esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Proposed SPMIPv6 Protocol
### SPMIPv6 Protocol Architecture
#### 3.1.1 SLMA  
The SLMA acts as a topological anchor point for the entire SMAG and IP sensor nodes. The main role of the SLMA is to maintain accessibility to the sensor node while the node moves within or outside of the SPMIPv6 domain. The SLMA includes a binding cache entry for each sensor node, encapsulations and decapsulation section and SMAG information table. The binding cache entry at the SLMA is used for holding the information of the mobile sensor node. It includes different information such as a sensor node address, the sensor node's home network prefix, and a flag bit indicating sensor proxy registration.  
The SLMA has sufficient memory to hold all of these necessary records. It has sufficient power supply and processing capability. It also acts as the interfacing device between SPMIPv6 domain and PMIPv6 domain. As an interfacing entity, it facilitates the communication of the IP-WSN with the  
Figure 1: Sensor Proxy Mobile IPv6 Architecture.  
Internet world. In this scheme, authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) service has been integrated within SLMA. We name this integrated service as sensor network based authentication, authorization, and accounting (SAAA) schemes. The SAAA scheme helps the SMAG and sensor node to obtain secured mobility in the SPMIPv6 domain. It also facilitates authentication services for each fully functional sensor nodes.
# Failure-Robot Path Complementation for Robot Swarm Mission Planning
## 3 Design and Principle of Path Programming
### Workflow of Multi-Vehicle Path Programming
#### 3.3.1 Establishing the Turning Points  
The schematic diagram of the turning points is shown in Figure 9. To ensure that all paths between nodes did not pass through the no-travel zone, the turning points were automatically generated at meters away from the outer corners similar to a bubble covering a no-travel zone when a prohibited zone appeared on the working area of the e-map. When the algorithm is run using a computer, if any route touches the bubble, these turning points on the corners were treated as new \"nodes\" and then incorporated into the re-routing process. Hence, robots were guided away by the new nodes. The formula for calculating the turning points is as follows:  
\[\mathrm{P_{c}}=\frac{1}{\mathrm{m_{no}}}\sum_{i=1}^{\mathrm{m_{no}}}\mathrm{ P_{i}} \tag{13}\]  
\[\mathrm{P_{new}}=\mathrm{P_{c}}+\mathrm{a}(\mathrm{P_{i}}-\mathrm{P_{c}}) \tag{14}\]  
The center point \(\mathrm{P_{c}}\) from (13) was inputted into (14) to determine the turning points, a is the ratio of enlarging the area, \(\mathrm{P_{c}}\) is the center point, \(\mathrm{P_{i}}\) are the corner points of the no-travel zone, \(\mathrm{m_{no}}\) is the number of corner points, and \(\mathrm{P_{new}}\) is the turning point after enlarging the area.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antioxidant Activity of Various NPs  
Table 2 presents the IC\({}_{50}\) values for the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of various NPs and MQLE. The IC\({}_{50}\) value represents the concentration at which 50% of all free radicals are scavenged [43], with lower values indicating superior scavenging activity. The findings revealed that Che-Au NPs and Che-Ag NPs exhibited inferior free radical scavenging activity than did bio-capped NPs. Furthermore, Au NPs exhibited greater free radical scavenging activity than Ag NPs. Bio-capped Au-Ag alloy NPs exhibited commendable DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities, with IC\({}_{50}\) values of 14.6 \(\pm\) 1.5 and 10.6 \(\pm\) 0.9 mg/L, respectively. [PERSON] et al. (2023) reported that the IC\({}_{50}\) values for the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of Au-Ag alloy NPs synthesized using sericin ranged from 45 to 16.4 mg/L [41]. [PERSON] et al. (2022) stated that the IC\({}_{50}\) value for the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of Au-Ag alloy NPs synthesized using _Polyathia longifolia_ leaf extract was 55.8 mg/L [13]. [PERSON] et al. (2024) found that the IC\({}_{50}\) value for the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of Au-Ag alloy NPs synthesized using _T. aphylla_ bark extract was 222.3 mg/L [39]. MQLE exhibited strong scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS free radicals, with IC\({}_{50}\) values of 134.7 \(\pm\) 12.5 and 78.2 \(\pm\) 8.3 mg/L, respectively, outperforming Che-Ag NPs. The IC\({}_{50}\) values for the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of various positive controls (rutin, butylated hydroxytoluene, and ascorbic acid) were 13.6-24.6 and 8.2-16.4 mg/L, respectively, suggesting that Au-Ag alloy NPs synthesized using MQLE hold promise for industrial applications requiring antioxidant activity. The pronounced antioxidant capacity of bimetallic NPs is likely  
Figure 3: Cytotoxic effects of Au-Ag alloy NPs on HaCaT, CCD966 SK, and Raw264.7 cells 24 h after exposure. Data are presented in terms of mean \(\pm\) standard deviation values. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.  
