esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Research on Springback Compensation Method of Roll Forming Based on Improved Fuzzy PID Control
## 3 Springback Compensation Control Algorithm  
To address the issue that the springback of the sheet during the circular rolling process affects the final forming accuracy, an improved fuzzy PID controller based on the springback compensation strategy is designed. This controller modifies the springback of the sheet by adjusting the rolling angle in real time. A block diagram of its control algorithm is shown in Figure 5.  
Within a circular rolling cycle, the desired motor rotation angle corresponding to the desired forming radius is input into the improved fuzzy PID controller. The horizontal displacement of the slider is achieved by controlling the motor rotation angle. The wedge then transforms the horizontal displacement of the slider into the vertical displacement of the driven roll, thereby altering the gap between the driving roll and the driven roll to attain the desired rolling angle. To ensure the accuracy and precision of the circular rolling process, an angle encoder is employed to monitor the motor rotation angle and feed it back to the controller. Additionally, a distance sensor is utilized to monitor the springback amount. The fuzzy PID controller is optimized through the CWP algorithm proposed in this paper. This enables real-time reduction in the motor rotation angle difference and correction of the generated springback, ultimately achieving an accurate rolling angle.
## 3 Numerical Model and Calculation Scheme
### PFC Simulation Results Analysis
#### 3.3.2 Analysis of Overlying Strata Displacement Field Evolution
In the process of fracture and subsidence of overlying strata, there are great differences in the mechanical characteristics of each rock stratum, such as the degree of joint development, the strength, and thickness of the rock stratum, which makes the movement and cross-fall of each rock stratum different. It is characterized by several groups of overlying strata and the coordinated movement of each group of rock strata. Figure 19: Model measurement ball point diagram. Figure 20: _Cont_. Figure 20: Movement law of overburden rock. (**a**) Working face advancing 20 m vertical displacement; (**b**) Working face advancing 30 m vertical displacement; (**c**) Working face advancing 40 m vertical displacement; (**d**) Working face advancing 50 m vertical displacement; (**e**) Working face advancing 60 m vertical displacement; (**f**) Working face advancing 70 m vertical displacement; (**g**) Working face advancing 80 m vertical displacement; (**h**) Working face advancing 90 m vertical displacement. In summary, the mining distance of the working face increases, and the settlement of the roof strata is gradually increasing. The settlement curves of rock strata at different heights show a 'U' type distribution with small ends and large middle. The closer to the middle of the goat, the greater the settlement of the rock strata and the 'U' type bottom gradually advances along the direction of the working face. The closer to the two ends of the goat, the smaller the difference in the settlement of rock strata at different heights. With the increase of the advancing distance of the working face, after the first weighting of the basic roof, the overlying strata began to move actively, and the fracture zone gradually developed upward, and the failure characteristics were obvious. Part of the mined-out area due to the collapse of the rock stratum in front of the working half has been gradually compacted, the structure of the mined-out area is more stable, the upper rock bending subsidence phenomenon is obviously reduced, the higher the rock height, the smaller the maximum settlement, the smaller the rock height, the greater the maximum settlement. In the process of working face advancing, the overlying strata of the stop are in a state of dynamic continuous subsidence, and the overall variation characteristics of vertical displacement are the time-space effect of overlying strata migration. Affected by mining, the vertical displacement of the immediate roof changes most strongly, the continuity of the movement process is poor, and the amount of subsidence increases in a cliff-like manner. The farther the overlying strata are from the coal seam, the less affected by mining, the stronger the continuity of the movement process, and the smaller the amount of subsidence.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### CAN Peripheral Synchronization Method  
The CAN bus protocol is widely used in automotive and industrial embedded applications because of its robustness towards electromagnetic interference (EMI), which makes it suitable for communications between voltage source converters. To understand how the strategy works, it is necessary to introduce the bit timing properties of CAN bus. As will be clear in the following, the bit rate of the CAN network affects the precision achievable through the proposed technique (the faster the better). A bit rate is usually chosen based on the interference level and maximum distance between nodes in the final application; in this work a comparatively slow speed communication (100 kbit/s) was chosen in order to assess the level of synchronization obtainable in slow communications scenarios. The peripherals connected to CAN bus use a particular synchronization method based on division of total  
Figure 1: Principle diagram of the test bench. The master triggers three slave nodes, which synchronize themselves following the technique proposed in this paper. The CAN line is configured for wired and operation.  
