# Biomechanics of Table Tennis: A Systematic Scoping Review of Playing Levels and Maneuvers
## 3 Results
### Lower Limb Biomechanics
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Author (Year)** & **Variant (s)** & **Manewers/Conditions** & **Type of Parameters** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2019) [4] & Footwork (3) & Forehand crosscourt topspin & GRF, knee and ankle \\  & & 1. One-step; 2. Side-step; 3. Cross-step & kinematics and kinetics, PP \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. & & Forehand crosscourt topspin & \\ (2016) [43] & Level (3) & 1. Inexperience players & \\  & & 2. Advanced players & Ball speed and accuracy \\  & & 3. Expert players & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. & & 1. Backhand top; 2. Flick (a close to net attack); & \\ (2018) [46] & Handwork (5) & 3. Forehand spin (topspin with more spin less power); 4. Forehand top (topspin with more power less spin); 5. Smash & Lower limb muscle EMG \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. & & 1 Forehand longline topspin & Racket, upper and lower limb kinematics \\ (2018) [45] & Handwork (2) & 2. Forehand crosscourt topspin & limb kinematics \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. & Healthy vs. & & EMG, muscle onset and \\ (2019) [47] & syndromic (2) & Forehand topspin loop & offset time \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2016) [28] & Level (2) & Forehand topspin loop & Lower limb kinematics \\  & & & and kinetics, PP \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2020) [34] & Level (2) & Forehand loop using a cross-step with maximal power against topspin & Lower limb kinematics, PP \\ \hline [PERSON] & & 1. Forehand return aimed for speed & \\ (2007) [38] & Level (2) & 2. Forehand returns aimed for speed & \\  & & with accuracy & Ball speed and accuracy, \\  & & 3. Forehand returns aimed for accuracyNote: the three conditions were not independent factors of the study & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) [29] & Level (2) & Backhand crosscourt loop & Lower limb kinematics \\  & & & and kinetics, EMG \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2017) [27] & Footwork (2) \(\times\) & 1. 180° step & CoM, Lower limb kinematics \\  & Footwear (3) & 2. 45° stepole-ground friction: & limb kinematics \\  & & a. Low; b. Medium; c. High & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) [30] & Footwork (2) & 1. Stacke NS & Lower limb kinematics \\  & & 2. Squad serve & and kinetics, PP \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2019) [48] & Footwork (2) & Forehand loop & Lower limb \\  & & 1. Short chasse step & kinematics, EMG \\  & & 2. Long chasse step & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2019) [32] & Level (2) & Chasse step movement and forehand loop with maximal power against topspin & Foot kinematics, PP \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2016) [31] & Level (2) & Forehand crosscourt stroke & Accuracy, Racket kinematics \\  & & 1. Novice players & kinematics \\  & & 2. Expert players & \\ \hline [PERSON] (2014) [42] & Handwork (2) & 1. Fast break & Racket speed \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* NS: not specified; CoM: centre of Mass; w/: with; w/c without; PP: plantar pressure distribution; EMG: electromyography.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._larger forefoot dorsiflexion and adduction during forward end phase [34]. Effective coordination of lower limb facilitates better upper body rotation in higher-level players [39]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [33] compared inter- and intra-individual variabilities of kinematic parameters. They reported that both variabilities could be quite high, but players attempted to minimize variability at critical moments, such as the instant of ball impact. Higher inter-individual variability could also imply that the technique of coordination movement is rather individual. Adopting or imitating a particular training regime has to pay more attention. Plantar pressure was also used to evaluate foot loading among different playing levels. When performing forehand loop during backward end phase, higher-level players displayed larger plantar pressure excursion in the medial-lateral direction but smaller in the anterior-posterior direction, accompanied by increased contact areas at midfoot and rearfoot regions while decreased contact area at lesser toe region [3; 28]. During forward end phase, higher-level and intermediate players decreased similarly the plantar pressure excursion in the anterior-posterior direction.