# Millimeter-Wave Smart Antenna Solutions for URLLC in Industry 4.0 and Beyond  
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be employed to pursue Industry 5.0. Therefore, onwards in this paper, we refer to both industrial regimes collectively as Industry 4.0 and beyond. In the industrial regime, the communication network has already welcomed a shift from wired to wireless communication due to the unblembished benefits of wireless infrastructure, such as mobility, scalability, easy installation, and low cost [15; 26; 27]. Primarily, the industrial wireless communication infrastructure is based on sub-6 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) bands, such as 2.4 and 5 GHz [28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33]. However, under the ambit of Industry 4.0 and beyond, factory automation and smart manufacturing applications require high throughput, ultrahigh reliability with a packet error rate of up to \(10^{-9}\), low latency of below millisecond level, and agility [34]. This requirement can be linked with one of the use cases of fifth-generation (5G) mobile technology, i.e., ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), as shown in Figure 1. Out of three vertices of a 5G triangle, i.e., enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), and URLLC, the factory automation scenario fits best under URLLC category to ensure millisecond-level delay in smart communication [35; 36]. Moreover, with the emergence of ever more sophisticated applications (such as holographic telepresence, virtual reality, augmented reality, visual capabilities for smart robots and automatic guided vehicles, mass customization and personalization of products), the sixth generation of wireless technology (6G) has also emerged as an enabling technology to enhance the efficiency and scalability of the communication system [37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44]. As a result, traditional sub-6 GHz wireless communication cannot meet URLLC requirements of Industry 4.0 and beyond because the unlicensed spectral resources in the low-frequency bands (e.g., 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) are limited. The existing sub-6 GHz IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) standards (e.g., IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11 ac, etc.) can only provide a restricted data rate for new emergent applications. In the context of Industry 4.0 and beyond, the requirements for quality of service (QoS) and quality of data (QoD) are much more stringent [28; 41]. QoS mainly includes high reliability, real-time operation, agility, seamless connectivity, security, and privacy. QoD, on the other hand, includes validity, accuracy, and integrity of the data [28]. The 60 GHz mmWave communication carries a promising potential to provide high QoS and QoD.