## 2 Results
### Gene Expression Levels of AsA Biosynthetic Pathways Concerning Tissue Development
Figure 5: Heatmaps illustrating log2 fold change values highlight expression levels of AsA biosynthesis-associated genes from D-mannose/L-galactose, L-glucose, D-galacturonate, and Myosinitol pathways in \(G\). _max_ throughout the developmental stages of leaves (**A**) and cotyledons (**B**). Blue and yellow shadings represent higher and lower expression levels, respectively. The data represent log2 fold change values relative to the first stage for each bioproject. For leaves, log2 fold change values were obtained concerning the V3 stage (bioproject PRJNA631275) and stage 1 (bioproject PRJNA262564). For cotyledons at 15 and 27 DAG, log2 fold change values were calculated concerning cotyledons at 4 DAG (bioproject PRJNA262564). Statistical analyses are shown in Supplementary Table S5. Figure 6: Heatmaps of log2 fold change values showing the differential expression of AsA biosynthesis genes from D-mannose/L-galactose, L-glucose, D-galacturonate, and Myo-inositol pathways in G. _max_ during seed development. Yellow and blue colors represent gene expression levels that are high and low, respectively. Log2 fold change values were obtained at stage 1 for each genotype (bioproject PRJNA395215). Statistical analyses are shown in Supplementary Table S5. Expression Levels of Genes Involved in AsA Biosynthesis in G. max Roots and Leaves Under Abiotic Stresses  
The gene expression analyses of AsA biosynthesis pathways in the roots and leaves of _G. max_ were performed under various abiotic stresses such as NaCl, dehydration, drought (Figure 7A), and submergence (Figure 7B). In general, these stress conditions influenced the expression of various genes associated with AsA biosynthesis pathways, leading to intrinsic upregulation and downregulation among them. For salinity, under NaCl stress (0 to 48 h), the leaves appeared to activate the D-mannose/L-galactose pathway (Figure 7A) rapidly. The GMP family genes of the pathway, including _GMP_1a_, _1b_, _alpha_B_, and one gene from the GGP family, _GGP_likeB_, showed highly significant upregulation compared to the control during the initial 4 h of stress exposure. Interestingly, _GallDH_1a_ and _1b_, genes involved in the last step of this pathway, were upregulated later (24 to 48 h). In addition, _GME_1a_ was also upregulated at 48 h; however, other GME gene members (_GME_1b_, _2a_, and _2b_) potentially involved in the  
Figure 7: Log2 fold change values are represented in the heatmap to highlight the expression levels of genes from D-mannose/L-galactose, L-glucose, D-galacturonate, and Myo-inositol pathways in different tissues of _G. max_ subjected to biotic stress such as **(A)** NaCl, dehydration, drought, and **(B)** submergence. In the heat map, blue indicates low gene expression levels, while yellow indicates high expression levels. The colors reflect log2 fold change values for each treatment relative to the initial time point (0 h) in each bioproject/tissue, and significant differences (at \(p\) ¡ 0.05) between treatments (control and stress) are highlighted in Supplementary Table S6. D-mannose/L-galactose (or D-glucose) pathways were significantly reduced at 1 h after stress exposure and were reduced across the time points. Curiously, this early response also appeared with the galacturonate pathway genes _GalUR_1_ and 2 at 2 h and _GalUR_4_ and \(5\) upregulation at 4 h. Finally, AsA biosynthesis regulation in leaves under salinity could be associated with the strong upregulation of the Myo-inositol pathway-regulating genes, such as _MIOX_1a_ (30-fold) and _1b_ (41-fold), at 48 h. In the roots, D-mannose/L-galactose pathway stimulation seemed to be confined to _GME_1b_ upregulation during the first 4 h and _GGP_1a_ and _1b_ later (Figure 7A). Interestingly, similar to the leaves, the D-galacturonate pathway responded to salt stress with high transcript accumulation from 1 h (_GalUR_1_ and _2_) and 4 h (_GalUR_4_ and _5_).