esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Influence of CO\({}_{2}\) on Phototrophic and Mixotrophic H. pluvialis Cyst Cell Germination  
A systematic study of the influence of the CO\({}_{2}\) content on the germination of \(H\). _pluvialis_ cells has not yet been carried out. In literature, phototrophic germination of \(H\). _pluvialis_ was done at different levels of CO\({}_{2}\), gassing at ambient air [30], every 10 min for 10 s with CO\({}_{2}\) supplemented air [29], but also continuously with flue gas with 3.5 +/ 0.5% \(v/v\) CO\({}_{2}\)[25], making it difficult to compare these data to the results obtained in our study for the influence of CO\({}_{2}\) on germination. In general, in \(H\). _pluvialis_, CO\({}_{2}\) fixation takes place in both C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways [37; 38]. CO\({}_{2}\) is fixed by the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase during the Calvin cycle and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is formed, which is required for the further synthesis of carbohydrates and the basic structure of lipids, which are processed, among other components, into secondary metabolites such as astaxanthin [38; 39]. As shown in the first two sets of experiments (culture 1-8), photodynamixotrophic cyst cell germination was not enhanced by the addition of CO\({}_{2}\) compared to germination at ambient air. A constant influx of CO\({}_{2}\) and fixation via the Calvin Cycle might shift the equilibrium of degradation to formation of internally stored carbon sources. Thus, reduced energy for germination would be available, as storage compounds are synthesized and not used for germination, which might ultimately result in a reduced release of zoospores. In contrast, reduced photosynthetic activity and degradation of the chloroplast through \(H\). _pluvialis_ cyst formation has been reported and might explain that excess of CO\({}_{2}\) supplied cannot be used efficiently for growth [40]. To what extent the activity of the chloroplasts in the formed zoospores influences the number of germinated zoospores and their CO\({}_{2}\) uptake cannot be clarified in this context.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Tensile Test  
Five tests were conducted for each group of samples with infill percentages of 15%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Figure 19 illustrates the results of the samples that exhibited maximum stress values closest to the average of their respective group. Table 2 summarizes the results of the mechanical properties obtained from the tensile tests performed.  
Figure 19: Engineering stress–strain curves for different infill levels of 15%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%.  
Figure 18: Mechanical properties of the analyzed material.  
From the results presented, a positive correlation can be observed between the infill level of the TRITAN samples and their mechanical properties, with increases in relative elongation, yield strength, tensile strength, and stiffness. It is important to emphasize that the stiffness values obtained from the slope of the stress-strain curve in the elastic regime, in this case, do not directly relate to the modulus of elasticity of TRITAN (estimated at approximately 1 GPa in printed samples) due to variations in the infill patterns used in the printing of each sample group.  
The observed values for yield strength and tensile strength are also a reflection of the internal structure generated in each sample group. Higher infill patterns result in a greater effective cross-sectional area and, consequently, higher tensile strength. The highest infill level also gives the samples greater energy absorption capacity during deformation, as evidenced by the increase in tensile toughness and maximum elongation.
# ICT Adoption and Stock Market Development: Empirical Evidence Using a Panel of African Countries
## 5 Research Findings and Discussion
### Diagnostic Tests  
In examining the impact of ICT adoption on stock market development in Africa, a battery of diagnostic tests were conducted to choose the most fitting estimator to run each model. We took a cue from [PERSON] (2019) and [PERSON] (2016) in the estimation and applied a number of diagnostic tests. These tests encompassed the following: a test for poolability of data by employing the applied [PERSON] (1983) test; the [PERSON] and Pagan (1980) LM test for random effects; the [PERSON] (1978) specification test and the modified Wald test for group-wise heteroscedasticity; the [PERSON] test for over-identifying restrictions and the Arellano and Bond (1991) (AR) test for autocorrelation. These tests enabled us to ensure that the estimated model was not mis-specified and that the estimations were consistent.  
