esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## Materials and Methods
### In Vitro Release  
In vitro release of SLM from NLCs was investigated using the dialysis bag method. Regenerated cellulose membranes with a MWCO of 3-5 kD were used to retain the NLCs and allow the diffusion of SLM into the release medium. Phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4), SGF without pepsin and enzyme-free SIF were taken as dissolution medium. Two milliliters of SLM-loaded NLCs were deposited into the dialysis membrane and placed in 200 mL of release medium at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C with stirring at 150 rpm. At definite time intervals up to 24 h, 1 mL was withdrawn and replaced with fresh dissolution medium. SLM released was quantified by HPLC.  
For evaluating the kinetic and mechanism of drug release from the liposomes, Korsmeyer-Peppas model, Hixson-Crowell model, Higuchi model, and first- and zero-order mathematical models wereused and best fitted model was selected based on high regression coefficient (\(R^{2}\)) value for the release data.
###### Abstract  
Nitrobenzene liquid-phase catalytic hydrogenation is commonly regarded as one of the most effective technologies for aniline production. The traditional granular catalysts have the disadvantages that the reactor bed pressure drop is large and the mass transfer efficiency between gas and liquid phases is low. In this study, a novel structured mesh-type Pd/\(\gamma\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/Al catalyst was prepared by anodic oxidation and pore structures of \(\gamma\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/Al supports were constructed by acid pore-widening treatments. The results showed that acid pore-widening treatments can improve the pore size of \(\gamma\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/Al supports; the support with HNO\({}_{3}\) pore-widening treatment exhibited the largest pore size, being enlarged from 3.7 nm to 4.6 nm. The Pd/\(\gamma\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/Al catalysts prepared with different acid pore-widening treatment supports contribute to the increased active metal Pd loading, more Pd\({}^{0}\) content, and better dispersion of the Pd particles. The catalyst prepared with HNO\({}_{3}\) pore-widening treatment support exhibited the largest active metal Pd loading, enlarging from 1.82% to 1.95%, the largest Pd\({}^{0}\) content being enlarged from 52.1% to 58.5% and the smallest Pd particle size being reduced from 103 nm to 41 nm, resulting in the highest nitrobenzene conversion, increasing from 67.2% to 74.3%. Eventually, we calculated that the pressure drop of structured catalysts was 1/72 of that of granular catalysts, resulting in a better diffusion of the H\({}_{2}\) through nitrobenzene solution to active sites on the catalyst surface and a significant increase in the catalytic activity.  
Structured mesh-type Pd/\(\gamma\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/Al catalyst; nitrobenzene liquid-phase catalytic hydrogenation; anodic oxidation technology; acid pore-widening treatment +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Measurement Data  
Measurement data consists of irradiation measurements from a solar PV power research plant located on the rooftop of the Tampere University of Technology (TUT) in Finland, in Northern Europe. Pyranometers used in the measurements are in parallel with optimally installed fixed PV modules at a 45\({}^{\circ}\) angle from the horizontal plane facing closely due south. Sampling rate used in this study was one sample per second [12].  
Analysis is based on the irradiance measurements from 2015. Due to some gaps in the measurement data, caused for example by system service, data of 16 days was missing: four spring, eight summer and four autumn days. Measurement data covers 349 days, i.e., 95.6% of the year. Unfiltered irradiation measurement for three days shown in Figure 1 demonstrate the large differences between days. The first example is a fully cloudy day, the second one a partly sunny day with some heavy clouding and the third one a clear sky, sunny day without clouds. Fully cloudy days make 37%, partly cloudy 55% and clear sky, sunny days 8% of all days. Some of the fully cloudy days during winter months could be explained by snow covering the pyranometer. Fully cloudy and partly cloudy days are evenly distributed along the year, but half of the clear sky, sunny days occurred on two instances, lasting six and seven consecutive days, in spring and summer, respectively.
# Implementation Studies of Bacteriophage \(\lambda\) O
## 3 Discussion  
### O-Complementation  
Our sequencing of Oam29 reveals that this \(O\) allele encodes 294 of 299 amino acids. Thus, the last five amino acids of O are essential for O activity, and yet 76 amino acids, i.e., a linker and the SPA tag sequence, can be added to its COOH-terminal end, with the effect of improving the ability of O to complement.  
