esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Validation of the iRV781 Model
#### Carbon and Nitrogen Source Utilization
Altogether, the constructed model proved accurate when predicting the utilization of different carbon and nitrogen sources, when compared to experimental data (Table 3). It correctly predicts the usability of 97% of the tested carbon sources, and 80% of the 15 tested nitrogen sources. It should be noted that in the nitrogen tests, none of the literature data was obtained using the reference strain; therefore, it is likely that the _C. albicans_ SC5314 strain is able to use a larger number of nitrogen sources than the previously tested strains. Figure 3: Utilization of glucose (control), cellobiose, D-ribose, and mannitol by _C. albicans_ reference strain SC5314 as carbon source in solid YNB medium. Initial OD600 nm = 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.05. Growth was assessed after incubation at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Biomass**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **In Vivo** & **In Silico** & **Reference** \\ \hline Carbon Source & & & \\ \(N\)-acetylglucosamine & + & + & [62; 63] \\ Glucose & + & + & [61; 62; 63] \\ Maltose & + & + & [63] \\ Galactose & + & + & [61; 62; 63] \\ Sucrose & + & + & [63] \\ Frutose & + & + & [61; 62; 63] \\ Mannitol & + & - & This study \\ Acetate & + & + & [63] \\ Ethanol & + & + & [63] \\ Glycerol & + & + & [61; 62; 63] \\ Mannose & + & + & [61; 62] \\ Citrate & + & + & [60] \\ Lactate & + & + & [62] \\ Sorbitol & + & + & [62] \\ L-sorbose & + & + & [60] \\ D-xylose & + & + & [60] \\ L-rhannose & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ \(\alpha\),\(\alpha\)-trehalose & + & + & [60] \\ Cellobiose & + & + & This study \\ Salicin & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ Myo-inositol & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ D-ribose & + & + & This study \\ Ribitol & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ D-glucuronate & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ D-galacturonate & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ Succinate & + & + & [60] \\ D-gluconate & + & + & [60] \\ Arbitin & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ D-arabinose & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ Galacittol & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ Starch & + & + & [60] \\ D-glucosamine & + & + & [60] \\ Inulin & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ Melibiose & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ Lactose & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ Raffinose & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ Erythrhitol & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ Xylitol & + & + & [60] \\ L-arabinitol & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ \hline
**Nitrogen Source** & & & \\ Nitrate & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60; 64] \\ Nitrite & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60; 64] \\ Ethylamine & + & \(-\) & [60] \\ L-Lysine & + & + & [60] \\ Ammonia & + & + & [60; 64] \\ Cadaverine & + & \(-\) & [60] \\ Glucosamine & \(-\) & + & [60] \\ Creatine & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ Creatinine & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ Imidazole & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ L-asparagine & + & + & [60; 64] \\ Urea & + & + & [60; 64] \\ Hydroxylamine & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60; 64] \\ Hydrazine & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60; 64] \\ D-Tryptophan & \(-\) & \(-\) & [60] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison between in vivo and in silico phenotypic behavior of C. _ albicans_ under different carbon and nitrogen sources. Growth (+); lack of growth (\(-\)).
## Materials and Methods
### Theoretical Method
#### 2.3.2 Pressure Reflection Coefficients (R\({}_{n}\), R\({}_{o}\))  
The method chosen for analyzing the Rayleigh reflection coefficient of waves obliquely incident on the surface of a solid (either on the ground, ceiling, or on any obstacle surface) with a known normal-specific acoustic impedance can be reviewed in Chapter 6 in [52]. Providing that the surface is acoustically smooth, without the irregularities of the order of a wavelength in size, sound wave-fronts will not be scattered in other directions and will be reflected as largely intact (Chapter 12 in [53]).  
