esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Problem Definition
### Analysis Parameters  
The analysis parameters described in Figure 1 were varied to evaluate the performance of the footing on the soil with cavity. Table 1 shows the different ranges of values on geometry used in the analysis.  
The parameters listed in Table 1 are consistent with those used by [PERSON] et al. [18] who documented void sizes in Japanese uncemented calcareous sediments ranging from less than 1 m to approximately 10 m. Furthermore, numerous studies on cavity-related issues, including those by various authors, have employed cavities within a similar size range as the present study [9; 13; 16]. In certain instances, larger values were utilized, with the shear strength parameters of the soils being comparable [8; 12], etc. Consequently, the selected cavity sizes in Table 1 are deemed reasonable, aligning with established practices observed in the relevant literature.  
Table 2 shows the soil properties used in the analysis. The properties considered for the footing are cohesion \(c\) = 50,000 kPa and a shear resistance angle \(\phi\) = 0 deg to model a rigid footing. The soil-footing contact is assumed rough.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Values** \\ \hline Cavity depth \(h\)-\(D\)/2 (m) & 2, 4, 6, 8 \\ Cavity diameter \(D\) (m) & 1, 2 \\ Horizontal distance \(r\) (m) & 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 \\ Footing width \(B\) (m) & 1, 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Model geometry.  
Figure 1: Problem definition of a footing laying on the soil with a cavity.
# Preliminary Study on the Damping Effect of a Lateral Damping Buffer under a Debris Flow Load
## 3 Experiment Validation
### Responses in Time Domain  
Figure 4 shows a typical acceleration time history curve of the structure with and without a buffer. It can be found that the response of the structure with the lateral damping buffer is smaller than that of the uncontrolled structure, in which the peak value of the acceleration is reduced evidently. The maximal acceleration response appears at the beginning of the time history curves. As is mentioned above, the lateral damping buffer can be regarded as a combination of a shock absorber and a buffer. Given that energy dissipation devices need time to work, when the maximum value of acceleration response appears, the shock absorbers in the device have not functioned yet. Therefore, the buffer of the device makes a major contribution to the reduction of the maximal acceleration response of the primary structure.  
To study the effectiveness of the damping buffer in reducing the subsequent vibration of the primary structure after impact, root mean square (r.m.s) response is taken as a measurement index. Furthermore, the influence of the buffer can be eliminated by removing the wavelengths where the peak value was.  
The response reduction effects of both the maximum acceleration and the root mean square acceleration are shown in Figure 5. It can be seen that the responses of both the maximum acceleration and the root mean square acceleration of the structure with the lateral damping buffer are reduced largely. In addition, the response reduction effect is relatively small when the loading grade is low, while the response reduction effects of both the maximum acceleration and the root mean square acceleration increase step by step as the loading grade increases. That is, the larger the impact force, the better the effectiveness of the device, which is obviously beneficial to the practical engineering application.  
Figure 4: Time history curves of structure with/without a lateral damping buffer (grade 7).  
Figure 5: Acceleration response and the reduction efficiency: (**a**) Maximum acceleration; (**b**) Root mean square (r.m.s) acceleration; (**c**) Response reduction effects.
# Investigation of Improved Cooperative Coevolution for Large-Scale Global Optimization Problems +
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, the iCC-SHADE algorithm has been proposed for solving large-scale global optimization problems. iCC-SHADE dynamically changes the number of subcomponents and gradually increases the number of variables in subcomponents. The experimental results have shown that the strategy can improve the performance of the iCC-SHADE algorithm. The proposed metaheuristic has been investigated using the LSGO CEC'13 benchmark set with 15 problems. The iCC-SHADE algorithm outperforms, on average, all variants of CC-SHADE with fixed numbers of subcomponents on all LSGO CEC'13 problems. Also, iCC-SHADE demonstrates better performance, on average, in solving partially additively separable and overlapping high-dimensional problems. iCC-SHADE has been compared with seven state-of-the-art metaheuristics. The numerical results indicate that the proposed iCC-SHADE algorithm is an efficient and competitive algorithm to tackle LSGO problems. All experiments are proven by Wilcoxon test. iCC has a high potential for enhancement. The structure and specifications of our computational cluster have been presented. We have discussed the importance of applying the computational cluster in investigating the performance of evolutionary algorithms when solving LSGO problems. In our further works, we will apply a self-adaptive approach for tuning the algorithm's parameters. A self-adaptive approach can be applied for online tuning the number of subcomponents and the population size for each problem during the optimization process.