Until this report, no one appears to have determined if in-frame deletions within \(O\) can influence its ability to complement, or will simply nullify its activity. We show that the 24 bp deletion in ori98 (_r98_) removing ITN4 nullifies the ability of O to complement; however, the 12 and 15 bp deletions in ori95 and ori96 (_r95_, _r96_), each falling within the High-AT rich region of _ori_\(\lambda\) improved the ability of O to complement. In addition, the _ori_\(\lambda\)_ _ti12 mutation, representing a mismatch changing threonine to lysine within the ITN4 interval seemed to improve, rather than reduce, O complementation.  
We were unable to demonstrate O complementation or saw extremely poor complementation for two sequenced O\({}^{+}\) propanges in \(N^{+}\) RK\({}^{-}\) cells, each of which had acquired insertions within \(P\), i.e., strains ilr566a and Bib11t. This result leads us to question whether it is possible to demonstrate  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cell Viability and (Plasmid Retention per CFU assayed; \%) at CFU**} \\ \cline{2-5}
**Plasmid in 594 Host Cells** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Growth Temperature 1**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **30 °C** & 37 °C & 39 °C & 42 °C \\ \hline Only \(P\) expression & & & & \\
[P] & 1.0 (35/35; 100\%) & 0.01 (0/35; 0\%) & 0.008 (0/35; 0\%) & 0.07 (0/35; 0\%) \\ _dnaB_-GrpD55 [P] & 1.0 (35/35; 100\%) & 1.0 (35/35; 100\%) & 1.0 (35/35; 100\%) & 0.98 (35/35; 100\%) \\ \hline Only \(O\) expression & & & & \\
[O] & 1.0 (30/30; 100\%) & 1.0 (30/30; 100\%) & 1.0 (30/30; 100\%) & 0.61 (29/30; 97\%) \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{\(O\)-\(P\) expression combinations [O-P]} & & & \\
[O-P] & 1.0 (62/70; 89\%) & 0.12 (0/70, 0\%) & 0.12 (0/70, 0\%) & 0.022 (0/36; 0\%) \\
[oopP1-O-P] & 1.0 (120/120; 100\%) & 0.20 (98/101; 97\%) & 0.005 (11/120; 96\%) & 0.002 (0/36; 0\%) \\
[oopP2-O-P] & 1.0 (117/120; 98\%) & 0.055 (76/154; 49\%) & 0.048 (62/120; 52\%) & 0.008 (0/36; 0\%) \\
[O-36P] & 1.0 (30/30; 100\%) & 0.79 (30/30; 100\%) & 0.012 (1/30; 3\%) & 0.0005 (0/36; 0\%) \\
[O-63P] & 1.0 (30/30; 100\%) & 0.30 (30/30; 100\%) & 0.055 (14/40; 35\%) & 0.0023 (0/36; 0\%) \\complementation where the prophage for the RK\({}^{-}\) cells carries a \(N^{-}\) mutation and would poorly express \(O\), e.g., [PERSON]'s conclusion that the \(r96\) mutant isolated from an \(N^{-}\) prophage complemented for O. Indeed, full \(O^{+}\) expression from the pclpR-\(O\)-timm plasmid in cells plated at 42 \({}^{\circ}\)C did not complement (i.e., support plaque formation of) a phage with an Oam905 mutation.
## 4 Materials and Methods
### Extraction of RNA and Quantification of Transcript Levels  
Total RNA was extracted from the frozen samples using the TaKaRa MiniBEST Universal RNA Extraction Kit. A P330 nanophotometer was used to determine RNA purity and concentration. The PrimeScriptTM RT Master Mix kit was used for first strand cDNA synthesis. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed using a reaction volume of 20.0 \(\upmu\)L, which contained 1.0 \(\upmu\)L cDNA, 10.0 \(\upmu\)L SYBR Green Premix Ex TaqManTM, 1.0 \(\upmu\)L each forward and reverse primer, and 7.0 \(\upmu\)L d\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{2}\)O. The thermal cycler conditions recommended by the manufacturer were used: 30 s at 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C, followed by 40 cycles at 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 s, 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 32 s, and 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 20 s. The fluorescent product was detected during the final step of each cycle. Amplification, detection, and data analysis were carried out using an Agilent Technologies Stratagene Mx3000P thermocycler (Agilent, Palo Alto, CA, USA). To determine the relative fold-differences in template abundance for each sample, the Ct values for each of the gene-specific primers were normalized to the Ct value for \(GAPDH\) and calculated relative to a calibrator using the formula 2\({}^{-\Delta\Delta\mathrm{Ct}}\). Primer sequence design is as shown in Table 14.
