## 6 Experiments and Results
### Performance Evaluation  
In this experiment, the client communicates with the server using the three AKMA TLS 1.3 PSK modes, including the 0-RTT mode with 8 KB of early data during the handshake and an additional 8 KB of data after the handshake, as well as both PSK-(EC)DE and PSK-only modes, which involve 16 KB of data after the handshake. The client replicates 10 processes through shell scripts, while the servers enable parallel connectivity using pitread, tested with 1 and 10 threads. To evaluate the performance of each AKMA TLS 1.3 PSK mode, CPU and memory usage are measured 12 times at 10-second intervals over a span of 120 s. Additionally, the time required for these operations is assessed by taking 12 measurements of the average time required for each 10-second interval. The experiment results on network latency shown in Figure 8 demonstrate that the PSK-(EC)DE mode is the slowest, followed by the PSK-only mode, with the 0-RTT mode being the fastest. Such disparity in network latency increases as the number of connections grows. This means that while the PSK-(EC)DE mode offers the highest level of security, it comes at the cost of increased network latency. On the other hand, the 0-RTT mode, though less secure, provides the fastest communication, making it suitable for scenarios where speed is a priority. Figure 9 shows that memory usage for the PSK-(EC)DE mode consumes the most memory, followed by the 0-RTT mode, with the PSK-only mode using the least memory. This indicates that the PSK-(EC)DE mode requires significant memory resources for the key exchange processes, while the 0-RTT mode necessitates additional memory to maintain session information. On the other hand, the PSK-only mode, being the most memory-efficient, suggests it is suitable for environments where memory usage is a critical constraint. Figure 10 shows that CPU usage for the PSK-(EC)DE mode has the highest CPU consumption, followed by the PSK-only mode, with the 0-RTT mode having the lowest CPU usage. This is because the PSK-(EC)DE mode involves complex encryption processes for key exchange, leading to increased CPU demand. In contrast, the 0-RTT mode benefits from a simplified handshake process, resulting in significantly lower CPU usage. This makes the 0-RTT mode an efficient choice for scenarios where minimizing CPU load is crucial. Finally, we measure the network latency based on packet loss rates for the two modes, PSK-(EC)DE and 0-RTT, that support perfect forward secrecy. As shown in Figure 11, the results under varying packet loss scenarios (0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) demonstrate that the 0-RTT mode consistently outperforms the PSK-(EC)DE mode. Across all levels of packet loss, the 0-RTT mode maintains a lower total communication time, highlighting its efficiency and robustness even as network conditions degrade. As packet loss increases, the performance gap between the two modes becomes more pronounced, emphasizing  
Figure 7: An exemplary application of AKMA solutions to enhance CCTV surveillance systems.  
the advantage of using the 0-RTT mode for scenarios where minimizing communication latency is critical, such as in CCTV scenarios where network conditions are often unstable due to environmental factors.  
Figure 8: Network latency by the AKMA TLS 1.3 PSK modes.  
Figure 9: Memory usage by the AKMA TLS 1.3 PSK modes.