esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Performance Analysis and Simulations
### Irradiance Uniformity vs. Optical Loss
#### 3.1.1 Irradiance Uniformity  
To evaluate and compare the irradiance uniformity, the irradiation distribution of both the conventional and proposed CPV units was measured. Figure 7a,b show the irradiation distribution of the conventional and proposed CPV units, respectively. The simulated results showed that the proposed CPV unit with the SOE gave better uniform irradiance distribution over the solar cell than the conventional CPV without the SOE.
# A Survey of CNN-Based Network Intrusion Detection
## 7 Other Factors of CNN-Based IDS Experiments
### Dimension Reduction  
In the dimension reduction process, the loss of information is minimized while interpretability is enhanced. In the work by [PERSON] et al. [72], applying a principal component analysis (PCA) following the use of K-means to cluster the dataset enhanced the detection efficacy and decreased the intrusion rule base. However, one study put forward the approach of utilizing the cumulative explained variance ratio (CEVR) as a function of the total number of core components [78]; the estimation of the total number of core components plays a significant role in PCA, which is necessary for describing the data. Nonetheless, autoencoders (AEs) and Siamese convolutional neural networks (SCNNs) are deep learning networks also used for dimension reduction in academic works [103,104], respectively.
## 3 Recent Literature Analysis
### Cyber Security
#### 3.1.2 Data Security  
Blockchain and multiple share creation (MSC) was one method utilized within the most recent novel literature, with the aim to increase the ethical securitization of user data within the healthcare system [19]. Within the context of complex supply chain management, blockchain has also been applied to leverage its opportunities to improve information  
Figure 2: CPS recent novel research clusters.  
currency, data sharing, and security [20]. One study also highlighted how protocols based on quantum-inspired quantum walk (QIQW) technologies can be used to enhance the security of blockchain applications further [21].  
The adoption of blockchain in supply chain environments is affected by human factors in addition to technological ones, such as trust [22]. This study also highlights that social factors may play a role in the adoption of technologies, with demographic factors being considered in future work [22]. Similarly, applications of blockchain in industrial IoT are also evident in the recent literature through the development of decentralized architectures designed to regulate data while maintaining security and efficiency [23].  
Encryption is another method used within the recent novel cyber security literature to improve the securitization of data within an Internet of Health Things (IoHT) scenario [24]. As this research pertains to a specific scenario, there may be further research opportunities to apply the methodologies utilized, primarily the CP-WABE scheme using their 0-1 coding access policy expression method, within a more diverse and complex IoT scenario, such as within a smart city.  
In a smaller human-machine interaction niche, cyber security was discussed through the utilization of human biometrics to enable user signal verification [25]. This study provides a novel perspective on cyber security, especially considering the roles that human elements can play in contributing to security postures. However, when focusing on the benefits of Self-Powered Wearable Keyboards for applications extending beyond the original test environment, cyber security was not highlighted as one of its most competitive qualities compared to others, such as low cost and high accuracy [25].
# Inter-Blockchain Communication Message Relay Time Measurement and Analysis in Cosmos +
## 1 Introduction
### Research Objectives  
This research aims to achieve the following objectives:  
* Describe in detail the Cosmos Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol.
* Develop a method for calculating the delivery time of inter-blockchain messages.
* Analyze the measured data statistically, focusing on the distribution of message delivery times.
* Compute the inter-blockchain message delivery time for the Cosmos ecosystem.
* Determine the probability density of variables using correlation analysis and the kernel density function and lognormal distribution.  
The study seeks to increase Cosmos' inter-blockchain communication protocols and improve the ecosystem's blockchain interoperability performance by attaining these objectives.
# Recent Developments and Emerging Trends in Paint Industry Wastewater Treatment Methods
## 3 Paint Industry Wastewater Treatment Methods
### Biological Treatment  
Biological treatment is another approach for the removal of paint from industrial effluents by utilizing microorganisms to treat or engineer wastewater. Pollutants produced during paint manufacture in wastewater are very difficult to eliminate biologically [56]. Usually, during the biological treatment process, an emulsion is produced which has to be separated. The concentrated paint can be reused as a thickener in the paint industry. Mostly, a single population of a microorganism dominates the effluent and this population is responsible for the rottenness of wastewater when stored for a long period of time [29]. Before discharging the effluents into biological treatment systems, the concentrated effluents have to be treated [22].  