## 4 Solution Algorithms
### A Branch-and-Bound Algorithm Combined with Enhanced Lower Bound Rules
```
Step 1: Initialization Step 1.1: Obtain the initial solution Call Algorithm 1 to obtain the initial lower bound \(lb\) and initial upper bound \(ub\) Set the \(LB=lb\), \(UB=ub,i=0\) Step 1.2: Initialization for the root node and priority queue Create an empty priority queue \(pq\), initialize a root node according to the lower bound, push the root node into the priority queue \(pq\) Step 2: Branch-and-bound process While the \(pq\) is not empty: Step 2.1 Select the top node from the priority queue \(pq\) and update the lower bound Pull the top node from the priority queue \(pq\), defined as active_node If active_node_node\({}_{lb}\)>LB: # update the best global lower bound and the Gap \(\text{LB}=\text{active\_node\_node}.node_{lb}\) \(\text{Gap}=\frac{UB-LB}{UB}\) If Gap \(\leq\)\(\Rightarrow\) or \(i\leq n\): # check the termination conditions Break If active_node_node_active_station \(+1<|J|\) : # update the active station \(\text{active\_node\_node}.node_{active\_station}=\text{active\_node\_ node}.node_{active\_station}+1\) Else: # all delivery stations have been assigned Continue Step 2.2 Branch on the live node Set temporary matrices \(temp\_node_{assign\_matrix}=\text{active\_node}.node_{assign\_matrix}\) \(temp\_node_{pulsed\_matrix}=\text{active\_node}.node_{budget\_matrix}\) # try to assign the _active_station_ to all possible DCs For each DC: \(l\in L\): Create the children node and inherit the properties of the live node Step 2.3 Calculate the lower bound and upper bound of the children node Call Algorithm 1 to obtain the lower bound \(lb\) and upper bound \(ub\) # update the best global upper bound If children_node_node\({}_{lb}\)<UB: UB = children_node_node\({}_{lb}\) If children_node_node\({}_{lb}<UB\): Push the children node into the priority queue # otherwise this children node will be pruned
```  
**Algorithm 2** A branch-and-bound algorithm combined with heuristic lower bound.
# FPGA-Based Pulse Compressor for Ultra Low Latency Visible Light Communications
## 5 Experimental Setup
### Experimental Set-Up  
The experimental set up was arranged like shown in Figure 10a. The VLC system, detailed in Figure 10b, was connected in transmission to the commercial white (5000 K) LED module for ambient lightening XHP50 (Cree Inc. Durham, NC, USA). It is actually composed by four LED cells connected in series on the die. It supports a current up to 1.5 A with a voltage drop of about 12 V. This LED exploits yellow phosphorous for generating the white light, and, in general, it is known that this technology features a bandwidth limited to a few MHz [14]. We characterized this LED with a preliminary experiment, and we found a 1.8 MHz bandwidth at \(-\)3 dB. The transmitter was set to produce a 1 A continuous current with added a modulation current of \(\pm\) 0.25 A. The DA converter worked at 12.5 Msps.  
In reception, we used the PDAPC2 photodetector from Thorlab Inc., (Newton, NJ, USA). It features a programmable gain that we set at 0 dB to obtain a 11 MHz bandwidth (at higher gain the bandwidth reduces). The PDAPC2 was placed in front of a LED on a tripod, so that the LED-detector distance can be easily changed. The signal from the photodetector was monitored in an oscilloscope (see Figure 10a) and delivered to the VLC system input (see Figure 10b). The LNA of the custom board was set for 30 dB gain, and the following AD converter was set for 12.5 Msps. The setup was completed by a power unit that powered the VLC system and a PC connected through Ethernet to the system. Table 3 summarizes the experimental parameters.  
Figure 9: The VLC system based on the MAX10 developing kit and the custom board.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fouling Layer Characteristics
These results indicate that the membrane roughness is closely related to the formation of the fouling layer, and the rougher membranes (PVDF-UF and PTFE-MF) led to more accumulation of particles and clogging of the valley than the more smooth membrane (PES-UF) [34; 36]. It appears that different pore size and clean membrane permeability have less impact on the stabilized permeability, while the roughness of the clean membrane controls the permeability development.
# Phytotoxic Substances Involved in Teak Allelopathy and Agroforestry
###### Abstract  
Teak (_Tectona grandis_ L.f.) is one of the most valuable timber species, and is cultivated in agroforestry systems in many countries across the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The species is also one of the most essential trees in home gardens in South Asia due to its wood quality and medicinal value in folk remedies. It is a deciduous tree species, and the amount of litter that falls from teak trees is huge. The decomposition rate of the litter is relatively fast in tropical humid conditions. The interactions between teak and weeds, or crops, under the teak trees have been evaluated in terms of allelopathy. Evidence of allelopathy is documented in the literature over the decades. The leachate and extracts of teak leaves suppress the germination and growth of several other plant species. Phytotoxic substances, such as phenolics, benzofurans, quinones, terpen, apocarotenoids and phenylpropanoids, in the teak leaves, were isolated and identified. Some phytotoxic substances may be released into the soil under teak trees from leaf leachate and the decomposition of the litters, which accumulate by annual leaf fall and can affect the germination and growth of undergrowth plant species as allelopathic substances. The allelopathy of teak is potentially useful for weed management options in agroforestry and other agriculture systems to reduce commercial herbicide dependency. It was also reported that agroforestry systems with teak enhance income through the production of crops and woods, and provide energy efficiency for crop cultivation.  
