esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Prediction-Based Energy Saving Mechanism in 3 GPP NB-IoT Networks
## 5 Simulation and Results
### Prediction of Processing Delay  
The energy consumption using the PBESM (\(E_{PBESM}^{(i,j)}\)) should be smaller than that using the legacy NB-IoT procedure (\(E_{legacy}^{(i,j)}\)), where \(i\) is the CID and \(j\) is the PID. The energy consumed by the legacy NB-IoT is  
\[\begin{array}{ll}E_{legacy}^{(i,j)}&\cong\Big{(}T_{NPRACH}^{(i)}+T_{MSG3}^{(i,j )}+T_{NPIUSCH}^{(i,j)}\Big{)}\cdot PW_{TX}^{(i)}\\ &+\Big{(}T_{NPDCCH}^{(i)}+T_{RAR}^{(i)}+T_{NPDCCH}^{(i)}\Big{)}\cdot PW_{RX}^{(i )}+T_{GAP}^{(i)}\cdot PW_{sleep}^{(i)}\end{array} \tag{3}\]  
where \(T_{X}\) is the execution time for procedure \(X\) including retransmission, \(PW_{X}\) is the required power for procedure \(X\), \(RAR\) is random-access-response procedure and \(GAP\) is the time gap between \(NPRACH\)  
Figure 16: Ratio of PBESM to legacy NB-IoT according to tail index and target probability: (**a**) energy consumption; (**b**) active time.  
and \(RAR\). In Equation (3), we assume that the energy by waiting for an NPRACH opportunity is negligible. On the other hand, the energy consumed using the proposed scheme is  
\[E_{PBESM}^{(i,j)}=P_{o}^{(i,j)}.(T_{o}^{(i,j)}.PW_{sleep}^{(i)}+T_{NPUSCH}^{(i,j)}.PW _{TX}^{(i)})+\left(1-P_{o}^{(i,j)}\right).E_{legacy}^{(i,j)} \tag{4}\]  
where \(P_{o}\) is the target probability of successful delay prediction and \(T_{o}\) is the predicted processing delay. When the prediction succeeds, it is possible to save energy from the random-access procedure; otherwise, it uses same energy as the legacy NB-IoT procedure. Considering \(E_{legacy}^{(i,j)}\geq E_{PBESM}^{(i,j)}\). Equations (3) and (4) become  
\[T_{o}^{(i,j)}\leq T_{NPRACH-GAP}^{(i)}+\left(2.T_{NPDCCH}^{(i)}+T_{RAR}^{(i)} \right).PW_{RX^{\prime}}^{(i)}+\left(T_{NPRACH}^{(i)}+T_{MSC3}^{(i,j)}\right).PW _{TX}^{(i)}, \tag{5}\]  
where the power ratios with respect to the sleep power are \(PW_{RX^{\prime}}^{(i)}=PW_{RX}^{(i)}/PW_{sleep}^{(i)}\) and \(PW_{TX^{\prime}}^{(i)}=PW_{TX}^{(i)}/PW_{sleep}^{(i)}\). For example, \(PW_{RX^{\prime}}^{(i)}=\frac{60\text{ mW}}{3\text{ mW}}=20\) and \(PW_{TX^{\prime}}^{(i)}=\frac{460\text{ mW}}{3\text{ mW}}=153.3\) for the metrics used in the simulation. Equation (5) shows the upper boundary of the predicted processing delay, and we notice that a high ratio of transmission to sleep power allows a wide margin for the prediction error.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Second Step of Experiment--Biological Denitrification
At the same time, controlling aeration in the reactor and reducing SRT will ensure an increase in the efficiency of nitrogen removal by up to 70%, which also requires further research. Recent studies show that by dosing external carbon feed, aerobic denitrification and phosphatization become possible, for which a short phase of anaerobic wastewater treatment is sufficient to start [44]. Another point of significant interest is the implementation of SBR with zero discharge of sludge, which will have multiple impacts on environmental improvement [45]. There are issues related to organic supplementation, which should significantly accelerate wastewater treatment reactions. This will allow for a reduction in the volume of structures and achieve payback for the decision made. According to modern research, the addition of organic matter, that is, an increase in the C/N ratio, not only increases the rate of heterotrophic processes but also nitrification. At the same time, this opens the possibility for endogenous simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. ESND is suggested to be a promising technology for carbon and nutrient removal under harsh conditions [46]. Besides this, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the SBR may be very promising for the conditions in Vietnam, allowing tank volume or area reduction within the facilities [47]. Figure 21: Specific denitrification rate per used organic in lab-scale SBR.
