esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
The particularities identified in the case of the earthquakes in Mesetas yield suggestive results of an \(\rho_{a}\) anomaly in the subsoil eight hours before the first recorded seismic event (6.0 Mw), a duration 4-5 h from the start of the anomaly and within a range of periods between 1-30 s (depths between 1.5-40 km). It is also shown that this disturbance does not correspond to instrumental noise since it also exists and is registered at the TUNJ station. The origin of these anomalies may be associated with the migration of fluids due to the change in the stress regime before, during, and after the earthquake. We hypothesize that before the occurrence of an earthquake, the stress field generates pore pressure gradients, promoting alterations in fluid migration that change the resistivity of the upper crust.  
The anomalies detected and observed at the USME multi-parameter station do not show a direct and causal relationship with seismic events of less than 5.8 Mw or distances greater than 120 km. However, since the notable anomalies in the designed algorithm must exceed 100% (double the average value), it is not ruled out that there are patterns of changes in the \(\rho_{a}\) of the subsoil of lower percentages related to these events. For these cases, we have used a minor anomaly scale.  
Conceptualization, C.A.V., J.S.G., J.J.G., J.M.S. and A.C.; Methodology, C.A.V., J.S.G. and J.J.G.; Software, J.S.G. and J.J.G.; Validation, J.S.G. and J.J.G.; Formal analysis, C.A.V., J.S.G. and A.C.; Writing, C.A.V., J.S.G. and A.C.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Colombia Movil-TIGO (Colombia) contributed with the data transmission, through mobile network, from remote sites to the data processing center, located at the National University of Colombia at Bogota.  
Not applicable.  
Note the paper is approved, the dataset will be openly available.  
The authors want to express their gratitude to the Universidad Nacional Colombia at Bogota and Universidad Antonio Narino at Bogota. Without their support and mutual collaboration, the permanent operation of the multi-parameter network would not be possible. The authors thank the Special Issue Editors (Guest Editors), for their patience, as well as two anonymous reviewers, for their valuable comments and suggestions.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 7: Anomalies registered at TUNJ station for the same Mesetas events.
# IoT IP Overlay Network Security Performance Analysis with Open Source Infrastructure Deployment
## 4 Description of Possible Deployment for Overlay Topologies  
To create an Overlay Network, there are different solutions, both HW and SW, for example, by implementing the appropriate stack on a Debian server (_DEBIAN OS_[[https://www.debian.org/index.it.html](https://www.debian.org/index.it.html)]([https://www.debian.org/index.it.html](https://www.debian.org/index.it.html)) (accessed on 21 August 2024)). In particular, we will focus on three macro application scenarios:  
* A site to site scenario (where two remote offices communicate securely).
* A site to multi-site scenario (where multiple remote offices communicate securely).
* A road warriors scenario (in which multiple users from remote offices communicate securely with a particular local office).  
These solutions ensure encryption and data integrity during transit by utilizing encryption algorithms ranging from AES to elliptic curve implementations (e.g., ecp192). In this work, we wanted to make a _field_ assessment of the current landscape at the level of devices that it is possible to connect (NUC, mini PC, Raspberry Pi, Virtual Machines), trying to ensure the largest spectrum of overlay technologies while maintaining the same security.  
Table 2 provides a summary of the implemented testbeds: from a description of the network infrastructure to the software used.  
Many of the proposed architectures have been implemented during the mentioned projects and are still in use. For example, Vxlan and Ipip tunnels are part of the COGITO project (_Progetto COGITO_, [[https://www.icar.cnr.it/progetti/cogito-sistema-dinamico-e-cogitivo-per-consentire-agli-edifici-di-apprendere-ed-adattarsi/](https://www.icar.cnr.it/progetti/cogito-sistema-dinamico-e-cogitivo-per-consentire-agli-edifici-di-apprendere-ed-adattarsi/)]([https://www.icar.cnr.it/progetti/cogito-sistema-dinamico-e-cogitivo-per-consentire-agli-edifici-di-apprendere-ed-adattarsi/](https://www.icar.cnr.it/progetti/cogito-sistema-dinamico-e-cogitivo-per-consentire-agli-edifici-di-apprendere-ed-adattarsi/)) (accessed on 6 August 2024)) to interconnect the cloud and local offices. With the exponential growth of IoT technologies and the development of communication paradigms such as Fog Computing or cloud-oriented approaches (like AMAZON AWS), or multi-site clusters (like those implemented through Kubernetes), whether on fiber/PSTN networks or 4G/5G networks, it is necessary to adequately manage the increasing volume of data, also in compliance with GDPR [31, 32].  
