esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Few-Shot Knowledge Graph Completion Model Based on Relation Learning
## 4 Model
### Transformer Learning Framework  
In the FKGC task, the core objective is to incorporate as much semantic information as possible into the final output relation representation \(R\), thereby enhancing the fine-grained semantics of different entity pairs in the few-shot reference set. Due to the powerful learning capability of Transformers [28], this paper utilizes a Transformer as a learner to further learn the relation representation of triplets. In order to obtain more accurate relation representations, the FRL-KGC model takes the entity embeddings from the high-order neighborhood entity encoder and the task relation embeddings from the relation representation encoder as inputs to the Transformer learner, enabling further learning of relation representations. Inspired by R-TLM (Recurrence Transformer Language Model) [29], this paper optimizes the learner based on a simplified R-TLM module. The main structure of the Transformer learner is illustrated in Figure 5.  
The task relation \(r\) and its corresponding entity pair \((h,t)\) are represented as a sequence \(X=\{x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}\}\), where \(x_{1}\) and \(x_{3}\) represent the head and tail entities, and \(x_{2}\) represents the task relation. Firstly, the input of the Transformer is defined as \(z^{k}_{i}\), and for an element \(x_{i}\) in the sequence \(X\), it is represented as Equation (14):  
\[z^{k}_{i}=x^{emb}_{i}+x^{pos}_{i} \tag{14}\]  
where \(x^{emb}_{i}\) represents the embedding of the element and \(x^{pos}_{i}\) represents the positional embedding. The entity embeddings \(x^{emb}_{1}\) and \(x^{emb}_{3}\) are the updated entity representations from the high-order neighborhood entity encoder (Equation (6)), and the relation embedding \(x^{emb}_{2}\) is obtained from the relation representation encoder (Equation (13)). Firstly, \(z^{0}_{i}\) is inputted into the LSTM Block, and the hidden state is \(z^{1}_{i}\). Next, the \(z^{0}_{i}\) and \(z^{1}_{i}\) are connected through a residual connection, serving as the input to the Transformer module. Within the Transformer module, the Multi-Head Attention layer and Add&Norm layers are first utilized for learning. Then, the Feed-Forward layer, composed of fully connected layers and ReLU activation functions, along with the subsequent Add&Norm layers, introduce nonlinearity into the module. This approach aims to enhance the learning process, ultimately yielding the output of the Transformer learner. The specific computation steps are shown in Equations (15)-(17):  
\[z_{i}^{1}=LSTM\big{(}z_{i}^{0}\big{)} \tag{15}\]  
\[z_{i}^{2}=Fusion\Big{(}z_{i}^{0}+z_{i}^{1}\Big{)} \tag{16}\]  
\[z_{i}^{3}=Transformer\big{(}z_{i}^{2}\big{)} \tag{17}\]  
The output \(z_{i}^{3}\) from the Transformer block learner serves as the final relation representation for the task triplet \((h,r,t)\), denoted as \(z(h,r,t)\). In the end, for each few-shot relation \(r\) and its corresponding task triplet \((h,r,t)\in\mathcal{S}_{r}/\mathcal{Q}_{r}\), there exists a corresponding final relation representation.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Simulation Details
#### 2.6.1 Lennard-Jones Crystals  
We simulated two different Lennard-Jones systems. The first one, simulated with SimpleMD, was constructed arranging \(N_{\text{at}}=256\) particles in a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice. Additional simulations with \(N_{\text{at}}=500\) and \(N_{\text{at}}=1372\) were performed to quantify finite size effects. Temperature \(T=1\) was controlled with a stochastic velocity rescaling thermostat [24]. The thermostat was applied at each step, whereas the barostat was tested with different choices for the multiple-time-stepping stride \(n_{s}\). The estimated isothermal compressibility, that should be provided as an input parameter, was taken from the liquid phase at \(T=1.5\) and set to \(\beta_{T}=0.3\)[18]. Interparticle interactions were cut and shifted at a distance of 2.5. The external hydrostatic pressure was set to 1. Simulations were run with a timestep of \(\Delta t=0.005\) for a total of \(10^{6}\) steps each. Lennard-Jones units were used everywhere.  
