esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Automatic Reading Algorithm of Substation Dial Gauges Based on Coordinate Positioning
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Center Extraction  
To verify the speed and accuracy of the circle center detection algorithm in this paper, this paper selected 10 images as experimental data. The division values of the pressure gauges in images 1-3, 4-6, 7-10 are 0.02, 0.02 and 0.05 respectively, and the corresponding measurement ranges are 0-0.6 MPa, 0-1 Mpa, and 0-25 Mpa. Table 2 compares the experimental results of the circle center recognition using manual labeling, Hough circle detection and the method proposed in this paper. The absolute error of the circle center is the distance between the recognition value and the manually measured value.  
As can be seen from Figure 6c, more than one circle, such as the outer contour of the nut in the dial, be detected by mistake. To reduce the error, the radius threshold r is set. If the detection result radius is greater than r, the center coordinate will be output; otherwise, it will be omitted. The average value of the center coordinates is output as the final result.  
According to the experimental result Table 3, it can be seen that the average absolute error of the Hough circle detection method is 4.806%, and the average running time is 1.8913 s. The average absolute error of the circle detection method proposed in this paper is 2.579%, and the average running time is 0.02906 s. Therefore, from the perspective of rapidity and accuracy, the proposed circle detection method in this paper provides a significant improvement. Meanwhile, due to the low accuracy of Hough circle detection, the false detection rate is high, which leads to a long running time. Indeed, there is good performance with respect to recognition accuracy and running time.  
Figure 8: Comparison for MSRCR under three different light sources.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Biocompatibility of the Nanocarrier
#### 3.4.1 Chemosensitivity Assay in Monolayer Culture of Cell Lines with Pristine MOFs  
The application of MOFs as drug delivery systems may be constrained by their potential to induce cytotoxicity in normal cells. Prior to utilizing MTX-loaded MOFs, the biosafety of pristine MOFs was evaluated on neoplastic and non-neoplastic cell lines to ascertain their potential toxicity, using the MTT assay (Section 2.7). The cells were subjected to treatment with pristine MOFs under the same culture conditions as the treatment with lower and higher concentrations of UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH\({}_{2}\) in 96-well plates (Figure 8). The cells were incubated with these compounds to evaluate their impact on cell viability. In all tested cell lines, treatments with both UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH\({}_{2}\) consistently maintained cell survival rates above 90%. Importantly, there were no statistically significant differences  
Figure 7: Released drug % in water and in PBS (pH 7.4) + 10% FBS at 37 °C over 168 h from (**A**) UiO-66-MTX and (**B**) UiO-66-NH\({}_{2}\)-MTX. The data points shown on each figure represent the average \(\pm\) SEM of 3 independent experiments.  
in cell viability between the control group and pristine MOFs in any of the examined neoplastic and non-neoplastic cell lines, indicating that the MOFs themselves did not induce cytotoxic effects.
###### Abstract
However, applying excessively large electric fields to a microchip can generate bubbles around the electrodes or cause electrode dissolution, leading to system failure [32; 33]. To mitigate these challenges, prior studies have separated electrode regions from the lysis zone or used open-channel designs for passive bubble release [34; 35]. More recently, researchers have leveraged ion concentration polarization (ICP) to focus electric fields within microchannels [36; 37]. ICP arises when ion-selective nanochannels create a local depletion of ions under an electric field, concentrating the field in that region and enabling efficient cell membrane disruption at lower applied voltages. Based on these limitations, we hypothesize that coupling a nanochannel-enabled ICP system with a microchannel can induce localized high electric fields for effective blood cell lysis under low operating voltages. For the rapid lysis of blood cells, here we designed a simple microchannel connected by a nanochannel membrane to ground buffer microchannels. We confirmed that the ion depletion region spans the entire width of the microchannel using charged fluorescent dyes. Rapid blood cell lysis was achieved under 100 V by utilizing a concentrated electric field, eliminating the need for a high-voltage step-up circuit. We also demonstrated that a sufficiently focused electric field can concentrate blood cell lysates to a specific region. Although further studies are required to optimize the throughput of our device, these findings suggest that the device has strong potential for applications in both rapid lysis and downstream blood cell analyses in the future.