attributable to synergistic interactions between the metals and the active phytochemicals that cap the NPs [44].  
Studies using MTT assays have indicated that the safe concentration for Au-Ag alloy NPs is 80 mg/L, with an IC\({}_{50}\) value < 15 mg/L for free radical scavenging. Thus, Au-Ag alloy NPs are safe and effective agents for applications in health care and cosmeceuticals, particularly for their ability to scavenge free radicals in cells. Furthermore, these NPs can serve as carriers in drug delivery systems and molecular imaging technologies [26].
###### Abstract  
The study aimed to investigate the effects of pre-treatment (husking, sifting, and moisture adjustment) and explosion puffing on the chemical composition, volatile profile, phenolic content (free and bound), radical-scavenging activity, and formation of potentially hazardous compounds in wheat grain. Processing decreased protein, fat, ash, and dietary fiber content primarily due to removing the aleurone layer and thermal degradation leading to a diminished overall nutritional value. However, the starch content increased, along with significant changes in mono- and disaccharides, including higher maltose and glucose content attributed to starch gelatinization and hydrolysis. Thermal processing significantly altered the volatile profile, introducing new aroma-active compounds, such as pyrazines and furans, formed through Maillard and caramelization reactions. Additionally, the content of spectrophotometrically determined free phenolics and flavonoids increased, enhancing the grains' radical-scavenging potential. Safety analyses confirmed that 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and acrylamide levels remained within permissible limits, ensuring compliance with food safety standards. These findings highlight the nutritional and safety implications of explosion puffing, emphasizing its potential as a wheat-processing method.  
Keywords:wheat; puffing; carbohydrates; free and bound phenolics; radical-scavenging activity; volatile compounds; 5-HMF; acrylamide +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
ultimately reducing the quality of proteins and fats. Heat-sensitive vitamins, such as B vitamins, are particularly susceptible [27].  
Despite the wide use and nutritional potential of puffed grains, limited research exists on how processing affects the biochemical properties, antioxidant activity, volatile compounds, and the safety of wheat grains. This study aimed to compare the biochemical quality, volatile profiles, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and acrylamide content in whole and explosion-puffed wheat grain.
###### Abstract  
The employment of a multi-column parallel connection is intended to enhance the energy absorption capability and reliability of surge arresters. However, the disparity in reference voltage between each varistor column and the uneven current distribution may result in a reduction in performance or even failure of the surge arrester. The objective of this study is to investigate the spiral structure of a \(\pm\)550 kV DC gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) parallel arrester and its influence on the current distribution characteristics. This research develops a model of a \(\pm\)550 kV DC GIS arrester and performs an in-depth theoretical analysis using multi-physics field simulations. Subsequently, a \(\pm\)66 kV miniature prototype is constructed, and the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and simulation results is validated by experiments, validating the effectiveness of the proposed method. This study calculates the self-generated inductance in the spiral structure of ZnO varistors using simulations. The influence of the self-generated inductance on the current distribution of the multi-column arrester when absorbing energy is further investigated. The results indicate that the self-generated inductance of the spiral structure can reduce the current deviation factor by 28-65%. This research provides a novel approach to improving current equalization in the parallel surge arresters of DC GISs for offshore wind power converter platforms.  
gas-insulated switchgear; surge arrester in parallel; self-generated inductance; current equalization characteristics +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# WISCANet: A Rapid Development Platform for Beyond 5G and 6G Radio System Prototyping
## 2 Background
### Recent Advances in B5G/6G Technologies  
Numerous emerging technologies have begun to address the shortcomings of existing 5G systems. Novel management architectures [36] and machine learning techniques [37] have begun to address challenges in mobility management and wireless resource allocation. Wireless power transfer [38] and energy harvesting [39] are becoming viable approaches for satisfying distributed power supply needs. Channel estimation and prediction have been better characterized [40] and improved by deep learning techniques [41]. New modulation and multi-access techniques address network congestion and improve mutual performance [42, 43] while compressed sensing is improving source coding for challenging environments [44, 45]. Internet-of-things applications are becoming more viable and capable [46]. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) can help overcome channel loss associated with high frequency bands and can be exploited for passive beamforming [3]. Visible light communication (VLC), optical networks, and aerial access networks can support very high data rates and expand coverage area [21, 47].