The use of the OpenWrt operating system allows for the implementation of technologies on various routers and devices, supporting protocols such as LoRa, ZigBee, and TCP/IP. The x86-64 versions support virtualization, facilitating the creation of Fog networks of microservices and multi-protocol IoT with reduced costs and secure connections. An example is the installation of sensor networks in areas covered by 4G/5G WAN networks, manageable locally through edge computing.
# An Overview of the Alternative Use of Seaweeds to Produce Safe and Sustainable Bio-Packaging
## 2 Potential Algal Bioactive Compounds for Bioplastic Production
### Agar  
The main structure of agar is chemically characterized by the repeating units of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose, with a few variations, as well as by a low ester sulfate content. The structure of agar consists of two groups of polysaccharides: agarose, a neutral polysaccharide, and agaropectin, an oversimplified term for the charged polysaccharide [71; 72; 73].  
Agarose is accountable for the gelling capacity of agar, which makes it very useful in skin care, herbal medicines, and pharmaceutical applications; it also has excellent film properties [74] (Figure 3).  
Agar, as well as carrageenanan, is widely involved in the commercial food processing industry due to their ability to act as stabilizers, emulsifiers, and thickening agents. Both are already used in gel-based food products, such as desserts, jams, jellies, and bakery products. Gels produced from agar are usually tense and lucid, but the addition of sugars increases their strength [75].  
Agar possesses low hydroscopic property, which is an advantage in the production of packaging; moreover, agar films are biologically inert, and can easily interact with different bioactive substances and/or plasticizers to help the formation of an elastic and soft gels [76; 77; 78].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Physical Properties of the Concrete Mixes  
The physical properties of the concrete mixes are shown in Table 7. The high density of EAFS gives the concrete with slags and the mixture of cupola slag around 15% more density than the reference concrete with diabase aggregates, except the mix that contains fly ash, where the ratio goes up to 20%. This is partly due to the low actual density of the fly ash (2.13 g/cm\({}^{3}\)).  
Due to the difference in densities between the mixes, it is ideal to perform a comparison between the open porosity (vol.%) and not the water absorption (wt.%). The mix with the lowest open porosity is the one that uses EAFS and cupola slag due, in part, to having a slightly lower w/c ratio and due to the higher density of aggregate particles, which facilitate the expulsion of trapped air (greater self-compaction). Conversely, the mix with greater open porosity is the one that uses diabase coarse and fly ash (220% greater than the previous one), this is due to a reaction between the plasticizer additive and the fly ash, which generates bubbles of around 1 mm.  
In the comparison between SCC-DC-LF and SCC-DC-CS, it can be concluded that there are no significant differences in any of the properties shown between the limestone filler and the cupola slag SCM, it being necessary to analyze the mechanical properties of both mixes to establish the benefits of each filler. The visual aspect of each mix in the hardened state is shown in Figure 3, where a better orientation of the aggregates in the filling can be seen in the SCC-SC-CS mix.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Concrete**} & **Apparent Specific Gravity** & **Bulk Specific Gravity [g/cm\({}^{3}\)]** & **Bulk SSD Specific Gravity [g/cm\({}^{3}\)]** & **Open Porosity [g/cm\({}^{3}\)]** & **Water Absorption [wt.\%]** \\ \hline SCC-DC-LF & 2.47 & 2.63 & 2.53 & 5.98 & 2.41 \\ SCC-DC-FA & 2.29 & 2.58 & 2.4 & 11.59 & 5.08 \\ SCC-DC-CS & 2.48 & 2.66 & 2.55 & 6.9 & 2.78 \\ SCC-SC-CS & 2.88 & 3.03 & 2.93 & 5.21 & 1.82 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Physical properties of the concrete mixes.
## 2 Material and Methods
### Data Collection  
#### 2.3.1 Hyperspectral Imaging System  
The apple samples were imaged using a push-broom hyperspectral camera (PIKA-L, Resonon Inc., Bozeman, MT, USA). The HSI system was comprised of five components, including a PIKA HSI camera, a supporting tower, a motion platform, an illumination source, and a system controller. This device collected reflectance data across 300 spectral bands, ranging from 386-1028 nm wavelengths, producing a spectral resolution of 2.1 nm, with a digital yield of 12 bits. The target lens, with a focal length of 17 mm, was specifically tailored for NIR and VIS-NIR spectra. Lighting conditions were maintained consistent with the help of four 15 W 12 V bulbs positioned symmetrically around the lens. The camera was set up 50 cm over the linear movement stage, generating a spatial resolution of approximately 50 pixels per square millimeter.  
