esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, we have introduced a novel gloabl-local feature aggregation framework for the semantic segmentation of large-format high-resolution remote sensing images. This framework effectively combines the advantages of local information from cropped small-size images and global information from downsampled large-format images. Furthermore, we have implemented strategies such as step-by-step training and gradient accumulation, resulting in a significant reduction in GPU memory consumption.  
Extensive experiments on two public datasets have demonstrated that our framework effectively enhances the accuracy and reliability of semantic segmentation for large-format high-resolution remote sensing images. We have also conducted thorough comparisons with state-of-the-art models, including DANet, DeepLab v3+, U-Net, ViT, TransUNet, CMTFNet and UANet, further showcasing the effectiveness of our proposed method. Additionally, our framework exhibits strong scalability, making it adaptable to various mainstream semantic segmentation networks such as U-Net, ViT, TransUNet and Conv-vNeXt V2.  
In our future work, we will explore semantic segmentation models that are tightly integrated with large models and integrate them into our large-format image processing frameworks to meet the needs of more diverse remote sensing image scenarios.  
Conceptualization, S.W., Z.Z. and S.P.; methodology, S.W., Z.Z. and S.P.; validation, Z.Z., S.Y. and W.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, S.W., Z.Z. and W.Z.; writing--review and editing, S.W., S.Y. and S.P.; visualization, S.Y. and W.Z.; supervision, S.W; project administration, S.W.; funding acquisition, S.W. and S.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 4: Comparisons with the state of the arts on the AIDS and WBDS datasets. white represents the building area, black represents the background, red represents missed detection, and green represents error detection.  
**Funding:** This research was supported in part by National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2021 YFC3000400, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China under Grant 22 YJC880058, Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Shuguang Project under Grant 2022010801020281, University-Industry Collaborative Education Program under Grant 230806008021539 and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant CCNU22 QN011 and CCNU22 QN019.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original data presented in the study are openly available at [[http://gpcv.whu.edu.cn/data/building_dataset.html](http://gpcv.whu.edu.cn/data/building_dataset.html)]([http://gpcv.whu.edu.cn/data/building_dataset.html](http://gpcv.whu.edu.cn/data/building_dataset.html)), accessed on 13 July 2024.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Metrics-Based Comparison of OWL and XML for Representing and Querying Cognitive Radio Capabilities
###### Abstract  
Collaborative spectrum access requires wireless devices to perform spectrum-related tasks (such as sensing) on request from other nodes. Thus, while joining the network, they need to inform neighboring devices and/or the central coordinator of their capabilities. During the operational phase, nodes may request other permissions from the the controller, like the opportunity to transmit according to the current policies and spectrum availability. To achieve such coordinated behavior, all associated devices within the network need a language for describing radio capabilities, requests, scenarios, policies, and spectrum availability. In this paper, we present a thorough comparison of the use of two candidate languages--Web Ontology Language (OWL) and eXtensible Markup Language (XML)--for such purposes. Towards this goal, we propose an evaluation method for automating quantitative comparisons with metrics such as precision, recall, device registration, and the query response time. The requests are expressed in both SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL) and XML Query Language (XQuery), whereas the device capabilities are expressed in both OWL and XML. The evaluation results demonstrate the advantages of using OWL semantics to improve the quality of matching results over XML. We also discuss how the evaluation method can be applicable to other scenarios where knowledge, datasets, and queries require richer expressiveness and semantics.  
