esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Analysis Considering Dynamic Axle Loads
### Impact of Dynamic Loads on Pavement Performance
Compared to the trend of reflective fatigue cracking, the impact of dynamic loads on rut depth was relatively small. The impact of dynamic loads on reflective cracking and rut depth varied depending on pavement age, and the influence was not so significant as compared to the influence on major highways. To quantify the susceptibility of pavement distress to dynamic loads, the increasing ratio due to dynamic loads was defined by Equation (3). \[R_{s-d}=\frac{D_{s}-D_{d}}{D_{s}} \tag{3}\]  
where, \(R_{s-d}\) is the increasing/decreasing ratio due to dynamic loads; \(D_{s}\) is pavement distress estimated using static axle load spectra; and \(D_{d}\) is pavement distress estimated using dynamic axle load spectra. Figure 6: _Cont._  
Figure 6: (**a**) Fatigue cracking (reflective); and (**b**) rut depth under the static and dynamic loads on pavement structure on major highway (10% existing cracking). Figure 7: (**a**) Fatigue cracking (reflective); and (**b**) rut depth under the static and dynamic loads on pavement structure on minor highway (10% existing cracking). Fatigue cracking in the existing AC layer was a potential influential factor for cracking propagation. The cracking percentage in existing layers were set as 5%, 10%, and 15%, which covered a full-scale range observed in field inspection. Table 3 shows the increasing ratio of reflective fatigue cracking, considering different levels of existing fatigue cracking in the AC layer. As expected, the reflective cracking percentage increased with pavement roughness levels increased. Existing cracking raised the increasing ratio of reflective fatigue cracking. The ratio of reflective fatigue cracking increased, then decreased over time. For major highways with an existing fatigue cracking of 10%, the dynamic axle loads increased reflective fatigue cracking by 2.1% after a 3-year service period when the IRI of pavement profile was 1 m/km. The reflective fatigue cracking increased by 4.5% if the IRI was 2 m/km, and the reflective fatigue cracking increased by 8.2% when the IRI was 3 m/km. For minor highways with an existing fatigue cracking of 10%, the increasing ratios of reflective fatigue cracking were 2%, 3.6% and 5.4% after a 7-year service period for the IRI values of 1 m/km, 2 m/km and 3 m/km, respectively. Therefore, the influence of dynamic axle loads on the pavement structure of major highways was more significant than that of minor highways. The impact of dynamic loads on reflective fatigue cracking was distinguished at an early stage of service period, and eliminated after a 10-year analysis period when the propagation of reflective cracking reached a specific level. The impact of dynamic loads became much less significant after the pavement was fully deteriorated, which was primarily determined by the existing cracking of the overlay design. The selection of distress threshold and analysis period would dominate the increasing ratio.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation of MIP and NIP Adsorption Capacity  
Evaluation of adsorption capacity was carried out at various concentrations of SLX solution, namely 7.5, 10, and 12.5 ppm. A total of 1 mL of SLX solution of each concentration was added to a vial containing 20 mg of MIP, carried out in triplicate. Twenty micrograms of MIP mixed with 1 mL of solvent without SLX was used as a blank. The vial was then stirred for 3 h at 120 rpm and set aside. The filtrate absorbance was measured using a microplate reader. The data obtained were plotted into Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm adsorption curves. The adsorption capacity evaluation of the NIP was also done with the same procedure as MIP.
