## 4 Simulation Methodology
The bent pipe link is shown in Figure 7. The satellite's footprint area is 12,363,048 km\({}^{2}\), whereas the landmass area of study excluding seas is 6,821,361 km\({}^{2}\). The transmitting and receiving Earth stations are intentionally placed at the boundaries of the satellite footprint to consider the worst-case scenario and the bent pipe communication link is calculated, the 6 GHz uplink C/N = 15.9407 dB, the 4 GHz downlink C/N = 15.8195 and composite C/N = 12.8694 dB. Scenario 2 is a global beam that covers parts of Eurasia. 5G BS stations deployed at the footprint of the victim FSS satellite at orbital position 183\({}^{\circ}\) E. The transmitting ES of the bent pipe link is located at 55.95\({}^{\circ}\) N and 68\({}^{\circ}\) E and the ES that receives retransmitted signal from the satellite is located at 66.85\({}^{\circ}\) N and 176.88\({}^{\circ}\) E coordinates. The bent pipe link is shown in Figure 8. The satellite's footprint area is 67,237,138 km\({}^{2}\), whereas the landmass area of study excluding seas is 30,305,000 km\({}^{2}\). The transmitting and receiving Earth stations are intentionally placed at the boundaries of the satellite footprint to consider the worst-case scenario and the bent pipe communication link is calculated, the 6 GHz uplink C/N = 15.7588 dB, the 4 GHz downlink C/N = 17.4321 and composite C/N = 13.5051 dB. Scenario 3 is a continental beam that covers Eastern European parts and some parts of Central Asia. 5G BS stations deployed at the footprint of the victim FSS satellite at orbital position 90\({}^{\circ}\)E. The transmitting ES of the bent pipe link is located at 53.38\({}^{\circ}\)N and 36.19\({}^{\circ}\)E and the ES that receives retransmitted signal from the satellite is located at 66.68\({}^{\circ}\)N and 88.02\({}^{\circ}\)E coordinates. The bent pipe link is shown in Figure 9. The satellite's footprint area is 12,896,796 km\({}^{2}\), whereas the landmass area of study excluding seas is 11,042,891 km\({}^{2}\). The transmitting and receiving Earth stations are intentionally placed at the boundaries of  
Figure 8: Scenario 1 operation (**a**) 140\({}^{\circ}\) E bent pipe transponder operation (**b**) Bent piper of Express 140E transponder composite link calculation. Figure 7: Scenario 1 operation (**a**) 183\({}^{\circ}\) E bent pipe transponder operation (**b**) Bent piper of Yamal 183E transponder composite link calculation. the satellite footprint to consider the worst-case scenario and the bent pipe communication link is calculated, the 6 GHz uplink C/N = 17.676 dB, the 4 GHz downlink C/N = 13.1123 and composite C/N = 11.8101 dB. Taking into account the provided satellite footprints, the 5G BS deployment model (macro-BS) was used, based on a large area with urban, suburban, and rural zones and values of (Ds_urb, Ra_urb, Ds_sub, Ra_sub, Rb, Dsru, Rc) = (10, 0.1, 2.4, 0.05, 0.01, 0.003, 0.2). The parameters of each Monte Carlo simulation of interference step randomly generated 5G BS/UE (macro) within the area given above are presented in Table 4 below. Figures 10-12 present the cumulative distribution functions of C/(N+I) for each victim satellite link. Using values from Table 4 and CDF from Figures 10-12, for each of the satellite transponder signal-to-noise degradation was calculated, and the results show that the level degradation is less than 0.1 dB. According to Recommendation ITU-R S.2131 [19], in DVB-S2 link with adaptive modulation and coding C/N reduction by 1 dB equals approx. 10% reduction of spectral efficiency. The obtained results show that in the case of 5G interference, the reduction of the spectral efficiency of satellite links will be very low. The results of signal-to-noise degradation of the considered bent pipe satellite transponders due to the interference from 5G base stations are presented as cumulative distribution functions of C/(N + I) in \[\text{Rc (\%)}=\text{Ra (\%)}*\text{S}_{\text{built-in}}/\text{S}_{\text{ rural}} \tag{8}\]0