## 1 Introduction
These studies have contributed to the understanding of trench wall stability and the development of strategies to mitigate any risks. [PERSON] (2018) conducted a large number of literature surveys and case studies on the stability of slurry wall trenches during the construction of diaphragm wall panel trenches and summarized and analyzed key issues related to the destructive modes of slurry wall trench destabilization, theoretical analytical models and methods of stability, the formation of the slurry and its protection mechanism, and the influence of related factors on the stability of slurry wall trenches. With the rapid development of urban construction, the demand for underground construction projects has been increasing year by year. Among them, diaphragm walls, as an important form of underground engineering, play a critical role in ensuring the safety and stability of underground structures. However, most current research on diaphragm walls is focused on rectangular trenches, while the newly emerging circular diaphragm walls composed of double-angled trench walls present unique challenges to their stability due to the presence of exterior angles. Thus, it is imperative to further investigate the factors that contribute to the stability of these walls. This study selected an ultra-deep foundation pit with a depth of 77.3 m as our research object and systematically analyzed the instability mechanism of the double-angled trench wall of the circular diaphragm wall. To this end, a theoretical analysis model for the instability of the trench wall was
## 6 Simulation Test and Results Analysis
### Verification of the IBOA Trajectory Optimization
The optimized trajectory profile in Figure 10 indicates that after IBOA optimization, the trajectory produces deformation along the \(Z\)-axis direction. This may be attributed to the deviations of the regenerated curve from the control point after changing the key point position for the high-order NURBS curve, which deform the generated trajectory. It is worth noting that this phenomenon is not conducive to robot motion. The boundary constraint of the control point is added to the optimization process, and the adjustment range of the key point is between 0.05. The optimized trajectory is shown in Figure 11. Comparing the running trajectory before and after the optimization in the operation space reveals that the optimization result after setting the boundary conditions effectively reduces the deformation. In the optimized trajectory, the jerk value reduces by 76.3%, which shows the effectiveness of the optimization method. Figure 10: Optimized trajectory curve using IBOA. (**a**) The trajectory curve in operating space; (**b**) YOZ view of trajectory curve. Figure 9: IBOA-optimized motion parameters. (**a**) The drive arm angular displacement with the trajectory planning based on IBOA. (**b**) The drive arm angular velocity with the trajectory planning based on IBOA. (**c**) The drive arm angular acceleration with the trajectory planning based on IBOA. (**d**) The drive arm angular jerk with the trajectory planning based on IBOA.
## 2 Flexible Electronics Based on GnPs
### GnPs Functionalized Substrate
Such composite films were spray casted onto Xerox printing paper, heat-cured, and polished. The adhesion of the conducting layer to the substrates was tested by Taber abrasion and peel tests, displaying remarkable resistance under such mechanical stress. The electrical conductivity reached values of approximately \(5\times 10^{2}\) S/m, and kept the same order of magnitude after 100 cycles of abrasion or peeling. [PERSON] and coworkers also found that GnPs flakes with larger planar dimensions positively affect THz EMI shielding efficiency (see Figure 5). The best results obtained by [PERSON] et al. were obtained by employing commercially available GnPs acquired from Strem Chemicals (typical thickness of 6-8 nm, lateral size of 5, 15 and 25 microns). Another step towards reliable GnPs-based flexible electronics was demonstrated in the study of [PERSON] and coworkers [59]. They started by filtering a graphene dispersion using a PTFE membrane, and used a transfer printing process (a simple pen) to transfer the conductive nanoparticle onto paper. Multiple folding cycles were not sufficient to damage the material's electrical conductivity. Indeed such GnPs-paper composite maintained about 83%/94% of the initial electrical conductivity after 1000 cycles of \(180^{\circ}/-180^{\circ}\) folding. [PERSON] and coworkers [60] designed a GnP-based antenna for near-field communication. This material exhibited significant electrical conductivity, i.e., \(\sigma\approx 10^{5}\) S/m. The GnPs were hot-compressed, forming freestanding GnPs films that were laminated onto polymeric substrates (see Figure 6) or textiles. The performance of the devices was stable after hundreds of thousands of bending cycles at bending radii of 45 and 90 mm. The GnPs employed for this research were supplied by Avanzare (Navarrete La Rioja, Espana) (product AVA18, D50 = 50 \(\upmu\)m). Figure 5: EMI shielding effectiveness (S\({}_{21}\)) of the GnPs-acrylic paint emulsion as a function of GnPs concentration and type (S-X, where X express the average lateral size of the nanoflakes). The frequency investigated were between 0.5 and 0.75 THz. The highest level of attenuation (\(\approx\)36 dB) was found for the high-conductivity composites. An all-paint composite (0 wt % GnPs) was also tested as a negative reference. Reprinted with permission from Carbon 87, 163–174. Copyright 2015 Elsevier. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [61] fabricated GnPs-based transparent electrodes for flexible optoelectronics. The nanoflakes were brush coated on PMMA and silver nanowires were sprayed uniformly on top. The entire structure was embedded onto PET or PDMS. With this technique, a sheet resistance of 12 \(\Omega\)/sq with transmittance of 87.4% was reached. After \(10^{5}\) bending cycles, the resistance increased by only the 4%. Such a GnP-based electrode was doped with p-type \(\mathrm{AuCl_{3}}\) and \(\mathrm{Cl_{2}}\), and used as the anode in organic light emitting diodes, substituting and performing better under bending and stretching than standard indium thin oxide.
