## 4 Results and Descriptive Analysis
### Driving Workload
#### 4.2.1 Driving Workload Distribution in the Work Zone
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Area** & **Maximum** & **Minimum** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Higher Risk Ratio** & **High Risk Ratio** \\ \hline A (Car) & 0.03663 & \(-\)0.00613 & 0.00600 & 0.00716 & 13.73\% & 0.00\% \\ A (Truck) & 0.03950 & \(-\)0.00563 & 0.00642 & 0.00754 & 12.46\% & 0.00\% \\ A (All) & 0.03950 & \(-\)0.00613 & 0.00622 & 0.00735 & 13.11\% & 0.00\% \\ B (Car) & 0.03628 & \(-\)0.00548 & 0.00663 & 0.00711 & 11.89\% & 0.00\% \\ B (Truck) & 0.04066 & \(-\)0.00393 & 0.00756 & 0.00760 & 8.12\% & 0.00\% \\ B * (All) & 0.04066 & \(-\)0.00548 & 0.00709 & 0.00736 & 10.04\% & 0.00\% \\ C (Car) & 0.06245 & \(-\)0.00259 & 0.01336 & 0.01294 & 14.29\% & 0.58\% \\ C (Truck) & 0.09918 & \(-\)0.00038 & 0.01704 & 0.01658 & 7.73\% & 2.40\% \\ C * (All) & 0.09918 & \(-\)0.00259 & 0.01466 & 0.01444 & 11.97\% & 1.23\% \\ D (Car) & 0.03565 & \(-\)0.00351 & 0.00695 & 0.00677 & 5.05\% & 0.00\% \\ D (Truck) & 0.04015 & \(-\)0.00183 & 0.01614 & 0.01222 & 8.25\% & 0.00\% \\ D * (All) & 0.04015 & \(-\)0.00351 & 0.00921 & 0.00933 & 5.84\% & 0.00\% \\ E (Car) & 0.04565 & \(-\)0.00288 & 0.00869 & 0.00770 & 3.87\% & 0.00\% \\ E (Truck) & 0.06668 & \(-\)0.00138 & 0.01803 & 0.01457 & 15.00\% & 0.00\% \\ E * (All) & 0.06668 & \(-\)0.00288 & 0.01114 & 0.01078 & 6.79\% & 0.00\% \\ F (Car) & 0.06538 & \(-\)0.00463 & 0.01553 & 0.01400 & 17.86\% & 0.00\% \\ F (Truck) & 0.13975 & \(-\)0.00150 & 0.02083 & 0.02641 & 10.97\% & 5.24\% \\ F * (All) & 0.13975 & \(-\)0.00463 & 0.01741 & 0.01951 & 15.41\% & 1.86\% \\ G (Car) & 0.17175 & \(-\)0.00138 & 0.02889 & 0.03545 & 19.44\% & 10.99\% \\ G (Truck) & 0.24712 & \(-\)0.00188 & 0.05611 & 0.06532 & 21.46\% & 25.00\% \\ G * (All) & 0.24712 & \(-\)0.00188 & 0.03833 & 0.04968 & 20.14\% & 15.85\% \\ H (Car) & 0.07432 & \(-\)0.00971 & 0.00745 & 0.00943 & 16.03\% & 0.17\% \\ H (Truck) & 0.07961 & \(-\)0.00915 & 0.00793 & 0.00989 & 14.48\% & 0.17\% \\ H (All) & 0.07961 & \(-\)0.00971 & 0.00769 & 0.00966 & 15.78\% & 0.17\% \\ I (Car) & 0.04151 & \(-\)0.00331 & 0.00695 & 0.00743 & 7.95\% & 0.00\% \\ I (Truck) & 0.04615 & 0.00280 & 0.01475 & 0.01241 & 9.69\% & 0.00\% \\ I * (All) & 0.04615 & \(-\)0.00331 & 0.00889 & 0.00955 & 8.39\% & 0.00\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* means that there was a significant difference in driving workload between cars and trucks at the 95% confidence level based on a U-test.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Results of driving workload statistics for different areas and vehicles. Figure 9: Change trend of driving workload in different areas of the work zone. period of time, the driving workload decreased and remained stable, and some participants (12.5%) had slight driving fatigue at the end of the standard freeway section. Therefore, during the construction and operation of the freeway, the straight alignment should not be too monotonous; moreover, the road landscape and other means can be used in some areas to stimulate the drivers to avoid driving fatigue. At about 200 m before the advance warning area (B), the participants could clearly recognize the work zone and speed limit signs, which stimulated them, so the driving workload started to rise significantly at first, and then presented a similar trend to that of the standard freeway section; however, only a small number of participants (6.25%) had slight driving fatigue, and truck drivers had greater fluctuations in their driving workload than car drivers. At about 200 m before the upstream transition area (C), participants noticed the change in road conditions and signs and needed to adopt driving behaviors such as changing lanes, so their driving workload increased sharply, reached the highest value in the middle of the upstream transition area and began to decline in the buffer area; some participants (12.5%), especially truck drivers, had strong driving tension, affecting driving safety. Under the influence of the median opening, the driving workload at the starting point of the activity area (H) was high.