esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# HinPhish: An Effective Phishing Detection Approach Based on Heterogeneous Information Networks
## 5 Experiments Evaluation and Comparing
### Experiment 1: Evaluation of HinPhish with Different Algorithms  
In this experiment, we used the metrics of node attributes in HIN as features and evaluated different classification algorithms to determine the most efficient algorithm. We tested three classification algorithms: Naive Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). In the cases of randomly selecting 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the test set, the accuracy and F1-score were recorded. In addition, we also performed five- and ten-fold cross-validations, and the corresponding results are also given. The detailed results are shown in Table 5.  
In general, RF performed the best, SVM followed, and NB performed the worst. In the terms of the training set and test set, 10-fold cross validation performed best. This fully reflects the effectiveness of the random forest algorithm and ten-fold cross-validation in reducing overfitting and improving accuracy. Therefore, we took the performance of the random forest algorithm in the case of ten-fold cross-validation as the final result of our proposed method.  
We reproduced several state-of-the-art and classic phishing website detection methods on our data set and compared them with the proposed approach. Their performances are provided in Table 6 and are described in detail in the following subsections.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l} \hline \hline
**Metrics** & **Description** \\ \hline TP & \# of websites correctly classified as Phish in test websites \\ TN & \# of websites Correctly classified as Legal in test websites \\ FP & \# of websites Incorrectly classified as Phish in test websites \\ FN & \# of websites Incorrectly classified as Legal in test websites \\ _Accuracy_ & \((TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN)\) \\ _Precision_ & \(TP/(TP+FP)\) \\ _Recall_ & \(TP/(TP+FN)\) \\ _F1\_Score_ & \(2\times Precision\times Recall/(Pre+Recall)\) \\ _ROC_ & A curve plots the TPR vs. FPR at different classification thresholds \\ _AUC_ & The area under the ROC curve, which indicates how much the model is capable of distinguishing between classes. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Metrics involved in perfomance evaluation of phish detection methods.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Test Set Ratio**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Metrics of Each Method**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**NB**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SVM**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**RF**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Accuracy** & **F1-Score** & **Accuracy** & **F1-Score** & **Accuracy** & **F1-Score** \\ \hline
10\% & 0.8853 & 0.8943 & 0.9388 & 0.9402 & 0.9854 & 0.9856 \\ \hline
20\% & 0.8846 & 0.8941 & 0.9358 & 0.9378 & 0.9844 & 0.
###### Abstract  
Background: Between 2014 and 2024, Poland underwent a significant digital transformation in its healthcare sector, evolving from isolated initiatives to a cohesive national eHealth ecosystem. This review examines the development, clinical significance, and research trends in telemedicine in Poland, providing comparative insights from 1995 to 2015 and assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. **Methods**: A narrative review was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases to identify peer-reviewed articles published between January 2014 and December 2024. A total of 1012 records were identified, and 212 articles were included after applying predefined inclusion criteria. These articles were categorized by medical specialty, study type, COVID-19 relevance, and clinical versus nonclinical focus. Gray literature and policy reports were examined only to provide a context for the findings. **Results**: Ninety-six publications were included in the clinical studies. The most common specialties are cardiology, psychiatry, geriatrics, general practice, and rehabilitation. In earlier years, survey-based and observational designs were predominant, whereas later years saw an increase in interventional trials and studies enabled by Artificial Intelligence (AI). The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on research activity, accelerating the adoption of digital technologies in previously underrepresented fields, such as pulmonology and palliative care, as well as in the routine use of modern Internet communication technologies for daily patient-doctor interactions. **Discussion**: Advancements in digital health (including eHealth and telemedicine) in Poland have been driven by policy reforms, technological advancements, and epidemiological events, such as COVID-19. Various fields have evolved from feasibility studies to clinical trials, and emerging specialties have focused on user experience and implementation. However, the adoption of AI and its interoperability remains underdeveloped, primarily because of regulatory and reimbursement challenges. **Conclusions**: Poland has made significant strides in institutionalizing digital health; however, ongoing innovation necessitates regulatory alignment, strategic funding, and enhanced collaboration between academia and industry. As the country aligns with the European Union (EU) initiatives, such as the European Health Data Space, it has the potential to lead to regional integration in digital health.  