# Efficient Coverage Path Planning for a Drone in an Urban Environment
## 3 System Model and Problem Definition  
In this section, the system model and the GPP problem are introduced. The GPP problem is then formulated as an optimization problem and shown to be NP-hard.
# Mapping Radar Glacier Zones and Dry Snow Line in the Antarctic Peninsula Using Sentinel-1 Images
## 2 Study Area and Data Sets
### Data Sets  
#### 2.2.1 SSM/I Passive Microwave Data  
Carried aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, SSM/I data were used to detect snowmelt since 1987 [17; 39; 40; 41]. The Level-3 Southern Hemisphere EASE-Grid Brightness Temperature data set provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC, [[http://nsidc.org/](http://nsidc.org/)]([http://nsidc.org/](http://nsidc.org/))) was used in this study [42]. The spatial resolution is 25 km for all channels in both ascending and descending orbits. We processed the data spanning from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2015 in Antarctica. The 19.35 GHz \(T_{b}\) in horizontal polarization was used to derive the daily snowmelt distribution in the AP. Snowmelt detected by the SSM/I is used in three aspects in this study: (1) to study the relationship between summer snowmelt and winter SAR backscatter; (2) to compare with the summer snowmelt detected by Sentinel-1; and (3) to validate the DSL mapped by winter Sentinel-1 mosaic.
## 3 Material and Methods
### Classification
#### 3.3.4 Ada Boost  
AdaBoost (Adaptive Boosting) (AB) is an ensemble-based ML algorithm used for classification. However, it is best used to improve DT performance on binary classification tasks. These trees are often referred to as decision stumps [25]. This algorithm builds a model and assigns equal weights to all data points. It then applies larger weights to misclassified points. Next, all the points with larger weights are given more relevance in the next model. It will continue to train models until a lower error is returned. Ada boost's main drawback is that it requires a high quality dataset, which means that before using an Adaboost algorithm, the dataset must be free from any noisy data.
# Calibration and Analysis of Seeding Parameters of Soaked _Cyperus esculentus_ L. Seeds
## 4 Discussion
### The Impact of Seed Soaking Pre-Treatment on Cost-Effectiveness in C. esculentus  
The surface of _C. esculentus_ seeds is uneven and irregular in shape, which makes it difficult for the seeds to closely adhere to the suction surface of the air-suction seed metering device. This results in suction failure and re-seeding during the sowing process, thereby significantly increasing the rates of seed leakage and re-seeding. Not only does this reduce sowing efficiency, but it can also lead to seed waste and uneven crop growth. To address this issue, this study proposes altering the surface shape of _C. esculentus_ seeds through soaking pre-treatment, making them more conducive to adsorption and discharge by the air-suction seed metering device. The pre-treatment method can effectively improve the contact effect between the seeds and the seed metering device's suction surface, reducing suction failure and re-seeding phenomena, and thereby lowering the rates of seed leakage and re-seeding.  
By optimizing the soaking pre-treatment technology to enhance sowing efficiency, positive impacts are made on environmental sustainability and the cost-effectiveness of precision sowing. Seed waste and the use of pesticides and fertilizers are reduced, and land use efficiency and environmental sustainability are improved.
# Compression-Assisted Adaptive ECC and RAID Scattering for NAND Flash Storage Devices
## 1 Introduction
As a result, some pages can be skipped during the restoration process. In other words, it results in more pages being recovered by each RAID parity, and parity overhead is reduced at the same level as the RAID reliability. In addition, this paper describes a FTL architecture, a FTL management scheme and the associated metadata for parity logging that can efficiently update and manage RAID parity on NAND flash devices. The scheme proposed in this paper is an extension of our previous work [11] that only considered in-page ECC management. This paper extends and highlights a combination of in-page ECC management and outer-page parity management, as well as detailed metadata structure of RAID parity management. The organization of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, background and related work are presented. The proposed adaptive ECC and RAID-scattering scheme is described in Section 3, and experimental results are shown in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 concludes this paper.
