esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Day-ahead Scheduling Model for EGHS
### Objective Function  
The objective function is the total operation cost:  
\[\begin{array}{l}f=\sum\limits_{t\in T}\left(\sum\limits_{i\in\Omega_{\rm{G} }}\left(a_{i}(P_{\rm{G},i,t})^{2}+b_{i}P_{\rm{G},i,t}+c_{i}\right)+\sum\limits _{j\in\Omega_{\rm{g}}}\xi_{j}f_{\rm{g},j,t}\right.\\ +\sum\limits_{k\in\Omega_{\rm{W}}}\delta_{k}\left(P_{\rm{W},k,\max}-P_{\rm{W},i,t}\right)+\sum\limits_{n\in\Omega_{\rm{S}}}C_{\rm{S},n,t}Q_{\rm{S},n,t}^{ \rm{out}}\\ +\sum\limits_{m\in\Omega_{\rm{h}}}C_{\rm{h},m,t}H_{\rm{h},m,t}\left.\right) \end{array} \tag{25}\]  
In the above, \(T\) is the scheduling period. \(\Omega_{\rm{G}}\) is the collection of coal-fired units. \(\Omega_{\rm{g}}\) is the collection of wind turbines. \(\Omega_{\rm{W}}\) is the collection of wind turbines. \(\Omega_{\rm{s}}\) is the collection of gas cans. \(\Omega_{\rm{h}}\) is the collection of heat sources. \(P_{\rm{G},i,t}\) is the output of coal-fired unit \(i\) at time \(t\). \(a_{i}\), \(b_{i}\), and \(c_{i}\) are the unit cost coefficients. \(f_{\rm{g},j,t}\) is the gas output of the gas source \(j\) at time \(t\). \(\xi_{j}\) is the cost coefficient of purchasinggas. \(P_{W,k,\max}\) is the upper limit of the wind turbine output. \(P_{W,i,t}\) is the output of wind turbine \(i\) at time \(t\). \(\delta_{k}\) is the penalty coefficient for discarding wind energy. \(C_{S,n,t}\) is the cost coefficient of the gas storage tank. \(H_{\text{h},m,t}\) is the output of heat source \(m\) at time \(t\). \(C_{\text{h},m,t}\) is the cost of purchasing heating energy.  
The electric-gas-heating system's daily dispatching model aims at minimizing the operating cost of the system, that is, minimizing the system's energy supply cost through optimized scheduling.
# ADAfinder Tool Applied to EGMS Data for the Structural Health Monitoring of Urban Settlements
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### EGMS Data  
The key elements of the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS) are stated in the White Paper, available online at [[https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/egms-white-paper](https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/egms-white-paper)]([https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/egms-white-paper](https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/egms-white-paper)), accessed on 14 June 2022 [37]. The purpose of the EGMS is to provide consistent, updated, standardized, harmonized information regarding ground deformation, all over Europe, to detect ground motion phenomena of any origin, natural or human-caused. The service is free and open, and the data will be updated on an annual basis. EGMS is included in the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLSM, [[https://www.copernicus.eu/en/copernicus-services/land](https://www.copernicus.eu/en/copernicus-services/land)]([https://www.copernicus.eu/en/copernicus-services/land](https://www.copernicus.eu/en/copernicus-services/land)), accessed on 14 June 2022 [38]) and is based on the processing of ascending (ASC) and descending (DES) Sentinel-1 images (having pixel footprint 14 by 4 m), using full resolution Advanced SAR Interferometry (A-DInSAR) [39]. This is complementary to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and other in situ observations. The EGMS includes archive images that in the case studies considered in this work start in 7 March 2015 and 17 June 2015, respectively for the ASC and DES orbits, and end the 31 December 2020. The acquisition revisit time is six days, which has been degraded to twelve days starting from December 2021, due to a failure of the Sentinel-1B satellite.  
The EGMS includes three levels of products. The first level is the \"basic\" one, constituted by geocoded line of sight (LoS) deformation velocity maps, in ASC and DES orbits, where the measures are referred to a local reference point. The second level is the \"calibrated\" one, constituted by the product of the first level, mosaicked and integrated with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data. The second level measures do not refer to a local reference point. The third level is the \"Ortho\" one, constituted by deformation components along the vertical and east-west (E-W) directions, resampled to a grid with a cell size of 100 m. Useful information regarding the A-DInSAR approaches used in the EGMS is provided by [PERSON] et al. (2021) [40].  
The 3D geolocation accuracy of the EGMS products is lower than 10 m [41].
