esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Research on Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Method Based on ECA-MRANet
## 4 Experimentation and Analysis
### Selection of the Main Parameters of the ECA-MRANet Model and Their Effects
#### 4.3.2 Batch Samples Size Selection  
In the training process of deep learning, samples are input to the network in batches. A larger batch sample size can improve the training speed of the network and the stability of the gradient estimation, ensuring that the gradient computed by the network is close to the gradient of the whole training set. This facilitates a faster and more stable update of the network parameters. However, a larger batch sample size is more demanding on the hardware, and if the memory is too small, the training will be interrupted. A larger batch sample size may also have an impact on the generalization ability of the model, making the model more inclined to remember the samples from the training set, increasing the risk of overfitting. Therefore, in this paper, we compare and study the accuracy of the model on the test set when the batch sample sizes are 16, 32, 64, and 128 in conjunction with the computer configurations used. Ten experiments are conducted for different numbers of batch samples. The results are shown in Figure 13.  
Figure 12: Diagnostic accuracy and training time for different numbers of Residual CBAM blocks.  
Figure 13: Accuracy of test set with different batch sample sizes.  
As can be seen from Figure 13, when the batch sample size is 32, the model has the highest accuracy on the test set and is more stable compared to other numbers of samples. When the number of batch samples is 128, the accuracy of the model on the test set decreases significantly, and overfitting is also found. Therefore, in this paper, the number of batch input networks is set to 32.
## 4 Experiments
### Influence of Hyper-Parameters s and \(\varepsilon\)  
To demonstrate the flexibility of the scaling parameter \(s\) and the threshold \(\varepsilon\), we perform experiments on Cora as shown in Figure 6. For the fixed threshold \(\varepsilon\), Acc scores first increase and then decrease as the scaling parameter \(s\) rises, i.e., sufficient neighborhood information cannot be employed when \(s\) is small. On the contrast, the range of heat diffusion is large and different clusters cannot be well distinguished when \(s\) is comparatively large.  
Figure 5: \(d\_DBI(k)\), \(intra(k)\), \(inter(k)\) and clustering performance Acc, NMI, and F1 w.r.t. \(k\) on datasets Cora and Wiki.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods** & **Cora** & **Citeseer** & **Pubmed** & **Wiki** \\ \hline
**GAE** & 38.72 s & 57.95 s & 2265.55 s & - \\
**VGAE** & 41.66 s & 61.34 s & 2433.76 s & - \\
**ARGE** & 48.49 s & 68.59 s & 2021.94 s & - \\
**ARVGE** & 43.16 s & 62.33 s & 1850.21 s & - \\
**AGC** & 17.46 s & 111.04 s & **151.71 s** & **22.09 s** \\
**AGCHK** & **8.23 s** & **22.92 s** & 854.55 s & 23.64 s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The running time of related methods performing on benchmark datasets. For other baselines, we follow the parameter settings in the original papers. Hardware configuration: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-7700K CPU, 16.0 GB RAM and no GPU.  
For the fixed threshold \(s\), good clustering results can be obtained with \(s\) in a large range when \(\varepsilon\) is small, as many neighbors with weak relationships are excluded. However, as \(\varepsilon\) becomes larger, a large number of neighbor nodes with strong relationships are dropped, resulting in poor clustering. Briefly, by setting a smaller threshold \(\varepsilon\), noise nodes will be ignored and computation can be accelerated.
# Criterion-Related Validity and Reliability of the Front Plank Test in Adults: The ADULT-FIT Project
###### Abstract  
Background: the validity and reliability of the front plank test (FPT) have been studied in young adults but not in adults aged 34 to 60 years. The aim of this study was to analyze the criterion-related validity and reliability of the front plank test (FPT) for evaluating trunk musculature in adults according to sex and age groups. Methods: a repeated measures design was used to study the reliability of the FPT. A total of 84 adults aged 18-62 years performed trunk muscular force tests and the FPT. Criterion-related validity was assessed using repeated measures ANOVA. Reliability was examined by ICC, error measurements, and Bland-Altman analysis across sex and age groups. Results: significant differences in the activation of the rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles were found compared with the erector spinae and multifidus muscles (\(p<0.001\)). No correlations were found between FPT time and physical activity or rate of perceived exertion at the end (\(p>0.05\)). Low and moderate correlations were found with body fat percentage, trunk fat mass percentage, and external oblique, regardless of sex and age groups (\(p<0.05\)). Extremely high reliability was found regardless of sex and age groups (ICC \(>0.98\)), with low error measurements (RMSE = 11.93-18.73; %CV = 4.91-6.33; SEE = 11.45-16.84). MDC90 values indicated no real change between T1 and T2. Conclusion: FPT is a valid and reliable test for assessing trunk musculature in adults regardless of sex and age groups.  
