esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Supervised Machine Learning Models
#### 3.5.4 Comparative Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Train Sets**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Test Sets**} \\ \hline
**Model** & **MSE** & **MAPE [in \%]** & **MSE** & **MAPE [in \%]** \\ \hline LIN1 & 0.02209241 & 6.14795342 & 0.11141661 & 14.87208277 \\ LIN2 & 0.03921313 & 8.20007161 & 0.12469694 & 15.53585540 \\ LIN3 & 0.02209241 & 6.14795342 & 0.11141661 & 14.87208277 \\ LIN3v & 0.03921313 & 8.20007161 & 0.12469694 & 15.53585540 \\ LIN4 & 0.02921812 & 7.09180468 & 0.06782395 & 11.91675271 \\ LIN4v & 0.04322373 & 8.65998242 & 0.13475872 & 16.23674155 \\ RDT1 & 0.02221390 & 5.93736708 & 0.11361307 & 14.27289437 \\ RDT2 & 0.01670686 & 5.748583 & 0.10010298 & 13.52104036 \\ RF1 & 0.08875384 & 11.42311961 & 0.08212290 & 11.12689471 \\ RF2 & 0.07671013 & 11.03411 & 0.08017573 & 11.57939 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} LIN2: regressors filtered after VIF, LIN3: forward regression, LIN3v: forward regression with regressors filtered after VIF, LIN4: backward regression, LIN4v: backward regression with regressors filtered after VIF, RDT1: regression decision tree with all data as inputs, RF2: random forest with only correlated inputs.  
\end{table} 
Table 10: Resulting error characteristics of our regression models (5-fold cross validation).
# Investigation of Gentamicin Release from
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Gentamicin Loading in PDA NPs  
The gentamicin loading in the PDA NPs was successfully accomplished by an in situ polymerization method. The detailed characterization of the G-PDA NPs was carried out by particle size analyzer, Zeta sizer, SEM and FTIR in detail in our previous work. The particle size was increased by increasing the concentration of gentamicin in the reaction mixture, proved by SEM and hydrodynamic particle size analysis. Because of the positively charged amine groups of gentamicin, the particle Zeta potential values were tending to neutralize after the drug loading. It might indicate the possibility of positive-negative chemical interaction present between the positively charged amine groups of the gentamicin and the negatively charged hydroxyl groups of the PDA at a working pH of 12.5. The FTIR analysis also presented some chemical shifts and peak intensities of the hydroxyl and amine groups, demonstrating a chemical interaction between the molecules. The chemical interaction mechanism of the gentamicin and PDA was also studied in detail using XPS, which provides evidence of hydrogen bonding present between the amine groups of gentamicin and hydroxyl groups of PDA [27].  
It was found that the PDA could load gentamicin in ascending order with a sequential increase in the feeding amount of gentamicin, while keeping the concentration of dopamine constant. Consequently, the PDA could possibly carry approximately 84% of gentamicin at 1:1 ratio of gentamicin to dopamine.  
Further details regarding the morphology, chemical interaction between gentamicin and PDA and antimicrobial efficacy of the G-PDA NPs have already been reported in our work [27].
## 4 Static Battery Charging  
A schematic diagram of an IPT charging system for an EV is symbolized in Figure 1. It is constituted of a source, a load and in the middle an inductive coupler transformer (ICT) with shielded coils. Planar parallel axes screened coils could yield regarding the ICT assembly, a dexterous magnetic flux transfers. In such a condition, the energy transfer operates on the entire receiver face and shielding is exploited to enhance the mutual inductance (M) by growing the magnetic flux linking the two coils. The shielding is achieved by a magnetic practically none conducting material and ferrite is habitually used.  
