esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# KQI Performance Evaluation of 3 GPP LBT Priorities for Indoor Unlicensed Coexistence Scenarios
## 4 Performance Indicators
### Key Quality Indicators  
The metrics that determine user-perceived QoE were based on the KQIs defined by ETSI and 3 GPP [26] as an objective measure of end-to-end quality perception, distinguishing between the different services. These are classified in several service categories, among which Integrity is the most representative in our assessment. This category measures the degree to which the service is offered with an acceptable quality without major drawbacks once obtained. Thus, the corresponding KQIs relative to the FTP service and RTVS are presented in Table 2.  
* Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR) is a measure that compares the video signal pixel by pixel and frame by frame. It is totally blind to the spatial and temporal relationships between pixels and, as a result, very diverse distortions that clearly produce very different quality perceptions get similar values of PSNR.
* Frame Loss Ratio (FLR) represents the ratio between the number of frames that have errors and the total number of frames sent.
* Delay is the time (ms) required to transmit a frame along its entire end-to-end network path.
* Jitter refers to the variation in delay time in milliseconds between video frames when transmitted over a network.  
The delay and jitter (understood as the time differential between video frames) measurements are formally specified in the article that exposes the evalvid module [20].
# Fast and Efficient Lunar Finite Element Gravity Model
## 3 Representations of Lunar Potential Using Orthogonal Finite Elements
### Parallelization  
Recent developments have seen the parallelization of gravitational FEM models, as implemented in [22; 49], utilizing the Open Multi-Processing (OpenMP) application interface, which supports shared-memory parallel programming in C/C++ and Fortran. In this project, the inputs are the spherical coordinates \((r,\phi,\lambda)\) with corresponding normalized parameters \(\xi\), \(\zeta\), and \(\eta\), which are used to evaluate the Chebyshev polynomials. The master thread is then split into slave threads, each evaluating the multivariate Chebyshev polynomials in parallel. These threads are then joined back together to be evaluated for the FEM acceleration by adding spherical and \(J_{2}\) terms. A three-magnitude speedup was reported using OpenMP on a geopotential FEM model with eight threads. Even with a more efficient computation time, the parallelized FEM model still produced less than 10 digits of accuracy compared to the original SH model. With this in mind, OpenMP implementation to the FEM lunar model promises higher speedup gains if more threads are used. This study indicates potential efficiency gains in both memory allocation and computation time for future FEM lunar model developments.
###### Abstract
Considering the non-negative of the transmitted signal, the maximum power consumption satisfied luminous ability and eye safety, the minimum achievable rate, and the required bit error rate (BER), the optimal value of \(N\) is found. According to the constraints and the properties of the achievable rate, EE is proved to be a unimodal function. * The binary search-conditional iterative (BSCI) algorithm is proposed to optimize \(N\). According to the constraints of the optimization problem, the range of \(N\) is analyzed. The BSCI algorithm is proposed, which has low computational complexity and can quickly find the optimal value of \(N\). * The optimization of \(N\) with different minimum achievable rates, noise power, and distance between vehicle and IRS is simulated. Firstly, the influence of the minimum achievable rate on the range of \(N\) is analyzed. Then, the optimal value of \(N\) is analyzed when the minimum achievable rate is constant and the noise power is different. Finally, the optimal value of \(N\) is analyzed when the distance between the vehicle and the IRS changes when the minimum achievable rate and noise power are constant. The theoretical analysis of this paper and the performance of the BSCI algorithm are proved. Mathematical notations and definitions are presented in Table 1.  
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the VLC system via mirror array-based IRS for parallel vehicles is designed, and the calculation methods of achievable rate and total power consumption are given. In Section 3, the optimization problem is formulated, and the range of \(N\) is analyzed according to the constraints. EE is proved to be a unimodal function, and the BSCI algorithm is proposed. The numerical results of the optimization of \(N\) with different minimum achievable rates, noise power, and distances between the vehicle and IRS are provided in Section 4. Finally, the conclusions and future research directions are drawn in Section 5.
