esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An Intrusion Resistant SCADA Framework Based on Quantum and Post-Quantum Scheme
## 5 Formal Analysis of the Proposed Scheme
### Analysis of Key Generation Phase  
We verified the B92 protocol based on the Discrete-Time Markov chain by using the PRISM tool [49]. There are three main steps to build a PRISM model. The first step is system specification, involving building a model of a given system with modules, variables, and constants. We constructed three modules, mainly [PERSON], Bob, and Eve. The second step is property specification, which addresses the two hypothetical questions: How much information is leaked processing the protocol? Can the B92 protocol discard or prevent the eavesdropping attack? Thus, we created two properties to address the questions, namely, _Probability of detecting an eavesdropper ([PERSON])_ and, _Probability that [PERSON] measures more than half of the information correctly_. The third step is feeding the model into the PRISM tool [49]. We created two models [50; 51], namely, B92 protocol with Intercept Resend attack, and B92 protocol with Random Substitute attack.  
Figure 6: SPHINCS tree with d layers. It shows the computation at d-1 layer. The d-1 layer is the topmost layer which has key pairs: (1) Public Key, PK. (2) Private or secret key, SK\({}_{d-1}\).  
PRISM is a probabilistic model checker that indicates design flaws in the security protocol before moving to the simulation phase and deploying in a real-time hardware setting. Thus, PRISM does not address the challenges during hardware implementation. Based on [PERSON] et al. [20]'s experiment on the BB84 protocol, the researchers have observed that the secret key rate is 345 kbps with a clock rate of 560 MHz and QBER of 1.05%. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [52]'s paper provides both experimental implementations and software simulation of the B92 protocol. The practical implementation shows the key rate and QBER is \(51\pm 0.5\) Kbits/sec and \(4.79\%\pm 0.01\%\), respectively. The B92 protocol simulation generates a key rate of \(52.83\pm 0.36\) Kbits/s and QBER of and \(4.79\%\pm 0.01\%\).  
While conducting formal analysis using PRISM, we considered the worst-case scenario of information leakage. The worst-case scenario is that [PERSON] reads more than half of the qubits over the quantum channel correctly. Because, When [PERSON] measures the qubits, there is a 50% probability of using the wrong basis. Further, the probability of getting a correct qubit state using the wrong basis is 50%. Thus, 25% of the qubits measured by the receiver is incorrect, and 75% of the qubits measured are correct. Therefore, currently, we are considering more than 50% information leakage. Moreover, simulation of B92 in PRISM deals with a low number of qubits due to computational limitations and significantly high elapsed time.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Model Construction and Structural Parameter Setting  
#### 2.3.1 Computational Grid Construction  
Using complete N-S (Navier-Stokes) equations, Tru-VOF, FDM with FAVOR, and other methods, numerical simulation can accurately predict the free liquid surface flow and visualize the results. The basic idea is as follows: The drainage basin is divided into multiple grids that define flow parameters at discrete locations, such as pressure, temperature, and velocity, and these can be used to perform numerical simulations of the values of the equations of fluid motion. The distribution of basic physical quantities and the change of physical quantities with time can be obtained by numerical simulation. The finite difference/control volume method is used to generate structured mesh, and the multi-grid block and superimposed block technology are used to make the mesh more compact. The precision can be set with different blocks, and the complex structural features can be described with the appropriate number of grids.