The full scheme is constituted of two main elements: the ICT that permits the wireless transfer thru the magnetic induction and that guarantees a galvanic insulation concerning the source and the load. The second element involves the capacitive compensations and the power electronics linked to ICT, which accomplishes the procedure to operate at resonance. The whole scheme performs IPT system. Sandwiched between the grid and the ICT, two conversion stages: grid low frequency ac/dc, and dc/ac high frequency. These conversions permit adjusting the power amount by monitoring the input voltage and the frequency.  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of IPT (inductive power transfer) charging system for EV (electric vehicle), [52].  
Stuck between the ICT and the battery, a final conversion from high frequency ac/dc allows granting energy to the battery. As the airgap of the ICT is great, the coupling is weak. Consequently, to achieve the demanded transmitted power, important reactive power need to be directed, so the usage of resonant elements [37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43] in both sides of the ICT is essential as compensation to ensure good efficiency. Furthermore, the output parameters at the load part should be monitored in order to supervise the charging profile of the battery and to assure its protection.  
An assembly of the ICT coupler is presented in Figure 2. It contains a transmitter coil, a receiver coil and two ferrites plates that totally cover up the coils. A steel plate acting for the EV chassis is inserted in the design. The ICT two coils with their ferrites in the situation of Figure 2 are identical with an air gap (d), and axes shift (sh) which corresponds to the EV position on the ground. These two parameters are directing the design and the performance of couplers [51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57].
## 3 Integration of POCT into Workplace Health Screening  
The workplace presents a unique and underutilized environment for implementing systematic health screening programs. Adult employees represent a relatively stable, accessible population cohort, and workplace-based initiatives can leverage convenience and familiarity to overcome barriers traditionally associated with preventive healthcare engagement.  
Onsite deployment of POCT devices enables rapid, minimally disruptive health assessments. Employees can complete screenings during working hours without the need to schedule separate medical appointments, significantly increasing participation rates compared to conventional offsite health campaigns [41; 42]. Furthermore, the immediacy of POCT results facilitates timely follow-up actions, reducing diagnostic delays that often exacerbate disease progression.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Disease** & **Biomarker Assay** & **POCT System** & **Speed of Assay (min)** \\ \hline Diabetes mellitus & HbA1c & DCA vantage analyzer & 6 \\ \hline Cardiovascular & Lipid panel & CardiCheck PA & 2 \\ \hline Kidney & Creatinine & Abbott i-STAT Analyzed & 10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Current POCT systems for chronic disease.  
Figure 3: Graphical demonstration of various POCT approaches for major chronic diseases.  
Corporate wellness programs integrating POCT have demonstrated tangible benefits. For instance, Amazon Care's mobile health services offered rapid diagnostic testing and vaccinations to employees onsite, minimizing absenteeism and promoting engagement [43]. A simplified flowchart for applying POC tests at the workplace is presented in Figure 4.  
Figure 4: Flowchart for the application process of point-of-care tests at the workplace. The chart describes a conceptual logic sequence for deciding and executing POCT-based health monitoring at the workplace, which can vary considerably case-wise (e.g., company size, type and level of occupational hazards, testing frequency, etc.).
