## 4 Discussion  
### Socio-Economic Impact Due to Coastal Flooding  
Studying or assessing coastal vulnerability to the risk of sea-level rise-induced flooding in the Ria of Arosa coast, and considering that approximately 50% of the world's population lives in the 10% of land area that comprises the coastline [40], it is possible to relate the results to the impact it will have on society and the economy of the study area. In Spain, coastal population increased at an annual rate of 1.9% in the first decade of the 21 st century. In Galicia specifically, the population density in municipalities located on the coast in the others provinces of Galicia (Coruna with 269 inhabitants/km\({}^{2}\) and Lugo with 92 inhabitants/km\({}^{2}\)) is below the national average of Spain (435 inhabitants/km\({}^{2}\)). However, in the province of Pontevedra, the population density is higher, at 724 inhabitants/km\({}^{2}\)[41]. The total population in coastal municipalities in Galicia is 1.1 million, with approximately 11,500 people living in flood-prone areas [42], meaning areas at high risk of flooding. In total, in Galicia, 59% of the total population of the autonomous community resides in its coastal areas, which account for less than 10% of the entire Galician territory [43]. Coastal tourism in Galicia, with more than 700 beaches along a 1400 km long coastline in northern Spain, is considered of great importance. The coastal areas of Rias Altas and Rias Bajas are the ones with the most coastal tourism activity, representing 53.7% of all coastal tourism in the autonomous community. In addition to coastal tourism, the Ria of Arosa is known for its significant wine tourism, featuring some of the best white wines in the country, as well as cultural tourism with visits to towns and churches (turismo.gal). In Galicia, the majority of the employed population in coastal areas is in the service sector (financial, public, commercial, and tourism) (67.2%), and the primary sector activity in coastal areas, as mentioned earlier, includes fishing, shellfish harvesting, and aquaculture, with a high production and export of seafood products nationwide, particularly in aquaculture, which accounts for 98% of all mussel production in Spain [43]. Flooding in the area would have a significant negative impact on the economy, potentially affecting various sectors. In the tourism sector, flooding can lead to direct or indirect damage, causing harm to tourism infrastructure and significant losses for hotels and businesses dedicated to tourism. This disruption in business operations leads to reservation cancellations, reduced tourism, and significant income losses for tourism-related enterprises. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Municipality**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Area (km\({}^{2}\))**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Inhabitants**} & **Population** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Elevation**} & **Distance** & **Exposed** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Engebitants**} \\  & & & **Density** & & **from** & **Urbanized** & **Arosa (km\({}^{2}\))** & \\ \hline Sangenjo & 45.08 & 17,760 & 393.97 & 52 & 0 & 1.76 & 693 \\ El Grove & 21.86 & 10,809 & 494.46 & 64 & 0 & 1.91 & 944 \\ Cambados & 23.44 & 13,671 & 583.23 & 15 & 0 & 1.52 & 886 \\ Villanue de Arosa & 38.84 & 10,240 & 263.65 & 50 & 0 & 0.90 & 237 \\ Isla de Arosa & 7 & 4878 & 696.86 & 9 & 0 & 1.36 & 947 \\ Total & 135.92 & 57,358 & 421.99 & & & 7.45 & 3707 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Parameters for calculating exposure to flood risk (INE.es). The loss of tourism can also occur due to tourists' perceptions of risk and unfavorable conditions in the area. Decreased tourism results in reduced demand for personnel in the sector, leading to job losses for workers dependent on tourism, such as waiters, tour guides, hotel staff, etc. [44].