esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion and Use Cases
### Blocking List of Servers
To validate the server IP addresses of different services, firewall rules are applied to check the response of the app on the client end, because the firewall always provides an edge to control and monitor the ongoing activities within the network.
## 1 Introduction
### Acceptance Phases for Long-Term Technology Acceptance
#### 1.4.3 Adoption Phase  
In the Adoption phase, people have had the opportunity to interact with the technology for approximately two weeks [9, 55, 59]. This causes either excitement (positive experience) or frustration (negative experience). When excited about technology, people tend to gain interest in it and embrace positive feelings or even potential emotional attachments. When frustrated, people either work out their cause of frustration and resolve it, leading to adopting the innovation, or fail to resolve the frustration and reject the technology. There is an important distinction between adoption--the decision to start using the technology--and adaptation (the next phase)--when people incorporate the technology into everyday use [9]. In the Adoption phase, people still have apprehensions and concerns as they try to understand the technology fully, but people are slowly becoming more comfortable.
## 2 Methodology for Estimation of Damping on Bridges Based on Dynamic Tests under Railway Traffic
### Methodology Overview  
The proposed methodology to estimate damping coefficients on bridges based on the Prony method is an alternative methodology to the classical LD method, which allows the estimates of damping coefficients in railway bridges with coupled and closely spaced fundamental modes of vibration. This methodology uses the acceleration responses of the train's passage, obtained from the tests under railway traffic. More details about the tests under railway traffic are presented in Section 4.3.2. From the acceleration responses from the trains, it is fundamental to identify the free vibration period of each response. It may be necessary to apply a lowpass filter to the original acceleration record in order to eliminate as much noise as possible, associated with higher frequencies. The free vibration records are the ones that will be inputs for the Prony method. The application of the method will fit a sum of damped sinusoids (predicted record) to the original free vibration record, thus extracting from the predicted signal the main parameters of the record, such as the frequency and the damping of each sinusoid that compose the original record. An explanation of the Prony method is described in Section 2.3. Ambient vibration tests, explained in Section 4.3.1, are also necessary to compare the obtained frequencies from the Prony method to those obtained from the tests, to identify the eigenfrequencies of the bridges in the records from the Prony method. A summary of the methodology is presented in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: Methodology for damping coefficients estimation using the Prony method.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measurement Campaign  
In order to validate the proposed EMF exposure-enhanced algorithm, a campaign of measurements is performed within the real scenario of the new building library presented in Figure 3 for both the 28 and 60 GHz operating frequencies. For that purpose, two different measurement setups are configured for the 28 and 60 GHz frequency bands. Table 5 presents the different setups, along with the used equipment and its description. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Number of Active Users**} \\ \hline  & & **5G UL** & **5G DL** & **802.11 ay UL** & **802.11 ay DL** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Case I} & MD & 42 & 98 & - & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & HD & 60 & 142 & - & - \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Case II} & MD & - & - & 42 & 98 \\ \cline{2-6}  & HD & - & - & 60 & 142 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Case III} & MD & 12 & 30 & 29 & 69 \\ \cline{2-6}  & HD & 18 & 42 & 42 & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Distribution of active users for the different considered cases for the medium user density (MD) and high user density (HD) within the scenario. Figures 6 and 7 show examples of the transmitter and receiver setups in the experimental campaign of measurements for the 28 and 60 GHz operating frequencies, respectively. For each operating frequency, two different measurement setups are considered, the first one with the transmitter placed at 1.3 m on the first floor and the second one with the transmitter placed at 1.85 m on the second floor. The antennas are placed with the aid of a tripod constructed from wood and nylon materials (AT-812 Antenna Tripod from Com-Power Corporation (Silverado, CA, USA) (see Figures 6 and 7 for reference). When considering the first setup case (transmitter antenna on the first floor), an antenna angular sweep from 0 to 180\({}^{\circ}\) with steps of 15\({}^{\circ}\) is performed, while measurements points are taken for each antenna position along the radial distance each 2 m at the same height as the transmitter. The minimum and maximum radial distances between the transmitter and receiver antenna are 22 m and 11 m, respectively. The transmitter antenna is directed towards the receiver points with the aid of an antenna positioner from Thors Labs (Newton, NJ, USA). The antenna alignment is performed with a laser pointer. By means of this setup of 15\({}^{\circ}\) radials, with a measurement distance of 2 m per measurement location point, the complete library area of the first floor is characterized, allowing simulation comparisons. For clarification purposes, the different measured radicals for each transmitter antenna beamforming are depicted in Figure 8.
## 3 Results
### Analysis of Land Cover Spectral Signatures  
Different land cover types in the study area were identified and training samples were generated (Figure 5). The classes of interest identified were: water body, forest, oil palm, grassland, bare soil, and low vegetation. The training samples were taken in homogeneous zones, avoiding the edges of division between two types of cover so as not to add noise to the sample.  
