###### Abstract
It is important to note that as coal usage diminishes, the availability of coal combustion fly ash, which can substitute cement, will also decrease. Therefore, our decision not to increase cement use represents a solution that is pragmatic and quick to implement. This approach strikes a balance between regulatory compliance, cost, verification, and users' concerns, making it effective in the current industrial landscape. [PERSON] et al. [9] conducted a study in which coal bottom ash was ground to double and triple the fineness of cement using a high-energy vibratory ball mill. This process was observed to not only increase the final setting time of cement mortar but to also significantly improve its strength activity and microstructure. [PERSON] et al. [10] examined the effects of fly ash and finely ground bottom ash on the performance of porous asphalt concrete and found that after 8000 putting test cycles, the finely ground bottom ash had higher rut depths, likely due to its higher unburned carbon content. [PERSON] et al. [11] used coal bottom ash (CBA) and finely ground coal bottom ash (FGCBA) as replacements for fine aggregates and Portland cement, respectively, and noted that their combined use in concrete resulted in pozzolanic reactions and pore filling, improving the microstructure, carbonation resistance, and compressive strength of concrete. [PERSON] et al. [12] evaluated the impact of FGCBA on concrete properties by replacing 10%, 20%, and 30% of cement by weight. Their findings indicated that the slump, density, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength of the concrete decreased with the addition of FGCBA, although a 10% replacement could achieve the 28-day target compressive strength, suggesting its potential as a supplementary cementitious material. In subsequent research assessing the performance of different fineness levels of FGCBA as a supplementary cementitious material in seawater, the addition of 10% of FGCBA with fineness values of 3836 cm\({}^{2}\)/g and 3895 cm\({}^{2}\)/g resulted in a reduction in concrete weight and a significant decrease in chloride ion permeability at 180 days by 45.4% and 42.4%, respectively. The strength also increased at 90 and 180 days, indicating that FGCBA can serve as a supplementary cementitious material in both standard and marine environments [13]. [PERSON] et al. [14] created self-compacting concrete (SCC) in which some fine aggregates were replaced with coal bottom ash and studied its chloride ion permeability in a seawater environment. They discovered that replacing 10% of the fine aggregates yielded the best performance, but over-addition had a negative impact on the SCC's properties. [PERSON] et al. [15] combined coal fly ash with finely ground bottom ash in various ratios and replaced 10%, 25%, or 35% of the cement mass for testing. They observed that the pozzolanic reactions of both materials were initially slow but increased over time, indicating that FGCBA is a promising new material whose pozzolanic properties can rival those of coal fly ash. In [PERSON] et al. [16], FGCBA of 45 \(\upmu\)m, 75 \(\upmu\)m, and 100 \(\upmu\)m fineness was used to replace 5%, 10%, and 15% of cement together with water-binder ratios of 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50 in a concrete mix design. An RSM analysis of 28-day compressive strength indicated that an increase in the replacement rate of FGCBA led to a decrease in compressive strength due to its water-absorbing characteristics. However, with an appropriate water-binder ratio and optimal proportion of FGCBA, the hydration process could completed, which significantly increased strength development. [PERSON] et al. [17] made a new binder concrete with finely ground bottom ash and calcium carbide in a 7:3 ratio, showing that despite a 28-day compressive strength lower than that of ordinary concrete, this new binder concrete still had good compressive strength, permeability, and chloride ion penetration resistance. [PERSON] et al.