trunk; field-based physical fitness test; reproducibility; electromyography
# How Useful Are Strain Rates for Estimating the Long-Term Spatial Distribution of Earthquakes?
## Appendix B Appendix B Appendix B.1 Proximity to the Plate Interface (PPI)
### Proximity to Mapped Faults (PMF)  
The concept of proximity to mapped faults was initially introduced by [PERSON] [39]. It takes account of the distance from the \(j\)th cell to all fault elements and their associated slip rates, assumed uniform on each fault segment. As in [39], each fault plane is divided into numerous point sources closely spaced at intervals of 1 km. Thus the set of fault segment planes and associated slip rates is expanded into a much larger set of point sources, at longitude, latitude, and depth coordinates \([x_{F}(i),y_{F}(i),z_{F}(i)]\), \(i=1,\cdots,n_{F}\), and with associated slip rates \(r_{i},i=1,\cdots,n_{F}\). Similarly, a cell with dimensions of 0.1 degrees in latitude and longitude and 40 km in depth is expanded into a representative set of points within it \([x_{j}(l),y_{j}(l),z_{j}(l)]\), \(l=1,\cdots,n_{c}\) on a cuboidal grid spaced at 0.033 degrees in latitude and longitude and 5 km in depth. Following [10], the PMF covariate \(\rho(j)\) in the \(j\)th grid cell is defined by  
\[\rho(j)=\frac{1}{n_{c}n_{f}}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n_{f}}\sum\limits_{l=1}^{n_{c}} h(i,l), \tag{10}\]  
where \(h(i,l)\) is an index of the proximity of the \(l\)th point in the \(j\)th cell to slip on the \(i\)th fault point source:  
\[h(i,l)=\frac{r_{i}}{[d_{F}^{2}+\Delta(i,l)^{2}]^{\frac{3}{2}}}\, \tag{11}\]  
where \(r_{i}\) is the slip rate in mm/yr, \(\Delta(i,l)\) is the distance in km from \([x_{F}(i),y_{F}(i),z_{F}(i)]\) to \([x_{j}(l),y_{j}(l),z_{j}(l)]\), and \(d_{F}\) is a constant smoothing distance. The value of \(\rho(j)\) is, therefore, high for cells near to, or intersected by, mapped faults and low far away from mapped faults. Further, \(\rho(j)\) is greater when the slip rates of nearby mapped faults are greater.  
Here we used a modified version [33]. In the modified PMF fault, sources are planes rather than linear traces and distances are measured in three dimensions rather than two. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [39] found an optimal smoothing distance of 1.0 km for a PMF model defined in continuous space. [PERSON] et al. used a smoothing distance of 2.5 km, but their PMF has since been found to have small-scale variations between adjacent cells due to the smoothing distance being too small [10]. Here we use a larger smoothing distance of \(d_{F}=10\) km, so that the denominators in Equation (5) are not overly sensitive to the exact positions of points on the fault surfaces and within the cells. The PMF covariate used here (Figure 1b) also uses updated fault information from the New Zealand Community Fault Model [18].
###### Abstract  
Conceptualizing sophisticated measurement set-ups as well as testing and evaluation procedures for laboratory experiments on anisotropic rocks requires a basic understanding of the potential specimen behavior. The focus of the present work was therefore to investigate the influence of different transversely isotropic parameters and their ratios on the elastic behavior of cylindrical rock samples in uniaxial compression tests. Parameter sets corresponding to soft anisotropic rocks were chosen based on naturally observed ranges for the five elastic transversely isotropic constants. Analytical results for the radial and vertical strain distributions around the sample circumference and a comparison with finite element simulations are presented. Further, the effect of interface friction between samples and loading platens was analyzed within the numerical models. The results suggest that radial strains around cylindrical anisotropic samples are rarely uniform except for specific combinations of parameters and isotropy plane inclinations. The effect of interface friction was found to have a clear influence on the developing elastic stress and strain distributions for samples with inclined isotropy planes. Nevertheless, no significant influence of frictional boundary conditions on the back-calibrated values of the elastic parameters could be identified, suggesting that friction-reducing measures in uniaxial compression tests on transversely isotropic samples with predominantly linear behavior are not required.  