# Toward the Generation of an Isolated TW-Attosecond X-ray Pulse in XFEL
### Dynamics of New Material Status: Hollow Atoms and Warm Dense Matter  
Hollow atoms and warm dense matter, which do not exist in the Earth (but do in the universe), are created by powerful lasers or X-rays. The electrons in the K-shell can be selectively removed by using a resonant X-ray, which results in hollow atoms [6]. A hollow atom is at a very highly excited state and is unstable, hence it transitions quickly to a stable state via various paths. Such highly excited hollow atoms result in highly-ionized atoms that take various paths. The dynamic change through these paths occurs within a few femtoseconds, and has not been investigated; attosecond pulses are required for this exploration. Warm dense matter (WDM) is a broad range of the states of a material in which the electron temperature is comparable to the Fermi energy and the density of ions is sufficiently high, so that ion-ion coupling is significant. Such states are governed by the complex interplay between the excitations of electrons, their degeneracy, and strong ion-ion correlation. This WDM is typically produced by illuminating materials with intense femtosecond lasers. WDM manifests dual properties: a condensed matter and a plasma state. This dual nature adds both intrigue and challenge to the research on WDM. Advances have been made during the past decades. One bizarre observation is the discovery of a superheated solid phase in nonequilibrium [7]. The investigation of electron-ion coupling dynamics is a prerequisite for the understanding of energy relaxation in this nonequilibrium state. Despite the theoretical progress, ultrafast electron-ion energy relaxation in WDM remains an open question. Future progress would undoubtedly require not only substantial theoretical efforts, but also more measurements related to electron-ion coupling dynamics in a wide range of independent experiments. These experiments certainly require attosecond XFEL pulses.
## 3 Results
Image interpretation was performed using P1B, SAR data, and machine learning. The blend of these data secured enough environmental variability and time to estimate and determine the potential extent of the fortified sites that the algorithm specified. Because of the sand cover, the RF probability yielded only a few well-defined square shapes. Most of the newly proposed sites present fragmentary square shapes and elongated bands of pixels. It is quite possible that in addition to these discovered sites, there are also the remains of archaeological sites covered by sand or shrub vegetation with low RF probability values. It is worth emphasizing that the algorithm helped to identify small groups of site pixels. Figure 4: (**A**) The study area, showing the distribution of sites. (**B**) A Google Earth base map locating a well-preserved fort. (**C**) Dual Sentinel-1 band [VV, VH] in ascending mode. (**D**) Single Sentinel-1 band [VV] in ascending mode. Results of the RF classifier: (**E**) Visible high-resolution PB1 imagery without SAR images compared to the virtual absence of sites. (**F**) An example of SAR images combined with PB1 that detected a known fortified site used as a validation set; note that the white dots scattered through the region indicate high-RF probability sites. Figure 5: RF probability results. (**A**) Illustration of fortified detection sites. (**B**) Clustering of high-probability pixels in the area showing the detection structures of fortified sites. (**C**) Pan sharpened Pleiades imagery. Image was interpreted as signifying the existence of a fort hidden underground.
# Counteracting Selfish Nodes Using Reputation Based System in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
## 3 Proposed Reputation-Based Scheme
### Schemes Description  
Unlike the existing methods, where reputation is a measure of cooperation without considering the resources being utilized by nodes, the C2C ratio, on the other hand, provides the overall behavioral history of nodes, for example, how many resources a node exploited for its own benefits and how much it has contributed to the network. Based on our mechanism, each node in an ad hoc network implements an autonomous reputation evaluation scheme that aims to identify and isolate selfish neighbors.  