## 3 Results
### Perfusion Reinforces the Chondrogenic Activity through the Production of Sox9  
To provide further evidence that perfusion of HACs encapsulated in fibrin hydrogel and treated with BIT enhances the chondrogenic activity of chondrocytes, we looked for Sox9 production. Sox9 is a major factor in developing and adult cartilage. It fulfils many important functions during chondrogenesis including transcriptional activation of many genes coding cartilage-specific structural components such as the type II and type IX collagen and aggrecan [36] studied here. Our Western blotting analysis confirmed that  
Figure 4: HACs self-isolate in a pericellular matrix similar to native cartilage when direct fluid-flow is applied. Representative immunofluorescence staining for type II collagen, aggrecan core protein, and type VI collagen. Proteins of interest were stained with the Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated secondary antibody (red). Nuclei were stained with Hoechst dye (blue). Arrows indicate pericellular immunostaining (black core and yellow border arrows), diffuse immunostaining in the extracellular space (yellow core and black border arrows) and intracellular immunostaining (small-sized green arrows) (scale bars = 50 μm) (\(n=3\)).  
Sox9 was produced by HACs and perfusion stimulated its synthesis (Figure 5A,B), with a 2.4-fold relative change. We then looked more carefully at the cellular distribution of Sox9, depending on the culture condition. Close examination of Sox9 by immunofluorescence revealed an intense nuclear staining in both static and perfusion conditions (Figure 5C), probably as a consequence of the BIT treatment [24], which corresponds to a transcriptional function expected for active chondrocytes. These results together suggest that chondrocytes are functional in the two culture conditions, but the chondrogenic activity is more important when chondrocytes are cultured with perfusion.
## 3 Case Studies
### Effect of Impact Locations  
It is clear that the extent local denting damage of the stiffened cylinder was strongly dependent on the impact locations. The permanent dent depth of the unstiffened cylinder was approximately doubled in the ring-stiffened cylinder. Furthermore, permanent dent depth was also significantly reduced with each location in the longitudinal direction of stiffened cylinder. The maximum permanent dent depth almost occurred at the mid-length of the cylinder, and it was decreased gradually to the endplate at the boundary conditions because of the membrane stretching the upper surface of cylinder shell. The reduction factor of permanent dent depth based on the longitudinal direction is illustrated in Figure 9. The impact location factor (\(C_{L}\)) can be quickly estimated as Equation (13), where \(x\) is the distance from collision to mid-span of the ring-stiffened cylinder and \(L\) is the total length of ring-stiffened cylinder. The mean of this equation is 1.009 together with a COV of 3.64%.  
\[C_{L}=\text{Exp}\left(-1.55\bigg{(}\frac{x}{L}\bigg{)}^{0.57}\right) \tag{13}\]  
In addition to the effects of impact locations, the collision resistance of the ring-stiffened cylinder was also significantly dependent on the impact angle. The impact angle is created by the skewness of impact striker length and cross-section of stiffened cylinder. For the similar impact location with different impact angles, the maximum permanent dent depth has a trend of increasing with a larger impact angle. The effect the of impact angle is shown in Figure 10. The impact angle factor (\(C_{\beta}\)) can be quickly calculated as Equation (14), where \(\beta\) is an impact angle with a unit of radian. The mean of this equation is 0.995 together with 1.95% of COV.  
\[C_{\beta}=0.139\beta^{2}-0.0.437\beta+1 \tag{14}\]  
Figure 8: Force-radial displacement curves with various impact velocities.