**Keywords:** telemedicine; eHealth; Poland; digital health transformation; COVID-19; clinical research; artificial intelligence; healthcare policy; European Health Data Space; narrative review
## 3 Results
### Effect of L. paracasei CFSs on Neutral Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes  
Oil Red O staining was used to visualize lipid droplet deposition in mature 3T3-L1 treated with 10% supernatants from M2.1, C8, C15, or P4 for 24 or 48 h. The images presented in Figure 2a depict abundant intracellular lipid accumulation in differentiated adipocytes compared to the NC. No visible differences among the induced groups were observed, regardless of the duration and type of culture media supplementation.  
Figure 1: Cell viability in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, treated with 10% cell-free supernatants (CFSs) from _Lacticaseiucillus paracasei_ strains. (**a**) Native images of the intensity of cells after 48 h of CFS treatment (magnification 4\(\times\); bars = 500 \(\upmu\)m); (**b**) Relative cell viability evaluated via MTT assay. Abbreviations: NC—negative, non-induced control; MRS_C—induced control, treated with MRS; M2.1, C8, C15, P4—experimental groups, induced and treated with supernatants of the respective strains for 24 or 48 h. Data (mean \(\pm\) SEM) are expressed relatively as percentages of the respective MRS_C. The symbol “*” and the asterisk indicate the significant differences between MRS_C and all other groups at 24 or 48 h of treatment, respectively. *, *\(\longrightarrow\)\(p\) < 0.05; **, **\(\longrightarrow\)\(p\) < 0.01.  
Furthermore, the abovementioned observations were confirmed by measuring the OD values of isopropanol extractions. Intracellular lipid accumulation in MRS_C marked a fourfold increase compared to NC. However, no significant modulation among the differentiated groups was established, regardless of the type or longevity of treatment. The  
Figure 2: Neutral lipid accumulation in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, treated with 10% cell-free supernatants from _Lactiaseibacillus__pancasei_ strains. **(a)** Oil Red-O-stained images (magnification 20\(\times\); bars = 100 \(\mu\)m); **(b)** Quantification of ORO-stained lipid accumulation by spectrophotometric measurement of the isopropanol extracts. Abbreviations: NC—negative, non-induced control; MRS_C—induced control, treated with MRS; M2.1, C8, C15, P4—experimental groups, induced and treated with supernatants of the respective strains for 24 or 48 h. Data (mean \(\pm\) SEM) are expressed relatively as percentages of the respective MRS_C after excluding the spontaneous adipogenesis found in NC. The symbol ‘*” and the asterisk indicate the significant differences between MRS_C and all other groups at 24 or 48 h of treatment, respectively: *\(\rightarrow\)\(p\) < 0.05; **, *\(\rightarrow\)\(p\) < 0.01.  
only exception was found in M2.1 after 48 h of exposure, where neutral lipid accumulation was increased by 14% compared to MRS_C (_p_ < 0.05) (Figure 2b).
