# Flue Gas Composition and Treatment Potential of a Waste Incineration Plant
## 4 Discussion  
In our previous work [12] which used Jordan as a case study, a waste incineration plant was simulated to produce power and desalinated water, from which analysis of the MSW sample taken in Jordan was achieved. The proposed system was also analyzed economically. The previous work was essential for this research in relation to air emissions from waste incineration plants since such waste incineration technology is at an earlier stage in the MENA region.  
There are many studies on the topic of waste incineration emissions, particularly since the introduction of new regulations and agreements to reduce the emissions from waste incineration plants, specifically CO2 emissions which are considered the main driver of climate change. [PERSON] et al. [41] prepared highly porous carbons and tested three materials as sorbents for CO2 capture.  
[PERSON] et al. [42] suggested four different methods to ascertain the amount of carbon in waste combusted in Sweden. They took real samples from erected waste incineration plants including 42 solid samples, 21 flue gas samples, 3 sorting analyses, and 2 investigations using the balance method.  
[PERSON] et al. [43] studied the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from MSW management in EU countries, mainly in waste incineration facilities, and found that one of the best techniques for improving the performance of waste incineration, as well as reducing emissions, was to improve the efficiency of the incineration plants. After a comprehensive analysis of current and emerging techniques, they concluded that if proven techniques and supporting measures are properly implemented, the amount of energy recovered from waste can be increased by 35%, using the same amount of waste as feedstock.  
[PERSON] et al. [44] studied the effect of country-specific, plant-specific, and operational conditions on the emissions from real waste incineration plants in Korea, based on data gathered from real plants. The selected incineration plants had different operating systems (i.e., stoker, fluidized bed, moving grate, rotary kiln, and kiln and stoker), and different nitrogen oxide (NOx) removal systems (i.e., selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR)) to treat municipal solid waste (MSW), commercial solid waste (CSW), and specified waste (SW). The total mean emission factors for MSW incineration were found to be 134 \(\pm\) 17 kg CO2 ton\({}^{-1}\) and 69 \(\pm\) 16 g N2O ton\({}^{-1}\) while those for CSVN incineration were 259.76 g N2O ton\({}^{-1}\), and for SW incineration, the emission factors were 2959 kg CO2 ton\({}^{-1}\) and 401.21 g N2O ton\({}^{-1}\). In the case of Korea, it could be concluded that MSW incinerators have the lowest CO2 emissions. [PERSON] et al. [45] continuously measured the emissions from five MSW incinerators and four industrials for N2O and CO2. The climate-relevant CO2 emission factors ranged from 0.45 to 0.72 tons of CO2/ ton waste combusted in modern waste incinerators (MWI). According to the Bellona Europa report [46] the CO2 produced by burning municipal solid waste can be captured, transported, and permanently stored at geological storage sites to prevent the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. Some researchers have investigated the effect of waste incineration plants as electricity generators on climate emissions in terms of life cycle assessment [47]. [PERSON] et al. [48] investigated the life cycle climate change impact of waste incineration. Their sensitivity analysis indicated that the non-biogenic fraction of the waste significantly influences the life cycle assessment.  
However, the novelty of this study is to introduce a comprehensive methodology through a validated model to pre-assess the potential CO2, SO2, and NO2 emissions from a waste incineration plant during the design phase. Waste composition (the elementary fractions of the waste), LCV, and incarnation design capacity were the most important values to be investigated and specified to activate the model.