## 1 Introduction  
Cancer is considered to be the gradual expansion and growth of abnormal cells in the human body. Breast cancer has been among the major cause of death among women worldwide [1, 2]. Breast cancer has a higher death rate than any other disease, i.e., malaria or tuberculosis. The World Health Organization (WHO) cancer research institute (International agency for research on Cancer (IARC) and the American Cancer Society) reported that in 2018, there were 17.1 million cancer cases globally and it is expected to double by 2025 [3]. Although extensive research has been done by medical professionals and researchers, they cannot provide the best method of treating breast cancer to obtain the long-awaited treatment and guarantee the potential for reliable evidence for its prevention [4]. In addition, some important parts of cancerous tissue related to breast cancer are aggressive and pose the greatest threat to the lives of patients, because they are more likely to cause infections in other vital organs of the human body [5; 6]. The enormous growth of the area of the mammary cells can cause tumors in women. Depending on the area, size, and location, these large tumor cells divide into cancer cells and non-cancer cells based on breast cancer reporting and data system (BI-RAD) scores [7; 8]. Non-cancerous tumors are known as benign which is signified to the primary tumor area and the cancerous tumors are known as malignant and secondary tumor area. Benign tumors are treatable and their expansion can be restrained by taking the proper medications and will not endanger the lives of women [9; 10]. Secondary tumors can spread to distant metastases or adjacent tissues. When cancer cells penetrate the lymphatic system or blood, malignant tumors can escalate to different parts of the body. The tumor stems from uncontrolled cell proliferation in the breast [11; 12]. A malignant tumor can be treated only if the patient acquires appropriate treatment with surgery or radiation [13; 14]. In the breast, cancer cells can increase to the lymph nodes and affect other body parts, i.e., lungs. Breast cancer usually begins with ductal dysfunction (invasive ductal carcinoma). Although, it can also originate in glandular tissues and other cells called lobules and breast tissue [15]. The researchers also found that changes in hormones, lifestyle, and the environment also increase the risk of breast cancer [16; 17]. Low dose X-ray examination of the breast is utilized to envisage the internal structure of the breast. This process is medically called mammography. This is evaluated as the best suitable approach for the detection of breast cancer. Compared to previously used equipment, mammography shows the breast to a much lower radiation dose [18]. It is one of the most reliable screening tools and has been shown to be a significant approach for early breast cancer detection in recent times [19]. A mammogram of each breast was recorded in two different views, namely the medial-lateral oblique (MLO) view and the cranio-caudal (CC) view as shown in Figure 1. Estimated new cases recorded in 2021 were 281,550 and the percentage of all the new cancer cases was 14.8% in the U.S. The estimated deaths in 2021 was around 43,600 having a percentage of 7.2%. The 5-year relative survival rate of breast cancer from 2014 to 2019 was 92.16% in the U.S [20]. Figure 1: _Cont._  
Many researchers focus on biomedical imaging to assist specialist radiologists. Early detection of tumors has a significant role in the diagnosis and analysis of breast cancer. Detection of breast cancer malignancies in early stages is important. Various biomedical imaging methods have been utilized to determine breast cancer, i.e., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and mammography [22]. Owing to the huge number of images, radiologists face many problems identifying suspicious areas or cancer. Therefore, to reduce the load, an efficient automated method is required to help radiologists significantly.