If the speed of sound in air (\(\mathbf{c_{air}}\)) is higher than that of the solid media (\(\mathbf{c_{solid}}\)), or if \(\mathbf{c_{air}}\) is lower than that of the solid medium, but the angle of incidence \(\theta_{i}\) is less than the critical angle \(\theta_{c}\),  
\[\theta_{c}=\text{asin}\Bigg{(}\frac{c_{air}}{c_{solid}}\Bigg{)}, \tag{19}\]  
then the Rayleigh reflection coefficient would be:  
\[R=\frac{\frac{r_{1}}{z_{o}}-\frac{\cos(\theta_{i})}{\cos(\theta_{i})}+\frac{ ir_{1}}{z_{o}}}{\frac{r_{1}}{z_{o}}+\frac{\cos(\theta_{i})}{\cos(\theta_{i})}+ \frac{ir_{1}}{z_{o}}}\, \tag{20}\]  
with \(\mathbf{r_{1}}\) and \(\mathbf{x_{1}}\) being the resistance and reactance, respectively, of the complex normal-specific acoustic impedance of the solid material defined as:  
\[z_{1}=r_{1}+\text{j}\mathbf{x_{1}}\, \tag{21}\]  
with \(\text{z}_{o}\) being the characteristic impedance of the air, and  
\[\cos(\theta_{t})=\sqrt{1-\Bigg{(}\frac{c_{solid}}{c_{air}}\Bigg{)}^{2}\cdot \sin^{2}(\theta_{i})} \tag{22}\]  
where \(\theta_{t}\) is the angle of transmission in the solid.  
Otherwise, if \(\mathbf{c_{solid}}>\mathbf{c_{air}}\) and under the restriction \(\mathbf{\theta_{i}}>\mathbf{\theta_{c}}\), then the reflection coefficient would be:  
\[R=e^{i\varnothing}, \tag{23}\]  
with  
\[\varnothing=2\text{-atan}\left[\left(\frac{\rho_{air}}{\rho_{solid}}\right) \sqrt{\left(\frac{\cos(\theta_{c})}{\cos(\theta_{i})}\right)^{2}-1}\right], \tag{24}\]  
and \(\mathbf{\rho_{air}}\) and \(\mathbf{\rho_{solid}}\) being the densities of the air and solid, respectively.  
Finally, the total sound pressure at the receiver for each frequency bin will be the summation of all the sound pressure signals for all the selected paths arriving at the receiver, as shown in Equation (1). The last step is to estimate the \(IL\) at any frequency using the following equation:  
\[IL\ (dB)=20\text{-}\log_{10}\left(\left|\frac{\phi_{fs}}{\phi_{IRx}}\right| \right), \tag{25}\]  
where \(\phi_{IRx}\) is the total sound pressure field at the receiver at each frequency considering obstacles and \(\phi_{fs}\) is the sound pressure field at the receiver in free space (without considering obstacles). It should be noted that, in the absence of obstacles, the parameter \(\phi_{fs}\) must also consider both the reflections on the ground and ceiling.
# WISCANet: A Rapid Development Platform for Beyond 5G and 6G Radio System Prototyping
## 5 Conclusions  
In this work, we describe the architecture and capabilities of the WISCAN software-defined radio network (SDR-N) control software. We demonstrate that this technology offers an accessible and affordable rapid-development platform for over-the-air (OTA) sub-6 and mmWave experiments. We present several example applications to demonstrate the features and capabilities of WISCAN, including several integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) applications. To further emphasize the accessibility of this technology, we release the WISCAN source code and the supporting research packages under the Lesser GNU Public License Version 3.0 (LGPLv3.0). This software may be found at [[https://github.com/WISCA/](https://github.com/WISCA/)]([https://github.com/WISCA/](https://github.com/WISCA/)) (accessed on 30 September 2022).  
