esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Serialized tracing provides the ability to track and trace the lifecycle of the products and parts. Unlike barcodes, Radio frequency identification (RFID), which is an important building block for internet of things (IoT), does not require a line of sight and has the advantages of recognizing many objects simultaneously and rapidly, and storing more information than barcodes. Therefore, RFID has been used in a variety of application domains such as logistics, distributions, and manufacturing, significantly improving traceability and process efficiency. In this study, we applied RFID to improve the just-in-sequence operation of an automotive inbound logistics process. First, we implemented an RFID-based visibility system for real-time traceability and control of part supply from the production lines of suppliers to the assembly line of a car manufacturer. Second, we developed an RFID-based sequence-error proofing system to avoid accidental line stops due to incorrect part sequencing. The whole system has been successfully installed in a rear-axle inbound logistics process of GM Korea. We achieved a significant amount of cost savings, especially due to the prevention of sequencing errors and part shortages, and the reduction of manual operations. Thorough cost-benefit analysis demonstrates the clear economic feasibility of using RFID technologies for the just-in-sequence inbound logistics in an automobile manufacturing environment.  
RFID; just-in-sequence; inbound logistics; supply chain; automotive manufacturing Article
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Semantic Segmentation of Robot Working Scenarios  
In this work, for the manipulation task, the objects situated in our robot working scenarios were classified into background, robot gripper, obstacle, toy dolphin, toy hedgehog, toy squirrel, and toy lion. For the navigation task, the objects were classified into background, robot, obstacle, and target object. We collected RGB images of the robot working scenarios from the real-world camera. To make the training data for semantic segmentation, each pixel of the RGB images was labeled with one of the above categories.  
The FCN neural network was based on VGG-16 [47], which has a wide availability of pre-trained weights. We generated a training set of 200 samples and validation set of 50 samples for each task. The semantic segmentation network was converged after 20 iteration steps using the SGD (stochastic gradient descent) optimization method with a batch size of 32 images. The semantic segmentation results are shown in Figure 5. We also found that the segmentation module works well in scenarios with objects overlapping with each other. Moreover, we adopted a dilation and erosion technique to filter noise from each semantic image, which we found to be beneficial to obtain the centroids of robot (or gripper) or target object.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Chlorogenic Acid Content  
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a polyphenic compound found in many plants. CGA is most dominant among the phenolic acids in green beans and all roasted coffee beans [32] and is a well-known antioxidant [37]. Studies have reported that CGA has many therapeutic properties such as antibacterial, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities [37]. In this study, the contents of chlorogenic acid of coffee extracts were significantly lowered as the roasting degree increased in both extracts (\(p<0.05\)) (Table 4). Similarly, in the studies of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25], [PERSON] et al. [38], and [PERSON] et al. [39], the content of CGA decreased as the roasting degree increased. It has been reported that CGA is thermally unstable and easily decomposed into caffeic acid and quinic acid [40]. Therefore, it is assumed that the loss of CGA in roasting may be due to the breakdown of the ester bond of chlorogenic acid. In our results, the CGA content in coffee extracts was reduced sharply at the very dark roasting. The CGA content in espresso decreased by 42.5% in Light-medium (4.96 mg/mL) compared to Moderately dark (2.85 mg/mL), and decreased by 77.9% in Moderately dark compared to Very dark (0.63 mg/mL). In the drip, the CGA content decreased by 53.3% in Light-medium (1.37 mg/mL) compared to the content in Moderately dark (0.64 mg/mL) and decreased by 79.7% in Moderately dark compared to Very dark (0.13 mg/mL). [PERSON] et al. have reported that the CGA contents in Americano (diluted espresso) are 115 mg/serving (31-172.4), and the contents of CGA in the hand drip coffee prepared using commercially available roasted and ground coffee were 136.1 mg/serving (27-291.7) [23]. In our study, the serving size of espresso and drip was 30 and 210 mL, respectively. When the amount of CGA per mL is converted into CGA per serving, the CGA contents in the expresso were 148.8, 132.3, 85.5, and 18.9 mg/serving, and 287.7, 176.4, 134.4, and 27.3 mg/serving in the drip. Therefore, to maintain the CGA level of commercially available coffee products, it is postulated that it would be better to set the roasting degree weaker than very dark.