## 5 Simulation Results and Discussions
### N-Correlator Receiver  
Figure 5 presents BER curves for _N_=16-correlator receiver with AWGN channel. The black and red overlapping curves are theoretical and simulated chip error rate curves respectively. The dashed red curve is the BER plotted on the same SNR _x_-axis. There is a processing gain of more than 8 dB due to use of the direct sequence spread spectrum technique. The calculated processing gain according to the Standard is about 9 dB with a chip rate of 2.0 MHz and a bit rate of 250 kb/s.  
Figure 6 presents BER curves in the case when fading and noise are present in the channel. The blue curve shows theoretical BER for OQPSK and dashed red curve shows BER simulation in the case when noise and fading are present in the channel. It is obvious that the BER values are increasing significantly in the presence of fading. For that reason the interleaver and deinterleaver blocks are introduced into the transceiver structure and the system's properties are investigated by simulation. The results of simulation are presented in Figure 7.  
Figure 5: BER curves for 16-correlator receiver in presence of AWGN: theoretical (black) chip error rate (CER), simulation CER (red) and BER on CER SNR scale (red dashed).  
Figure 7 presents BER curves in the case when fading and noise are present in the channel and interleaver and deinterleaver blocks are used. The green curve represents the chip error rate in the system. The blue curve shows theoretical BER for OQPSK and red curve shows BER simulation in the case when noise and fading are present in the channel with interleaver and deinterleaver blocks included in the transceiver structure. This curve is plotted on SNR ratio taken on \(x\)-axis for chip error rate calculation. It is obvious that the BER values will decrease significantly when the interleaver and deinterleaver are used.  
The expected gain is between 8 and 9 dB. To estimate the gain in BER values the BER curve was shifted for this amount as shown in Figure 8. This Figure gives an estimate where the BER curve will be in respect to the BER curve obtained in AWGN channel. Obviously, the BER curve obtained in the  
Figure 6: Rayleigh fading and AWGN are present in the channel.  
Figure 7: Fading channel and interleaver and deinterleaver are present on the transceiver.  
system with interleaver and deinterleaver (red color) tends to the curve obtained when the channel is with AWGN only. Therefore, the system with interleavers is giving significant improvements in BER values.
# A Study on Design Requirement Development and Satisfaction for Future Virtual World Systems
## 3 New Requirement Space Development
### Credibility  
Credibility (or trust) comes from the increase and importance of user content on virtual worlds. It is more complex and thus deserves some detailed explanation. In the context of information systems, trust is a subjective belief that a system or a system component will behave as expected [80], which is established based on direct evidence, recommendation, and reputation [81]. In a virtual world, users can have their belief of the underlying system in content management only if their content is securely preserved and legally protected. Thus, the credibility requirement has two concerns: user data security and content legal protection.  
Data security (to distinguish it from the security requirement), though new to virtual worlds, has been widely studied in cloud services, which includes privacy and confidentiality. Both require that user sensitive content is confidential to unauthorized access, while data privacy stresses more on the interest of users in controlling the data about themselves [82]. The authors of [83] divide the top threats into five categories, including data breaches, account or service traffic hijacking, API or shared technology vulnerabilities, malicious insiders, and insufficient due diligence. The categories of threats imply that data security is not only a technical issue but also a regulatory issue. From the technical perspective, secure data access needs to be achieved by mitigating the above threats from privacy-enhancing technologies, security mechanisms, data obfuscation, or anonymization. From the regulatory perspective, data security involves procedural solutions for committing legal and contractual requirements in a verifiable way. For verifying requirement commitment, accountability [84], and compliance are the key issues.  
Legal protection concerns the legitimate interest of the involved parties, mainly virtual world users and platforms. The first issue is content ownership. If users only have control of their createdcontent but not the ownership, such separation will become the barrier to user innovativeness due to the additional cost [85]. Secondly, if users have content ownership, they may need to control the distribution of their content to others through digital rights management (DRM), which not only allows users to represent and constrain content usage but also provides traceability of service violation. Moreover, user-created content may also bring legal risks, including plagiarism, offensive content, spam, soft hacking, etiquette breach, personal exposure, etc. [86]. These risks push the content moderation techniques to a new frontier.