Figure 2: Photo of the test setup.  
bit time into fixed-length time units called time quanta. There are different segments in a bit time:  
* Synchronization segment: where an edge is expected to be.
* Propagation segment: used to compensate line and drivers delay.
* Phase segments 1 and 2: dynamic length segments used to perform synchronization.  
Two processes are involved in synchronization: hard synchronization, which is done at the beginning of each message to align segment slots between all nodes and soft synchronization, and soft synchronization, which is done by each node, lengthening phase segment 1 or shortening phase segment 2 by an integer number of time quanta, in order to compensate lagging or leading edges.
# Querying on Federated Sensor Networks
## 3 L-FSN Protocol  
Layered Federated Sensor Network (L-FSN) Protocol is a querying protocol that is designed for the layered FSN management. By L-FSN, the routing information is exchanged among islands through gateways. L-FSN Protocol consists of three components: routing tables, the inter-island querying mechanism, and the intra-island querying mechanism.
# VidBlock: A Web3.0-Enabled Decentralized Blockchain Architecture for Live Video Streaming
## 1 Introduction
Furthermore, such centralization often causes bottlenecks in data access and control, giving the service provider unilateral control over the data, potentially leading to misuse or unauthorized sharing. VidBlock utilizes blockchain's distributed ledger technology to store the hash values of data related to each streaming content, thereby addressing the issue of centralized data management. This enhances data integrity and accessibility within the system by clearly managing data ownership and access rights. 2. **User-controlled data and privacy**: Traditional streaming services collect and control user data, often compromising privacy. VidBlock leverages smart contracts to create immutable and transparent licensing agreements, significantly reducing content piracy. 3. **Cost reduction through serverless architecture:** Adopting a serverless architecture that does not rely on centralized servers reduces maintenance and infrastructure costs. VidBlock integrates relay nodes into its P2P network to facilitate the establishment and maintenance of streaming sessions between clients. By efficiently managing connections and ensuring seamless data transmission, relay nodes eliminate the need for costly centralized infrastructure. This design significantly reduces operational expenses for service providers and enables cost-effective scaling, delivering economic benefits for both providers and end-users. 4. **Enhanced global accessibility**: Traditional streaming services are often restricted by regions and licensing agreements, limiting global access to content. VidBlock leverages P2P protocols, blockchain, and relay nodes to create a borderless streaming platform. Relay nodes play a critical role in enabling real-time streaming by dynamically establishing and managing connections between geographically distributed clients. This ensures stable, low-latency communication and uninterrupted streaming, regardless of the users' locations. By bridging connections between clients, relay nodes overcome geographical limitations, facilitating global access to content in a decentralized and equitable manner. These contributions of the VidBlock are pivotal in combining blockchain and live streaming technologies to create a new service model. This VidBlock serves as a prime example of how Web3.0 can be implemented in the live video-streaming domain.
## 3 Selected Methods and Experimental Approaches for Analysis of HS Structure  
### Extraction and Fractionation of Humic Substances  
The chemical properties of HS are basically ascertained after extraction and fractionation of DOM or SOM according to the different solubilities. The soil sample, initially dispersed in concentrated alkaline solution, is first separated from the insoluble material (called humin) and then acidified with the addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The obtained precipitate is called humic acid (HA), while the remaining soluble fraction is called fulvic acid (FA) (see Figure 1).  
Figure 1: Generalized flowchart for the traditional extraction and fractionation procedure of HS [75].  