# Vehicle Speed Estimation and Forecasting Methods Based on Cellular Floating Vehicle Data
## 4 Experimental Results and Analyses
### The Evaluation of Vehicle Speed Forecasting Method  
In this subsection, an LR algorithm and a BPNN algorithm were implemented for the evaluation and comparison of the vehicle speed forecasting method. The estimated vehicle speeds \(u_{i,ha}^{\Psi}\), \(u_{i,na}^{\Psi}\), \(u_{i,hp}^{\Psi}\) and \(u_{i,np}^{\Psi}\) from CFVD at cycle \(\psi\) were used to predict the future vehicle speed at the next cycle in experiments. For instance, the estimated vehicle speeds of the first road segment \(u_{1,ha}^{8}\), \(u_{1,na}^{8}\), \(u_{1,hp}^{8}\) and \(u_{1,np}^{8}\) from CFVD at 8 a.m., which were 78 km/h
# Control of Flow around an Oscillating Plate for Lift Enhancement by Plasma Actuators
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Lift Fluctuation in Baseline Flow
This is because the flow acceleration on the bottom surface occurs due to the induced flow by the actuator, as shown in Figure 16, where the velocity profile averaged during the up-stroke motion along the vertical position from the bottom surface, \(y_{\mathrm{w}}\), at the trailing edge. As a result, the velocity gradient on the bottom surface wall becomes steeper and hence a more intense vortex is shed from the trailing edge, as shown in Figure 15a. This decreases the pressure on the bottom surface and suppresses the lift coefficient so that the increase of the time-averaged lift coefficient for the control on both surfaces compared with the baseline case is limited, as shown in Figure 14a. Figure 15b reveals that the vortex shed from the trailing edge on the bottom surface at \(t/T=0.35\) becomes weaker for the control on the top surface and both surfaces than that for the baseline flow (Figure 13), which increases lift. This suppression of the vortex shedding from the bottom surface possibly occurs because the flow in the wake of the plate becomes stable due to the suppression of the flow separation on the top surface by the control during the earlier time of \(t/T=0.0\)-\(0.35\). This implies that the lift enhancement by the suppression of the vortex shedding on the bottom surface, which is the mechanism similar to the feathering motion of insect flight [15; 16], is realized by the plasma actuator. Particularly, the highest lift around \(t/T=0.3\)-\(0.5\) for the control only on the top surface, compared to the other conditions of the installation surface, contributes to the highest time-averaged lift, as shown in Figure 14a. In the following section, the effects of the driving conditions, such as the driving ratio and time offset for the control only on the top surface, are explored. Figure 15: Flow fields for the baseline case and the case for the control by the actuator installed on the top surface. The left figures show the iso-surfaces of second invariant (\(q/(U_{0}/b)^{2}=0.1\)) of velocity gradient tensor with the contours of pressure coefficient (\(p\)-\(p_{0}\))/(\(0.5p_{0}U_{0}^{2}\)). The right figures show the contour of vorticity. (**a**) Time corresponding to local minimum force coefficient; (**b**) The time of \(t/T=0.35\).
## 5 Discussion
### The Question About Pancreas Divisum and Pancreatitis  
The need to diagnose pancreas divicum usually arises in the evaluation of patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis or recurrent acute pancreatitis. Current evidence is often derived from case series or small cohorts. Large-scale, prospective, population-based studies are essential to determine the incidence of pancreatitis in patients with PD compared to the general population, addressing the current lack of robust epidemiologic data. Whether pancreas divicum should be considered a possible etiologic factor in the causation of acute or chronic pancreatitis needs more robust clinical evidence to answer [46]. There is concern that attributing recurrent pancreatitis to pancreas divicum without robust evidence may lead to unnecessary endoscopic or surgical interventions. Evaluating the cost-benefit ratio and long-term outcomes of these procedures remains critical [47]. As a matter of fact, not all individuals with pancreas divicum develop pancreatitis, suggesting that additional cofactors (genetic mutations, environmental triggers, or anatomical variations) may contribute to disease manifestation. This variability complicates establishing a direct causative link between pancreas divicum and pancreatitis. Some studies have shown that genetic mutations (e.g., PRSS1, SPINK1, and CFTR) may predispose some patients with pancreas divicum to develop pancreatitis. Exploring the interplay between pancreas divicum and these genetic factors could provide more clarity on the pathophysiology of recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis.  
