# PINE: Post-Quantum Based Incentive Technique for Non-Cooperating Nodes in Internet of Everything
## 2 Literature Survey
[54] proposed an altruism-based trust-dependent message forwarding protocol (_ATDTN_) for opportunistic networks in which a dynamically changing altruism trust value is derived from the node's participation in message forwarding. The altruism value of a node in a social context is dependent on various attributes, namely, empathy, reputation, kinship, anonymity, activeness, cost, personal enmity, and future prospects. However, while the authors elaborately addressed the perspective of altruism in the wireless network, they did not address post-quantum-based data security. [PERSON] et al. [55] proposed a message trust-based secure multipath routing protocol for opportunistic networks (_MT-SMRP_). Their protocol scheme relays the message to the destination via disjoint paths and applies a soft encryption technique without key exchange to protect the network from blackhole, greyhole, and message fabrication attacks. Although the protocol implements a lightweight encryption approach for constrained devices, in the post-quantum era this model may fall short for handling quantum attacks. A trust-based security approach was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [56] for opportunistic IoT (_T_CAFE_) to defend networks against several attacks, namely, sybil, bad-mouthing, good-mouthing, blackhole, and packet fabrication attacks. The trust value was computed by utilizing the direct and indirect trust to categorize nodes as benign or malicious. However, this model may not be secure against post-quantum attacks, as it neglects the relevant data security aspects. [PERSON] et al. [57] implemented an efficient and secure data forwarding mechanism with the aim of providing security against blackhole and packet fabrication attacks in \(OppIoT\) by applying a \(GFRSA\)-based secure routing protocol. The protocol performs content-based security for encrypting messages using RSA asymmetric cryptography, energy-aware secure routing, and other proactive measures to mitigate blackhole and packet-fabricating nodes. However, this model is insufficient for protection against post-quantum attacks. [PERSON] et al. [21] proposed a node status and score-based route optimization protocol (_NSSROP_) to select the best relay nodes while choosing the routing paths. In their protocol, a node's reputation is calculated based on its energy and information related to the possible routes for relay selection. If the reputation value of a node is less than a prescribed threshold, that node is isolated and categorized as selfish. However, the proposed protocol does not address protection against post-quantum attacks. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Features** & **Drawbacks** & **Experimentation** & **Attack Model** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [34]} & Post-quantum lattice-based & \multirow{4}{*}{Does not address lattice-based geo-encryption. Deficient against selfish node and blackhole attacks.} & \multirow{4}{*}{Software simulation – node and blackhole attacks.} \\  & butterfly-key expansion in SCMS & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & for V2X. & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Protecting the confidentiality of the key and certificate, integrity of the pseudonym certificate, and unlinkability & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & of the pseudonym certificate. & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Overview of literature survey. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Features** & **Drawbacks** & **Experimentation** & **Attack Model** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [35]} & NTRU-based privacy-preserving scheme to protect location-based querying in VANETs. & The model lacks protection against non-cooperative nodes and blackhole attack. & Software simulation & Authentication attack \\  & Location queries are secured using & & & \\  & 1-Out-n Oblivious transfer. & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [36]} & Security and privacy are preserved using the lightweight R-IWE lattice technique for the prosumer network in smart-grid IoT.