## 1 Introduction
encapsulated yarrow essential oil into hydroxypropyl-\(\beta\)-cyclodextrinin followed by freeze-drying. Researchers reported enhancements in protection against sunlight but also an increase in the antibacterial activity against _Staphylococcus aureus_ and _Escherichia coli_[35]. [PERSON] et al. applied ionic gelation for the nanoencapsulation of Yarrow essential oil using chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate and thus managed to obtain a sustained-release formulation, which in consequence prolonged the pesticidal property against _Tetranychus urtice_[36]. Microencapsulation is a preferred alternative for preserving the properties of essential oils and enhancing their usability. Although there are numerous examples of such attempts in the literature, studies focusing on yarrow essential oil remain scarce. Despite the emergence of numerous microencapsulation methods over time, complex coacervation remains one of the most commonly used techniques in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness [37]. This is an associative phenomenon that occurs between oppositely charged polymers when they interact under suitable conditions in aqueous media, which leads to the formation of a polymer-rich phase and a polymer-poor phase at equilibrium; dispersed droplets become encapsulated if this process results in a reduction in interfacial free energy [38]. Due to its beneficial properties, including biodegradability, low immunogenicity, easy availability, and cost-effectiveness, gelatin (GE) continues to be one of the most commonly used shell materials for microencapsulation [39]. It is frequently combined with gum arabic to create a protein-polysaccharide complex that can effectively protect and deliver encapsulated materials [40; 41; 42]. In the current work, we aimed to bring into cultivation the yarrow from the spontaneous flora found in our region, to obtain essential oil by steam distillation, and to evaluate its quality by comparison with commercially available samples by GC-MS analysis. Another goal of this study was to perform the microencapsulation of yarrow essential oil by complex coacervation technology in gelatin (GE)- and gum arabic (GA)-based core-shell microcapsules and to obtain solid-state material by freeze-drying, as well as to characterize microcapsules (MCs) and the enclosed essential oil. This involved macroscopic and microscopic investigation of coacervates and solid microcapsules, assessing their physicochemical properties by FT-IR and DSC analysis, and determination of encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity by UV spectroscopy. The GC-MS investigation of microcapsules also reveals their efficiency in preserving the essential oil, as well as their suitability for potential applications in various industries.
# Recent Advances in Flexible Resistive Random Access Memory
## 3 Material System of Flexible Resistive Memory
### Flexible Electrode Materials  
In the flexible RRAM device, flexible electrodes not only play the role of conducting currents but also play an important role in resistance transformation, which can directly participate in resistance transformation. Meanwhile, the electrode materials have crucial influence on the mechanical properties of the devices. Depending on their chemical composition, flexible electrode materials can be divided into metal electrodes, conductive oxide electrodes, carbon/nitrogen electrodes and other electrodes. So far, a large number of flexible electrode materials have been used to fabricate flexible RRAM, among which flexible metal electrodes are widely used at present because of their good electrical conductivity and great influence on resistance transformation.
## 4 Numerical Analysis
### Comparison of Control Results  
The California, Northridge, Landers, Cape, San Simeon, and Loma Prieta earthquakes obtained from PEER Center [29] were used to verify the proposed algorithm regarding nonlinear building structures under seismic loads after training (see Figure 5). Figure 6 shows a comparison of the results of controlled response on the third floor of the building using MLP and MENC. Compared with MLP, the decreasing rate of the maximum displacement by the MENC algorithm is shown in Table 2. Comparison results of the MLP and MENC algorithms showed the maximum displacement reduction rate (54.83%) under the Landers earthquake and the minimum displacement reduction rate (16.77%) under the San Simeon earthquake. Therefore, it was found that the proposed MENC algorithm is able to effectively reduce the structural responses under unknown earthquakes than conventional MLP.  
Figure 5: Seismic loads for the numerical analysis: (**a**) California earthquake; (**b**) Northridge earthquake; (**c**) Landers earthquake; (**d**) Cape earthquake; (**e**) San Simeon earthquake; (**f**) Loma Prieta earthquake.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **MLP Algorithm** & **MENC Algorithm** & **Decreasing Rate** \\ \hline California earthquake & 23.20 mm & 11.17 mm & 51.84\% \\ Northridge earthquake & 30.54 mm & 17.31 mm & 43.32\% \\ Landers earthquake & 14.89 mm & 6.72 mm & 54.83\% \\ Cape earthquake & 14.15 mm & 9.04 mm & 36.09\% \\ San Simeon earthquake & 7.92 mm & 6.60 mm & 16.77\% \\ Loma Prieta earthquake & 12.56 mm & 6.34 mm & 49.55\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of the maximum displacement at the third floor according to the algorithms applied to the AMD system under seismic loads (MLP vs. MENC).  
