esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Adhesion Strength of Composite Coatings  
#### 3.3.1 Effect of Silane Coupling Agent Modification on the Contact Angle of the MAO Layer  
In order to further improve the adhesion strength of PU coating on the aluminum alloy, the surface of the MAO layer was modified by the silane coupling agent.  
The reaction of silicon dioxide on the surface of the MAO layer with the silane coupling agent can reduce the silicon hydroxyl group on the surface of silicon dioxide to form organic groups on the surface, which can then increase the affinity of organic resin. Furthermore, the silane coupling agent can also react with hydroxyl groups on alumina on the surface of the MAO layer with a reaction equation similar to that of the silicon hydroxyl group.  
\[\begin{array}{c}\text{\Large{\Large{1}}}\\ \text{\Large{3}}\text{\Large{--}}\text{Si}\text{\Large{--}}\text{OH}+\text{NH}_{ 2}\left(\text{CH}_{2}\right)_{\text{3}}\text{Si}(\text{OCH}_{2}\text{CH}_{3})_{ \text{3}}\rightarrow(\text{\Large{--}}\text{Si}\text{\Large{--}}\text{O--})_{ \text{3}}\text{Si}(\text{CH}_{2})_{\text{3}}\text{NH}_{2}+\text{3C}_{2}\text{H }_{5}\text{OH}\\ \text{\Large{\Large{1}}}\\ \text{\Large{\Large{1}}}\\ \end{array} \tag{1}\]  
The contact-angle test results between distilled water and aluminum alloy samples treated with two different MAO process conditions before and after silane coupling agent modification are illustrated in Figure 5. The modification of the MAO layer by silane coupling agent improves the average contact angle, which can be used to judge the occurrence of surface modification reaction and makes the alkane carbon chain grow on the surface of the MAO layer.  
Figure 4: Influence of sodium silicate concentration (11–15 g L\({}^{-1}\)) on thickness and roughness of the MAO film.  
Figure 5: Contact angle test before and after treatment with the silane coupling agent: (**a,b**) are the contact angle test results before and after treatment of the same sample with an initial contact angle of 20.9\({}^{o}\).  
Measurement results of the apparent contact angle clearly indicate that the contact angle increases to a value in the range of 50.2\({}^{\circ}\) from 20.9\({}^{\circ}\), which is in accordance with the literature report [27].  
At the same time, as shown in the reaction (Formula (1)), a large number of -NH\({}_{2}\) groups are introduced on the surface of aluminum alloy by APTES modification. When PU coating is applied in the subsequent process, the isocyanate group in PU coating reacts with it as shown in reaction Formula (2), which further enhances the adhesion strength of the coating.  
\[\begin{array}{c}\text{O}\\ \text{||}\\ \text{R}\text{--NCO}+\text{R}^{\prime}\text{--NH}_{2}\to\text{R}^{\prime}\text{ NH--C}\text{--NH--R}\end{array} \tag{2}\]
# Cross-Layer Methods for Ad Hoc Networks--Review and Classification
## 3 Cross-Layer Method Publications Review
### One Layer
#### 3.1.4 Transport Layer
Routing is performed using the hop metric and the overload metric. [PERSON] et al. [88] use multipath routing and optimize the network bandwidth by selecting, at the transport layer, total speeds for a set of routes and the distribution of speeds within a set of routes, depending on the packet collision probability. The optimization problem is presented as a dual decomposition problem. [PERSON] et al. [89] propose improvements to the MPTCP transport protocol. To avoid congestion control due to packet loss, the transport protocol uses a route delay variance estimate and an average number of line retransmissions in routes. As a result, the transport protocol can differentiate between packet drops due to line buffer overflows and packet corruption in radio lines.