ERCP or sphincterotomy in patients with pancreas divicum and pancreatitis can have variable clinical outcomes. Some studies report symptom relief and reduced recurrence, while others show minimal benefit. An examination of these outcomes may provide insight into whether intervention in patients with pancreas divicum directly impacts disease progression. In paediatric patients, pancreas divicum can be a significant cause of recurrent pancreatitis and requires special consideration and should be addressed aggressively. When stones are present, obstructing the pancreatic duct, these patients may benefit from therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiocarcinomareatography. In some special cases in children with more than one episode of acute pancreatitis and a history of chronic recurrent abdominal pain despite endoscopic therapeutic intervention, a surgical intervention could be considered for ductal obstruction relief and may involve accessory duct sphincteroplasty alone or in combination with major sphincteroplasty and septoplasty. Patients with more distal ductal obstruction or ductal ectasia may benefit from a pancreaticojejunostomy [48; 49].
# WLQRP: A Weighting Link-Quality-Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks
## 1 Introduction
To assess WLQRP's performance, simulations were conducted employing MATLAB. The outcomes indicate that our protocol excels in data packet transmission success rates, end-to-end delay, and latency. When juxtaposed with the vector-based forwarding (VBF) protocol and the HH-VBF (hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding), the experimental results manifest WLQRP's superiority in packet loss rates, energy consumption, delay, path selection, and various other aspects. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 summarizes previous work on underwater wireless sensor networks. In Section 3, we model the network. Section 4 describes the channel-aware routing protocol in detail. The simulation results on the MATLAB platform are explained in Section 5. At the end, the paper is summarized.
# Design and Implementation of a Mixed IoT LPWAN Network Architecture
## 5 Case Study and Testing Environment
About our own LoRa-Sigfox gateway, the number of end devices using a single unit in a real scenario is estimated to be no more than 10, so 11 of them where used in the testing environment with success of 0% data loss. Nevertheless, a stress test was conducted in laboratory simulating 150 different devices sending data through the same gateway. A special firmware loaded in three meter data acquisition devices allowed to send frames at random intervals with different device identifiers for 24 h. The result was a 99.1% success rate probably due to frame collisions or RF noise. Because the water consumption data sent is accumulative, a 0.9% frame loss is acceptable in this application. Furthermore, in order to check reliability and autonomy of the meter acquisition device, it has been configured to send data continuously every 10 min. Battery voltage evolution and consequently state of charge can be seen in Figure 25. Sending 144 frames every day, the daily voltage drop is 0.73 V and it reach the minimum device operational voltage in day 29. It allows us to estimate autonomy of 9 years sending 1 frame every day. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Device Type** & **Devices** & **Received Frames** & **Expected Frames** & **Success Rate** \\ \hline SIGFOX & 11 & 2623 & 4752 & 55.2\% \\ LoRaWAN & 11 & 4143 & 4752 & 87.2\% \\ LoRa-Sigfox & 11 & 4728 & 4752 & 99.5\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Reception rates over a period of 72 h sending data every 10 min (14256 frames). Figure 25: Battery voltage evolution.
# Trusted GNSS-Based Time Synchronization for Industry 4.0 Applications
## 3 Time Distribution Network Attack Vector  
The time distribution network represents a potential target for cyberattacks that can have an interest on degrading or disrupting the availability, integrity and reliability of the exchanged timing information.  
In fact, several security mechanisms typically have a critical interdependence with timing synchronization. For instance, security solutions based on signed keys or certificates require accurate timing to determine whether they are valid and for how long. In this sense, accurate time synchronization is needed to establish a valid security system and, on the other hand, a valid security system is required to confirm the accuracy of the timestamps [28]. The following paragraphs discuss the network attack vector, focusing on two sub-categories:  
1. attacks against the PTP protocol used on the distribution network, andattacks against the PTP SW integrity and PTP configuration files of each node of the network.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electricity Generation of STPP (Dry-Cooled Model) at Six Potential Sites in India  
Figure 5 shows the hourly electrical power output for the STPP dry-cooled model for the six potential sites. Results indicate that the maximum electrical power output is achieved during the first quarter and last quarter of the year, which comprise the dry season period. Meanwhile, from the month of May to August, there is a slight decrease in electrical power for all the selected sites. This observation could be attributed to the effect of the monsoon season, which produces less solar radiation within that period. From the month of September to February, the power output starts increasing slowly at all sites, except at the Erode site. This is because of frequent high rainfalls at Erode during this period. The electricity export to the grid from the STPP at the six potential sites achieved about 100 MWe during the dry season. Total electric power output to the grid in the second and third quarters of the year, which are also the rainy months, decrease due to less solar radiation within that period.  