Figure 5A shows the spectral signatures for each coverage identified on the Sentinel-2 optical image. The spectral signatures showed normal behavior at all wavelengths, except water bodies, which showed a behavior very similar to that of the vegetation. This is because the bodies within the study area are Lagoons that present advanced eutrophication processes, so the reflectance values in the NIR range tend to be high, resembling those of vegetation coverage.  
The spectral signatures of the different coverages for each implemented fusion method are presented below. In the case of the BR method shown in Figure 5B, the image values underwent the most significant changes, being increased but preserving the trend of the normal behavior of the spectral signature of each coverage in the optical image. The only notable difference was observed in the behavior of the bare soil cover, which presented lower values in the merged image, and the oil palm cover showed differential changes in the visible spectral range with respect to the forest cover. Figure 5C shows the result of the HFM method, in which no significant differences were found in the values of the fused image compared with the optical image. For all the coverages, there was a very high similarity in the behavior of its spectral signature and its range of values.  
The result achieved by the GS method in Figure 5D shows, as in the case of the BR method, a notable decrease in the values of bare soil cover at wavelengths above the red spectrum range (705 nm). In addition, more significant differentiation was found between the coverages associated with oil palm crops and forests in the visible spectrum range  
Figure 5: Spectral signatures of coverages identified on the Sentinel-2 optical image (**A**) and the images fused by the Brovey (BR) (**B**), high-frequency modulation (HFM) (**C**), Gram–Schmidt (GS) (**D**), and principal components (PC) (**E**) methods.  
(490-700 nm). It should be noted that the range of image values was preserved, being very similar to the pixel values of the optical image. Finally, the result of the PC method is shown in Figure 5E, observing similarities with the HFM method in terms of its behavior and optical image range of values, presenting only significant differences in the coverage of bare soil and noting an increase in the differentiation of coverages in the range of the SWIR spectrum range.
# Analysis of Channel Potential Recovery According to the Back Pattern in 3D NAND Flash Memory
## 4 Conclusions  
This study analyzed the recovery of channel potential owing to the DCP in the 3D NAND flash memory. During the verify operation, the DCP caused a drop in the channel potential. The channel potential, which depended on the programmed state of the adjacent WLs, recovered differently. At the beginning of the channel potential recovery, the channel potential recovered quickly when the adjacent WLs were programmed in a low state compared to when they were in a high programmed state. Owing to electron-hole recombination, the electron concentration decreased, resulting in recovery in the floating channel. When the programmed state of the adjacent WLs was low, electron-hole recombination occurred to a greater extent, and more holes diffused into the floating channel. However, the higher the programmed state of adjacent WLs was, the greater was the channel potential drop due to the DCP, as well as the resulting slow potential recovery. If sufficient recovery time was given when the adjacent WLs were programmed in a high state, the amount of  
Figure 6: Schematic diagram of hole diffusion from adjacent WLs (WL6, 10) to floating channel region (WL7, 8, 9) and the electron–hole pair recombination in the floating channel region.  
potential recovery was similar to the recovered potential over a short period when the adjacent WLs were programmed in a low state. Therefore, to increase boosting efficiency, the recovery time should be appropriately adjusted according to the programmed state of the adjacent WLs before the program operation. Furthermore, since there are various patterns and bias conditions in addition to the conditions in this paper, an analysis of these should also be performed.  
Methodology, paper writing, investigation, conceptualization, G.R.; validation and investigation, H.K. and J.L.; project administration, funding acquisition, editing, and supervision, M.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (2021-0-01764-001, Charge-Storage-Memory-Based PIM Development), and in part by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2018R1A6A1A03023788), and in part by National &D Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by Ministry of Science and ICT (2021M3F3A2A03017693).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# represents a blank space denoting the sentence's beginning and end.
### Performance Evaluation Measures
#### 3.5.5 Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve  
The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve depicts the performance of a classification model at various thresholds. It displays the true positive rate (_TPR_) and the false positive rate (_FPR_). The ROC curve illustrates the trade-off between these rates for various classification thresholds. Equations (10) and (11) represent the _TPR_ and the _FPR_, respectively:  
\[TPR=\frac{TP}{TP+FN} \tag{10}\]  
\[FPR=\frac{FP}{FP+TN} \tag{11}\]
# VidBlock: A Web3.0-Enabled Decentralized Blockchain Architecture for Live Video Streaming
## 3 System Design
### VidBlock Data Model
#### 3.2.2 Key Highlights of VidBlock's Architecture  
VidBlock's architectural design represents a novel approach to streaming services, prioritizing decentralization and user-centric features. Key highlights of the VidBlock architecture include the following:  
1. **Decentralized data management:** Storing content metadata hashes on a blockchain reduces dependence on central servers, increasing content integrity and transparency in data ownership.