# An Image Processing Method for Measuring the Surface Area of Rapeseed Pods
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measurement Principle and Operation
#### 2.3.1 Image Processing Method
The cross-section radius curve of the pods was calculated based on the two fitted pod boundary curves, whereby the radius of the \(x\)-point was half the difference between the corresponding upper boundary and the lower boundary of the pod. The equation of calculation was as follows:  
\[rl(x)=|elu(x)-eld(x)|/2 \tag{6}\]  
F. Estimation of the surface area \(S\) of the pods. The surface area of the pods was estimated based on the obtained center curve \(cl(x)\) and the cross-section radius curve \(rl(x)\) of the pods (Figure 6). The calculation algorithm used for the surface area of the pod was as follows:  
\[S=2\pi\int_{a}^{b}rl(x)dcl(x) \tag{7}\]  
Figure 6: The indices related to rapeseed pods and their surface area calculation. (**a**) Rapeseed pod curve of calculations of the boundary, center, and cross-section radius curves; (**b**) Calculation of the side area of the cylinder of rape pod slice. where \(rl(x)\) is the cross-section radius curve of the pods, \(cl(x)\) is the center curve of the pods, \(dcl(x)\) is the height of the cylinder for fitting the pod segments, and \(a\) and \(b\) are the range of \(x\) values. (6) Correction of the pod surface area. The cross-section of the actual pod is not a regular circle but an ellipse. When the radius of a circle is the same as the long axis of the ellipse, the circumference of the circle becomes longer than that of the ellipse. Similarly, the pod surface area measured by the image processing method is theoretically larger than that of the actual pod, and therefore, it is necessary to correct the pod surface area measured by the image processing method. Consequently, pods from different cultivars with varying sizes and shapes were pooled separately for measurement. After the image sampling, the actual area was measured using a high-precision 3-D laser scanning system. The correlation between the measured value of the image processing method and the 3-D area value was analyzed and a correction model was then established to correct the surface area of pods sampled from other images.
## 2 The Role of Phytochemical in Oxidative Stress
### Case Study: Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids
#### 2.2.3 Inhibition of Pro-Oxidant Enzymes  
Enzymes such as nitric oxide synthase (NOS), xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cyclooxygenase (COX) are responsible for ROS generation [24]. XOR is involved in the metabolism of xanthine to uric acid and is a source of oxygen free radicals [26]. XOR reacts with molecular oxygen and releases superoxide. Flavonoids have been shown to inhibit XOR, and, amongst them, quercetin and luteolin are the most widely cited for use [14; 47]. Several reports have investigated the structure-activity relationships of flavonoids as XOR inhibitors [47; 48; 49]. All these studies have shown that the flavonoids' inhibitory activity is due to the planar flavone core (C\({}_{2}\)-C\({}_{3}\) double bond), hydroxyl groups at C\({}_{5}\) and C\({}_{7}\), and the carbonyl group C\({}_{4}\)[47; 48; 49]. COX and LOX are responsible for the inflammatory process of mediator production. COX presents two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2. During the inflammatory process, COX-1 mRNA and protein activity do not change, whereas a dramatic increase in COX-2 levels occurs, leading to increased proinflammatory proton-liquid production [50].  
Flavonoids have been investigated as selective COX-2 inhibitors, like quercetin and quercetin 3'-sulfate [51]. Those with an ortho-dihydroxy (catechol) moiety in rings A or B appear to be stronger inhibitors. In addition, the planar flavonoid structure (C\({}_{2}\)-C\({}_{3}\) double bond) seems to be a prerequisite for inhibitory activity [52]. The same observation about structure-activity relationships was made for LOX inhibition [53; 54]. It has been shown that quercetin and quercetin monoglucosides exert higher LOX inhibition potential [53]. Otherwise, it should be considered that the effect of plant antioxidants  
Figure 2: Antioxidant structure and activity relationships of flavonoids.  
on several enzymes, such as XOR, can have secondary effects on other drugs that are metabolized by XOR. In fact, as reported in a recent review [55], XOR activity is directly involved in the metabolism of antiblastic and antimetabolic drugs, which are used for treating neoplasia, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections. Sometimes, XOR activity has a degradative function toward a drug, while to other drugs it may present an activating role, and thus it is essential for pharmacological activity [55].