MANET is a set of mobile nodes \(N=\{n_{1},n_{2},\cdots,N\}\) communicating in an ad hoc manner. All the nodes act as a host to send their own packets and a router to forward other node packets. Packets are assumed to be forwarded hop-by-hop. The communication links are considered bidirectional, and the wireless channels are assumed to be error-free. Each node has an omnidirectional antenna for bidirectional communication [44]. To compute the reputation of nodes, every node in the network maintains a C2C table to record the consumption and contribution of other nodes. The consumption (sent packets) of a node \(n\) is the number of packets it sent through other nodes in the network, whereas the contribution is the number of packets node \(n\) forwarded for other nodes. Based on C2C information, a node \(n\) reputation can be calculated as  
\[R_{1}^{n}=\frac{\sum_{pkt=1}^{p}F_{pkts}}{\sum_{pkt=1}^{p}F_{pkts}+D_{pkts}} \tag{1}\]  
\[R_{2}^{n}=\frac{\sum_{pkt=1}^{p}F_{pkts}}{\sum_{pkt=1}^{p}F_{pkts}+S_{pkts}} \tag{2}\]  
where the \(F_{pkts}\) (forward packets) represents contribution, \(S_{pkts}\) (sent packets) is the consumption, and \(D_{pkts}\) (drop packets) denote the dropped packets. The \(R_{1}^{n}\) is the reputation value used to detect the type-I attack (malicious attack) and \(R_{2}^{n}\) is for the type-II attack (partial droppers or selfish attack). A node can use network services if the following condition holds  
\[R_{1}^{n}\textit{and}\ R_{2}^{n}\geq\tau \tag{3}\]  
where \(\tau\) is the tolerable reputation threshold and a node satisfying the above condition is considered as a good node. If a node reputation falls below the threshold, such nodes will be declared as selfish or malicious nodes and secluded from the network.
# A Lightweight and Practical Anonymous Authentication Protocol Based on Bit-Self-Test PUF
## 5 Implementation and Analysis
### Implementation and Performance Evaluation of the BST-PUF  
Since arbiter PUFs (APUFs) have lower hardware requirements than RO PUFs and provide a larger number of CRPs than memory-based PUF, we have chosen the scheme in [27], which applies the BST-PUF strategy to the arbiter PUF circuit as the implementation of the PUF section in the proposed protocol. It is known that the BST strategy can be applied to a variety of PUFs and is not limited to a particular PUF. The BST-APUF was chosen as the implementation in this paper because of its ability to output a large number of CRPs and its lower overhead. Compared to the traditional Arbiter PUF, a Threshold Generator (TG) is added to the BST-APUF to generate additional delays. The TG feeds into the up-layer and down-layer delay paths separately via the multiplexer module, generatingthe PUF response \(R_{i}\) and the corresponding reliability flag \(F_{i}\). The specific circuit design is shown in Figure 6. It consists of four modules: an Arbiter PUF with a 64-stage delay switch module, a BST module, a reliability flag generator, and a control logic unit. The principles of BST-APUF are described in Sections II and III of [27].  
We tested three performance metrics (uniqueness, reliability, and bias) of the selected robust responses at 1.0 V and \(-25\,^{\circ}\)C, \(0\,^{\circ}\)C, \(25\,^{\circ}\)C, and \(80\,^{\circ}\)C. The reliability can be expressed in terms of the bit error rate (BER), which is the percentage of false response bits acquired on average over different operating environments, and the results are shown in Figure 7. We found that when the selection rate of the selected robust response is 66.85%, the uniqueness of the PUF response is 49.1%, the bias is 50.3%, and the BER is less than \(10^{-9}\). The reliability is high enough to be directly used for security authentication.
# A Creep Model of Asphal Mixture Based on Variable Order Fractional Derivative
## 2 Fractional Viscoelastic Element
### Variable-Order Fractional Viscoelastic Element  
Unlike constant fractional calculus, the fractional order of variable-order fractional calculus no longer remains constant, but changes with time. Let \(0<\beta=\alpha(t)<1\), then the fractional calculus of function \(f(t)\) with order \(\alpha(t)\) is given below [15]:  
\[{}_{a}I_{t}^{\alpha(\cdot)}f(t)=\int\limits_{a}^{t}\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha( \tau))}\frac{f(\tau)}{(t-\tau)^{1-\alpha(\tau)}}\mathrm{d}\tau,\ (t>a) \tag{6}\]  
\[{}_{a}D_{t}^{\alpha(\cdot)}f(t)=\frac{\mathrm{d}^{\alpha(\cdot)}f(t)}{\mathrm{ d}t^{\alpha(\cdot)}}=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}\int\limits_{a}^{t}\frac{1}{ \Gamma(1-\alpha(\tau))}\frac{f(\tau)}{(t-\tau)^{a(\tau)}}\mathrm{d}\tau,\ (t>a) \tag{7}\]  
where \(\alpha(t)\) is a piecewise constant in time domain, and we can assume that \(\alpha(t)=\alpha_{k},k=1,2,\ldots n\), when \(t_{k-1}<t\leq t_{k}\). Then, the constitutive equation of the fractional viscoelastic element in the time period (\(t_{k-1}<t\leq t_{k}\)) is given by:  
\[\sigma(t)=\xi_{k}\cdot{}_{t_{k-1}}D_{t}^{\alpha_{k}}\varepsilon(t),\ (0<\alpha_{k}<1,\ t_{k-1}<t\leq t_{k}) \tag{8}\]  
where \(\xi_{k}\) is the viscosity coefficient corresponding to \(\alpha_{k}\).  
