for managing venom and pollen allergies, and thus, there has been increasing research into the use of immunotherapy to manage common food allergies [12]. This review will summarize current research related to oral immunotherapy for management of IgE-mediated cow's milk and egg allergy and, in particular, the potential for heated proteins to be used as vehicles for oral immunotherapy.
# Missing Data Imputation in the Internet of Things Sensor Networks
## 4 Experiments
### Model Evaluation  
In this section, the accuracy of the imputation and calibration models was first evaluated and compared with the estimated values and calibrated sensor responses to the measurements derived from the original sensor data using the following error metrics: Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Coefficient of Determination (\(R^{2}\)).  
\[RMSE=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}}\sum_{i=1}^{N}(Y_{i}-\hat{y}_{i})^{2} \tag{8}\]  
\[MAE=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}(|Y_{i}-\hat{y}_{i}|) \tag{9}\]  
where \(N\) represents the sample size, \(Y_{i}\) is the original data matrix and \(\hat{y}_{i}\) is the imputed data.  
A low RMSE and MAE shows better model performance and the closer the \(R^{2}\) value is to 1, the better the model performance. The performance of each imputation method was evaluated and used to build the calibration models.