## 3 Proposed Solution
### Forward Error Correction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Error-Coding Technique** & **QP** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Average PSNR (dB)**} \\ \hline  & & **Foreman (CIF)** & **Crew (4 CIF)** & **Ice (4 CIF)** & **Average PSNR** \\  & & **(CIF)** & & **(4 CIF)** & **Difference (dB)** \\  & & & & & **from Intact** \\ \hline Intact & 22 & 41.35 & 41.78 & 43.70 & - \\  & 32 & 34.67 & 35.69 & 39.00 & \\ \hline JM-FC & 22 & 37.60 & 39.21 & 39.18 & 3.61 \\  & 32 & 33.70 & 34.96 & 36.50 & 1.40 \\ \hline STBMA & 22 & 39.49 & 40.64 & 41.74 & 1.65 \\  & 32 & 34.19 & 35.44 & 38.15 & 0.52 \\ \hline NDBV & 22 & 39.99 & 39.03 & 40.58 & 2.41 \\  & 32 & 33.93 & 35.23 & 37.51 & 0.89 \\ \hline
**VQProtect** & 22 & 40.02 & 41.19 & 42.29 & 1.14 \\  & 32 & 34.78 & 35.52 & 38.68 & 0.28 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Average PSNR Comparison of Proposed Method and Other Approaches. ## 5 Limitations and Future Work

In this paper, FEC is used to recover the bit errors that occurred during transmission to eliminate the need for retransmitting data, which, if retransmission is not needed, makes broadcasting, video streaming, and real-time applications more efficient. The work utilized Random Linear Block Codes to detect and correct errors with a single-bit error handling strategy. However, other methods for error recovery using convolution codes for burst errors can be designed in the future. In the future also, the implemented FEC method can be tuned to adjust the redundancy rate by predicting the loss rate or loss probability of the communication channel. One can adapt the redundancy rate via these predictions, which may allow lower bandwidth utilization if the predictions allow that. Given that a fixed redundancy overhead is a major compromising factor when using FEC, effective prediction of the loss rate would be particularly advantageous. Cognitive Radio (CR) works by sensing the ambient wireless environment for a possibly temporarily vacant licensed bandwidth or by consulting online spectrum databases or by a combination of both methods of accessing additional bandwidth resources. In this paper, CRN channels are taken as an example, while channel error simulation is performed using the Gilbert-Elliot model. In the future also, the proposed scheme can be deployed over an experimental wireless testbed, which will allow comparative experiments, the results of which can be compared with software network simulation. Software network simulation can also be extended to encompass a variety of typical multimedia network setups. To avoid complex encryption processing, combined bit permutation and XORing techniques were used. In the future, for testing the performance of the implemented FEC method, complex ciphers such as Chacha20 [70] and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) [12] can be implemented as points of comparison. For experimentation in this paper, the authors selected the H.264/AVC standardized codec because of its suitability to a wide range of interactive and non-interactive applications over various network configurations. In addition, the codec brings relative ease of software deployment as well as a range of supported low-cost hardware (e.g., Raspberry Pi) for rapid compression and decompression. On the other hand, both H.264/AVC and H.265/High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) codecs use the same structures to stream and store video. However, the encoding process of HEVC and VP9 is more complex than the H.264/AVC coding standard in terms of execution time, CPU consumption, and hardware implementation [71]. Another good reason of using H.264/AVC is its support for various error-resilience schemes, allowing convenient assessment of their effect in H.264/AVC on QoE and QoS, should the need arise. On the other hand, H.265/HEVC and the currently emerging Versatile Video Coding (VVC) codec both lack some error resiliency techniques such as Redundant Slice and Flexible Macroblock Ordering (FMO). Hence, H.264/AVC [72] is more suitable for error protection other than through error concealment.