# Assessment of Water Consumption Behavior in Single Households Using Smart Water Meters
## 3 Results
### Categorization of Single Households by Smart Water Meter Data
Water consumption during weekdays and weekends in nonworker households, as shown in Figure 9, begins at approximately 6:00 on weekends, with an average of 7 L/h. However, on weekdays, it starts at approximately 7:00, when it reaches 8 L/h. Moreover, nonworker households consumed water throughout the day on both weekdays and weekends, with average total daily water consumption rates of 294 L/day and 291 L/day, respectively. A \(t\)-test was carried out to compare nonworker households during weekdays and weekends, confirming that differences were observed only from 13:00 to 16:00 h (t = 2.35, \(p\) = 0.02 \(<\) 0.05). The average total daily water consumption from the observed results on weekends, divided by the number of households, compared to that on weekdays, is of 110%, as shown in Figure 4.0 However, this percentage increased from 13:00 to 16:00 for both single-worker and -nonworker households by approximately 362%. This percentage is lower than that of nonworker households, reaching 99% of daily water consumption and 60% from 13:00 to 16:00 h.  
Single-worker households reported that daily consumption on weekends increased by 31 L/day compared with that on weekdays, whereas single-nonworker household water consumption decreased 4 L/day. The decrease in water consumption by nonworker households could be attributed to weekday consumption when household members are inclined to stay at home and consume water but within the target range; in contrast, on weekends, they may be outside the home or at work. Throughout the target period hours, worker household water consumption increased by 27 L from 13:00 to 16:00, and nonworker water consumption decreased by 28 L. This difference occurs because workers stay at home during afternoon hours on weekends. Even so, nonworkers decreased their \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Weekends–Weekdays (\%)** & **Worker** & **Nonworker** \\ \hline Total water consumption & \(110\%\) & \(99\%\) \\
13:00–16:00 & 362\% & 60\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Percentages of average water consumption during the weekends/weekdays. Figure 8: Comparison of the hourly water consumption of single-worker households on weekdays and weekends. Figure 9: Comparison of the hourly water consumption of single-nonworker households on weekdays and weekends. water consumption due to individual activities. A \(t\)-test was performed to check the difference in the percentage of consumption in workers' and nonworkers' households. The statistical test confirmed that the percentages during weekdays and weekends were the same (t = 0.35; \(p\) = 0.35 \(>\) 0.05), (t = 0.1.71; \(p\) = 0.085 \(>\) 0.05). However, from 13:00 to 16:00, the percentages were different (t = 2.35; \(p\)= 0.0004 \(<\) 0.001), (t = 2.35; \(p\) = 0.023 \(<\) 0.05).
# Polarization Influence on Algorithms of TFBG Sensors Data Analysis for Bending Application
## 1 Introduction
It should be noted that most of the previous publications in this field assume the influence of only one quantity on the sensor. The second type of spectrum analysis method involves searching for a spectrum range that is sensitive only to one interacting quantity. The second method will not be fully effective in the case of simultaneous impact of polarization change and bending. An interesting issue is in surveying the impact of polarization changes on determining the bending radius for methods used to demodulate the SRI (surrounding refractive index). An important aspect will also be the need to transform and adapt these methods to demodulate the bending radius. The spectra and spectral changes of the TFBG grating used for SRI measurements differ significantly from the spectra of gratings used for bending measurements. The nature of changes in the spectra of these gratings under the influence of SRI and bending is significantly different. Determining the bending radius of an optical fiber with a written tilted grating can be used to test not only the curvature of an arc-shaped element but also, indirectly, the distance between the elements. An application example is shown in Figure 1b, where changing the distance between the walls directly affects the radius of the arc created by the TFBG fiber. The measurement range can be significantly larger than when using conventional FBG sensors, where the limitation is the tensile strength of the optical fiber (up to approximately 1% elongation).
## 4 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Dataset
#### 4.1.2 Watermark  
Binary images having a resolution of 8 \(\times\) 8 was used as the WM. A random WM was generated for each iteration in the training process, and it was scrambled with a corresponding key. These randomly generated WMs are to adapt the network to any WM information. Also, they reduce overfitting in the training process.