The pre-estimation tests conducted in estimating the four models affirmed the poolability of the data, the presence of random effects and favoured the use of the fixed effects over the random effects estimator. The tests also confirmed the presence of group-wise heteroscedasticity. As such, the estimation was conducted within the framework of the generalised method of moments, which are efficient in the presence of heteroscedasticity. The Sargan-Hansen and Arellano-Bond tests were relied on to ensure that the estimated models were stable. The diagnostics tests for estimating the four models are appended as Appendix A in Tables A1-A4. As such, three estimators were used to test the relationship. The fixed effects model was the base estimator. For inference, the system-GMM and FGLS estimation results are used, as these yield consistent standard errors in the presence of heteroscedasticity.
## 3 Results
### Establishment of the Model
#### 3.3.3 Optimization of the Model
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Calibration Set**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Principal Component**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Calibration Set**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Validation Set**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**F**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **R\({}^{2}\)** & **SEC** & **RSD\%** & **R\({}^{2}\)** & **SEC** & **RSD\%** \\ \hline
1:1 & 15 & 0.8660 & 0.18 & 6.63 & 0.8496 & 0.19 & 7.03 \\
2:1 & 20 & 0.9326 & 0.12 & 4.41 & 0.8867 & 0.18 & 6.79 \\
3:1 & 19 & 0.9164 & 0.14 & 5.41 & 0.8879 & 0.15 & 5.44 \\
4:1 & 18 & 0.9076 & 0.15 & 5.54 & 0.9042 & 0.15 & 5.44 \\
5:1 & 17 & 0.8749 & 0.17 & 6.45 & 0.8727 & 0.17 & 6.28 \\
6:1 & 16 & 0.8777 & 0.17 & 6.33 & 0.8672 & 0.17 & 6.58 \\ Average & 18 & 0.8959 & 0.16 & 5.80 & 0.8781 & 0.17 & 6.26 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: NIR prediction results of the model for different samples (Tyr). and the coefficient of determination of the calibration set and the validation set did not change significantly from the first. The average coefficient of determination of the tyrosine calibration set and validation set obtained after spectrum preprocessing were 0.9090 and 0.8993, respectively, proving that the model for determination of tyrosine content of Tartary buckwheat leaves established using the NIR spectral information in the spectral range of 4000-10,000 cm\({}^{-1}\) was stable and reliable (Table 7).
# Methodology for Efficient Bitumen Storage with Reduced Energy Consumption
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Chemical Composition: ATR-FTIR  
We used attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to identify the functional groups in bitumen that appear or increase with ageing. It is well known that the formation of carbonyl and sulfoxide chemical functional groups indicate the bitumen oxidation level [7; 25; 26]. The oxidation can be identified by a pronounced increase in absorption in the carbonyl and sulfoxide regions in the FTIR spectrum.  
In this study, bitumen oxidative ageing was characterized using UATR-FTIR measurements at 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C, in a Perkin Elmer Two Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrometer in the Attenuated Total Reflectance mode with a diamond crystal. The collected spectra were acquired with 8 repetitive scans and ranged from 400 to 4000 cm\({}^{-1}\) with a 4 cm\({}^{-1}\) resolution. With a spatula, we took a slight amount of non-melted bitumen and pressed it against the crystal of the ATR accessory, and then we started the scan. In less than one minute, we had obtained a high-quality spectrum for our bituminous material. The crystal of the spectrometer was cleaned using acetone.  
Table 1 shows the functional groups we usually observe in a pure bitumen FTIR spectrum, and the bond vibrations and wavenumbers associated with them. The focus will be on the oxidative products, which are carbonyl and sulfoxide groups. The carbonyl group is known to peak at around 1700 cm\({}^{-1}\), and the sulfoxide group at around 1030 cm\({}^{-1}\).
# Toward SDM-Based Submarine Optical Networks: A Review of Their Evolution and Upcoming Trends
## 4 Submarine Amplifiers
### Core Pumping (EDFA) Combined with SDM Technology  
Depending on how amplifiers are being pumped, MC-EDFAs can be mainly divided into two main categories, the core-pumped and cladding-pumped EDFAs. As noted earlier, the implementation of these technologies is a key concept for the introduction of SDM. The amplification schemes of first category core-pumped MC-EDFAs are based on sharing the pump light of LDs among the cores inside the amplifying medium. A basic scheme for MC-EDFA technology which presents core-pumping methods is shown in Figure 22a.  
