esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Technologies for the Production of Fertilizable Mammalian Oocytes
## 3 Methods for Obtaining Fertilizable Oocytes from In Vitro Grown (IVG) Mammalian Follicles
### 2D and 3D Culture Systems
More recently, [PERSON] (1990) proposed a simplified procedure by which mouse preantral follicles can be easily cultured into a solid Matrigel(r) drop supported on a membrane. After 10 days culture, the thick Matrigel(r) drop yielded a high percentage of mature oocytes and the production of five pups from 80 transferred embryos. Concerning humans, in 1999, two groups of researchers [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1990); [PERSON] (1990) were able to grow follicles in cortical slices instead of isolating them. The studies revealed two unexpected findings: (i) the presence of ovarian cortical fragments facilitated follicle development; and (ii) the activation of primordial  
Figure 3: Schematic representation of multi-step culture. Primordial follicles are cultured in ovarian cortex to antral stage. Precovulatory oocytes undergo in vitro maturation (IVM). Metaphase II oocytes (MII) are in vitro fertilized and embryos transferred to surrogate mothers. follicles was dependent on ovarian microenvironment and not on gonadotropins as believed until that time. Many attempts and years later, in 2008, [PERSON] et al. [84], by using a two-step culture system, obtained a human antral follicle from primordial follicles. These follicles were firstly cultured into pieces of ovarian cortical tissue up to secondary stage and then, following their isolation, onto a membrane up to antral stage. The problem of uncontrolled primordial follicle activation was solved by treating human ovarian cortex exposed to inhibitors of an enzyme (PTEN), a stimulator of apoptosis, before xenografts under the kidney capsule of severely compromised immune-deficient (SCID) mice [85]. The downregulation of Hippo signaling, followed by auto-grafting of ovarian fragments under the serosa of fallopian tubes, has enhanced primordial follicle survival in a patient with premature menopause, and has allowed this woman to generate a live birth [86]. However, recently, [PERSON] and collaborators found that non-growing bovine follicles exposed during tissue culture to a specific inhibitor of PTEN showed increased DNA damage and a significant reduction of DNA repair response either in oocytes and somatic cells [87]. Recently, encapsulation of strips of human cortical ovarian tissue within alginate gels resulted in the production of the first antral follicle after a six-week culture [88], while several MII arrested oocytes were obtained by culturing alginate-encapsulated follicles [89]. In 2018, [PERSON] and her collaborators [90] obtained for the first time MII oocytes from human unilaminar follicles by using a four-step culture system. After that, reproducible results have been achieved by several laboratories using fresh and cryopreserved ovarian tissue, and new information about the genes regulating this process is now available (for a review, see [67]).
## 4 Conclusions  
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and graphene nanoplatelets were added to an ABS polymer matrix at a fixed concentration of 6 wt.%. Extruded filaments of resulting polymer composites were obtained and used as feedstock for fused deposition modeling. 3D specimens were manufactured in different printing orientations. The electrical conductivity and the electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency of resulting 3D printed samples were assessed and compared with those of compressed molded specimens of the same composition. As expected, compression molded samples exhibited higher values, due to the continuity of material and the virtual absence of voids.  
TEM images of the extruded filaments showed that graphene nanoplatelets, during the preparation of filaments, were oriented along the polymer flow direction, whereas multi-walled carbon nanotubes remained randomly dispersed in the polymer matrix. Polymer composites loaded with multi-walled carbon nanotubes showed higher electrical conductivity values and EMI shielding effectiveness.  
Figure 13: Dielectric loss of ABS and its composites in the X-band frequency range.  
The additive manufacturing method called fused deposition modeling has great potential for producing 3D printed components with high electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency. In fact, polymer composites based on ABS multi-walled carbon nanotube are able to attenuate 99.9% of the incident electromagnetic wave when 6 wt.% of MWCNT in the composite formulation are added.  
Supplementary materials: Supplementary materials can be found at [[http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/1/37/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/1/37/s1)]([http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/1/37/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/1/37/s1)). Figure S1: TEM micrograph of filaments in parallel: ABS/GNP (a) and ABS/CNT (b) nanocomposites, Figure S2: EMI shielding by absorption of ABS and composites: compression moulded (upper left graph), FDM-PC (upper right graph), FDM-HC (lower left graph) and FDM-H45 (lower right graph), Figure S3: EMI shielding by reflection of ABS and composites: compression moulded (upper left graph), FDM-PC (upper right graph), FDM-HC (lower left graph) and FDM-H45 (lower right graph).  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON], performed the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] analyzed the data and wrote the paper.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the Brazilian research foundation CNPq \"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico\".  
