## 4 System Architecture
### Three-Dimensional Information Flow in the SCADA System  
The information flow in the proposed SCADA system is bidirectional: data flows from the well sensors to the 3D interface for visualization and control. Control commands flow from the 3D interface to RTUs and physical equipment (pumps, valves). This design ensures efficient and real-time management of the water supply system in the Lerma Basin, improving operational efficiency and emergency response capabilities.  
The flow of information within the SCADA system begins at the remote sites (wells), which are equipped with sensors to measure critical parameters such as water level, pressure, and flow. Currently, the system monitors over 160 operational wells, with an additional 200 wells under construction. These sensors collect real-time data and transmit it to the Pumping Stations. RTUs act as intermediaries, processing and consolidating the data before sending it to the Central Server. Additionally, RTUs execute local commands, such as turning pumps on or off, based on the received data or instructions from the central server. This stage is crucial as it ensures that raw data from the field is efficiently gathered and prepared for further analysis.  
The data collected by the RTUs is transmitted to the Central Server through a hybrid communication network. This network combines RF (Radio Frequency) for nearby areas with limited coverage, satellite for remote locations without cellular access, and cellular/internet for urban areas with reliable connectivity. This hybrid approach ensures that data reaches the central server regardless of the geographical challenges posed by the Lerma Basin. Reliable communication is essential for real-time monitoring and remote control, enabling the system to operate seamlessly across diverse environments.  
Once the data arrives at the Central Server, it is stored, processed, and analyzed. The server integrates information from multiple sources, including GIS (Geographic Information Systems), to provide a comprehensive view of the water supply network. Advanced analytics tools generate alerts, reports, and recommendations, allowing operators to make data-driven decisions. The central server also stores historical data (see Figure 9), which is invaluable for identifying trends, planning maintenance, and optimizing system performance. This stage represents the core of the SCADA system, where raw data is transformed into actionable insights.  
The processed data is sent to the User Site (3D Interface), where operators can visualize the entire water supply network in an interactive and immersive environment. The 3D interface not only displays the current state of the system, including the 160 operational wells, but also incorporates the 200 wells under construction. This allows users to view the complete Lerma system as it is expected to operate in the future. Operators can monitor in real time the status of wells, pumps, and storage tanks, and remotely control equipment, such as adjusting pump settings or opening and closing valves. The interface also supports  
Figure 9: Historical Data of Pressure and Flow. The graph presents two historic values from three different data sets, one in green and the other in red.  
training and simulation, enabling operators to practice contingency planning and explore potential system improvements. The 3D visualization enhances situational awareness and decision-making, making it a vital component of the SCADA system.