2. **User-controlled data and privacy:** Smart contracts and personal storage enable users to retain control over their data. Each user manages their content interactions independently within the network, supporting VidBlock's privacy-first approach.
3. **Cost efficiency:** The decentralized model, utilizing storage from client and relay nodes, reduces costs associated with centralized data centers, providing financial benefits for both service providers and users.
4. **Global accessibility:** VidBlock's architecture combines blockchain, a P2P protocol, and support from relay nodes to enable unrestricted global access to content. This integrated approach enhances scalability and cost efficiency, allowing seamless content delivery across diverse geographical regions by bridging connections even in challenging network conditions.
# Unobtrusive Vital Sign Monitoring in Automotive Environments--A Review
## 5 Optical Methods
### Other Camera-Based Automotive Monitoring
#### 5.4.3 Automotive Monitoring Using Far Infrared Light (FIR)  
As already mentioned in Section 5.3, both facial expression as well as vital sign monitoring (mainly respiratory activity) attracted the interest of several researchers quite early. Starting around the millenium, there has been continuing research activity in the area of quantifying emotions using far infrared imaging [137; 138; 139; 140; 141; 142; 143; 144]. Among others, one rationale has been the observation that the perfusion of the forehead supplied by branches of the _A. facialis_ changes during some emotional arousal affecting the thermal signatures of the face.  
One of the first publications on using FIR imaging in the car was published by the University of Iowa in 2009 [145]. In fact, [PERSON] and coworkers used data obtained from \(n=16\) middle-agedtest drivers during 2 h experimental drives in a driving simulator to quantify stress and emotions. Here again, perfusion changes in the eye corners and the root of the nose are key in the analysis.
## 4 Results and Discussions  
### Comparison of Tests and Simulation Results  
#### 4.1.1 Horizontal Temperature Change  
Figure 5 shows the temperature change in the horizontal direction of the soil at various positions around the FR and FRPC piles, with a burial depth of 1150 mm. In general, the numerical results in the horizontal direction of the soil were in good agreement with the test results. During the first 10 h, the soil temperature at the FR pile side underwent significant temperature variations, followed by a gradual decrease in the rate of change. The most significant changes in soil temperature occurred at distances of 0.5 D and 1 D from the side of the pile. The temperature variations at 2 D and 3 D from the side of the pile were relatively general in comparison. It is worth noting that the heat transfer in the horizontal direction in soil was 1-2 D over the initial 3 h and extended to 2-3 D over the subsequent 3 to 10 h. Furthermore, due to its high energy density, the temperature increase amplitude and rate in the soil near the FRPC pile was smaller than that of the FR pile.
## 4 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Radiation Pattern
#### 4.3.2 H-Plane  
Figure 7 shows a multi-lobed pattern with visible angular variations and moderate side lobes. Some side lobe levels are within \(-10\) to \(-15\) dB, which is acceptable for mm-wave applications. H-plane irregularities likely stem from edge diffraction and finite ground plane effects. Small deviations in current phasing across array elements may also introduce higher side lobes. These results still indicate a good compromise between gain and beamwidth, suitable for electronically steerable arrays. Inherent phase differences introduce a natural tilt in the main lobe, which is evident in the measured H-plane radiation patterns. The measured H-plane plots clearly show the main beam tilted away from the broadside (\(\sim\)270\({}^{\circ}\) direction) instead of radiating symmetrically, along with multiple side lobes.  
The main lobe is strongly directed at 270\({}^{\circ}\), which suggests beam steering of the main lobe in that direction. Multiple side lobes and nulls exist; these are a natural consequence of the array configuration, number of elements, and spacing. The main lobe is sharp, which means it has high directivity consistent with a 9.91 dBi gain of the linear array and 11.5 dBi for an array with an integrated divider. It is likely that narrow half-power beam width (HPBW) is good for focused signal delivery. Because of its structure and spacing, it radiates strongly in a specific direction with minimized radiation in other azimuthal directions. This is the perfect candidate for mm-wave beamforming, 5G, or point-to-point communication [17].  
Figure 7: Two-dimensional radiation pattern. (**a**) Simulated E-plane and H-plane polar plot of the \(1\times 6\) array; (**b**) measured E-plane and H-plane polar plot of the \(1\times 6\) array; (**c**) measured E-plane and H-plane polar plot of the \(1\times 6\) array with integrated power divider.
