esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Spatio-Temporal Model for Forest Fire Detection Using HJ-IRS Satellite Data
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Goodness of Fit  
Figure 3 displays the images of the observed BTs from band 7 and band 8 on 22 May. We used these images to evaluate the quality of the background intensity predictions (goodness of fit). As mentioned previously (Section 3.2.4), we obtained the background values of the observed images using STM, which had been built using previous images. We first updated the spatial relationship using valid pixels in previous images. We then calculated the mean value as the background value of the inspected pixel using Equation (11). In this study, the size of the window was 21 \(\times\) 21. For comparison, we obtained the background BTs of this image by averaging the neighboring pixels with the same window size. This processing can be regarded as an application of simple mean filtering. The predicted BT images are shown in Figure 11, which can be compared to the observed images in Figure 3.  
The HJ-IRS image acquired on 22 May was cloud free, and there was no fire in this image. Thus, the typical example image can be regarded as an actual background measurement. Figure 12 shows the  
Figure 11: BT images of band 7 (**a**) and band 8 (**b**) predicted using the spatio-temporal model (STM); and BT images of band 7 (**c**) and band 8 (**d**) predicted by averaging the neighboring pixels.  
frequency histograms of the background predictions and the actual background measurements from band 7 and band 8.  
From Figure 11, it is obvious that the background BT images acquired using STM were closer to the real BT images than those obtained by averaging the neighboring pixels, which is adopted in the contextual algorithm. The histograms in Figure 12 also show that the distribution of the background BT images predicted by STM and the actual BT images were more consistent. More accurate background BT predictions lead to more satisfactory forest fire detection results. Therefore, the prediction process in the STM method is more suitable for forest fire detection. The method produced good prediction results primarily because the spatial relationship defined in STM eliminated the spatial heterogeneity between the inspected pixel and its valid neighboring pixels. In addition, the spatio-temporal model adapted to the multi-temporal remote sensing images because the spatial relationship was updated over time.
# Free Monoterpene Isomer Profiles of _Vitis Vinifera_ L. cv. White Wines
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Sample Preparation  
Samples were prepared according to [PERSON] et al. [16] with some modifications described as follows. Each wine (2 mL) was diluted 4.5-fold with milli-Q water (6.85 mL) in 20 mL amber glass vials (Restek Corporation, Bellefonte, PA, USA). An isotopically-labelled internal standard solution (150 \(\mu\)L) containing d3-_S_-(-)-limonene, d3-_R_-(+)-limonene, d3-_R_-(-)-linalool, d3-_S_-(+)-linalool, d3-(-)-\(\alpha\)-terpineol, and d3-(+)-\(\alpha\)-terpineol was added, followed by 4.0 g of sodium chloride (VWR/JT Baker, Visali, CA, USA). The SPME (Solid Phase Micro-Extraction) vials were tightly capped with 18 mm PTFE-lined screw caps (Millipore Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). The standard curves containing each isomer and the internal standard were established using de-aromatized dry Chardonnay wine following the stable isotope dilution analysis method [19]. A number of white wines were investigated, but Chardonnay was found to be the most appropriate across all of the wine styles (data not shown). Dry Chardonnay wine contained less aroma compounds and residual sugar contents, which minimized the matrix effects on the monoterpenes [16]. Standard curves were run twice for every 32 samples to minimize any fiber effects [16]. Head Space Solid Phase Micro-Extraction Coupled with Multidimensional Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-MDGC-MS)  
The three-phase divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) Stableflexer SPME fiber (50/30 \(\upmu\)m thick, 2 cm long, 24 Ga, SUPELCO, Bellefonte, PA, USA) with Shimadzu heart cut-MDGC-MS fitted with a Shimadzu AOC-5000 plus auto-sampler was used to perform sample analysis. Prior to SPME fiber extraction, the samples were equilibrated with agitation for 20 min (5 s on, 2 s off) at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. They were then extracted for 50 min with no further agitation. The fiber was injected into the MDGC-MS for 5 min at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, followed by further conditioning in an NDL heater for 3 min at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
An Rtx-wax column (Restek Corporation, PA, USA) was applied in the first GC (gas chromatography). An Rt(r)-  
Wine style was categorized according to European regulation [20]. Wine with residual sugar content less than 4 g/L can be considered as \"dry\"; between 4 g/L and 12 g/L as \"medium dry\"; between 12 g/L and 45 g/L as \"medium sweet\"; and, above 45 g/L as \"sweet\" wine. As can be seen in Table 1, most of the Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Riesling, Sauvignon blanc, Torrontes, and Viognier wines were dry and medium dry; Muscat wines were sweet; and, Gewurztraminer wines were abundant in medium dry and medium sweet styles.
