## 1 Introduction  
Much scientific research has been carried out, not only in the field of solar energy conversion in general but also in a very specific sector of the latter, which is none other than photovoltaic technology. In this case, the design, optimization, and realization of systems based on this technology are current issues since they can lead to better exploitation of solar energy if they are correctly done. One of the paths taken is increasing the solar radiation captured since maximum efficiency is achieved when the incident light is perpendicular to the cells of the photovoltaic panels: this is the concept of \"solar tracking\". Therefore, the energy efficiency of these systems depends on the climate conditions of solar radiation, ambient temperature, and wind speed, the matching of the system with the load, and the appropriate placement of the solar panels. Most solar panels are used in a stationary position and therefore do not consistently output the maximum amount of power they can produce. To obtain the maximum efficiency from photovoltaics panels, it was necessary to study the problem of PV orientation, which requires using a solar tracker connected to the photovoltaic system. A solar tracker will track the sun throughout the day and adjust the angle of the solar panel so that the sun is normal, typical to the solar panels at all times. There are two ways to maximize the useful energy rate: by optimizing the conversion and degree of absorption and increasing the incident radiation rate by employing mechanical steering systems. In this context, in our project, we decided to realize such a system, which is commonly called a \"solar tracker\". A solar tracker is a photovoltaic installation placed on a supporting structure composed of a motor. It makes it possible to direct the solar panels throughout the day toward the sun to capture the maximum sunshine. Therefore, solar trackers can be classified into two main categories depending on the type of control and the sensitivity of the sensors or the positioning system they incorporate [1; 2; 3]. They can also be distinguished by two tracking techniques: The MPPT (maximum power point tracking) method which is based on an algorithm to find the maximum power curve of the photovoltaic panel, or the sun tracking system, which is based on the orientation of solar panels throughout the day to better exploit the photovoltaic cells [4; 5]. Much research was conducted to improve and increase the production of electrical energy through the transformation of solar energy. Among this research, we can cite the work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [6]. In 2007, they described a 2-axis solar tracker capable of withstanding extreme weather conditions, which tracks the elevation and azimuth movement. In 2008, [PERSON] [6] indicated the potential advantages of a simple solar tracking system using a stepper motor and light sensor. A solar tracking system was designed, implemented, and experimentally tested with fairly conclusive results. [PERSON], in 2009 [6], discussed the different sun tracking systems' advantages and disadvantages. The most effective sun tracking device was found in the form of polar and azimuth/elevation axes. In 2010, [PERSON] [6] reported that his research has proven that the single-axis sun tracking system can increase the energy output by about 20%, while the dual-axis tracking system can increase the output by 40%. In 2012, [PERSON] [6] noted that thanks to the sun tracking device, the solar radiation continuously hit perpendicular to the collector of the flat plate, which finally produced 1.4 times more thermal energy on average compared to the collector stationary of the same size. In 2013, [PERSON] [6] described constructing and testing a cost-effective, innovative sun tracking system to extract maximum solar energy. The latter was designed to be driven by a PIC 18F452 microcontroller.