esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Adsorption Isotherm  
The effect of arsenic initial concentration on their adsorption over the surface of Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/CS/PEI nanocomposite was studied as shown in Figure 7a. According to Figure 7a, the increased initial concentration of arsenic caused an increase of the adsorption capacity indicating the high affinity between As(III) and As(V) ions and the nanosorbent.  
This behavior was attributed to the availability of ions to be adsorbed. To understand the adsorption mechanism of arsenic ions over the Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/CS/PEI nanocomposite, the  
Figure 7: The arsenic initial concentration effect (**a**), [PERSON]’s isotherm fitting (**b**), and [PERSON]’s isotherm fitting (**c**) for the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) ions over the surface of Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/CS/PEI nanocomposite.  
information related to the binding affinity and adsorption capacity must be obtained and thus achieved via the study of adsorption isotherm. As mentioned in the experimental section, the two classical isotherm models ([PERSON] and [PERSON]) were used to fit the experimental data of the arsenic ions' adsorption over the synthesized nanosorbent as shown in Figure 7b,c. The parameters of [PERSON] and [PERSON] were also presented in Table 1. According to Figure 7b,c, and the R\({}^{2}\) values, the experimental data was more fitted to [PERSON]'s isotherm than [PERSON]'s isotherm. R\({}^{2}\) values are 0.999 for both ions of arsenic in case of [PERSON]'s fit while equal to 0.94 in case of [PERSON]'s fit. [PERSON]'s isotherm suggests the heterogeneous adsorption of adsorbates over energetically dissimilar adsorption sites while [PERSON]'s isotherm suggests the homogeneous adsorption of adsorbates over energetically equal sites. Thus, the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) ions occurred as a monolayer over Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/CS/PEI nanocomposite. The calculated maximum adsorption capacity (q\({}_{\text{max}}\)) was found to equal 86.50 and 77.61 mg/g for the uptake of As(V) and As(III), respectively. These values were compared to previous results in the comparative study section. Moreover, the adsorption process of arsenic ions is favorable due to the value of R\({}_{\text{L}}\) that was less than 1.0.
## 4 Voting Algorithm
### Voting Procedure  
According to the rules made in the previous description, we introduce the voting algorithm and explain the main voting procedure for decentralized revocation. Users who have obtained a legal identity certificate through Audit Institutions and registered through the resolution nodes can initialize the revocation event. They need to generate a revocation request according to the following rules and send it to the local SNR node, which will publish it to other registered users in the domain (domain means SNR domain). After the revocation event is initiated, other neighboring users in the domain vote for the event. Each public key valid user in the domain has the voting right, and the voting weight is scaled to its key grades. The revocation threshold is set to \(ht_{cs}\) for a given SNR domain. The accumulative threshold value \(ht_{c}\) is calculated by Formula (2):  
\[ht_{c}=\sum_{k\in R}VW_{k}\times\alpha_{k} \tag{2}\]  
where the users' voting coefficient \(\alpha_{k}\) can be 0, 1, \(-1\). Among them, 0 represents abstention, 1 represents consent, and \(-1\) represents opposition. \(k\) is the voting user in \(R\), and \(R\) is the set of all users voting for revocation information in the domain.  
When the revocation is completed, it is reported to the SNR node in the domain. If it is a public key revocation, the first time, the attacking user's security weight is halved and warned, and the next time, the public key is directly revoked. The SNR node stores it in its own PKBL list, synchronizing it to other resolution nodes within a certain period according to the blacklist synchronization time. If it is content revocation, the SNR node deletes the revoked content and supervises the users who publish the error content to accept the punishment of security weight reduction. The revocation process is described in the following subsection.
# Survey on Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Based on Multimetrics
## 4 Routing-Protocol Proposals Based on Metrics
### Multimetric-Routing Proposals
#### 4.2.6 AODV with Multi-RREP (AODV-MR)  
A new scalable routing scheme, AODV-MR, was proposed in [27]. This proposal focused on link reliability and stability using an anycast approach. To find an optimal and suboptimal path, it uses a combination of route cost metric (RCM) and minimum hop count, and includes the carry and forwarding mechanisms to deal with broken routes.  