Keywords:transversely isotropic rock; uniaxial compression; anisotropic deformation; elastic constants; Poisson's ratio; Young's modulus +
Footnote †: journal:
# Research on a Real-Time Driver Fatigue Detection Algorithm Based on Facial Video Sequences
## 2 Approach
### Driver Fatigue Recognition Features  
After a review of the relevant literature, there are two general types of fatigue in human facial expressions: yawning (the mouth is wide-open and remains in this state for a relatively long time) and winking (or slightly closed eyes, with increased or slower blinking). This research focusses on the data of eye-opening and closing states (eye aspect ratio: EAR), percentage of eye closure time (PERCLOS), and mouth aspect ratio (MAR). Based on these data, the attention concentration of drivers can be calculated in real time, and whether drivers are drowsy can be analyzed in time.
# Spatial Unmasking Effect on Speech Reception Threshold in the Median Plane
## 4 Conclusions  
This study demonstrated the existence of a spatial unmasking effect on the speech reception threshold (SRT) in the median plane. Among the five tested masker positions of \(-30^{\circ}\), \(0^{\circ}\), \(30^{\circ}\), \(60^{\circ}\) and \(90^{\circ}\), the maximum gain of 3.5 dB was obtained at \(-30^{\circ}\), which was statistically significant. Gains at \(30^{\circ}\) and \(60^{\circ}\) were 1.1 dB and 1.6 dB, respectively, which were also significant. The \(90^{\circ}\) condition did not produce a significant gain. Based on the analyses of the HRTF magnitude differences of each masker position to \(0^{\circ}\), it is suggested that a masker placed at a negative elevation in the median plane would  
Figure 2: Head-related transfer function (HRTF) difference of each masker position to \(0^{\circ}\) elevation (reference) using average HRTFs of eighteen human subjects (SADIE II database [16]).  
generally produce a larger spatial unmasking effect on SRT compared to one at a positive elevation, due to the energy reduction of ear-input signal at upper middle frequencies compared to 0\({}^{\circ}\).  
These findings are particularly relevant to three-dimensional (3D) audio mixing for speech clarity, particularly in film, or in any situation where background noise or other ambiences are presented in an environment where the impact on speech reception must be minimal. Providing a negative elevation to non-essential sounds could contribute to improved speech reception. In combination with the influence of visual stimuli on the perceived location of a sound source, this could be particularly effective in film to enhance dialogue intelligibility by negatively elevating other sources to floor-level loudspeakers in a 3D reproduction system.  
Further work is required to confirm the consistent increase of spatial unmasking gain with increasing negative elevation in the median plane and to investigate spatial unmasking with three-dimensional displacements of a noise source. Furthermore, vertical spatial unmasking at azimuth angles other than 0\({}^{\circ}\) requires investigation.  
[PERSON] conducted the experiment, analysed the data and wrote the majority of the paper. [PERSON] supervised the project, contributed to the experimental design and data analysis and co-wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK and Innovate UK, Swindon, UK (Grant Ref. 150175).  
The authors are grateful to [PERSON] and [PERSON] at Genelec (Iisalmi, Finland) for providing the loudspeakers used for the experiment. They also thank everyone who participated as a subject in the listening test.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Joint Timekeeping of Navigation Satellite Constellation with Inter-Satellite Links
###### Abstract
The Kalman plus weights (KPW) algorithm of [PERSON] [14] assumed that there was only white frequency noise (WFM) left in the time deviation that was corrected by the Kalman frequency, and the weights were adjusted according to the intensity of WFM. For a similar purpose, [PERSON] [15] presented a reduced Kalman timescale algorithm and proved that the algorithm could minimize the variance of the timescale increment in theory. In the following sections, a joint timekeeping framework with satellite clocks is introduced, followed by an ISLT timescale algorithm. The resulting improvements of the frequency stability and predictability of the ISLT over the satellite physical atomic clocks are then highlighted.
# Design of a Novel Linear Shaped Charge and Factors Influencing its Penetration Performance
## 3 Numerical Simulation
### Establishment of the Simulation Model  
A numerical analysis model is simplified to two-dimensional plane-symmetric geometries for efficient calculation, as shown in Figure 6. The geometrical parameter in the simulation model was the same as the one in the DOP test. The charge was 8701 and it was centrally initiated through a simple detonator at the bottom.  
