## 14 Focus on Water Supply  
The focused search of MCDA on water supply returned 535 articles of which only 11 overlapped with the general civil engineering search. Some literature reviews of aspects \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Citation** & **Method** & **No. Criteria** & **Notes** \\ \hline
[133] & SAW related & 27 & HVAC selection for buildings. Additionally, gives a list of energy related articles. \\ \hline
[134] & AHP & 3 & Residential buildings in Saudi Arabia. \\ \hline
[135] & AHP, TOPSIS, fuzzy & 9 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Facade design. Combined energy \\ simulation with MCDA method. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[136] & AHP & 15 & Facade design. \\ \hline
[138] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Weights from Simos’ \\ method [139] \\ \end{tabular} & 11 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Uses CommunityViz spatial planning tool \\ to involve stakeholders in urban planning. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[137] & SAW & 7 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Took account of the different weightings \\ from different groups of stakeholders. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[140] & AHP & 7 & Heat waves and buildings. \\ \hline
[141] & AHP & 4 & Ventilation heat recovery in buildings. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Examples of applications of MCDA to Building energy decisions. of this topic were found. An early review in 2006 of multi-criteria methods in water resources management found that both compensatory (e.g., AHP, ANP and MACBETH) and non-compensatory methods (e.g., ELECTRE and PROMETHEE) and fuzzy versions of these, were being applied at that time. A more up-to-date (2020) but very short review can be found in [142]. For the specific topic of water allocation, MCDA methods were reviewed by [143] who noted that optimization methods based on the genetic algorithm [144] were the most frequently reported. Deciding between alternative future water supply alternatives in a city first requires forecasting future demand for water. This can be combined with MCDA methods to determine the preferred option. This was done for Istanbul (Turkey) with the PROMETHEE and TOPSIS methods applied to seven criteria (initial cost, operating cost, impact on the environment, impact on aquatic ecosystems, ease of operation, infrastructure requirements and social acceptability) [145]. ELECTRE III was used in a group decision-making context for selecting from water supply options [142; 146] using ten criteria (climate, cost, reservoir capacity, environmental impacts, water quality, water consumption, groundwater resources, flood control, social effects, water transmission and diversion). Deciding on the best locations for harvesting rural rainstorm flows in Bengal (India) was done by linking a GIS system with the AHP method using three main criteria (land slope, soil type and stream drainage order) [147]. For rainwater harvesting in urban areas, [148] shows a visual method for selecting Pareto optimal options considering seven criteria related to both rainwater harvesting and flood reduction. Options for retrofitting water recovery plants (from wastewater flows) were selected using SAW and three criteria (water quality, robustness, economic) [149]. The optimal layout of district metering areas has been done by combining a k-means clustering algorithm, see [150], with MCDA methods such as AHP or TOPSIS using four criteria (cost, pressure, resilience and water quality) [151]. MCDA has also been used in selecting river water transfer options in Iran using AHP with 14 criteria grouped under 4 headings (environmental, economic, technical and socio-cultural) [152]. Selecting the best water distribution layout in Tamil Nadu (India) was addressed with a fuzzy MOORA-TOPSIS-VICOR combination applied to five criteria (effectiveness, economic, time, social and environmental) [153]. Decisions relating to upgrading an existing network have been addressed using PROMETHEE and SAW with four criteria relating to (cost, pressure deficits, velocity limits and supply deficits) [154]. Some studies considered the usage and conservation of groundwater resources.