# Experimental Study of Vegetative Properties in
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Comprehensive Evaluation of the Vegetative Properties of the Substrate  
#### 3.3.1 Two-Factor Variance Analysis of Vegetative Properties  
The impact of BC and ZL contents on the vegetative effect of C.d. was assessed through a two-factor variance analysis, as outlined in Table 3. The Anova involved degrees of freedom (df), F-value (F), and \(p\)-value (\(p\)), where the F-value signifies the statistic and the \(p\)-value denotes statistical significance. Throughout the analysis, a \(p\)-value below 0.05 (\(p<0.05\)) was deemed to indicate a statistically significant difference.  
Figure 11: Plant coverage rate of substrate (Day 90).  
Figure 12: Relationship between coverage rate and plant height.  
The data analysis presented in Table 3 reveals a clear relationship between the vegetative properties of C.d. and the levels of BC and ZL present, particularly in terms of GP. Specifically, the amount of BC significantly impacted the GP, GE, plant height, and coverage rate of C.d. (\(p<0.001\)), indicating that the quantity of BC added had a decisive influence on these plant growth parameters. Additionally, while the effect of BC on the GI was relatively small (\(p=0.022\)), it remained statistically significant. Furthermore, the presence of ZL had a substantial impact on the GP and GI of C.d. (\(p<0.001\)), underscoring the crucial role of ZL in enhancing the seed germination process, particularly in terms of improving germination speed and uniformity. The influence of ZL content on GE was also noteworthy (\(p=0.003\)), suggesting that the inclusion of ZL positively affected seed vitality. Although the impact of ZL on plant height was not significant (\(p=0.258\)), potentially indicating that plant height was more influenced by the amount of BC added, its effect on coverage rate was still significant (\(p=0.009\)), highlighting the role of ZL in promoting vegetation cover. In conclusion, ZL significantly impacts the GI of C.d., while BC plays a more substantial role in altering GI, GE, plant height, and coverage rate.  
The impact of ZL-BC on seed germination in substrates was compared and analyzed. ZL primarily influenced the GI of C.d. seeds by enhancing the soil nutrient balance and water status through ion exchange and water retention properties [27; 28]. This created a more favorable environment for the germination of C.d. seeds. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [25] highlighted the importance of minerals like potassium and magnesium in ZL for seed germination. On the other hand, BC significantly affected the GP and potential due to its high porosity and large specific surface area, improving soil water retention and air permeability [29; 30; 31]. While ZL may have limited direct effects on plant height and coverage rate, the enhanced soil conditions indirectly promote plant growth and vegetation coverage by facilitating root expansion and nutrient absorption [32; 33]. Conversely, BC  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Substrate**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Mass Fraction (\%)**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & **pH** & **Organic** \\
**Number** & **Zeolite** & **Biochar** & **Cement** & **Regulator** & **Material** \\ \hline  
\hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Substrate ratio scheme.  
has a more direct impact on plant height, as its improved water retention and nutrient environment directly influence plant growth rate and health, aligning with [PERSON] et al.'s [34] findings.