## 1 Introduction
Numerical and experimental approaches have been applied to investigate the flooding issue and water behavior [16] using the shallow water equations developed by [PERSON] in 1871 [17]. These equations constitute the fundamental basis for the development of numerical models for open channel flow. Two types of numerical models were developed to investigate flood-wave propagation in one dimension [18; 19; 20; 21; 22] and two dimensions [23; 24; 25]. Following the Nari typhoon in Taiwan, ref. [26] reproduced the flood occurrence by comparing the numerical model output with the pumped water volume obtained from the subway system, along with the failure time of several pump stations. They compared the results of their numerical model to the data gathered in the field. The massive flooding event in Sumacarcel, Spain, was caused by the breakdown of the Tous Dam in October 1982 and was also investigated numerically by [27]. They collected water-depth elevation data by conducting interviews and reviewing the Centre for Studies and Experimentation of the Ministry of Public Works (CEDEX, Spain) reports. Ref. [28] simulated the Nimes flood event and the numerical results were compared to the historical data. Ref. [29] represented the roughness effects of structures in flood-prone urban areas, eventually formulating a numerical simulation model. The creation of dedicated computer tools has heavily contributed to the development and implementation of software capable of efficiently simulating floods. Using the Medjerda River in Tunisia as an example, a comparison of 1 Dimension and 2 Dimension hydraulic models for floods has been performed by [30]. The Hydrological Engineering Center's river analysis system (HEC RAS) and MIKE 11 are used in the one-dimensional models, whereas TELEMAC 2D is used in two-dimensionalmodels. In addition, [31] developed an operational forecasting system (OFS) for better flash flood prediction and warnings in mountainous regions. The developed system uses high-density and high-accuracy airborne LiDAR DEM data to simulate rapid water-level rises and flooding as the result of intense rainfall within relatively small watersheds. The results revealed that the water levels and flood extent derived from the OFS produced agreements between the measured and surveyed data. More recently, [32] developed a high-performance two-dimensional hydrodynamic model based on the finite element method and unstructured grids. They combined the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, the storm water management model (SWMM), a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, and a map-oriented visualization tool to operational high performance. They concluded that the extent of flooding during historical inundation events, as derived from the forecasting systems, agrees well with the surveyed data for plain areas in southwestern Taiwan. Despite the development of several numerical flood simulation models, such as the finite difference method (FDM) [33], the finite volume method (FVM) [34], and dedicated software [35], the issue of prediction and prevention is still relevant. Some of these previous models failed to address the issue of flow simulation, not only due to the difficulty in access (due to the high cost) and handling for the majority of the population but also due to the rigidity of certain parameters used in the software, which prevented them from being adjusted to the case study and for sensitivity to the basin's topography. Another drawback was their inability to forecast and emphasize those regions that would flood and how the water levels in the study area were distributed. In order to considerably reduce the damage and disasters linked to the sudden occurrence of floods, therefore, it appears necessary to develop a model capable of predicting the flood zones as well as the water depths for a given watershed. This would not only identify those areas at risk where populations should be prohibited from settling but also provide estimates of the time required for a rapid evacuation operation in the event of an emergency.