# Development of Wearable Textile MIMO Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Band New Radio 5G Applications
###### Abstract
It comprises an irregular octagon-shaped patch antenna incorporating a 50-ohm feedline, a parasitic strip line, and partial grounding [21; 22; 23; 24]. The simulated impedance bandwidth ranged from 3.6 GHz to 7 GHz (64%, while the measured impedance bandwidth covered 47% (4.35 GHz to 7 GHz). The simulation results demonstrated isolation between antenna elements exceeding 12 dB in simulations and reaching 28.5 dB during measurements, and the peak gain for our proposed antenna stood at 6.74 dB. This paper's structure is as follows: Section 1 introduces wearable antennas, Section 2 details the antenna design methodology, Section 3 presents the results, and Section 4 conducts parametric analyses. before concluding our paper in Section 5.
# Digital Twin-Driven Stability Optimization Framework for Large Underground Caverns
## 3 Practical Implementation and Case Study
### Evaluation Metrics  
Table 4 shows the evaluation metrics for the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project powerhouse cavern construction case study to assess the effectiveness of the proposed DT framework. These metrics provide a quantitative and qualitative basis for evaluating the framework's performance in real-world underground construction scenarios. The traditional method lacks real-time monitoring and relies on static design assumptions without continuous feedback on site conditions. Therefore, in our evaluation metrics, we considered the traditional method only until the design reached a stable state and no further input was provided, which is general industry practice. We then compared it with the proposed framework, which integrates real-time sensor data and adaptive optimization, demonstrating superior performance in stability assessment, deformation control, and rock support efficiency. Comparative benchmarking against traditional methods indicates significant improvements in deformation control, risk mitigation, and the decision-making process throughout the lifecycle.  
Figure 12: BIM-based as-built information. (**a**) Actual convergence data; (**b**) as-build geological information; (**c**) as-built excavation progress; (**d**) as-built rock support system.
# Fermentation Strategies for Production of Pharmaceutical Ternenoids in Engineered Yeast
## 2 Pharmaceutical Terpenoids
### Artemisinin and Its Derivatives  
The sesquiterpene endoperoxide artemisinin, which is isolated from wormwood (_Artemisia annua_), is the most effective traditional antimalarial drug with the property of high efficiency and low toxicity. It shows to be effective against a broader range of life cycle stages of the apicomplexan parasite than conventional antimalarialials such as quinine. Antimalarial property of artemisinin arises from its extraordinary endoperoxide ring, which has an impact on overcoming _Plasmodium_ spp. infections (Figure 2) [3; 8; 39; 40]. The mechanism of action is still unclear, but there are some possible explanations. Right after the infection by _Plasmodium_ spp., phagocytosis of red blood cells occurs and heme proteins in high levels are delivered. High concentration of heme stimulates the artemisinin, which later binds to the parasite proteins in the _Plasmodium_ spp. body to inactivate them and consequently eradicate the infection of _Plasmodium_ spp. [39; 41].  
Besides antimalarial activity, artemisinin and its derivatives have anticancer activity in vivo and in vitro, with small adverse effects. For instance, it has been reported that artesunate, which is a semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin, displays antitumor activity against several cancers, such as breast, lung, prostate, colon, ovarian, melanoma, and leukemia cancers [42]. Moreover, antibacterial and antiviral activities of these compounds were also reported in several works. Artemisinin and its derivatives have concentration dependent antibacterial activities against anaerobic, aerobic, facultative anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria [43; 44]. They also exhibited significant antiviral activity against the hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C viruses [45]. Finally, artemisinin has been reported to have hypoglycemic effect and to be able to improve type 1 diabetes [8].
# WIPP: Wi-Fi Compass for Indoor Passive Positioning with Decimeter Accuracy
## 3 System Description
### Propagation Model Construction  
Different from the outdoor open environment, there is always serious multi-path fading in indoor environment, as shown in Figure 2. The target sends the signal, while the APs nearby receive the signal from multiple paths.  
On the network side, when the signal from multiple paths is received by the antenna array, the AOA measurement brings different phase shifts with respect to different antennas. In this paper, we assume that the distance between receiver and transmitter is far larger than signal wavelength. Therefore, the signal from the same direction received by the antenna array is considered parallel. As shown in Figure 3, we define the interval of nearby antennas and AOA measurement as \(d\) and \(\theta\) respectively. Then, the difference of propagation distances between two nearby antennas equals to  
Figure 1: Architecture description.  
Figure 2: Propagation model.  
