# Spatiotemporal Modeling of the Smart City Residents' Activity with Multi-Agent Systems
## 1 Introduction
So that the atomized individuals are transformed into a cooperative urban community, it is necessary to use available means of electronic communication, information and communication technologies (ICT), and geoinformation tools, as well as to revive the Athenian ideas of the (urban) agora that decides on the city through the process of social debate. Such an asymmetry is the basic rule for producing the majority of urban relations described in [PERSON]'s actor-network theory [3]. According to this theory, the basic element of all the networks is an actant, meaning a factor influencing all the other factors. In this article, the social sciences' idea of an actant will be synonymous with an agent. This term will apply both to a \"human agent\" that is a resident characterized by a vector of information specific to his/her age, education, place of residence and work, general health condition, base level of social activity, trust, and so on, as well as a spatial object (district, office, park, and so on) that influences the inhabitants. These factors influence each other, forming a system of actors and networks. On the basis of this theory, the authors of the article developed a model of interaction between the sensors-actants (both residents and spatial objects that form the urban tissue), which enables the simulation of social interaction processes as well as, indirectly, participatory democracy and the process of social participation of smart cities' residents. The critical element of this process is stimulating the civic activity of the citizens by increasing the level of trust, both in people and institutions. The mutual trust of residents, as well as the level of the citizens' trust in institutions (e.g., municipal and security authorities, planners, educational institutions, healthcare system, and so forth), is particularly important with regards to implementing the idea of a smart city. While technological development is important to ensure the effectiveness of the process, the development of social interactions among the residents and their joint decision-making on the vision for the city's development is crucial. As stressed in [4], cities of tomorrow need to adopt a holistic model of sustainable urban development. A city is smart when public issues are solved using information and communications technology (ICT) and there is involvement of various types of stakeholders acting in partnership with the municipal authorities (see [5]). The implementation of a smart city is strongly related to the process of social (geo)participation--according to PAS 180: 2014 (Publicly Available Specification under the British Standards Institution), this process means an \"effective integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to deliver a sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens.\" Also, the new urban agenda stresses the need to empower all individuals and communities and to promote and broaden inclusive platforms that allow full and meaningful participation in the decision-making and planning process (see [6]). A city can be considered a smart one when it, in parallel, invests in technology and human capital to actively promote sustainable economic development and high quality of life (e.g., it enables natural resources management through civic participation). The contributions of the paper are (i) development of sociological concepts: [PERSON]'s actor-network theory [3], [PERSON]'s social distances [7], [PERSON]'s social interactions [8], related to sensors-actants which enables the simulation of social interaction; (ii) implementation of the model using multi-agent methodology [9] in GAMA toolset environment; (iii) spatiotemporal and sociological development of concepts of two smart cities and their implementation in GAMA; and (iv) an illustration of the model's operation in typical situations occurring in cities.