# Maternal-Foetal Effects of Exposure to Bisphenol A: Outcomes and Long-Term Consequences
## 5 Maternal-Foetal Effects of BPA
### Maternal Cardio-Metabolic Outcomes
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Experimental Studies**} \\ \hline
**Author** & **Type of** & **Cell Type** & **Exposure** & **Analysed Parameters** & **Conclusions** \\ \hline
**Year** & **Study** & & & Increased BYA and \\  & & & ELISA was performed & oestrogen levels and \\  & & & to & reduced BCRP \\  & & & measure estrogen levels. & expression in the \\  & & & qRT-PCR and Western & placate from \\  & & & blotting to & pregnancies \\  & & & determine the & diagnosed with foetal \\  & & & expression of ERs, & growth restriction. \\  & & & expression of ERs, & growth restriction. \\  & & & BCRP, key enzymes & Reduction in BCRP \\
2022 [77] & Experimental & & & 100 \(\mu\)M of BPA for & for ER synthesis, \\  & & Human BeWo trophoblast cell line & 12, 24, 48 and 72 h & DNMS. & expression, increased \\  & & & & bisulfite-sequencing & oestrogen production \\  & & & PCR analysis to & involving enzymes \\  & & & measure CpG & for oestrogen \\  & & & methylation in ER genes. & synthesis and \\  & & & Flow cytometry to & increased apoptosis in \\  & & & examine cell apoptosis. & BPA-treated BeWo \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Legend: ACOG, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines; BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein; CpGs, cytosine–guanine dinucleotide sites; DHRS9, dehydrogenase/ reductase (SDR family) member 9; DNMT, DNA methyltransferases; ER, oestrogen receptor.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: \(Cont.\)positively associate BPA with GDM. Nevertheless, [PERSON] et al. correlated moderately high BPA concentrations with increased glucose levels among overweight/obese women, which is a subgroup categorised with a high risk of elevated glucose levels in pregnancy [93]. On the other hand, also among women who were overweight, [PERSON] et al. concluded in their study that exposure to BPA in moderate concentrations was associated with a decrease in plasma glucose, which, although converging with the result previously published by [PERSON], [PERSON] [93], the authors explained that there were some significant differences in their studies, one of them being that the urinary BPA concentrations in this study were lower than those reported by [PERSON] et al. 's study [96]. Another three articles associated BPA with increased odds of the development of GDM. Although not always, BPA was linked to higher probabilities of GDM in a prospective cohort research conducted in Canada, while BPS was unrelated to it [97]. Therefore, [PERSON] et al. concluded that exposure to BPA can affect glucose homeostasis and may affect the mother in mid-pregnancy, which is a potentially sensitive period. Specifically, in this study, exposure to BPA was positively associated with higher fasting insulin levels, fasting glucose and homeostasis model insulin resistance index in the middle term of pregnancy. Additionally, increased BPA concentration tended to increase the risk ratio for GDM [98]. Furthermore, in a multiracial/ethnic pregnancy cohort research, [PERSON] et al. studied the prospective associations between pregnancy phenol concentrations and GDM risk. Although BPS was related to all women in the study, the authors concluded that urinary BPA was associated with the risk of GDM only in non-Asian/Pacific Islander women [99]. \begin{table}