# Electricity Generation in LCA of Electric Vehicles: A Review
## 2 Method  
### Articles Selection  
The review analyses 44 LCA studies available in Scopus and Web of Science databases, published between 2008 and 2018, in which at least one of the analysed vehicles has an electric powertrain. This way both LCAs focusing only on electric vehicles (EVs) or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and both comparative studies between traditional cars and electric vehicles are included.  
The review includes both complete LCAs and Well-to-Wheel analysis, following the classification accepted in the literature [2]. A well-to-wheel (WtW) analysis is a partial LCA, which limits its system boundary to the cycle of the energy carrier used to propel the vehicle, such as liquid fuel or electricity. This type of studies had a large diffusion in the first attempt to assess and compare different powertrain options [4], owing to known relevance of the operation phase in the total life cycle. Conversely, a complete LCA also includes the stages related to vehicle production, maintenance and dismantling (see Figure 1).  
A separate chapter in the field of electric mobility assessment is taken up by LCAs of batteries used for electromotive applications. Batteries have had a place of honour in the literature on electromotility. When the production phase of vehicles gained attention, lots of studies focused only on battery production [5,6]. Due to the relevance of battery production and performance in the assessment of EVs, several LCAs focused on this device and its performance during the use phase rather than on the entire vehicle [7]. Since the matter of which electricity mix to use in the evaluation is the same for studies analysing the entire vehicle and studies focusing on batteries, also the LCAs of batteries that includes the use phase in their system boundaries have been analysed.  
Studies on energy production and LCA of energy systems have been referred to, in order to better understand the modelling choices used in EVs' LCAs. Many LCAs of EVs, which propose a new way to account for the electricity used to charge the vehicles, directly reflect the methodology described in studies on energy systems.  
LCAs of energy intensive products (buildings, aluminium products, chemicals produced via electrolysis) have also been consulted, since they provide an interesting insight into the modelling of electricity production and the methodological choices.  
National and intergovernmental reports and energy scenarios has been investigated for the data regarding the energy mix and their emissions, as well as documentations from the main databases used in the LCA studies (Ecolnvent, GREET, eGRID, etc.).
###### Abstract  
The Vector Assignment Ordered Median Problem (VAOMP) is a new unified approach for location-allocation problems, which are one of the most important forms of applied analysis in GIS (Geospatial Information System). Solving location-allocation problems with exact methods is difficult and time-consuming, especially when the number of objectives and criteria increases. One of the most important criteria in location-allocation problems is the capacity of facilities. Firstly, this study develops a new VAOMP approach by including capacity as a criterion, resulting in a new model known as VAOMP (Vector Assignment Ordered Capacitated Median Problem). Then secondly, the results of applying VAOMP, in scenario 1, and VAOMP, in scenario 2, for the location-allocation of fire stations in Tehran, with the objective of minimizing the arrival time of fire engines to an incident site to no more than 5 min, are examined using both the Tabu Search and Simulated Annealing algorithms in GIS. The results of scenario 1 show that 52,840 demands were unable to be served with 10 existing stations. In scenario 2, given that each facility could not accept demand above its capacity, the number of demands without service increased to 59,080, revealing that the number of stations in the study area is insufficient. Adding 35 candidate stations and performing relocation-reallocation revealed that at least three other stations are needed for optimal service. Thirdly, and finally, the VAOMP and VAOMP were implemented in a modest size problem. The implementation results for both algorithms showed that the Tabu Search algorithm performed more effectively.  
