## 3 Description of Comprehensive Techno-Economic (CTE) Model
### Technical Level in the CTE Model
#### 3.3.1 \"Coverage and Accessibility to Users\" Area  
The following ten (10) items have been defined in the C&A area:  
* Mobile connectivity and availability:
* Quality of mobile data access in urban areas (outdoors);
* Quality of mobile data access in special parts of urban areas--areas of mass gatherings;
* Quality of mobile data access in rural areas;
* Quality of mobile data access on roads: highways and main state roads;* Quality of mobile data access on roads: regional roads and local roads.
* Fixed connectivity and availability:
* Distribution and number of transmission fiber optics cables (fibers) at the state level among urban settlements;
* Percentage of connections to homes (houses, flats, apartments... ) by fiber optic cables--FTTH (fiber to the home);
* Percentage of connections to factories, business facilities, incubators, etc. by fiber optic cables--FTTBus;
* Local loop shortening of the copper network--percentage number of households and companies that are less than 500 m from the last telecom connection point;
* Quality of protection of the primary transmission system.  
According to all surveys and research, the future of telecommunications is based on the (mobile) Internet and services based on connection to the (mobile) Internet. Some services will be sensitive and dependent mostly on download speed, some on upload speed, some will be sensitive to latency and others to different combinations of these two or even all three factors. In order to analyze the quality of the mobile signal (first five items), the following items will be measured for a mobile sub-segment in the \"C&A area\":  
* Download data rate (Mb/s);
* Upload data rate (Mb/s);
* Delay of data signal (ms).  
The mathematical equations for calculating of the first five items is given as follows:  
\[QoMD=\left(\frac{AvgADD\cdot F_{DL}}{RefADD}+\frac{AvgADU\cdot F_{UL}}{RefADU}+ \frac{RefDY\cdot F_{DY}}{AvgDY}\right)\cdot 0.1\]  
where:  
QoMD = The Quality of Mobile Data access  
AvgADD represents the Average Access to Mobile Data Download, calculated as:  
\[AvgADD=\frac{1}{N}{\sum_{i=1}^{N}}ADD_{i}\]  
RefADD represents the Referent Download Access Speed (this value changes according to the development of mobile systems),  
AvgADU represents the Average Access to Mobile Data Upload, calculated as:  
\[AvgADU=\frac{1}{N}{\sum_{i=1}^{N}}ADU_{i}\]  
RefADU represents the Referent Upload Access Speed (this value changes according to the development of mobile systems),  
RefDEL represents the Referent delay of sampling (this value changes according to the development of mobile systems),  
AvgDEL represents the Average delay, calculated as:  
\[AvgDEL=\frac{1}{N}{\sum_{i=1}^{N}}DEL_{i}\]  
FDL represents the Factor that defines download importance,  
FUL represents the Factor that defines upload importance,  
FDY represents the Factor that defines delay importance,N represents the Number of samples,  
Number 0.1 represents the maximum worth of this item.  
It is important to note that:  
\[\text{F}_{\text{DL}}+\text{F}_{\text{UL}}+\text{F}_{\text{DY}}=1\]  
It is important to define where, when and how many times mobile signal samples will be taken considering the population and surface of an urban area, locations of rural areas, highways, main state roads, regional roads and local roads [56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63]. These questions--and answers to them--make for differences among the five items. Precise descriptions and definitions of the sampling method for all the first five items of this area are an integral part of the model. The sum of these items gives us the total value of the potential of the telecom operator in terms of accessibility to users via mobile networks.  
Another five fixed items, which are also mathematically defined and precisely described, will not be explained here due to a lack of space. It is important to state that the calculation of this area gives us the qualitative and quantitative value of a telecom, i.e., its potential in terms of accessibility to users.