## 1 Introduction  
At present, about 20% of the world's flight accidents are caused by meteorological factors. In low-temperature environments, aircraft and spacecraft are prone to ice accumulation, improper sealing, hydraulic failure, and electronic equipment failure. The performance of the sealing rubber can be easily affected by low-temperature environments, thus affecting aircraft safety. In 1986, for example, the U.S. space shuttle \"Challenger\" crashed due to sealing failure of the O-ring of the solid rocket motor in a low-temperature environment. It is thus necessary to carry out low-temperature environmental chamber tests, or infield tests, to understand the performance of the aircraft sealing rubber in the design and verification stages. In the study of the low-temperature properties of the rubber materials, the temperature volume relationship of the rubber is usually studied to obtain the low-temperature properties of the rubber [1]. Common methods such as standardized compression set measurement and simplified low temperature compression or tensile properties measurement [2, 3, 4]. With the decrease in temperature, the toughness of the carboxyl terminated nitrile butadiene rubber (CTBN) decreases with the glass transmission of the rubber [5]. The mechanical properties of the silicone rubber at low-temperature are related to glass transition temperature, low-temperature crystallization, macromolecular structure and cohesive energy, but the tensile strength and elongation at break decrease at low-temperature [6]. The elastic modulus of fluorosilicone rubber also decreases rapidly at low temperature [7]. Isoprene rubber will further reduce its elasticity and toughness due to crystallization under low-temperature for a long time [8]. In a low-temperature environment, the decrease in elasticity caused by vitrification of commonly used vulcanized rubber will occur rapidly, which will affect the sealing performance and mechanical properties of its material products [9]. At low-temperature, the decrease in the stiffness of rubber products is related to the decrease in elasticity and the increase in hardness, which will affect the shock absorption and noise reduction effect of rubber products at low temperature [10]. At present, there are some methods to predict and simulate rubber stiffness at low temperature, but it depends on the known properties of rubber at low-temperature [11]. There are some research results on the influencing factors of low temperature rubber properties. For example, the sensitivity of rubber to low temperature is different when the large deformation condition and loading rate are different, and when the thermal hyperelastic model is used for theoretical analysis of the materials, it can only achieve better simulation of the rubber low temperature performance in a certain temperature range [12]. The addition of cis-1,4-polybutadiene rubber as modifier can control the low-temperature crystallization process of natural rubber, thus improving the shear modulus and bonding properties of the rubber at low temperature [13]. Sodium bisulfate in natural rubber can also effectively affect the crystallization of macromolecules in a low temperature environment, so as to improve the low temperature performance of natural rubber [14]. Formulation is the most important factor affecting the low temperature properties of rubber, especially the glass transition temperature [15]. Vulcanization systems and plasticizers also have a high influence on the low temperature properties of rubber (such as styrene butadiene rubber) [16]. The effect of natural rubber crystallization on the shear modulus is approximately independent of the crosslinking density and crystallization temperature. When the crystal is regarded as a thread network, the effect of crystallization can be well predicted, so as to achieve the inhibition of the low-temperature crystallization of the rubber [17]. In addition, the aging of the rubber materials and nanofillers will also have a certain impact on its low temperature performance [18].