RCM calculation of a source-destination link is defined by the Bellman Equation (6):  
\[RCM=C_{sj}+C_{j}, \tag{6}\]  
where \(C_{sj}\) is a cost of a hyperlink \((s,j)\); \(s\) is the vehicle source, and \(j\) is a set of hyperlinks. The remaining any-path cost from \(j\) to destination node is \(C_{j}\).
# Robotic Systems and Navigation Techniques in Orthopedics: A Historical Review
## 3 Computer-Aided Navigation Systems (CANSs)
### Three Basic Elements
#### 3.1.1 3D Modeling  
Three-dimensional (3D) modeling is about reconstructing a three-dimensional digital model of the patient's bone, and then the model can be further used to make preoperative planning by the surgeon. Typically, the 3D model is reconstructed from preoperative images (e.g., CT, X-ray, MRI). For example, most of the previously introduced RSs conduct the 3D modeling based on preoperative CT scans. Some other systems (e.g., NAVIO) generate the 3D model by using bone-morphing techniques and intraoperative tracking data, then visualizing the 3D model in a graphical format.
# Using Artificial Neural Network Models to Assess Hurricane Damage through Transfer Learning
## 3 Transfer Learning
### Transfer Learning Workflow for Flood Damage Classification  
Figure 1 shows the workflow to train ResNet and MobileNet for flood damage classification. Both ResNet and MobileNet were trained using the ImageNet dataset, which includes more than 1 million images and 1000+ target classes or labels. Our transfer learning work utilizes the pre-trained knowledge in these two models, i.e., model weights that characterize typical features in images in the real world. Specifically, our hurricane damage classification transfer learning work consists of the following steps.  
* Obtain the pre-trained neural network model and its weights;
* Remove the top layer which is used to predict the original 1000 classes;
* Freeze other layers in the pre-trained model to avoid destroying any of the extracted feature information;
* Add new and trainable layers on top of the frozen layers. These layers learn to turn the old features into the target predictions (i.e., _floods_ and _non-floods_ images) using a new dataset;
* Train the new layers on our in-house hurricane damage dataset related to flood damage.  
It should be pointed out that there are no _floods_ nor _non-floods_ classes in the ImageNet dataset. As a result, the primary goal to use these pre-trained models is feature extraction. Our flood damage dataset was configured with a 60/20/20 split for training, validation, and testing purposes. Furthermore, data augmentation was used to increase our training samples to reduce model overfitting. The data augmentation technique randomly transforms training samples to yield believable-looking images, and it helps expose the model to more aspects of the data for better generalization [31].
## 6 Conclusion and Discussions  
In this study, the feasibility of AC power routers is examined in a local power distribution network. The circuit switching operations in parallel and series configurations of the prototype AC power routers were confirmed experimentally to prove the feasibility of developing a switching network system. The results show that in parallel, as well as series configurations, the power router is able to exchange PLs successfully. Even if the input voltages are not synchronized in phase and frequency, the power router operates as in the case of synchronized sources. This behavior approximates the case of independently-driven power sources. Based on these results, it was determined that the AC power routing system should perform properly with a combination of parallel and series configurations.  
Currently, a broadband PLC modem is installed in the prototype power router. In general, it is difficult to establish communication between two PLC modems over lines with transformers. However, a narrowband PLC has attracted interest in smart grids, because it is expected to establish communications when transformers are present [18]. A change in PLC modem type should not represent any substantial problems for establishing a network using power routers of the type discussed in this study. A time delay of the signal transmission over the system should not become a serious problem, because the period of the voltage cross point when circuit switching is performed is sufficiently large compared to the signal propagation time. In addition, the development of a SiC power device is most expected to be installed in the power router to allow the exchange of PLs with higher voltages [19]. The implementation of SiC power devices is inevitable to enlarge the power management capacity in the power router and to decrease the conduction and switching losses that constitute the main power losses in the power router. The power efficiency of the prototype power router with Si power devices is 99.67\(\%\) under steady-state conditions [10]. In addition, SiC power devices are expected to reduce losses by 90\(\%\) compared with Si devices in the same voltage class [20], which would represent significant reduction in waste power on a national or global scale. With the use of the power router we have developed, we have opened the door to a power routing system that satisfies the management of power distribution according to energy on demand.  