There have been some biological treatment methods (Table 2) explored for the paint industry wastewater, such as composting [32], sequencing batch reactor treatment [22], and activated sludge processes [57]. Some recent reviews also feature the biological removal of azo dyes from industrial effluents [56] and different isolation techniques by extraction for the elimination of biopolymers in wastewater [58].  
Studies have shown that using composting processes for the effluents from the automotive industry using water-based pains can be used to minimize sludge in reactors by 85% using corncob as a bulking agent [32]. A pure oxygen-based activated sludge system was reported to be effective in the removal of COD and reducing other characteristic parameters in a mixture of sewage and paint wastewater; 87.8-93.6% COD and 97.7-99.2% BOD removal was obtained. The quality of the resulting wastewater was suitable according to the recommended pollution standards [56].  
For the controlling of the biological treatment processes, a designed lab-scale sequencing batch reactor has been used (wastewater from a bus manufacturing factory). The study reported the removal efficiency of carbon and nitrogen to regress to levels of mainstream wastewater mixed with paint wastewater using the sequencing batch reactor, and the inhibition of growth kinetics to 21% and hydrolysis kinetics to 33%. The effluents met the in-severe discharge limits for COD [22].
# A State of the Art Review of Systems of Linear Inequalities and Related Observability Problems
## 3 Systems of Linear Inequalities  
Though systems of linear inequalities are very common, especially when dealing with linear programming, it is not easy to find publications where simple and general methods for solving this problem are described. The interested reader can find free courses on Youtube ([[https://www.uclm.es/Concimiento/Cursos/Algebra-2-En](https://www.uclm.es/Concimiento/Cursos/Algebra-2-En)]([https://www.uclm.es/Concimiento/Cursos/Algebra-2-En](https://www.uclm.es/Concimiento/Cursos/Algebra-2-En)), accessed on 12 July 2023).  
As we will see immediately, we will use the concept of a dual cone of a polyhedral cone and use an algorithm to obtain it. This implies seeing the problem from the point of view of polarity, which has important advantages.  
For example, taking into account the equivalent expressions in the rows in Table 3, to see if a vector \(v\) belongs to a cone \(\mathcal{C}(a_{1},a_{2},\ldots,a_{n})\), that is, the cone generated by the vectors \(a_{1},a_{2},\ldots,a_{n}\), we obtain first the dual or polar cone \(\mathcal{C}(a_{1},a_{2},\ldots,a_{n})^{p}\) and then we check that the dot products of \(v\) and the vectors in this dual cone are all less than or equal to zero.  
Similarly, to obtain the intersection \(C_{1}\bigcap C_{2}\) of two cones \(S_{1}\) and \(S_{2}\) we first obtain the dual cone \(C_{1}^{p}\) and later the dual cone \(\left(C_{1}^{p}\right)^{p}\) of \(C_{1}^{p}\) in \(C_{2}\). Then, it is evident that the ways of solving these two problems come from our new point of view.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c} \hline Three ways of checking if a vector belongs to a cone \\ \hline \(v\in\mathcal{C}(a_{1},a_{2},\ldots,a_{n})\Leftrightarrow v\in(\mathcal{C}(a_{ 1},a_{2},\ldots,a_{n})^{p})^{p}\Leftrightarrow v\cdot\mathcal{C}(a_{1},a_{2}, \ldots,a_{n})^{p}\leq 0\) \\ \hline Three ways of obtaining the intersection of two subspaces \\ \hline \(C_{1}\bigcap C_{2}\Leftrightarrow C_{1}\bigcap\left(C_{2}^{p}\right)^{p} \Leftrightarrow\left(C_{1}^{p}\right)^{p}\bigcap C_{2}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Important equivalences from the point of view of polarity.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Thermodynamics  
Three basic thermodynamic parameters, i.e., the Gibb's free energy change (\(\Delta G^{\circ}\)); enthalpy change (\(\Delta H^{\circ}\)); and entropy change (\(\Delta S^{\circ}\)), were investigated in order to understand the nature of the adsorption process on the MCC. From the thermodynamic principle, they are related as shown in Equation (2):  
\[\Delta G^{\circ}=\Delta H^{\circ}-\mathrm{T}\Delta S^{\circ}, \tag{2}\]  
whereas the \(\Delta G^{\circ}\) is also related to the ratio of the equilibrium concentration of dye adsorbed per weight unit of adsorbent to the equilibrium concentration of dye in the solution (K\({}_{\mathrm{C}}\)), as shown in Equation (3):  
\[\Delta G^{\circ}=-\mathrm{RT}\,\ln\,\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{C}}, \tag{3}\]  
where R is the gas constant (8.314 J mol\({}^{-1}\) K\({}^{-1}\)) and T is the absolute adsorption temperature (K).  