# An Open Access Chamber Designed for the Acoustic Characterisation of Microbubbles
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Signal Processing  
Signal processing was performed in MATLAB(r). For each of the 64 repetitions corresponding to a particular acoustic measurement, the received data were windowed using a square window to obtain an integer number of cycles and a temporal length of approximately 5 us. The start of the window was selected to coincide with the start of a cycle and was delayed by approximately 51 us from the start of the transmit event. These values were chosen to avoid any transients at the start or end of the pulse. The windowed signals were filtered between 100 kHz and 10 MHz using a fourth-order Butterworth bandpass filter. An average RMS amplitude spectrum was obtained from the windowed data of the 64 repetitions. In order to convert the amplitude spectrum to a pressure spectrum, a frequency-dependent receiver sensitivity was calculated for each transducer. This sensitivity was calculated from the calibration pressure measurements obtained with the membrane hydrophone for each transmit waveform. The average RMS amplitudes of the reference measurements, at the fundamental frequency and obtained using the inline transducer with only deionised water in the chamber, were assumed to correspond to the calibration pressure at the same frequency. Scattering measurements in decibels were determined using the pressure spectrum according to the following equation:  
\[S(f_{s})=20\log\frac{|P_{scat}(f_{s})|}{|P_{ref}|} \tag{1}\]  
where \(P_{scat}\) is the RMS pressure spectrum corresponding to the recorded scattering signal at the frequency of interest \(f_{s}\), and \(P_{ref}\) is the RMS pressure component at the fundamental frequency of the calibration measurements. Because the amplitude spectrum is recorded using a different receiver to the reference, the conversion to pressure was required to make the recorded data independent of the receiving transducer's frequency-dependent sensitivity.  
Figure 5: This experimental setup was used to measure the acoustic scattering of SonoVue® microbubbles over the frequency range 1.6 to 6.4 MHz.
# Corrosion and Scaling in Geothermal Heat Exchangers
## 6 Degradation Mitigation for Heat Exchangers  
The degradation of geothermal heat exchangers during service can result in either complete component failure or reduced efficiency, necessitating maintenance operations. Failure typically stems from corrosion, erosion, or a combination of both, while the need for maintenance commonly arises from scaling. Both scenarios increase the operational costs of the plant and require mitigation. Three primary mitigation strategies have been explored:  
Figure 2: Examples of scaling in heat exchangers: (**a**,**b**) Soultz-sous-Forets plant (France), heat exchanger and scaling in the tubes, from [11] (CC BY); (**c**) Molasse Basin (Germany), cemented carbonate scale fragments clogging a heat exchanger after a few months of service, from [58] (CC BY).  
employing corrosion-resistant alloys, applying coatings, and adding scale/corrosion inhibitors to the geothermal fluid.
# An Updated Review of Smac Mimetics, LCL161, Birinapant, and GDC-0152 in Cancer Treatment
## 2 Smac/DIABLO Inhibits IAPs in Cancer  
Second mitochondria-derived activator of apoptosis/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI (Smac/DIABLO) physically interacts with IAPs and antagonizes the anti-apoptotic activity of IAPs in cells, resulting in apoptosis (Figure 1) [26; 27; 28]. In the presence of apoptosis stimuli, mature Smac/DIABLO is released from the mitochondria to cytosol [26; 27]. Smac/DIABLO interacts with the BIR domain of IAPs by its particular NH\({}_{2}\)-terminal motif consisting of four amino acids (Ala-Val-Pro-Ile), and it releases caspases from IAPs, thereby inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis [26]. Previous studies demonstrated that Smac/DIABLO interacts with the BIR2 and BIR3 domains of XIAP, and caspase-3 and -9 are released from XIAP, respectively (Figure 1) [4; 29]. Smac/DIABLO not only mediates the cellular function of XIAP but also regulates tLAP1 and tAIP2. Smac/DIABLO induces the ubiquitin and degradation of tLAP1 and tAIP2 (Figure 1) [30]. However, Smac/DIABLO does not degrade XIAP [31]. Interestingly, a recent study found that a Smac/DIABLO isoform, Smac3, induces the autobiitination and degradation of XIAP [32]. On the other hand, tAIP1 and tAIP2 can ubiquitinate receptor-interacting kinase 1 (RIPK1), resulting in the inhibition of caspase-dependent apoptosis and necroptosis [1; 33; 34]. Moreover, tAIP1 and tAIP2 promote cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by activating the canonical nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of the activated B cell (NF-\(\kappa\)B) signaling pathway [1]. Therefore, upregulation of Smac/DIABLO can induce caspase-dependent apoptosis through the de-ubiquitination of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and necroptosis by activating the RIPK1/receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)/mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) signaling pathway [35]. Pathologically, the protein expression level of Smac is frequently downregulated in renal carcinoma, colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, testicular germ cell tumors, and pancreatic cancer compared with normal tissues, but not in cervical cancer [36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45]. For these reasons, the use of Smac mimetics was suggested as a potential approach for cancer treatment.  
