## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, efficiency and sustainability in the energy sector (such as the oil and gas industry, aerospace, and automotive sector--specifically, electric vehicle production) [1; 2; 3; 4], along with the demand for a reduction in pollutant emissions, have driven the advancement of materials for such purposes and their manufacturing methodologies. Electrical steels are the most exploited magnetic material for power application and are classified into two macro-categories: grain-oriented (GO) and non-grain oriented (NGO) electrical steels [5; 6]. The first category is used for the generation, transformation, and distribution of electrical energy, while the second one is mostly used in electrical machines such as motors [7; 8; 9; 10]. In recent years, due to stringent CO\({}_{2}\) emission targets, the increasing demand of the electric car market led scientists to pay attention to this specific material and to the different industrial routes in its production, including additive manufacturing [11; 12; 13; 14]. NGO electrical steels are special grades that are mainly composed of Silicon (Si) and Aluminum (AI), key elements that are able to provide higher values of electrical resistivity [15; 16]. Furthermore, there is also an increasing market demand for materials with low magnetic losses to provide higher efficiency motors [17; 18; 19]. The standard procedure for non-oriented electrical steels fabrication involves casting, hot rolling, cold rolling, and final annealing. It is worth mentioning that a wide typology of these materials is produced by steel chemical composition variation (mainly Si and Al content) and acting on process parameters at different processing steps [20; 21; 22; 23]. The proper manufacturing route requires a high reduction ratio (higher than 80%) at cold rolling. The final annealing treatment should to be realized with the aim of generating a microstructure characterized by a large grain size (about 100 \(\upmu\)m) [24; 25]. The thickness reduction [26], combined with a proper recrystallization and grain growth phenomena activated by the subsequent annealing cycle, is necessary to target the proper microstructure and texture [27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32]. Recently, innovative procedures in production have been implemented to satisfy the above requirements [33; 34]. In some cases, an additional hot strip annealing before cold rolling is used to achieve commercially higher permeability grades [35; 36]. In case of Fe-Si steels with phase transformation, the modification of the hot rolling schedule or hot finishing temperature could improve the magnetization behavior due to the sharper texture components [37; 38; 39]. [PERSON] et al. [23] investigated the effect of different hot rolling conditions and showed that the highest reduction per pass during hot rolling led to pronounced recrystallization, and consequently, to weaker overall texture and no dominant texture components at the surface. Moreover, after the final annealing, the material exhibited the strongest texture with a strong \(\gamma\)-fiber as an inheritance from the cold rolling step. Since the hot rolled material has undergone different softening mechanisms during hot rolling, it can be assumed that the stored energy after hot rolling (and consequently, after cold rolling) is different, leading to a different amount of strain hardening after cold rolling. Other important observations come from the possibility to modify the chemical composition of NGO steels by reducing undesirable elements such as Sulfur (S), Nitrogen (N), and Oxygen (O) [40; 41]. In this context, [PERSON] et al. [42] showed the effect of Manganese (Mn) on the increase in the electrical resistivity and on loss reduction in Si steels with low S. With this specific condition, the precipitation of undesirable MnS can be prevented and Mn remains in a solid solution. The results showed that Mn addition in a specific range decreases losses and increases permeability, favoring grain growth.