# Robust Guaranteed-Cost Preview Repetitive Control for Polytopic Uncertain Discrete-Time Systems +
## 1 Introduction
Iterative learning control (ILC) [29] which imposes a special boundary condition on the system, is closely related to repetitive control. In the case of discrete linear dynamics, there are many methods for the ILC design. Recently, an innovative ILC law which was augmented by a state feedback controller with a dynamic feedforward controller was developed in [30; 31]. The experimental results show that feedforward control can improve tracking accuracy significantly. On the other hand, for many control systems, when a system is dependent on uncertain parameters it is desirable to design a control system that is not only asymptotically stable, but also guarantees an adequate level of control performance. This kind of control problem is called guaranteed-cost control [32; 33]. For a class of uncertain discrete-time systems, a guaranteed-cost preview controller was proposed in [19]. For discrete-time linear systems with uncertainties, a method of designing a guaranteed-cost robust discrete repetitive controller based on two-dimensional model was proposed in [34]. For continuous-time linear systems, the design of non-fragile guaranteed-cost repetitive control was studied in [35]. It should be noted that guaranteed-cost preview repetitive control problems have not been considered, so far. In this paper, motivated by the above results, a new configuration of repetitive control system with preview feedforward compensation, as well as the guaranteed-cost preview repetitive controller design method is presented. Using the lift technique, an augmented state-space dynamic system is constructed. The robust guaranteed-cost preview repetitive controller design problem is then transformed into the guaranteed-cost control problem of the augmented system. By combining a parameter-dependent Lyapunov function method with LMI techniques, the guaranteed-cost preview repetitive controller is obtained. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the problem formulation and preliminaries. Section 3 describes the construction of an augmented dynamic system. The design of the guaranteed-cost preview repetitive controller is explained in Section 4. Section 5 presents a numerical example, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Finally, Section 6 gives some concluding remarks. Throughout this paper, \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) denotes \(n\)-dimensional Euclidean space, \(\mathbb{R}^{n\times m}\) is the set of all \(n\times m\) real matrices, \(I\) is the identity matrix of appropriate order, \(0_{p\times p}\) is the \(p\times p\) zero matrix (the subscript is omitted, if the dimension is clear), and \(*\) indicates the entries below the main diagonal of a symmetric block matrix. The notation \(X>0\)\((<0)\) means that matrix \(X\) is positive (negative) definite.
## 3 D2 WaVe: Design Rationale and System Architecture
### Video Frames Authentication Scheme
#### 3.3.2 Data Publish  
Figure 4(a) demonstrates procedures in the data publish and retrieve stages. A data owner calls a security interface to save video data into the DDS system and record meta-information on the Ethereum blockchain. After successfully uploading a watermarked frame \(F_{i}^{{}^{\prime}}\), the data owner can obtain a unique hash-based Content Identifier (CID) to address and retrieve data from the DDS system. IPFS publication protocol will distribute data among peers [38]. For each watermarked frame \(F_{i}^{{}^{\prime}}\), a meta-data \(M_{i}^{{}^{\prime}}\) contains its configuration information (e.g., CID, data format, and size) and verification proofs \(\pi\) (e.g., a hash value of frame and a signature of data owner).  
To verify the integrity of watermarked frames \(F^{{}^{\prime}}\), we use Binary Merkle Tree (MKT) to represent a sequential list of meta-data \(M^{{}^{\prime}}\), as Figure 4(b) shows. First, a security hash function converts \(M_{i}^{{}^{\prime}}\) to a digest \(D_{i}^{{}^{\prime}}\) located on a BMT leaf. By constructing a hierarchy of hash values growing from Merkle leaves until only a root node is left, a Merkle root \(MT\_root=BMT(D(1),D(2),\ldots D(m))\) can be used to verify the integrity of \(M^{{}^{\prime}}\) as the whole. Therefore, the data owner calls smart contract functions to store \(MT\_root(M^{{}^{\prime}})\) and ordered list \(TX\) as on-chain data on the Ethereum blockchain. Each \(TX_{i}\) only saves a small size of reference information about raw data, like identity information of data owner, \(D_{i}\), and proof \(\pi\), while watermarked frame \(F^{{}^{\prime}}_{i}\) along with its metadata \(M^{{}^{\prime}}_{i}\) are stored into off-chain storage. Therefore, using hybrid on-chain and off-chain storage for video data distribution promises to improve the efficiency of integrating blockchain without directly recording a large size of raw data on the blockchain. In addition, it can also ensure privacy preservation by not directly exposing video data and other sensitive information on a transparent public distributed ledger.
# Analysis of Four Years of Global XCO\({}_{2}\) Anomalies as
## 2 Datasets
### CarbonTracker CO\({}_{2}\) Fluxes  
In order to better understand the spatio-temporal patterns in the XCO\({}_{2}\) anomaly distribution, we compare our results to NOAA's CarbonTracker flux maps (see also [[https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/carbontracker/fluxes.php](https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/carbontracker/fluxes.php)]([https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/carbontracker/fluxes.php](https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/carbontracker/fluxes.php))), version CT2017 ([24] with updates documented at [[http://carbontracker.noaa.gov](http://carbontracker.noaa.gov)]([http://carbontracker.noaa.gov](http://carbontracker.noaa.gov))). In particular, we consider the biospheric fluxes as well as those associated with biomass burning emissions. As input information, CT2017 uses Global Fire Emissions Database(GFED) 4.1, which is based on MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) observations of fire counts. The a priori biospheric fluxes are based on the Carnegie-Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model, and their scaling factors are estimated using CT2017.
# The Diffusion Role in Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium on Solid Olive Mill Waste
## 5 Conclusions  
A wet pomace was obtained from a two-phase continuous plant and thermally characterized. The biomass was treated with LAP and used as a solid adsorbent to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Uptake measurements made on both WP and LAPWP biomass show that the treated biomass adsorbs about 25% more Cr(VI). The amount of LAP retained in the biomass was 0.4% of the mass. Then, a synergistic effect between the LAP platelets and the biomass surface is suggested. The synergy, i.e., the cooperativity [24] between the interactions, releases more adsorption sites for CrO4\({}^{-2}\) and HCrO4\({}^{-}\) ions. In this process, intraparticle diffusion plays a key role in reaching the adsorption sites. Experimental results indicate that diffusion plays a fundamental role, so they can be interpreted on the basis of a simple diffusion-binding model. Diffusion lifetime, \(\tau_{D}\), appears to be linearly correlated to the LAPWP concentration, indicating that in 1 dm\({}^{3}\) of Cr(VI) 48.1 uM solution, the diffusion time increases by about 30 h for each gram of adsorbent. By assuming that the diffusion coefficient of Cr(VI) in water, \(D_{A}\), remains the same even in the pores of the material, we estimated that the diffusion length increases by approximately 1 cm per gram of LAPWP. In other words, the distance traveled by a Cr(VI) molecule before being adsorbed increases by about 1 cm for each gram of LAPWP (in 1 dm\({}^{3}\) of solution). Obviously, this does not correspond to a decrease in Cr(VI) adsorbed because the total number of adsorption sites increases.  
Conceptualization, methodology, L.A.; software, M.P. formal analysis, M.P.; investigation, F.D.N.; data curation, G.B.; writing--original draft preparation, S.S.; project administration, L.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The author thak [PERSON] for the IT support during the drafting of the paper.  
Figure 7: Diffusion lifetime vs. LAPWP concentration. Experiments were carried out in a volume of 0.25 dm\({}^{3}\) and an initial concentration of Cr(VI) of 48.1 μM.