OWL; XML; language comparison; evaluation method; cognitive radio; quantitative metrics 2022
# Research on Variable Universe Fuzzy Multi-Parameter Self-Tuning PID Control of Bridge Crane
## 1 Introduction
[29] proposed a fuzzy-tuned PID controller design methodology for anti-sway control of bridge cranes, which employed a fuzzy system to adjust the PID controller's parameters. This approach exhibited strong robustness against variations in crane parameters. Simulation outcomes demonstrated that the controller yielded favorable anti-sway performance. However, in the later stages of the operation of the fuzzy PID control system for crane anti-sway control, the feedback input quantity is often small while the input and output domains are large. Therefore, more control rules are required to satisfy the control accuracy, which can be difficult to implement in deterministic fuzzy controllers. To tackle the challenge of having an increasing number of fuzzy control rules in a fuzzy PID controller, we introduce a variable-domain fuzzy PID controller as an alternative. This controller has the ability to adjust the size of the input and output domains as the input changes, thereby enhancing control accuracy. Simulation comparisons reveal that the proposed variable-domain fuzzy PID controller to achieve superior control performance in terms of crane positioning and anti-sway angle compared to both the traditional PID controller and the fuzzy PID controller. Furthermore, it exhibit robustness in the face of various operating conditions and environmental noise interference. The remainder of this paper will be structured as follows: Section 2 presents a dynamic model of the bridge crane. In Section 3, we design a variable universe fuzzy controller for the bridge crane. Section 4 conducts simulation and analysis, and Section 5 performs a robustness analysis of the proposed controller. Finally, the concluding chapter summarizes the findings of this study.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
Gene Cloning, Purification, and Molecular Mass Determination of l-Arabinose Isomerase from K. pneumoniae  
The 1503 bp of _araA_ gene from _K. pneumoniae_ DSM 681 with the same sequence in GenBank (Accession No., ABR75521) was cloned and expressed in _E. coli_ ER2566. The amino acid sequence of the expressed enzyme showed 91.4%, 59.5%, 59.4%, 59.2%, 52.0%, and 49.0% identities with those of l-arabinose isomerase from _E. coli_ (AAA23463) [39], _A. acidocaldarius_ (AAY68209) [11], _G. kaustophilus_ (BAD76189) [22], _G. stearothermophilus_ (AAD45718) [40], _B. subtilis_ (CAA61585) [18], and _Arthrobacter_ sp. (ABK01625) [12], respectively.  
l-Arabinose isomerase from _K. pneumoniae_ was purified using His-Trap affinity chromatography into a soluble protein with an 11.6-fold purification, a final yield of 22%, and a specific activity of 1.8 U/mg for d-galactose. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was approximately 56 kDa on SDS-PAGE (Figure 1a), which was consistent with the calculated value of 57,131 Da based on 493 amino acids combined with six histidine residues. The native enzyme was determined to be a homohexamer with a molecular mass of 336 kDa by gel filtration chromatography (Figure 1b). l-Arabinose isomerases from _E. coli_[39], _G. kaustophilus_[22], _L. plantarum_[26], and _L. fermentutum_[41] with 91.4%, 59.4%, 43.6%, and 42.0% sequence identities to l-arabinose isomerase from _K. pneumoniae_, respectively, were hexamers. In contrast, l-arabinose isomerases from _B. licheniformis_[16] and _B. subtilis_[18] with 48.0% and 52.0% sequence identities, respectively, were dimers, and l-arabinose isomerases from _A. acidocaldarius_[11] and _E. facecium_[42] with 59.5% and 47.4% sequence identities, respectively, were tetramers. These results indicate that the level of sequence identity within l-arabinose isomerases does not correlate with determining the association form.
# A Survey of Handover Management in Mobile HetNets: Current Challenges and Future Directions
## 3 Background
### Handover Control Parameters  
The HCPs are the key decision-making parameters in HO management. The decision of when to initiate a HO from the serving cell to the target cell is based on the values of the HOM and the TTT. As a result, these can significantly help in keeping the connection stable and the quality high among the UEs in communication. Previously, fixed TTT and HOM values worked effectively for traditional mobile communication scenarios where there was no coverage overlapping and HO typically occurred at cell boundaries following frequent away movement from the cell center. However, in the situation of dense deployments and small cells, this static approach is no longer viable, as a UE with changing requirements may regularly relocate into an area where the cell coverage of several BSs overlaps. Furthermore, rather than having generic HO parameters for the entire scenario, HetNets and dense networks required more diverse and customized HO parameter settings for each UE based on their specific requirements [43; 44; 45; 46; 47]. If a user is moving at a high speed, for instance, they may cross through multiple cells, leading to a too late HO. For this reason, HCPs should be kept relatively low so as to prevent RLF. A low-speed scenario, on the other hand, results in a shorter distance and a higher-quality signal for the user. Low HCP values may cause too early HO, which then necessitates adjustments at higher HCP levels. Therefore, avoiding HOPP and RLF demands for high HCP levels. Figure 4 depicts numerous scenarios of HO  
Figure 3: A simple HetNets scenario.  
issues that are commonly caused by incorrect HCP parameters. Similarly, Table 2 displays the various combinations of HOM and TTT and their respective dependencies.  