Prior to initiating data collection, a dark calibration process was carried out with several dark frames captured while the lens cover was kept shut. These readings served to counteract the dark current noise during actual measurements. A Teflon piece (K-Mac Plastics, Wyoming, MI, USA) was utilized to ensure white balance. The illumination system was turned on for a half-hour prior to capturing the images to bring the system to a stable state. The spectral data were then derived from the processed images [33]
# Integration of Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks in Academic School Gardens
## 2 Materials and Methods
The available network topology is much more restricted than other wireless technologies in terms of packets routing, as the only possible topology is the star topology (although the coverage of the network can be extended programming a device as a repeater), which means that each of the deployed STM 330 modules communicates only with a central module, usually connected to a PC or laptop via USB. Anyway, for the presented application, the benefits that provide these modules (size-deployment ease and energy harvesting system) make the EnOcean devices more interesting than those based on Arduino and Raspberry boards shown in  
Figure 2: **(a)** Simplified device block diagram (extracted from STM 330 user manual). **(b)** EnOcean’s STM 330 module and the includable humidity sensor. **(c)** Detail of the STM 330 module’s solar cell. the literature. Figure 3 shows a schematic description of the star topology of the network with the USB Gateway central module, which in this study case will be connected to a PC inside the school building. The Gateway records the temperature, humidity and RSSI value sent by each of the deployed STM 330 modules. The employed version of the Gateway has an internal chip antenna. Before the implantation of the proposed system and the EnOcean-based WSN, a radio planning study has been performed in order to obtain data of the coverage of the WSN. This is particularly important in this case since the employed wireless devices have to be directly connected to the USB Gateway placed inside the building due to the restrictions of the star topology, that is, there are no routing elements in the network. For this task, an in-house developed simulation tool, called 3D Ray Launching, has been used. It is a deterministic method as it is based on the resolution of [PERSON]'s equations but comparing to other deterministic methods it provides a good trade-off between precision and required computational time since it is simplified by ray launching and ray tracing techniques, based on geometrical optics. For the present study, the 3D Ray Launching technique will provide the RF power distribution for the whole 3D simulated scenario. This simulation tool has been broadly used and validated in both indoor and outdoor large scenarios [39; 40]. It has also been tested satisfactorily for smart viticultural management [41].
# Advancements in Synthetic Generation of Contactless Palmprint Biometrics Using StyleGAN Models
## 6 Results and Discussion
### Quality Assessment  
In the quality assessment of the generated images, various anomalies were considered to classify them as \"good-quality\" or \"poor-quality\". Observers used specific annotations to identify and categorize poor-quality images. \"Shadow over palm\" referred to instances where shadows obscured parts of the palm, reducing image clarity. \"Image imbalance\" meant issues with uneven lighting or color distribution. \"Overlap with two palms\" described cases where parts of two palms overlapped. \"Finger issue\" referred to incomplete or distorted finger depictions, wrong number of fingers, etc. \"No palm marker\" indicated the absence of the principal line of the palm. Figure 10 shows four different types of anomalies.  
Figure 9: Training situation of the palm photos (00 epochs to 500 epochs).  
Through manually checking by eye, observers categorized the poor images into these annotations. Furthermore, a test script validated these observations by identifying these anomalies. Figure 11 shows the detection of finger anomalies carried out by the contributed script.  
A total of 3439 images were successfully generated using StyleGAN2-ADA, while StyleGAN3 produced 1400 images over the course of 500 iterations. Because of limitations in time and resources, two observers visually inspected a randomly selected sample of 1560 images in order to identify any abnormalities. A total of 1000 images were chosen from the set of images produced by StyleGAN2-ADA, while 560 images were selected from the set generated by StyleGAN3. Table 2 presents a concise overview of the anomalies that were identified by the observers.  
Table 3 shows the percentage of poor images over the number of images investigated to provide a fair comparison between the two models. The quality assessment of generated images revealed significant differences between StyleGAN2-ADA and StyleGAN3. StyleGAN3 demonstrated improved performance, producing only 21 poor-quality images, indicating a substantial reduction in errors. As StyleGAN3 generated fewer poor-quality image types, Table 2 shows that StyleGAN3 is better at generating high-quality synthetic palm images compared to StyleGAN2-ADA. This improvement signifies the enhanced reliability of StyleGAN3 for creating robust datasets for biometric authentication research.  