Under creep condition, \(\sigma(t)=\sigma_{0}H(t-t_{k-1})\), the creep strain of the fractional viscoelastic element can be obtained from Equation (8):  
\[\varepsilon(t)={}_{t_{k-1}}I_{t}^{\alpha_{k}}\frac{\sigma_{0}}{\xi_{k}},\ (0<\alpha_{k}<1,\ t_{k-1}<t\leq t_{k}) \tag{9}\]  
From Equation (1), the \(\beta\)-th order integration of a constant \(C\) is given by:  
\[{}_{a}I_{t}^{\beta}C=\frac{C(t-a)^{\beta}}{\Gamma(1+\beta)} \tag{10}\]  
Thus, Equation (9) becomes:  
\[\varepsilon(t)=\frac{\sigma_{0}}{\xi_{k}}\frac{(t-t_{k-1})^{\alpha_{k}}}{ \Gamma(1+\alpha_{k})},\ (0<\alpha_{k}<1,\ t_{k-1}<t\leq t_{k}) \tag{11}\]  
Based on Equation (11), the creep strain of the fractional viscoelastic element after n-1 time segments can be written as:  
\[\varepsilon(t)=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n-1}\frac{\sigma_{0}}{\xi_{k}}\frac{(t_{k} -t_{k-1})^{\alpha_{k}}}{\Gamma(\alpha_{k}+1)}+\frac{\sigma_{0}}{\xi_{n}}\frac{ (t-t_{n-1})^{\alpha_{n}}}{\Gamma(\alpha_{n}+1)},\ (t>t_{n-1}) \tag{12}\]
# Enhancing Data Security Through VLSM Subnetting and TCP/IP Model in an ENT
###### Abstract  
Data in-transit from an at-rest state can be securely transmitted and managed within a network. **Background:** This work covers the design and simulation of an Enhanced Network Topology (ENT) with multiple components that connects multiple locations of an imaginary organisation structure. The components of the network locations are mix-vendor components. The focus is on how classless IP address allocation, routing protocols, hierarchical network topology, and the updated Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model are put together to enhance performance and security. The simulation is performed using Cisco Packet Tracer where the packet transfer and connections within the network are examined. **Methods:** The Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) approach is applied to a network design to secure data and information. We provided and detailed the implementation of subnetting, routing protocols, the updated TCP/IP model, and simulation within Cisco Packet Tracer. Our paper demonstrates the applicability of a single IP address range (0-255) where only the fourth octet changes to serve to secure information across networks through creating subnets. **Results:** The results of the simulation are further analysed; the security protocols are summarised. **Conclusions:** Our work has potential to be applied to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) networks, Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud networks; a useful resource for academia and industry professionals.  