Figure 1: Smac/DIABLO inhibits IAPs in cancer cells. The precursor of Smac (yellow) is transported to the intermembrane space of mitochondria by the import signal (blue box). Then, mature Smac is released from the mitochondria into the cytosol and subsequently inhibits the cellular functions of IAPs. AVPI stands for “Ala-Val-Pro-Ile”. BIR stands for “baculoviral IAP repeat”. Ub stands for “ubiquitin”.
# A Survey of Wi-Fi 6: Technologies, Advances, and Challenges
## 10 Open Challenges with Wi-Fi 6
### Wi-Fi 7
#### 10.2.1 Expanded Bandwidth  
Since Wi-Fi 7 utilizes the 6 GHz band, it can operate on channels as wide as 320 MHz (160 + 160), doubling the throughput compared to Wi-Fi 6. It also supports 80, 160, and 240 MHz channels. The 320 MHz and 240 MHz channels can be contiguous or non-contiguous. The contiguous channels are in the 6 GHz band, whereas the non-contiguous channels are split into two smaller channels in two different frequency bands.
## 2 Related Work
### Overlapping Communities  
The study of overlapping communities has become increasingly important [33], particularly due to its applicability to social networks. Extensive surveys of algorithms for community detection with overlap are presented in [1; 33]. Traditional clustering methods do not necessarily work in the presence of overlaps, and in [34] it is speculated that the ineffectiveness of many clustering algorithms on large datasets is due to the fact that overlapping nodes effectively join communities together, preventing algorithms from detecting them.  
In the context of overlapping communities, one of the most popular detection methods is clique percolation [35]. Clique percolation assumes that edges within a cluster are more likely to be densely connected (i.e., form cliques) than edges between clusters. The method builds overlapping communities by identifying and linking adjacent cliques. This bottom-up approach contrasts substantially with NBR-Clust, which separates a graph by removing a critical attack set to find communities.  
An edge-based approach is taken with link communities [36], where communities are identified as sets of closely related links, as opposed to sets of nodes sharing many links. In this algorithm, a dendrogram is constructed from the relationships between links and is then cut at a level that obtains the desired number of clusters. The method accounts for overlapping nodes by considering that, while links have a unique position on the dendrogram, nodes can occupy multiple positions.  
The RaRe (Rank Removal) algorithm of [37] is a node-centric pre-processing method where \"important\" nodes (e.g., characterized by high page-rank) are identified and removed until the core components reach a given size. While both RaRe and NBR-Clust are node-based methods contrasting much of the edge-based methods existing in literature, there are fundamental significant differences between the two approaches. Unlike RaRe, which requires at least two significant stages of post-processing following the removal of _individual_ heuristically important nodes, the determination of the critical attack _set_ of nodes via rigorously established node-based resilience measures forms the basis of accurate and effective NBR clustering. Moreover, unlike the removed nodes of RaRe, the critical attack set of nodes computed via NBR-Clust is always a super-set of the overlap nodes and a subset of the outlier nodes in noisy datasets. The motivation for NBR-Clust was extending the relationship between clustering and edge-based resilience notions to node-based resilience notions. By specifically targeting inter-cluster nodes, NBR-Clust obtains high quality components initially, requiring only light post-processing via merging the components in some situations.