# Volatile Metabolome and Aroma Differences of Six Cultivars of _Prunus mume_ Blossoms
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of P. mume Blossom Volatile Metabolites by HS-SPME-GC-MS
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **Compound Name** & **CAS Number** & **Measured RI \({}^{**}\)** & **Reference RI** & **Identification** \\ \hline
45 & Acetic acid & 64-19-7 & 1459.71 \(\pm\) 1.78 & 1461 & MS, RI \\
46 & 6-Hepten-1-ol, 2-methyl.\({}^{*}\) & 67133-86-2 & 1478.84 \(\pm\) 0.66 & 1467 & MS, RI \\
47 & 2-Nonneal \({}^{*}\) & 2463-53-8 & 1535.32 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 1546 & MS, RI \\
48 & 1-Nonanol & 143-08-8 & 1683.66 \(\pm\) 1.47 & 1676 & MS, RI \\
49 & 2-4-Decadiental \({}^{*}\) & 2363-88-4 & 1852.02 \(\pm\) 0.73 & 1811 & MS \\
50 & Alkane1 & 2036.25 \(\pm\) 0.69 & & MS \\
51 & Nonanoic acid & 112-05-0 & 2197.06 \(\pm\) 0.61 & 2194 & MS, RI \\
52 & Alkane2 & 2145.80 \(\pm\) 1.24 & & MS \\
53 & Alkane3 & & 2265.75 \(\pm\) 0.74 & & MS \\
54 & Alkane4 & & 2520.36 \(\pm\) 1.35 & & MS \\
**Terpenoids** & & & & & \\
55 & French \({}^{*}\) & 1632-73-1 & 1641.38 \(\pm\) 1.43 & 1591 & MS \\
56 & Bornyi acetate \({}^{*}\) & 76-49-3 & 1643.92 \(\pm\) 0.91 & 1597 & MS \\
57 & (E)-\(\alpha\)-Elemene \({}^{*}\) & 5951-67-7 & 1657.55 \(\pm\) 0.63 & 1695 & MS, RI \\
58 & Borneo1 \({}^{*}\) & 507-70-0 & 1721.42 \(\pm\) 0.52 & 1719 & MS, RI \\
59 & Carvone \({}^{*}\) & 99-49-0 & 1769.73 \(\pm\) 0.86 & 1751 & MS, RI \\
60 & (Z,E)-\(\alpha\)-Farnesene \({}^{*}\) & 26560-14-5 & 1793.17 \(\pm\) 1.05 & 1737 & MS \\
61 & \(\alpha\)-Farnesene \({}^{*}\) & 502-61-4 & 1764.04 \(\pm\) 0.99 & 1758 & MS, RI \\
62 & Carvool \({}^{*}\) & 1197-07-5 & 1858.35 \(\pm\) 1.28 & 1845 & MS, RI \\
63 & trans-\(\beta\)-Ionome & 79-77-6 & 1971.82 \(\pm\) 1.16 & 1958 & MS, RI \\
64 & Dihydro-\(\beta\)-ionol & 3293-47-8 & 1991.87 \(\pm\) 0.74 & 1977 & MS, RI \\
**others** & & & & & \\
65 & Dimethyl sulfide & 75-18-3 & - & 753 & MS \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
\({}^{**}\) indicates that the compound may be other isomers. “-” representative not found or not measured. MS, RI, and Std represent mass spectrometry comparison (match factor \(>\) 75), retention index comparison (deviation \(<\) 20), and standard comparison, respectively. “-” Measured RI was calculated using the RTs of 9 QC sample data and expressed as “mean \(\pm\) SD”.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._
## 3 Analysis of Model Merging in Distributed Data Settings
### Problem Definition  
We propose a new problem setup that builds on conventional model merging research by integrating an FL framework and explicitly considering changes in model parameters over time. In this setup, the server distributes the current global model to multiple clients,each of which fine-tunes it in parallel using their local data. The server then aggregates the updated parameters using a selected merging method to form a new global model. This process is repeated over multiple rounds, allowing the model to adapt to evolving data distributions across clients while preserving decentralized training. A summary of this procedure is shown in Figure 1, and the performance of the final global model is evaluated based on its accuracy.  