## 1 Introduction
More recently, [PERSON] [35] proposed the tightly coupled integration of a GNSS/INS/stereo vision/map matching system for land vehicle navigation, but only the positioning results of PPP were integrated with the INS, stereo vision, and map matching system. [PERSON] et al. [36] further conducted the tightly coupled integration of RTK, MEMS-IMU, and monocular cameras. Obviously, more efforts should be focused on PPP-RTK/INS/vision integration to fully explore the potential of GNSS for further research. There are many dynamic objects in urban areas which interfere with VIO. Dynamic objects can provide dynamic feature points, but mainstream SLAM uses static feature points to recover the motion. There are a lot of researches about dynamic object removal in VIO or SLAM, but most of them mainly focus on vision [37; 38]. Thus, a simple dynamic feature points removal model based on position is proposed in this paper with the help of GNSS. As VIO has accumulation errors, a model based on position does not work well without GNSS. This paper aims to evaluate the navigation performance of the integration of multi-GNSS PPP-RTK, MEMS-IMU, and monocular cameras with a cascading filter and the dynamic object removal algorithm in urban areas. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: first, Section 2 presents the mathematical models of PPP-RTK, the MEMS-IMU, and monocular camera integration based on the MSCKF, integration of multi-GNSS PPP-RTK, INS, and vision as well as the dynamic object removal model, and introduces the structure of the proposed model. Then, the details of the test are demonstrated in Section 3 and the efficiency of different techniques in urban vehicle navigation is analyzed in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 presents the conclusions.
## 1 Introduction
Generally, regional or single-site non-station drought assessments that combine temporal, meteorological, and anthropogenic factors have received widespread attention. However, little attention has been paid to the non-stationarity of evapotranspiration over time due to temperature changes caused by climate change. Most studies on nonstationary drought indicators have focused on a single site and have not reflected the response of the drought index regarding climate change for the entire region of China. To simplify the difficulty of model construction with time as the covariate, GAMLSS were used in this study to construct a linear relationship between the water balance and the covariates with a logistic distribution to obtain the Non-stationary Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (NSPEI). The objectives of this study are to (a) identify the hotspot/coldspot areas of the NSPEI in China by classifying the trends of the distribution parameters \(\mu\) and \(\sigma\); and (b) compare the drought characteristics identified by the SPEI and NSPEI for the hotspot and coldspot areas, respectively, to obtain the magnitude and the spatial distribution of drought over-estimation or under-estimation under the current stationary drought index. This research can generate accurate drought risk assessments and early warnings regarding situations with climate change.
## 4 Experiments
### Qualitative Analysis  
To qualitatively demonstrate the advantages of our model, we visualize the attention scores of each module through examples from the VisDial v1.0 validation set in Figure 5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Context-Level** \\ **History** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Topic-Level** \\ **History** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **NDCG \(\uparrow\)** \\ **History** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **MRR \(\uparrow\)** \\ **of** **R@1** \(\uparrow\) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **R@1** \(\uparrow\) \\ **R@5** \(\uparrow\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **R@10** \(\uparrow\) \\ **of** **Mean**\(\downarrow\) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{MVAN} & ✓ & ✓ & 60.17 & **65.33** & **51.86** & **82.40** & **90.90** & **3.88** \\  & ✗ & ✗ & **62.33** & 61.79 & 47.61 & 79.30 & 88.81 & 4.42 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{w/o Topic Aggregation} & ✓ & N/A & 58.50 & 64.63 & 50.84 & 81.64 & 90.50 & 3.97 \\  & ✗ & N/A & 60.57 & 61.32 & 47.19 & 78.59 & 88.40 & 4.55 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{w/o Context Matching} & N/A & ✓ & 57.06 & 64.15 & 50.51 & 81.15 & 89.83 & 4.12 \\  & N/A & ✗ & 58.60 & 60.36 & 46.09 & 77.71 & 87.64 & 4.73 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Ablations of our approaches on the VisDial v1.0 validation dataset.  
Figure 4: Performance of MVAN with different amounts of dialog history on the VisDial v1.0 validation set.  
The attention scores of the Context Matching module, highlighted in blue, show that our model selectively focuses on contextual information as the semantic intent of the question changes. The tendency for the caption (i.e., H0) to receive the highest attention score implies that the caption contains global information describing the image. In addition, the top three visual contents with high attention scores in each image lead to the potential interpretation that our model is capable of explicitly aligning the semantic intent (i.e., highlighted in yellow) of the question and visual contents through Modality Alignment module. In more detail, the attention scores of the dialog history, highlighted in red, indicate how our model captures topic-relevant clues through previous dialog history.  
As shown in Figure 5a, comparing two examples, we see that the model no longer focuses on \"6\" and \"people\" in H0 because those words are not related to the topic of the current question (i.e.,\"drinking\"). In the example in Figure 5b, when answering Q4 (the left dialog), the model pays more attention to the question-relevant clue such as \"women\" in H0, while no longer focusing on it when answering Q6 (the question topic changes from \"tennis outfits\" to \"background\"). These qualitative results show that our model successfully pays attention to visual and textual information connected to the semantic intent of the question.
# Provenance and Paleo-Environment of the Late Carboniferous Bauxite Formations in Southern Shanxi
## 4 Result
### 4.3. Geochemical Characteristics of Elements
#### 4.3.3 Rare Earth Elements  
The total amount of REEs (\(\Sigma\)REY) in the Jinyu profile varied significantly (Table 4). The highest concentration, 1410.96 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\), was found in the clay rock of the bauxite bottom layer (Y9), while the lowest, only 86.97 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g, was in the sandstone top layer (Y1). The bauxite and its underlying layers show higher REE concentrations, whereas the overlying layers, even if they are clay rocks, have markedly lower levels. In the Jinshi profile, only the clay rock S5 and the bauxite bottom layer S9 exhibited higher REE concentrations, ranging from 446.65 to 977.09 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g, while the other layers had relatively low concentrations. Eu mostly demonstrated negative anomalies in the Jinyu profile and positive anomalies in the Jinshi profile, with both profiles displaying negative Ce anomalies.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
The distribution curves reveal varying degrees of REE enrichment in the Jinyu profile (Figure 9a), notably in the clay rock of the bauxite bottom layer Y9. Overall, the curve is relatively flat, showing slight enrichment of heavy REEs in some clay rocks. Conversely, the Jinshi profile exhibits REE depletion (Figure 9b), particularly in the bauxite and the overlying aluminous rock S7, where there is a significant depletion of light RREs. However, in the bauxite bottom layer S9 and the adjacent clay rock, there is a modest enrichment of light REEs.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **La** & **Ce** & **Pr** & **Nd** & **Sm** & **Eu** & **Gd** & **Tb** & **Dy** & **Y** & **Ho** \\ \hline Y1 & 18.40 & 32.20 & 3.88 & 14.10 & 2.38 & 0.44 & 1.88 & 0.33 & 1.78 & 8.67 & 0.34 \\ Y2 & 50.10 & 87
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Radiometry
The plots in the bottom row illustrate the corresponding RCS mismatch derived from the analysis of focused SAR imagery. The estimated, optimal pointing correction, which was constrained to be identical in \(H\) and \(V\), amounted to \((\Delta\textit{roll}_{e},\Delta\textit{pitch}_{e},\Delta\textit{yaw}_{e})=(-0.2 88^{\circ},0.00^{\circ},-0.44^{\circ})\). Figure 9: The impact of antenna pointing estimation and correction on the residual RCS mismatch. The plots illustrate variations observed within the range histories of trihedral reflectors imaged by DBFSAR at X-band. Large RCS errors (**left**) are much reduced when target analysis takes into account the estimated antenna pointing correction (**right**). Calibration yields independent pointing corrections for the transmit and receive antennas of \(\Delta A_{T}=(1.70^{\circ},-1.58^{\circ},0.03^{\circ})\) and \(\Delta A_{R}=(-0.03^{\circ},-0.84^{\circ},-0.09^{\circ})\), respectively.