esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 The F-Channel Platform
### Coordination Module
#### 3.2.1 Auction Submodule  
The auction submodule of the F-channel platform provides the market participants with week-ahead to day-ahead frequency responses and re-dispatching of auction-based procurements of the capacity reserves and available flexibility products. F-channel brings the flexibility products, including the ancillary service market operation, closer to real-time, recognizing the time-dependent and location-dependent values of balancing products and enabling new participants to take part in the electricity market. TSO is expected to enter the amount of secondary and tertiary reserve needed in its control area. Based on the information from the registry, the MO will set up the auctions. Each DSO/TSO enters forecasted contingencies, congestions, and voltage problems to be resolved. The following products that can be auctioned are supported on the F-channel platform:  
1. aFRR UPWARD. 2. aFRR DOWNWARD. 3. mFRR UPWARD. 4. mFRR DOWNWARD. 5. Forecast of the short-term local active product UPWARD. 6. Forecast of the short-term local active product DOWNWARD. 7. Forecast of the short-term local reactive product UPWARD. 8. Forecast of the short-term local reactive product DOWNWARD. 9. Forecast of the long-term local active product UPWARD. 10. Forecast of the long-term local active product DOWNWARD. To introduce the products that are proposed by the project to the user, Table 1 gives a short description of them, followed by those proposed and studied within OneNet harmonized products. After the brief introduction, the next part of the description of the products of interest is based on going through the products one-by-one and providing some of the more prominent attributes of those products, given in Table 2. As it is easily seen, the left column of the table is reserved for the attributes corresponding to the product, whereas the right column gives the values for each of the attributes. Sometimes, those values are not numerical but logical (yes/no questions) or even descriptive, but they always help in describing the product better.
## 3 Ultra-Long-Range Scanning and Acquisition Technology  
The success of establishing a ground-based fixed-point ultra-long-range atmospheric optical communication link primarily depends on the high-precision initial pointing accuracy between the two terminals. To achieve a ground-based laser link exceeding 100 km, we have developed a high-precision initial pointing technique for laser terminals. This technique involves integrating dual global positioning system (GPS) receivers into the terminal's body coordinate system to measure the pointing orientation of the optical communication PAT terminal. Subsequently, the optical axis of the telescope's exit pupil, including both the azimuth and elevation axes, is calibrated using an arbitrary star. In previous ground-based calibration procedures, the nearly fixed star Polaris was typically employed to calibrate the PAT terminal's optical axis.
# Efficient Multi-UAV Path Planning for Collaborative Area Search Operations
## 2 Related Work
### Multi-UAV Cooperative Area Search Problem  
Multi-UAV cooperative area search involves use of multiple UAVs to search a work area, collect target information in the mission area, and obtain overall information for the work area. It is necessary to study how to make real-time path decisions in the collaborative search process of multiple UAVs, and to determine how to evaluate the effectiveness of multi-UAV collaborative search tasks, which are problems that need to be studied with regard to collaborative regional search of multiple UAVs. Some solutions have been proposed in previous studies, such as using multiple UAVs to find unknown targets as soon as possible, increasing the coverage of the mission area [32], using the decision process based on a backtracking algorithm to optimize the cooperative search problem of multiple UAVs [33], and so on. These schemes can provide a basis and inspiration for multi-UAV cooperative area searches.
## 4 Pharmacological Properties of _Elaeedendron_ Species
### Anti-fungal Activity  
[PERSON] et al. used the broth microdilution technique to test the antifungal activity of _E. croceum_ ethanol bark extract using ciprofloxacin as the control sample against _Candida albicans_. The extract showed activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.6 mg/mL, whereas ciprofloxacin had an MIC of <0.01 mg/mL [19]. The antifungal properties of _E. croceum_ extracts demonstrate the species' potential as an herbal remedy against fungal and microbial diseases.  
