## 2 Co-Administration of Two Different Antimicrobial Polymers
### Nitric Oxide co-Administration Systems
Reproduced with permission from reference [108]. Copyright 2010 ACS. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**System** & **Nanoparticle** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Microorganism** \\ **Tested** \\ \end{tabular}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Synergistic Effect**} & **Ref** \\ \hline Porous CS films & Ag (\(\approx\)12 nm) & \begin{tabular}{c} _E. coli_, _S. aureus_ \\ _P. aeruginosa_, _MRSA_ \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} The presence of hundreds of porous enables formation \\ of smaller AgNPs, which are more effective than longer. \\ Besides CS absorbs a large amount of water and releases \\ Ag more efficient than chitosan without porous. \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Carboxymethyl \\ CS/polyethylene oxide \\ nanofibers \\ (CMCTS/PEO) \\ \end{tabular}  & Ag (12 to 18 nm) & \begin{tabular}{c} _E. coli_, _S. aureus_ \\ _P. aeruginosa_, _C. albicans_ \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} The fibrous structure of nanofibers allowed to increase \\ the silver load. \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Crosslinked \\ CS/polyethylene glycol \\ nanocomposite films \\ \end{tabular}  & ZnO \begin{tabular}{c} _E. coli_, _S. aureus_ \\ _P. aeruginosa_, _B. subtilis_ \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} Membrane disrupting of the cationic polymer. Ag and \\ ZnO enhanced antibacterial property due to the \\ photocatalysis and metal release process. Generation of \\ active free radicals. \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Nancomposite \\ GO-CS/ZnO \\ \end{tabular}  & ZnO & _E. coli_, _S. aureus_ & GO-ZnO induce ROS production that causes oxidative damage. The interaction bacteria with composite and ZnO-NPs increase its permeability and generate active superoxide ions (O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\)), which can react with the peptide linkages in the cell wall of bacteria and thus disrupt. Although ferrites have not attracted as much attention as the case of silver and copper derivatives, ferrite superparamagnetic NPs have potentially antibacterial activity [128]. In particular, it has been demonstrated that superparamagnetic MnFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) NPs cause a leakage of lactatedehydrogenase from the bacterial membrane, myocardial function disturbance, chromosomal condensation, and oxygen free radicals' production. In this regard, [PERSON] et al. prepared a vancomycin-PEG-CS-MnFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) NPs (vanco-PEG-CS-MnFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\)) that showed an enhanced effect against _E. coli_ and _P. aeruginosa_ in comparison to antibiotics alone. The PEG chains increased the stability of NPs while CS coating not only improved the properties of ferrite nanoparticles, but promoted antibacterial activity managing a reduction in a dose of vancomycin. Magnetic hyperthermia is a therapeutic procedure that increases temperature in tissues and based on the fact that magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that are exposed to an alternating magnetic field absorb energy which efficiently produces localized heat [129]. This strategy has been applied in cancer treatment [130] and recently as an alternative method to inactivate the _S. aureus_ pathogen [129, 131]. A novel dual antimicrobial system that takes advantage of magnetic hyperthermia benefits has been reported by [PERSON] and coworkers [132], who developed hybrid antimicrobial NPs with cationic polycarbonate brushes (PrBrT) grafted on super-paramagnetic MnFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) NPs (10 nm). The system MnFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\)-\(\mathcal{S}\)-PrBrT was evaluated against _E. coli_ and _S. aureus_ strains, as described before. Cationic species in the polymer chains were responsible for cell disruption and leakage of components. The synergistic effect was observed when magnetic MnFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\)-\(\mathcal{S}\)-PrBrT attached to bacteria was exposed to magnetic heating resulting in a localized increase of temperature killing them efficiently.