## 6 Conclusions  
This study took Putian City, China, as the research area to explore the response characteristics of the ecosystem to land-use changes (LUCs) and their impact mechanisms during 2000-2020. Accordingly, the conclusions are as follows:  
1. The spatial distribution of Tupu units, which represent LUCs in Putian City, showed significant variations, with the most pronounced alterations observed in the areas of cultivated land and grassland. 2. The spatial pattern of ESV evolution and the overall service supply capacity change in Putian were the ultimate outcomes of LUCs. 3. The ESV of Putian City exhibited a distinct spatial pattern. And ES relationships revealed a prevailing synergistic pattern, while the degree of trade-off exhibited a rising trend. 4. The ecological environment and economic progress in Putian City collectively faced a region of potential risk. To sum up, ESV exhibits a dynamic interplay within the overarching ecological process, mirroring the transformations between social development and land-use patterns in the study area. This study, while providing a comprehensive analysis of land-use changes (LUCs) and their impact on ecosystem services value (ESV) in Putian City, has several limitations. Firstly, the reliance on remote sensing data for land-use classification, although a standard approach, may not capture the full complexity of LUCs at finer scales. Meanwhile, the benefit transfer method used for ESV assessment is subject to uncertainties dueto the variability in local ecological conditions and economic values. Additionally, while ecosystems offer a multitude of services, they can also trigger trade-offs or degradation in other services, potentially leading to negative environmental consequences. This study does not include the negative services provided by the ecosystem in the evaluation system. Hence, future research could incorporate higher-resolution imagery and ground-truth data to refine land-use classifications. And an urgent need exists to develop a framework and methodology that can assess the net value of ecosystem services, enabling informed resource allocation decisions. Moreover, future studies could also benefit from integrating local knowledge and stakeholder perspectives to better understand the human dimensions of LUCs and their impacts on ESV. Conceptualization, K.S. ; methodology, Q.P. and K.S. ; software, Q.P. and K.S. ; formal analysis, Q.P. and K.S. ; investigation, Q.P., D.W. and K.S. ; data curation, Q.P. and S.F. ; writing--original draft preparation, Q.P. ; writing--review and editing, K.S., S.F. and W.L. ; visualization, Q.P., D.W. and K.S. ; supervision, W.L. and S.F. ; project administration, S.F. ; funding acquisition, S.F., W.L. and K.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 23 YJCZH192), Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (Grant No. 2021J01650), Major Project Funding for Social Science Research Base in Fujian Province Social Science Planning: Ecological Civilization Research Center (Grant No. FJ2022 JDZ035), Key Program of New Think Tank in Fujian Province (Grant No. 24 MZKB38), Joint Program on Innovation Strategy Research in Fujian Province (Grant No. 2023R0147), and National Scientific Research Project Cultivation Plan of Anxi College of Tea Science of Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University (Grant No. ACKY2023011). Not applicable. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the authors upon reasonable request. The authors also thank \"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring\" and \"Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovative Centre for Gersmplasm Resources and Cultivation of Crop\" for their support. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References  
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