# Integrating AIoT Technologies in Aquaculture: A Systematic Review
## 3 Components of AIoT in Aquaculture
### IoT Sensors
#### 3.1.4 Deployment Strategies
High-bandwidth applications, such as real-time video monitoring, demand technologies like 5G, whereas LoRa or NB-IoT can adequately serve low-data-rate applications. 3. Power consumption: The power needs of the sensors and the availability of power sources (e.g., grid power, batteries, solar) are essential factors. Low-power technologies are vital for remote deployments where frequent battery replacements are impractical. 4. Cost: Implementing and maintaining the communication infrastructure is a significant consideration, especially for small-scale aquaculture operations. 5. Interference: The potential for interference from other wireless devices or environmental factors (e.g., water absorption) can affect communication reliability. 6. Environmental conditions: The harshness of the aquaculture environment, including humidity, salinity, and temperature variations, can influence the suitability of different wireless technologies. Ultimately, the choice of protocol necessitates carefully evaluating the aquaculture operation's specific requirements and constraints to balance performance, cost-effectiveness, and reliability. The comparisons in Table 1, summarizing the key features (range, data rate, power consumption, etc.) of different wireless protocols, should significantly enhance the reader's understanding and aid in protocol selection. In addition to selecting the appropriate communication technology, sensor placement is crucial for comprehensive environmental assessment [64]. The effectiveness of data collected by IoT sensors is directly influenced by where they are positioned within the aquaculture system. Both vertical and horizontal placement of sensors within cages, tanks, or ponds is significant. Variations in temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity can occur at different depths and locations. Sensors must be placed at strategic points to capture a comprehensive understanding of these variations. For instance, placing sensors at multiple depths can effectively monitor temperature stratification, where water layers exhibit distinct temperature differences. Similarly, positioning sensors near feeding zones can provide valuable insights into how feeding activities influence water quality parameters. Additionally, deploying sensors at inlet and outlet points can help track the efficiency of water exchange processes within the system. However, sensor placement in aquaculture environments presents unique challenges, particularly in dynamic settings. Tidal influences and water currents can affect sensor stability and positioning, potentially leading to inaccurate or unreliable data. To mitigate these challenges, various solutions can be employed. Anchoring sensors securely can prevent them from drifting due to currents, while floating platforms can maintain sensors at specific depths in systems with fluctuating water levels. Power supply considerations are critical for deploying IoT sensors in aquaculture, especially in remote locations with limited access to consistent power sources. Traditional power methods may not be feasible in such scenarios, necessitating exploring alternative energy solutions. Batteries provide a portable power source, but their lifespan is limited, requiring periodic replacement. Solar power offers a renewable and sustainable alternative, harnessing energy from sunlight to power sensors. Other energy harvesting techniques, such as capturing energy from water flow or wave motion, are also being investigated to provide continuous and self-sufficient power for IoT devices in aquaculture. Power efficiency strategies are essential to prolong sensor lifespan and optimise power usage. Duty cycling involves putting sensors into low-power or sleep modes when not actively measuring, thereby conserving energy. Low-power modes reduce the sensor's energy consumption during operation, extending the time between battery changes or reducing reliance on alternative power sources. The process of transmitting collected sensor data is a crucial component of IoT systems in aquaculture.