## 1 Introduction  
As working space in construction sites is limited, simulation models are essential tools for managing and analyzing the construction processes, specifically for the dynamic workspace required for construction activities [1]. Construction practice demands space to maintain safety and efficiency. Often ignored in project planning, space is a limited resource in construction projects. Time-space conflicts occur when there is a working space needed for two activities that overlap in a given period, either partially or entirely [2]. The limitation of the workspace leads to time-space conflicts, which increase with a higher number of activities per unit of time. As a result, effective resource planning is required to avoid high operation costs and reduce safety hazards [3]. Available space in construction sites is divided into the space needed for building elements under construction, temporary facilities, workers, building materials, and construction equipment [4]. Over recent decades, various simulations and scheduling techniques, such as bar charts and Gantt charts, and network-based scheduling techniques, such as Critical Path Method (CPM), have been utilized to improve time-space planning. However, only activities' temporal interferences have been considered in planning construction logistics [5]. Time-space conflicts make construction management a challenging process. Time-space conflict management in construction projects includes time-space conflict identification and assessment and finding solutions to prevent their negative effects [2, 4, 6]. Considering crowded construction sites filled with labor, materials, and equipment, dynamic and complex time-space conflict management can be very challenging, even for experienced managers. Therefore, an integrated approach to mapping the temporal and spatial relationships between construction activities can be a very useful tool. Such tools can optimize the timing of activities, improve efficiency, construction quality, and safety, and reduce conflicts, rework, and unwanted impacts on already finished work [7; 8]. Various methods have been applied to detect and resolve time-space conflicts. We have categorized these methods into three types:  
1. Management and Investigation Methods: A categorization of the temporal and spatial conflicts between two activities was developed by [PERSON] et al. [9; 10], who proposed a 4D framework in which workspace interactions are automatically recognized, classified, and prioritized. [PERSON] [2] manually overlapped activity workspace requirements derived from CAD drawings to identify conflicts in construction projects. In this method, the project manager/scheduler should decide on several criteria for manual conflict analysis and resolution strategies. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [11] applied an allocation strategy on activity space types and presented a 3D simulation environment with an automatic 2D-based critical space conflict check to solve space loading issues for the scheduled critical path. In a real-world case study, [PERSON] et al. [12] minimized workplace congestion in a multi-story building project and documented the effects of workspace conflicts on labor productivity. 2. Mathematical Modeling Methods: [PERSON] et al. [13] provided a mathematical method to generate efficient schedules and presented a flexible workspace model as a decision support tool. To guarantee laborers' safety, [PERSON] et al. [14; 15] developed a support tool to allocate project time and workspace using an integrated multidimensional model linking site layout, schedule, and safety plans. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [6] incorporated spatial and temporal constraints into a linear scheduling problem and proposed an uncertainty-aware optimization framework to minimize time-space conflicts. [PERSON] et al. [16] investigated repetitive project scheduling for optimum resource reallocation and minimum congestion. They proposed a multiobjective mixed-integer programming model to optimize the cost, time, and congestion of repetitive construction projects.