###### Abstract
This is critical for reliable data transmission in high-frequency applications. Furthermore, their stability across a wide temperature range and low loss characteristics enhance the overall performance of high-frequency devices [6]. FR-4, or fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin, is a prevalent substrate material owing to its economic efficiency and adequate performance. This material is a combination of woven fiberglass and epoxy resin, providing a balance of performance and cost-effectiveness. The dielectric constant of FR-4 is subject to variation, potentially resulting in performance discrepancies, particularly in precision applications [7]. Although FR-4 is appropriate for broad applications and often used in consumer electronics, its inconsistency in dielectric characteristics may restrict applications requiring great accuracy and stability [8]. Teflon, or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), is a widely used substrate material recognized for its low-loss properties and exceptional chemical resistance. Teflon's low relative dielectric constant enhances its efficacy in applications necessitating consistent performance at high frequencies [9]. Teflon's capacity to sustain reliable performance under adverse conditions makes it an advantageous option for specialized antenna designs that need chemical resistance and little loss. The low dielectric constant of Teflon facilitates great efficiency and broad bandwidth, beneficial for applications requiring extensive frequency coverage and superior performance [10]. Innovative materials, such as biodegradable paper and textiles, are attracting interest for their potential as sustainable substrates in antenna design. These materials provide lightweight alternatives and sustainable manufacturing processes in accordance with increasing environmental apprehensions. Although they may not equal the performance of conventional substrates in every context, their advancement signifies a transition towards more sustainable design methodologies [11]. Biodegradable paper and textiles are examined for their potential to provide practical and sustainable alternatives to traditional substrate materials, especially in contexts where environmental impact is a critical factor [12]. Ceramic materials represent a distinct category of substrates recognized for their superior mechanical and thermal resilience. Ceramics have exceptional durability and dependability, making them appropriate for high-performance applications necessitating resistance under harsh circumstances [13]. Nonetheless, ceramics exhibit more brittleness than other materials, potentially restricting their use in specific contexts. Nevertheless, their capacity to endure elevated temperatures and mechanical loads renders them advantageous for applications requiring durability and stability [14]. The choice of substrate material is a critical factor in antenna design since it directly influences the antenna's performance measures, including gain, bandwidth, and efficiency. The appropriate substrate material guarantees that the antenna fulfils its operating specifications and functions efficiently in its designated application. When choosing a substrate material, it is crucial to evaluate issues such as cost, mechanical qualities, and environmental resistance [15]. This equilibrium is essential for designing antennas that excel in performance while considering practical and ecological factors. With advancements in material science, researchers are investigating novel substrates that might improve antenna performance while mitigating environmental issues [16]. The advancement of novel materials and sustainable methodologies is influencing the future of antenna design, facilitating more efficient and environmentally responsible solutions. The distinct characteristics of each substrate material may profoundly influence antennas' overall efficacy and appropriateness, underscoring the need for meticulous material selection in the advancing domain of antenna technology [17].