# An Organizational and Governance Model to Support Mass Collaborative Learning Initiatives
## 2 A Brief Overview of Related Work
It was supported by funds and financial aides. It provided diverse supportive services. * _Negative factors_--users could use any name and photo for opening an account. There was no system to filter the incorrect answers. There were improper grammar and incorrect spelling in answers. Once the \"best answer\" was chosen, there was no chance to add more answers nor was there space for improvement. * _Negative factors_--the risk of cheating (for gaining credit) is high. Some participants might misuse the resources of the projects to gain work-unit results. The projects cannot share their resources. * Scratch--an online community and free programming language tool that allows users to create their own stories, animations, games, art, and music [26]:
- _Positive factors_--it is open to anybody and available in 70+ languages. It can be used in different settings: schools, libraries, community centers, museums, and homes. Users can ask questions, share their creative ideas, stories, and projects, obtain feedback, and collaborate with others. If something breaks the community's rules, Scratch will take the corresponding action (e.g., sends a warning to the account, removes it, or blocks the account). - _Negative factors_--without creating an account, users can make contributions (e.g., create their own projects, read, and upload comments). Users can create several accounts. * Galaxy Zoo--a citizen science and crowdsourced astronomy project that invites people to help classify the morphology of more than a million galaxies [27]:
- _Positive factors_--it has easy inclusion. Users are volunteers and creating a user account is necessary. The username is associated with the user's contributions. It uses computer technologies and human intelligence for the classification of galaxies. It monitors and analyses some of the contributions and transactions. Information is stored in a secured database. It uses \"Amazon Web Services\" to rapidly serve the website to a large number of people. It raises funds. - _Negative factors_--using the real name is not necessary for registration. Personal information cannot be completely removed from the system. The classification system cannot provide feedback about the process of classification. * Foldit--a crowdsourcing computer game and protein-folding puzzle for which its solutions help scientists in targeting and eradicating diseases and in creating biological innovations [28]:
- _Positive factors_--it is open to all. It has easy inclusion, engaging the general public and scientific teams in online research. Players can use the Foldit forum for collaborations, e.g., to train new players. It relies on human-computer interaction. It has a \"Ranking and Awarding System\". The website records, monitors, and stores the posts and interactions. It publishes all-important scientific discoveries. The results can be used in scientific publications. It benefits from grants. - _Negative factors_--players can play without an account, so there are many anonymous identifiers in the community. It is not easy to learn and play Foldit. Playing Foldit needs a reasonably powerful computer. * Applications of the Delphi method--a systematic and qualitative method that evaluates the results of multiple rounds of questionnaires sent to a panel of experts. This method can be used to estimate the likelihood and outcome of future events [29]:
- _Positive factors_--there are different types of Delphi. Each panel will be selected and invited. The experts can discuss or comment on others' forecasts, and all the experts and their forecasts are given equal weight. It can be applied in several different fields of science. It can raise funds. - _Negative factors_--the potential experts might not agree or be available for participation. The method is not able to make complex forecasts with multiple factors. The response times might take several days or weeks. - _Positive factors_--it benefits from the contribution of experts and crowds, and it has easy inclusion.