## 3 LCOE Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & & & _CI [\(\up\)/kW]_ & & _OM_ & _SPV [\(\up\)]_ \\ \multirow{3}{*}{HJT} & 3 kW & 643–831 & 733 & 724 & 132 \\  & 5 kW & 573–739 & 634 & 640 & 203 \\  & 7 kW & 606–764 & 662 & 675 & 203 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{N-Type} & 3 kW & 587–771 & 620 & 633 & 132 \\  & 5 kW & 511–670 & 548 & 555 & 203 \\  & 7 kW & 562–698 & 592 & 597 & 203 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{PERC} & 3 kW & 577–679 & 611 & 614 & 132 \\  & 5 kW & 495–594 & 544 & 543 & 203 \\  & 7 kW & 555–611 & 577 & 581 & 203 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{TOPCon} & 3 kW & 551–672 & 632 & 621 & 132 \\  & 5 kW & 519–590 & 545 & 550 & 203 \\  & 7 kW & 538–604 & 583 & 579 & 203 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Bifacial} & 3 kW & 572–688 & 632 & 630 & 132 \\  & 5 kW & 517–656 & 552 & 563 & 203 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 7 kW & 550–667 & 597 & 602 & 203 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Economic parameters of the analyzed PV module technologies. Regarding the residual value of the PV system at the end of its lifetime, \(V_{res}\) is considered null, as the owner does not receive any form of monetary gratification for returning the PV modules to the producer/distributor to be recycled. The yearly operation and maintenance costs depend only on the capacity of the PV system and not on the technology. The higher the installed power of the system is, the higher the \(OM\) costs are, with values of 132 \(\epsilon\)/year for the 3 kW systems, respectively 203 \(\epsilon\)/year for the 5 and 7 kW systems. To determine the total \(OM\) costs for the life span of the PV system, an 8.5% [31] discount rate is considered. As shown in Figure 3, the modules and inverter costs decrease as the installed power increases. The more energy PV systems produce, the cheaper the kWh is. The most expensive PV technology is HJT with an average of 276 \(\epsilon\)/kW for the 3 kW system, 269 \(\epsilon\)/kW for the 5 kW system, respectively 267 \(\epsilon\)/kW for the 7 kW system. The cheapest one is TOPCon with the averages of 191, 179 and 175 \(\epsilon\)/kW for the 3 kW, 5 kW and 7 kW PV systems. Regarding the inverter costs, the values are similar for the analyzed PV technologies and vary between 289-306 \(\epsilon\)/kW for the 3 kW systems, 228-233 \(\epsilon\)/kW for the 5 kW systems and 192-196 \(\epsilon\)/kW for the 7 kW systems. For the 3 kW and 5 kW systems, the installation and commissioning costs are similar with values between 133-141 \(\epsilon\)/kW, respectively 134-138 \(\epsilon\)/kW. However, the values for the 7 kW systems are much higher, due to the higher number of PV modules and vary from 211 to 215 \(\epsilon\)/kW. Based on the proposed LCOE model, two values were determined, one (\(LCOE_{1}\)) including the incentives received through \"Green House 2024\" program, and the second one (\(LCOE_{2}\)) without considering the subsidies from the Romanian government for PV system acquisition. The \(LCOE_{1}\) values are presented in Figure 4. As shown, the 3 kW systems have the highest values, ranging from 3.16 c\(\epsilon\)/kWh for PERC and bifacial TOPCon technologies to 3.24 c\(\epsilon\)/kWh for the HJT technology. The values are close since the capital investment costs are covered by the incentives granted by the Romanian government, and the \(LCOE_{1}\) mainly reflects the \(OM\) costs during the lifetime of the PV system divided by the total  
Figure 3: The average values of the main costs for the analyzed PV systems. energy production. Lower results are obtained for 5 kW systems for all PV technologies, with values around 3.00 c\(\cels\)/kWh. For the 7 kW systems, \(LCOE_{1}\) has the lowest values. HJT technology has a high value compared to the other technologies, of 2.92 c\(\cels\)/kWh, due to its capital investment costs, that are not fully covered by the subsidies. In Figure 5, the \(LCOE_{2}\) values are presented. The lack of subsides has an impact on the feasibility of the five PV technologies studied.