## 2 Geological Setting  
The Songliao Basin, which covers roughly 26 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) km\({}^{2}\), is a large terrestrial basin in Northeastern China [42; 43; 44] (Figure 1). Three tectonic stages are recognized in the Songliao Basin: the syn-rift stage (Late Jurassic), the post-rift stage (Early to Middle Cretaceous), and the structural inversion stage (Late Cretaceous) [44; 45]. After the structural inversion stage, according to the topographical characteristics, the basin was divided into six structural units: the northern dipping area, the northeast uplift area, the southeast uplift area, the southwest uplift area, the western slope area, and the central depression area [46; 47]. K\({}_{2}\)n was deposited in the post-rift stage, with a development of gray-black lacustrine mudstone, oil shale, marl, and tuff [45; 46]. At the beginning of the K\({}_{2}\)n deposition, the deposition rate accelerated, and the lake expanded rapidly to cover the whole basin. In the later stage, thick gray and black mudstones developed in the deep lacustrine environment until the basin was gradually uplifted, resulting in a shallow lake and the deposition of lighter-color shales [45; 46].  
The SK-1 scientific drilling site is located in the central depression area (Figure 1) and composed of two boreholes--the south borehole (SK1(S)) and the north borehole (SK1(N)) [52; 53]. The coring ratio of SK-1 is as high as 96.46% [46]. The two cores are correlated by a basin-wide oil shale layer of the Nemjiang Formation (Fm) [46]. The coring layer of the south borehole of SK-1 is from the top of the third member of the Quantou Formation to the bottom of the second member of K\({}_{2}\)n. This paper focuses on the first and second members of the Nemjiang Formation in the south borehole of SK-1. The oil shale at the bottom of the second member of K\({}_{2}\)n represents a lake-level peak during the evolution of the Songliao Basin, with a sedimentary range far beyond the present basin boundary. The lithology of K\({}_{2}\)n\({}^{1+2}\) is mainly black and gray shale and mudstone (Figure 1) [41; 42; 43; 44; 45].  
Figure 1: (**left**): (**a**) Location of the Songliao Basin in China; (**b**) the main structural divisions of Songliao Basin and drilling sites of SK-1(S) and SK-1(N). (**right**): Lithology and sampling depth of K\({}_{2}\)n\({}^{1+2}\) in SK-1(S).
# Effect of Sowing Dates on Fatty Acids and Phytosterols Patterns of _Carthamus tinctorius_ L.
## 3 Results
### Effect of Two Sowing Dates on Phytosterol and Fatty Acid Accumulation in Safflower Seeds  
Unsaturated fatty acids constituted more than 87% of the total with oleic and linoleic being the majority fatty acids. Palmitic and stearic acids were the most present saturated ones (Figure 3). As expected, late sowing resulted in significantly lower fatty acid content (Table S1). Unsaturated fatty acids were reduced markedly compared to saturated ones (Figure 3). Consequently, the ratio of SFA/PUFA slightly increased with the delay of sowing.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Sowing Date** & **Harvest Date** & **Rainfall (mm)** & **Mean Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** \\ \hline Conventional sowing & 15/4/07 & 5/9/07 & 304.6 & 17.8 \\ Late sowing & 2/6/07 & 16/9/07 & 193.0 & 18.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Rainfall (mm) and mean daily temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C) during the growing season of the two trials.  
Figure 2: Distribution of phytosterols between the embryo and hull of safflower seeds cultivated under conventional conditions (for each sterol of group means with the same letter are not significantly different).  