In the calculation, the 8701 explosive is used. The equation of state (EOS) of the 8701 explosive is Jones-Wilkins-LEE (JWL). The liner material is made of T2 copper. The mechanical model of CU-OFHC in Autodyn is regarded as T2 copper. The EOS and strength of T2 copper were Shock and Streinberg Gruinan, respectively. The material of the steel target was #45 steel; its dynamic response behavior under the action of the detonation wave can be described using the Johnson-Cook (J-C) material model. An air grid covered the penetrator flying range. The type of air model was taken from Autodyn, and the Int Energy of air is \(2.068\times 10^{5}\). The parameters of all material models used in the calculation are listed in Table 2[18; 19].  
Figure 5: (a) Main charge; (b) BLSC and target.  
Figure 6: Numerical model of shaped charges: (a) LSC; (b) BLSC.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & Density & A (\(\Omega\)Pa) & B (\(\Omega\)Pa) & R1 & R2 & W & \begin{tabular}{c} C-J Detonation \\ velocity (m/s) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} C-J Energy/unit \\ volume (\(\Omega/m^{3}\)) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} C-J Pressure \\ (\(\Omega\)Pa) \\ \end{tabular} & \\ \cline{2-10}  & 1.713 & 5.242 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) & 7.768 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & 4.2 & 1.1 & 0.34 & 7980 & 8.499 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & 2.86 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\) & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{R5 Speed} & Density & Shear modulus & Yield stress & Handling & Handling & & & & & & \\  & (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & (GPa) & A (\(\Omega\)Pa) & constant B (\(\Omega\)Pa) & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{CU-OFFHC} & Density & Shear modulus & Yield stress & Maximum Yield & Hardening & & & & & & & \\  & (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & (GPa) & A (\(\Omega\)Pa) & stress (GPa) & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-10}  & 8.93 & 4.77 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\) & 1.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) & 6.4 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) & 36 & 0.45 & 1.35 & 1.35 & -1.798\(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) & 3.39 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) & 1.79 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Air} & Density & & & & & & & & & & \\  & (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-10}  & 0.001225 & 1.4 & 0 & 0 & 288.200012 & 77.599976 & 0 & 2.068 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Parameters of material model.
# Electrically Small Water-Based Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, simple electrically small water-based DRAs were investigated both numerically and experimentally. The fundamental resonances were excited in a water hemispherical cavity and used to effectively match a short monopole antenna to both its feed line and the surrounding free space. The final antennas were optimized by varying the length and the displacement of the monopole. As a result, compact water-based DRAs were designed. The optimum antenna had an electrical size of \(\lambda_{0}\)/18, making it the smallest water-based antenna to date, albeit with lowered total efficiency due to water losses. We believe that the proposed electrically small water-based DRAs may serve as cheap and easy-to-fabricate tunable alternatives for VHF and the low end of UHF bands.  
**Author Contributions:** Formal analysis, software, investigation, and writing--original draft preparation, R.E.J.; supervision and writing--review and editing, A.V.L. and S.A.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank the workshop at the Electromagnetic Systems group of the Technical University of Denmark for fabrication of the antennas.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
Artemisia species previously have been reported to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the prospective antitumor effects of _Artemisia santolinifolia_ ethanol extract (ASE) against two non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and their molecular mechanisms of action. Morphological observations and flow cytometric analyses showed that ASE induced cell death in A549 and H23 cells but with different action features. Further studies by Western blotting showed that ASE induced caspase-3 cleavage in H23 cells, suggesting caspase-dependent apoptosis was predominantly involved in H23 cell death. Contrarily, ASE treatment selectively altered the glutathione peroxidase (GPX4) protein expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and lipid peroxidation in A549 cells, all of which are linked to ferorgotesis. Using a ferorgotesis inhibitor (desferrizcamine (DFO)), further study showed that DFO could significantly rescue ASE-induced cell death. All these results implied that ASE induced ferorgotesis predominately in A549 cells. Several studies have demonstrated that the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) can be dual-selectively targeted depending on the cell line. Subsequently, it can exert opposing effects until either being activated or suppressed. This was consistent with our data, which might explain inconsistent observations of the cell death type in this study. In addition, after ASE treatment, signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were inhibited in both cell lines. Consequently, downstream prosurvival proteins, including heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and survivin, which play pivotal roles in the STAT3 pathway, decreased after ASE administration. Our findings revealed that ASE inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation by simultaneously downregulating prosurvival protein expressions and activating multiple cell death pathways.  
