# The Interoperability of Learning Object Design, Search and Adaptation Processes in the Repositories
## 1 Introduction  
Definitions of learning objects focus on flexibility, independence, and reusability of content to offer a high degree of control to both instructors and students [1, 2]. The concept of reusable learning objects (RLOs) has become the central component of current approaches to the standardization of learning objects [3]. The fundamental idea behind learning objects was that instructional designers could build small (in relation to the size of an entire course) instructional components that can be reused in different learning contexts [4]. RLOs can adapt to different learning styles, and each reusable learning object aims for learners to achieve a single learning goal through it [5]. A learning object is defined to be almost anything (IEEE standards). Web-based learning object systems include various tools designed to support teaching and learning by helping students to explore, share, build and apply their knowledge [6]. Learning resources were often monolithic, the resources had to be taken on an all-or-nothing basis. Ontologies serve as user-repository interfaces that provide views of learning objects from various perspectives to enhance the learning objects repository usability for diverse application domains [7]. The challenges of interoperability, reuse, and repurposing of eLearning resources thus attracted considerable development effort [8], and for this reason, standards had to be developed. The IEEE standardization draft defined a learning object as any entity, digital or non-digital, that may be used for learning, education, or training. The purpose of metadata standards is to increase re-discovery and reuse of learning objects (LOs) in Learning Content Management Systems (LCMS) or digital repositories [9]. Learning Management System (LMS) is a web-based, cloud-based, or installed software that helps in teaching and learning [10]. LMS has also proposed a standard for learning object packaging [11], allowing to take any learning object and provide a 'wrapper' around this object, describing the component structure of the object, and including the descriptive metadata, packaging into a standard container format and storing in digital repositories. The metadata permits fast effective searches to retrieve learning objects suitable for a particular purpose [12; 13]. If the metadata record is provided in an appropriate machine-understandable form, a software module may eventually retrieve and aggregate RLOs to form higher-level units of instruction for a particular set of learning objects. These learning packages should then be interoperable across different LMS as the vendors bring their tools in compliance with the standards [14]. Machine-understanding ability entails the provision of metadata in some kind of formal language or knowledge representation format and also concrete idioms or design practices of annotation that guarantee consistent metadata across repositories and organizations [15]. Learning object design can be improved by greater integration of instructional design, learning theory and software development methodologies. Learning objects search and adaptation in the semantic web is focused on the LO metadata and standards allowing to find necessary reusable LO for use in educational context or adaptation [16]. There are many existing open educational resources but some of them require additional adaptation or improvement for the year of issue. Information communication technologies (ICT) solutions are changing rapidly but some fundamental theories and practices still could be used. In this case, LO should be improved or adapted. However, teaching quality in educational institutions relates to the quality of the services for educational needs, which is the most important component of education. The application of digital educational content and information communication technologies and new learning paradigms increase the appliance of mobile and smart technologies in the educational process.