[PERSON] et al. used broth microdilution and plate-hole diffusion procedures to test the antifungal activity of _E. transvaalense_ bark water and methanol extracts against an ATCC 10231 (_Candida albicans_) standard strain and five clinical isolates with amphoteric B as the control sample. Only the methanol extract had an MIC of 20.2 mg/mL against the reference strain (ATCC 10231), but the control sample amphotericin B suppressed the development of all tested organisms with an MIC of <10 mg/mL [65]. Using the agar diffusion and microdilution procedures, [PERSON] et al. examined the antifungal properties of _E. transvaalense_ bark of _hexane_ and acetone extracts against _Cryptococcus neoformans_, _Candida albicans_, and _Candida brucei_ with flucytosine and nystatin as positive controls. Only hexane extract showed activity with inhibition zones ranging from 8 to 16 mm, compared to 22 mm for both nystatin and flucytosine, the two positive controls. The minimum inhibitory concentration values against the organisms examined spanned from 0.5 mg/mL to 1.9 mg/mL, with MIC values of 0.2 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\)/mL and 1.9 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\)/mL for the positive controls, nystatin, and flucytosine, respectively. Minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) varied from 1.9 mg/mL to 7.5 mg/mL in this study. The duration research showed that the hexane extract had a strong time-dependent fungicidal activity against _Candida albicans_, killing >90% of all organisms at a dosage of 1.9 mg/mL following a ten-hour gestation [66]. Using the serial broth microdilution assay, [PERSON] et al. assessed the antifungal activities of _E. transvaalense_ bark ethanol extracts and the compounds 4\({}^{\prime}\)-O-methyl-epigallocatechin, lup-20(29)-ene-30-hydroxy-3-one, and lup-20(30)-ene-3,29-diol isolated from the plant against Candida albicans_. The compounds and extracts had minimum inhibitory concentration values that range from 3.1 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL [19], indicating that they were active. These antifungal properties back up the species' usage as a medicinal herb in South Africa, where it was used to treat rashes, candidiasis, and skin infections [10; 25].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Diagnosis of the Potential Sources of PD across the Minor Insulation  
Figure 7 shows the voltage waveforms of various cases investigated for diagnosis of PD sources across the minor-insulation. It can be recalled that a thorough investigation of the modelled PD cases (listed in Table 1) at different voltage levels was conducted in order to analyze the loading effects of the PD model, under their discharge free conditions and discharge needed conditions. As the loading effect was found to be negligible up to 30 kV, the same normal case plot Figure 5a, obtained under inter-turn free and discharge-free condition), was retained as the signature plot of the transformer and reproduced, as in Figure 7a. The tests for diagnosis of the PD cases (PD-1-minor and PD-2-minor) were conducted by applying a switching impulse voltage of 37.5 kV and the voltage waveforms are shown in Figure 7b,c, respectively.  
The changes in the shape of voltage and the disturbances appearing in the form of spikes/pulses presented in Figure 7b,c indicated that the response of transformer to the switching impulses after the inception of PDs, which is different from its normal response. These changes were also distinguishable from the changes due to the presence of internal reports Figure 5b,c. With mere waveform observation, it is difficult to discriminate between the two cases of PDs. Hence, it becomes necessary to go for the other comparative approaches, like transfer function plots and statistical parameters.  
Figure 8 shows the EEV TF plots developed for analyzing the usefulness of the FRA approach in the diagnosis of PD-1-minor and PD-2-minor. Variations appearing in the form of spikes and the changes in the magnitudes of EEV TF that are spreading throughout the frequency spectra indicate that FRA conducted at the 37.5 kV (test voltage) is capable of detecting the presence of the potential source of PD.  
Figure 6: Comparison of End to End Voltage Transfer Function (EEV TF) plots for the inter-turn short diagnosis: Normal case (vs) Sh-1 (vs) Sh-2.  
Figure 7: Comparison of the input and response voltage waveforms for the diagnosis of sources of PDs across minor insulation (**a**) Normal case (**b**) PD-1-minor (**c**) PD-2-minor.
# Rail Diagnostics Based on Ultrasonic Guided Waves: An Overview
## 2 An Overview of Rail Defects and of the Techniques for Their Detection
### Rail Defects  
The transverse section of a rail is represented in Figure 1. Rails in the past were joined together using fishplates; this procedure has been replaced by welding that allows for developing long and continuous stretches of rails forming a _continuously welded rail_.  
Figure 1: Representation of the terminology commonly adopted in the description of rails: (**a**) transverse section; (**b**) reference planes.  
Various classifications of rail defects are adopted in the technical literature. Following Ref. [10], a rail track defect could be either of _geometry_ or _structural_ type. Track geometry defects are related to the geometric conditions of tracks; track structural defects, instead, refer to ill-conditioned structural parameters of tracks (including rails [8]). In the remaining part of this paragraph, we take into consideration track structural defects only; these are divided into the three broad categories described below.
###### Abstract  
The Dibei Gas Field, located in the northern Kuga Foreland Basin, Tarim Basin, western China, is one of the most important condensate gas-producing areas in China, with over one trillion cubic feet of gas reserves discovered in the Jurassic terrestrial reservoirs. However, further hydrocarbon exploration and development in the area is hampered by uncertainties on the petroleum sources. A robust oil-source and gas-source correlation analysis was carried out in the Dibei area to enhance our understanding of the gas accumulation potential. An integrated molecular geochemical analysis, multivariate analysis, and basin modeling were conducted to investigate source rocks, inclusion oils, reservoir oils, and gas from the Dibei area. Two types of source rocks have been identified in the Dibei area: a Jurassic coaly source rock and a Triassic lacustrine source rock based on multivariate analysis. The compositions of the \(n\)-alkanes, steranes, and terpen and the carbon isotope ratios of individual \(n\)-alkanes in the inclusion oil extracts and reservoir oils from Jurassic Yangxia and Ahe reservoirs show distinct differences when compared with the two types of source extracts. Multiple oil sources are revealed in the Dibei area, with various degrees of mixing between reservoir oil (present) and inclusion oil (paleo), reflecting evolving oil sources. Basin modeling shows that during the late Himalayan orogen, the Jurassic strata in the Dibei area experienced a rapid burial within ~20 Ma, with the oil generation window of the source rocks expanding greatly. This caused the shallowly buried Jurassic source rocks to enter the oil generation window, resulting in the occurrence of two oil sources for the inclusion oils and reservoir oils, and an increasing degree of mixing over time. Our finding confirms that the accumulated condensate gas in the Dibei area is mainly derived from the Jurassic source rocks. This allows the extent of prospective exploration to be better defined.  
petrolem geochemistry; oil-source correlation; multivariate analysis; basin modeling; Kuqa Foreland Basin Article
# Anisotropy and Directivity Effects on Uniaxial Compression of Carbonaceous Slate Form Jinman Mine
## 2 Methods
### Experimental Apparatus  
Heterogeneous mechanical loading tests on slate samples were conducted at Kunming University of Science and Technology. The experimental system of slate mechanics is shown in Figure 2a, which is mainly composed of a mechanical testing machine, a dynamic strain meter, a data display, and storage equipment. A stress-strain data coupling system was designed taking into account the cubic shape of the rock sample with strain gauges capturing strain data, as shown in Figure 2b. The feasibility and reliability of the coupling system were verified in previous studies [22]. The coupling system imports axial stress-time data and strain-time data into the UA304 external parameter collector in real-time, and then processes it based on the SDAES data coupling system provided by Beijing Shenghua Xingya Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China to obtain the stress-strain curve.  
The maximum loading stress of the mechanical testing machine used for this study is 1100 kN, which can achieve a constant pressure testing function. The load and deformation were measured by stress sensors and resistance strain gauges, respectively. The data collection equipment used was the SDY2107A dynamic strain meter manufactured by Beidaihe Electronic Equipment Co., Ltd. Its gauge factor and sensitivity were 2.00 k and 0.0001 V/\(\mu\epsilon\), respectively. The data display equipment used was a DL850E oscillograph manufactured by Yokowaga, Japan, with a resolution and testing range of 12-bit and 0.01-500,000 Hz, respectively. The resistance value, size, power supply voltage, sensitivity factor, and strain limit of resistance strain gauges were 120 \(\pm\) 1 \(\Omega\), 8 mm \(\times\) 5 mm, 3-10 V, 2.00%, and 20,000 \(\upmu\)m/m, respectively.  