Table 7 compares the main characteristics of core- and cladding-pumping MC-EDFAs. Features such as mode, pump power, \(\lambda\) direction, number of LD's, and use of cooler are compared for both techniques.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Core Pumping** & **Cladding Pumping** \\ \hline
**Mode** & Single-Mode & **Multi-Mode** \\
**Pump Power (W)** & Low (\(-\)5) & **High (\(-\)30)** \\
**Wavelength (nm)** & 1480 & 980 \\
**Direction** & Backward & Forward \\
**Number of Pump LD’s** & N-Cores & **1** \\
**Presence of Cooling subsystem** & Yes & **No** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Cladding and Core-Pumping features.  
Figure 21: Shows a diagram of RPF systems for future subsea cable systems’ deployments. Furthermore, more complex designs implementing not only pump lasers but also EDFAs have already been announced [13].  
Finally, authors in [37] proposed a multicore erbium-doped fiber (MC-EDFA) amplifier which achieved simultaneous amplification for 7-cores composed of two tapered fibers bundled (TFB) couplers with low insertion loss. The gain achieved in the MC-EDF fiber was 30 dB and NF less than 4 dB. Finally, a record of 1.03-Exabit/s \(\times\) km at 7.326 km transmission by using a 7-Core-pumped EDFA amplifier was demonstrated in [38].
###### Abstract  
The radio determination service system (RDSS), a navigation and positioning system independently developed by China, features services such as short-message communication, position reporting, and international search and rescue. The L-band pseudo-range and phase data are the primary data sources in precise orbit determination (POD) for geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite in the BeiDou system, especially in the orbit manoeuvre period. These data are the only data sources in the POD for GEOs. However, when the pseudo-range and phase data is abnormal due to unforeseen reasons, such as satellite hardware failure or monitoring receiver abnormalities, the data abnormality leads to orbit determination abnormalities or even failures for GEOs, then the service performance and availability of the RDSS system are greatly degraded. Therefore, a new POD method for GEOs based on BeiDou short-message communication ranging data has gained research attention to improve the service reliability of the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS)-3, realising the deep integration of communication and navigation services of the BDS. This problem has not been addressed so far. Therefore, in this study, a new POD method for GEO satellites is investigated using high-precision satellite laser ranging (SLR) data and RDSS data. The SLR data are used as the benchmark to calibrate the time delay value of RDSS equipment, and RDSS data are only used in the orbit determination process by fixing the corrected RDSS time delay value, and the satellite orbit parameters and dynamic parameters are solved. Experimental analysis is conducted using the measured SLR and RDSS data of the BDS, and the orbit accuracy in this paper is evaluated by the precise ephemeris of the Multi-GNSS pilot project (MGEX) and SLR data. The results show that the orbit accuracy in the orbital arc and the 2-h orbital prediction arc for GEOs are 6.01 m and 6.99 m, respectively, compared with the ephemeris of MGEX, and the short-arc orbit accuracy after 4 h of manoeuvre is 11.11 m. The orbit accuracy in the radial component by SLR data is 0.54 m. The required orbit accuracy for GEO satellites in the RDSS service of the BDS-3 is 15 m. The orbit accuracy achieved in this paper is superior to that of this technical index. This method expands the application field of the RDSS data and greatly enriches the POD method for GEOs. It can be adopted as a backup technology for the POD method for GEOs based on RNSS data, significantly improving the service reliability of the BeiDou RDSS service.  
