## 4 Discussion  
DM is a condition characterized by insulin resistance or insufficiency, which causes an increase in BGLs. According to previous research, there have been 366 million verified cases of DM, and this number will surpass 500 million by 2030 [32]. Over the last decade, the occurrence of DM has significantly increased in developed countries. Moreover, this disease may spread and become a serious threat in the US, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America in the future [33]. Honey comprises more than 200 ingredients, including fructose, glucose, and water. When honey was first utilized in folk medicine in ancient times, its medicinal advantages were entirely based on observation and lacked scientific support. The scientific community has only recently become interested in researching and describing the advantages of honey. These studies have mainly explained the medicinal benefits of honey, including its therapeutic effects on inflammation, diabetes, and oxidative stress. The contribution of the immune system to the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1 DM) is widely acknowledged by several theories. Figure 4: Pancreas histopathology. (**A,B**) Diabetic mice treated with insulin, the pancreas showing restoration of the normal size and contour of islets of Langerhans with less oedema (dark red arrow) and less necrotic cells (green arrow) (H&E, \(\times\)400). Figure 5: Pancreas histopathology. (**A,B**) Diabetic mouse treated honey extract 2 mg/kg/b.wt pancreas showing restoration of the normal size and contour of islets of Langerhans with less oedema (dark red arrow), less necrotic cells (green arrow), and small regenerative islets (orange arrow) (H&E, \(\times\)400). In the current study, a model of type 1 autoimmune diabetes with an immune-mediated component was induced by MLDSTZ after CsA administration. This was supported by biochemical testing and histopathological analysis of pancreatic tissues from diabetic mice in group III, which revealed moderate insulitis. The tested mice were healthy and free of any underlying immunological disorders that could have impeded the experimental process. To investigate the effects and mechanism of honey extract, we conducted an in vivo experiment with the induction of diabetes in mice. Our findings indicated that the honey extract intraperitoneally injected at 2 mg/kg/b.wt, day after day, was beneficial for the mice. After the treatment period, the diabetic group V treated with honey extract exhibited significant body weight increases compared to the diabetic group III (Table 1), indicating a noticeable weight gain induced by the honey extract. Furthermore, the honey extract demonstrated antidiabetic activity, as evidenced by a significant reduction in BGL in group V 149 \(\pm\) 4.63 compared to that in the diabetic group III (Table 2). These findings are consistent with those of [PERSON] et al., who conducted several studies on honey and DM in both animals and humans, and reported that honey ameliorates BGL in people with diabetes [34]. Additionally, according to [PERSON] et al. honey's efficacy is based on its nature and composition. Honey was found to improve BGL and body weight, whether taken alone or in conjunction with dietary supplements [35]. Moreover, consistent with the review by [PERSON] et al. the findings point to honey as a potential medication that will help regulate blood glucose levels and prevent other associated disorders [16]. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. demonstrated that different varieties of honey mitigate BGLs during pregnancy [36]. The diabetes model applied in this study had many benefits. First, the lesion of pancreatic islets in the model resembled those found in clinically diagnosed type 1 DM [37; 38]. The results showed that the CsA/MLDSTZ co-treatment constituted an immune-mediated type 1 autoimmune DM. Hepatic glycogen levels, which serve as the biological indicator of insulin action, support this conclusion [39].