## 2 Materials and Methods
### Magnetic Field and RF-EMF Measurement Campaign  
Samsun Metropolitan Municipality (SMM) is one of the municipalities in Turkey that has transitioned to using EVs for urban public transportation, replacing diesel-fueled vehicles. By August 2022, SMM had acquired 20 electric buses, named Avenue, which boast zero-emission values. These buses were manufactured through collaboration between TEMSA and ASELSAN and were deployed on the E1 and E4 routes [31]. The routes for the E1 and E4 lines are depicted in Figure 2. The E1 bus route comprises 35 stops from Soguksu station to OMU Faculty of Education station, covering a total length of 24.7 km. The total journey time for this route is approximately 52 min. The E4 bus route includes 43 stops from Otogar station to Buyuk Cami station, spanning 13.3 km. The total journey time for this route is approximately 34 min. The E1 bus route passes through the Canik, Ilkadm, and Atakum districts of Samsun, while the E4 bus route is located only in the Ilkadm district. The population density of the Canik district is 380/km\({}^{2}\), that of Ilkadm district is 2200/km\({}^{2}\), and that of Atakum district is 690/km\({}^{2}\)[32]. The maximum speed of the buses is 50 km/h, although it can drop to 30 km/h in special areas such as schools and for pedestrian crossings.  
Detailed information about these electric buses, which are produced in cooperation with TEMSA and ASELSAN and used on the E1/E4 routes, is provided in Figure 3. The buses are equipped with four modular and parallel-connected batteries totaling 90 kW of power, positioned on the bus's roof. These batteries are charged with 650 V DC, with cables from each battery individually connected to the power distribution box. From there, the cables lead to the motor drive, where the 650 V DC is converted into 600 V AC. This AC powers the 275 kW AC motor located at the bus's rear, transferring electrical energy to the bus wheels. Additionally, the bus features a battery cooling system, a compressor operating with 600 V AC in the rear section, fans operating with 24 V DC in the upper section, and a pump operating with 24 V DC in the rear section. Utilizing pantographs on the bus's roof, an 80% charge can be achieved in 15 min, with a full charge (100%) attained in 30 min. When fully charged, the buses can travel up to 80 km. The dimensions of the electric bus are as follows: length, 12 m; width, 2.55 m; and height, 3.654 m. The total passenger capacity of the vehicle is 79, comprising 35 seated passengers, 43 standing passengers, and one disabled passenger.  
Figure 1: KNIRP reference levels for electric and magnetic fields for occupational and general public radiation exposure with frequency dependency.  
were taken simultaneously, and location information was recorded with GPS integrated into the B field meter. Measurements commenced when the bus departed from the first stop and concluded when it reached the last stop. Measurements were taken from a height of approximately 1.5 m above the floor of the bus, with each measuring device stabilized on a tripod during the process. The data recorded on the device for each measurement were saved to a computer at the end of the session for analysis. The collected E and B field values were then compared with the exposure reference levels established by ICNIRP for both occupational and general public health.