Conceptualization, J.H., A.H. and D.W.B.; Data curation, J.H.; Formal analysis, J.H., I.L. and O.M.; Funding acquisition, A.H. and D.W.B.; Investigation, J.H., I.L. and O.M.; Methodology, J.H., A.H. and D.W.B.; Project administration, A.H. and D.W.B.; Resources, A.H. and D.W.B.; Software, J.H., I.L., O.M. and H.Y.; Supervision, A.H. and D.W.B.; Validation, J.H. and I.L.; Visualization, J.H. and A.H.; Writing--original draft, J.H., A.H. and I.L.; Writing--review & editing, J.H., A.H., I.L., O.M., H.Y. and D.W.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l}
5G & fifth generation \\ ABI & Application Binary Interface \\ API & Application Programming Interface \\ B5G & beyond-5G \\ COTS & common off the shelf \\ CSI & channel state information \\ CUDA & Compute Unified Device Architecture \\ EVK & Evaluation Kit \\ FPGA & Field Programmable Gate Array \\ FR1 & NR Frequency Range 1 \\ FR2 & NR Frequency Range 2 \\ GPS & Global Positioning System \\ GPSDO & GPS Disciplined Oscillator \\ GUI & Graphical User Interface \\ IP & Intellectual Property \\ JRCPNT & joint radar, communications, positioning, navigation, and timing \\ LGPLv3.0 & Lesser GNU Public License Version 3.0 \\ MAC & Media Access Control Layer \\ MIMO & multiple-input, multiple-output \\ NFS & Network File System \\ NI & National Instruments \\ NR & New Radio \\ OTA & over-the-air \\ PHY & Physical Layer \\ RENEW & Reconfigurable Ecosystem for Next-generation End-to-end Wireless \\ \end{tabular}
# Real-Time State Evaluation System of Antenna Structures in Radio Telescopes Based on a Digital Twin
## 6 Example Analysis and Results  
### Experimental Prototype and Interface Construction  
To verify the real-time evaluation method of the antenna structure state of the radio telescope based on DT proposed in this paper, the prototype of antenna structure state monitoring DTs is built and tested. The system integrates a wind speed/direction sensor (0-60 m/s range, \(\pm\)0.3 m/s accuracy), a temperature/humidity sensor (\(-\)40-80 \({}^{\circ}\)C range, \(\pm\)2% RH accuracy), and an MPU6050 acceleration sensor (the device supports a configurable sampling rate up to 100 Hz, with an acceleration sensitivity of 0.5 mg/LSB and an angular velocity sensitivity of 0.061 (\({}^{\circ}\)/s)/LSB). The hardware and software overview of the experimental prototype system is shown in Figure 12. Note: The product MPU6050 was manufactured by Shenzhen Global Easy Technology Co., Ltd., located in Shenzhen, China. It was purchased through Alibaba in China.  
The system software part adopts the server based on Python development and the client based on Unity3D 2023.2.1f1c2. The TCP/IP communication protocol is used between the client and the server to send and receive the proxy model prediction data. Serial communication is used between the sensor and the client to obtain the real data of the physical entity layer. Data storage uses the MySQL database to realize data recording  
Figure 12: Experimental prototype hardware and software system overview.  
and query functions. The operation interface is based on the UGUI module. The human-computer interaction interface of the client is shown in Figure 13.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Boiling Heat Transfer Data  
Figure 12 illustrates the boiling curves (Figure 12a) and HTC curves (Figure 12b) obtained for all the test conditions. Table 7 presents the increment in HTCs relative to the plain surface (S1) at the highest heat flux of S4 (22.44 W/cm\({}^{2}\)). S2 exhibited the furthest leftward-shifted boiling curve, with an HTC enhancement by a factor of 1.37 compared with that of S1. Although the HTCs of S3 and S4 were lower than that of S2, theirs still increased by factors of 1.18 and 1.05, respectively, relative to the reference condition (S1). For CHF values, the boiling tests conducted using microgrooved surfaces as test surfaces exhibited slightly lower CHF values than that of the plain surface. A minor decrease in CHF was attributed to earlier bubble aggregation on microgrooved surfaces. This led to a large vapor slug, which hindered the heat transfer between the surface and the liquid. As a result, the highest HTC improvement among all the test surfaces was an increase by a factor of 37% owing to the enhanced bubble nucleation facilitated by the characteristics of the anisotropic wettability and roughness. More details of the bubble dynamics supported by the high-speed visual study will be introduced in the following section.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Surface** & \(\Delta\mathbf{T_{w,ONB}}\) & **CHF** & **HTC** & \(\mathbf{h_{SN}/h_{S1}}\) \\
**Condition** & **(K)** & **(W/cm\({}^{2}\))** & **(W/cm\({}^{2}\)K)** & **h\({}_{SN}/h_{S1}\)** \\ \hline S1 & 10.29 & 25.08 & 1.10 & – \\ S2 & 5.56 & 24.09 & 1.51 & 1.37 \\ S3 & 5.85 & 23.32 & 1.30 & 1.18 \\ S4 & 6.43 & 22.44 & 1.16 & 1.05 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Boiling results obtained under S1–S4 conditions.  