# Frequency-Shifted Optical Feedback Measurement Technologies Using a Solid-State Microchip Laser
## 4 Applications of the Laser Confocal Feedback Tomography
### Microstructure Imaging and Measuring
According to the vertical and horizontal structure variations of the rotor edge, \(\tan(\theta)\) can be calculated, and then \(\theta\) can be obtained to estimate the verticality of the rotor edge. The results are in agreement with the value measured by the destructive method. It can be deduced that the laser optical feedback imaging is well-adapted for various fields and has been widely researched. [PERSON] [83] introduced the optical feedback interferometry for the two-dimensional visualization of acoustic fields. Several pressure distributions including progressive waves, standing waves, diffraction, and interference patterns are presented. [PERSON] [84] applied the laser optical feedback imaging setup to the detection of ultrasound vibrations with nanometric amplitude. The transient-harmonics ultrasound vibrations propagating in water were detected at the air/water interface, which shows the potential for the detection of photoacoustic signals. [PERSON] [85] proposed a compact system using a semiconductor laser as both transmitter and receiver. Three phantoms containing macro-structural changes in optical properties were imaged, which revealed the discrimination ability between healthy tissue and a tumor. [PERSON] [86] proposed a galvanometric mirrors scanner moving the beam on the sample and optimized the scanner positioning to reduce the vignetting effects. A micro-structured silicon sample and a red blood cell were presented.
# A Spectrum Management Platform Architecture to Enable a Sharing Economy in 6G
## 3 Trading and Allocating Spectrum as Part of a Sharing Economy in 6G
### Spectrum Trading with Spectrum Programming  
As introduced in Section 2, SDN and SDWN are commonly used to enable more scalable and efficient management of wireless networks. In this context, the Wi-5 spectrum programming architecture based on SDWN presented in [22] is a solution to manage radio resources for Wi-Fi networks and we see this platform as a precursor for spectrum sharing and trading as we envision here. The architecture is illustrated in Figure 2. Specifically, we can find the following entities: the Wi-5 Controller (operated by the Wi-5 System Operator) which resides in the control plane, and the Brokering Platform, which is operated by a separate Spectrum Broker. This approach allows having radio parameters programmable through an open Southbound API to the wireless Access Points (APs), and an open Northbound API. Intelligent algorithms can then use these interfaces to obtain certain objectives set by policies that are sent to the Wi-5 Controller by the Brokering Platform. Moreover, the Wi-5 Controller has a Flow and Network Monitoring Module (FNMM), not illustrated in the figure), which performs measurements from the APs, monitors the new flows in the network and communicates this information to the management algorithms.  
To our knowledge, this architecture was the first of its kind to treat the wireless spectrum as a resource that can be traded among different service providers [24]. The developers demonstrated the scalability of a single Wi-5 controller in a dense Wi-Fi deployment and explored hierarchical multi-operator/controller approaches which could serve as the basis for req. 2 above. The suitability of the Wi-5 architecture is a key motivation for us to adopt this novel approach for spectrum sharing. However, we need to extend the Wi-5 architecture to support heterogeneous radio access that goes beyond a single RAT (req. 3). Moreover, Wi-5 currently does not address req. 1 as it assumes the Wi-5 controller to be deployed as a physical entity accessible to all devices and service providers.
# A Survey on Congestion Control for RPL-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Congestion Control Schemes for RPL
### Congestion Control for DAO Packets  
While most studies pay attention to congestion due to data traffic, [PERSON] et al. focused on how to control congestion due to destination advertisement object (DAO) packets [26]. DAO packets are generated when the destination information needs to be propagated upward along the DODAG. For instance, a global repair may cause every node to generate DAO packets toward the root. Their study was motivated by the observation that for a very large network, RPL nonstoring mode operation requires a large buffer space. This is counter-intuitive because in the nonstoring mode, a node does not have to store routing table information. The authors found that such a large buffer is needed because each node needs to store DAO packets from its sub-DAG. If buffer space is not available, important data packets as well as DAO packets may be lost.  