Figure 5 summarizes the HCP parameters relevant to the handover decision. The handover process is triggered when the RSRP from the target cell exceeds the RSRP of the serving cell at the HOM level. The received power should be measured repeatedly at the UE based on the TTT interval. This shows the impact of HCP settings on the handover decision-making process.  
Figure 4: HOs scenario in HetNets.  
Figure 5: Handover decision and description of Handover Control Parameters.
# A Personalized Recommendation Algorithm Based on the User's Implicit Feedback in E-Commerce
## 2 Related Work  
According to the classification method proposed by [PERSON] [10], CF algorithms can be divided into two categories: memory-based CF, which includes information based on the user's CF [11; 12] and item CF [13]; and model-based CF [14]. Traditional collaborative filtering algorithms are mostly based on explicit data, such as ratings or stars, which is sparse in e-commerce. Therefore, more and more scholars have studied the user's implicit feedback to recommend items to users.  
[PERSON] [15] treated the data as an indication of positive and negative and tailored a factor model for implicit feedback to recommend television shows. [PERSON] [8] considered only the purchase data of the user to derive implicit ratings, to enable CF to be applied, and then they integrated CF and (sequence pattern analysis) SPA to improve the recommendation quality. [PERSON] [16] directly optimized for ranking by Bayesian personalized ranking (BPR). In Reference [17], the authors incorporated visual features with BPR for the task of personalized ranking. [PERSON] [18] trained multiple GBDT (Gradient Boosting Decision Tree) models with a user's characteristics extracted from the user's behavior log, and the output was regarded as the input for LR (Logistic Regression) to obtain the final recommendation results. [PERSON] [19] analyzed the user's shopping log with SVD++ to obtain the user's brand preference. [PERSON] [6] studied CF in an interactive setting. They used a probabilistic matrix factorization model to capture the distributions of the users and item feature vectors. [PERSON] [20] produced embedding for items in a latent space to analyze item-item relations to produce item similarities. [PERSON] [21] applied Word2 Vec to a recommendation system to learn a latent representation of the users and items, and then combined a collaborative filtering algorithm to recommend items to the user.  
Compared with the above methods, in this paper, we mined not only the user's purchase behavior but also comparison behavior and item-sequences to recommend items to users. We combined the user's purchase behavior and comparison behavior to modify the method of measuring the user's similarity. The purchase behavior was easy to capture, but not the comparison behavior. Thus, we built item pairs to capture the user's comparison behavior to obtain the user's preferences. In addition to this step, we extracted the item sequences based on the user's behavior log and calculated the items' similarities through an item-embedding technique. Lastly, we built a secondary reordering model to recommend items to users. The results of our method on the JData dataset were compared with other recommendation algorithms, and our method obtained better performance.
###### Abstract  
Current trends in designing medical and tissue engineering systems rely on the incorporation of micro- and nano-topographies for inducing a specific cellular response within the context of an aimed application. As such, dedicated studies have recently focused on understanding the possible effects of high and low density packed topographies on the behavior of epithelial cells, especially when considering their long-term viability and functionality. We proposed to use stair-like designed topographies with three different degrees of distribution, all created in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as active means to monitor cell behavior. Our model cellular system was human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), a reference line in the quality control of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). PDMS microtextured substrates of 4 \(\upmu\)m square unit topographies were created using a mold design implemented by a KrF Excimer laser. Varying the spacing between surface features and their multiscale level distribution led to irregular stairs/lines in low, medium and high densities, respectively. Profilometry, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, contact angle and surface energy measurements were performed to evaluate the topographical and interface characteristics of the designed surfaces, while density-induced cellular effects were investigated using traditional cell-based assays. Our analysis showed that microstructure topographical distribution influences the adhesion profiles of epithelial cells. Our analysis hint that epithelial organoid formation might be initiated by the restriction of cell spreading and migration when using user-designed, controlled micro-topographies on engineered surfaces.  