At the beginning of each round \(t\in{0,1,\ldots,T-1}\), the server distributes the current global model \(\theta_{t}\in\mathbb{R}^{d}\) to \(N\) participating clients. Each client \(n\in\{1,2,\ldots,N\}\) possesses a local dataset \(D_{n}\) and performs local fine-tuning on \(\theta_{t}\) for a predetermined number of local epochs. This local adaptation yields an updated model \(\hat{\theta}_{t}^{n}\), incorporating client-specific knowledge learned from \(D_{n}\). After local training, each client uploads its updated parameters to the server, which merges these updates via a model merging function to obtain the new global model \(\theta_{t+1}\) as follows:  
\[\theta_{t+1}=\text{Merge}(\{\hat{\theta}_{t}^{n}\}_{n=1}^{N}). \tag{1}\]  
The initial model \(\theta_{0}\) represents a pretrained model that serves as the starting point of the iterative learning process.  
In this problem setting, the model aims to be optimized for all local datasets. In addition, a reference dataset \(D_{\text{ref}}\) is constructed separately from the local datasets and is used only for accuracy verification during testing. Because the reference dataset is not explicitly trained, it is used as a baseline to demonstrate whether the model can retain the knowledge it acquires through pretraining.  
A key contribution of this work is the development of a novel framework for continuously updating foundation models in decentralized environments through iterative model merging. This framework is designed for realistic FL scenarios involving distributed, heterogeneous data, and allows for comprehensive analysis of model behavior over time. By formulating this new problem setting and systematically evaluating existing merging techniques within it, we identify practical challenges and limitations, thereby offering new insights into the deployment of model merging in real-world continual updating systems.
# Evaluation of the Urban Weather Generator on the City of Toulouse (France)
## 3 Experimental Results
### Analysis of UWG Performances on UHI Days
(**h**) Temporal evolution of the Air temperature for different **facade lengths** -4 m, 4270 m- (differences between simulations: \(max=0.8\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, \(mean=0.1\)\({}^{\circ}\)C).
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Data  
This paper is based on data on traffic accidents in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China, 2018-2020, extracted from the at-fault parties (full responsibility, main responsibility, and equal responsibility). The Shenyang City Traffic Police provided the data, and certain sensitive data with irrelevant features or privacy implications to this study were removed in advance, such as property damage and driver identification numbers. A total of 2022 accident data were processed after data cleaning. According to the classification of the severity of road traffic accidents by China's traffic management authorities, traffic accidents are classified into three categories: accidents causing only property damages, accidents causing injuries, and accidents causing fatalities. Many scholars classify road traffic accidents into two categories: fatal and non-fatal. Since the focus of this study is to reduce accident fatalities, the scholars' definition of accident severity is used. The dependent variable in this study is accident severity, coded as fatal accidents and non-fatal accidents, where non-fatal accidents are coded as 0 and fatal accidents are coded as 1, accounting for 60.4% and 39.6% of the traffic accidents, respectively. The independent variables include five aspects: Crash Attributes at Fault, Infrastructure Attributes, Road Attributes, Environmental and Time Attributes. The study in this paper considers the characteristics of the land surrounding the road as a potential influence on the severity of accidents as well, and therefore in the context of environmental factors, in addition to the general environmental features provided by the traffic police, such as weather and temperature, this paper uses ArcGIS 10.6 software to establish a buffer zone with a radius of 500 m by combining the latitude and longitude of the accident site and the Point of Interest in Shenyang. It calculates the road network density, commercial and residential density, scientific and cultural density, restaurant and shopping density and living service density in the buffer zone of the accident site as the built environment features. Each data sample contains 24 features, as shown in Table 1.  
A total of 401 traffic accidents has vulnerable road users as the at-fault party, including pedestrians, bicycle drivers, electric bicycle drivers, and motorcycle riders. This constitutes 33.9% of all fatal accidents. In this study, we model and analyze traffic accidents with vulnerable road user and motor vehicle drivers as the at-fault parties separately.
