## 5 Discussion
### Main Trends and Concerns
It is a transformative approach that aligns with the broader goals of Industry 4.0 [101]. Human Resource Management (HRM) practices play an important role in the logistics sector. HRM practices can be used to encourage supply chain partners to develop valuable inter-firm relationships and establish knowledge-sharing routines. Properly understanding the workforce and its management and making strategic decisions about training and improving them are important issues for supply chain companies [102]. Then to harness the potential of the people in the industry more effectively, it is of the utmost importance to ensure that the right HR strategy is in place to recruit, train, retain, and optimize the workforce. This strategy will depend on the company's business goals and culture. In any case, technology is a key factor in the success of an innovative business model in logistics, but on the other hand, the best IT applications are incapable without a logistics workforceto manage and operate them. Therefore, investing in HRM practices is crucial to the success of logistics companies [103]. Logistics 4.0 is a key element of Industry 4.0 and is transforming the logistics industry by integrating digital technologies into logistics processes. \"Logistics 4.0\" specifically refers to the use of Industry 4.0 innovations and technology in modern logistics. Intelligent warehouse management systems, advanced transport management systems, intelligent transport systems, and information security systems are the four technological applications that must be used and built upon in a successful and robust Logistics 4.0 project. According to the recent literature, the increased reliance on technology in Logistics 4.0 makes this a critical and demanding necessity. It is clear that the core value of the Industry 4.0 era is intelligence [104]. The strategic goals of enterprises include the terms \"Smart Logistics\", \"Smart Products\", and \"Smart Services\" in this context. According to an operational definition of smart logistics, these are systems that increase flexibility and can adapt to changes in the market, bringing the company closer to the needs of its customers [89]. In addition, Logistics 4.0 enables the immediate exchange of information and the analysis of big data in real time, which are vital for new business models. Digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are driving automation in logistics. This leads to operations that run (partially) autonomously and share information in a cross-organizational environment of physical processes in cyberspace. At the same time, the demand for sustainability in business creates new demands for production and logistics activities. Logistics 4.0 can help address these sustainability challenges. To also provide opportunities offered by digital technologies for logistics processes, etc., the transition to Logistics 4.0 provides possibilities for new business models. In conclusion, Logistics 4.0 is reshaping the logistics industry by leveraging digital technologies, promoting sustainability, and enabling new business models. It is an important step towards the successful implementation of a business model in logistics [105]. What are the potential financial and competitive advantages for organizations that successfully implement Industry 4.0 applications in their logistics operations? Industry 4.0 applications can bring significant economic and competitive advantages to organizations in their logistics operations, with the main advantages being [35; 106; 107; 108]:  
1. Cost reduction: Industry 4.0 technologies such as IoT sensors, predictive analytics, and automation can optimize various aspects of logistics, leading to cost savings through improved efficiency in inventory management, order processing, and transportation. 2. Resource optimization: Real-time data from connected devices enables better resource allocation, reducing waste and minimizing excess inventory or underutilized assets. 3.