Figure 11: Pool boiling curves of a plain copper surface, obtained using Novec-7100 as the working fluid, compared with Rohsenow correlation curve [49] and similar pool boiling curves in related literature [50; 51]. The references are from [PERSON] [49], [PERSON] et al. [50] and [PERSON] et al. [51].
# Design and Development of a Flexible 3D-Printed Endoscopic Grasping Instrument
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measurement of the Bending Force  
In another bench test, the forces achieved by the instruments' distal tip were measured and compared to those achieved by a combination of a gastroscope (Olympus GIF 190, Olympus Europa SE & Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany) and biopsy forceps (Radial Jaw 4--Standard Capacity, Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA). The combination of gastroscope and biopsy forceps is commonly used in endoscopic practice to perform different operational tasks in the upper GI tract, such as traction and tissue manipulation. A digital force gauge DFG-500 (PCE Instruments EURL, Soultz-sous-Forets, France) was used for measurements.  
To perform the measurements of bending force, both the instrument and the gastroscope combined with biopsy forceps were fixed at the beginning of their bending sections with a table-clamping tool. The distal tips of both were left unrestrained to allow for full range of movement. To connect the grasping areas of both tools to the sensing shaft of the force gauge, a stiff steel wire was used. The wire was positioned perpendicular to the axes  
Figure 3: Image of the prototype developed for the study. The flexible shaft and the distal tip are bent, showing the degree of the instrument’s flexibility. The depicted prototype is 50 cm long.  
of the tools and then grasped. At last, the bending sections of the tools were maneuvered to pull the wire away from the force gauge, while the maximal achieved forces were recorded.
## 3 Related Works
### OTP Mechanism
#### 3.2.2 Generation Algorithm  
The generation algorithm refers to the cryptographic algorithm used when generating OTP, and generates a 20-byte bit string by encrypting the correlation information using this algorithm [19]. The Korean OTP standard [20] introduces the cryptographic algorithm used in this process. The generation algorithm is deterministic, so it generates the same ciphertext from the same correlation information. However, depending on the extraction algorithm applied to the generated bit string, different OTP values can be generated from a single bit string. The encryption algorithm used must provide a security strength of at least 112 bits [8; 17; 19]. This process corresponds to the blue part in Figure 1.
## 3 Power Converters Modelling
### Single Phase DC-AC Full Bridge Bidirectional Converter Average Model  
Interconnected systems includes one or more PECs that interacts with mains; the topology selected has bidirectional capability. In the first operation mode, the converter takes power from the mains and supplies loads in DC side, rectifier mode. In second operation mode, power harvested in PV arrays exceeds building power demand; then, it is possible to inject power to the grid, inverter mode. Then, the selected topology is a DC-AC full bridge converter (also called H4) [35; 36] and has the capability to operate bidirectionally. This feature allows the converter to be integrated in the DCMG architecture to interacts with the mains. The converter schematic diagram appears in Figure 5.  
A first pair of power devices defines is \(Q_{1}\) and \(Q_{4}\) and operates synchronized; the other pair \(Q_{2}\) and \(Q_{3}\) is synchronized as well but in a complementary way in reference with the first pair of power devices. Switching functions are defined as follows: if \(S_{1}=1\), \(Q_{1}\) and \(Q_{4}\) are in the on state, else, \(S_{1}=0\), \(Q_{1}\) and \(Q_{4}\) are in the off state. A second switching function, \(S_{2}\), operates with \(Q_{2}\) and \(Q_{3}\) power devices. To obtain the corresponding switching simplified equivalent circuit, KVL is applied to the inductor side, and \(r\) is the series resistive value associated to the inductor and contributes with some damping to system. Then, KCL is applied to the PV side; the resultant set of equations represents the converter  
Figure 5: Single phase DC-AC full bridge converter.  
switching model. Finally, the average value of the switching function \(\overline{S}(t)\) is defined as \(u(t)\), the modulating signal.  
\[\frac{di_{a}}{dt} =\frac{1}{L}(uv_{dc}-i_{a}r-v_{g})\] \[\frac{dv_{dc}}{dt} =\frac{1}{C}(u\dot{i_{a}}-\frac{1}{R}v_{DC}+i_{DC}) \tag{4}\]  
Two version of this converter are included in DCMG, 220 \(V_{RMS}\) to 190 \(V_{CD}\) at 3.3 kW and 127 \(V_{RMS}\) to 190 V at 1.5 kW. They are placed in primary and secondary bus, respectively. The 3.3 kW version in the primary bus is able to supply the ECVE.