A second Lennard-Jones system was simulated with GROMACS [19] using the parameters for Ar included in the GROMOS 54A7 force field [35]. \(N_{\text{at}}=1000\) atoms were placed at random and simulated at decreasing temperatures, ranging from 100 K to 5 K, in an annealing procedure, until a hexagonal close-packed structure with defects was obtained. Interactions were cut at 1 nm. Production runs were then performed using the velocity Verlet integrator and setting \(T=5\) K with a stochastic velocity rescaling thermostat [24]. Both the thermostat and barostat were applied every 10 steps. The isothermal compressibility was set to \(\beta_{T}=3.53\times 10^{-5}\,\text{bar}^{-1}\), as estimated on a preliminary run. A timestep of \(\Delta t=2\) fs was used, and the length of each simulation was 10 ns. The first 250 ps was discarded in the analysis. The external pressure was set to 1 bar.
###### Abstract  
The aim of this research is to investigate the energy sustainability of cross-laminated timber (CLT) and straw residential buildings in the Cold and Severe Cold Regions of China. In the study, three building materials, namely reinforced concrete (RC), CLT, and straw bale, are used separately to design the building envelope in reference residential buildings in different climate zones. The energy consumption during the operation phase of these buildings is then simulated using Integrated Environmental Solutions--Virtual Environment software (IES-VE). The results show that both CLT and straw buildings are more efficient than reinforced concrete with a reduction in energy consumption during the operational phase. Overall, the calculated heating energy-saving ratios for CLT buildings in Hailar, Harbin, Urumchi, Lanzhou, and Beijing are 3.04%, 7.39%, 7.43%, 12.69%, and 13.41%, respectively, when compared with RC. The calculated energy-saving ratios for heating in straw buildings in comparison with RC in these cities are 8.04%, 22.09%, 22.17%, 33.02%, and 34.28%, respectively. The results also reveal that a south orientation of the main building facade results in approximately 5% to 7% energy reduction in comparison with east or west orientations, and as the building height increases, energy consumption decreases gradually. Although RC is the most frequently used building material in Cold and Severe Cold regions in China, as bio-based building materials, there is great potential to promote CLT and straw bale construction in view of the energy sustainability features.  
energy sustainability; cross laminated timber (CLT); straw bale; reinforced concrete (RC); residential buildings +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A Reinforcement Learning Based Intercell Interference Coordination in LTE Networks
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, an intercell interference coordination scheme for downlink LTE networks that aims to minimize intercell interference is proposed. The proposed scheme combines resource allocation and dynamic power control using genetic algorithm as policy space search reinforcement learning.  
Simulations results show the effectiveness of our proposed ICIC scheme. The proposed resource allocation algorithm gives more than seven times less packet loss ratio and delay performance compared to maximum throughput (MT), Proportional Fairness (PF), Earlier Deadline First (EDF) and Largest Weighted Delay First (LWDF).  
Our proposed power allocation scheme effectively minimizes intercell interference by increasing SINR compared to RF1, SFR, fuzzy logic system [27] and uniform transmit power schemes.  
The next steps for future research direction would be to use real data from real LTE networks to learn solutions offline through exploration process and to use results obtained for online exploitation.  
Conceptualization, D.T. and K.; Methodology, A.F.; Software, D.T.; Validation, D.T., A.F., K. and S.D.Y.; Formal Analysis, D.T.; Investigation, D.T.; Resources, D.T.; Data Curation, D.T.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, D.T.; Writing--Review and Editing, A.F.; and Supervision, K. and S.D.Y.  
