## 2 Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
### The Relationship Between Digitalization and the SDGs
They facilitate the constant monitoring of water quality and the health of aquatic ecosystems, contributing to reducing pollution and promoting sustainable marine resource use practices. The use of advanced digital tools, such as IoT sensors and environmental monitoring systems, enables scientists and conservationists to obtain precise and real-time data on the state of the aquatic environment, allowing for efficient preventive and corrective measures [5]. Moreover, digital technologies can educate and raise public awareness about the importance of conserving underwater life and marine ecosystems, encouraging active involvement in protecting these vital resources for our planet's health [10]. Goal 15: Life on Land (SDG 15). Digital technologies enable the monitoring and managing of terrestrial resources to support SDG 15. They can collect and analyze data on land use, biodiversity, and environmental changes, providing essential information for informed decision making on natural resource management [47]. The implementation of digital solutions, such as geographic information systems, sensor technologies, and data analysis, can improve the monitoring of the impacts of human activities on terrestrial ecosystems and identify effective strategies for biodiversity conservation and land degradation prevention [48]. Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions (SDG 16). Digital technologies can facilitate access to relevant information, monitor the progress of reform implementations, and promote transparency within public institutions [2]. Advocating the use of digital technologies within the context of SDG 16 can strengthen the rule of law, improve anti-corruption mechanisms, and ensure better protection of citizens' fundamental rights, building robust institutions and promoting a more equitable and inclusive society [49]. Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals (SDG 17). Digital technologies promote knowledge exchange, stimulate innovation, and support the efficient implementation of other sustainable development goals through strong partnerships and global cooperation [10]. Furthermore, digital technologies enable rapid information exchange, coordination of actions, and the monitoring of progress in implementing joint initiatives, thereby enhancing the impact and effectiveness of these partnerships [49]. Promoting the use of digital technologies in the context of SDG 17 can strengthen global collaboration and solidarity, identify innovative solutions to global challenges, and ensure an integrated and coherent approach to implementing the global sustainable development agenda. The implementation of digital technologies across various fields can bring significant benefits by improving the efficiency, accuracy, and sustainability of processes. However, a responsible and ethical approach to digital technologies is decisive for the management of potential risks and negative impacts on society and the environment. Therefore, digital technologies substantially support efforts to achieve sustainable development goals, offering innovative tools and solutions to address global challenges and promoting sustainable development. Hypothesis H1 proposes testing the relationship between digitalization and sustainability. **Hypothesis H1. **_Emerging digital technologies have a significant positive impact on the progress of SDGs in EU countries._