Keywords:polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) replica; laser textured mold; BEAS cells; topography analysis; cellular behavior +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Design of Dual Circularly Polarized Sequentially-Fed Patch Antennas for Satellite Applications
## 2 Design and Characterization of a Dual-CP Sequentially-Fed Single Patch Antenna
As it is apparent, the monopoles have the positive effect of increasing antenna gain for elevation angles far from broadside direction (\(\theta=0^{\circ}\)). As it can be inferred from Figure 3c, simulated (empty triangular/squared markers, dashed lines) and also measured (filled triangular/squared markers, continuous lines) antenna impedance matching at the two input ports are satisfactory and almost constants (\(|S_{\text{LHCO}}|\approx|S_{\text{RHCO}}|\leq-10\) dB in both cases) in all of the considered band. It has to be noticed that the degradation of measured reflection coefficient with respect to the ideal simulated one (with a commercial circuital software) is mainly due to fabrication tolerances and to the low-cost adopted technology. Moreover, the isolation between input RHCP and LHCP ports (\(S_{\text{ISOL}}\) parameter) was simulated (empty circular markers, dashed line) and measured (filled circular markers, dashed line); they are satisfactory (\(|S_{\text{ISOL}}|<-12\) dB) and almost constant over all the considered bandwidth \([8.1,8.4]\) GHz. The measured antenna co-polar and cross-polar gain patterns are shown in Figure 3d. Although the antenna radiates a broad pattern in the elevation plane, it exhibits a good cross-polarization rejection, also thanks to the monopole fence positive effect, that allows us to compensate the pattern gain reduction at high elevation angles typical of patch antennas. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Parameter** & **Description** & **Value [mm]** & **Value [\(\lambda_{\text{0}}\)]** \\ \hline \(r_{ant}\) & Antenna radius & 15.5 & 0.43 \\ \(r_{p}\) & Patch radius & 8.65 & 0.24 \\ \(r_{m}\) & Monopole position & 11 & 0.30 \\ \(d_{m}\) & Monopole diameter & 1.5 & 0.04 \\ \(h_{sub}\) & Substrate thickness & 0.76 & 0.02 \\ \(h_{m}\) & Monopole heights & 5.5 & 0.15 \\ \(h_{0}\) & Patch height & 1.49 & 0.04 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Single patch antenna geometric parameters (\(f=8.25\) GHz). Figure 3: _Cont._
# Graphene-Enhanced CuW Composites for High-Voltage Circuit Breaker Electrical Contacts
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Raw Materials  
Tungsten powder and copper powder are utilized as raw materials for the compression of tungsten skeleton, while copper alloy ingots are primarily employed as raw materials for vacuum infiltration. In this study, the commercially available tungsten powder (average particle size 4-8 \(\upmu\)m, oxygen content \(\leq\) 600 ppm, purity \(\geq\) 99.9%), electrolytic copper powder (particle size 50 mm, oxygen content \(\leq\) 500 ppm, purity \(\geq\) 99.9%), and copper alloy ingot (QCr0.5) were all purchased from Henan Kefeng New Material Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China.  
The graphene used in this study is reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which not only possesses the exceptional properties, but also exhibits favorable economic performance, thereby being employed as the reinforced doping material. It is typically prepared through an electrothermal reduction process, aiming to eliminate the oxygen-containing functional groups present on the graphene oxide surface [23; 24]. In this study, commercially available rGO (specific surface area 500 \(\pm\) 50 m\({}^{2}\)/g, oxygen content \(\leq\) 15%, transverse dimension 20 \(\upmu\)m, thickness \(\leq\) 5 nm) was used, which purchased from Jiangsu Xianfeng Nanomaterials Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China.
