## Materials and Methods
### Virtual Environment  
Two existing real-world streets were modeled in two different virtual scenarios: Rua 25 de Abril, in Braga, and Rua Teixeira de Pascoais, in Guimaraes. Each one followed a similar development process. First, dimension and distance measurements were taken from the streets, including the length and width of the crosswalks and its markings, the road width, the width of the sidewalks, the length and width of the parking sites, and the sizes of the road. Afterward, the two scenarios were modeled in Blender 2.79a, an open-source 3D computer graphics software that uses Python as a scripting language. Several architectural details such as buildings, vertical signalization, and vegetation were modeled, and textures from pavements and buildings were added to provide participants with a more realistic depiction of the roads (Figure 1a,b). The next step was to model the movement of a vehicle, which approached the participants throughout the experiment. To do so, the traffic on the two streets was firstly analyzed, recording vehicle speeds and trajectories when approaching the crosswalk in situations in which pedestrians were crossing the road. Then, noise recordings of real vehicles were carried out in a closed urban road to obtain a realistic depiction of the vehicles' noise resulting from similar trajectories. To collect the speeds and trajectories of the vehicles, a 2-h video was recorded in each street and then analyzed using the Traffic Intelligence software [24; 25]. The several trajectories collected were clustered into three distinct categories: (1) the vehicle maintained its speed without any or with very subtle changes (Constant Speed); (2) the vehicle slowed down before reaching the crosswalk, but continued its trajectory without stopping (Slow Down); and (3) the vehicle slowed down and completely stopped before reaching the crosswalk (Stop). For each speed pattern, the mean (m), maximum (max), minimum (min), and standard deviation (sd) of the distances between vehicle and pedestrians at the beginning (V\({}_{\text{i}}\) and D\({}_{\text{i}}\)) and the end (V\({}_{\text{f}}\) and D\({}_{\text{f}}\)) of the braking, in the cases where it occurred, were calculated. These values (Table 1) were used as a reference to define the vehicles' trajectories to be used in the simulator. Contrary to other studies that usually assume constant speed (e.g., [19; 20; 22; 26; 27; 28; 29]), the three types of speed profiles recorded in the observational study were implemented in the simulator. Figure 1: The two virtual scenarios: Rua 25 de Abril (**a**); and Rua Teixeira de Pascoais (**b**). Speeds above 30 km/h were not considered since the study intended to evaluate the pedestrians' crossing decision-making, considering the approach of a vehicle at short distances from the crosswalk. In addition, above that speed, the noise emitted by a vehicle is predominantly produced by the tire-road interaction, and engine noise differences (electric and gasoline combustion) are of little relevance to the crossing decision [6]. From the values in Table 1, three different conditions for the simulator experiment were defined (Table 2). The distance at which the vehicle was shown on the screen and started its approaching movement (\(\text{D}_{\text{i,mov}}\)) was kept the same in all conditions. The vehicle approaching sounds were recorded using as test vehicles: (1) a Kia Seed SW, with a gasoline combustion engine, equipped with ContiEcoContact3 195/65-R15 tires; and (2) a Renault Zoe ZE, with electric engine, equipped with Michelin Primacy 3 205/45-R17 tires. Controlled Pass-By (CPB) measurements were performed with a Bruel & Kjaer Pulse Analyzer type 3560-C and a Bruel & Kjaer Head and Torso Simulator (HATS) Type 4128-C equipped with Ear Simulators Type 4158-C and 4159-C. The HATS was placed at 1.55 m from the road center, at the height of 1.66 m (corresponding to the Portuguese population average height) with its head turned 35\({}^{\circ}\) counterclockwise from the road perpendicular.