###### Abstract
We concatenate the resulting grayscale images to set up inputs for the double-branch CNN. In the first branch, the method considers different-window images to gain more information from a single input. The second branch analyzes the slice in a local 3D context using the neighboring slices. A ResNet-50 architecture is implemented and trained in both paths to extract features subjected to the classification automatically. The classification itself involves two tools: the SVM and the random forest (RF). We compare the results of both classifiers in the detection of each ICH subtype. We also verify the efficiency of individual ResNet-50 networks from both branches. For the training and assessment, we employ a public database containing 372,556 head CT slices with the corresponding ground-truth labels indicating the presence of either SDH, EDH, IPH, IVH, or SAH. Finally, we compare our approach to the state-of-the-art reference methods described in the introduction. The employment of two various representations of data and the use of an external classifier constitute the main contributions of our study. Both spatial and intensity-related features feed a classifier through a joint vector. Approaches incorporating spatial information can be found in the ICH detection domain; however, to the best of our knowledge, none of them have used a hybrid technique similar to the one proposed in this study. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 describes the materials and methods, including preprocessing, double-branch feature extraction, and the classification process. In Section 3, we present the results of intracranial hemorrhage classification using the proposed tool with different settings and compare them to the state-of-the-art methods. Section 3 also discusses the results, whereas Section 4 concludes the paper.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electrical Conductivity of the Development CFRCM and SFRCM
In contrast, the average electrical conductivity of CFRCM (Carbon75 mix) containing 0.75% fiber was about 3.68 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) S/cm, \(3.65\times 10^{-3}\) S/cm, and \(3.64\times 10^{-3}\) S/cm, respectively, which is almost identical. In addition, the average electrical conductivity of CFRCM (Carbon10 mix) containing 0.1% fiber at the age of 28, 56, and 91 days was about \(1.71\times 10^{-4}\) S/cm, \(1.37\times 10^{-4}\) S/cm, and \(7.44\times 10^{-5}\) S/cm, respectively. The average electrical conductivity of CFRCM (Carbon40 mix) containing 0.4% fiber, which is the optimum dosage of carbon fiber, is about \(2.54\times 10^{-3}\) S/cm, \(2.67\times 10^{-3}\) S/cm, and \(2.66\times 10^{-3}\) S/cm, respectively, showed a reverse trend. That is to say, when the carbon fiber volume fraction was 0.4%, the electrical conductivity showed a high increase of about \(2.36\times 10^{-3}\) S/cm, \(2.53\times 10^{-3}\) S/cm, and \(2.58\times 10^{-3}\) S/cm, respectively. This is increase of 14.8, 19.5, and 35.7 times more than that of CFRCM (Carbon10 mix) containing 0.1% fiber, and an increase of 24.2, 30.8 and 43.1 times more than that of PM. It was here confirmed that the larger number of mixed individuals a carbon fiber has and the higher the fiber volume fractions get, the better the connectivity between the fibers will be, and thus the electrical conductivity of CFRCM can be highly improved. It also became obvious that, by incorporating more fibers, a conductive pathway is formed, which further improves the electrical conductivity of CFRCM. From this study, it was ascertained that, as the volume fraction of carbon fibers increases, the connectivity between the fiber particles is perfected, and the electrical conductivity of CFRCM is significantly improved due to the excellent connectivity between the carbon fibers and the increased number of mixed fibers. However, the increase in the dosage of carbon fibers beyond the critical point did not cause a noticeable change in the conductivity because the conductive pathway was already formed. Therefore, it is judged that carbon fibers could effectively contribute to improving the electrical conductivity since they have a very small diameter and high aspect ratio (\(\ell\)/d > 857) compared to steel fibers, and they are distributed at the interface between the fibers and matrix in CFRCM containing carbon fibers.
## 5 Comparison with the State of the Art
Regarding the packet latency, the proposed firewall features the lowest value (627 ns) among the systems presented in Table 1.  
Overall, the presented firewall hardware on an FPGA features a very good performance that makes it suitable as a configurable intrusion prevention system to guarantee the security of exchanged data among universities and research centers. Nevertheless, there is room for improvement, and the next steps in this research line will be aimed at improving the system's performance. In particular, the simulated system for the higher data throughput of 10 Gb/s will be implemented on an FPGA and its performance will be evaluated in a real network scenario. Moreover, the network data analysis will be improved by introducing stateful packet inspection by storing the status of the network connection and/or by the use of machine-learning algorithms.