Further purification processes of the HA and FA fractions involve centrifugation operations and treatments with ion exchange resins to remove inorganic impurities and weakly associated organic compounds. HA, which precipitate out of solution below pH 2, have pKa \(\approx\) 4.5 and apparent molecular weight ranging from \(10^{3}\) to greater than \(10^{6}\) Da. The chemical structure is characterized by randomly condensed aromatic rings and aliphatic residues containing different functional groups such as carboxylic acid, amine, carbonyl and alcohol [76]. On average, 30-50% of DOM in rivers is HS [51; 77]. Recent studies criticize the traditional definition of HS and the related extraction protocol by using a strongly alkaline solution [29]. In fact, according to these objections, the treatment with alkali, in addition to representing an extraction method, could induce processes of chemical alteration of the HS. [78].  
While other studies support the traditional approach [79], great attention has been devoted to the fraction of HS that can be easily released into water without recurring to the drastic use of alkaline extraction [80].
## 2 Methodology
### Data Collection and Preprocessing
#### 2.2.3 Disaster-Related Image Filtering Using MobileNetV3  
Despite filtering based on keywords and time, not all images are directly related to disaster damage. The objective of this study is to enhance disaster situational awareness, and filtering out images unrelated to disaster damage can improve the accuracy of damage segmentation. Due to computational constraints, we utilized the lightweight deep neural network MobileNetV3 [43] for relevance classification (Figure 6), categorizing Weibo images as either disaster-related or unrelated. To train the image relevance classification model, we constructed a sample dataset. The relevant image sets in the training and validation datasets were sourced from the \"Hainan Wind Disaster Monitoring Dataset Based on Social Media\" [41] and Weibo images of Typhoon Chaba in 2022. We manually divided a mixed dataset, comprising Typhoon Chaba 2022 Weibo images and the Hainan Wind Disaster Monitoring Dataset, into a training set with 18,260 images, categorized as either typhoon-related or unrelated. The MobileNetV3 image classification model was then trained to classify images unrelated to typhoon damage as irrelevant. Subsequently, transfer learning was applied to use the trained model for the relevant classification of Typhoon Haikui's Weibo images. The concept of transfer learning involves leveraging the pre-trained model's existing weights to obtain a high-performance classifier with a limited number of labeled samples. This method allows us to transfer the network's features and parameters from large-scale image classification tasks to more specific domains.
## 3 Methodology
### Transfer Learning
#### 3.1.2 Models Based on Speaker Embeddings
This modification enables the model to attend to multiple segments of the input data simultaneously, allowing it to focus on the most relevant and important parts of the speech signal. We believe MHA Pooling enhances the model's ability to capture nuanced emotional features that might be overlooked by traditional pooling techniques, which generally aggregate informationacross the entire input uniformly. This approach enables the model to better handle the variability presented in speech, such as fluctuations in pitch, and prosody that are crucial for accurate emotion recognition. Additionally, we replaced the standard Softmax activation function with Angular Margin Softmax (AM-Softmax). This substitution can play a role in improving the model's ability to differentiate between subtle and similar emotional states. AM-Softmax introduces an angular margin between different class representations in the feature space, which effectively increases the decision boundaries. This can improve class separability, especially in the cases where emotional categories may overlap or present subtle differences in expression (similarly as we proved for speaker's voice modelling in [17]). For the r-vector model, which is based on ResNet architecture, we also made several key enhancements. First, we replaced the standard ResNet blocks with Res2 Net blocks [56]. This modification allows the model to capture features at multiple scales by dividing the feature maps within each block into smaller groups. Additionally, we incorporated a Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) block, which adjusts the importance of different channels, helping the model focus on the most relevant features for emotion recognition. Similarly to the x-vector model, we replaced traditional pooling with MHA, enabling the model to pay attention to multiple important segments of speech simultaneously. Finally, we integrated AM-Softmax to improve its ability to separate different emotional categories, making it more precise and reliable in classifying emotions. By building upon the original architectures and integrating advanced mechanisms for processing temporal information and channel-wise features, along with more sophisticated pooling and activation functions, this work aims to contribute to the advancement of SER. The architectural enhancements are summarized in Table 1.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Role of Aluminum Rods  
As shown in Figure 8, during the solid-phase sensible heat storage stage, the phase change panel in experimental group 1 transitioned to the next stage 20 min earlier than that in experimental group 2. This is because the aluminum rods accelerate the melting of the surrounding solid PCM, and the absorption of heat during melting suppresses the temperature rise of the heating surface, thereby reducing the heat transferred from the heating surface.  