information security; cybersecurity; cybercrime; networking; security protocols; VLSM; routing protocols; TCP/IP model; Cisco packet tracer
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Development of Specific Markers and Data Analysis  
The 16 \(LS\), 12 _Myb-P1_, and 6 _DFR_, gene sequences obtained from the eight varieties were assembled, edited, and aligned using MEGA 6.0 and Clustal W2 [30; 31]. The contigs were aligned to determine any regions containing subspecies-specific indels or SSRs. PCR reactions were performed to confirm primer specificity, using the following conditions: an initial denaturation at 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min; followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s, annealing at 62 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s, and extension at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s, with a final extension for 5 min at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The amplified fragments were checked using a 3.0% MetaPhor agarose gel (Lonza, Rockland, ME, USA). The size of each amplification product was automatically estimated using the UVIsoft image analyzer system. For the band size measurements, a charge-coupled device camera imaging system and UVIsoft analysis (Gel documentation and analysis systems, Vivtec, Cambridge, UK) were used to capture the image and to calculate the band size. The polymorphic information content (PIC) was calculated for each fragment using the formula PIC\(i\) = 2\(fi\)(1 - \(fi\)), where \(fi\) is the frequency of amplified fragments (bands that are present), and (1 - \(fi\)) is the frequency of non-amplified fragments (bands that are absent) of marker \(i\). The PIC value is a measure of how many alleles a marker generates on locus [32]. In this study, two SSR markers is considered as an allele for the purposes of calculations.
# A Selective Dynamic Sampling Back-Propagation Approach for Handling the Two-Class Imbalance Problem
## 2 Selective Dynamic Sampling Approach
INIT():
1: Read MLP file \((X,N,M,J,Q,I\) and \(\eta)\);
2: Generate initial weights randomly between \(-0.5\) and \(0.5\); LEARNING():
3:while\(i<I\) or \(E>0.001\)do
4:\(x^{q}\leftarrow\) randomly chose a sample from \(X\)
5: FORWARD(\(x\));
6:\(\Delta^{q}=(z_{0}^{q}/\sqrt{(z_{0}^{q}-z_{1}^{q})^{2}})-(z_{1}^{q}/\sqrt{(z_{0 }^{q}-z_{1}^{q})^{2}})\);
7:\(\gamma(\Delta^{q})=exp(-||\Delta^{q}-\mu||^{2}/2\sigma^{2})\);
8:if Random() \(<=\gamma(\Delta^{q})\)then
9: UPDATE(\(x\));
10:endif
11:\(i++\);
12:endwhile
13: FORWARD(\(x\)):
14:for\(m=0\) to \(m<M\)do
15:for\(n=0\) to \(n<N\)do
16:\(y_{m}\gets y_{m}+x_{n}^{q}*w_{nm}\);
17:endfor
18:\(y_{m}=net(y_{m})\);
19:endfor
20:for\(j=0\) to \(j<J\)do
21:for\(m=0\) to \(m<M\)do
22:\(z_{j}\gets z_{j}+u_{mj}*y_{m}\);
23:endfor
24:\(z_{j}\gets net(z_{j})\);
25:endfor UPDATE(\(x\)):
26:for\(m=1\) to \(M\)do
27:\(u_{mj}^{r+1}\gets u_{mj}^{r}+\eta\{(t_{j}^{(q)}-z_{j}^{(q)})[z_{j}^{(q)}(1- z_{j}^{(q)})]y_{m}^{(q)}\}\);
28:endfor
29:for\(n=1\) to \(N\)do
30:\(w_{nm}^{r+1}\gets w_{nm}^{r}+\eta\{\sum_{j=1,J}(t_{j}^{(q)}-z_{j}^{(q)})[z_ {j}^{(q)}(1-z_{j}^{(q)})]u_{mj}^{(r)}\}x_{n}[y_{m}^{(q)}(1-y_{m}^{(q)})][x_{n} ^{(q)}]\);
31:endfor
32:endfor
```  
**Algorithm 1** The Selective Dynamic Sampling Approach (SDSA) based on the stochastic back-propagation multilayer perceptron.
