# Numerical Investigation of the Pile-Soil Interaction Problem under Dynamic Loads  
Selcuk Bildik  
Department of Civil Engineering, Nisantasi University, 34398 Istanbul, Turkey; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
were examined. The kinematic conditions were investigated parametrically by changing the pile configurations in the soil condition idealized as homogeneous two-layer. In the study, it was seen that the natural soil profile was effective at all frequencies, and the pile group configuration, number of piles, and distance between piles did not affect the lateral displacements but were effective in the rotation of the pile cap. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) examined the behavior of free cap piles under kinematic conditions. The study was carried out on a two-layer soil with a large difference in sliding velocities. The results obtained from the study showed that the differences in shear wave velocities affected the bending moment significantly. In pile design, the moments that will occur in the transition layers directly affect the design. [PERSON] et al. (2018) investigated the kinematic behavior of single piles under seismic loads with a finite element program. In the study, a free field soil (without piles) and piles were modeled to evaluate the kinematic conditions. The results obtained showed that in the transition region to soft soil, the moments increased significantly, and hinges formed within the pile. [PERSON] et al. (2018) investigated the soil-pile-structure interaction with an improved equivalent linear model and a modified Drucker Prager soil model with the help of a three-dimensional finite element program. In the analyses, it was seen that the nonlinearity of the soil directly affected the behavior, and lower acceleration responses were obtained if the equivalent model was used. As a result of the study, it was seen that non-linear soil models must be used in interaction analyses and that they affected the results. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) investigated the behavior of pile foundations in soft clays under dynamic loads with centrifuge experiments. The experiments were carried out in a group of single piles and 1 \(\times\) 3 row piles with different spacing. As a result of the study, the importance of a nonlinear analysis in characterizing the earthquake behavior of soft clays was emphasized. It has been shown that the response of clay depends on both the earthquake intensity and the shear strength and stiffness of the clay layer. This situation affects the response of individual piles and pile groups and has been observed to cause greater amplification in small earthquakes. [PERSON] et al. (2018) investigated the soil-pile kinematic interaction problem with dynamic centrifuge experiments. For this purpose, they took into account the slope angles of liquefiable soil subjected to four successive earthquake shakings with increasing acceleration amplitude. According to their results, it was understood that soil surface slopes had a significant effect on the kinematic bending moments of the piles. Additionally, the kinematic moments with dominant lateral propagation produced during the first shaking were larger compared to the three subsequent shakings. This shows that the complex kinematic interaction does not depend only on the amplitude of base excitation but on the magnitude of lateral spread. [PERSON] et al. (2018) investigated the seismic response analysis of piled raft foundations combined with cement deep mixture walls (DMWs) under strong earthquakes with a three-dimensional finite element program. Moderate earthquake motions from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake were used to verify the DMWs and ground deformation parameters. Earthquakes with a return period of 500 years were reproduced as strong earthquake movements. According to the dynamic analysis results, it was observed that DMWs significantly reduced the bending moments near the pile head.