During the latent heat storage stage, part of the PCM near the aluminum rods had already melted. At this stage, the heat transfer mechanism is primarily characterized by the latent heat storage properties of the unmelted PCM and the convective heat transfer of the melted liquid PCM. The dense arrangement of aluminum rods decreases the rate of liquid-phase convective heat transfer and increases the phase change time of the unmelted PCM, thereby extending the overall phase change process of the panel. Due to these factors and the almost identical mass and total heat absorption of the PCM in both groups, experimental groups 1 and 2 simultaneously reached the liquid-phase sensible heat storage stage at the same temperature. As shown in Figure 9, during the solid-phase sensible heat storage stage, the temperature difference curve of experimental group 1 shows a downward trend compared to that of experimental group 2. This is because part of the heat from the heating surface is transferred through the aluminum rods to the PCM near the unheated side and then to the unheated surface, reducing the temperature difference between the two sides of the panel.  
The final results indicate that the overall phase change time of the phase change panel in experimental group 1 increased by 20%, and the temperature differences in all three stages were smaller than those in experimental group 2. This suggests that the aluminum rods effectively enhance heat transfer, increase the thermal conduction path within the phase change panel, and reduce the thermal resistance of heat transfer. Consequently, the phase change panel achieves better temperature regulation between the heated and unheated surfaces, improves internal heat transfer, optimizes heat distribution, and enhances the utilization of the PCM.
# Metamorphic Testing of Relation Extraction Models
## 2 Metamorphic Testing  
Metamorphic testing (MT) [16; 17] is a property-based testing technique that is well known for its ability to alleviate the oracle problem [16; 18]. Instead of verifying the correctness of the outputs of individual program inputs, MT checks the relations among multiple inputs and outputs against some properties, which are known as metamorphic relations (MRs). Because of this, MT can be conducted without using oracles.  
Generally, when applying MT, the program under test \(f\) will be executed at least twice. On one hand, \(f\) is executed with a source input \(X\), yielding the source output \(f(X)\). On the other hand, follow-up inputs \(X^{\prime}\) will be constructed from \(X\) according to the given MR. Then, \(f\) is run with \(X^{\prime}\), and the follow-up output \(f(X^{\prime})\) can be collected. Note that a group of \(X\) and \(X^{\prime}\) is called a metamorphic test group (MG) of the MR. As a reminder, although an MG normally consists of a source input and a follow-up input, it can also contain multiple source or follow-up inputs. Lastly, the relation among \(X\), \(X^{\prime}\), \(f(X)\), and \(f(X^{\prime})\) is checked against the given MR, reporting an MR violation or satisfaction.  
Consider the example shown in Figure 1. For a given input (for example, the source input shown in Figure 1), it is difficult to judge the correctness of the prediction results without human effort. Nevertheless, by considering the property of RE that \"replacing a head or tail entity with its coreferential entity should not affect the prediction result of RE\" and treating this input as a source input, a relevant follow-up input can be constructed. In this example, the entity \"his\" in the source input is replaced by another entity, \"[PERSON]\", with the same referential meaning. Accordingly, the relations predicted for the source and follow-up inputs are expected to be identical. As a result, the inconsistency among the actual prediction results \"per: charges\"and \"no_relation\" is detected, indicating that the RE model fails to correctly predict the relation between at least one pair of entities.  