Figure 11: Output waveforms in a series connection when the downstream power router #2 exchanges lines: (**a**) output voltage waveforms; and (**b**) output current waveforms.
## 4 LBV of SAFs  
In recent years, as demands for fuel sustainability and a reduction in carbon emissions have escalated, an increasing number of studies have shifted from conventional aviation fuels towards SAFs. Compared to traditional fuels, SAFs offer advantages such as ample reserves, lower emissions, and anticipated lower commodity prices. Assessing the LBV of SAFs aids in understanding their combustion performance and disparities with conventional fuels, constituting a pivotal aspect of SAF performance certification. Depending on the feedstock for alternative fuel production, they are generally categorized as synthetic fuels and renewable or bio-jet fuels. The former refers to alternative aviation fuels produced via the Fischer-Tropsch synthetic method from natural gas or coal, while the latter encompasses aviation fuels derived from biomass using various methods [33]. Below, we present introductions to SAFs obtained through these two pathways.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Laboratory-Scale Profile (20 L)  
The characterisation results of the _Cyanobium_ sp. bioprocess at the laboratory-scale are shown in Table 4, for the batch, and one litve of culture, with the respective mass and economic allocation for each extract. The relative contribution of each subsystem is represented in Figure 2.  
As shown in Figure 2, the relative contribution is relatively constant through all the evaluated impacts: S1 (20%), S2 (55%), S3 (0-3%), S4 (10%), S5 (0-1%), S6 (10%), and S7 (3%), with the cultivation phase (S2) having the most impact. With a more detailed analysis of S2, the impact was found to be mainly related to electricity consumption (about 96%), followed by wastewater (3%) and chemicals (1%). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Inputs from Technosphere** & & Growth control b  & MWh \\ \hline
**S5. Extraction I** & & & & \\ Ethanol & 2 & m\({}^{3}\) & Illumination & 1.5 & MWh \\ Water (deionised) & 20 & L & **S3. Harvesting** & \\ NaCl & 0.4 & kg & Centrifuge & 5.4 & MWh \\
**S6. Extraction II** & & & & \\ Water (deionised) & 2 & m\({}^{3}\) & Freeze-drier & 1.9 & MWh \\  & & & **S5. Extraction I** & \\  & & & Agitator & 2 & kWh \\  & & & Ohmic Heating & 67 & kWh \\  & & & Centrifuge & 132 & kWh \\  & & & Rotary dryer c  & 5.5 & GJ \\  & & & **S6. Extraction II** & & \\  & & & Agitator & 2 & kWh \\  & & & Centrifuge & 128 & kWh \\  & & & Freeze-drier & 2 & MWh \\  & & & **S7. Residual biomass** & & \\  & & & & Tray dryer c  & 4.1 & GJ \\ \hline \hline Outputs to technosphere & & & & \\ \hline Carotenoids’ extract & 54 & kg & & \\ Phycobiliproteins’ extract & 50 & kg & & \\ Residual biomass & 96 & kg & & \\ \hline Outputs to environment & & & & \\ \hline Wastewater & 202 & m\({}^{3}\) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Description of BG11 culture medium solids can be found in [PERSON] et al. [16] b Average value for mixing, aeration, and temperature control [17; 38]\({}^{\circ}\) Rotary dryer uses heat from steam.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._In terms of mass and economic allocation (Table 4), as both extracts are produced in similar quantities, the allocated impact in mass is similar for both, while as phycobiliproteins are more valuable in the market, the economic allocation implies a higher impact to this extract than to carotenoids. Previous reports assessing the environmental profiles of cyanobacterial bioprocessing have found the same contribution profile between stages, with cultivation being one of the most environmentally burdensome. [PERSON] et al. (2018) observed that _Arthrospira platensis_ cultivation accounted for 80% to 95% of the calculated impact for the process, depending on the impact indicator (82% for GW); from that, electricity and sodium bicarbonate were the two main inputs for high impact. In another study, [PERSON] et al. (2019) observed that the culture subsystem of the _Arthrospira maxima_ bioprocess accounts for up to 56% of the
# HAIPO: Hybrid AI Algorithm-Based Post-Fabrication Optimization for Modern 3D NAND Flash Memory
## 2 Background
### Tuning NAND Operating Parameter  
Just after a NAND flash chip is fabricated, its characteristics are insufficient to work as a commercial memory product. Hence, the internal operating device parameters of NAND flash chips should be carefully tuned to ensure various requirements. Key internal device parameters (e.g., voltage levels or timing values) can be modified by setting a value of _electrical fuse (eFuse)_ that is placed in the peripheral circuit, enabling quick access during NAND operations [20].  