Djorwe Temoa has been partially supported by Erasmus Mobility Program Key Action 107 between Germany and Cameroon.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results
### Comparison of Questionnaires and SVM Classification  
A similar classification to the one reported in the subsection below was performed concerning the resulting scores of the UES questionnaires (Table 6). Points assigned to each item were divided into three groups, corresponding to the three classes of activation used for the SVM FER-based classification: (1) group \"deactivated\" ranged from 1-2; (2) group \"averagely activated\" ranged from 3-5; and (3) group \"activated\" ranged from 6-7. Based on this grouping, a classification of the level of engagement was performed on the median of the score for each participant. For eight of the 12 subjects, the class of activation was \"averagely activated\"; for two subjects, the class of activation was \"deactivated\", and, for the remaining two participants, the resulting class was \"activated\".  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample User** & **\# Deactivated** & **\# Averagely Activated** & **\# Activated** \\ \hline
1 & 3 & 20 & 7 \\
2 & 0 & 14 & 4 \\
3 & 1 & 13 & 2 \\
4 & 5 & 5 & 3 \\
5 & 0 & 16 & 0 \\
6 & 4 & 20 & 1 \\
7 & 3 & 7 & 1 \\
8 & 4 & 15 & 1 \\
9 & 3 & 10 & 9 \\
10 & 5 & 4 & 8 \\
11 & 5 & 15 & 0 \\
12 & 5 & 12 & 5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Numerous of the three classes for each sample user. The class with the highest number of elements is underlined. As can be seen, the most populous class was “averagely activated” for most of the participants.  
From the comparison of the outcomes of the two classifications (Table 6), it can be seen that, for six participants (the sample users numbered as 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9), the two methods were in agreement with each other. On the basis of the answers given to the questionnaire, user number 2 and user number 12 resulted with the highest level of engagement (Table 6), while, for the expression classification, their level of activation was average (Table 5). For user number 7, the level of engagement expressed through the questionnaire was the lowest (Table 6), but the most of their images were classified as averagely activated (Table 5). User number 10 was classified by the SVM as activated (Table 5), while, from the questionnaire, an average level of engagement was determined (Table 6); user 11 gave negative feedback to the UES items (Table 6), while the facial expression classification denoted the class \"averagely activated\" (Table 5).
# Design and Analysis of a Novel Microspeaker with Enhanced Low-Frequency SPL and Size Reduction
## 7 Conclusions  
Smartphones have become daily necessities for many people. At present, acoustic performance has become an important feature when selecting smartphones. However, the bezel-less display and the numerous components, such as digital stylus pens, mounted in new-generation smartphones have decreased the allowable size of microspeakers. This reduced size degrades the acoustic performance of microspeakers, especially the SPL. To address this problem, we designed and tested a novel microspeaker, called 1410_SPK, in this study. This speaker aims to achieve an improved low-frequency SPL, while featuring reduced dimensions (relative to the prototype speaker). Coupled analysis was used to solve the multiphysics system of the microspeaker. The FEM analysis of the speaker and its SPL results were verified using the results of the experiment with the 1610_SPK prototype microspeaker. The electromagnetic force in the novel microspeaker (1410_SPK) was increased using a large-diameter coil. A ring-shaped permanent magnet that surrounds the exterior coil was used for flux density improvement. Furthermore, the air gap was reduced from 0.15 to 0.10 mm using an automated visual inspection machine. A coil with a thin bond layer was also introduced to increase the total force. The proposed 1410_SPK was manufactured, and its SPL was measured in an anechoic chamber. The SPL, which represents the low-frequency performance, was averaged from four frequencies. Comparison of the SPL proves that 1410_SPK offers an average SPL that is 1.87 dB higher than that of 1610_SPK. The 1.87 dB improvement at low frequencies is a considerable improvement considering the size reduction. Owing to the improved electromagnetic force, the smaller 1410_SPK has almost the same acoustic performance as that of 1610_SPK, except at frequencies around 1 KHz.  
The results of this study on microspeakers can be applied to future portable devices such as smartphones, tablet PCs, or smartwatches that require small microspeakers with better acoustic performance.  