**Acknowledgments:** Authors are thankful to Versalis S.p.A. (Mantova, Italy) for donating ABS pellets for this work. Authors also wish to thank Sharebot S.r.l. (Nibionno, LC, Italy) for providing the prototype of the HT Ne\(\times\)t Generation desktop 3D-printer. One author ([PERSON]) gratefully acknowledges financial support from AREAS+ EU Project of Erasmus Mundus Action 2 Programme.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Modeling and Data Sources
### Model Evaluation and Validation
#### 3.2.2 \(t\)-Test of the Model  
The \(t\)-test plays a crucial role in model assessment, and it is primarily used to determine the statistical significance of individual model coefficients, assessing whether a variable significantly affects the dependent variable in a statistical context [36]. This method not only identifies key parameters but also quantifies the specific impact of each variable on the model by calculating \(t\)-values. If all variables of a model pass the \(t\)-test, it significantly enhances the overall credibility of the model, indicating that the statistical parameter estimates are reliable. On an application level, significant results from the \(t\)-test can assist decision-makers in identifying key influencing factors. However, the sensitivity of the \(t\)-test is dependent on sample size and only assesses variables individually, not accounting for potential interactions between variables, marking its limitations. By conducting a comprehensive assessment of the model, integrating the coefficient of determination (\(\mathrm{R^{2}}\)) and residual analysis with the \(t\)-test, the accuracy and effectiveness of the predictive model can be ensured, thereby strengthening the model's credibility.
## 4 Numerical Model and Materials  
### Soil-Tunnel System  
#### 4.1.1 Soil-Tunnel Model  
A 3D numerical model was firstly established for the soil-tunnel system to include the dynamic SSI effect under seismic excitations in ABAQUS. The length, depth, and width of the model are 120 m, 60 m, and 100 m, respectively. The soil is regarded as the multilayered media, while the tunnel is composed of equivalent areas without joints and key areas with more details. The numerical model and the corresponding mesh results are shown in Figure 5. In this model, the solid C3D8 element is selected for the segment and soil, while the 3D beam element B31 is used to simulate the bending bolt joint. Shear and normal springs are utilized to replace the connection effect of the anchor joint at the same locations with those in practice. The density of mesh for the whole soil-tunnel system model was determined based on [33].  
Figure 4: Procedure of the improved method.  
It should be noted that there are five segmental lining rings in the key areas in total, which are connected by bolt joints and anchor joints in the longitudinal and circumferential directions, respectively. In addition, the reduction effect of the segmental joint on the structural stiffness should be considered for the equivalent areas of the tunnel model. In this regard, the equivalent parameter \(\eta\) is introduced to represent the reduction of the flexural rigidity for the lining structures. In this paper, the \(\eta\) is set to be 0.077 on the basis of the published data from [33].
## Materials and Methods
### Sensor for Image Acquisition  
We use a 3D sensor which is composed of two near-infrared (NIR) cameras and a GOBO projector in between [19]. The scanner is depicted in Figure 5. The projector comprises a rotating slide wheel (GOBO) with a random binary stripe pattern, an LED illumination unit with a center frequency at 850 nm wavelength, and a projection lens. The binary stripe pattern becomes sinusoidal in the camera images due to lens blur and motion blur because the slide wheel is rotating during image integration time.  
We measured the noise level of the cameras with the following method. We recorded 400 images for each camera of a static scene with stopped slide wheel. For each camera, all images contain the same scene with the same illumination except for noise. For each pixel, we calculated the temporal mean brightness value (over the 400 images) and the temporal deviation from that mean. The deviation is a measure for the noise. We show the deviation as a function of the mean in Figure 6. Please note that the measured noise levels for high brightnesses are too low because of clipping when the sensor pixels become saturated.  
Figure 5: 3D sensor (with removed outer housing) which we used for data recording. From left to right: near infrared (NIR) camera, color camera (not used for this paper), NIR GOBO projector with rotating slide wheel, second NIR camera. The NIR cameras acquire the image sequences for the 3D reconstruction.
# The Applications and Challenges of Digital Twin Technology in Smart Grids: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Critical Applications  
Digital Twin technology has emerged as a transformative development in smart grids, offering extensive benefits from asset management to predictive maintenance and beyond. This technology's core idea is to create a virtual representation of physical assets, processes, or systems to simulate and predict their behavior under various conditions. Below, we delve into the applications and recent research concerning Digital Twin technology in smart grids.