###### Abstract  
In industrial scenarios, bearing fault diagnosis often suffers from data scarcity and class imbalance, which significantly hinders the generalization performance of data-driven models. While generative adversarial networks (GANs) have shown promise in data augmentation, their efficacy deteriorates in the presence of multi-category and structurally complex fault distributions. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel fault diagnosis framework based on a Multi-Domain Feature Transformer GAN (MDFT-GAN). Specifically, raw vibration signals are transformed into 2D RGB representations via joint time-domain, frequency-domain, and time-frequency-domain mappings, effectively encoding multi-perspective fault signatures. A Transformer-based feature extractor, integrated with Efficient Channel Attention (ECA), is embedded into both the generator and discriminator to capture global dependencies and channel-wise interactions, thereby enhancing the representation quality of synthetic samples. Furthermore, a gradient penalty (GP) term is introduced to stabilize adversarial training and suppress mode collapse. To improve classification performance, an Enhanced Hybrid Visual Transformer (EH-ViT) is constructed by coupling a lightweight convolutional stem with a ViT encoder, enabling robust and discriminative fault identification. Beyond performance metrics, this work also incorporates a Grad-CAM-based interpretability scheme to visualize hierarchical feature activation patterns within the discriminator, providing transparent insight into the model's decision-making rationale across different fault types. Extensive experiments on the CWRU and Jiangnan University (JNU) bearing datasets validate that the proposed method achieves superior diagnostic accuracy, robustness under limited and imbalanced conditions, and enhanced interpretability compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches.  
fault diagnosis; generative adversarial networks; time-frequency analysis; limited samples; feature fusion; predictive analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
Article
# Tutorial Review on Space Manipulators for Space Debris Mitigation
## 10 Space Manipulator Force Control
Hybrid impedance control combines hybrid position/force control with impedance control [241]. If effort (force equates to voltage) and flow (velocity equates to current) provide the basis for electrical/mechanical analogy, resistance is damping \(B=F/v\), capacitance is stiffness \(K=F/\int v.dt\), inertia is inductance \(M=F/\dot{v}\). Impedance is defined as \(Z=F/v=\sqrt{L/C}\). Norton circuit comprises an impedance in parallel with a flow source, i.e., capacitance; Thevenin circuit comprises an impedance in series with an effort source, i.e., inertia. Capacitative environments require a force-controlled manipulator; inertial environments require a position-controlled manipulator; resistive environments permit either a position or force-controlled manipulator. It is commonly proposed that wrenches on the spacecraft base should be minimised to ensure attitude control--this is essential to ensure that the spacecraft base does not move to break contact for impedance control to operate [242]. Zero base angular momentum disturbance can be implemented through the angular null space allowing transfer of impact momentum at the end effector to the spacecraft base [243]. However, there are simpler solutions presented here that stabilise the attitude of the spacecraft base through reaction moment compensation which achieves the same thing.
# Ionic Liquids for Development of Heterogeneous Catalysts Based on Nanomaterials for Biocatalysis
## 2 Stabilization of Enzymes via Ionic Liquids
The \"essential\" water is needed by the enzymes to save their active conformations, whereore a little amount of water is usually added to the organic environment [30; 31]. Consequently, the activity of the enzymes should be higher in more hydrophobic solvents, because of the lack of affinity to the enzyme's essential water, which was confirmed by a lot of studies [48; 49; 50; 51]. For example, this was shown by studies on the lipase from _Candida antarctica_ activity in butyl butyrate synthesis, via the transesterification reaction of vinyl butyrate and 1-butanol, in the presence of various ionic liquids. CALB exhibited higher activity in more hydrophobic ionic liquids with [NTT2]\({}^{-}\) and [PF6]\({}^{-}\) anions. In this point, the influence of anion nucleophilicity was also explained. The enzyme stability increases with decreasing anion nucleophilicity, due to the more nucleophilic anions that can interact with the positive charges in the enzyme's structure, and, in the result change, the conformation of the protein. The same studies also confirmed that the lipase stability increases with the length of the alkyl chain in the cation [48]. On the other hand, there are also reports where the enzymes demonstrated better activity in hydrophilic ILs [17; 52] or in ILs that consisted of more hydrophobic anions and shorter alkyl chains in the cation [53]. The ability of hydrogen bond forming is the next important factor in enzyme stabilization. It was reported that anions that are hydrogen bond acceptors caused changes in the enzyme's conformation and denaturation [54; 55]. As has been shown, many factors can affect an enzymes activity and stability. In the designing process of the ionic liquid structure for the biocatalysis process, the nature of the anion, type of cation and the length of alkyl chain, the class of enzyme, and the kind of reaction, should be considered. The most common ionic liquids that are used in biocatalysis, are presented on Figure 2.