# A Novel Method Based on Topological Perception Theory for 3D Landmark Building Model Retrieval
## 6 Experiment and Analysis
### Image Matching Results and Analysis  
Since our algorithm is view based, we first tested its efficiency in image retrieval. The image library employed in experiment 1 comprised a total of 443 images, categorized as follows: 110 non-concave images, 110 separated images, 183 concave unenclosed images, and 40 images. To assess the efficiency of the QDAH algorithm, we conducted simulation experiments wherein we employed Fourier descriptors (FD) [40], Hu invariant moments (Hu) [41], QDH, and the QDH1 algorithm (QDH algorithm after voting interval improvement). These methods were used for comparative analysis against the algorithm presented in this paper.
###### Abstract  
Data delivery in harsh underwater channels consumes a higher transmission power than that in terrestrial networks. However, due to the complexity of the underwater environment, the energy supply of the nodes in underwater wireless sensor networks is usually limited by their required laborious battery replacement. Thus, energy consumption is considered one of the key issues in underwater wireless optical communication. To minimize such consumption for underwater transmission nodes, much research interest has been found on K-Means technology in designing routing algorithms. However, these algorithms have not regarded the located site and the remaining energy of the underwater nodes simultaneously, which might affect their efficiency. In this paper, we propose a clustered routing algorithm, namely the location and energy-aware k-means clustered routing (LE-KCR) algorithm, which applies K-means technology regarding both the located site and the remaining energy of each node. In the proposed LE-KCR algorithm, both the located site and the remaining energy of a candidate cluster-head, as well as the distance between it and its sink node, are considered in cluster-head selection. In addition, given the inaccessibility of some nodes to the whole underwater sensor network resulting from the limited transmission range of their clusters, the dual-hop routing technique is adopted for the edge nodes. The simulation results indicate that the proposed LE-KCR algorithm remarkably reduces the energy consumption and the dead nodes when compared to the traditional low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol and the optimized LEACH protocol based on K-means clustering technology.  
underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC); energy consumption; clustered routing +
Footnote †: journal: _Photonics_
# Channel Modeling for In-Body Optical Wireless Communications +
## 2 Channel Model  
The losses due the propagation of optical radiation through any biological tissue can be expressed based on classic OWC theory, as in [21].  
\[L=\exp((\mu_{a}+\mu_{s})\delta), \tag{1}\]  
where \(\mu_{s}\) and \(\mu_{a}\) represent the scattering and absorption coefficient, respectively, while \(\delta\) is the propagation distance that is in the range of some mm in real world applications, such as cochlear, cortical, and retinal implants [22]. In addition, the TX and RX are placed at fixed positions and are characterized by high directivity. Therefore, the link under investigation can be regarded as line-of-sight (LoS). However, as discussed in Section 4, we aim to extend the current research to incorporate non-LoS scenarios, where diffusion plays an important role.
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Disc Cutter Breakage Analysis
#### 3.2.2 Diameter Reduction  
The diameter reduction of the disc cutter after each round of tool wear experiments was calculated using the above characterization parameters. The result is shown in Figure 16, and it is found that the diameter reduction tends to increase gradually. When the cutting length was 23.25 m, as the cutting edge of the tool had already appeared chipping at this time, as shown in Figure 17b, the diameter reduction increased from 0 to 74.2 um significantly, which was at the initial tool wear stage. As the cutting length increased, the cutting edge area continued to wear and even break during the high-frequency vibration cutting process, which further reduced the edge strength and even showed chipping and continuous chipping, thus showing a band distribution and resulting in a gradual increase in the diameter reduction of the disc cutter. It can be clearly seen from Figure 16 that when the cutting length changes from 46.50 m to 93.00 m, the chipping at a certain position of the disc cutter gradually started to expand, and a new chipping appeared nearby, as shown in Figure 17c, and then a continuous chipping was formed, as shown in Figure 17d. When the cutting length was 93.00 m, the chipping of the disc cutter did not change much at this time, as shown in Figure 17e, and the diameter reduction was 159.4 um, which indicated that the disc cutter was in the normal wear stage at this time and that the cutting process was stable and the diameter reduction increased slowly. Using SEM observations at 93.00 m for this position, as shown in Figure 18, it was found that some cracks appeared near the chipping as well as slightly inward, and the direction of the cracks was perpendicular to the radial direction of the disc cutter. It is presumed that this may be because the chipping position of the tool is more fragile and that under ultrasonic high-frequency vibration, the flank scratches caused by abrasive wear gradually expand to form cracks, which then continue to expand until finally fractured to form a new chipping.  