agroforestry; allelopathy; decomposition; homegarden; litter fall; phytotoxic substances; _Tectona grandis_
## 5 Discussion and Conclusions  
This research proposes a system that can provide more flexible educational content by providing real-time simulation technology for physics education, which is currently limited. We proposed physics education content by combining existing image processing technologies and our real-time soft body simulation technology. That system is implemented using Microsoft's Kinect v2, and has adopted the video see-through method. Augmented 3d model interaction with the real environment is possible by using basic image processing algorithms, such as a square detection algorithm.  
After providing the simulator to 10 students who were learning to teach physics, the results of the questionnaire showed that 93% (28/30) of the respondents answered that the simulator will be helpful for physics education. The students surveyed commented that they expected to be more immersed and more focused through physics education using our simulator, than using a book and video. However, Q3 and Q5 had many negative answers compared to other questions. In particular, many commented that a limited environment should be created for augmented reality, and that it did not increase the realism much compared to books and videos. As a result of our survey, our simulator has the merit of providing more realistic representation than previous research, which will be helpful for education; however, it also has the disadvantage that it provides only a limited environment. For that, we want to provide more accessible content using high-end AR devices, such as Microsoft's Hololens V2, with the same image input mechanism. This research shows the result of the pilot research for this purpose. In future work, we plan to carry out research on the technology of providing physics simulation through the stand-alone AR device.  
[PERSON] provided conceptualization, project administration, and edited and reviewed the manuscript. [PERSON]-[PERSON] designed and implemented the software, and wrote the original draft. [PERSON]-[PERSON] provided conceptualization and edited the manuscript. [PERSON] curated the data, and also wrote the original draft.  
This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2017R1D1A1B03035718), funded by the Ministry of Education, and was supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
The unipolar sinusoidal current excited control strategy of the switched reluctance motor (SRM) has been widely attended for its wide driving area and acceptable torque ripple. However, due to the SRM's time-varying, non-linear, and high coupling features, the traditional vector control strategies are unable to provide excellent current control performance. In this paper, a novel vector control method based on a two-degree-of-freedom internal model control (2 DOF IMC) is proposed. The main objectives of this article are to improve the control precision and to enhance the system's robustness. Firstly, considering the non-linear characteristics of the system in the rotating reference frame, a 2 DOF IMC controller based on a simplified SRM model is designed and the stability analysis of the controller is implemented. Since the time-varying disturbance cannot be effectively eliminated using the 2 DOF IMC with constant filter parameters, a simple adaptive disturbance observer (ADO) is incorporated into the inner-loop system to online estimate and eliminate these disturbances. Moreover, a stability analysis based on Lyapunov theory is also presented, and the ADO's stability and convergence are guaranteed by tuning the adaption gain law. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is demonstrated by experiments, and the results illustrate that the proposed method can effectively improve the control and disturbance rejection performance of the SRM drives.  
switched reluctance motors (SRMs); unipolar sinusoidal current excitation; vector control; internal model control (IMC); adaptive disturbance observer (ADO)
## 3 RPL Routing Attacks
### Version Number (VP) Attack  
RPL defines the version numbering mechanism to enable simple tracking of the frequent updates to a DODAG topology due to global repairs. The version property is used to indicate a new global repair and specify the iteration in which the topology is currently considered. The sink node initiates a DODAG with the default VN which is then associated with the initial setup of the topology. DIO advertisements carry the version information in the version field of the message. Upon the initiation of a global repair, the sink node advertises DIO messages with a new VN. A global repair can be performed under different conditions including the detection of VN inconsistencies and routing loops. Once a node receives the new VN, it recalculates its rank value and repositions within the topology after updating the state of its current VN. Accordingly, a new VN update would result in new positions of the nodes and a complete update to the DODAG topology.  
As per the RPL specification [10], the version field in the DIO message is set by the sink node only without being changed as the messages are propagated across the network. However, RPL comes with no guarantee that this stays unviolated by any malicious activities. Such a security gap can be utilized to launch a VN attack using the version property. This only requires a malicious node to modify the advertised DIO messages with a new VN. This would result in broadcasting a fake VN update and triggering an illegitimate global repair. However, the recipients consider it a legitimate global repair and thus have no option but to participate in the process. The objective of the attack is to cause a serious disruption of network stability by initiating unnecessary global repairs and flooding the RPL network with a high number of control messages. The main target is to exhaust network resources and cause a noticeable reduction in overall performance and network lifetime.