Safflower whole seeds contain almost 92 mg/100 g of seed dry matter (SDM) of total sterols at maturity in the conventional sowing. Ninety-one percent of them are desmethylsterols represented mainly by \(\beta\)-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol (Figure 4). The late sowing date had affected significantly total sterols of about 24 mg/100 g of SDM representing around 26% of the total sterols accumulated in the conventional sowing date. This is a consequence of its impact on desmethylsterols, the main category, which represent 91.4% and 90.8% of the total sterol content in the late and the conventional sowing dates. Except for the \(\Delta\)-5 avenasterol and citrostadienol contents, for which a significant decrease was observed, a delay of sowing increased the content of all sterol categories (Table S2).  
Figure 4: Phytosterol composition of safflower seeds cultivated under conventional and late sowing dates in Auch (South-West of France) in 2007. The asterisk indicates that means are significantly different. NS: Non-significant.  
Figure 3: Fatty acid composition of safflower seeds cultivated under conventional (**CS**) and late sowing dates (**LS**) in Auch (South West of France) in 2007. The asterisk indicates that means are significantly different. ND: Non-determined. NS: Non-significant.
# SatScope: A Data-Driven Simulator for Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Internet
###### Abstract  
The rapid development of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has not only provided global users with low-latency and unrestricted high-speed data services but also presented researchers with the challenge of understanding dynamic changes in global network behavior. Unlike geostationary satellites and terrestrial internet infrastructure, LEO satellites move at a relative velocity of 7.6 km/s, leading to frequent alterations in their connectivity status with ground stations. Given the complexity of the space environment, current research on LEO satellite internet primarily focuses on modeling and simulation. However, existing LEO satellite network simulators often overlook the global network characteristics of these systems. We present SatScope, a data-driven simulator for LEO satellite internet. SatScope consists of three main components, space segment modeling, ground segment modeling, and network simulation configuration, providing researchers with an interface to interact with these models. Utilizing both space and ground segment models, SatScope can configure various network topology models, routing algorithms, and load balancing schemes, thereby enabling the evaluation of optimization algorithms for LEO satellite communication systems. We also compare SatScope's fidelity, lightweight design, scalability, and openness against other simulators. Based on our simulation results using SatScope, we propose two metrics--ground node IP coverage rate and the number of satellite service IPs--to assess the service performance of single-layer satellite networks. Our findings reveal that during each network handover, on average, 38.94% of nodes and 83.66% of links change.  
LEO satellite internet; network measuring; network simulation +
Footnote †: journal: Future Internet
# MAC-Based Compression Ratio Improvement for CAN Security
## 3 Proposed CAN Security Method
### Bit Replacement Algorithm (BRA)  
In the Triple ID algorithm, the CAN data field consists of compressed data and a truncated MAC of 4 bytes or more. The compressed data is encrypted using the AES-128 algorithm, but MAC is not encrypted. MAC generation of the proposed method uses the same scheme as the Triple ID method. However, in the proposed algorithm, the length of the truncated MAC is fixed at 4 bytes. This is because a 4-byte MAC provides sufficient authentication for CAN systems [12]. Therefore, since the compressed data length can be determined directly, 3 bits (LC[2], LC[1], LC[0]) can be removed from the 6 header bits of the Triple ID method.  
The Bit Replacement Algorithm is summarized as follows:  
1. Let \(X\) and \(Y\) denote 3-bit and 8-bit data, respectively.
2. If the decimal value of \(X\) is \(i\), \(X\) can be expressed using \(Y\) by inverting the \(i\)-th bit from the LSB of \(Y\).
3. \(X\) can be restored from the inverted bit position information of \(Y\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Compressed Data Length** & **ID** & **Type of Data** \\ \hline \(L\left(M_{c}\right)\leq 4\) & \(i\) & Compressed data and MAC in the same data field \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(4<L\left(M_{c}\right)\leq 7\)} & \(i+1\) & Compressed data \\ \cline{2-3}  & \(i+2\) & 8 bytes of MAC \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(7<L\left(M_{c}\right)\)} & \(i+1\) & Uncompressed data \\ \cline{2-3}  & \(i+2\) & 8 bytes of MAC \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: ID assignment of the Triple ID algorithm.  
