# Mobile Internet Technology Adoption for Sustainable Agriculture: Evidence from Wheat Farmers
## 1 Introduction
These studies focused on the selection bias of IT used through the application of various methods such as instrumental variables (IV), endogenous therapy regression (ETR), and propensity score matching (PSM) models [20]. By estimating the PSM model, [PERSON] et al. [25] found that mobile phone use significantly improves agricultural productivity in Ghana. [PERSON] et al. [26] estimated an ETR model and showed that Internet use significantly increases household income and expenditure in rural China. [PERSON] [27] found a significant impact of mobile phones and mobile communications on improving wheat productivity and efficiency in Ethiopia. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [28] examined perceptions about the effects of mobile phone use on agricultural productivity in rural Tanzania, East Africa. They reported that about 47% of respondents stated that mobile phone usage had reduced the amount of time they spent buying inputs or selling crops, and 50% reported that mobile phone usage had reduced the amount of money they spent on-farm activities. Further, 64% reported that the mobile phone usage has increased profits from farming compared to when the respondent did not have a mobile phone. The adoption/use of MIT may affect the production of crops because it may influence farmer's production behaviors in combining and using different inputs (e.g., labor, capital assets, fertilizers, and pesticides) [29]. Technical efficiency refers to the ratio of farmer's observed output to the maximum realizable output given the existing inputs [30], indicating the use efficiency of different agricultural inputs. Several studies show that the adoption/use of MIT will significantly affect the behavior of farmers to use seeds and fertilizers [18] and land expansion [31]. To the best of our knowledge, apart from work completed for Zambia by [PERSON] et al. [32], sparse findings have investigatedthe influence of MIT use on crop production. [PERSON] et al. [32] studied the impact of mobile phone access to IT on corn production in Zambia. They observed that mobile phones have greatly improved the technical efficiency of farmers. This article aims to examine MIT adoption by wheat farmers in Pakistan. A bivariate probit model is employed using a representative data set of 628 wheat farmers from four districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province in Pakistan for sample selection. We are concerned about wheat farmers for two purposes. First, Pakistan is the eighth leading producer of global wheat production, after China, India, Russia, the United States, Canada, Australia, and Ukraine (Figure 1). Despite the high total yield, Pakistan's wheat yield is only three tons per hectare, ranking 15 th globally [33]. Since lower wheat yield is reducing the farmer's income and weakening the effectiveness of the Pakistani wheat industry in the global market, the development of wheat production must be promoted. Secondly, Pakistan's broadband Internet has developed rapidly in recent years, especially in remote areas. Currently, Internet users using any device have reached 76.38 million. This means that 35% of the population is using IT. The use of the Internet plays an important role in farmer's lives and agricultural production. In addition, technological innovation has greatly shaped agriculture. Humans have developed new ways to make farming more efficient and grow more food [29]. As mentioned above, due to the urgent need to increase wheat productivity, this research can reveal whether the adoption/use of the MIT can affect farmer's decision to utilize inputs wisely to increase wheat yield in Pakistan. In order to determine the important factors that influence the MIT adoption in agricultural advancement, it is assumed that this set of factors can affect the mobile devices (MDs) adoption, including farmer's characteristics, MIT, and farm characteristics. Moreover, factors that influence the knowledge provided by MIT, which may be useful to decision makers and companies, are also identified.