# Analytical Solutions for the Propagation of UltraShort and UltraSharp Pulses in Dispersive Media
## Appendix A Proof of Equation (3)  
The spectral transfer function of the medium is  
\[H(\omega)=\exp\left(i\beta_{2}z\omega^{2}/2\right) \tag{10}\]  
i.e., for the incident signal \(A(t,z=0)=A_{0}\exp(\pm i\omega t)\) the signal after a distance of \(z\) is simply \(A(t,z>0)=A_{0}H(\omega)\exp(\pm i\omega t)\). In general, let \(A(\omega,z)=F\{A(t,z)\}\) be the Fourier transform of \(A(t,z)\) then  
\[A(\omega,z>0)=H(\omega)A(\omega,0) \tag{11}\]  
Since the Fourier transform of a product is a convolution of the Fourier transforms, then the application of the Fourier transform on Equation (11) yields  
\[A(t,z)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^{\infty}K\big{(}t-t^{\prime},z\big{)}A\big{(}t^{ \prime},0\big{)}dt^{\prime} \tag{12}\]  
where  
\[K(t,z)=F\{H(\omega)\}=(-2\pi i\beta_{2}z)^{-1/2}\exp\left(-i\frac{t^{2}}{2 \beta_{2}z}\right) \tag{13}\]  
is the Fourier transform of \(H(\omega)\).
# GNSS Spoofing Detection Based on Wavelets and Machine Learning
## 3 Methodology
### Application of Machine Learning Models for Spoofing Attack Detection  
As already mentioned, machine learning methods are a reliable and effective approach for the detection of spoofing attacks and the classification of signal types. The machine learning methods used in this paper were support vector machines [13; 15; 16; 26], k-nearest neighbors [9; 14; 29], and random forest [12; 30], since these methods have been validated in recent studies for their effectiveness in GNSS spoofing detection. Due to their high performance in classification tasks with nonlinear features, robust detection of fake signals was achieved. SVM has a robust performance when using kernel functions to handle nonlinear separability. KNN enables the intuitive recognition of similar patterns without the need for model training. As an ensemble model that uses multiple trees, RF gives high accuracy and ensures resistance to noise and overfitting. These methods represent a balance with respect to accuracy, robustness, and scalability for spoofing attack detection.
### Information Dissemination Models
#### 3.2.2 The Linear Threshold Model
At this point, the cumulative influence from nodes \(a\), \(b\), and \(c\) on node \(d\) (0.6) exceeds node \(d\)'s activation threshold (0.5). Node \(d\), which was not activated at time \(t_{1}\), is successfully activated under the combined influence of nodes \(a\), \(b\), and \(c\). Finally, Figure 4(d) shows the final state of the network, where the set of activated nodes is ActiveNode \(=\{a,b,c,d\}\). No further nodes can be activated in the network, marking the end of the information propagation process.
###### Abstract  
In this paper, a cost-effective visible/near infrared optical prototype was tested for grape maturity monitoring. The device was used to quantify the qualitative parameters of Chardonnay grapes, based on the combination of spectroscopic data and the creation of predictive models. The optical acquisitions were performed directly in the field through the use of 12 wavelengths in the vis/NIR range, i.e., 450, 500, 550, 570, 600, 610, 650, 680, 730, 760, 810 and 860 nanometers. The prediction of the qualitative parameters was carried out through a multivariate model, partial least square (PLS) regression technique and built knowing the real values of the parameters, i.e., total soluble solids (TSS), titralable acidity (TA) and pH measured through the reference laboratory analyses. Sampling included two harvest years. The most efficient model was the one for TSS evaluation that gave a R\({}^{2}\) = 0.87 (independent test set validation). The results demonstrated that the optical device is able to provide useful information about the ripening parameters of Chardonnay grapes directly in the field in order to predict its correct maturation stage and, therefore, support operators in rapid and objective decision making. Overall, the use of the prototype promotes a sustainable approach and viticulture 4.0.  
viculture 4.0; chemometrics; portable; ripeness; field measurement; vis/NIR wavelengths +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
Article