Although MT was originally proposed for software verification, it has been extended to quality assessment [19] and system comprehension [20]. Aside from that, MT has seen successful applications in other domains beyond testing, such as fault location [21], program repair [22], and program proving [23]. Recently, we have also seen MT show promising results in various NLP tasks, such as question answering systems [24; 25; 26], sentiment analysis [27; 28], and natural language inference [29]. In this paper, we apply MT to relation extraction in order to break the dependency on the labels, which alleviates the oracle problem, as well as gain a deeper understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of relation extraction models in terms of the related properties via MRs.
## 3 SM and MP-WFRFT Aided Scheme Based On FDA
### The Received Signal of LUs and Eves
Similarly, the received message of Eves is given by  
\[\mathbf{y}_{E}(t)=\mathbf{H}_{E}^{H}(t)\mathbf{D}(t)\mathbf{v}(t)+\mathbf{n}_ {E}(t)\mathbf{=}\underbrace{\mathbf{H}_{E}^{H}(t)\mathbf{D}(t)w_{0}\mathbf{u }(t)}_{\text{Srambled signal}}+\underbrace{\mathbf{H}_{E}^{H}(t)\mathbf{D}(t) \mathbf{D}(t)}_{\text{Equivalent AN}}+\underbrace{\mathbf{n}_{E}(t)}_{\text{ AWAG}} \tag{18}\]  
Figure 4: The receiving structure  
where \(\mathbf{b}=w_{1}\mathcal{F}(\mathbf{u})+w_{2}\mathbf{Pu}+w_{3}\mathcal{P}\mathcal{F} (\mathbf{u})=[b_{1}(t),b_{2}(t),\ldots,b_{K}(t)]^{T}\), and \(\mathbf{n}_{E}(t)\) is the AWGN vector with each element having zero mean and variance \(\sigma_{E_{i}}^{2}\), i.e., \(\mathbf{n}_{E}(t)\sim\mathcal{CN}(\mathbf{0}_{J\times 1},\sigma_{E}^{2} \mathbf{I}_{I})\). Specifically, the received signal of \(j\)-th Eve intercepting \(k\)-th LU's information is given by  
Figure 3:0 Figure 3:1  
according to the first part of (18), the amplitude and phase of the received symbol is distorted by MP-WFRFT operations \(w_{0}\) and the item \(\mathbf{H}_{E}^{H}(t)\mathbf{D}(t)\
otin\mathbb{R}\). The second part of (18) mainly shows interference from other messages, and the third part is the equivalent AN as the process of rotating the signal in the time-frequency plane due to MP-WFRFT. The last part is AWGN. Our proposed scheme does not add noise into the baseband signal, but the application of MP-WFRFT in our proposed method also can achieve an equivalent noise effect on Eves, which means it uses less power compared to conventional AN-DM schemes. On the other hand, MP-WFRFT technology is dependent on the assumption that the MP-WFRFT parameters are unknown for Eves. Once the MP-WFRFT parameters are leaked to Eves, Eves will demodulate their received signals via inverse MP-WFRFT operation. However, in this paper, we use another SM technique based on FDA with cooperative LUs. After the use of the SM and MP-WFRFT aided multi-beam FDA scheme, it is hard for Eves to wiretap the confidential messages. The Eves can correctly recover the confidential messages, only when estimates of LUs number information, the MP-WFRFT parameters and the corresponding symbols are all correct. Furthermore, even if one or some (but not all) of the Eves' locations are same as one or some LUs' locations and MP-WFRFT parameters are leaked to all Eves, our proposed scheme can also ensure the security wireless communication due to the use of SM technique with cooperative LUs. Therefore, our proposed method is able to degrade Eves' reception and improve transmission security. Furthermore, our proposed method can achieve power efficient due to MP-WFRFT technology and information bits efficient by use of LUs number information as another information carrying unit in addition to constellation diagram.