A total of 376.26 GWh, 364.84 GWh, 300.67 GWh, 353.15 GWh, 301.156 GWh, and 349.09 GWh with capacity factors of 41.5%, 40.2%, 33.2%, 39%, 33.2%, and 38.5%, respectively, were recorded in the first year of the project for Bhopal, Jhansi, Jalandhar, Srikakulam, West Medinipur, and Erode, respectively, for the dry-cooled condenser model. It can be seen in Table 2 that the Jalandhar and West Medinipur sites recorded the same capacity factor of 33.2% and a very small difference in electricity generation. On the other hand, sites such as Bhopal and Jhansi as well as Srikakulam and Erode recorded a minimal difference in the capacity factor of 1.5%.  
Figure 5: _Cont._  
Figure 5: _Cont_.  
Figure 5: Total electric power output to grid (dry-cooled) for the six potential sites.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Bhopal** & **Jhansi** & **Jalandhar** & **Srikakulam** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **West** \\ **Medinapur** \\ \end{tabular} & **Erode** \\ \hline
**Metric** & **Value** & **Value** & **Value** & **Value** & **Value** & **Value** \\ \hline Annual energy (GWh) & 376.269 & 364.845 & 300.678 & 353.159 & 301.156 & 349.090 \\ \hline Capacity factor (\%) & 41.5 & 40.2 & 33.2 & 39 & 33.2 & 38.5 \\ \hline Annual water & 84,945 & 84,321 & 79,548 & 83.074 & 79,470 & 83,470 \\ Usage, m\({}^{3}\) & & & & & \\ \hline Power purchase & & & & & & \\ agreement (PPA) (Year 1), USD cents & 13.87 & 13.70 & 15.93 & 14.35 & 16.74 & 14.28 \\ per kWh & & & & & & \\ \hline Levelized PPA & & & & & & \\ price (nominal), USD cents per kWh & & 15.74 & 16.23 & 19.53 & 16.75 & 19.50 & 16.93 \\ \hline Levelized PPA & & & & & & \\ price (real), cents per kWh & & 13.22 & 13.62 & 16.40 & 14.065 & 16.37 & 14.21 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Economic results from the simulation in SAM for the STPP (dry-cooled) plant.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this article, a concept of a novel hybrid localization system intended for AAL solutions is presented. The system combines Bluetooth Low Energy technology with ranging sensors. Ranging sensors have a supporting role and are used to additionally cover places, where the BLE-based localization is not accurate enough. In case when the system is used by the person living alone, it can be useful in some cases even if the person does not wear the tag. In such a case, the user would be localized only in places covered by the sensors, but even such information can be valuable from a caregiver's point of view.  
In the system, three types of localization algorithms can be used: an Extended Kalman Filter using only BLE results and two versions (loosely and tightly coupled) of the hybrid algorithm integrating results from both parts.  
The proposed concept has been tested with simulations and experiments. Both have shown that the use of ranging sensors can improve localization accuracy in the covered areas. There were no problems with localizing the user directly in front of the stove or in the shower cabin, which was difficult using Bluetooth only. The results have shown that the best in terms of accuracy is the loosely coupled hybrid algorithm.  
To conclude, the performed research has shown that the presented concept shows promise and could be efficiently implemented in the AAL platforms. The accuracy of the proposed solution could be improved by using ranging sensors, which would cover a larger area; for example, an array consisting of few VL53L1X sensors facing slightly different directions.  
**Funding:** This work was financed by the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland under Grant AAL/Call2016/3/2017 (IONIS project).  
**Acknowledgments:** I would like to thank the IONIS project team for making the localization system available for the performed test. I would like to also express my gratitude to [PERSON] for his help in organizing and performing the measurement campaign.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.