## 2 Theory  
### BB-DMAS Beamforming for Single-Angle PW Imaging  
Baseband beamforming achieves high focusing accuracy by firstly demodulating the channel waveforms down to baseband and then by applying coarser time delays without oversampling. Under the assumption that the sound speed of the imaged object is constant, the time delay for beamforming is calculated using the propagating path from the transmit PW wave front to a given pixel in the image in combination with the backscattered path from this pixel position back to the receiving channels, as described in Reference [22]. Finally, to correct the phase error produced in the demodulation process among different channels, phase rotation would be performed by including an additional phase term for each time-delayed channel before coherent summation. Representing the received baseband channel data of the \(n\)th channel in the \(N\)-element array for this pixel as \(\mathrm{s}_{n}=a_{n}e^{i\phi_{n}}\) (\(a_{n}\geq 0\)) after time compensation and phase rotation, its magnitude-scaled version is obtained by \(p\)th rooting the magnitude of channel data while keeping the phase unchanged. Then, the output of the BB-DMAS beamformer for this pixel is defined as the \(p\)th power of the summation of magnitude-scaled channel data:  
\[y_{\text{BB-DMAS}}=\left(\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n=1}^{N}\sqrt[]{a_{n}}e^{i\phi_{n}} \right)^{p} \tag{1}\]  
Note that BB-DMAS is similar to that in Reference [22] but that the sign operation is not required. BB-DMAS provides a lower side-lobe level and a narrower main-lobe width in the lateral direction when the \(p\) value increases. Moreover, the signal processing of BB-DMAS remains unchanged for any \(p\) value and, thus, simplifies its implementation together with flexible manipulation of image quality.
## 4 Discussion
### Driving Factors of the Spatial Distribution of CI  
At present, to the best of our knowledge, there is no consistent conclusion on the correlation between CI and LAI. Based on field measurements, [PERSON] et al. [21] believed that the CI of paddy rice was negatively correlated with LAI, while [PERSON] et al. [65] found that the CI of deciduous coniferous forest was positively correlated with LAI. However, the pixel-level statistical analysis conducted herein indicated that CI\({}_{\text{GS}}\) was negatively correlated with LAI\({}_{\text{GS}}\) in space, and the correlation between their time series was not significant.  
Furthermore, previous studies have shown that the main climatic factor that dominated the vegetation growth in the Sanjiang Plain was precipitation [37]. However, we found that topographic factors (elevation and slope) and geomorphic type dominated the vegetation growth in the Sanjiang Plain, thus dominating the spatial differentiation of CI. Topographic factors (elevation and slope), which were of great importance in redistributing the solar energy and precipitation [30], generally controlled the soil condition through different processes [66], determining the spatial characteristics of CI. Notably, climatic factors (average annual temperature and annual precipitation) and aspect had the smallest \(q\) values, but they still had a notable impact on the spatial differentiation of CI when they interacted with other driving factors. Related studies have also shown that the interactions between two driving forces could enhance the impact of a single factor [30; 59; 66]. Therefore, the government should use the land rationally according to the characteristics of topographic factors (elevation and slope) and geomorphic type in the Sanjiang Plain to improve grain production and ensure regional ecological security.
## 3 Application Areas of IoT and UAV in Smart Farming
### Forecasting  
Forecasting is one of the major features of smart farming that uses real-time data and historical data to forecast and predict some important parameters. Scientific modelling and machine learning are examples of tools employed for forecasting. Different machine learning models have been employed, such as the regression model, Artificial Neural Networks for forecasting maximum and minimum temperatures at field level [52]; forecasting soil moisture or plant disease detection [48]; for estimating phosphorus level in the soil [53], etc.
## 4 Experimental Setup and Results
### Experimental Data
#### 4.4.2 Tibetan SBD Based on Publicly Available BERT Pre-Trained Language Models
This study explores the existing publicly available Multi-BERT pre-trained language model for Tibetan sentence boundary disambiguation, and the experimental results are shown in Table 7. Table 6 shows that the performance of Tibetan SBD based on Multi-BERT is partially close to that of Tibetan SBD based on Sentencepiece. From Table 7, it can be found that the Multi-BERT pre-trained model can recognize a part of Tibetan sentence boundaries. The five models show a trend of increasing and then decreasing evaluation indexes, such as F1, as the window increases, and the performance based on BERT-RCNN is the optimal value among all the experiments, reaching 91% when the window is 10. The experimental results show that in the experiments based on Multi-BERT models, the effect of BERT-based combined with deep learning models is improved over BERT alone.