From the graph of the natural logarithm function of K\({}_{\mathrm{C}}\) as a function of reciprocal the absolute operating temperature (not shown here), it gave a linear trend with a coefficient of determination (R\({}^{2}\)) of 0.9977, suggesting that at least 99.77% of the variance in the dependent variable was predictable from these independent variables. The values of \(\Delta H^{\circ}\) and \(\Delta S^{\circ}\) were calculated from the slope and the intercept of the plot, respectively, and these are summarized in Table 2.  
Figure 6: Reusability of the MCC.  
Referring to the \(\Delta G^{\circ}\), the higher magnitude of \(\Delta G^{\circ}\) with a negative sign was obtained when increasing temperature, suggesting that the adsorption process was favored at higher temperature [26; 32; 33; 34; 35]. It also reflects to higher degree of feasibility and spontaneity. The positive sign of \(\Delta H^{\circ}\) indicates the heat required to the adsorption system, while the negative sign dictates the heat released to the surroundings during the adsorption process. From Table 2, the sign of \(\Delta H^{\circ}\) is positive, revealing that the adsorption process is endothermic in nature. When increasing the temperature, more dye molecules have more energy to move through the resistance film, leading to encouraging the capacity. For the next important thermodynamic parameter, the positive sign of \(\Delta S^{\circ}\) corresponds to the randomness at the interface of MCC and dye molecules during the adsorption process. It is possible to explain that the overall interaction force between them is attractive to each other, even though there is not much concurrence between them. The main material of the MCC is from earth mineral, while the dye is from synthetic. This indicates that the synergistic contribution of the hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic attraction between the dye and the MCC is one of the crucial roles to enhance the adsorption performance.
# Millimetre-Wave Backhaul for 5G Networks: Challenges and Solutions
## 6 Case Study and Performance Evaluation
The trend of the curves of the packet loss rate performance manifested in Figure 5d is similar to the delay performance. It should be noticed that the proposed scheme achieves almost zero packet loss even at a heavy traffic load of four, while more than 70% and 30% of packets have been discarded for the schemes in Category III and Category II, respectively. In order to further explore the potential of the proposed framework, we enlarge the backhaul network size to contain six small cells and conduct throughput, delay and packet loss rate comparisons with the five-SBS network in scenarios where one, two and three wireless backhaul links are blocked. The traffic load is set as three, and the simulation results are listed in Table 2.  
It could be observed that the throughput gain increases while the average delay and packet loss rate decrease in larger networks with fewer blockages. The proposed scheme outperforms all other schemes in every single occasion and shows more benefits in scenarios of larger numbers of blockages. For example, in a six-SBS backhaul network, the throughput gain of the proposed method is slightly larger than that of the schemes in Category II when there exists one blockage, while becoming approximately twice that of the schemes in Category II in the three-blockage scenario. The benefits brought by full duplexing are slightly more obvious than those brought by hybrid beamforming when comparing the results of HBF and HDP and BF and FDP in all scenarios, which is the same as the above observation in Figure 5. It should be noticed that no packet loss is guaranteed by adopting the proposed framework in all scenarios in Table 2, which shows the superiority of the robustness of the proposed scheme in comparison with other schemes.
# New RED-Type TCP-AQM Algorithms Based on Beta Distribution Drop Functions
## 5 Dynamic Algorithms Based on BetaRED  
In the previous section, we designed a generic AQM based on the nonlinear beta probability distribution function. The major difficulty was, as in the case of RED and so many other schemes, the selection of the parameters to obtain good performance and stability around the target queue length. We found that the BetaRED algorithm tries to keep the average queue length close to the target queue length, but the level of congestion, the particular network conditions and the choice of appropriate values for the control parameters \(q_{\text{min}}\), \(q_{\text{max}}\), \(p_{\text{max}}\), \(w\) and the \(\theta\), can cause that the average queue length at equilibrium point undergoes substantial deviations from the desired \(q_{\text{target}}\), as shown in Figures 3 and 4.  
