# Electromagnetic Field-Aware Radio Resource Management for 5G and Beyond: A Survey
## 4 EMF Exposure Level and 5G Technologies
### EMF Exposure and 5G Radio Access Technologies
The study in [59] reports real-world measurements of RF EMF exposure from 5G base stations operating in the mmWave band with MIMO antennas. It highlights the importance of considering antenna configurations and environmental factors when assessing exposure at mmWave frequencies. Recently, an advanced approach leveraging machine learning (ML) techniques has emerged for predicting EMF exposure. This novel methodology applies ML algorithms to forecast and estimate EMF exposure levels experienced by individuals or devices. By leveraging the capabilities of ML, researchers aim to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of EMF exposure prediction. This, in turn, facilitates more informed decision-making and improved management of concerns linked to EMFs. In a recent study by [60], the authors put forth two distinct models for EMF prediction. The first model forecasts RF-EMFs from signal beams, while the second model predicts RF-EMFs originating from base stations. Each of these models incorporates three ML techniques for forecasting RF-EMF values: Approximate Radial Basis Function Neural Network (Approximate-RBFNN), Exact Radial Basis Function Neural Network (Exact-RBFNN), and Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN). To validate their models, the authors carried out a measurement campaign on a single sector of a 5G base station operating at 29.5 GHz in Cyberjaya, Malaysia. By comparing the predicted outcomes with actual measured data, they concluded that the Exact-RBFNN algorithm exhibited superior performance, demonstrating the closest alignment with the measured values. Table 2 summarizes key studies in this area, highlighting the categories of modeling, simulation, and experimental approaches. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Paper** & **Antenna Configuration** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Frequency** \\ **Band (GHz)** \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} **Network Architecture** \\ **and Transmission** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **EMF** \\ **Evaluation Metrics** \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Modeling and Simulation Approach} & \multirow{6}{*}{[23]} & Antipodal linear tapered slot antenna (ALISA) with 34.6\({}^{\circ}\) beamwidth and 16.5 dBi gain & \multirow{6}{*}{60} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Near-field region & Specific absorption rate (W/kg) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Massive MIMO with codebook-based and beamforming & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Fixed-beam 2 \(\times\) 2, 4 \(\times\) 1, and 8 \(\times\) 1 patch arrays  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Paper** & **Antenna Configuration** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Frequency** \\ **Band (GHz)** \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} **Network Architecture** \\ **and Transmission** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **EMF** \\ **Evaluation Metrics** \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline
[48] & \begin{tabular}{c} Multi-beam antenna with \\ 10\({}^{\circ}\) horizontal \\ beamwidth, 15\({}^{\circ}\) vertical \\ beamwidth, and \\ 18.6 dBi gain \\ \end{tabular}  & 28 & \ \begin{tabular}{c} •Small cell with antenna height \\ up to 15.7 m in urban region \\ near Isu Station in Seoul \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Power density \\ (dBW/m\({}^{2}\)) \\ (dBW/m\({}^{2}\)) \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline
[38] & \begin{tabular}{c} 2 \(\times\) 2 patch array antenna \\ \end{tabular}  & 28 & \ \begin{tabular}{c} •Near-field region \\ • Downlink \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Average electric field \\ (V/m) \\ Power density (W/m\({}^{2}\)) \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline
[1,33,39] & \begin{tabular}{c} SU-MIMO with up to \\ 256 antennas for BS and \\ up to 16 antennas for UE \\ \end{tabular}  & 28 & \ \begin{tabular}{c} •UMa with up to 200 m inter-site \\ distance, UMa with up to 500 m \\ inter-site distance, BS height \\ 25 m \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Power density (W/m\({}^{2}\)) \\ Specific absorption rate \\ (W/kg) \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline
[31] & \