* BRA can be applied repeatedly. If \(Y\) is (\(4\times 8\))-bit data, (\(4\times 3\))-bit data can be expressed using \(Y\) as shown in Figure 4. In Figure 4, since the last 3 bits of the compressed data are '010', the second bit from the LSB of the last byte of the MAC is inverted. In a similar way, 12 bits of compressed data can be expressed using 4 bytes of MAC.
* Compressed data of the proposed method is obtained in the same way as the Triple ID method. If the length of the compressed data is 0, the 4-byte MAC is transmitted without any change. Otherwise, BRA is applied starting from the last 3 bits of the compressed data. Each application of BRA removes 3 bits from the compressed data. BRA can be applied up to 4 times, but the application of BRA stops when there is no compressed data left. By the proposed method, a maximum of 15 bits (12 bits by BRA and 3 header bits) can be further reduced from the compressed data by the Triple ID method.  
If the compressed data length is still greater than 4 bytes after applying the proposed algorithm, the same procedure as the triple ID algorithm (i.e., using \(ID_{i+1}\) and \(ID_{i+2}\)) is applied except that the length of MAC is 4 bytes. The receiver compares the independently generated MAC with the received MAC. After examining the inverted bit locations, the compressed data can be restored.  
Proposed method differs from the modified MAC in that it improves compression performance by moving not only header bits but also part of data information to MAC.
## 2 The Theory of Multiwavelets and the Symmetric Lifting Schemes
### Redundant Multiwavelet Transform  
Discrete multiwavelet transform (DMWT) is essentially a decimated multiwavelet transform. It is an ideal tool for non-stationary signal processing, while there are still several limitations. First, the decomposition results of DMWT are time-variant due to down sampling. A forward or backward translation of the original signal will generate different decomposition results [31]. Second, the length of the approximation signal is reduced by half after each decomposition. As the decomposition level increases, the information contained in the approximation signal become more scarce and the time resolution is gradually decreasing. Third, wavelet compression or wavelet denoising can exhibit pseudo-Gibbs phenomena [32] in the neighborhood of singularities when signals are reconstructed. To overcome these limitations, a simple but efficient method is redundant multiwavelet transform (RMWT).  
RMWT is time-invariant, which is beneficial to the feature extraction of periodic impulses. Moreover, RMWT supply more abundant features and more precise frequency localizations, which are beneficial for mechanical fault detections. The decomposition of RMWT is shown in Figure 3(a). Compared with DMWT, there are no down-samplings in redundant multiwavelet decomposition. The length of the approximation signal and the detail signal after decomposition is the same with the original signals. \(h^{i}\) and \(g^{j}\) are the matrix filters after padding with zeros. Zero-padding of the matrix filter banks is shown in Figure 3(b). \(h_{i}\) and \(g_{i}\) represent the matrix filter coefficients of \(h\) and \(g\), respectively. \(i\in Z\) represents the \(i\) - \(th\)\(r\times r\) matrix of two matrix filter banks. The low-pass and high-pass filters of redundant multiwavelet are computed by padding those filters of the original multiwavelets with zeros at the corresponding level \(1\). Suppose \(T\) is the operator that alternates an arbitrary sequence with zeros, then, for all integers:  
\[\left(Tx_{2i}\right)=x_{i}\quad\left(Tx_{2i+1}\right)=\mathbf{0} \tag{16}\]  
Then the filters of redundant multiwavelet can be calculated by the following equations:\[\begin{cases}H_{k}^{l}=G_{k}^{l}=0\;\;\text{if}\;k\;\text{is not a multiple of}\;2^{l},\\ H_{2^{l}}^{l}=(T^{l}H)_{2^{l}}=H_{i}\;\;G_{2^{l}i}^{l}=(T^{l}G)_{2^{l}i}=G_{i}\; \text{otherwise}.\end{cases} \tag{17}\]  
**Figure 3.** The decomposition of redundant multiwavelet transform. **(a)** Decomposition of redundant multiwavelet transform. **(b)** Zero-padding of filter banks.
