## 3 Experimental Results  
The first set of experiments assessed the effects of different solvents, where tap water (NW) and distilled water (DW) were compared. In this instance, it is worth noting that, unless mentioned, the standard washing procedure employs a citric acid concentration of 0.5 M, is stirred (D), and utilizes an L/S ratio (LS) of ten. In the case of other variations, the parameters will be mentioned, respectively. Upon washing and chemical analysis (XRF), the results of using DW compared with NW as the solvent are provided in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. The average chemical composition after the washing process is calculated relative to the initial concentration in Table 1 to simplify the comparison of the elements considered in this study. Based on these analysis results, relatively no difference can be identified, especially considering a range in initial chemical composition (despite being homogeneously divided using a sample divider) and measurement accuracy. In the context of justification, a change in the chemical composition of only \(\pm\)10% (relative value of 0.90-1.10) is considered constant to contrast only the significant change. In addition to comparing different solvents, Figures 5 and 6 also indicate other variations, including the washing duration (1H, 3H, 6H, and 12H for one, three, six, and twelve hours of washing), fluid agitation (S for not stirred and D for stirred), and temperature (H). Higher temperature and fluid agitation could be the best combination in the washing method since a significant reduction in Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn can be observed. Moreover, washing for a longer duration generally increases the reduction of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn. However, a notable decrease in calcium can also be observed, which is unfortunately not desirable, especially if the future application of MF010-Min is an alternative material in cement clinker production, where calcium content would significantly increase its value. Interestingly, a significant reduction in Fe can only be observed after a minimum washing duration of 6 h. The extended case can even be observed in Al, which can only be achieved by heating during the prolonged washing duration. However, this prolonged duration is  
Figure 4: Flow Diagram of Citric Acid Washing Experiments Sequence of MF010-Min. not the only determining factor since only the Ca and Mn concentrations would decrease if no agitation were carried out. The fact that comparable reductions (if not greater) in Ca and Mn are detected between 1H-D (agitated in one hour) and 12H-S (not agitated in 12 h) signifies the importance of the stirring process. Following the results of Figures 5 and 6 and considering future practicality, further observations utilized only NW as a solvent for citric acid. In this instance, the effect of the citric acid concentration was explored after three-hour and six-hour washing processes, as indicated in Figures 7 and 8, respectively. Based on those results, the six-hour washing process performs better than the three-hour washing process, although the improvement might be insignificant except for Fe. In the case of Fe, a constant concentration or a fluctuation of less than 10% is expected after 3 h of washing. A comparison of these two results with the results in Figures 5 and 6 indicates that the Si content is always higher than the initial concentration (relative value above 1.00). It can be correlated with the compositional constraint effect due to a reduction in other elements, which is supported by the result of 0 M citric acid (washing with only water). In this specific case, no significant change in the concentration of observed elements, including the Si content, can be expected regardless of the washing duration. Finally, based on the results of Figures 7 and 8,  
Figure 5: Washing results of MF010-Min using DW as solvent: variation in washing duration and agitation (S is not stirred; D is stirred; DH is stirred and heated at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C).