_Applied_  
_sciences_  
**Tobacco, Alcohol and Family History of Cancer as Risk Factors of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma:**  
**Case-Control Retrospective Study**  
**[PERSON] 1,2\({}^{\circled{\text{\textregistered}}}\), [PERSON] 1,2, [PERSON] 1,2,*\({}^{\circled{\textregistered}}\), [PERSON] 1,2, [PERSON] 1,2, [PERSON] 1,2, [PERSON] 1,2, [PERSON] 1,2\({}^{\circled{\textregistered}}\), [PERSON] 1,2\({}^{\circled{\textregistered}}\), [PERSON] 1,3, [PERSON] 1,3, [PERSON] 1,3\({}^{\circled{\textregistered}}\), [PERSON] 1,3\({}^{\circled{\textregistered}}\), [PERSON] 1,3\({}^{\circled{\textregistered}}\), [PERSON] 1,2, [PERSON] 1,4, [PERSON] 1,2, [PERSON] 1,4, [PERSON] 1,3, [PERSON] 1,2, [PERSON] 1,2\({}^{\circled{\textregistered}}\) and [PERSON] 1,2\({}^{\circled{\textregistered}}\)**  
1 Head and Neck Tumor Board, Polyclinic Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; [PERSON] (G.T.); [PERSON]A.N.); [PERSON]] (A.C.); [PERSON] (A.B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.T.); [PERSON]M.D.M.); [PERSON]S] (I.R.); [PERSON] (E.B.); [PERSON].D.F.); [PERSON]S] (D.M.); [PERSON]SS] (C.R.T.D.G.); [PERSON](D.M.); [PERSON]ESS] (S.M.); [PERSON] (S.D.C.); [PERSON]A.B.); [PERSON]V.); [PERSON] (P.M.); [PERSON].T.); [PERSON]M.D.V.); [PERSON].P.);[PERSON]S] (U.R.)  
2 Department of Oral Sciences and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy  
3 Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy  
4 Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy  
5 Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel./Fax: +39-0649918165  
Received: 14 May 2020; Accepted: 1 June 2020; Published: 4 June 2020  
**Abstract:** The aim of the study is to observe retrospectively the correlation between Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and risk factors; including tobacco, alcohol and Family History of Cancer (FHC). A total of 478 patients were included retrospectively from the database of the Department of Oral Sciences and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome. A Test Group (TG) consisted of 239 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of OSCC. A Control Group (CG) consisted of 239 patients without history and/or diagnosis of oral cancer. The logistic regression models were used to calculate the adjusted Odd Ratios (ORs) associated with alcohol, tobacco and FHC; including the General Family History of Cancer (GFHC) and Family History of Head and Neck Cancer (FHHINC) and their 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). The high rate of tobacco consumption was associated with an OR of 1.035 (95% CI 1.001-1.070) and a statistical significance (\(p\) = 0.041). Drinker patients showed a significant risk of developing OSCC (\(p\) = 0.05) and the OR was 1.035 (95% CI 1.010-1.061). The GFHC was associated with a marginal risk of OSCC with an OR of 1.095 (95% CI 0.953-1.259), without significance (\(p\) = 0.199). The FHINC showed a notable risk increase with an OR of 1.871 (95% CI 0.902-3.882), without significance (\(p\) = 0.092). Alcohol and tobacco may be associated with an increase in the risk of OSCC.  
**Keywords:** alcohol; family history of cancer; head and neck cancer; oral cancer; oral squamous cell carcinoma; smoking; tobacco