Figure 1: Partial slate samples and mineral contents: (**a**) Jinman Mine [9]; (**b**) Partial slate samples; (**c**) Mineral contents of gray slate; (**d**) Mineral contents of cinerous slate.  
The SEM tests of fracture morphology of slate samples were conducted at the Analysis and Testing Center of Northwest University College of Chemistry and Material Science. The micro-test equipment used was Zeiss ZEISS-SIGMA 300 field emission SEM as shown in Figure 2c. The scanning electron microscope combines performance analysis with field emission scanning technology to generate images of micro-structures of mineral particles and fracture surfaces. The scanning rate was 1 nm@30 kV STEM with a magnification of 10-1,000,000\(\times\) and a storage resolution of 32 k \(\times\) 24 k pixels. The AE signals were collected during the destruction process by the SAEU-1016-4 AE instrument, with a maximum acquisition frequency and acquisition precision of 10 MHz and 16-bit, respectively.
# Evaluation of Coupling PV and Air Conditioning vs. Solar Cooling Systems--Case Study from Jordan
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Photovoltaic System Description  
There are 6697 solar modules and 79 solar inverters on the campus of GJU in Amman, which are spread across different facilities within the campus that are designed as carports for 600 vehicles, as well as aisle canopies for pedestrians and students, in addition to plants on building rooftops and those of prefabricated structures, as illustrated in Figure 2. All the above-mentioned plans add to the formation of shaded zones for pedestrians and vehicles, while also enhancing the aesthetic quality of the campus. A supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA) was also included in the project, which incorporates the latest technology used to control and monitor all system elements and productivity, as well as to immediately deal with issues or failures that may happen when the system is operating. Additionally, an integrated wireless automatic Vantag weather station was incorporated into the project to monitor specific environmental and meteorological factors, such as solar radiation, temperature and precipitation ratios, which has rendered it the focus of scientific research and a variety of different projects by connecting its outputs with the plant's outputs and productivity.  
The PV system's size was 2.1 MWp, while the utility grid connection was a 0.4 kV 50 Hz net meter (2 m) and it was anticipated that 3300 MWh/year will be generated, which is enough to satisfy the electricity needs of the whole campus. Jinko Solar supplied the silicon polycrystalline Wp utilised, which had a module efficiency of >16% in normal testing conditions. Multistring inverters from ABB for the grid inverter technology PV mounting structure were constructed from aluminium and galvanised steel supplied by Schletter (type of installation: predominantly installed in car parks along with a number of rooftops).  
Figure 1: Maximum and minimum temperatures (°C) and solar irradiation (kWh/m\({}^{2}\)/month) recorded at the site.
## 4 Discussion
### Mechanical Behavior in Unsaturated Soils: Effect of Suction and Sample Type
A comparison of the elastic modulus, shear strength, and unconfined compressive strength at low suction ranges between the reconstituted and undisturbed samples (Figures 16a, 17a, 18a, 19a and 20a) revealed that the values from the undisturbed samples diverged considerably from the fitted curves derived from the reconstituted data. [PERSON] et al. [7] stated that reconstituted samples exhibited a homogeneous internal structure and uniform pore size gradation, whereas undisturbed samples preserved their natural macrostructure, which affected their overall strength. They also highlighted the difficulty in estimating the suction behavior owing to the bimodal pore-size distribution arising from heterogeneous stratigraphy. This suggests that the soil structure and homogeneity play a critical role in predicting the mechanical response of soils under unsaturated conditions. 3. In addition, the drying and wetting processes differentiated the reconstituted and undisturbed samples, producing different suction values at the same degree of saturation. The undisturbed samples, extracted after the wettest month, underwent drying as the infiltration water decreased, reducing the water held in the soil capillaries. In contrast, the reconstituted samples were dried and then rewetted to reach the target moisture content through a wetting process. This difference explains the higher shear strength and elastic modulus values observed in the undisturbed samples under low-suction conditions. This can be attributed to hysteresis, which, combined with the internal soil structure, resulted in a higher strength and stiffness at lower suction values.