Figure 16: Variation of diameter reduction with cutting length.  
Figure 17: Chipping morphologies of disc cutter at the same cutting position under different cutting lengths. (**a**) 0 m; (**b**) 23.25 m; (**c**) 46.50 m; (**d**) 69.75 m; (**e**) 93.00 m.
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper investigated the dynamic responses and failure characteristics of deep double U-shaped caverns under dynamic disturbances by PFC2D, and the influences of stress wave incident direction, cavern clearance, and cavern height ratio on the surrounding rock were analyzed. The conclusions are as follows:  
1. The cavern clearance has a significant effect on the static stress field around the caverns. When the lateral pressure coefficient is less than 1.0, tangential stresses on roof and floor areas of the caverns decrease with reducing cavern clearance. In contrast, tangential stresses on sidewalls increase with decreasing clearance, and the compressive stress concentration at the adjacent sidewalls is higher than that at non-adjacent sidewalls.
2. When the stress wave is horizontally incident, the presence of the incident side cavern reduces peak tangential stress and kinetic energy on the non-incident side cavern, resulting in less damage on the non-incident side cavern. With decreasing cavern clearance, more significant stress concentration occurs in the intermediate rock pillar, and the damage extent in the facing-wave side of cavern 2 increases.
3. A vertically incident stress wave causes more severe damage in the intermediate rock pillar compared to a horizontally incident stress wave. The smaller the cavern clearance, the more violent the rockburst in the intermediate rock pillar.
4. The failure characteristics of the caverns vary with the cavern height ratio. When the stress wave is horizontally incident, the higher the incident side cavern, the more stable the non-incident side cavern. When the stress wave is vertically incident, the cavern with lower height exhibits more severe failure at the adjacent sidewall compared to the cavern with higher height.  
Methodology, software and writing, L.L.; Validation and funding acquisition, X.L.; Writing--review and editing, Z.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural science Foundation of China, grant number 51927808.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Results  
### Anti-Inflammatory Activity and the Experimental Validation  
#### 3.1.1 BSA Denaturation Assay  
This section outlines an in vitro analysis conducted to assess the inhibitory potential of the synthesized molecules on BSA's biological function. Aspirin was used as a reference compound during the study. The research aimed to compare the performance of the synthesized molecules with that of Aspirin. The findings highlight their relative effectiveness and potential applications. First, at a concentration of 2 mg/mL, Aspirin showed a maximum inhibition of BSA protein of 94.40%. In comparison, the compound **3c** achieved an inhibition rate of 85.12% at the same concentration. Additionally, the molecule **4d** exhibited the highest inhibition of BSA protein at 95.24% when tested at 2 mg/mL. Figure 3 represents the percentage inhibition (I %) activity of the BSA enzyme at different concentrations of the best synthesized molecules and Aspirin.  
The estimated IC\({}_{50}\) values for **3c**, **4d** and Aspirin were 31.7, 21.9 and 22 mg/mL, respectively (Table 1). These findings suggest that, while **4d** shows a relatively strong anti-inflammatory effect, the notably higher IC\({}_{50}\) value of **3c** indicates that a significantly greater concentration is required to achieve comparable inhibition, whereas the IC\({}_{50}\) of Aspirin is nearly equivalent to that of **4d**, indicating a similar potency.  
Figure 3: Percentage inhibition (I %) activity of the BSA enzyme at different concentrations. (**A**) **4d**, (**B**) **3c** and (**C**) Aspirin.