Artemisia santolinifolia; ferorgotesis; apoptosis; NRT2; STAT3 Article
## 3 Energy-Efficient aDaptive hiEarchical and RobusT Architecture
### Operation
#### 3.1.2 Normal Operation Phase  
At this moment, the network structure is done and every node must send its data to the CH at the scheduled time. During the remaining time, the nodes enter in the low-power state. When a CH has received the data from all its nodes, it aggregates it and sends it to his parent at the established time.  
As said before, the parent of a cluster informs in which time its children have to send their data. Children CHs will send their data at the scheduled timer or, optionally, they can wait to send the data until they receive a POLL message from their parent. This allows the parent to decide exactly when the data will be sent and makes applicable some fault tolerant mechanisms, without inquiring collision of messages. This optional mechanism will be further discussed in Section 3.2.  
This phase is repeated during some rounds, with duration of \(T_{SuperFrame}\), defined by parameter \(MAX_{Rounds}\). After that, the network structure is considered obsolete and every node restarts from the beginning at the initialization phase.
## 2 System Model and Analysis
### The Achievable Rate  
Because of the non-negative and real-valued amplitude, the classic Shannon capacity formula is not appropriate to VLC. In reference [36], a tight lower bound for dimmable VLC is proposed, so the achievable instantaneous rate can be expressed as  
\[R=\frac{1}{2}B\ \log_{2}\Big{(}1+\frac{e}{2\pi}\gamma\Big{)}, \tag{17}\]  
where e is the value of the base of natural logarithms.  
The Formula (8) can be rewritten as  
\[H^{IRS}(N)=\sum_{n=1}^{N}H_{n}. \tag{18}\]  
where \(\mathbf{N}\) is the total number of mirrors in the IRS. \(H_{n}\) is the channel gain and arranged in decreasing order of magnitude. That is, \(H_{1}=H_{max}\).  
The Formula (17) can be rewritten as a function of \(\mathbf{N}\)  
\[R(N)=\frac{1}{2}B\ \log_{2}\left(1+\frac{e}{2\pi}\cdot\frac{\eta^{2}P_{i} \Big{(}\sum_{n=1}^{N}H_{n}\Big{)}^{2}}{\sigma^{2}}\right). \tag{19}\]  
Assuming that the minimum achievable instantaneous rate of the VLC system is \(R_{min}\), that is  
\[\frac{1}{2}B\ \log_{2}\Big{(}1+\frac{e}{2\pi}\gamma\Big{)}\geq R_{min}, \tag{20}\]and  
\[\gamma\geq\bigg{(}2^{\frac{2R_{min}}{B}}-1\bigg{)}\frac{2\pi}{e}. \tag{21}\]  
According to Formulas (14) and (21), we can obtain:  
\[NH_{1}\geq\sum_{n=1}^{N}H_{n}\geq\sqrt{\frac{\bigg{(}2^{\frac{2R_{min}}{B}}-1 \bigg{)}\frac{2\pi e^{2}}{e}}{\eta^{2}P_{i}}}. \tag{22}\]  
The minimum number of mirrors required to satisfy the in Equation (22) is  
\[N\geq\sqrt{\frac{\bigg{(}2^{\frac{2R_{min}}{B}}-1\bigg{)}\frac{2\pi e^{2}}{e}}{ \eta^{2}P_{i}}}/H_{1}. \tag{23}\]  
According to the law of energy conservation, the received power is less than or equal to the transmitted power, we can get \(\left(\eta H^{IRS}\right)^{2}\leq 1\). So, it must hold \(\eta\sum_{n=1}^{N}H_{n}\leq 1\).  
Due to \(H_{n}\) being arranged in decreasing order of magnitude, the sufficient condition \(\eta NH_{1}\leq 1\) can provide a simple upper-bound of the maximum number of mirrors, that is \(N\leq\frac{1}{\eta H_{1}}\).  
When the IRS is installed on traffic infrastructures, its size must be limited in order not to obstruct traffic. When the size of each mirror is fixed, it is assumed that the maximum number of mirrors in the IRS is \(N_{max}\). So \(N\leq min\Big{\{}N_{max},\frac{1}{\eta H_{1}}\Big{\}}\).