## 1 Introduction  
Biomass-based adsorbents, or biosorbents, have been attracting increasing attention as a method of dye removal from wastewater as they are effective, eco-friendly, widely available, and low cost and have good surface characteristics [1, 2]. Removal of dye contaminations from wastewater is one of the widely used applications of biomass adsorbent [3, 4]. Resins, commercial activated carbons, and biosorbents frequently have superior selectivity in removing dyes [5]. There are numerous studies on the removal of methylene blue (MB)dye using biomass and biochars, such as silk powder [6], pine tree leaves [7], orange peel [8], green macro alga _Caulerpa lentillifera_[9], and _Sargassum muticum_[10]. Biosorbents are materials derived from different biological sources. The most common biosorbents are derived from microorganisms such as fungi, algae, yeasts, and bacteria [11]. Most lignocellulosic biomasses are generally pre-treated via chemical, biological, and thermochemical processes before use as adsorbents in order to improve their adsorption properties [12]. However, studies have also shown that some biomasses can be used as biosorbents without pre-treatment, and these are known as natural biosorbents. Numerous biomass materials such bean peel [13], banana and orange peel [14], sunflower stem with [15], weeds [16], _Carica papaya_ wood [17], corn straw [18], tea waste [19], pine tree leaves [7], cashew nutshell [20], and pineapple leaf powder [21] have been used as natural biosorbents to remove dyes from wastewater. Limited studies have also explored the potential of using untreated seaweeds as a natural biosorbent for dye removal [22; 23]. However, few studies examine a wide range of natural biosorbents under the same MB adsorption conditions. MB (3,7-bis(dimethylamino) phenothiazze chloride tetra methylthionine chloride) is a synthetic dye that is extensively used in the textile industry to dye materials including paper, cotton, silk, and wool [24]. However, MB dying can cause health issues such as eye burns and breathing difficulties as well as environmental pollution [5]. The loading of persistent organic pollutants such as dyes like MB is usually around 10-250 mg/L but can be as high as 1500 mg/L in textile industry effluents [25; 26]. Common international standards state limits for COD of around 125 mg/L for the direct discharge of dye effluents [26]. However, these dyes are often used in developing countries with little or no regulation on limiting the amount of these dyes in effluents [27]. Thus, there is a need to find low-cost and low environmental impact ways to remove these dyes from industrial effluents prior to discharge. Biosorbents offer a low-cost, low-impact method of removing dyes from industrial wastewaters. MB dye removal using biomass base adsorbents has been a focus of numerous studies. In the majority of studies, the biomass will be pre-treated prior to becoming a biochar prior to use as an adsorbent [28; 29; 30]. However, high costs associated with the preparation of biochars and activated carbon, in addition to rejuvenation issues, hinder its uses in real situations [12], which is also a limiting factor in its use for heavy metal removal from wastewaters [31]. Thus, there is an increasing focus on the potential of using natural biosorbents, particularly from waste residues, for numerous wastewater pollutants [32; 33; 34; 35]. The mechanism by which biosorbents uptake MB is known as biosorption [36]. Biosorption is an inherent, non-metabolic process encompassing various interactions between a sorbate and a biological matrix ( biosorbent) [37]. Common biosorption mechanisms involve the adsorption of organic pollutants. These include pore diffusion, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, cationic and anionic interactions, and partitioning through non-carbonized regions [38]. Utilising biosorbents for MB removal presents a promising approach, particularly suitable for treating low MB concentrations [5].