## 3 Results  
### Dynamics of Environmental and Physiological Factors  
Figure 2 shows the dynamics in environmental factors during the growth period of cabbages in 2020 and 2021. The daily average temperature (\(Ta\)) of the three rotations were 18.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 16.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 16.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \(Ta\) dynamics during the first and third rotations (Figure 2(a1-a3)) were similar and showed a fluctuating downward trend during the second rotation (Figure 2(a2)). The daily average wind speed was 1.9 m s\({}^{-1}\), 1.1 m s\({}^{-1}\) and 1.3 m s\({}^{-1}\), and the daily average relative humidity was 41.8%, 58.9% and 43.1%, respectively. The highest daily average relative humidity, approaching 60%, occurred in the second rotation (Figure 2(c2)). The total precipitation was 35.0 mm, 86.7 mm, and 52.8 mm, and the total irrigation amount was 160.4 mm, 133.5 mm, and 117.0 mm, respectively. The total irrigation amount was greater than the total precipitation. Figure 3 shows the dynamics in the leaf area (\(LA\)), canopy height, and biomass of cabbages during the experimental period from 2020 to 2021. The variation patterns of \(LA\) during the three rotations are similar, with the maximum value happening during the maturity period, being 52.9 dm\({}^{2}\), 53.2 dm\({}^{2}\), and 38.3 dm\({}^{2}\), respectively. The dynamics in canopy height and \(LA\) illustrated in Figure 3(a1-a3,b1-b3) showed a similar trend. The  
Figure 2: Daily average temperature (**a1–a3**); wind speed (**b1–b3**); relative humidity (**c1–c3**); irrigation and precipitation (**d1–d3**) during the growth period of cabbages. average canopy height during the seeding period hit the lowest, at 13.3 cm, 17.7 cm, and 12.6 cm, and it reached the highest during the maturity period, being 34.8 cm, 49.1 cm, and 38.7 cm, respectively. Figure 3(c1-c3) show the variation pattern of biomass, indicating rapid accumulation of biomass during the heading period and the maturity period. The maximum total biomass was 778.0 g m\({}^{-2}\), 512.3 g m\({}^{-2}\), and 825.0 g m\({}^{-2}\), respectively. The aboveground biomass took up a major part while the belowground biomass had a very small proportion after the seeding period. The aboveground biomass accounted for more than 90% of the total during the maturity period, with an average of 93.4%. Figure 4 shows the variation patterns of \(ET\) and average water use efficiency (_WUE_) of cabbage in different growth periods during the experimental period. From Figure 4(a1-a3), it can be observed that, during the first rotation in 2020, the daily average \(ET\) during the seeding period, the rosette period, the heading period, and the maturity period was 1.8 mm d\({}^{-1}\), 4.5 mm d\({}^{-1}\), 6.6 mm d\({}^{-1}\), and 5.9 mm d\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The daily average \(ET\) values during the heading period and the maturity period were similar and at a high level, while the \(ET\) during the seeding period was significantly lower than that in other growth periods. During the second rotation, the \(ET\) increased first and then decreased, with the daily average \(ET\) during the seeding period, the rosette period, the heading period, and the maturity period being 2.8 mm d\({}^{-1}\), 4.4 mm d\({}^{-1}\), 4.5 mm d\({}^{-1}\) and 2.4 mm d\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The daily average \(ET\) during the seeding period and the maturity period was relatively close. In contrast, during the third rotation, the daily average \(ET\) during the seeding period, the heading period, and the maturity period was 1.4 mm d\({}^{-1}\), 3.4 mm d\({}^{-1}\), 4.7 mm d\({}^{-1}\), and 6.2 mm d\({}^{-1}\), respectively, showing a fluctuating upward trend during four growth periods and reaching its highest in the maturity period. Similarly, during all three rotations, it was the smallest during the seeding period. In the experimental period, the precipitation was less than \(ET\), which fully demonstrated the importance of irrigation for cabbage growth in SYRB.