Figure 4 shows how internal operating parameters can be tuned using the 8-bit eFuse. The 8-bit eFuse can contain a value from 0 to 255. The analog voltage generator or operation timer circuit is connected to the eFuse, and its corresponding output is determined based on the eFuse's setting value. For example, when the eFuse value is incremented sequentially from 0 to 255, the analog voltage level output can linearly increase from 5 V to 15.2 V with 40 mV resolution. Similarly, an 8-bit eFuse can change the timing parameter from 40 us to 10.6 ms with 40 us stepping. As NAND flash memory becomes more advanced, the number of eFuses to be optimized is increasing, so post-fabrication optimization is expected to be more difficult and complex.
## 1 Introduction
The Marines devote their lives to the oceans, where they serve and are stationed, and it is essential to effectively implement a communication system that can deliver data with a high packet delivery ratio while achieving the lowest delays during transmission. The significant contributions of the proposed method are as follows:  
* To thoroughly study the major routing protocols for marine communication and sensor networks. * To identify the problems and issues that arise when using the existing methods. * To propose a cooperating scheme for marine sensor networks named Cooperative-Relay Neighboring-Based Energy-Efficient Routing (CR-NBEER). * To deploy the proposed relay optimization scheme and to balance the possibilities with the help of advanced relay sensor nodes, both underwater and terrestrial. * To enhance the network performance by applying nearest neighbor node identification. * To perform simulations and illustrate the results of the proposed method. * To evaluate the proposed method with existing routing protocols for underwater communication: Cooperative Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (Co-UWSN), Cooperative Energy-Efficient Routing (CEER), and Neighboring-Based Energy-Efficient (NBEER). * To determine the performance of the proposed method via an evaluation based on packet delivery ratio, path loss, end-to-end delay, and energy consumption. This manuscript is organized in the manner described below. Section 1 introduces the proposed method, along with problem statements and critical contributions. Section 2 provides a detailed literature review. Section 3 presents the details of the proposed methodology and the mathematical implementation model. Section 4 presents an evaluation and discussion of the results. Finally, Section 5 presents the conclusion of the article.
# An Alternative Approach to Cataract Surgery Using BSS Temperature of 2.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C
## 1 Introduction  
Today, cataracts are globally considered to be a significant factor in the development of blindness, and are a concern from a public health perspective [1]. Cataract surgery--despite being nowadays much more standardized and safe, and widely regarded as an ordinary practice in the ophthalmological field--still has some limitations [2]. Indeed, cataract surgery may present possible postoperative complications such as corneal decompensation [3], the possibility of a cornea with more swelling [4], anterior chamber reaction [5], cystoid macular edema [6], increased intraocular pressure, and, rarely, endophthalmitis [7]. An objective approach to preoperative evaluations is required to obtain the best results [8].  