In this section, we propose two dynamical schemes based on BetaRED that are more accurate in reaching the target queue length and adapt satisfactorily to network traffic changes. Specifically, the objective is to perform dynamic parameter adjustments that correct the deviation of the equilibrium value of \(q_{\text{avg}}\) from the \(q_{\text{target}}\) value. The possibilities of acting on the parameters to correct these deviations are diverse. We propose two: the first one follows the same approach as the ARED algorithm [28], which is based on varying the value of \(p_{\text{max}}\) to correct the difference from the equilibrium point of \(q_{\text{avg}}\) to \(q_{\text{target}}\), whereas the second is to modify dynamically the target queue length \(q_{\text{target}}\) to correct the deviations.
## 1 Introduction  
Satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is a valuable tool for observing the deformation of the earth's surface. Such techniques use the radar phase information of SAR images acquired at different times over the same area [1, 2]. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) [2, 3, 4, 5] is one of the Multi-Temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) algorithms that produces deformation time series and velocity for point objects called a Persistent Scatterer (PS). PSs have, on average, identical scattering properties over time and a stronger reflection amplitude within a pixel. The procedure allows the temporal decorrelation and the geometrical decorrelation to be reduced, which are both problematic for the InSAR technique. Based on these considerations, PSI is particularly efficient in urban areas as the density of reflecting objects and the amplitude of reflection are high.  
Therefore, during the international Terrafirma project [6] funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) SAR images covering a large majority of the capitals of Europe were processed using PSI.  
Since then, the Geological Survey of Belgium (GSB) is involved in radar applied interferometry research. Brussels was one of the cities studied during this project. In the city centre, a previously unknown uplift has been highlighted and analysed [7] At that time, 74 scenes from the ERS satellite covering the period 1992-2003 were processed. Nowadays, thanks to new Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites (Envisat in 2002, TerraSAR-X in 2007 and Sentinel 1 in 2014) 300 scenes covering the region of Brussels were processed using the PSI technique.  
In the literature, land subsidence of large cities related to groundwater extraction highlighted by remote sensing techniques is a well-known phenomenon. Mexico city centre [8; 9; 10; 11], Las Vegas [12], Shanghai [13; 14] are just a few of many extensively studied examples. On the contrary, uplifts caused by the recharge of aquifers have received far less attention in scientific literature except for some studies dealing with the effects of fluid injections [15] or CO\({}_{2}\) storage [16], and uplifts related to volcanism [5; 17; 18]. Hence this paper monitors 25 years of the ground movements in the city centre of Brussels (Belgium) using PSI. Several piezometers giving the evolution of the water table in different aquifers were analyzed. According to the results, it has been possible to propose a model for the ground movements evolution based on the recharge of the Cenozoic and Paleozoic aquifers in the study area. The second aim highlights the duration of the recharge of the deep aquifers in Brussels after a century of groundwater withdrawal that has started during the industrialisation time interval of the city.
## 2 Operation Principles and Analysis Methods
### Parametric Study of the Grounded U-Shaped Resonator  
The preceding section provides a general overview of the resonance conditions for TE and TM polarizations. This subsection will delve deeper into parameter studies. Notably, the substrate parameters, such as height \(h\) and permittivity value, are not included in the subsequent analyses.  
* \(l_{x}\) and \(l_{y}\): Lengths of the stub and arm have a strong effect on the resonant frequencies. Typically, when the widths of the stub and the arm are comparable, resonance occurs when the sum of the electrical lengths of the stub and the arm is approximately half a wavelength. The resonant frequencies are then estimated to be: \[f_{odd}\approx f_{even}\approx\frac{c}{2\times\big{(}2l_{x}+2l_{y}\big{)} \sqrt{\varepsilon_{\text{eff}}}}\approx\frac{c}{4\big{(}l_{x}+l_{y}\big{)} \sqrt{\frac{\varepsilon_{\text{r}}+1}{2}}}\] (3) where, to simplify the calculation, the equivalent permittivity expression without regard to the strip width and substrate height, \(\varepsilon_{\text{eff}}=(\varepsilon_{\text{r}}+1)/2\), is used here to estimate the operating wavelength of the microstrip line. Equation (3) shows that when \(l_{x}\) or \(l_{y}\) increases, the resonant frequency will decrease. For further validation, the full-wave simulation results of \(l_{x}\) and \(l_{y}\) parameter sweeping are given in Figure 5a,b, respectively.
