## 3 Results and Discussion
The _LGa-1_ GPC is presented in Figure 7b, and a similar trend was observed where the 10 mg/mL was significantly reduced at each time period, 1 day (86%, \(p=1.000\)), 7 days  
Figure 5: _LGa-1_ cements immersed in simulated body fluid for 1, 7, and 30 days (**a–c**) with 30-day EDS (**d**) and quantitative 1-, 7-, and 30-day EDS (**e**). (82%, \(p\) = 1.000), and 30 days (78%, \(p\) = 1.000) compared to the control cells. At a concentration of 25 mg/mL there was an increase in cell viability at 7 days (110%, \(p\) = 0.000) and 30 days (126%, \(p\) = 0.000), and at 50 mg/mL, the cell viability reduced compared to the control cells at each time period, 1 day (95%, \(p\) = 0.000), 7 days (91%, \(p\) = 0.000), and 30 days (81%, \(p\) = 0.000). The _LGa-2_ GPC is presented in Figure 7c and also experiences a similar trend to that of the other cements. There was a slight reduction in cell viability for the 10 mg/mL at 1 day (91%), 7 days (91%), and 30 days (92%) compared to the control cells, but at the 25 mg/mL concentrations, increases in cell viability were observed at each time period, 1 day (124%, \(p\) = 1.000), 7 days (119%, \(p\) = 0.000), and 30 days (117%, \(p\) = 0.000). The 50 mg/mL concentration was found to show reductions in cell viability compared to the control cells at 1 day (93%), 7 days (81%), and 30 days (78%). One common aspect for each of the GPCs is that the 25 mg/mL concentration resulted in better cell viability in each case. Still, this effect was more prominent in the _LGa-2_ GPC, as the increase in cell viability was evident at each time period tested. The 10 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL concentrations did not present the same effects. Cell testing was also conducted in osteoblasts at analogous concentrations at each time period, and the data are presented in Figure 8.  
The _Control_ GPC is presented in Figure 8a, and in each case, there was no significant difference among the concentrations tested, i.e., 10 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, and 50 mg/mL. There were slight reductions at 7 days (86%) and 30 days (92%). However, this difference was not deemed significant compared to the control cells. The _LGa-1_ GPC's cell viability is presented in Figure 8b. It is evident that the 10 mg/mL resulted in a reduction at 1 day (86%, \(p\) = 1.000), and increases in cell viability were observed at 25 mg/mL for each time period, 1 day (111%), 7 days (106%), and 30 days (104%), but these increases were not deemed significant compared to the control cells, \(p\) = 0.000. The 50 mg/mL concentrations showed increased viability at 1 day (106%), but these effects were not significant when  
Figure 6: _LGa-2_ cements immersed in simulated body fluid for 1, 7, and 30 days (**a–c**) with 30-day EDS (**d**) and quantitative 1-, 7-, and 30-day EDX (**e**). compared to the control cells. The _LGa-2_ GPC data is presented in Figure 8c and shows initial reductions in cell viability after 1-7-30 days (85%, 89%, and 91%); however, the most evident increases in viability were associated with 25 mg/mL after 7 days (113%, \(p\) = 0.000) and 30 days (118%, \(p\) = 0.000). This trend is similar to that observed with the fibroblast (Figure 7) testing, where the overall highest increase in viability was observed with the _LGa-2_ GPC, with a concentration of 25 mg/mL. Figure 3.0 Cytotoxicity testing of (**a**) _Lcon_, (**b**) _LGa-1_, and (**c**) _LGa-2_ in L929 mouse fibroblasts at three different concentrations, 10 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, and 50 mg/mL. Antibacterial testing was conducted in both _E. coli_ and _S. epidermidis_ bacteria, and the data are presented in Figure 9a,b, respectively. Figure 3.1 Cytotoxicity testing of (**a**) _Lcon_, (**b**) _LGa-1_, and (**c**) _LGa-2_ in MC 3T3 osteoblasts at three different concentrations, 10 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, and 50 mg/mL. GPCs were initially tested after setting (t = 0), and also when removed from incubating in sterile DI water after 1, 7, and 14 days (t = 1, t = 7, and t = 14). Testing in _E.