capacity criterion; GIS; simulated annealing; tabu search; VAOMP +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
10 November 2020; Accepted: 25 November 2020; Published: 28 November 2020
# Research and Development of Inland Green and Smart Ship Technologies in China
## 3 Current Inland Green and Smart Ship Technology in China
### Green Ship Technology
#### 3.2.1 Surface Drag Reduction  
By combining long-lasting antifouling and high-efficiency drag reduction coating technology with air layer drag reduction technology, drag reduction and a smart control system for inland ships was established to achieve minimal energy consumption. First, due to the introduction of new nanocoating materials [30], the dispersity and stability characteristics of the coatings were studied by testing the mechanical properties of the coating materials, such as the adhesion, hardness, flexibility, impact drag, and tensile properties. An oil-based nanocomposite coating technology with a cross-linking agent and encapsulated fibers in each functional paint layer was developed, resulting in a long-lasting antifouling, efficient drag reduction integrated ship coating technology [30]. Further, as  
Figure 9: Optimization variables for structural dimensions.  
the viscosity of water is 1000 fold that of air, the introduction of an air layer between the bottom of the ship and the water can greatly reduce the frictional drag. Through the design of an air layer drag reduction system and the construction of an adaptive air flow smart control system, a real ship process implementation plan and an air layer drag reduction technology was created with adaptive control of the ship surface air flow [31].
## 7 System Realization  
The data coils specified in Table 1 were implemented on a commercially available two-layer printed circuit board (PCB) of 1.6 mm thickness as shown in Figure 15, together with the optimized and segmented data coils from [28]. The series resistors \(R_{\text{c,opt,i}}\) and parallel capacitors \(C_{\text{par,i}}\) were included as lumped elements with a component size of 0201 to yield the values of Table 1.  
The analog front-end was implemented on a four-layer PCB shield shown in Figure 16: The amplifier consists out of two _Infineon BFR840L3 RHESD_ NPN transistors and 0201 SMD resistors, the impedance matching and filtering network includes shielded _TDK MLF1608A_ 0603 inductors and ceramic 0201 capacitors with C0G dielectric. The PCB also includes a 7 mm butterfly-shaped data coil, which was not used in the context of this work.  
Figure 15: Prototype coil systems manufactured on an FR4 substrate. The data coil structures include resistive and capacitive tuning elements, the energy coils are realized as capacitively segmented coils.  
The shield was connected to a miniaturized control unit (also see Figure 16) carrying a _Lattice iCE40 UP4K_ FPGA and a _Silicon Labs EFR32 BG13P_ microcontroller, along with various voltage regulators providing a 1.8 V supply for the FPGA's 1/Os and the receiving amplifier and a 1.2 V supply for the FPGA's digital core. The digital transceiver unit was implemented by as a behavioral model following the description of Section 5 and synthesized by the _Lattice Radiant_ toolchain. Moreover, the microcontroller was configured to act as bootloader and test data source for the FPGA circuits.
# Radix-2\({}^{2}\) Algorithm for the Odd New Mersenne Number Transform (ONMNT)
## 3 Derivation of Radix-\(2^{2}\) Algorithm for ONMNT  
An ONMNT radix-\(2^{2}\) algorithm can be developed by decomposing (1) into \(2^{2}=4\) equal partial sums of transform length \(\frac{N}{4}\), where \(n=0,1,2,\ldots\frac{N}{4}-1\), and by replacing \(n\) with \(4n+l\), where \(l=0,1,2,\ldots\frac{N}{4}-1\). Therefore, (1) can be written as follows:  
\[X^{o}(k)=\bigg{\langle}\sum_{l=0}^{3}\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}x(4n+l).\beta\bigg{(}(4n+ l)\frac{2k+1}{2}\bigg{)}\bigg{\rangle}_{M_{p}} \tag{5}\]  
where \(x(4n+l)\) is the input sequence of each segment, \(\beta\bigg{(}(4n+l)\frac{2k+1}{2}\bigg{)}\) is the kernel parameter of ONMNT and \(\langle.\rangle_{M_{p}}\) means that the calculation is modulo a Mersenne prime. From the above equation, it can be seen that the output \(X^{o}(k)\) of the ONMNT is the summation of four equal segments \(X^{o}\bigg{(}k+\lambda\frac{N}{4}\bigg{)}\) with \(\frac{N}{4}\) consecutive elements indexed by \(\lambda\) and where \(0\leq\lambda\leq 3\). A general equation for each partial sum or segment is  
\[X^{o}\bigg{(}k+\lambda\frac{N}{4}\bigg{)}=\bigg{\langle}\sum_{l=0}^{3}\sum_{n= 0}^{\frac{N}{4}-1}x(4n+l)\beta\bigg{\{}(4n+l)\bigg{(}\frac{2k+1}{2}+\lambda \frac{N}{4}\bigg{)}\bigg{\}}\bigg{\rangle}_{M_{p}}. \tag{6}\]  
In the next step of the derivation, the twiddle factor, \(\beta(.
