## 1 Introduction  
With the increasingly active space launch activities of various countries, the number of spacecraft worldwide is on a surge. The ensuing mass of space debris threatens the operational safety of orbiting spacecraft [1]. A complete catalog of space debris is useful for current and future missions, as unexpected impacts may compromise the mission of the impacted operative platforms [2]. Given the necessity of many interactions among international stakeholders [3], cooperation, responsibility, liability, and the obligations to register space objects under the existing space treaties are fundamental concerns of space situational awareness (SSA) [4]. At present, space debris is mainly detected by ground-based observation and then cataloged, recorded, and entered into a database by major aerospace nations. There are two types of ground-based observations: ground-based radar observations and ground-based optical observations. More than 50 radars are currently used worldwide for space target and space debris monitoring. More and more efforts have been made to extend the network of available radar systems devoted to the control of space [5]. Ground-basedradar detection methods are not limited by factors such as size and weight. A radar with a large aperture antenna and large transmitting power is usually chosen to obtain high detection accuracy and increase the detection distance. However, since the target signal loss is proportional to the fourth power of distance, the detection range of the radar is usually limited to low orbit. In addition, due to the effects of atmospheric transmission jitter, ionospheric scintillation, astronomical refraction error, and atmospheric attenuation limitations, the radar can only operate in lower frequency bands, which will limit the detection accuracy of ground-based radar. At present, there are still great difficulties for ground-based radar to identify small-sized space debris [6]. Compared with ground-based radar detection, ground-based optical detection can obtain a longer observation distance because the signal attenuation is proportional to the square of the distance, thus enabling the observation of large-size space debris in higher orbit [7]. With regard to the ground-based optical observations, ESA has installed a 1 m [PERSON] telescope on the Canary Islands with a limiting detection size of about 15 cm in order to characterize the GEO environment [8]. Simulated results are reported, where it is claimed that the accuracy of the satellite's estimated position is better than 5 arc seconds, and the satellite's tracking accuracy is around 1-3 arc seconds. Other ongoing missions focused on ground-based optical observations are described in [9]. However, due to the limitation of lighting conditions and other factors, the observation efficiency of ground-based optical detection methods is low, and clouds, fog, atmospheric pollution, urban glow or glow at full moon, and the thermal effect of the atmosphere will increase the background noise, thus reducing the detection signal-to-noise ratio. The atmospheric turbulence also limits the observation accuracy and limiting resolution, thus limiting the detection capability of ground-based optical observation for small-sized space debris. In recent years, on the basis of research on ground-based monitoring means, some countries have further developed space-based detection means to improve space debris monitoring and warning capabilities, especially the observation and warning capabilities for small-sized space debris with wide distribution, large numbers, and high collision threats [10]. For example, the United States, Canada, and Europe have successively launched plans to establish a space-based space target surveillance system [11]. A pathfinder satellite with the Space Based Visible (SBV) on-board was launched in 2010 in a sun-synchronous orbit to successfully detect objects as small as 1 m\({}^{3}\) in the geosynchronous belt.