# Comprehensive Survey on VLC in E-Healthcare: Channel Coding Schemes and Modulation Techniques
## 5 Integration of VLC in Healthcare Environments
However, it is important to note that these networks present certain health concerns and have the potential to interfere with the proper functioning of medical devices. Consequently, limitations have been imposed on the usage of RF equipment, such as mobile phones, within hospital premises. The presence of adverse consequences necessitates the use of environmentally sustainable communication alternatives within healthcare facilities [80; 81; 82]. To address forthcoming healthcare demands, we propose the implementation of a flexible hybrid optical-radio wireless network that can provide robust wireless connectivity within healthcare facilities. The subsequent stages encompass the process of enhancing the criteria that are relevant to the environment and conducting tests on a hybrid network that is adaptable and created specifically for healthcare situations [12; 83]. Scholarly investigations have placed significant emphasis on the constraints associated with various uplink systems. In order to optimize the utilization of the extensive range of wavelengths within the visible light spectrum, it is imperative to conduct a thorough evaluation at the system level, taking into account the limitations imposed by uplink and backbone considerations. A heterogeneous network would encompass a scalable, dependable, high-data-rate VLC network [82]. The identification of distinct finger movements is achieved by the utilization of the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network, which is trained on the analysis of luminous transitions occurring between fingers. This study assesses the design and execution of a gesture recognition technique for a viable VLC system that operates at a distance of 48 cm. The system's applications encompass various domains of human-computer interaction, such as healthcare, commerce, and home environments. Future endeavors encompass the augmentation of gesture diversity and the refinement of the system's ability to identify individuals by their unique gesture signatures [84]. Furthermore, empirical study has demonstrated that the utilization of external synchronization is a viable approach in mitigating SDR clock drift, thereby showing the feasibility of attaining dependable higher-order modulation and coding schemes (MCSs), such as 64-QAM. The methodology employed facilitates rapid prototyping across a wide range of configurations. In order to strategize the expansion of research in challenging outdoor environments, it is proposed to employ specialized SDR synchronization solutions and implement pre-equalization or mapping techniques to optimize performance, given the limitations of the hardware [85]. The review explores potential applications, such as indoor positioning, patient monitoring, and medical device communication. The incorporation of VLC technology within healthcare settings has several advantages, encompassing precise indoor localization, streamlined data transmission, and enhanced patient surveillance. VLC employs LED technology for the purpose of data transmission, hence facilitating the monitoring of medical equipment and personnel and augmenting oversight. Enhancements can be made to enhance patient data security. Nevertheless, the successful integration of systems must take into account many problems, such as signal interference and the establishment of infrastructure, which necessitate careful attention. Hence, Figure 3 illustrates the prototype design of the medical healthcare system that uses VLC for data management and monitoring in the RF domain. These techniques offer a potential alternative to traditional wireless communication systems employed in healthcare facilities. The work developed by [39] demonstrates the feasibility of a stable and low-cost VLC system based on Manchester-OOK for monitoring parameters using a multiparameter monitor in intensive care units (ICUs) in hospitals. Figure 4 shows an illustration of the conceptual idea of implementing VLC to monitor patients in hospitals.