Over the years, different methods have been proposed to make cataract surgery easier and safer, but the revolutionary breakthrough in this area occurred with the development of phacounlification. With the use of this technique, it has been possible to achieve a good standard of low-risk efficacy compared to the techniques previously used [9]. The advent of Femto Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery (FLACS) has indeed decreased the use of ultrasonic energy in the anterior chamber. However, this is primarily due to the laser performing nuclear fragmentation and capsulorhexis, which reduces the level of energy required for nuclear fragmentation and decreases the average loss of endothelial cells to around 20% [6]. Surgical damage to the endothelium can have severe consequences on functional outcome and on the consequent recovery of the patient [7]. For this reason, for many years,technological research has been devoted to reducing this loss, for example by using fewer ultrasounds, thanks to femtosecond lasers [10; 11; 12; 13]. [PERSON] et al. [14] used a cold irrigation temperature solution during phacoemulsification. In this study, the saline bottle was cooled in a refrigerator to 8 \({}^{\circ}\)C and then maintained at room temperature in the operating room.  
The aim of this study is to test whether lowering the temperature of the balanced salt solution (BSS) from room average temperature to 2.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C \(\pm\) 0.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C (i.e., the average temperature at the tip of the phacoemulsifier handpiece), and consequently, lowering the temperature in the anterior chamber, has a protective effect on the cells of the endothelial epithelium, and whether this could prevent damage to the corneal endothelium cells during phacoemulsification. The temperature of 2.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C, measured at the tip of the phacoemulsifier handpiece, results from a BSS bottle kept inside a thermal \"coat\" of water and ice, and is a consequence of the experimental setup.  
Before performing the study on patients, measurements were conducted using an artificial eye model, manufactured from lactic acid (PLA). In this manner, two objectives were reached: a) correct and reproducible temperature evaluations were achieved; b) patient safety was ensured.
# Millimeter Wave Attenuation Due to Wind and Heavy Rain in a Tropical Region
## 3 Theory and Algorithms
### Inclination Attenuation Due to Wind  
Windy conditions cause dynamic load on the pole and antenna structure, leading to dynamic inclination and antenna misalignment. It has been shown in the APT-AWG-REP-81 report [6] that the gain degradation depends on the beam misalignment angle, given as  
\[A_{wind}=g(\theta)=20\log_{10}\biggl{(}\frac{u^{\prime}}{2J_{1}(u^{\prime})} \biggr{)},\,\biggl{(}\text{for}\,\,\frac{D}{\lambda}\leq 100\biggr{)} \tag{12}\]  
where \(g(\theta)\) is the gain degradation in dB as a function of the misalignment angle (\(\theta\)), \(J_{1}\) is the Bessel function of the first kind, \(D\) is the diameter of the antenna and \(\lambda\) is the wavelength. The parameter \(u^{\prime}\) is given using  
\[u^{\prime}=\frac{60\pi}{\theta_{BW}}\sin\theta, \tag{13}\]  
where \(\theta_{BW}=k\lambda/D\) is the half-power beamwidth and \(k\) is the factor depending on the shape of the reflector and the feed illumination pattern. Alternatively, angular gain degradation can be estimated from the antenna manufacturer. For example, the COMSCOPE-VHLP1-80 antenna has online data that can be referred to [28]. Figure 5 shows the radiation pattern envelope of the antenna, calculated using Equations (12) and (13), compared to the manufacturer's data. It should be noted that the gain is based on the angular deflection of the antenna, where the pole is deflected in the pitch direction with respect to the antenna front. The pole inclination can also occur in the side directions where the beammisalignment angle is much smaller. In such cases, the gain degradation is smaller than the calculated value (see the Supplementary Materials, Figures S1-S3).  
Precise measurement of the inclination angle allows for an accurate estimation of the link performance in the parameter \(A_{wind}\), so that effective mitigation can be applied. The method presented in APT-AWG-REP-81 ([PERSON] et al., 2017) and [PERSON] et.al. (2018) used the wind speed to calculate the wind load-induced inclination based on the structural properties of the pole and antenna. Their findings showed that the results agree with the model, which predicts that the angle is proportional to the square of wind speed, and that the attenuation is dependent on the wind speed. Another method to measure the inclination is the direct measurement of the inclination angle from the accelerometer data in our setup in Figure 1. The time-varying 3D angle can be obtained, which can provide more insights into the dynamic of wind-induced attenuation. The two methods to estimate the pole inclination are summarized in the following subsections.