## 4 Simulation Methodology
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Ra & 30\% Urban (studied area \textless{} 200,000 km\({}^{2}\)) \\  & 10\% Urban (studied area \textgreater{} 200,000 km\({}^{2}\)) \\  & 10\% Suburban (studied area \textless{} 200,000 km\({}^{2}\)) \\  & 5\% Suburban (area \textgreater{} 200,000 km\({}^{2}\)) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Rb} & 2.5\% (studied area \textless{} 200,000 km\({}^{2}\)) \\  & 2\% (200,000–1,000,000 km\({}^{2}\)) \\  & 1\% (studied area \textgreater{} 1,000,000 km\({}^{2}\)) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Values for Ra and Rb of 5G for frequency the bands between 6 and 8 GHz. Substituting (7) to (5):  
\[\text{Rc (\%)}=\text{Ra (\%)}*\text{S}_{\text{built-in}}/\text{S}_{\text{ rural}} \tag{8}\]  
Thus, Rc is defined as a composite factor, already including the Ra assumption. For the case of one particular Administration based on official statistics, these areas are \(\text{S}_{\text{built-in}}\) =84,004 km\({}^{2}\) and \(\text{S}_{\text{rural}}\) = 120,526 km\({}^{2}\). Considering Ra (%) = 30% Urban (area < 200,000 km\({}^{2}\)) the ratio of coverage areas to rural areas (adjustment factor) for this particular case can be expressed as follows:  
\[\text{Rc (\%)}=\text{Ra (\%)}*\text{S}_{\text{built-in}}/\text{S}_{\text{ rural}}=21\% \tag{9}\]  
Therefore, the total number of BS in the footprint in the rural area could be found as \(\text{DI}_{\text{ru}}=\text{D}_{\text{ru}}*\text{Rc }*\text{(100-Rb)}\), where \(\text{D}_{\text{ru}}=0.001\dots\ 0.006\) BS per km\({}^{2}\). To calculate propagation losses between each interfering BS and victim the propagation model based on Recommendation ITU-R P.619 was used, the model takes into account losses in atmospheric gas, spreading losses, rain losses, etc. [15]. Additionally, the model based on Recommendation ITU-R P.2108 [16] was used which allows calculating slant path clutter attenuation, this mode is applicable for the frequency bands from 10 to 100 GHz, however, it can be extrapolated to the lower frequency bands, this extrapolation was approved by the ITU-R study group that is responsible for developing propagation models. In the study, clutter is applied for 100% BS with urban deployment, however, it wasn't applied to the BS with suburban and rural deployment since the clutter height in suburban and rural areas will be lower than BS antenna heights according to the typical clutter classes in Recommendation ITU-R P.452. To calculate _C/N_ degradation, external noise addition expressed as _C/(N+I)_ ratio should be taken into account. _C(N+I)_ can be calculated using the following expression [15; 16]. \[C/(N+I)=C-10*\log\left(10^{\frac{1}{10}}+10^{\frac{N}{10}}\right) \tag{10}\]  
where \(N\) is the noise level in the badnwidth of the receiver (dBW); \(C\) is the wanted signal level in the bandwidth of the receiver(dBW); I is the interference level in the victim receiver bandwidth (dBW). It should be noted that since FSS links in the 6425-7125 MHz use transparent transponders and therefore there is no on-board processing or enhancement of the information signal, the composite _C/(N+I)_ should be calculated. Composite _C/(N+I)_ includes _C/(N+I)_ levels in the uplink and downlink of the transponder link and should be calculated using the following expression [17; 18]:  
\[C/(N+I)_{total}=-10\log\left(10^{-0.1\text{C/(}N+I)_{up}}+10^{-0.1\text{C/(}N +I)_{down}}\right) \tag{11}\]  
where _C/(N+I)\({}_{up}\)_ is C/(N+I) of Earth-to-space transponder link (dBW); _C/(N+I)\({}_{down}\)_ is _C/(N+I)_ of space-to-Earth transponder link (dBW);  
Scenario 1 is a beam that covers the Pacific region. 5G BS stations deployed at the footprint of the victim FSS satellite at orbital position 183\({}^{\circ}\) E. The transmitting ES of the bent pipe link is located at 47.49\({}^{\circ}\) N and 116.24\({}^{\circ}\) E and the ES that receives retransmitted signal from the satellite is located at 67.68\({}^{\circ}\) N and 152.84\({}^{\circ}\) E coordinates.