# Functionalized Carbon-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Food and Alcoholic Beverages Safety
## 4 Conclusions and Perspectives  
In summary, electrochemical sensors constructed by carbon-based composites can acquire a wide linear response range and low detection limit in the detection of food and alcoholic beverage contaminants. CV, LSV, SWV, and DPV are the most widely used electrochemical sensing methods because they can discern the possible intermediates with an extremely low detection limit, decode the nature of coupled chemical reactions, explore the weak adsorption phenomenon, study the mechanism of complex electrode reactions, and suppress the background current, respectively. Due to the good electrical conductivity, wide potential window, and easy chemical modifiability, carbon material (i.e., CDs, CNTs, and graphene)-based composite electrodes have been built with the introduction of metal nanoparticles, polymers, organic acids, doped heteroatoms, metal-oxide nanoparticles, and 2D sulfides to offer high sensitivity, unique selectivity, good durability, and repeatability. The presented electrochemical sensors have been widely used for detecting and monitoring chemical contaminants including dopamine, acetaminophen, H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\), GA, methyl parathion, Cu\({}^{2+}\) and Fe\({}^{3+}\), Bisphenol A, sunset yellow FCF, Aflatoxin B1, and amino acids in foods and alcoholic beverages. Furthermore, electrochemical sensors have been practically applied for the detection of chemical contaminants in white wine, red wine, beer, edible oils, water, milk, and medicines.  
Although most of the reported sensors exhibited potential as portable instruments, most of them have been assessed only in the laboratory. Thus, developing novel construction methods and revealing the sensing mechanism underlying the molecular precision are the core contents that must be studied continuously in order to realize applications in the industrial model for food and beverage safety in the future. Due to the good electrical conductivity and chemical modifiability of carbon materials, it is hoped that an electrochemical sensor can be constructed based on single-atom functionalized carbon materials, which can further reduce the cost and increase the detection sensitivity. Furthermore, using advanced in situ characterization techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) to reveal the sensing mechanism, can provide the theoretical support for the rational design and construction of efficient sensing electrodes. Finally, to realize the online detection under complex working conditions available for industrial applications, the proposed integration of designed electrochemical sensors within a smart device, such as a phone, iPad, and computer, is becoming a popular research topic in this field.  
[PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] all contributed to the collection of data and preparation of the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Engineering (Grant No: WIUCASSWCL21005) and the Science and Technology Plans of Tianjin (21 ZYJDJC00050).  
Not applicable.  
All the data presented in this manuscript were derived from the indicated articles, which are published in the literature and listed in the Reference section.  
The author declares no conflict of interest.