\(d\)sin\(\theta\). By assuming that the directions of the signal from \(N\) different paths are \(\theta_{1},\theta_{2},...,\theta_{N}\), the signal with the direction \(\theta_{k}\) received at the \(i\)-th antenna, \(x_{i,k}\left(t\right)\), is expressed as  
\[x_{i,k}\left(t\right)=a_{k}s_{k}\left(t\right)\exp\left(-j2\pi f_{0}\left(i-1 \right)d\sin\theta_{k}/c\right), \tag{1}\]  
where \(s_{k}\left(t\right)\) is the signal with the direction. \(\theta_{k}\) received at the first antenna. \(a_{k}\) is the fading of the signal with the direction \(\theta_{k}\). \(f_{0}\) is the signal frequency. \(c\) is the speed of light.  
By considering the noise, the signal received at the \(i\)-th antenna, \(s_{i}\left(t\right)\), is expressed as  
\[x_{i}\left(t\right)=\sum_{k=1}^{N}x_{i,k}\left(t\right)=\sum_{k=1}^{N}a_{k}s_{ k}\left(t\right)\exp\left(-j2\pi f_{0}\left(i-1\right)d\sin\theta_{k}/c\right)+n _{i}\left(t\right) \tag{2}\]  
where \(n_{i}\left(t\right)\) is the noise received at the \(i\)-th antenna. The noise received at different antennas is assumed to be uncorrelated and have the same mean of zero and variance of \(\delta^{2}\).
## 5 Empirical Evaluation: Setup and Findings
### Evaluation Matrix  
Machine learning model performance can be measured using the confusion matrix demonstrated in Table 7, and Table 8 describes the evaluation metrics of the results. Four classification algorithms were used: KNN, NB, DT, and fuzzy KNN, which were compared in terms of classification accuracy, specificity, precision, recall, and AUC. The classification metrics TP, TN, FP, and FN were used to calculate classification accuracy, specificity, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC.
###### Abstract  
Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the time of use (TU) and sterilization cycles (SC) of endodontic reciprocating files on cyclic fatigue resistance. Methods: One-hundred-and-twenty (120) Procedolie NiTi endodontic reciprocating instruments were selected at random and distributed into the following study groups: A: 0 sterilization cycles/0s time of use (\(n=10\)); B: 0/60 (\(n=10\)); C: 0/120 (\(n=10\)); D: 1/0 (\(n=10\)); E: 1/60 (\(n=10\)); F: 1/120 (\(n=10\)); G: 5/0 (\(n=10\)); H: 5/60 (\(n=10\)); I: 5/120 (\(n=10\)); J: 10/0 (\(n=10\)); K: 10/60 (\(n=10\)); and L: 10/120 (\(n=10\)). A dynamic cyclic fatigue device was designed using computer-aided design/computer-aided engineering (CAD/CAE) technology and created with a 3D printer to simulate the pecking motion performed by the clinician. Failure of the endodontic rotary instrument was detected by a light-emitting diode-light-dependent resistor (LED-LDR) system controlled by an Arduino driver complex and management software. The results were analyzed using the ANOVA test. Results: All pairwise comparisons presented statistically significant differences between the time to failure, number of cycles to failure and number of cycles of in-and-out movement for the time of use study groups (\(p<0.001\)), but not in the number of sterilization cycles (\(p>0.05\)). Conclusions: The time of use of NiTi endodontic reciprocating files negatively affects dynamic cyclic fatigue resistance. Dynamic cyclic resistance is not affected by the number of sterilization cycles.  