Once the visual investigation was complete, it was evident that Observer 2 found more poor images than Observer 1. Therefore, the results of Observer 2 were more accurate and were used for the second factor quality assessment step. The 'good images' went through a SIFT threshold-based filtration process as a second factor quality assessment to remove further poor images, as mentioned previously in the implementation section under quality assessment. Table 4 shows the final tally of 'poor-quality' images.  
Figure 11: Detecting finger anomalies (six fingers).  
Figure 10: Four types of irregular images: “total imbalance”, “finger issue”, “shadow over palm”, “overlapped with two palms” and “no palm marker”.
## 4 Discussion
### Patient-Physician Communication in Telemedicine  
Store-and-forward technologies are the electronic transmission of pre-recorded medical data (x-rays, video clips, scans, photos) between primary care providers and medical staff [92; 93; 94; 95; 96]. Store-and-forward methods reduce costs and improve access to healthcare services. However, the lack of real-time contact does not positively affect the quality of telemedicine services. The telephone retains its value in providing teleconsultations [97; 98; 99; 100; 101; 102].  
Videoconferencing allows the patient to consult with a physician in the comfort of their home with the possibility of seeing the physician face-to-face [103; 104; 105]. Almost all fields of medicine benefit from this type of real-time interaction. The only inconvenience is the lack of personal contact with the physician. However, it is possible to enrich the video transmission with reading from many diagnostic tools. Devices such as otoscopes, stethoscopes and other diagnostic devices can be connected to a computer, thus helping interactive examina  
Figure 4: Schemes of the telemedicine systems. (**a**) Point-to-Point. (**b**) Point-to-Multipoint. (**c**) Multipoint-to-Multipoint.  
tions [106]. However, real-time audio-video streaming requires a modern computer and network equipment with fast and low-latency Internet access, both in healthcare facilities and at the patient's place. The essential condition of medical devices used on the patient's site is the knowledge and skills necessary to use the devices. Inserting or applying a special probe dedicated to remote use often requires skills and training for safe use.
## 2 System Model of FTN Signal Processing
### Conventional Transceiver Model for FTN Signal Processing  
Figure 2 shows the transceiver model based on FTN signal processing.  
Figure 1: FTN signal (roll off factor = 0): (**a**) \(\tau=1\); (**b**) \(\tau=0.7\).  
The source bits to be transmitted by bit-stream, \(\mathbf{D}\), are given by:  
\[\mathbf{D}=\ \{d_{1},d_{2},\cdots,d_{K}\}, \tag{3}\]  
where \(\mathbf{K}\) is the size of \(\mathbf{D}\). First, \(\mathbf{D}\) is encoded by the \((N,K)\) LDPC encoder. The coded bit stream, \(\mathbf{C}\), is given by:  
\[\mathbf{C}=\{\mathbf{c_{1}},\mathbf{c_{2}},\cdots,\mathbf{c_{N}}\}, \tag{4}\]  
where \(\mathbf{N}\) is the size of the coded bit. The encoded bits passed through the encoder transform the burst error into the random error via the interleaver. The interleaved output is canceled a posteriori from the proceeding received signal. The interleaving function helps the receiver convergence. \(\hat{\mathbf{C}}\) means the encoded bits have passed through the interleaver:  
\[\hat{\mathbf{C}}=\{\hat{\mathbf{c_{1}}},\ \hat{\mathbf{c_{2}}},\cdots,\hat{\mathbf{c_{N}}}\}. \tag{5}\]  
FTN signaling is a technique for transmitting information at a rate higher than the allowed Nyquist limit. Consequently, ISI necessarily occurrs.  
The interference transmission signal, \(s(t)\), is given by:  
\[\mathbf{s}(\mathbf{t})=\sum\
olimits_{\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{1}}^{\mathbf{N}}\hat{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{n}}\bm {h}(\mathbf{t}-\mathbf{n}\mathbf{\tau}\mathbf{T}),\mathbf{\tau}<\mathbf{1}, \tag{6}\]  
where \(\hat{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{n}}\) is the encoded bit stream, after interleaving; \(h(t-\mathbf{n}\mathbf{\tau}\mathbf{T})\) is a unit-energy baseband pulse; \(\mathbf{\tau}\) is the interference time; and \(\mathbf{T}\) is the symbol duration.  
