# Gamma Ray Shielding Properties of Yb\({}^{3+}\)-Doped Calcium Borotellurite Glasses
## 3 Results and Discussion
For instance, the \(\mu\) increased from 0.386 cm\({}^{-1}\) (for TeBYb1, \(\varrho\) = 3.08 g/cm\({}^{3}\)) to 0.687 cm\({}^{-1}\) (for TeBYb5, \(\varrho\) = 4.46 g/cm\({}^{3}\)) at 0.284 MeV. Furthermore, the \(\mu\) increased from 0.336 cm\({}^{-1}\) (for TeBYb1) to 0.551 cm\({}^{-1}\) (for TeBYb5) at 0.347 MeV. These results show that there is a diminishing trend in the gamma radiation transmission corresponding with an increase in the density of the TeBYbX glasses (resulting from increased the TeO\({}_{2}\) content). According to the \(\mu\) curves, we can conclude that the glass specimen with high percentage of TeO\({}_{2}\) can be developed in different shielding applications. Another important point that can be understood from Figure 3 is the dependence of the \(\mu\) on the energy. It is clear that the energy affects the \(\mu\), and, accordingly, the shielding strength of the chosen TeBYbX glasses. The highest/lowest \(\mu\) is found at 0.284/2.506 MeV. The highest \(\mu\) values are 0.386, 0.426, 0.466, 0.527 and 0.687 cm\({}^{-1}\) for TeBYb1, TeBYb2, TeBYb3, TeBYb4 and TeBYb5 glasses respectively. In contrast, the smallest \(\mu\) values are 0.120, 0.126, 0.132, 0.143 and 0.170 cm\({}^{-1}\) for the previous glasses, respectively. Figure 4 graphs the transmission factor, or TF, of the TeBYb1 sample at five different thicknesses against energy. A smaller TF signifies a more effective shielding material. This sample was chosen as an example to investigate the effects of thickness and photon energy on the TF of the glass. Five thicknesses were chosen, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 cm, to test thinner and thicker samples. The energy varied from 0.284 MeV to 2.51 MeV to examine how low, mid, and high energies affect TF. The minimum TF can be observed at the minimum chosen energy, 0.284 MeV, where TF is equal to 0.891, 0.793, 0.707, 0.629, 0.875, 0. 0.560 for thicknesses of 0.3-1.5 cm, respectively. Additionally, as the thickness of the sample increases, the TF decreases. We can conclude that the greater the thickness of the shield, the more photons it will absorb. Therefore, if space is not a serious concern, a thicker material should be used to absorb the greatest number of photons possible. For any one thickness, as energy increases, TF increases. For instance, for a 1.5 cm sample of TeBYb1, the TF increases from 0.560 at 0.284 MeV, 0.714 at 0.723 MeV, and 0.836 at 2.506 MeV. The results also demonstrate that the glass is more successful in blocking the photons at lower energies and decreases in competence as energy increases. The TF of TeBYb5 was plotted against energy at various thicknesses in Figure 5. The same five thicknesses and energy range were used as in the previous figure. Similar trends can be observed between this figure and the last. For example, TF decreases as the thickness of the sample increases. At 2.506 MeV, the TF is equal to 0.950 for a thickness of 0.3 cm, 0.858 for a thickness of 0.9 cm, and 0.774 for a thickness of 1.5 cm. In addition, for any one thickness, TF declines as energy increases. For 0.3 cm, the TF is equal to 0.814, 0.915, and 0.950 at energies of 0.284, 0.823, and 2.506 MeV, respectively. When comparing the two figures, for any one thickness at any one energy, TeBYb1 has a greater TF than TeBYb5. For a thickness of 0.3 cm, the TF of TeBYb1 at 0.284 MeV is 0.891, while it is 0.814 for TeBYb5 at this energy. For the same thickness and at an energy of 2.506 MeV, the TF of TeBYb1 is 0.965, while the TF of TeBYb5 is 0.950. From these results, it can be determined that TeBYb5 is a  
Figure 4: The transmission factor for TeBYb1 as a function of the energy at different thicknesses. more effective shield than TeBYb1, since it has a lower TF at all energies and thicknesses. Accordingly, increasing the TeB\({}_{2}\) content in the glasses improves its attenuation properties. Figure 6 illustrates the radiation protection efficiency, or RPE, of TeBY1 and TeBYb5 against energy at two thicknesses.