## 7 Use of Biomaterials in the Release of Extracellular Vesicles for Treatment of Cutaneous Wounds
### Hyaluronic-Acid Hydrogels  
Hyaluronic acid is a natural linear polysaccharide, made of alternating units of d-glucuron acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, connected by \(\beta\)-1,3- and \(\beta\)-1,4-glycosic bonds. Due to its biocompatibility, native biofunctionality, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity and versatility, hyaluronic acid is one of the most widely used polymers in the design of hydrogels, for biomedical applications. The incorporation of MSC-EV into an injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel allows its progressive release for more than 90 h. Moreover, it favors the polarization of inflammatory macrophages M1, towards an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic M2c phenotype in vivo. That decreases fibroblast activity in the late stages of healing, and thus such treatment produced scarless skin-wound healing in a mouse model of scarring, preventing fibrotic scar formation [110].  
Also, hydrogels have been prepared from cross-linking hyaluronic acid with photo-cleavable linkers (PCL), being attached to EV from umbilical-cord-blood mononuclear cells. Their abilities to release EV after light activation have been evaluated. Thus, application of a low concentration of EV (0.2 ug) twice daily, for 10 days, significantly accelerated wound healing, in a diabetic mouse model. Surprisingly, in the same model with an application of injectable light-triggerable hydrogel, containing 2 ug of EV, and 1 min daily activation with light for 10 days, healing was faster than with bi-daily administration of EV, and with the application of the hydrogel without activation with light. Thus, this study shows the importance and clinical potential of the progressive release of MSC-EV through a hydrogel,allowing us to considerably reduce the number of EV applications, to achieve the desired effect on healing [111].
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper proposed a versatile control method to actively reject disturbances and compensate nonlinearities simultaneously without precise system model. The nonlinearities mainly include flapping dynamics, and external disturbances mean wind gust in this article. Both of them were treated as the lumped disturbances. Then, the ESO designed to estimate the lumped disturbances was introduced to eliminate all these adverse factors. Meanwhile, a backstepping controller was applied to achieve attitude tracking based on Lyapunov theory, the separation of disturbance rejection with attitude tracking control guarantees both robustness and performance.  
Simulation results show that the control scheme presented above can achieve a good attitude tracking performance, the tracking delay is quite small, while the means and standard deviations of tracking error are also much smaller than PID control, and the maximum value of tracking error is less than 3\({}^{\circ}\). Flapping dynamics and wind gust can be accurately estimated by the ESO, while the delay is less than 0.2 s. Additionally the controller still works well under model uncertainty. According to the flight data, the proposed algorithm is capable of addressing external disturbances rapidly. When compared to the PID method, it also shows better tracking performance and stronger robustness to reject disturbances. However, there still exists some shortcomings in the proposed control scheme. Although the number of the parameters is not too much, all these parameters are adjusted manually based on personal experience, which costs a lot of time and easily goes wrong. Besides, the controller does not consider the situation of input saturation, which may lead to a control failure.  
To eliminate the above limitations, intelligent algorithm will be considered to incorporate with the parameter adjustment, such as reinforcement learning, and input saturation will be treated as the constraint in the control system design. Another future work of our paper is to design position and velocity controller to achieve trajectory tracking. The ESO will also be applied to the out-loop controller to deal with the disturbances exerted on them. More flight experiments will be taken to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.  
Conceptualization, W.Z. and Z.M.; methodology, W.Z. and H.Z.; software, validation, formal analysis, W.Z. and K.W.; writing--original draft preparation, W.Z.; writing--review and editing, W.Z. and K.W.; visualization, K.W. and H.Z.; supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, Z.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (NSF) of China (No. 61976014).  
Not applicable.  
The fight data presented in this paper are available on request from the first author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Wind Source Localization System Based on a Palm-Sized Quadcopter
## 3 Development of a Wind Source Localization Quadcopter System  
### System Configuration  
Figure 1 illustrates the exterior and schematic diagram of the wind source localization (WSL) quadcopter system constructed in this study. The quadcopter utilizes the palm-sized quadcopter, Tello. Tello has an internal controller for stable flight, which this research utilizes for basic flight control. The quadcopter system includes a microcontroller for quadcopter control and a wind direction sensor. The system employs the compact and lightweight TinyPICO (Unexpected Maker, Melbourne, VIC, Australia) for the microcontroller. Although TinyPICO is a small microcontroller, it has sufficient specifications to process wind sensor values and control the quadcopter (Figure 1c). Although TinyPICO features Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, it has a single antenna, making simultaneous Wi-Fi and Bluetooth use impossible. Consequently, two TinyPICO boards have been implemented: one for quadcopter control via Wi-Fi communication and sending velocity commands, and another for data logging.  