## 1 Introduction  
Zooplankton is a key component and plays an important role in fisheries as the first level consumer in oceanic food webs [1]. The research on this organism need to be explored more, particularly in tropical areas with additional complexity due to the high biodiversity [2; 3; 4]. The main problem in zooplankton research, more specifically in observing the behavior of zooplankton's diel vertical migration is the lack of continuous and comprehensive spatial data [5; 6; 7; 8]. The direct sampling method has various biases which cannot recognize zooplankton vertical migration over time. Vertical migration is a common behavior of zooplankton which is easily affected by environmental conditions [9; 10]. Oneof the methods used to estimate the presence of zooplankton in the ocean is the acoustic technique combined with biological sampling [11; 12; 13].  
Observation of zooplankton in the water column can be done by processing the backscatter value [14; 15] and vertical velocity profiles [16] from the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) instrument. ADCP instruments can observe zooplankton distribution and behavior, although these instruments are not designed explicitly to detect zooplankton, but rather to measure ocean currents. This instrument is an exciting option because it can simultaneously measure all parameters of currents speed and direction with backscatter amplitude [17].  
However, from the previous research, although the observation was simultaneous, it was reported that the precision of the backscattered signal measured by ADCP has a limitation in measuring and detecting different types of scatterers, for example, bubbles, zooplankton, and suspended sediments which individually and differentially affect the acoustic backscatter signal [18; 19; 20]. On the other hand, the use of single frequency acoustic in ADCP, in particular, is hardly able to discriminate the scatterers [21] and difficult to use to observe the zooplankton presence [9; 22]. The objectives of this study were to analyze the mean volume backscattering strength (MVBS) and vertical velocity obtained from ADCPs, by combining moored and mobile acquisition methods with different frequency at the same time and location for zooplankton's daily vertical migration (DVM) observation.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
This section presents an extensive discussion about the outcomes of the systematic analysis, structured into four key sections: \"Article Selection\", \"Research Questions Findings\", \"Quality Assessment\", and \"Research Trends and Key Findings\". In \"Article Selection\", the step-by-step process used to select articles is elucidated, highlighting the academic database sources utilized, the filtering process, and the methodology employed. \"Research Questions Findings\" presents an analysis and findings of the selected articles in light of the defined research questions. \"Quality Assessment\" evaluates the quality of the included studies using established criteria and discusses both the qualitative and the quantitative analysis of the selected articles. Finally, \"Research Trends and Key Findings\" highlights emerging trends and significant insights drawn from the comprehensive examination and analysis of the selected studies.
## 1 Introduction
### Contribution and Paper Organization  
Previous studies have proposed various methods to optimize the energy station and network of DESs, which have been verified from the perspective of economy. However, the site selection of an energy station mainly depends on the given set of alternative station sites, which is difficult to apply in the scenario where it is difficult to determine the station site in advance. In addition, the energy supply range division of energy stations proposed in the existing literature is based on the principle of minimum distance, without considering the factor of load, which may lead to a large investment scale of the energy system. Therefore, combined with the characteristics of Voronoi diagram, this paper proposes a new criterion for range division, which contributes to the aforementioned shortfalls. The contributions of this study are as follows:  
1. A method combining Voronoi diagram and minimum spanning tree is proposed to determine the location of energy stations and optimize the layout of the pipe network.
2. Based on the influence of load value on the construction cost of energy station, an optimization evaluation index of energy supply range considering load value is constructed.
3. Three problems in DES optimization are comprehensively considered and solved: (a) the location of energy stations in the region; (b) the ownership between energy stations and energy consumers; and (c) the layout of the transmission network.  
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the DES station network planning model is formulated. In Section 3, the objective function of station network planning is introduced, and the optimal method of energy supply area based on relative-load-distance is proposed. In Section 4, the case study is carried out through two parts: (a) The comparison between the traditional model and the model based on relative-load-distance and (b) the influence of coefficient K on the economy of energy system. Section 5 concludes this paper.
## 3 Signal Spatial Reconstruction Method for Relay Cooperative Networks
### Orthogonal Optimization of Signal Space
The three spatial directions determined by this method are mutually orthogonal, realizing the orthogonal alignment of the signal subspace. In the traditional orthogonal alignment of signal subspaces, the selection of each signal space direction has randomness. The first alignment signal spatial direction is not based on the principle of optimal performance, so the performance of this scheme cannot reach the optimal level. It is therefore necessary to improve alignment.
## 5 Other Topics
### Type of Re-Entry  
The re-entry of a spacecraft can be controlled or uncontrolled. In the latter, the system is deorbited without consideration on the actual re-entry corridor on the atmosphere. The uncontrolled re-entry simplifies the system design, and all the possible deorbiting devices, can be used, active or passive, fast or slow. On the contrary, for a controlled re-entry, it is necessary to have a system package that is able to direct the spacecraft toward a specific region of Earth.  
