## 4 Discussion
Rapid degradation of pinocembrin dihydrochalcone was observed, with a DT50 ranging from 0.85 to 1.7 days and a DT90 (time for the concentration to decrease to 10%) between 4.55 and 5.26 days. These findings align with the results reported by [PERSON] et al. [11], who also observed rapid dissipation of dihydrochalcone across different soil types, suggesting that dihydrochalcone breaks down quickly in the environment, reducing its persistence and potential for accumulation. This rapid degradation may be advantageous for minimizing environmental impact, but it also implies that repeated or continuous applications may be necessary for sustained effectiveness in agricultural settings. Soil degradation rates can be influenced by various factors, including the soil's physicochemical properties (such as pH and organic carbon content), biological properties (such as microbial activity and distribution), and environmental conditions, like temperature and moisture. The soil's chemical properties also play a role in determining both the degradation route and rate. Degradation rates may also vary, with multiple studies confirming significant field-to-field differences in pesticide dissipation [34; 40; 41]. The rate of degradation in soil depends also on the properties of a substance, such as its antioxidant activity [20]. Nonetheless, the results of our study have shown that the antioxidant properties of pinocembrin dihydrochalcone did not affect its rapid degradation in soil. The sorption characteristics of pinocembrin dihydrochalcone were also studied, and the results indicated that its sorption to soil followed a Freundlich isotherm, which is indicative of a nonlinear adsorption process involving both absorption and adsorption mechanisms. The Freundlich model suggests that pinocembrin dihydrochalcone interacts with soil through active sites that vary in both quantity and quality, influencing the strength of adsorption. The measured Koc value (log Koc = 1.3119) suggests a low affinity for soil, indicating that pinocembrin dihydrochalcone is less likely to be strongly bound to soil particles due to chemical or physical interactions, which is probably related to its hydrophilic properties. This result implies that pinocembrin dihydrochalcone may be subject to quicker leaching from the soil, reducing its potential for long-term soil residence. Furthermore, the low Koc value suggests that pinocembrin dihydrochalcone is less likely to undergo aging processes that would otherwise increase its persistence in the soil. A higher Koc values for pesticides is generally beneficial for environmental persistence, as it reduces the likelihood of leaching or surface runoff, thereby minimizing groundwater contamination [42]. However, low hydrophobicity and high water solubility creates a risk of uptake by plants and uptake by soil organisms in the first period after its deposition in the soil. Conversely, an excessively high Koc value (log K\({}_{\text{oc}}\) > 4.5) may lead to adverse effects on terrestrial organisms, such as earthworms, due to prolonged soil retention and potential bioaccumulation [43]. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the promising antioxidant potential of dihydrohalcone, while also underscoring the influence of environmental factors such as solvent type, concentration, and soil interactions on its bioactivity. While pinocembrin dihydrohalcone exhibits antioxidant effects and rapid degradation in the soil, its low affinity for soil and rapid dissipation suggest that it may be more effective in short-term applications, with careful consideration needed for its persistence and long-term efficacy in agricultural settings.