The received signal, after the demodulation process and the matched filter operation, are inputted into the BCJR equalizer to remove ISI. The BCJR equalizer removes an amount of FTN interference by a trellis diagram, which consists of a branch, backward, and forward metric. The number of decoding trellis states of the BCJR is 32 [11; 12]. The output values of the BCJR equalizer are inputted into the LDPC decoder, after passing through the de-interleaver.
## 2 The Reliability Based Rescue Resource Scheduling Model
### Notations
#### 2.1.2 Parameters  
The parameters of rescue demand and rescue center are listed in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Sets/Indices** & **Description** \\ \hline \(l\) & Set of all resource types \\ \(i\) & Index of rescue resource types, \(i\in I\) \\ \(R\) & Set of rescue centers \\ \(r\) & Index of rescue centers, \(j\in J\) \\ \(s\) & The accident location \\ \(E\) & Set of links \\ \(e_{mn}\) & Index of links, \(e_{mn}\in E,\ m,m\in V,m\
eq n\) \\ \(V\) & Set of intersections \\ \(v\) & Index of intersections, \(v\in V\) \\ \(K_{rs}\) & Set of rescue routes between rescue center \(r\) and accident location \(s\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Sets and indices in the model.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Description** \\ \hline \(ED_{i}\) & The demand for a rescue resource type \(i\) \\ \(RT_{i}\) & Maximum tolerable transport time for a resource type \(i\) \\ \hline \(EN_{ir}\) & Capacity of rescue center \(r\) for a resource type \(i\) \\ \(t1_{ir}\) & Assembly time of rescue resource \(i\) of rescue center \(r\) \\ \(t_{mn}\) & Travel time of link \(e_{mn}\) \\ \(d_{v}\) & Delay of intersection \(v\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Parameters of rescue demand and rescue center.  
Figure 1: The flow chart of Section 2.
## 7 Other Medical Applications  
The advent of NTP has opened multiple opportunities for its use in several areas. Apart from biofilm decontamination and sterilization, it is being widely investigated in cancer treatment, blood coagulation, wound healing, tissue regeneration, and dentistry. NTP causes selective death (apoptosis) of cancer cells as these cells are more sensitive to plasma treatment than non-malignant ones [93]. This anti-cancer effect has also been demonstrated in vivo [93].  
Dentistry is another field where plasma has been used to treat dental implants, intraoral disease, and cleaning or disinfecting dental cavity tissue or tooth root canal [86]. Blood coagulation has also been possible using plasma without any thermal effects and bacterial contamination [72; 128]. Some of the findings using skin models suggest that using NTP can contribute to decontaminating acute and chronic wounds and accelerate healing [129]. These advances in plasma surgery wound healing, and tissue regeneration is because of the development of a plasma device called \"Plazon\" [39] that has been in medical use for patients for nine years [130].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### TLV Trajectory  
An Analysis of TLV trajectory with different discharges is necessary to investigate the movement law of TLV. The TLV trajectory is consistent with that of low-pressure troughs near the shroud, as shown by the red arrow in Figure 13. The TLV moves downstream toward the pressure surface of the adjacent blade. An angle exists between the TLV trajectory and camber line. The angle increases with decreased discharge. The TLV initial position varies depending on the condition and gradually moves upstream with decreased discharge. Under the 0.7 \(Q_{d}\) condition, the leakage vortex trajectory includes two parts, corresponding to TLV6, which moves circumferentially, and RFV (Figure 6). The TLV was selected for subsequent analysis.  
The position with the highest-entropy gradient is the interface between the main flow and the leakage flow, as shown by the red arrow in Figure 14. Under the 1.6 \(Q_{d}\) condition, the interface is a straight line. However, the interface folds into a curve with decreased discharge. Under the 0.7 \(Q_{d}\) condition, the interface moves to the impeller inlet and exceeds the blade inlet. Thus, the formation of overflow is triggered. The interface is concave in the passage and convex on the blade leading edge. The RFV moves to the impeller inlet with a large angle because TLV breaks on the leading edge and forms RFV. This occurrence results in a change in the entropy gradient.  
Figure 14: EPR distribution at 0.93 span: (**a**) 1.6 \(Q_{d}\); (**b**) 1.0 \(Q_{d}\); (**c**) 0.7 \(Q_{d}\).