## 5 Deployment of PLC for Smart Metering and Smart Grid Systems
### NB PLC Systems for \(LV\) Grid Communications
#### 5.3.1 Low Level System Aspects
PRIME system needs to adjust these alternatives making selections among the different options. Other equivalent systems offer similar adjustable parameters. These parameters and aspects are:  
* SAR parameter size. SAR is the acronym of Segmentation and Reassembly. PLC media are harsh, and the longer the packets sent are, the higher the collision and noise occurrence probability is. Reference [92] offers a way to obtain the Bit Error Rate (BER) and packet length correlation. PLC systems tend to reduce the packet size through segmentation to obtain better Frame Error Rate (FER) results, at the cost of increasing latency in the system. * ARQ utilization. Reference [92] indicates that PLC systems should apply both FEC and Automatic Retransmission reQuests (ARQ) to improve packet reception success rates. ARQ comes also with a latency increase in the system.
## 4 Illustrative Example
### Recognition Process  
#### 4.1.1 First Recognition  
As mentioned in Section 3, if the length of the selected unit is too small, the search space will inevitably increase, and the corresponding computing time will also significantly increase. This effect will be discussed in Section 4.1.2. Therefore, the FEM is divided into 20 elements, each 1.5 m long. Figure 9 shows a comparison between the location of the actual damage and the unit number of the FEM (**A**'s position is just staggered from the FEM, and the length is 1.5 m. **B**'s position is less than half of the element, and the length is 0.6 m.). The specific damage parameters are shown in Table 2.  
Figure 8: Schematic diagram of the whole system.  
Figure 7: Vertical irregularity sample of rail.  
5% damage to unit \(\mathbf{a}\), and 5% damage to unit \(\mathbf{s}\). It can be recorded as \"14.4% [\(\mathbf{a}\)H5\(\cup\)\(\mathbf{s}\)H5]\", the same below. The distribution of the nearby and the symmetrical position of the \(\mathbf{a}\) and \(\mathbf{s}\) units is shown in Figure 13.  
As shown in Figure 13, in the identification result [\(\mathbf{a}\)H5\(\cup\)\(\mathbf{s}\)H5], \(\mathbf{a}\) unit itself contains the left half of the real damage location \(\mathbf{A}\), and the symmetrical position \(\mathbf{b}\) of the \(\mathbf{s}\) element contains the right half of the real damage location \(\mathbf{A}\). The rest of the case is the same. The above conclusions can be attributed to the following reasons:  
* The boundary conditions of simply supported beams are symmetrical.
* The FEM division of the bridge is not consistent with the actual damage.
* The randomness of Gaussian white noise.
# Distraction Potential of Vehicle-Based On-Road Projection
## 3 Study Results
### Part I
The duration of the glances at the projection is in the range of the duration of the glances at the interior, the overtaking projection vehicle and the exterior mirror (see Figure 7). The duration of the glances is well below the value for critical distraction. The maximum glance duration at the on-road projection measured in this study is 886 ms.  
_Is there a difference in the gaze behavior between static and dynamic projections?_  
The number of glances for dynamic projections is higher than for static ones. This might indicate a higher distraction potential of dynamic projections. For a more reliable evaluation of this connection, a study with an increased number of participants is necessary. The average duration of glances at dynamic and static projections, however, is comparable. _Do the test persons consciously see the projections?_  
Of 38 test subjects evaluated, one states that he has seen the projection (in this case static) in the real traffic situation. However, the symbol itself is not identified. From this first part, we conclude that the visual attractiveness of the investigated projections is low in real traffic situations. Based on this data, no evidence for a critical distraction of other road users is given. However, further studies are recommended in order to evaluate the influence of significantly higher symbol contrasts and larger or colored symbols.
# Forward-Looking Element Recognition Based on the LSTM-CRF Model with the Integrity Algorithm
## 4 Experiment
### Experimental Results and Analysis  
To obtain reasonable and credible results, we use the corpus of the pharmaceutical industry to conduct five-fold crossover experiments. In this experiment, the experimental data are randomly divided into five subsets, of which four were used as training sets and one was used as the test set. This process was repeated five times.