## 9 Conclusions  
The MPP operation of a PV system is inevitable because of the high capital cost and low energy conversion efficiency of PV modules. In this paper, the \(P\)&\(O\) algorithm has been studied with special reference to the converter's operation in DCM mode. The study of DCM operation of converters and its relationship with MPPT performance are very uncommon in the literature. In an attempt to bridge this gap, the present paper provides a detailed analysis of the problems posed by DCM operation. Further to this, it discusses a remedial measure in the form of a modified \(P\)&\(O\) algorithm. In this work, we suspected that DCM operation of a dc-dc converter might be a fairly frequent phenomenon, as the conduction mode of a PV-fed converter depends on factors such as inductor size, weather conditions, and the operating point on the I-V curve. Therefore, the proposed algorithm incorporates an identification mechanism to detect the conduction mode of a dc-dc converter. The proposed algorithm follows the conventional \(P\)&\(O\) algorithm if the converter is detected as operating in CCM. When the converter is found to be operating in DCM, the proposed algorithm suggests a higher value of the duty ratio that will return it to CCM operation. Through experiments, we determined that the convergence speed and dynamic efficiency of a PV system using the proposed MPPT approach is significantly improved compared to the conventional \(P\)&\(O\) algorithm.  
Conceptualization, A.M.N., H.S.S. and A.F.M.; Methodology, A.M.N., H.S.S. and A.F.M.; Software, A.M.N., H.S.S., A.F.M., M.H.A. and A.S.A.; Validation, A.M.N., A.F.M., S.Z.A. and A.S.A.; Formal analysis, A.M.N., H.S.S., A.F.M., S.Z.A., M.H.A. and A.S.A.; Investigation, M.H.A.; Writing-original draft, A.M.N., H.S.S. and A.F.M.; Writing-review & editing, S.Z.A., M.H.A. and A.S.A.; Project administration, A.M.N., S.Z.A., M.H.A. and A.S.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia, Grant Number IF2/PSAU/2022/01/23150.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Algorithm**} & **Mode of Operation** & **Time (ms)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Case-2} & Conventional \(P\)& Continuous & 0–0.1 \& 0.265–0.3 \\  & Discontinuous & 0.1–0.265 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Proposed \(P\)\&\(O\) & Continuous & 0–0.1 \& 0.22–0.3 \\  & Discontinuous & 0.1–0.22 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Time comparison of proposed and conventional \(P\)&\(O\) algorithms.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Proposed** & **MPPT [(20)]** & **MPPT [(22)]** & **MPPT [(24)]** & **MPPT [(18)]** \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{CCM/DCM Mode Identification} & Yes & No & No & No & No \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{Overall Convergence Speed Coupled with DCM} & High & High & Medium & Medium & Medium \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{Algorithmic Complexity} & Low & Medium & High & High & Low \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{Extra Sensor Requirements} & No & Yes & No & No & No \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{Extra Hardware Requirements} & No & Yes & No & No & No \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{Computational Burden} & Low & Medium & High & High & Medium \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Qualitative comparative analysis between MPPT methods.