## 2 Technology and Design
### Compression, Progressive Transmission and Level of Detail Management  
High quality geographic services simply would not be possible on the Internet or on mobile devices without compression. Data compression is a continuously evolving field where algorithms can be _lossy_ or _lossless_; and/or _adaptive_ or _composite_[36]. While in principle all compression methods seek for data similarities and remove redundancies to minimize the data size [37], different types of data (e.g., spatial data, image or videos) may require specialized approaches [38, 39, 40]. For example, among the spatial data types, vector and raster data structures are inherently different. Thus, the approaches to compress them are also significantly different. In many cases compression is enhanced and/or supported by intelligent bandwidth allocation and data streaming approaches such as the progressive transmission where data is sent in smaller chunks that are prioritized based on deliberate criteria [40].  
A proper review of all compression and transmission methods that are used in geographic services is out of scope for this paper because of the abundance of literature on the subject; however, we will provide a review of level of detail management, which is essentially an established computational approach where the data is manipulated in ways where technical and cognitive issues are both considered for data storage, transmission, and visualization.
## 3 Results
### Simulated Results of Topographic DOI Method
The percent difference of topographic DOI recovered tumor (\(\mu_{a}\) and \(\mu_{s}\)') values increases from 22.6% and 3.9%, to 35.2% and 18.2%, respectively, with increasing tumor depths from 0 mm to 10 mm. This is because conventional DOI topography technique assumes optical homogeneity. As the tumor depth increases, the detected light probes lesser volume of the tumor, resulting in more dilution in the recovered tumor/inhomogeneity absorption spectra. The hybrid DOI reconstructed tumor absorption demonstrates more consistency over varying tumor depths with a percentage difference of (\(-\)4.4%) versus (\(-\)3.5%) for tumor depth of 0 mm versus 10 mm. This is because the partial volume artifacts do not affect tomographic reconstructions as severely. However, the percent difference of hybrid DOI recovered tumor \(\mu_{s}\)' values increases from 12% to 62% with increasing tumor depths from 0 mm to 10 mm. The recovered broadband optical properties \(\mu_{a}\) and \(\mu_{s}\)' using the hybrid DOI technique for wavelength range of 650 to 1000 nm are shown in Figures 9 and 10, respectively. Each panel of Figures 9 and 10 compares the hyperspectral results from hybrid DOI technique to the topographic DOI results and the true (\(\mu_{a}\), \(\mu_{s}\)') values. Different columns correspond to different depths of the tumor from the tissue surface (0, 5, and 10 mm), whereas different rows correspond to the normal and tumor containing tissue optical properties. Reconstructions were acquired for 71 wavelengths ranging from 650 to 1000 nm every 5 nm (Figures 9 and 10). The error bars indicate the deviation over five repetitions. The mean difference and the mean percentage difference of the recovered (\(\mu_{a}\), \(\mu_{s}\)') from the true (\(\mu_{a}\), \(\mu_{s}\)') over all wavelengths have been summarized in Table 3 for both topographic DOI and hybrid DOI techniques at all tumor depths considered. Hybrid DOI and topographic DOI techniques recover the hyperspectral optical properties (\(\mu_{a}\), \(\mu_{s}\)') for the normal tissue with a maximum mean percentage difference of 1.64% and 1.9%, and 4.10% and 3.37%, respectively, over 71 wavelengths in the range of 650 to 1000 nm over all tumor depths. Broadband \(\mu_{a}\) recovery of the tumor is also more accurate for the hybrid DOI technique with a mean percent difference less than 10% versus the conventional topographic DOI with a mean percent difference greater than 20% for all the tumor depths considered. However, the mean percent difference of the hybrid DOI and conventional DOI reconstructed \(\mu_{s}\)' deteriorates from 7.86% and 22.35% to 47.86% and 32.26% for a tumor depth of 0 mm versus 10 mm. Simulations show that hybrid DOI is  
Figure 9: Hyperspectral normal (row 1) and tumor \(\mu_{a}\) (row 2) at wavelengths 650 nm to 1000 nm at different tumor depths (columns). expected to be at least \(\sim\)10x more accurate at recovering the tumor absorption than conventional single SDS DOI topography, however it is less sensitive to scattering differences in deeper tumors.