## 8 Conclusions  
This paper presents the application of the beluga whale optimisation (BWO) algorithm to determine the appropriate size of wind turbine generating systems (WTGS), while the optimal positions have been identified using the distribution load flow (DLF) method by minimising the P-Index, which was specified by taking voltage stability into account. In addition, optimal electric vehicle (EV) load distribution has been assessed in order to analyse the characteristics of EV load units in active and reactive power operations of the active distribution network. The BWO-optimised EV load units, along with the WTGS, effectively minimise the overall active power loss, leading to a stable bus voltage profile at weak nodes of the system. To summarise, the work presents:  
* The optimal location of WTGS is established using analytical methods based on the matrix approach of DLF.
* The application of the BWO technique determines the suitable size of WTGS in accordance with the ideal configuration of EV load units, consequently enhancing the stability and performance of the network.
* The influence of integrating uncertain voltage-dependent ZIP forms of EV loads is analysed by minimising overall power losses and keeping bus voltages within acceptable parameters.  
The future expansion of this study may incorporate different power distribution challenges, such as active power curtailment of distributed generator units to prioritise reactive power, determining the charging and discharging characteristics of EVs, and energy storage devices employing meta-heuristic methodologies.  
Figure 11: Integral square error using BWO and PSO.  
Figure 10: Integral absolute error using BWO and PSO.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, N.R., M.-U.D.M. and N.G.; methodology, N.R., M.-U.D.M. and N.G.; software, N.R.; validation, N.R., M.-U.D.M. and N.G.; formal analysis, N.R., M.-U.D.M. and N.G. investigation, N.R., M.-U.D.M. and N.G.; resources, N.G.; data curation, N.R. and N.G.; writing--original draft preparation, N.R.; writing--review and editing, N.R. and N.G.; visualization, N.R.; supervision, N.R., M.-U.D.M. and N.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** All the data generated in present work is already available in the reported manuscript or cited accordingly.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors express their thanks to the Ministry of Education, Government of India, for funding a scholarship during [PERSON]'s Ph.D.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors state that there are no conflicting interests.  
**Nomenclature**  
DG Distributed generation EV Electric vehicle WTGS Wind turbine generating system P-Index Placement index DLF Distribution load flow VSF Voltage stability factor RES Renewable energy source DSO Distribution system operator DGP Distributed generation planning PSO Particle swarm optimisation GA Genetic algorithm DE Differential evolution BWO Beluga whale optimisation PDF Probability distribution function VDL Voltage dependent load SOC State of charge ISE Integral square error IAE Integral absolute error