# Investigation of the Influence of Splitter Blades on the Resonance Conditions of Impellers
## 3 Numerical Analysis
### Description of the Model  
The prototype centrifugal compressor is comprised of two parts: the impeller and the vaned diffuser. The impeller features 17 main blades and 17 splitter blades. The inlet diameter and the outlet diameter are about 165 mm and 310 mm, respectively. The blade heights are about 25 mm and 10 mm at the inlet and outlet of the impeller. The material properties used for the whole impeller are those of titanium (\(\rho=4470\) kg/m\({}^{2}\), E \(=110\) Gpa, \(\upsilon=0.33\)). For this study, the finite element model of the impeller is established in the commercial package ANSYS Mechanical (Version 15.0 64-bit; ANSYS: Canonsburg, PA, USA, 2015) [43]. Additionally, the subsequent modal analysis and harmonic response analysis are performed in ANSYS Mechanical. The model is meshed with the eight-node hexahedral element, i.e., SOLID185 element type in ANSYS, as shown in Figure 2. The front bore of the impeller is constrained circumferentially and the rear bore is constrained axially. The mesh dependency is checked with three mesh models of different mesh density and the result is shown in Table 1. The first 200 frequencies are calculated for these models. Compared with mesh model III, the average frequency error is about 0.71% and 0.01% for the mesh model I and mesh model II, respectively. Considering that the main purpose of the numerical examples is to validate that the proposed resonance conditions and stress calculation are not of concern, mesh model II is employed with sufficient accuracy for modal characteristics.  
As for the vaned diffuser, there are two different configurations, corresponding to the number of vanes of 19 and 21. Both designs can meet the aerodynamic performance requirements. In Section 4.2, the significance of the proposed resonance conditions in guiding the compressor design by choosing an appropriate number of van  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Mesh Model** & **Total Elements** & **Frequency Error** \\ \hline Mesh model I & 221136 & 0.71\% \\ Mesh model II & 262344 & 0.01\% \\ Mesh model III & 301104 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Mesh dependency check result.  
Figure 2: Finite element model of the impeller.
## 4 Experiments and Analysis
### Ablation Experiment
#### 4.5.3 Effect of FRM  
To further analyze the role of the FRM, we performed comparative experiments from two perspectives. On the one hand, to analyze whether the split-aggregation design of the FRM is effective, we replaced the FRM with a CBAM. On the other hand, to analyze whether using different attention modules in the FRM structure would yield positive effects, we replaced the CBAM with a Bottleneck Attention Module (BAM) [37] or the Pyramid Split Attention Module (PSAM) [38], where the BAM simultaneously optimizes both the spatial and channel domains of features, while the PSAM focuses more on optimizing the channel domain. Table 5 presents the comparative results, from which it can be observed that the performance of using the FRM outperformed that of using the CBAM, achieving better results in terms of the F1-Score, Precision, OA, and IoU. This indicates that the design of the FRM is effective, and the high F1-Score further indicates the good stability of the FRM. In addition, applying the CBAM in the FRM structure outperforms the PSAM and BAM in terms of the F1-Score, Recall, OA, and IoU, which is likely due to the fact that the PSAM primarily optimizes the channel domain, lacking spatial domain optimization. Meanwhile, although both the BAM and CBAM optimize the spatial and channel domains, the CBAM's greater adaptability allows it to be seamlessly integrated into any CNN architecture, enabling it to perform better in FRM structures, which indicates that using the CBAM in the FRM is appropriate.  
Figure 10 shows the attention heatmaps after each stage of the FRM, which were obtained by extracting the weights from the intermediate stages of the FRM using the Grad-CAM [39] method. It can be seen that when only the SAM was used in the FRM structure, the model can focus on the spatial structure of the building area, which is reflected in the heatmap displaying the complete outline of the building area. In addition, when only the CAM was used in the FRM structure, the model effectively focuses on the features of large buildings, which is reflected in the fact that large buildings are endowed with higher heating values. Furthermore, when the CBAM was introduced into the FRM structure, the model's attention to building features in both the spatial and channel domains is optimized, which is reflected in the fact that the heatmap not only effectively shows the spatial structure of the building area but also assigns higher heatmap values to the building features.