Uncertainties in the orbit and attitude prediction are dominated by the large uncertainties in the atmospheric model, and in the solar and geomagnetic activity forecasts. For this reason, the final re-entry corridor can be predicted accurately only near the final orbit and thus controlled re-entry requires a quick and steep descent from a region of relatively thin density (where the satellite is easy to control) through the higher density layers of the atmosphere (where aerodynamic force and torque disturbances are dominant). Consequently controlled re-entry requires generally a chemical propulsion system, or a drag sail deployed at the right time at very low altitude (but not at high altitude, unless the area can be actively adjusted). Such a controlled re-entry under a relatively steep atmospheric incidence angle produces a confined ground impact area of break-up fragments which have survived the aerothermal heating. The ground impact area must be selected such that a tolerable residual risk to persons on ground can be achieved.  
Controlled re-entry is mandatory for recoverable and/or reusable systems, which are rare at present but seem go be becoming more frequent in the next future, even for small platforms. In these cases, re-entry accuracy is even more important in order to allow safe landing and recover. Controlled re-entry is also necessary for expendable spacecrafts that produce particularly large and/or dangerous debris. NASA re-entry requirements [10] dictate the risk of human casualty anywhere on Earth due to a reentering debris with Kinetic Energy KE \(\geq\) 15 J be less than 1:10,000 (0.0001). This applies especially for denser materials, thicker structures, and more protected components.  
An alternative possibility is design for demise [53; 54; 55; 56; 57]. In this case the expendable satellite is designed to burn completely in the atmosphere. Demisable designs will tend to favor lighter materials, thinner structures, and more exposed components. Design for demise allows the simplicity, reliability and multiple choice in deorbiting solutions of uncontrolled re-entry. However, design for demise requirements can partially conflict with design for survivability in space ones.
# Establishing a Generic Geographic Information Collection Platform for Heterogeneous Data
## 3 Result and Analysis
### Illustrative Examples
#### 3.2.1 Defining Task Requirements  
In this collection task, we faced three main challenges. Based on these challenges, we assessed and demonstrated the platform's effectiveness and usability:  
Challenge 1: The task covers a wide area with many participants. Each person has specific duties and works in different regions. Managers need to quickly configure tasks, allocate them, and monitor progress in real-time to optimize personnel management.  
Challenge 2: Some remote areas have few areas of farmland, making collection difficult. Other areas near cities with good transportation and many areas of farmland make collection easier. Moreover, there may be recently collected data for some areas, which only need verification before being used directly. We need flexible collection modes for different areas to reduce workload while ensuring data quality.  
Challenge 3: The task involves collecting geographic information for crop cultivation and livestock production. Data for these two industries must be stored separately. Each industry has multiple objects requiring data collection, each with different attributes. For example, in crop cultivation, we need to collect data on rice, corn, potato, soybean, and cabbage. Each crop has specific attributes about which data need to be collected.
# Decision Optimization for Power Grid Operating Conditions with High- and Low-Voltage Parallel Loops
## 3 Generation of Parallel Loop Opening Schemes
### Generation Process  
For parallel loop opening issues, the situation that a lower-voltage isolated power grid partition is separated from the main grid should be avoided. Thus, power substations in higher-voltage power grids are usually selected as hub substations. And each power grid partition consists of at least one hub substation. The maximum possible number of partitions is determined by the number of hub substations. The parallel loop opening process should be stopped when all hub substations are divided into different partitions by GN algorithm.  
The generated partitions, each of which contains one hub substation, can be defined as basic partitions. Neighboring basic partitions can be combined in different ways to generate different parallel loop opening schemes. An actual AC/DC interconnected power grid contains many higher voltage substations, which usually leads to a huge number of candidate opening schemes. It is usually not necessary to evaluate each of these generated schemes using comprehensive evaluation models because of huge computation times. Thus, a filtering strategy is needed.  
According to the analysis above, the weighted modularity indicator can be used to filter the generated opening schemes preliminarily in pure AC power grids. But in AC/DC interconnected power grids, where the influence on MISCR of generated opening schemes must be considered, it is obviously not appropriate to filter opening schemes only based on weighted modularity indicator. Thus, a new filtering index is defined as:  
\[\xi=\lambda_{1}Q^{\prime}+\lambda_{2}M^{\prime}, \tag{12}\]  
where \(\lambda_{1}\) and \(\lambda_{2}\) are the weighted coefficients, respectively. There exists the relationship \(\lambda_{1}+\lambda_{2}=1\). It should be noted that \(\lambda_{1}\) and \(\lambda_{2}\) are normalized values, not the real algebraic values. The new filtering index is applicable to not only AC/DC interconnected power grids, but also pure AC power grids with \(\lambda_{1}=1\), \(\lambda_{2}=0\).  
All of the generated opening schemes are sorted in descending order according to the filtering index defined in (12) and the first \(M\) schemes are selected as candidate schemes to find the optimal one. The generation process of parallel loop opening schemes is shown in Figure 1, where the shortest-path matrix can be used to judge whether each hub substation is divided into different partitions.  
