## 3 Results
Lycopene concentration (Figure 4a) in TS oil remained approximately constant (0.3 mg/g) during the entire extraction process and resulted to be much lower than the theoretical concentration achievable (2.78 mg/g). Moreover, during the first phase of extraction, the \(\beta\)-carotene concentration in TS oil was higher than the theoretical value of 0.95 mg/g, which was reached after 45 min and remained approximately constant until the end of the process. In fact, in the first process stage of the process, the amount of \(\beta\)-carotene initially recovered was higher than the oil mass simultaneously extracted, leading to a more concentrated tomato seed oil. Conversely, in the last extraction period, the trend of oil and \(\beta\)-carotene mass curves was reversed, and a lowering of the concentration was observed, due to the greater quantity of oil extracted compared to that of \(\beta\)-carotene. Figure 4: Lycopene (**a**) and \(\beta\)-carotene (**b**) concentrations in tomato seed oil (\(\mathrm{C_{L}}\) and \(\mathrm{C_{\beta_{C}}}\), respectively), tomato seed oil mass (\(\mathrm{m_{TS\,oil}}\)), carotenoid mass (\(\mathrm{m_{L}}\) and \(\mathrm{m_{\beta_{C}}}\) for lycopene and \(\beta\)-carotene, respectively) evaluated during trial #6 with layered arrangement (LSP). Theoretical concentrations of lycopene and \(\beta\)-carotene were indicated by horizontal dashed lines. During trial #7, as shown in Figure 5a, wheat germ flour oil enriched in lycopene with a constant concentration of approximately 0.28 mg/g, much lower than the theoretical value of 2.17 mg/g. On the other hand, \(\beta\)-carotene concentration in WFG oil was close to the theoretical value (1.21 mg/g) during the first 40 min of process and decreased during the second extraction phase, when the extracted \(\beta\)-carotene mass diminished with respect to the oil amount simultaneously recovered (Figure 5b). Table 5 shows the fatty acid profiles determined for wheat germ and tomato seed oils extracted by Norflurane and n-hexane. For each oily matrix, the differences between the profiles evaluated with both solvents were not statistically significant (\(p>0.05\)). Figure 5: Lycopene (**a**) and \(\beta\)-carotene (**b**) concentrations in oil (\(C_{\rm L}\) and \(C_{\rm Bc}\), respectively), wheat germ flour oil mass (\(m_{\rm WCF\ oil}\)), and carotenoid mass (\(m_{\rm L}\) and \(m_{\rm Bc}\) for lycopene and \(\beta\)-carotene, respectively) evaluated during trial #7 with layered arrangement (LWGFP). In tomato seed oil, a great amount of palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1, \(\omega\)-9), and linoleic (C18:2, \(\omega\)-6) acids and minor quantities of stearic (C18:0) and linoleic (C18:3, \(\omega\)-3) acids were observed while palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linoleic acids were predominant in wheat germ oil. In all cases, an unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio higher than 1 was assured. Fractional Hansen Parameters, \(f_{p}\), \(f_{d}\), and \(f_{hb}\), were calculated for lycopene, \(\beta\)-carotene, tomato seed oil, and wheat germ oil. They are represented in the Hansen ternary plot in Figure 6 and are compared with the fractional parameters related to other common organic solvents [38].