# Analysis of Road Sign-Related Factors Affecting Driving Safety with Respect to City Size
## 5 Discussion
### Road Sign Recognition Survey
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Item**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Odds Ratio**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Seoul City** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Metropolitan** \\ **Cities** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Gyeonggi** \\ **Province** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Other Cities** \\ **and Counties** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Dependent variable} & Intercept1(\(\beta\)) & 2.816 * & - & 1.770 & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & Intercept2(\(\beta\)) & 4.880 *** & 2.897 ** & 4.630 *** & 0.495 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Intercept3(\(\beta\)) & 7.910 *** & 5.638 *** & 7.343 *** & 3.907 *** \\ \cline{2-6}  & Intercept4(\(\beta\)) & 11.326 *** & 9.004 *** & 10.336 *** & 7.227 *** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & Gender (reference (0): Female) & 1.487 * & 1.060 & 1.292 & 1.060 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Age (reference: & 30 or younger & 1.095 & 1.061 & 1.206 & 1.057 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 40–50) & 60 or older & 2.475 ** & qae0.500 ** & 1.452 & 0.384 *** \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{7}{*}{Driving (reference: & 3 years or less & 1.142 & 0.698 & 1.384 & 0.723 \\ \cline{2-6}  & & 11–20 years & 0.898 & 0.426 *** & 0.891 & 0.672 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{7}{*}{Driving (reference: & 21 years & 0.888 & 0.571* & 0.820 & 0.469 ** \\ \cline{2-6}  & & \begin{tabular}{c} Average \\ weekly driving \\ time \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Within 2 h \\ 5–7 h \\ \end{tabular} & 0.915 & 1.156 & 0.918 & 1.342 \\ \cline{2-6}  & & 5–7 h & 1.167 & 1.212 & 0.797 & 1.084 \\ \cline{2-6}  & & 3–4 h) & 8 h or more & 1.158 & 0.593 & 0.993 & 0.748 \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & Daytime recognition & 1.735 *** & 1.378 * & 1.443 ** & 1.561 *** \\ \cline{2-6}  & Nighttime recognition & 0.955 & 1.145 & 0.993 & 0.823 * \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Adequacy of sign size} & 1.265 & 1.142 & 1.176 & 1.035 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Rad sign satisfaction} & Understanding of & 1.216 & 1.341 * & 1.111 & 1.072 \\ \cline{2-6}  & & \begin{tabular}{c} Sufficiency of guide information \\ \end{tabular} & 1.236 & 1.450 ** & 1.768 *** & 1.393 ** \\ \cline{2-6}  & & Route accuracy & 1.036 & 1.364 ** & 1.005 & 1.747 *** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & Location/frequency adequacy & 0.982 & 1.095 & 1.235 & 1.089 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Eshetic/safety management} & 1.009 & 0.939 & 1.108 & 1.193 \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & Current road sign & \begin{tabular}{c} Customized guidance by location \\ (fog, tourism, etc.) \\ \end{tabular} & 1.247 & 1.302 * & 1.128 & 0.999 \\ \cline{2-6}  & information improvements & \begin{tabular}{c} Customized guidance for various \\ forms of mobility \\ \end{tabular} & 1.363 ** & 1.166 & 0.944 & 1.001 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Requirements for & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Real-time guidance according to \\ situation (events, accidents, etc.) \\ \end{tabular} & 1.102 & 1.335 ** & 1.350 ** & 0.921 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Requires (reference: & 1.015 & 0.967 & 0.933 & 1.016 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Facility maintenance &
\begin{tabular}{c} Integrated installation of \\ road facilities \\ \end{tabular} & 0.981 & 1.062 & 0.961 & 1.340 ** \\ \cline{2-6}  & measures & Facility safety management & 1.399 * & 1.206 & 1.536 *** & 1.204 \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Chi-square (model fit)} & 132.565 *** & 221.690 *** & 211.417 *** & 223.431 *** \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Nagelkerke R\({}^{2}\) (explanatory power of model)} & 0.244 & 0.304 & 0.264 & 0.269 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(p\) < 0.05, *** \(p\) < 0.01, and *** \(p\) < 0.001.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Analysis results with respect to city size. and directions), distance signs (remaining distance to a place), and road facility guide signs. This study revealed that road signs fulfil their purpose of enabling drivers to use road facilities easily and arrive at their desired destinations.