Figure 1: Generation process of parallel loop opening schemes.
## 3 Imaging in the Follow-Up of Treated HCC
### Expected Post-Treatment Imaging Features in the Absence of Viable Tumor Tissue
More specifically, persistent contrast enhancement may be seen in the absence of tumor tissue within the ablation zone in the peritumoral liver parenchyma [136]. This may make it difficult to properly assess the ablation area; however, the necrotic area should not present enhancement if no viable tissue is present. An animal study has shown that using IR-prepared images can help delineate a central area of IRE and a peripheral area of reversible electroporation [137]. The same study concluded that temporary contrast enhancement is possible in the IRE zone due to the formation of membrane pores that permitted the uptake of the contrast agent, as well as in the reversible electroporation zone, where the contrast persists in the intracellular space due to electrotransfer [138]. Nodules treated with \({}^{90}\)Y present specific MRI findings. The peripheral rim often seen around the area of necrosis due to granulation tissue developing adjacent to the coagulative necrosis can measure up to 5 mm after \({}^{90}\)Y; after thermal ablative techniques, a thickness of around 1 mm is expected [139]. This is considered to appear due to the effect of radiation emitted in the peripheral vessels and may be seen for up to 6 months after the procedure [140; 141]. Small areas of contrast enhancement may be identified within the \({}^{90}\)Y treated nodule and should be monitored unless they are larger than 5 mm, when it is considered to be viable tissue [98].
## 4 Case Study: BlockScribe Subscription Management System
* _mapping(address \(=>\) Subscriber) public subscribers_--a mapping structure that maintains associations between user addresses and their subscription data, enabling efficient retrieval of subscription details. Furthermore, _SubscriptionService_ smart contract provides several externally callable functions, allowing users and the contract owner to interact with the subscription system. The primary functions include:  
* _subscribe_--allows users to subscribe to the service by providing their email address, name, and surname, and making a payment in \(ETH\) equal to the subscription fee set during the contract initialization. * _unsubscribe_--enables users to cancel their subscription, modifying the contract's state and emitting an \"Unsubscribed\" event. * _makePayment_--allows users to renew their subscription by making an \(ETH\) payment. The function verifies whether the correct subscription fee has been sent and checks if the previous subscription period has expired before processing the payment. * _checkSubscription_--verifies the subscription status of a user, checking whether they are an active subscriber and if their subscription is still valid. * _getAllSubscribers_--returns a list of all subscribers, including historical subscription data from past transactions. * _withdrawFunds_--enables the contract owner to withdraw accumulated funds from the contract. * _updateSubscriptionFee_--allows the contract owner to modify the subscription fee after the contract has been deployed to the network. * _selfdestructContract_--grants the contract owner the ability to terminate the service by removing the contract from the blockchain, effectively ending its operation. The smart contract developed was subsequently deployed on the previously configured test network to facilitate both manual and automated testing using Remix. Deploying the contract on the network requires a transaction, which in turn requires the use of a cryptocurrency wallet to authorize and execute the deployment process. Figure 5 presents the Remix interface that illustrates the smart contract deployment process. Figure 5: Deployment of the _SubscriptionService_ smart contract using Remix IDE.
# Positioning Information Privacy in Intelligent Transportation Systems:
## 2 Solutions for Spotting of Vehicles on the Road
### Node-Centric Localization  
This method enables non-instrumented vehicles to determine their locations by collecting data from neighboring vehicles through V2V direct communications, Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) techniques, radars, etc. The node-centric approach specifies the routing path as a sequence of connected nodes. Every vehicle has an opportunity to communicate and sense some or all of its neighbors as depicted in a Fog Internet of Vehicles paradigm [61].  
As an example, to localize a vehicle among its neighbors, the authors in [62] propose a distributed algorithm that uses inter-vehicle distance estimates obtained via a radio-based ranging technology. There are two kinds of nodes involved, namely common nodes and beacon nodes; beacon nodes can determine their location, whereas common nodes are not location-aware. The localization process is based on the estimation of common nodes locations. This method is beneficial for hard-to-reach places, e.g., tunnels, underground parking. In [63; 64], and in [65] the technologies of cooperative driving with automated vehicles and intervehicle communications are shown along with the corresponding benefits.  
Despite actual communication devices utilizing mmWave band, radars open another prospect for vehicle localization, especially significant for autonomous driving since most of the vehicles of this type are already equipped with some LIDARs and radars. Trailblazing work [66] shows the benefits of utilizing a combination of mmWave radar together with static beacons as an indistinguishable replacement of the GNSS system. Authors in [67] proposed and proved that utilizing omnidirectional mmWave radar allows to reach 25 cm-level accuracy even under the effects of snowfall.