## 1 Introduction
Driven by these considerations, an innovative AURV [8; 9], capable of efficiently reconfiguring its shape, according to the demanded task, spanning from a \"survey\", slender configuration to a \"hovering\", stocky configuration have been designed by the Department of Industrial Engineering of the University of Florence (UNIFI DIEF). After the design stage has been partially fulfilled, the need for investigating the dynamic characteristics of the two different extreme configurations has arisen. In fact, a novel formulation for the dynamic maneuverability analysis (DMA) of an AURV, adapting [PERSON]'s well-known manipulability theory for robotic arms [10; 11], is proposed in this paper. If the manipulability concept was first introduced as a measure of the ability of robotic arms in positioning and orienting end effectors, in the same way, the maneuverability can be defined as the capability of a mobile robot to move over several degrees of freedom. With regard to the application of the maneuverability concept in subsea robotics, several works [12; 13] discussed the optimization of thruster configurations for omnidirectional underwater vehicles. In particular, the relationship between the longitudinal forces of the thrusters and the body-fixed generalized forces has been studied. In the context of our work, we are not only introducing a novel analysis that relates the vehicle body-fixed accelerations with the rotational speed of each thruster, but we apply this methodology to several AURV configurations. Furthermore, we provide an accurate description of the AURV dynamic model and the propulsion system for each vehicle configuration. The paper structure reflects the procedural workflow. In Section 2, we summarize the research activity design guidelines alongside a review of the major exploited theoretical concepts. In Section 3, we briefly illustrate the kinematic and dynamic behavior of each configuration of the AURV with the assumptions made in this work. In Section 4, we provide the study of the propulsion system selected for the vehicle. Additionally, in Section 5, we describe the new dynamic maneuverability formulation, starting from the theoretical basics, to the application of this theory to an underwater vehicle. In Section 6, we outline the metrics and indices used for a quantitative evaluation of the AURV maneuverability. Finally, the simulation results of the DMA applied to the UNIFI DIEF AURV can be observed in Section 7. A conclusive discussion is provided in Section 8.
###### Abstract  
The Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System has provided a global-coverage service since 27 December 2018. Eighteen BD3 MEO satellites have been launched into space during 2017 and 2018. The signal constitution has been redesigned and four open service signals are used for transmission, including B1I, BIC, B2a and B3I. This paper focuses on the signal performance, Precise Orbit Determination (POD) and the atomic clock's frequency stability issues of the BD3 satellites. The satellite-induced code bias issue found in BD2 satellites multipath combination has been proven to be eliminated in BD3 satellites. However, the pseudorange code of BIC is much noisier than that of other three frequencies, which may be related to the signal constitution and power distribution, as the minimum received power levels on the ground of BIC is 3 dB lower than that of the B2a signal. Similar results were achieved by the Ionosphere-Free combination residuals in POD using four signals, B1I-B3I, B1I-B2a, B1C-B3I and B1C-B2a, and the phase residual of BIC-B2a combination performed best. Considering the noise amplitude and compatibility with other GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), the BIC-B2a combination is recommended in priority for precise GNSS data processing. GFIFP combinations were also implemented to evaluate the inter-frequency phase bias of the four signals. The experimental results showed that the systematic signal with an amplitude of about 2 cm could be found in the GFIFP series. In addition, multi-GNSS POD was performed and analyzed as well, using about a hundred global-distributed IGS and iGMAS stations. Furthermore, the atomic clock's frequency stability was estimated using the parameters of clock bias calculated in POD and the Overlap Allan Deviations showed that the frequency stability of BD3 reached approximately \(2.43\times 10^{-14}\) at intervals of 10,000 s and \(2.51\times 10^{-15}\) at intervals of 86,400 s, which was better than that of the GPS BLOCK IIF satellites but worse than that of Galileo satellites.  
BD3; pseudorange code bias; inter-frequency phase bias; precise orbit determination; satellite laser ranging; Allan Deviation +
Footnote †: journal: