# Morphological, Anatomical, and Phytochemical Studies of _[PERSON]_ [PERSON]. [PERSON]
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Pentacyclic Triterpenes
#### 2.2.5 Content of Volatile Compounds  
The percentage composition of volatile compounds (VOC) detected in the _C. acaulis_ cypselae is specified in Table 3. Examples of chromatograms and mass spectra are shown in Figure S3 and Table S2, respectively. Thirty-eight compounds belonging to different chemical classes were identified: ketones, aldehydes, esters, and heterocyclic hydrocarbons. The VOC composition in the seeds highly corresponded with their lipid content. Myristic and palmitic acid esters were contained in all the analyzed samples with relatively highest abundance in the cypselae. Monoterpenes and butanoic acid derivatives were present mainly in the ground seeds. The husk contained the lowest amounts of VOCs.  
The predominant VOCs of the _C. acaulis_ cypselae were the degradation products of higher fatty acids, obtained probably via enzymatic or oxidative hydrolysis of chemical bonds. 2- and 3-methylbutanoic acids are common compounds associated with fatty acid metabolism or lipid peroxidation. 2-Pentyfuran and hexanal are known products of linoleic acid oxidation while nonane, decane, limonene, and dodecane derive from oleic acid [42].  
Monoterpenes, represented by eucalypt, camphor, bornyl acetate, limonene, camphene, and 3-carene, were identified in _C. acaulis_ embryo after grinding. They constituted about 15% of total VOCs, although they were not detected in the cypselae. They are probably located in the inner layer of cypsela idioblast cells and are available after crushing. Moreover, the husk constituted a barrier in the release of volatile compounds. Although terpen are not predominant compounds in cypselae, they were reported in related species of the _Asteraceae_ family, e.g., _Cirsium setidens_[43] or _Heliantum annuum_[24]. Interestingly, most of the monoterenes observed in the study derive from one biosynthetic pathway, hence the low complexity of these derivatives.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**RI** & **RI** & **RT (min)** & **Compound** & **Formula** & **Crushed Embryo \({}^{*}\)** & **Husk \({}^{**}\)** & **Cypsela \({}^{*}\)** \\
**Calc.** & **Lit.** & & & & & & \\ \hline
802 & 801 & 4.33 & Hexanal & C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{12}\)O & & 6.94 \(\pm\) 2.00 & 0.64 \(\pm\) 0.12 \\
837 & 834 & 5.32 & 3-Methylbutanoic acid & C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{20}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 15.85 \(\pm\) 8.26 & & \\
841 & 841 & 5.41 & 2-Methylbutanoic acid & C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{12}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 0  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**RI** & **RI** & **RT (min)** & **Compound** & **Formula** & **Crushed Embryo \({}^{*}\)** & **Husk \({}^{**}\)** & **Cypsela \({}^{*}\)** \\
**Calc.** & **Lit.** & **RT (min)** & **Compound** & **Formula** & **Crushed Embryo \({}^{*}\)** & **Husk \({}^{**}\)** & **Cypsela \({}^{*}\)** \\ \hline
1898 & 1900 & 28.01 & Nonadecene & C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{40}\) & 1.64 \(\pm\) 0.28 & 0.61 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 2.60 \(\pm\) 0.53 \\
1964 & n.d. & 28.77 & 2-Ethylhexyl octadecyl carbonate & C\({}_{17}\)H\({}_{40}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 7.39 \(\pm\) 0.53 & 3.30 \(\pm\) 0.27 & 9.45 \(\pm\) 1.53 \\
2024 & 2023 & 29.44 & Isopropyl palmitate & C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{40}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 4.49 \(\pm\) 0.38 & 1.87 \(\pm\) 0.23 & 5.35 \(\pm\) 0.70 \\
2098 & 2100 & 30.21 & Heneicosane & C\({}_{21}\)H\({}_{44}\) & & & 0.42 \(\pm\) 0.07 \\
2173 & n.d. & 30.95 & 2-Ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate & C\({}_{18}\)H\({}_{26}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 0.45 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.04 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* RT—retention time, RI calc—retention index, calculated, RI—retention index, literature, n.d.—no data. Internal standard—2-Undecorone—added in \({}^{*}\).10 \(\mu\)g and \({}^{**}\) 0.2 \(\mu\)g. All analyses were performed in triplicate.  
\end{table}
Table 3: _Cont._