## 2 Materials and Methods
### Procedure  
Each participant participated in five sessions, which took place at least two weeks apart. Participants were asked not to conduct any structured exercise on the day of the testing session and not to consume caffeine for two hours before the session. The sessions were performed as follows:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **t (df)** & \(p\) \\  & **All, N = 30** & **Female, N = 23** & **Male, N = 7** & \\ \hline Age (years) & 73.00 \(\pm\) 5.43 & 72.57 \(\pm\) 5.65 & 74.43 \(\pm\) 4.72 & 0.79 (28) & 0.44 \\ \hline Education (year) & 15.53 \(\pm\) 3.42 & 15.00 \(\pm\) 3.55 & 17.29 \(\pm\) 2.36 & 1.59 (28) & 0.12 \\ \hline MMSE (score out of 30) & 29.30 \(\pm\) 0.65 & 29.35 \(\pm\) 0.65 & 29.14 \(\pm\) 0.69 & 0.72 (28) & 0.48 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Descriptive variables of the participants (mean \(\pm\) SD).  
**Pre 1--first baseline testing**. On the first laboratory visit, participants signed an informed consent form and health declaration, then filled out a self-demographic questionnaire, followed by the MMSE. After a 10-min break, each participant performed the NeuroTrax cognitive test (first time), which lasted 15 min.  
**Pre 2--second baseline testing.** On the second laboratory visit, participants performed the NeuroTrax cognitive test for the second time (in order to overcome the learning effect).  
**Visits 3, 4, and 5--experimental sessions**. The order of the different experimental sessions (i.e., bal&coor, aerobic, and control) was randomized and counterbalanced across participants to minimize possible order or learning effects. During these sessions, participants performed the cognitive test immediately after the experimental condition, which consisted of 30 min of either aerobic exercise or bal&coor, or reading a journal in a seated position (the control condition).  
All sessions were performed at the same hour of the day, with no eating, drinking coffee/tea, or performing physical activity at least two hours before the session.  
**The aerobic exercise session** was performed on a spinning bike. It began with a warm-up period of 5 min of 60-80 RPM, gradually reaching the target heart rate--70% of maximal heart rate (males: 208--70% of their age; females: 209--80% of their age) [22]. In the main part of this session, the participant kept their target heart rate while performing different drills on the spinning bike (i.e., asymmetric exercise by focusing on one leg for several cycles, changes in cycling rate, changes in resistance, based upon changes in heart rate) for 20 min. At the end of this session, participants walked slowly to the room where the post-cognitive test would take place, which was considered as a 5-min cool-down. During this session, participants wore heart rate monitors.  
**The bal&coor session** began with a 5-min warm-up that included light movements of different parts and joints of the body, walking in place, and static and dynamic stretching. In the central part of this session, participants performed weight transfer exercises on different surfaces (stable/unstable), standing on a single leg, and controlling their balance with stabilizer muscles while performing coordinative movements such as basketball dribbling, bouncing, or throwing the ball toward the trainer. Additionally, exercises that were based on height changes in the center of mass were included, as well as changes in the base of support. At the end of this session, participants walked slowly to the room where the post-cognitive test would take place, which was considered a 5-min cool-down.  
**During the control session** participants read journal articles about healthy lifestyles, in a seated position, for 30 min.