* \(l_{c}\) and \(w\): The width of the stub and arms primarily affects the characteristic impedance and propagation constant of their respective transmission lines, which have substantial  
Figure 4: Simulation results of the U-shaped resonator with one ground via under TE and TM polarizations. (**a**) The reflection magnitude and phase versus operating frequencies under different polarizations. (**b**) The TM current distribution, which provides an even mode resonance at the frequency of 10.35 GHz. (**c**) The TE current distribution provides an odd mode resonance at a resonating frequency of 9.31 GHz.  
effects on the resonance frequencies and input coupling bandwidth, i.e. the loaded quality factor. In addition, the ratio of \(l_{c}\) to \(w\) influences the frequency ratio between TE and TM resonances. In general, as shown in Figure 5c, the loaded quality factor increases as the width increases. The closer the ratio of \(l_{c}\) to \(w\) approaches 1, the closer the resonant frequencies of the two modes become.
* \(r_{v}\): This parameter primarily affects the equivalent inductance introduced by the grounded metallic via, which in turn influences the tuning effect on the TE resonance frequency. As shown in Figure 5d, the impact of this parameter on TM resonance is minimal due to the presence of an equivalent magnetic wall. Consequently, the ratio of resonant frequency can also be tuned by adjusting the radium of the grounded via.  
During our design, through the proper selection of parameters and modification of the dielectric substrate thickness and permittivity, resonant frequency ratios in the range of 1.04 to 2.2 can be achieved.
# Detection of Frozen Soil Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data
## 4 Results
### Signal Modeling on Frozen Soils
\(m_{v}\) = 30 vol%, \(\rho_{w}\) = 1 g/cm\({}^{3}\), \(\rho_{i}\) = 0.9175 g/cm\({}^{3}\), A, B and \(\rho_{b}\) are given in Table 1.  
In addition, the effect of the soil moisture value on the potential of the C-band radar signal to discriminate and identify frozen soils was analyzed using a \(m_{v}\)-value of 20 vol%. In comparison with Figure 4 (\(m_{v}=30\) vol%), Figure 6 shows that the potential for discriminating frozen soils slightly decreases when the soil moisture decreases. For \(mv\) of 20 vol% and a soil temperature of \(-20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, \(\Delta\sigma^{\circ}\) varies between 3.9 and 5.1 dB. Thus, the \(\Delta\sigma^{\circ}\) values for \(m_{v}=20\) vol% decreased of approximately 0.6 dB (0.7 dB for silty clay and 0.5 dB for sandy loam) compared to \(\Delta\sigma^{\circ}\) calculated for \(m_{v}=30\) vol%. At \(-2\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, \(\Delta\sigma^{\circ}\) varies between 1.5 and 4.1 dB, a decrease of approximately 0.9 dB (1.1 dB for silty clay and 0.6 dB for sandy loam) compared to \(\Delta\sigma^{\circ}\) calculated with \(m_{v}=30\) vol%. The effect of the \(Hrms\) was also investigated using simulations with \(Hrms=3\) cm (in addition to Hrms = 1 cm). Similar results were obtained concerning the difference \(\Delta\sigma^{\circ}\) between the modeled backscattering coefficient of unfrozen soil and the modeled backscattering coefficient of frozen soil.
# Semi-Direct Point-Line Visual Inertial Odometry for MAVs
## 3 Proposed System Implementation
### Front-End Tracking Based on Semi-Direct Methods  
#### 3.2.1 Visual-Inertial Initializaiton  
We conducted measurement preprocessing, and completed the visual-inertial initialization by aligning the results of vision-only Structure from Motion (SFM) and IMU pre-integration. The system first performed this process to restore the metric scale and estimate the inertial bias and the gravity vector. The specific initialization process can be referred to in [11].  
Figure 1: The system framework.