BeiDou system (BDS); geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellite; radio determination satellite service (RDSS); satellite laser ranging (SLR); multi-GNSS pilot project (MGEX)
# A Comparison of Deep Learning Methods for ICD Coding of Clinical Records
## 2 Related Work
### Traditional Models for ICD Coding  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [3] are the first to apply machine learning techniques to ICD coding. Different techniques including a \(k\)-nearest neighbor classifier, relevance feedback, and a Bayesian classifier are applied to the texts of inpatient discharge summaries. The authors found that an ensemble of models yields the best results. At that time, and still later, one has experimented with rule-based pattern matching techniques, which are often expressed as regular expressions (see, e.g., in [4]). [PERSON] et al. [5] have proposed a hybrid system that partially relied on handcrafted rules and partially on machine learning. For the latter, the authors compare a decision tree learner with a multinomial logistic regression algorithm. The system is evaluated on the data from the CMC Challenge on Classifying Clinical Free Text Using Natural Language Processing, support vector machines (SVMs) were also a popular approach for assigning codes to clinical free text (see, e.g., in [6] who evaluate a SVM using \(n\)-gram word features on the MIMIC-II dataset). A systematic overview of earlier systems for automated clinical coding is found in [7]. The authors of [8] show that datasets of different sizes and different numbers of distinct codes demand different training mechanisms. For small datasets, it is important to select relevant features. The authors have evaluated ICD coding performance on a dataset consisting of more than 70,000 textual Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) from the University of Kentucky (UKY) Medical Center tagged with ICD-9 codes. Integrating feature selection on both structured and unstructured data is researched by the authors of [9] and has proven to aid the classification process. Two approaches are evaluated in this setting: early and late integration of structured and unstructured data, the latter yielding the better results. Documents are tagged with ICD-9 and ICD-10 medical codes.
## 2 Problem Description
### Problem Assumption  
In actual engineering applications, an AEOS is equipped with sensors to perform remote sensing tasks. Owing to the three-axis maneuvering capability of an AEOS and the diversity of remote sensing tasks and satellite loads, actual AEOS remote sensing scenarios are highly complex in terms of their mathematical formulation. In this study, we focused solely on the task scheduling sequence and observation time of the tasks. Based on actual engineering backgrounds and previous research [25; 46; 47], we made several reasonable simplifications and assumptions.  
* The energy of each satellite is sufficient because the solar panels can provide sufficient power.
* There is no limitation on the selection of VTWs for a task on a satellite; however, at any time, there is at most one observation sensor running on the satellite. Therefore, the observation times for the two tasks do not overlap.
* The pitch maneuver and roll maneuver are considered when calculating the attitude transition time.
* The satellite storage and image download processes are not considered because they are not the focus of our study [6]. Here, we assume that the time windows for the downloads are sufficient for image transmission tasks.
* Each task can only be scheduled and observed once.
# Enhancement of Sentinel-2A Images for Ship Detection via Real-ESRGAN Model
## 2 Data and Methodology
### Methodology
#### 2.2.2 Training Super-Resolution Model  
Super-resolution encompasses advanced techniques to reconstruct HR images from one or more LR counterparts [43]. These methods significantly enhance the spatial and spectral quality of target images through the application of upscaling algorithms. Among the various approaches to super-resolution, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have emerged as a leading method, employing adversarial training to enhance both natural and satellite imagery. Initially developed for generating synthetic images, GANs have demonstrated considerable effectiveness in image enhancement tasks [44; 45; 46]. Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networks (ESRGAN) represent a significant advancement in GAN methodologies, improving generalization, optimizing memory usage, reducing computational overhead, and producing highly realistic HR images. The architecture of ESRGAN consists of a generator and a discriminator that work in conjunction. The generator generates synthetic images, while the discriminator effectively distinguishes these images from real ones, fostering an iterative quality improvement process [44]. Notably, the generator architecture in ESRGAN replaces batch normalization layers with Residual-in-Residual Dense Blocks (RRDB), thereby enhancing its capacity to model complex image structures [47]. In this study, the Real-ESRGAN model was utilized to enhance image quality. Real-ESRGAN, as an extension of ESRGAN, is tailored explicitly for real-world applications, adept at processing low-quality and distorted images to transform them into HR natural-looking versions [48]. By addressing distortions such as compression artifacts and blurriness, Real-ESRGAN exhibits robust performance across a diverse range of image conditions, ensuring effective enhancement in both ideal and non-ideal scenarios.
## 3 Proposed System
### PMIPv6/AAND's Signal Flow  
According to the steps given below, the signal flow is carried. Figure 10 outlines the PMIPv6/AAND principle of regular signal flow.  
1. CN passes packets via bi-directional tunnel among LMA and MAG 2 to the MN.
2. MAG gives a migration update to the mobility session, i.e., HI message to M-MAG which contains the message HNP that was transferred to the MN interface.
3. M-MAG sends an acceptance of migration to a mobility session i.e., HACK message to MAG as a reaction to the relocation of a connectivity session.