Conceptualization, K.-H.P., Z.-X.J., and S.-M.H.; methodology, K.-H.P.; software, K.-H.P. and Z.-X.J.; validation, K.-H.P. and Z.-X.J.; investigation, K.-H.P., and Z.-X.J.; writing--original draft preparation, K.-H.P.; writing--review and editing, K.-H.P., Z.-X.J., and S.-M.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Frequency** & **1610\_SPK** & **1410\_SPK** \\ \hline
200 Hz & 64.40 dB & 66.20 dB \\
300 Hz & 72.78 dB & 74.69 dB \\
500 Hz & 82.62 dB & 86.16 dB \\
700 Hz & 91.89 dB & 92.83 dB \\ Average & 77.92 dB & 79.79 dB \\ Difference & - & +1.87 dB \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: SPL comparisons between 1610_SPK and 1410_SPK at four frequencies.
# Systematic Evaluation of Different Coating Chemistries Used in Thin-Film Microextraction
###### Abstract  
A systematic evaluation of eight different coatings made of solid phase extraction (SPE) and carbon-based sorbents immobilized with polyacrylonitrile in the thin-film microextraction (TFME) format using LC-MS/MS was described. The investigated coatings included graphene, graphene oxide, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), carboxylated MWCNTs, as carbon-based coatings, and polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB), octadecyl-silica particles (C18), hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance particles (HLB) and phenyl-boronic acid modified particles (PBA), as SPE-based coatings. A total of 24 compounds of diverse moieties and of a wide range of polarities (log P from \(-2.99\) to \(6.98\)) were selected as probes. The investigated coatings were characterized based on their extraction performance toward the selected probes at different pH values and at optimized desorption conditions. In the case of SPE-based coatings, PS-DVB and HLB exhibited a balanced extraction for compounds within a wide range of polarities, and C18 showed superior extraction recoveries for non-polar analytes. Carbon-based coatings showed high affinity for non-polar compounds given that their main driving force for extraction is hydrophobic interactions. Interestingly, among the studied carbon-based coatings, graphene oxide showed the best extraction capabilities toward polar compounds owing to its oxygen-containing groups. Overall, this work provided important insights about the extraction mechanisms and properties of the investigated coatings, facilitating the coating selection when developing new TFME applications.  
Keywords:thin-film microextraction; LC-MS/MS; carbon-based sorbents; SPE-based sorbents +
Footnote †: journal: _mechanics_
## 5 Transmission Model of Multipath QKD Network-Based Zero-Trust Relays
### Behavior Inspection Module  
In QKD environments, particularly under zero-trust conditions, network nodes cannot be implicitly considered secure. Hence, a Manhattan distance metric is adopted to quantify the proximity of the nodes in a two-dimensional mesh topology, where each node is represented as coordinates \((x,y)\), where \(x,y\in\{0,1,\ldots,m-1\}\). The distance between two nodes is measured as the Manhattan distance: \(L[(x_{1},y_{1});(x_{2},y_{2})]=|x_{2}-x_{1}|+|y_{2}-y_{1}|\)[17]. When a link \(R_{i}\) between the nodes \((x_{1},y_{1})\) and \((x_{2},y_{2})\) is compromised, penalties are assigned to the nearby nodes to prevent further security breaches. Specifically, any node located within a threshold \(d_{\text{max}}\) from either endpoint of the compromised link is penalized. Therefore, node \((x,y)\) receives an increase in penalty if \(L_{j}=\min\{L[(x,y);(x_{1},y_{1})],L[(x,y);(x_{2},y_{2})]\}\leq d_{\text{max}}\). To detect compromised nodes, the inspection module iteratively adjusts node penalties \(W_{j}\) based on their behavior. The proposed model incorporates periodic testing and adaptive penalty mechanisms to improve network resilience.
## 5 Conclusions  
We numerically investigated the effect of the incoherent front cover glass on the J-V characteristics of a CIGS solar cell using an FEM-based integrated optoelectronic model. The incoherent property of the 3-mm cover glass was optically modeled as a 1-\(\upmu\)m initial layer plus the EPL, the thickness of which was determined based on the ETAM. Various absorption characteristics such as the optical power dissipation, absorptivity and electron-hole pair generation rate were calculated at 10 equispaced phase thicknesses when the cover glass was modeled as the coherent layer. The ETAM-applied calculation results were also obtained by averaging the coherent simulation results over 10 equispaced phase thicknesses. By comparing the J-V characteristics calculated between coherently modeled and ETAM-applied cover glasses, we obtained a maximum \(\pm\)0.54% deviation of J\({}_{\rm SC}\), which can be considered a calculation inaccuracy when a thick cover glass layer was inappropriately modeled as the coherent layer. Therefore, it is important to treat the front cover glass as optically incoherent to improve the calculation accuracy of both the optical absorption and J-V characteristics in the optoelectronic modeling of the CIGS solar cell.  