The wind direction sensor adopts a lightweight 1.2 g hot-wire anemometer (HWD-18V-ONE, Hort-Plan, Osaka, Japan). At the tip of the wind direction probe shown in Figure 1, multiple heaters and temperature sensors are integrated to calculate wind direction based on their readings. Wind direction and speed data are transmitted via serial communication at one-second intervals to the TinyPICO. Wind direction data are read by the first TinyPICO and transmitted to the microcontroller (second TinyPICO) for quadcopter control. An additional battery powers both microcontrollers and the wind direction speed sensor. The weight of the control circuit, including the additional battery, is 24.4 g, which is well below the payload that [PERSON] can fly (\(<\)50 g) [23].
###### Abstract  
In this article, we propose a joint waveform based on universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC) chirp for radar jamming and communication joint systems. Modulation of radar jamming chirp signals and communication signals on different subcarrier groups in the UFMC sub-band is used to achieve the waveform design. The jamming signal in the waveform contains a frequency shift coefficient that depends on the delay time, which can effectively improve the anti-frequency hopping ability and enhance the overall jamming efficiency. Simultaneously jamming signals can provide assistance in channel estimation and equalization of communication, improving the information transmission quality of communication subsystems. We concluded through reasonable trade-off analysis that the combined weight of radar jamming and communication is closely related to the overall performance of the waveform. The simulation results show that the proposed UFMC chirp synthesized waveform has good jamming and communication performance. Software defined radio (SDR) simulation experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of this method in practical environments.  
joint radar jamming and communication; integration; waveform design; universal filtered multicarrier
# Experimental Study on Partially Coherent Optical Coherent Detection
## 1 Introduction
Using incoherent mode decomposition theory and the generalized Huygens-Fresnel principle as foundations, [PERSON] et al. [4], using the real heterodyne detection system on a 1.3 km outfield communication link, calculated the expression of the weight factor of a number of GSM beams at the receiver. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] investigated how a coherent detection system was affected by the angular error between the signal beam and the partially coherent beam's local oscillator light. A theoretical expression was derived for the heterodyne efficiency of mixing two partially coherent beams with a small angular displacement between their propagation directions. [PERSON] [11] addressed the effect of turbulence on a coherent detection system based on partially coherent beam theory. [PERSON] et al. [12] used the Gaussian Schell-model's electromagnetic beam coherent polarization matrix to derive an analytical expression of a coherent detection system. The electromagnetic field's polarization cannot be disregarded, and a beam's polarization typically changes as it propagates. According to research by [PERSON] [13], under the same circumstances, the uplink propagation of the EGSM beam has a less concentrated distribution across the degree of polarization of the entire light field than the downlink propagation, and the downlink propagation's transmission distance is longer than the uplink transmission's, corresponding to the maximum polarization on the axis. A detector can obtain the beam transmission data at a greater distance as the EGSM beam moves along the downlink path, as per the non-Kolmogorov turbulence spectrum. [PERSON] et al. [14] investigated the effects of EGSM beams on the sensitivity of a coherent detection system under various polarization states and derived the expression of the coherent detection system's sensitivity for the oblique propagation of EGSM beams. In summary, in the theoretical analysis of partially coherent optical heterodyne detection systems, this paper takes coherent optical communication as the background, generates EGSM beams in its experiments, and proposes and practices an innovative experimental method that can accurately prepare and adjust the polarization state of EGSM beams, including their linear polarization, circular polarization, and elliptical polarization EGSM. And this study not only analyzed the polarization state of partially coherent beams, but also specifically investigated the impact of partially coherent EGSM beams on system performance at different polarization states, with a focus on analyzing the impact of partially coherent light polarization states on mixing efficiency, providing important support for improving EGSM beams' performance in wireless optical communication and other fields.
# An Effective Blockchain-Based Defense Model for Organizations against Vishing Attacks
## 5 Implementation and Results
### Adoption of Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain Technology  
Many organizations provide different implementations of blockchain networks, such as ethereum. Our proposed model could be implemented from scratch or using existing blockchain frameworks. Since our model consists of a permissioned blockchain network within an organization, we choose hyperledger fabric implementation. Our choice is motivated by the following arguments:  
* Hyperledger fabric is a permissioned blockchain network.
* Hyperledger framework is not dedicated to cryptocurrency but for any transaction requiring trust recording and management of different involved entities securely and transparently.  
Figure 3: Identity certifications issuing and membership service provider verification.  
* Hyperledger framework is an open software that can be freely modified and improved to fit the application domain.
* Hyperledger's fabric enables enforcement of the organization's policies during the creation of the blockchain network, management of different entities, and endorsement rules.
* Hyperledger fabric uses smart contracts to interact with the blockchain network, which is very flexible and enables wide interaction options.  
Therefore, our model could be easily and quickly adopted and implemented within any organization using hyperledger's fabric-free and open software, which is very important to minimize the time and cost of using the proposed model. The following sections will provide samples of the main hyperledger fabric components and their adoption to implement the proposed SE defense model.