## 5 Micro-Properties of the Cemertitious Materials with RP
### Mineralogical Composition
Additional mineral components derived from the RP include dolomite [32; 97; 137; 192], tobermorite [127], kaolinite, mica, and feldspar [118]. The primary origin of dolomite is the limestone coarse aggregate present in the initial concrete [192]. The crystalline phases present in the RP pastes are essentially identical to those found in the OPC paste. Consequently, the addition of RP would not result in the formation of novel hydration products in the binary paste [6; 7; 83; 98; 114; 118; 122; 164; 176; 192; 201; 245; 297]. Also, when comparing the paste containing RP to the reference paste, no additional hydration product is observed under various activation methods [52; 61]. Within cementitious matrices, including RP treated with TA, the absence of any distinct peaks suggests that TA also does not produce any novel products or compounds [103]. However, because of the features of the initial RP, there are noticeable quantitative differences in the primary chemical oxides [118]. The intensity of the diffraction peak of SiO\({}_{2}\) is positively correlated with the amount of RP present [8; 35; 52; 98; 118; 127; 145; 164; 179; 201; 235; 245; 250; 255; 256; 295]. The main reason for this is the significant proportion of the quartz phase present in RP [98; 235; 255]. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [216] stated that the presence of RCF leads to a steady reduction in quartz concentration due to the decreased utilization of sand. The concentration of CaCO\({}_{3}\) in the paste increases as the rate of RP replacement increases [8; 35; 52; 101; 127; 164; 176; 192; 235; 245; 250; 255; 295]. The increase in the intensity of the diffraction peak of SiO\({}_{2}\) and CaCO\({}_{3}\) are explained by the presence of a large amount of natural sand and limestone coarse aggregate in RP [8; 250; 255] and a high level of crystallinity leading to an incomplete activation reaction [127]. Incorporating RP decreases the intensity of C-S-H [147; 176; 192; 231; 250]. This further substantiates that including RP in paste reduces the formation of hydrated products. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [255] and [PERSON] et al. [81] reported that the presence of RP causes an increase in the characteristic peak of C-S-H, indicating that the RP used contributes to the hydration level of cementitious materials which demonstrates the ongoing process of glassy cement powder dissolving or condensing over time, resulting in an excessive amount of C-S-H content. Incorporating RP decreases the portlandite intensity [35; 61; 80; 98; 100; 101; 127; 130; 147; 164; 176; 179; 192; 195; 214; 217; 235; 245; 250; 253; 255; 256]. The intensity of CH decreases as the rate of RP replacement increases, due to the incorporation of RP reducing the amount of cement and the inhibited hydration process caused by a dilution effect [8; 35; 80; 255]. The decrease in the intensity of CH, however, does not provide conclusive evidence of the occurrence of the pozzolanic reaction, as the diluting of the cement clinkers could also result in a reduction of CH [98]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [195] reported that hydration products (SiO\({}_{2}\), CaCO\({}_{3}\), CH, and Atf) that have been mixed with other substances have a small quantity of amorphous phase which might react with CH during the process of cement hydration and trigger a reaction with volcanic ash. [PERSON] et al. [192] stated that when comparing the mineral composition of cement paste with 0% and 30% RFP, it is observed that the calcium hydroxide intensity is lower in the paste including RFP. This indicates that the presence of RFP reduces the hydration products in the cement paste. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [98], [PERSON] et al. [250], [PERSON] et al. [130], and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [297] reported that the peak intensity for CH increases. [PERSON] et al.