# Sustainability Challenges in Maritime Transport and Logistics Industry and Its Way Ahead
## 2 Sustainability Issues in Shipping, Port and Maritime Logistics
It contributes to internalizing the carbon emissions effects by employing the emissions trading scheme, so-called cap-and-trade, considering the YREB region in Central China and its port-hinterland intermodal logistics network. Arguing that the two port cities, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, are not two separate entities, but they are interdependent and cross-influential, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (Contribution 3) reviewed existing sustainability frameworks and conducted a stakeholder analysis for port city sustainable development by case study methodology, taking the cases of the two port cities in South China. The authors conclude that the stakeholders in both Guangzhou and Shenzhen aim to connect them to the Belt and Road Initiative, which provides vast opportunities in developing economic and transport connectivity along the Belt and Road in tandem with trade growth [28]. The port-city interface is not only driven by several external forces such as changes of port function, conflicts between the port authority and local government, environmental issues caused by port users' services and activities [29]. The two authors identify port city stakeholders and their objectives to investigate port city sustainable development through the analysis of existing sustainability frameworks. The three key dimensions of sustainability, i.e., economic, environmental, and social, are applied to compare Shenzhen and Guangzhou port cities. First, they draw three implications: (1) In terms of the economic aspect, China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) since 2013 provides vast opportunities in trade growth; (2) that for the social aspect, both port cities have a challenge arising out of the limited availability of coastal land for seaport terminals and city waterfront developments; and (3) that for the environmental aspect, they have the common problem of water and air pollution. [PERSON] and [PERSON] recommend that the port cities take innovative actions to explore new technologies to improve productivity and safety and to reduce negative ecological impacts simultaneously so that they can address the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. This paper contributes to highlighting sustainability issues in port/city interfaces, taking cases of Shenzhen and Guangzhou. Considering that coastal wave energy is attracting more attention as a source of clean energy for ports, [PERSON] et al. (Contribution 4) developed a decision framework to evaluate decisions on investment in wave energy. The authors proposed a model by considering the electricity generated from wave energy as a newsvendor-type product. Such a model for single-period inventory decisions under uncertainty is being widely used to understand optimal decision behaviors in industry supply chains. Assuming the electricity supply chain with a single port, a single user of electricity and investor in wave energy converters, and a single electricity plant, the authors constructed a newsvendor model for the optimization of construction of wave energy converters and production and wave energy electricity when the wave supply is uncertain. They performed numerical experiments for various scenarios having different demand levels of electricity, supply uncertainty of electricity generated from the wave energy, construction cost of wave energy converter, production costs of both electricity by wave energy and traditional electricity, price and salvage value in the electricity market. The authorsderived several managerial insights and policy suggestions from simulations. The results showed that the salvage value of wave-energy is a critical mediator in the investment of ports to wave energy converters. They suggested that the government could encourage the port to invest more in wave energy by offering some subsidies either to reduce the construction or to increase the salvage value of wave-energy to the market. The authors also extended the distribution-free model when the information of wave-energy supply is available.