# Research on Shoveling Position Analysis and Recognition of Unmanned Loaders for Gravel Piles
## 4 Evaluation and Establishment of Different Location Features Based on Joint Simulation
### Coupling Simulation and Establishment of Comprehensive Evaluation of Shovel Position
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Number** & **Total Mass** & **Barrel Shape** & **Insertion Resistance** & **Lifting Resistance** & **Mass** & **Curvature Value** & **Area** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{I} & \multirow{3}{*}{3375 kg} & Rectangular bucket & 35,946 N & 93,312.3 N & 473.671 kg & 4.5303 & 0.18645 \\  & & Rectangular bucket (tilted 45\({}^{\circ}\)) & 38,204.8 N & 103,494.3 N & 422 kg & 5.6708 & 0.24211 \\  & & Circular bucket & 42,761.2 N & 92,422.7 N & 459.159 kg & 5.3136 & 0.20662 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{II} & \multirow{3}{*}{5063 kg} & Rectangular bucket & 35,083 N & 84,912.2 N & 488.375 kg & 4.7858 & 0.19312 \\  & & Rectangular bucket (tilted 45\({}^{\circ}\)) & 37,370 N & 139,152.6 N & 547.426 kg & 5.3546 & 0.47761 \\  & & Circular bucket & 58,429.1 N & 128,056 N & 583.812 kg & 5.009 & 0.40117 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{III} & \multirow{3}{*}{6750 kg} & Rectangular bucket & 17,776.1 N & 39,522.6 N & 309.2 kg & 4.1309 & 0.20254 \\  & & Rectangular bucket (tilted 45\({}^{\circ}\)) & 15,006 N & 145,510.3 N & 303.255 kg & 4.7434 & 1.5337 \\  & & Circular bucket & 25,824.2 N & 78,273.4 N & 413.257 kg & 4.1448 & 0.54658 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Coupling simulation results under different stockpile edge curvatures. In summary, our simulation comparative analysis revealed that when a loader encounters a pile of materials in various states, if it shovels from the convex area of the pile's edge with a small curvature, it can effectively reduce the resistance of the shoveling process and ensure a certain shoveling efficiency. This discovery also establishes a foundation for identifying the shoveling position, a crucial step towards achieving real-time and low-energy consumption goals for unmanned loaders.
## 3 Results
### Summary of the Selected Articles
#### 3.1.5 Entertainment
The selected articles were evaluated through standards for reporting implementation studies, where the most used tools for development were Kinect as an input tool (55%), studies that describe the techniques used to analyze movements (75%), and tools that were developed in Unity (50%) [71]. In summary, we found six characteristics of AR applied to entertainment (Table 7), which are interest, rehabilitation, training, visualization, learning, and latencies. The characteristics are shown as problems or difficulties with AR applications (-), benefits or positive experiences (*), an intermediate point where even though there were issues, it was possible to find solutions (+), or articles that did not show information about the branch suggested (/). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Databases**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Entertainment**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Interest**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Rehabilitation**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Training**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Visualization**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Learning**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Latencies**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{IEEE Xplore} & Eye-contact game using mixed reality for the treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [61]. & * & * & * & / & / & / \\ \cline{2-8}  & Effectiveness of kinesthetic game-based training system in children with visual–perceptual dysfunction [62]. & / & / & * & + & / & / \\ \cline{2-8}  & Near-context person-to-3D character dance training: comparing AR and VR for interactive entertainment [64]. & / & / & / & - & - & / \\ \cline{2-8}  & Effects of gamified augmented reality in public spaces [64]. & / & / & * & - & / & / \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Science Direct} & Development of augmented reality serious games with a vibrotate feedback jacket [66]. & / & / & / & * & / & * \\ \cline{2-8}  & EmoFindAR: Evaluation of a mobile multiplayer augmented reality game for primary school children [18]. & * & / & / & / & / & / \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Google Academic} & EAR: Enhanced augmented reality system for sports entertainment applications [68]. & * & / & / & - & / & / \\ \cline{2-8}  & An interactive information system that supports an augmented reality game in the context of game-based learning [67]. & * & / & / & / & * & / \\ \cline{2-8}  & Augmented reality in sports event videos: A qualitative study on viewer experience [70]. & * & - & - & * & - & - \\ \hline [PERSON] \& [PERSON] & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON]} & Designing and implementing interactive and realistic augmented reality experiences [9]. & * & / & / & - & / & / \\ \cline{2-8}  & Patient-tailored augmented reality games for assessing upper extremity motor impairments in [PERSON]’s disease and stroke [63]. & / & / & * & / & / & / \\ \cline{2-8}  & Technical aspects of virtual augmented reality-based rehabilitation systems for musculoskeletal disorders of the lower limbs: a systematic review [71]. & * & * & - & * & - & / \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: The main AR characteristics found in the articles for entertainment.