# GNSS-Based Monitoring Methods for Mining Headframes  
[PERSON]  
1 The Key Laboratory of Universities in Anhui Province for Prevention of Mine Geological Disasters, Huainan 232001, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (ZZ.j. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.Y.) [PERSON]  
1 The Key Laboratory of Universities in Anhui Province for Prevention of Mine Geological Disasters, Huainan 232001, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (ZZ.j. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.Y.) [PERSON]  
4 The Key Laboratory of Universities in Anhui Province for Prevention of Mine Geological Disasters, Huainan 232001, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (ZZ.j. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.Y.) [PERSON]  
1 The Key Laboratory of Universities in Anhui Province for Prevention of Mine Geological Disasters, Huainan 232001, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (ZZ.j. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.Y.) Z.X.Z.Z. timely manner by establishing an effective deformation monitoring and early warning system, ensuring the safety of headframe operations, equipment, and personnel. In the field of headframe deformation monitoring, conventional ground measurement techniques, such as static measurement methods based on total stations and levels, face issues like long monitoring cycles, high labor intensity, and difficulty in meeting real-time monitoring requirements. With the continuous development of surveying and mapping technology, researchers have begun to adopt methods such as precise leveling measurements, photogrammetry, and 3D laser scanning. Although these technologies each have their advantages, such as the strong capabilities of photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning in providing detailed deformation data, they also encounter challenges like large field workload and complex data processing [1; 2]. In response to these limitations, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology, particularly following the completion of BDS-3, provides a highly precise and reliable real-time monitoring solution, significantly improving monitoring efficiency and accuracy. [PERSON] and [PERSON] utilized GPS differential dynamic positioning technology to process actual GPS data on mine headframe dynamic deformation, demonstrating that GPS dynamic positioning results satisfy the accuracy requirements for headframe deformation monitoring [3]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] investigated automation and online monitoring technology for coal mine headframes based on BeiDou high-precision positioning, establishing an online monitoring system for headframe displacement and inclination [4]. [PERSON] and colleagues explored the application of GNSS technology in mine deformation monitoring, including the construction of continuous operation reference stations, the development of precise height difference models, and the creation of automated monitoring systems for coal mining subsidence, thereby enhancing the precision, real-time performance, and reliability of mine deformation monitoring [5]. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. explored the phenomenon of frequency aliasing and its time-frequency characteristics in the context of high-rate GNSS seismic monitoring [6]. [PERSON] advanced a rapid inversion algorithm for determining seismic source parameters using high-rate GNSS data during significant seismic events [7]. [PERSON] et al. also performed an extensive analysis of the damage progression and catastrophic mechanisms in building structures subjected to the combined effects of coal mining activities and seismic events [8]. Studies [9; 10; 11; 12] systematically investigated critical aspects such as seismic response characteristics, vibration spectrum analysis, and structural reinforcement strategies for mine headframe structures. As a result, the utilization of GNSS technology for monitoring deformation and investigating disaster-inducing mechanisms in mining headframe structures under the combined influence of mining-induced and seismic disturbances holds substantial academic and practical significance.