## 1 Introduction  
\"Air lubrication technology\" refers to a technique for jetting or cavitating a stable air-liquid interface onto a ship's surface to greatly reduce frictional resistance [1]. Air lubrication techniques can be classified into two categories: Bubble Drag Reduction (BDR) and Air Layer Drag Reduction (ALDR), depending on the shape of the gas-liquid interface. Numerous research organizations and academics have carried out substantial and in-depth studies on this technology since [PERSON] (1973) [2] initially achieved a 40% drag reduction impact through experiments on a rotation body in 1973. There are two types of research on the lubricating of air. One is the study of the shape of air layers, the mechanisms that reduce drag, and the methods for creating and maintaining the air layer. The main research objects were flat plates and rotating bodies. University of Michigan researchers [PERSON] [3], [PERSON] [4], and [PERSON] [5] performed a series of experiments on a sizable flat plate measuring 12.9 m \(\times\) 3.05 m in a water tank with a maximum Reynolds number of 2.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\). The outcomes demonstrated that, on the big flat plate, the gas existed in two states: bubbles and air layers, with a transition zone between them. The drag reduction impact was noticeable once a stable air layer had developed, with a drag reduction rate of over 80% in the air layer region. However, for smooth flat plates, the airflow rate, the plate's surface roughness, and incoming flow disturbances all had an impact on the development of a stable air layer. It was discovered that adding grooves to the plate's bottom aided in the creation of a stable air layer and decreased the necessary jet flow rate. To investigate the viability of air lubrication procedures on real ships, [PERSON] [6], [PERSON] [7], and [PERSON] [8] carried out a series of air lubrication experiments on a big flat plate measuring 50 m in length and 1m in breadth. A combined jetting process and certain friction sensors were mounted in various locations at the flat plate's base. According to the experimental findings, the reduction in drag was more pronounced in the leading edge of the large flat. The drag reduction effect was not significantly affected by the combined jetting technique. It is possible to significantly lower local frictional resistance and improve the drag reduction effect by adding side plates to the sides. In a towing tank, [PERSON] [9] performed air layer drag reduction studies on a sizable flat plate with dimensions of 5.016 m in length, 1 m in breadth, and 0.12 m in thickness. A system for observing the air layer was built at the bottom of the tank, and friction sensors were installed in specified locations on the flat plate. The study looked at how the distribution of the air layer and resistance at the panel's base was affected by varied water depths, bottom groove arrangements, combination jetting techniques, and variations in air flow rate. The design of air layer drag reduction techniques, their efficacy, and the interaction between the air layer and ship navigational features are the subject of another type of research that utilizes scaled ship models or actual ships. Its main objective is to advance the use of air lubrication technology in engineering. Researchers from the Netherlands conducted a series of experiments in water tanks using two ship models with scale ratios of 1:10.4 and 1:20; the experimental content covers various aspects of ship resistance performance, propulsion performance, maneuverability, and motion performance in waves. The results indicated that net energy savings can be achieved by 3-10% in calm water by air injection; at the same time, the maneuverability will also undergo significant changes [10; 11]. In a flowing water tank, [PERSON] [12; 13] carried out experimental research on the technology of gas layer extension.