Conceptualization, J.K.; methodology, J.B., J.P., G.L. and J.K.; software, J.B., J.P., G.L. and S.K.; validation, J.B., J.P., G.L., S.K. and J.K.; formal analysis, J.B., J.P. and J.K.; investigation, J.B., J.P., G.L., S.K. and J.K.; writing--original draft preparation, J.K.; writing--review and editing, J.B., J.P., G.L., S.K. and J.K.; visualization, J.B. and J.K.; supervision, S.K. and J.K.; project administration, S.K. and J.K.; funding acquisition, S.K. and J.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 11: Calculation results of the ETAM-applied (**a**) absorptivity spectra and (**b**) J–V characteristics at the CIGS solar cell having an incoherent layer of only a cover glass (Figure 1) or cover glass/EVA (Figure 10). The absorptivity spectra calculated using the GTMM show a good agreement with the results obtained using the ETAM. The inset shows a close view of the J–V characteristics at near a zero applied voltage.  
**Funding:** This research was supported by the Korea Electric Power Corporation (Grant Number: R17 XA05-14) and by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (Grant Number: NRF-2018R1D1A1B07047249).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A High-Efficiency Method of Mobile Positioning Based on Commercial Vehicle Operation Data
## 5 Implementation and Evaluation of a Commercial Vehicle Operation System
### Experimental Results and Discussions
#### 5.2.1 Case Study  
An OBU was selected on 23 November 2013 as a case study to present the results of the proposed mobile positioning method. The experiments were conducted on a highway segment 614 km long between Kaohsiung and Taoyuan in Taiwan (shown in Figure 6).  
Figures 7 and 8 show the location information of the OBU with different positioning methods. The green point locations were determined by GPS; the red points were determined by mobile positioning methods. In these cases, the GPS satellite signals were weak. Many locations determined with the cell-ID-based positioning method [9] are not properly on the road segment in Figure 7. The results show that the cell-ID-based positioning method cannot provide precise location information. However, Figure 8 shows that the locations determined using the proposed positioning method fit the road segment. Therefore, the proposed positioning method is more suitable than cell-ID-based positioning.  
Figure 6: The experiment environment on Highways No. 1 and No. 3 in Taiwan on 23 November 2013.  
Figure 7: The results of the cell-ID-based positioning method on 23 November 2013.
# A Multi-Year Study on Rice Morphological Parameter Estimation with X-Band Pulsar Data
###### Abstract  
Rice fields have been monitored with spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems for decades. SAR is an essential source of data and allows for the estimation of plant properties such as canopy height, leaf area index, phenological phase, and yield. However, the information on detailed plant morphology in meter-scale resolution is necessary for the development of better management practices. This letter presents the results of the procedure that estimates the stalk height, leaf length and leaf width of rice fields from a copolar X-band TerraSAR-X time series data based on a priori phenological phase. The methodology includes a computationally efficient stochastic inversion algorithm of a metamodel that mimics a radiative transfer theory-driven electromagnetic scattering (EM) model. The EM model and its metamodel are employed to simulate the backscattering intensities from flooded rice fields based on their simplified physical structures. The results of the inversion procedure are found to be accurate for cultivation seasons from 2013 to 2015 with root mean square errors less than 13.5 cm for stalk height, 7 cm for leaf length, and 4 mm for leaf width parameters. The results of this research provided new perspectives on the use of EM models and computationally efficient metamodels for agriculture management practices.  
Keywords:polarimetry; SAR; precision agriculture; rice monitoring; stochastic optimization; metamodels; radiative transfer models; electromagnetic scattering models +
Footnote †: journal: Applied