###### Abstract  
This study investigates the use of finely ground coal bottom ash (FGCBA) as a substitute for Portland cement in concrete, comparing it with coal fly ash from the same power plant. The incorporation of this ash necessitates the addition of a superplasticizer to achieve the desired slump at the same replacement rate. The results demonstrate that at an optimal 20% replacement rate, as determined by 91-day compressive strength tests, the maximum strength achieved by FGCBA is 97.7% of the control group with pure cement, whereas coal fly ash reaches 114.0%. Drying shrinkage tests indicate for both materials have similar volume stability, while rapid chloride permeability tests show their effectiveness in reducing chloride ion permeability, with superior performance from FGCBA. Under optimal conditions, the result of the RCPT test was only 559 coulombs, which is significantly better compared to the 4108 coulombs when using fly ash from coal combustion. Our results demonstrate that utilizing low-cost bottom ash by finely grinding it to replace Portland cement in concrete is feasible, achieving both carbon reduction and economic viability. f 20231 13 13212 13  
for traditional coal-reliant Portland cement. Furthermore, progress in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, explored by [PERSON] et al. [4], offers a way to reduce emissions from existing coal-based facilities. As efforts toward a sustainable future are intensifying globally, reducing coal consumption remains a key focus of scientific research and technological advances. Furthermore, studies on carbon sequestration by concrete have been published. [PERSON] et al. [5] focused on enhancing the properties of rankinite (C\({}_{3}\)S\({}_{2}\)) cement through the use of triethylene glycol (TEG) as a modifier. Their results demonstrated that the addition of TEG facilitates the formation of aragonite whiskers, significantly improving both the flexural and compressive strength of cement. Furthermore, they found that aragonite formation is more favorable in a suspension with a high concentration of Ca\({}^{2+}\) and a minimal Mg\({}^{2+}\)/Ca\({}^{2+}\) molar ratio higher than 0.12. Continuing efforts to mitigate the environmental impact of construction activities have led to the exploration of industrial byproducts as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Among these, coal fly ash, a residue generated from coal combustion in power plants, has gained attention for its pozzolanic properties, which allow for its use in replacing a portion of Portland cement in concrete. The incorporation of coal fly ash not only addresses issues of waste management but also reduces the carbon footprint associated with cement production. It has been documented in studies by researchers such as [PERSON] et al. [6] that the integration of fly ash into concrete mixtures not only allows for the conservation of natural resources but also enhances the durability and performance of the resulting concrete. Furthermore, research by [PERSON] et al. [7] provides evidence that the appropriate incorporation of fly ash can lead to improved workability and long-term strength of concrete structures. As explored by [PERSON] et al. [8], the economic advantages of using fly ash are substantial in providing a cost-effective substitute for traditional cement and enhancing the economic sustainability of construction projects. While the incorporation of fly ash in concrete shows great promise, a shift in power generation methods is expected to result in decreased fly ash production. In light of this, if the quantity of construction projects remains unaffected, it becomes crucial to identify suitable pozzolanic materials as alternatives. In this study, we chose coal bottom ash, a material akin to coal fly ash, as our research object. The selection was made in the context of existing regulations and the manufacturing processes of ready-mixed concrete plants, which have yet to undergo changes. Our approach is aligned with the current trend of reducing coal usage.