## 4 Results  
InSAR time series analysis of the two datasets (COSMO-SkyMed and Sentinel-1) yielded similar results in terms of subsidence patterns and rates (Figure 4). Although the two datasets have different spatial coverage and coherence levels, both maps reveal an overall low subsidence rate throughout most of the study area (\(\leq\)10 mm/yr; green in Figure 4), with patches of high subsidence rates (\(\leq\)50 mm/yr; brown in Figure 4) mostly in the eastern part of the study area. A closer look at two regions with patches of high subsidence rate show very similar subsidence patterns and rates detected in both COSMO-SkyMed and Sentinel-1 velocity maps (Figure 4a,d). The two datasets yielded slightly different LOS velocity rates: COSMO-SkyMed velocity ranged between \(-\)70-10 mm/yr, and Sentinel-1's velocity ranged between \(-\)60-10 mm/yr. These detected changes reflect different subsidence rates that occurred at different observation periods. The slightly higher rate measured by COSMO-SkyMed detected deformation between February 2016 and September 2017, whereas the slightly slower rate measured by Sentinel-1 detected subsidence during a longer period of 2014-2018. InSAR results are calculated and presented in LOS, which include both vertical and horizontal deformation components. Horizontal deformation in the Karapinar region is expected to be small, as the region is within the interior of the Anatolian Block far from seismically active faults. Thus, we assume that the entire LOS observed displacements represent vertical movements. Such assumption was successfully used by other studies of land subsidence and sinkhole activities [17; 50]. Our assumption of dominant vertical movements is also supported by the comparison of InSAR data with vertical GNSS, as presented in the discussion. Subsidence evolution over time can be detected using a series of interferograms. We present two examples of subsidence evolution using COSMO-SkyMed interferograms over time intervals of 3-9 months. We chose to use X-band COSMO-SkyMed interferograms rather than C-band Sentinel-1, because the shorter wavelength of X-band (3.1 cm) interferograms has higher detection capability than the C-band (5.6 cm) interferograms. The two study areas shown in Figure 1 are (1) the Seyithact tableland, located in the north of Karapinar city center (Figure 5), and (2) a bare area, located in the southern part of the Karapinar-Konya highway, which is also located in the southern part of the Yarimoglu sinkhole (Figure 1b), which was formed in 2009 (Figure 6). These two selected areas present the clearest fringes in the entire study area (Figures 5 and 6). Figure 4: Velocity maps in line of sight (LOS) of the Karapinar study area derived from Sentinel-1 (**a**,**b**,**e**) and COSMO SkyMed (**d**,**c**,**f**) data. The velocity maps are laid over shaded relief maps derived from the SRTM dataset. The red and white dashed frames mark the locations of two zoom-in areas shown in (**b**,**c**,**e**,**f**). The triangle and blue pentagon mark the locations of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations and the groundwater well used in the study, respectively. Blue frames (in (**d**)) mark the locations of Figure 6.  
The subsidence evolution of the Seyithact tableland is presented by a series of three interferograms spanning over a period of 3-9 months (Figure 5). All three interferograms share a common acquisition (20160216), which allows us to detect subsidence evolution with respect to the same initial time. The 6-month-long interferogram shows two epicenters  
Figure 5: Land subsidence evolution of an area located north of the Karapinar (area A in Figure 4), as observed by COSMO SkyMed Interferograms. (**a**) Six-month interferogram showing 1–2 fringes of subsidence. (**b**) Seven-month interferogram showing 2–3 subsidence fringes. (**c**) Nine-month interferogram showing 3–4 subsidence fringes, mostly in the southern part of the subsiding area.