## 3 Results
### Ship Factors Influencing Evacuation
#### 3.1.2 Availability and Configuration of Staircases and Exits  
Another crucial factor influencing evacuation outcomes is the location and number of available staircases. The accessibility of stairs and exits is vital for enabling a swift evacuation [19]. It shall also be noted that heeling angle directly affects the usability of staircases, with a 25\({}^{\circ}\) heel rendering stair use inefficient and time-consuming, and leading to a rapid increase in the Overall Pedestrian Safety Score (OPSS) (Overall Pedestrian Safety Score (OPSS): The OPSS is a composite measure used to evaluate pedestrian safety within a specific environment. It considers multiple factors that influence pedestrian safety, including physical infrastructure, environmental conditions, and movement patterns [20]. Moreover, the same study highlights that the lack of familiarity with the ship's exits and staircases can lead to congestion, elevated evacuation times, and confusion among the evacuees during emergencies. Interestingly, the same study highlights that over-familiarity with the ship's exits can also have similar (negative) results, since the risk of overcrowding popular exits is elevated. Further research indicates that the number and distribution of staircases plays a very important role in the successful and timely outcome of an evacuation. It was also observed that centralized staircases can create bottlenecks that slow evacuation time overall and can lead to erratic crowd behavior and confusion.  
In contrast, the utilization of side staircases allows for occupants to maintain a consistent flow, minimizing congestion and thereby reducing overall evacuation time. By providing multiple routes, this configuration prevents bottlenecks and supports smoother movement. Additionally, multiple exits--even if narrower--are beneficial, as they help disperse the crowd and reduce crowding at any single exit point [21]. Furthermore, the proximity of the staircases to the exits is another crucial factor in achieving stable flow rates  
Figure 3: Figure indicating the trimming angles of a ship.  
of people and low evacuation times. In the study conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21], it was observed that when exits are placed opposite to the staircases, the need of navigating around obstacles or other people is reduced and people can exit more directly and intuitively. This, in turn, can result in lowering the hesitation/confusion of the occupants and increasing the evacuation efficiency, especially when the staircases are directly aligned with the exits and the evacuees do not have to make sharp turns or change directions to access exits.
## 2 Honey Physicochemical Composition  
Honey is the product of various modifications, mainly enzymatic and operated by honey bees, of the nectar or other secretions of plants, i.e., nectar honey or honey, respectively, as defined by the Revised Codex Standard for Honey [41], which meets all the legal requirements for food products, from chemical composition to labelling, in order to guarantee a quality product that conforms to the highest standards. From a chemical point of view, honey is a super-saturated solution of sugars, mainly fructose and glucose, at a concentration of not less than 60 g/100 g. Other sugars (mono-, di, tri-, and polysaccharides) are also contained, up to 80% of the product total composition, with high variability in the relative ratio depending on the botanical origin, although not specifically linked to it [42]. The sugar mixture itself and water content are both indicators of honey optimal ripeness, and they also represent the primary factors to assess adulteration, while defining the rheological features responsible for honey texture [43]. Honey moisture content should not exceed 20%, although for Heather honey (_Calluna_), a value of 23% is deemed acceptable [41].  
Sugar mixture and water content are not the only physicochemical parameters by which honeys can be characterised. A maximum quantity of 0.1 g/100 g water-insoluble solid particles [41] derived from the honey collection, such as pollen, are typically also present and can be used for the melissopalynological analysis as part of the botanical classification [44]. Honey also contains minerals and vitamins; proteins are mainly represented by enzymes such as invertase, diastase, and glucose oxidase. Among the amino acids found in honey, proline is often quantified, with a minimum value of 180 mg/kg required as an indicator of maturation and authenticity [45]. Proline has been found to be the most abundant amino acid in Estonian honeys (257-1328 mg/kg), followed by phenylalanine and glutamine [46]. Another parameter that is strictly monitored is hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), whose quantity should not exceed 40 mg/kg (80 mg/kg for honey from tropical countries) [41]. It is a by-product of the Maillard reaction between amino acids and sugars and of the acidic degradation of monosaccharides (mainly fructose), and a marker of long storage at high temperatures [47].