The authors propose algorithms to control DAO emissions by using an adaptive DelayDAO timer at each node instead of the fixed timer in the standard RPL. For the nonstoring mode, they try to distribute the generation time for DAO packets within a time interval to prevent many DAO packets from propagating at the same time. Based on the assumption that the number of nodes tends to increase exponentially with the rank, the DelayDAO timer value \(T_{DD}\) is randomly chosen in the interval that increases exponentially with the rank as follows:  
\[T_{DD}=\textit{random}\Big{(}K*\textit{Base}^{Rank-1},\ K*\textit{Base}^{ Rank}\Big{)} \tag{22}\]  
where \(K\) and _Base_ the adaptive parameters. To minimize buffer occupancy in nodes near the DAG root, the parameters \(K\) and _Base_ are tuned by a distributed algorithm or a centralized algorithm. In the distributed algorithm, each node tunes _Base_ and \(K\) by speculating on possible congestion based on RTT measured using DAO packets. If the DAG roots have much more power and memory space than the other nodes in the network, the DAG roots can compute _Base_ and \(K\) using the centralized algorithm and then distribute the computed values in the network.  
For the storing mode, the authors consider the mechanism for DAO aggregation. If nodes in the storing mode aggregate DAOs from their subtree, the DelayDAO timer value is set inversely proportional to the rank because nodes of farthest distance from the DAG root need to release their DAO first.  
Performance was evaluated using OMNET++ with 802.15.4 MAC/PHY model. They simulated a topology with 2442 nodes deployed in a city and random topologies with 200, 500, and 1000 nodes. To compute maximum required buffer space, no buffer drop was simulated. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms outperform the basic RPL mechanism in terms of DAO reach time (i.e., the time required for a DAO of a node to reach the DAG root after the global repair or new DTSN is issued), maximum RAM consumption, data packet delivery latency, etc.
# Transactive Energy to Thwart Load Altering Attacks on Power Distribution Systems
## 4 Load Altering Attacks on Power Grids
### Compromise of Controllable Loads in Distribution Systems  
For mounting a load altering attack, cyber attackers need to gain control over an adequate number of electric loads in power distribution systems. The compromised loads should be remotely controllable so that their power consumptions can be altered by cyber attackers remotely. Electric vehicles [42], computer servers ([43], page 27; [44]), and energy storage units [22] are among the electric loads that can be used in forming a load altering attack. In fact, the quick response of these electric loads to control commands and their large power consumptions facilitate implementation of a load altering attack.  
From the above discussion, the feasibility of a load altering attack can be provn by demonstrating the feasibility of compromising electric loads on a large scale. Sorely, the wide spread of malicious malware such as WanaCry and Petya attest to the viability of large scale compromise of electric loads [45]. Particularly, the WanaCry malware that rose in 2017 could infect more that 230,000 computers within a year from its initial appearance [45]. Although the WanaCry malware is a ransomware which cannot alter power consumption of its targets, the malware still testifies to the fact that similar malware with a power-altering capability could be designed and spread by cyber attackers.
# Sillcom: A Communication-Efficient Privacy-Preserving Scheme for Indoor Localization
## 10 Conclusions  
In this paper, we propose Sillcom, an efficient and privacy-preserving indoor localization scheme. By combining replicated secret sharing and function secret sharing techniques in an outsourcing model, and further optimizing with a multi-branch tree structure and multi-thread parallelism, our design significantly reduces both communication and computation costs. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that Sillcom achieves only 1/15 of the online communication and 1/4 of the user's end-to-end query time compared to the state-of-the-art scheme FAPRIL, while maintaining equivalent security guarantees. These results indicate that Sillcom is not only theoretically efficient but also practically deployable for real-world indoor localization applications with moderate data sizes. However, we note that in extremely poor network conditions or when scaling to very large datasets, additional challenges such as increased offline computation for FSS key generation and the cost of multi-server deployment may arise. Addressing these limitations remains an open issue. As a future direction, we plan to explore techniques for reducing FSS key generation overhead and further investigate two-server secure computation frameworks to minimize deployment costs while preserving performance and security.  
