# Biosynthesis of Phytocannabinoids and Structural Insights: A Review
## 6 Bioactivities of Phytocannabinoids in Animals and Humans  
Phytocannabinoids convey various biologically beneficial effects and properties; thus, they have been used as therapeutics since antiquity [54]. Further, they are linked to the  
Figure 5: Prediction of the 1D, 2D, and 3D structural profile of Cannabidiolic acid synthase. (**a**) Secondary structural elements, (**b**) Predicted 3D model, (**c**) Validated model, and (**d**) Predicted motif and domain regions. modulation of the endocannabinoid mechanism and the class of receptors CB1 and CB2 distributed in various cells [55]. Additionally, some studies have reported that several phytocannabinoids exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal systems, and thus they can be used as antibiotics [55]. Moreover, phytocannabinoids might have therapeutic potential have antifungal properties, such as _Phompsis ganjae_[4], _Stachybottys bisbyi, Fusarium oxysporum_[36], and _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_[37]. Their use in various industries is increasing worldwide and will likely increase in the next 10 years [56; 57]. The endocannabinoid system in animals exposed to these contributes to the regulation of functions (such as learning and memory, emotional processing, sleep, temperature, diverse brain functions, and addiction) and cellular metabolic processes (such as glycolysis, lipolysis, and energy balance (Table 2). Plant-based products found in various natural agro-industrial processes demonstrate their potential in enhancing animal and meat production and extension. This plant industry can produce seeds, leaves, seed oil, and cakes, and it is a valuable source of animal feed that is rich in protein for ruminant diets [66]. However, research on the bioavailability and leading bioactive compounds of cannabis species in ruminants, as well as the psychoactive effects of THC in humans, is limited [67]. The biotechnological use of phytocannabinoids can be enhanced through agro-industrial approaches to understand their role in medication. Moreover, apart from C. _sativa_, _Nicotiana benthamian_ also emerged as the favorable heterologous host to produce phytocannabinoids; in recent research, it was found to be a major biotechnological tool for phytocannabinoid production and for inducing genetic modification [68]. To achieve this, a biotechnological approach should be utilized to gain more knowledge on the pathways involved in phytocannabinoid production [69]. However, there is a lack of information on the bio-efficacy and bioactivity of cannabinoid in the meat milieu [70]; pilot clinical studies on animal models support the application of cannabidiol in inflammatory-based skin diseases. Additionally, non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids are used in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, and a recent national survey showed that among current adult users, 10.5 to 46.6% reported using cannabis solely for medical uses [71]. Of the states that allow for some access to cannabis compounds, cancer, HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, seizures/epilepsy, and pain are among the most recognized qualifying ailments. CB1 (cannabinoid receptor type 1, first cloned in 1990) mRNA is highly expressed in the human brain [70]. It is also found in the heart, lungs, ovary, adrenal gland, thymus, bone marrow, and uterus. CB1 is also widely distributed inside non-neuronal tissues and inside various cells and tissues and co-exists with other CBRs [72]. CB1 is found inside the brain and displays high protein density and expression inside brain parts such as the cerebellar molecular layer, substantia nigra pars reticulate, globus pallidus external and internal, olfactory bulb, olfactory nucleus (anterior), hippocampus, and layers II-III, Va and VI of the cerebral cortexes [73]. Additionally, in humans, the highest CB1 level is found inside the cingulated gyrus, motor cortices, and frontal secondary somatosensory. CB1 is found in moderate levels inside the hypothalamus