## 3 Results
### Results Related to Cell Morphology  
The cell morphology of _Salicornia europaea_ L., the plant that naturally grows mainly in marshy areas, is presented in Table 3.  
The images in Figure 5 show the morphology of the _Salicornia europaea_ L. stem in different anatomical regions. The inner parts of the stem are closed by a single-layer structure called the epidermis, and on the outside, the epidermis is covered by a cuticle. Similar dimensions to the cuticle of the plant harvested from the native area were found for those cultivated on the substrate S2 and S1. As can be seen, the highest values of the cuticle were registered for the plants grown on the substrate S3. On the opposite side is the dimension of the cuticle of the plant grown on peat and perlite substrate (R) with a value of 0.151 \(\upmu\)m. According to the study performed by [57], the role of the cuticle is related to the water loss limitation, pathogen and insect attacks, or attenuation of UV irradiation. Also, the structural and chemical response of the cuticle is related to biotic and abiotic stress factors and organ development stages. Therefore, at the cuticle level, it can be concluded that the cultivation substrate influences the cuticle thickness.  
The palisade parenchyma is represented by cylindrical cells and is involved in water transport to the peripheral layers or air accumulation [32]. According to the measurements made in this study, it was observed that the cultivation substrates influence the size of the cell's plies. The registered differences between cultivation substrates S1, S2, and S3 and those used in I and R might be related to the first mechanisms developed by the plants to manage the high Na\({}^{+}\) concentrations that take place at this level [58; 59].  
Then, on the outside of the palisade tissue, we found the epidermis, where stomata structures are found. At the level of the epidermis, significant differences were registered for cultivation variants S1 and S2 compared to I and R. The highest thickness was observed for the epidermis of the plant grown on S1 (2.394 \(\upmu\)m).  
The obtained results follow the same model according to which anatomical changes like the thickness and stomatal distribution are induced by increased salinity. The increase in the epidermal thickness could be an adaptation mechanism of Salicornia europaea L. to maintain the water content and provide additional space for the sequestration of Na+ [60]. There are several special structures developed by haplotypes, such as the epidermal bladder. Their role is to accumulate excessive Na+, ensuring the survival of the plant [61].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Substrate** & **Cutitic (\(\upmu\)m)** & **Epidermis (\(\upmu\)m)** & **Parenchyma (\(\upmu\)m)** \\ \hline I & 0.297 \(\pm\) 0.014 b  & 1.707 \(\pm\) 0.090 c  & 6.565 \(\pm\) 0.566 c  \\ S1 & 0.278 \(\pm\) 0.016 b  & 2.394 \(\pm\) 0.331 a  & 7.675 \(\pm\) 0.423 b  \\ S2 & 0.240 \(\pm\) 0.008 b  & 2.023 \(\pm\) 0.121 b  & 8.584 \(\pm\) 0.599 a  \\ S3 & 0.533 \(\pm\) 0.058 a  & 1.657 \(\pm\) 0.099 c [FONOTE:c]Footnote a: footnotemark: [ENDFOOTNOTE] & 8.694 \(\pm\) 0.677 a  \\ Peat and perlite (R) & 0.151 \(\pm\) 0.053 c  & 1.783 \(\pm\) 0.162 c  & 5.226 \(\pm\) 0.412 d  \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
\end{table}
Table 3: Morphological characteristics of _Salicornia europaea_ L.  
Figure 5: Gallery of microscopy images of _Salicornia europaea_ L. fleshy segment sections from the middle region of the plant. (**A**) Image of segment section: cuticle (cut), epidermis (ep), and palisade tissue (pt); (**B**) measurements on I variant; (**C**) measurements on S1 variant; (**D**) measurements on S2 variant; (**E**) measurements on S3 variant; and (**F**) measurements on R variant.