# A Load Balancing Routing Mechanism Based on SDWSN in Smart City
## 5 Performance Evaluation
The clustered feature data is transmitted to the controller node for fast load balancing of the sensor link, which can improve the average bandwidth utilization of the network and reduce the link load jitter of the network, thereby improving the overall performance of the network. Figure 4: Data flow effective throughput. Figure 5: Average bandwidth utilization varies with the number of streams.
## 3 Results
### From Health Monitoring to Health Management: Understanding the Shift
The differences between health monitoring and health management in aviation are summarized in Table 1.  
Table 1 highlights the evolution from simply monitoring the health of aircraft systems to actively managing maintenance and repairs to optimize aircraft performance and availability.
# Research on Networking Protocols for Large-Scale Mobile Ultraviolet Communication Networks
## 3 Network Performance Analysis
### Network Performance
#### 3.2.4 Bit Errors  
In this protocol, the data transmission time is a fixed value \(T_{\text{data}}\), based on which the probability of error-free data transmission can be calculated.  
\[P_{\text{no\_ber}}=(1-BER)^{T_{\text{data}}/T_{\text{clk}}}. \tag{9}\]
# Analysis of Subharmonic Oscillation and Slope Compensation for a Differential Boost Inverter
## 6 Stability Boundaries in the Parameter Space
For instance, let \(k_{p}~{}=~{}0.2\); the system is stable during the entire sinewave cycle as already observed in Figure 5a. When the proportional gain \(k_{p}\) is increased beyond its critical value, SO takes place within a certain phase interval, the length of which is determined by the intersection points between vertical lines corresponding to specific values of \(k_{p}\) and the two curves of \(\varphi_{1}\) and \(\varphi_{2}\). Notice that the length of the SO interval gets larger when the proportional gain increases. For instance, for \(k_{p}=0.4\), it is expected from Figure 9 that the system will exhibit SO in the phase interval \((\varphi_{1},\varphi_{2})=(46^{\circ},134^{\circ})\) which is in close agreement with the numerical simulation depicted in Figure 5b. For \(k_{p}=0.6\), the expected SO interval is \((\varphi_{1},\varphi_{2})=(24^{\circ},156^{\circ})\) which is in close agreement with Figure 5c and for \(k_{p}=0.8\), the expected SO interval is \((\varphi_{1},\varphi_{2})=(7^{\circ},173^{\circ})\) which is in close agreement with Figure 5d. The estimated values of the critical phase angles from Figure 9 defining the SO interval differ slightly from the numerical simulation result in Figure 8.0 The discrepancies between the theoretically predicted values in Figure 9 and the ones obtained from numerical simulations depicted in Figure 5 can be attributed to two main factors. The first one is the use of the quasi-static approximation. The second one is the fact that at the point where bubbling develops its amplitude is extremely small making it invisible in  
Figure 8.1 Critical phase angles in [\({}^{\circ}\)] defining the SO interval in terms of the proportional gain \(k_{p}\). the scale used for representing the complete waveforms of the duty cycle during one entire sinewave cycle. By zooming close the critical values of \(\varphi\), more accurate data can be obtained and discrepancies decrease significantly. As has been shown in Figure 8, the maximal value of the proportional gain \(k_{p}\) guaranteeing stability during the entire the sinewave cycle depends on the ramp amplitude \(V_{M}\). Therefore, the critical phase angle curves depicted in Figure 9 are also obtained for different values of \(V_{M}\) and the results are depicted in Figure 8.2 For each ramp amplitude \(V_{M}\), a value of the proportional gain \(k_{p}\) selected at the left of the corresponding turning point will guarantee no presence of SO during the entire sinewave cycle. Note that as the ramp amplitude \(V_{M}\) increases the maximal value allowed for the proportional gain \(k_{p}\) also increases.