Conceptualization, S.S.; methodology, S.S.; software, S.S.; validation, S.S.; formal analysis, S.S.; writing--original draft preparation, S.S.; writing--review and editing, S.S.; visualization, S.S.; supervision, L.L.; project administration, W.P.; funding acquisition, L.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National University of Defense Technology: Science Research Plan Program by NUDT (Grant No.ZK22-50).  
Not applicable.  
The experimental data in this study were generated using synthetic/randomized inputs, and results are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the first author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript.  
Received Signal Strengths  
2P-ASS  
2-party Additive Secret Sharing  
3P-ASS  
3-party Additive Secret Sharing  
RSS  
Replicated Secret Sharing  
FSS  
Function Secret Sharing  
DCF  
Distributed Comparison Function  
DDCF  
Dual Distributed Comparison Function
# Fabrication and Luminescent Properties of Zn-Cu-In-S/ZnS Quantum Dot Films under UV Excitation
###### Abstract  
Quantum dots (QDs) are quite interesting materials due to their unique chemical and physical properties. ZnCuInS/ZnS QDs can be produced either in hydrophobic or hydrophilic form, are non-toxic, and thus favorable for studies in the area of biology. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a well-known biocompatible resin which is widely used in dentistry, ophthalmology, and orthopedic surgery. Four composite PMMA films of ZnCuInS/ZnS nanocrystals with maximum emission at 530 nm and concentrations of 1.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 10.0 %_w/v_, were prepared. X-ray irradiation was used to evaluate the volume homogeneity of the final samples, as a measure of QD dispersion. The luminescent efficiency was evaluated, under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The process of UV irradiation involved the experimental measurement of the forward luminescent light, as well as the backward luminescent light, in order to accurately calculate the energy quantum efficiency (EQE) of ZnCuInS/ZnS QDs. Reflected UV radiation was also measured, and results showed that it ranges from 2% to 6% approximately as the QD concentration rises from 1.0 %_w/v_ to 10.0 %_w/v_. Beyond 6.0 %_w/v_, the reflected UV radiation remains essentially unchanged. Additionally, the reflected UV radiation remained unaffected as the power of the incident UV increased. Approximately 9% of incident UV radiation passed through the 1.0 %_w/v_ sample, whereas for the samples with higher ZnCuInS/ZnS concentration, 0% UV radiation passed through. The EQE reached a maximum of about 45% with the 10.0 %_w/v_ sample, while it remained practically unaffected relative to the increase of the emitted UV power. The homogeneity measurements revealed that the coefficient of variation (CV) increased with increasing concentration, for the 1.0, 4.0, and 6.0 %_w/v_ samples. The minimum CV was obtained for the sample of 10.0 %_w/v_ due to the incorporation of sonication in the final product, during the fabrication process.  
quantum dots; ZnCuInS/ZnS; UV; energy quantum efficiency; polymer film +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Spatial and Channel Similarity-Aware Attention-Enhanced Network for Object Counting
###### Abstract  
Precise object counting is crucial in practical applications, finding extensive utility across numerous societal domains. In the context of few-shot object counting, variations in object angles can significantly alter the distribution and distinguishability of object feature points, thereby increasing the difficulty of feature extraction. To address these challenges, a spatial and channel similarity-aware attention-enhancement network for few-shot scenarios is introduced. The network employs slice convolution and attention mechanisms within the spatial and channel dimensions, respectively. Through such means, it effectively extracts object features from diverse angles, adeptly surmounting the challenges in feature extraction engendered by angular diversity. Specifically, the network introduces a spatial similarity-aware module, which performs multi-angle matching of support and query features in the spatial dimension to enhance the model's feature extraction capabilities. Additionally, a channel attention enhancement module is incorporated to weight and enhance critical channel features, improving the network's ability to handle diverse object angles. Comprehensive experiments carried out on TRANCOS, CARPK, PUCPR+ and UCSD datasets demonstrate that the proposed network exhibits excellent counting performance and robust generalization capabilities. It offers an effective approach for precise object counting tasks.  
spatial similarity; attention enhancement; object counting; few-shot learning Article  
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