## Case Study
### The Influence of System Scale and the Number of Control Variables on the Computation Time
#### 4.2.2 Analysis of the Influence of the Number of Control Variables on the Computation Time  
Next, the influence of the number of control variables on computation time is tested on the 173 nodes system mentioned in Section 4.1. The system contains five medium-voltage lines of 10 kV and fifteen control variables. Adjust the number of lines that take part in reactive power optimization, and then the number of control variables changes correspondingly. The proposed EWOSM, GA method and SQP method are used to calculate the optimal results respectively. The specific setting of control variables is shown in Table 6 and the comparison of computation time is shown in Figure 10.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**The Line Participation in** & **The Number of** & \\
**Reactive Power Control** & **Control Variables** & **The Specific Control Variables** \\ \hline Line A & 6 & T1, T2, Qc1–Qc4 \\ Line A and B & 8 & T1, T2, Qc1–Qc6 \\ Line A, B and C & 11 & T1, T2, Qc1–Qc9 \\ Line A, B, C and D & 13 & T1, T2, Qc1–Qc11 \\ Line A, B, C, D and E & 15 & T1, T2, Qc1–Qc13 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: The comparison of computation time with three methods varied with the number of control variables.  
Figure 10: The comparison of computation time with three methods under different number of control variables.  
Figure 9: The comparison of computation time with three methods in different scale distribution networks.  
It can be seen from Figure 10 that the computation time of SQP method increases with the increasing of the number of control variables, while the computation time of EWOSM and GA method are less affected by the number of control variables. While the number of control variables is small, the advantage in computation time of the method proposed is not obvious compared with the existing methods. But with the increasing of the number of control variables, the advantage is obviously enhanced.
# Capacity and Delay Analysis for Large Social-Aware Mobile Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
## 7 Discussion and Conclusion
Compared with existing works, we clearly show the gain on capacity, as well as on delay in large social-aware mobile ad hoc wireless networks. We propose a multi-hop scheduling and slots allocation scheme, and we try to improve the tradeoff between throughput capacity and network delay, as shown in Figure 6.  
Our results provide a new insight on the performances of wireless ad hoc networks. It should be emphasized that our results are obtained under some idealistic assumptions. We will further extend our work to more realistic scenarios. **Author Contributions**: Conceptualization, Y.Z., Y.S. and S.C.; Methodology, Y.Z. ; Writing--original draft, Y.Z. ; Writing--review and editing, Y.S. and S.C.; Project administration, Y.S. ; Funding acquisition, Y.S. and S.C. All authors have read and agree to the published version of the manuscript. Figure 5: The network delay \(D(n)\). Figure 6: Throughput capacity and network delay tradeoff. **Funding:** This research received no external funding. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## Pre-Processing of Point-Data from Contact and Optical 3D Digitization Sensors  
**[PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 2**  
1 Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, [PERSON] 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; E-Mails: [PERSON]ADDRESS] (D.V.); [PERSON]ADDRESS] (J.H.)  
2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.S.)  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +381-21-485-2255; Fax: +381-21-454-495.  
_Received: 9 December 2011; in revised form: 5 January 2012 / Accepted: 17 January 2012 / Published: 20 January 2012_  
Contemporary 3D digitization systems employed by reverse engineering (RE) feature ever-growing scanning speeds with the ability to generate large quantity of points in a unit of time. Although advantageous for the quality and efficiency of RE modelling, the huge number of point datas can turn into a serious practical problem, later on, when the CAD model is generated. In addition, 3D digitization processes are very often plagued by measuring errors, which can be attributed to the very nature of measuring systems, various characteristics of the digitized objects and subjective errors by the operator, which also contribute to problems in the CAD model generation process. This paper presents an integral system for the pre-processing of point data, _i.e._, filtering, smoothing and reduction, based on a cross-sectional RE approach. In the course of the proposed system development, major emphasis was placed on the module for point data reduction, which was designed according to a novel approach with integrated deviation analysis and fuzzy logic reasoning. The developed system was verified through its application on three case studies, on point data from objects of versatile geometries obtained by contact and laser 3D digitization systems. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the system.  
reverse engineering; 3D digitization; point data pre-processing; contact sensor; optical triangulation sensor