## 2 CoAP Overview
### Group Communication  
The IETF CoRE working group has recognized the need to support a non-reliable multicast message to be sent to a group of devices to manipulate a resource on all the devices in the group. Therefore, they have developed the \"Group Communication for CoAP\" Internet Draft [14], which provides guidance for how the CoAP protocol should be used in a group communication context. _Group Communication_ refers to sending a single CoAP message to all members of a specific group by utilizing UDP/IP multicast for the requests, and unicast UDP/IP for the responses (if any). This implies that all the group members (the destination nodes) receive the exact same message. The solution proposed by the IETF CoRE working group is discussed further in Section 4.
# Compensation of Measurement Uncertainty in a Remote Fetal Monitor
## 3 Uncertainty Estimation Approach
### Remote Fetal Monitoring Equipment  
A fetal monitor was developed to provide a reliable remote monitoring of both mother and fetus during the pregnancy process. The fetal monitor has the capacity of recording fetal heart rate, uterine activity, and fetal movement. Its compact design allows the mother to use it herself. In addition, the fetal monitor allows the recording of studies, and features the capacity to send them directly to the obstetric monitoring center (OMC) to be evaluated by a specialist.  
The purpose of this medical device is to provide monitoring of high-risk pregnancies, especially those in marginal areas, who cannot go to a clinical specialist periodically to reduce fetal distress, and, therefore, perinatal mortality in Mexico.  
The fetal monitor is an embedded system, which includes a digital signal processor that allows for an adequate calculation to achieve higher precision in fetal heart rate reliability and signs of uterine activity. The algorithm developed included the proposed methodology of this work to guarantee the reliability of distance measurement. This instrument has enough hardware resources, such as remote connectivity by means of a mobile phone, through the general package radio service (GPRS), geo-referenced transmission, an alarm indicator for the patient, a speaker to listen to baby heartbeats, a flash memory to store studies and two Doppler ultrasound sensors, of 1.2 MHz in frequency, and 350 mW for output power, for the acquisition and processing of fetal monitoring variables. A block diagram with these functions is presented in Figure 6.  
Figure 5: Reliability estimation algorithm.
###### Abstract
Studies analyzing the phosphorus removal efficiency at different firing temperatures and hydraulic loading rates were performed by [PERSON] et al. [42] and [PERSON] et al. [43]. These studies showed that a filter material with finer granulation and a longer retention time of the wastewater in the filter provided better phosphorus removal results. It was also shown that when used at a full technical scale in filters at the outflow area of hydrolytic wastewater treatment plants, the material did not provide a significant phosphorus removal effect, at about 30% [44]. Previous studies on the Langmuir isotherms of phosphate sorption on opoka and opoka-based manufactured materials showed inconsistencies with regards to the relevant parameters due to variations in sorbent sourcing [12], process parameters (the initial concentration of phosphorus in the solution, the mass of sorbents, etc.) [45], and the use of different methods for linearizing the general equation [8; 33; 46; 47; 48; 49]. In this study, we aimed to develop and analyze a mathematical description of the process of phosphate sorption on Rockfos\({}^{\text{\textregistered\char 13}}\) material using Langmuir isotherms and determine the corresponding model parameters. In developing the description, the influence of the initial concentration of phosphate in the solution, the sorbent's grain size, and the process's temperature were considered. The parameters determined using Langmuir isotherms, especially the maximum absorbency of the sorbent, can provide a basis for the design of final wastewater treatment filters for use in small wastewater treatment plants, including the determination of the volume of the filter bed and the total operating time.