endodontics; cyclic fatigue; time of use; sterilization cycles; reciprocating movement
## 3 System Model  
Let us assume a three-node network with two source nodes \(S_{A}\), \(S_{B}\) and one intermediate relay node \(R\). Further, let us assume a perfect time synchronization of symbols among the three nodes and the knowledge of the modulation pulse used. Such a network topology is referred to as a 2-way relay channel [13]. Let information bits \(b_{A}\), \(b_{B}\in\{0;1\}\) be at source nodes \(S_{A}\), \(S_{B}\) mapped into the constellation space using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) as \(s_{A}\), \(s_{B}\in\{\pm 1\}\). For the topology of 2 WRC, it is in the context of WPLNC efficient to utilize an XOR hierarchical network code map, such that only a hierarchical symbol \(b=b_{A}\oplus b_{B}\) is required to be identified by the relay node (Briefly, the reason is that the relayed value of \(b\) is sufficient to recover information bit \(b_{A}\) at node \(S_{B}\), as \(b_{A}=b_{B}\oplus b\) and vice versa for \(b_{B}\) at \(S_{A}\). See [13] for details.). A complex AWGN with variance \(\sigma_{w}^{2}\) per dimension is denoted as \(w\in\mathbb{C}\). A simplified channel model with a relative fading parameter \(h\in\mathbb{C}\) is considered. For the considered analysis, the following constellation space system model is used:  
\[x=s_{A}(b_{A})+hs_{B}(b_{B})+w, \tag{1}\]  
where \(x\in\mathbb{C}\) is the observation of node \(R\). The sequence index is dropped for notational simplicity. The SNR will be related with respect to \(S_{A}\) and be denoted as \(\text{SNR}=E[|s_{A}|^{2}]/\sigma_{w}^{2}\), where \(E[]\) denotes the expectation operator.
## 4 Calculation of Reasonable Width of Coal Pillar  
According to the limit equilibrium theory [30; 31], with the mining of 111 and 113 working faces, the stress redistribution of surrounding rock is caused, and the stress concentration is caused above the coal pillar. In a certain range of coal pillars, the stress of surrounding rock is still greater than the strength of coal pillars, and the coal body in this area is not completely destroyed, forming a plastic zone. In the central area of the coal pillar, the stress of the surrounding rock is gradually less than the strength of the coal pillar. The stress of the surrounding rock of the coal pillar gradually decreases from the peak value, and the coal body is only. The calculation model for the limit equilibrium is obtained, as shown in Figure 4.  
In order to maintain the stability of the coal pillar, the width of the coal pillar must be greater than the total value of the width of the elastic zone and plastic zone.  
Figure 4: The width calculation diagram of the coal pillar.  
Figure 3: Fracture location of a key block of surrounding rock.  
The size B of the coal pillar between the roadways is  
\[B=X_{0}+R_{0}+L_{0}=X_{0}+R_{0}+2L_{e} \tag{7}\]  
In the formula: \(L_{0}\)--the elastic zone width, m; \(X_{0}\)--the plastic zone width on the goat side, m; \(R_{0}\)--the plastic zone width on the roadway side, m.  
Plastic zone width on the goat side:  
\[X_{0}=\frac{m}{2 Af_{1}}\ln\frac{c_{1}+f_{1}k_{1}\gamma_{1}H}{c_{1}+f_{1}(A \sigma_{0}+AP_{z}-\sigma_{0})} \tag{8}\]  
Plastic zone width on the roadway side:  
\[R_{0}=r\bigg{(}2\frac{\sigma_{0}+\gamma H}{(1+A)(p+\sigma_{0})}\bigg{)}^{\frac {1}{\alpha-1}} \tag{9}\]  
Elastic zone width in coal pillar:  
\[L_{e}=\frac{(K_{1}-1)\eta\gamma Hm}{2\sqrt{\bigg{(}\frac{A-1}{A+1}\bigg{)}^{2 }\Big{(}\sigma_{0}-\frac{\eta+1}{2}K_{1}\lambda H\Big{)}^{2}-\Big{(}\frac{1- \eta}{2}k_{1}\lambda H\Big{)}^{2}}} \tag{10}\]  
The calculation parameters are selected as shown in the following table. taken as \(C_{1}=1.6\) MPa, \(f_{1}=0.4\), the overburden load is \(p=H_{y}=6.5\) MPa. The calculation of each parameter in the formula is shown in Table 1.  
The above determination of coal pillar size did not fully consider the dynamic disturbance effect of tunnel excavation and mining processes on the coal pillar and only considered the abutment pressure coefficient generated by the disturbance. Therefore, we need to introduce the influence factor of excavation and mining to modify the above theoretical formula. In summary, the reasonable width of the coal pillar in the final determination area is as follows:  
\[B=\delta d(X_{0}+R_{0})+2L_{1}=15.14\text{ m}\]  
Based on the layout of the double roadways in the 113 working face, various parameters were substituted, and \(L=15.14\) m was obtained. Therefore, through theoretical analysis, the maximum width of the coal pillar is 16 m.