# Applications of the Open-Source Hardware Arduino Platform in the Mining Industry: A Review
## 2 Arduino in Field Monitoring Systems
### Geotechnical Monitoring  
To prevent disasters in the mining industry caused by ground movements, applications in electronics, instrumentation, and computer science are very important [57]. To precisely measure ground movements, expensive instruments have generally been required. However, relatively low-cost auxiliary sensors combined with Arduino are becoming more useful. In addition, there have been some cases where communication using Arduino has been used to transmit data obtained from precise instruments and other sensors. Slope stability is a major geological problem in open-pit mines. Several studies have reported on Arduino applications for ensuring the slope stability of open-pit mines. [PERSON] et al. [50] monitored the ground deformation of a slope of the Dongri Buzurg open-pit mine (India) using time domain reflectometry (TDR). TDR, a cable-based radar approach, measures a change in cable impedance when a cable is deformed by ground movements. In the study, the measured value was transmitted to an office in real time through an Arduino Mega combined with a ZigBee module (Xbee Pro). In addition, to select the appropriate installation benches for the monitoring instrument, the results of the ZigBee module range test and numerical modeling were considered [51]. A similar study using products with the same specifications was conducted at the Panna Diamond Mine (National Mineral Development Corporation Ltd., India) [52]. In this study, various conditions and communication ranges were tested, so that the developed system could be applied to typical mines. [PERSON] et al. [53] monitored the angle of a surface slope in the Dongri Buzurg open-pit mine using an Arduino UNO and accelerometers (ADXL345); this approach was cheaper than TDR. By installing multiple accelerometers and constructing a dense network, it was possible to detect rock movements that were difficult for certain precise instruments to detect. The measured values were transmitted to mobile or related platforms using a GSM module (SIM800). In the mining industry, slope stability is closely related to blasting. The ground vibration induced by blasting can cause severe damage to the surrounding structures and slopes. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [54] measured peak particle velocity (PPV) by connecting an accelerometer (ADXL335) with an Arduino UNO. Compared to existing instruments connected by cables, which are expensive and cannot transmit information in real time, the proposed system was able to monitor PPV using the GSM module cost-effectively. Monitoring was conducted for 11 d at a mine in India. As a result, it was observed that as the distance from the blast face increased, the PPV value tended to decrease. Research on geotechnical monitoring has yet to focus on open-pit mines. However, there have been some articles on the use of Arduino to understand the geological states in underground mines. In particular, roof-falls in underground mines can be a fatal danger to mineworkers; Arduino is being used in attempts to prevent this. [PERSON] et al. [55] developed a wireless borehole extensor using an acoustic wave propagation technique employing ultrasonic sensors, an Arduino UNO, and ZigBee modules. The ultrasonic sensors were connected to the Arduino and detected changes in the borehole by calculating the distance between the device and stratum. However, as this experiment was only tested on polyvinyl chloride pipes, field validation is required for practical use. [PERSON] [56] developed an integrated system for detecting roof movements and providing warningtifications in underground mines. To test whether an inexpensive Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor (M16 scanner) could detect ground movements, a rock displacement simulator controllable at a submillimeter resolution was developed. An electromechanical linear actuator (EZC4-05M, Oriental Motor USA Corporation) was connected to an Arduino UNO using a stepper motor controller.