4. MN is added to M-MAG.
5. M-MAG passes a multi-prefix (HNP1, HNP2) proxy-binding update (PBU) message to LMA
6. LMA changes the Entry for Binding Cache.
7. LMA passes a multi-prefix alternative (HNP1, HNP2) proxy binding acknowledgement (PBA) message to LMA.
8. But CN will interact with MN on an ongoing basis.  
Figure 8: Topology 2—Multi-Homing of PMIPv6/AAND.
# A Survey of Using Swarm Intelligence Algorithms in IoT
## 3 Applications of Swarm Intelligence Algorithms in WSN
### WSN Routing Protocols Based on SI
#### 3.2.1 Routing Protocol Classification Properties  
* Distributed (D)/Centralized (C)  
If the protocol is centralized, the discovery and maintenance of routing information are controlled by a single node called receiver or base station. In a distributed way, each node collects or builds its own routing information.  
* Besteffort (B)/QoS (Q)  
Agreements that do not provide any QoS assurance for delivery to the application are classified as the best effort. Protocols that provide quality assurance for application routing services are labeled QoS-aware (e.g., end-to-end latency, latency jitter, available bandwidth, packet loss, etc).  
* Single path (S)/Multipath (M) routing  
Routing protocols may maintain single or multiple routes to a given destination. Single path routing can find one or more routes and select the best path for data transmission as well as discard the other paths. Multipath routing is a protocol that finds, maintains, and uses multiple paths to transmit perceptual data.  
* Event-driven/Query-based routing  
The application program based on routing protocol service is divided into event-driven and query-driven. In the event-driven protocol, data routing is initiated after the sensor detects the event. In the query-based protocol, the sink node broadcasts the corresponding query interest, and later the sensor satisfying the query starts the data routing.  
* Fault tolerant  
The protocol is robust to topology changes and packet loss  
* Energy aware  
Whether the protocol prioritizes routing based on energy metrics (for example, the remaining energy of nodes on the route).  
* Loop free  
If the path used by the packet is guaranteed to have no loops, the protocol is called no loops. The protocol must contain explicit mechanisms to check for and avoid possible cycles.
# Chaotic Image Encryption: State-of-the-Art, Ecosystem, and Future Roadmap
## 4 Ecosystem
### Challenges
#### 4.1.3 Evaluation  
Many researchers are interested on the evaluation of chaotic image encryption methods. The evaluation process may include attack, cryptanalysis, or benchmarking. These evaluation approaches are discussed in the following.  
Attack [PERSON] and [PERSON] [160] performed an analysis of the HYPER-HIE image encryption algorithm based on hyper-chaos. Their analysis attempted to exploit the algorithm's weaknesses in its permutation and diffusion techniques, and their research concluded that the algorithm could not resist chosen plaintext attacks.  
Cryptanalysis  
The cryptanalysis of many existing algorithms has been performed. One such analysis was performed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [161], where an algorithm based on hyper-chaos and DNA failed to account for chosen plaintext attacks. To this extent, the authors of the paper were able to design an attack that reveals the plain image with no knowledge of the key. Another analysis was performed by [PERSON] et al. [162], where an image encryption scheme combining bit-plane extraction with multiple chaotic maps (IESBC) was found to be vulnerable to chosen and known plaintext attacks. The algorithm was then improved upon to score highly with various cryptographic metrics.  
Some algorithms also claim to have secure properties, but may fall short. One example is a chaotic Image Encryption Algorithm based on Information Entropy (IEAIE), which was analyzed by [PERSON] et al. [163]. This algorithm was found to possess many pitfalls and questionable security metrics. Another example is a color image encryption scheme based on a hybrid hyper-chaotic system and cellular automata analyzed by [PERSON] et al. [164]. This algorithm possesses several security drawbacks despite claiming to resist applicable attacks. A more general study of issues with algorithms based on cryptanalysis-driven design were outlined by [PERSON] et al. [165].  
Benchmarking [PERSON] et al. [166] performed benchmarking on the AES encryption algorithm and another algorithm based on the logistic map. Their results demonstrated that the AES exhibits better security performance, but is computationally slower. The logistic map, on the other hand, is less secure due to a few specific vulnerabilities, but is faster and simpler to implement, making it more ideal for real-time communications.