Figure 6: Time-histories of structural displacement response under different control algorithms: (**a**) California earthquake; (**b**) Northridge earthquake; (**c**) Landers earthquake; (**d**) Cape earthquake; (**e**) San Simeon earthquake; (**f**) Loma Prieta earthquake.
# A Survey of Handover Management in Mobile HetNets: Current Challenges and Future Directions
## 3 Background
### Self Optimization Network in HetNets
#### 3.3.1 Load Balancing Optimization  
Mobile communication systems employ an RSRP-based user affiliation process, with the cell that has the highest RSRP working as the serving cell. The same RSRP-based user affiliation approach is used in most research on HetNets. The issue with this strategy is that it needs to consider the various aspects that affect network performance. These aspects include the SINR, the candidate cell's load, the future load required by the user, the free resources of the destination cell, and overall system capacity. These issues become more prominent in HetNets, where the transmission power and coverage area are limited. Resultantly, fewer users will be attracted by small cells compared to macro cells, leading to non-uniform user distribution in cells. That will create severe problems concerning resource utilization, QoS, QoE and load balancing [61].  
Load balancing refers to the equitable distribution of cell loads across neighboring cells or the shifting of traffic from crowded cells to more vacant cells such that radio resources are highly optimized. The bandwidth of a cell is shared by all users affiliated with that cell. An overloaded state arises when the cell load surpasses or approaches the limit as a result of the maximum number of users per cell being reached. At this stage, the load balancing system begins to deliberately shift users to other less crowded cells in order to avoid overloading or congestion, which would result in performance degradation. From 2009, 3 GPP [50; 62] standardized the CIO and CRE process through LBO that can address the load balancing problem. However, non-optimal use of this value can result in even more severe load-balancing issues. Thus, the SON function is designed to optimize and automate HO-related problems as well as for load balancing to overcome from issues related to cell capacity and coverage. To improve load balancing performance, all of these studies [63; 64; 29; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72] employed various combinations of HCPs and optimization techniques such as PSO, clustering and utility-based clustering techniques, auto-tuning hybrid approaches for MLB and LBO, CRE-based approaches, game theory, markov decision processes, fuzzy logic approaches and recent ML and DL-based approaches.
## 5 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline
**Urban areas** & **Mexico City (Chalco)** & **Jakarta of Indonesia** & **LZP** \\ \hline Aquifers & Lacustrine aquitard & Upper aquifer (\(<\)40 m) & Shallow aquifer (\(<\)30 m) \\  & Granular aquifer & Middle aquifer (40 \(<\) d \(<\) 140 m) & Middle aquifer (30 \(<\) d \(<\) 200 m) \\  & Volcanic aquitard & Lower aquifer (140 \(<\) d \(<\) 250 m) & Deep aquifer (200 \(<\) d \(<\) 500 m) \\  & (0 \(<\) d \(<\) 300m) & & \\ \hline Sediments & Lacustrine deposits and & Quaternary sediments overlying & Unconsolidated alluvial and \\  & Alluvial deposits of & Tertiary sediments & lacustrine overlaying the \\  & Quaternary & & basement rocks of Neogene \\  & & & and Quaternary age. \\ \hline Ava. extraction speed & 1990s: 7.8 m\({}^{3}\)/s & 1995: 1.5 m\({}^{3}\)/s & Until 2001: 6.7 m\({}^{3}\)/s \\ \hline Max. velocity & \textless{}40\,\text{cm}/\text{year}\) & \textless{}22\,\text{cm}/\text{year} & \textless{}3.2\,\text{cm}/\text{year} \\ \hline Water level decline & 1.5 m/year & 0.1–1.9 m/year & 0.1–0.8 m/year \\ speed & & & \\ \hline Correlation with & Thickness of deposits & Land use & Thickness of soft soil/Land use \\ surface geology & & & \\ \hline
**Agricultural areas** & **Mexico City(Chalco)** & **Jakarta of Indonesia** & **LZP** \\ \hline Max. velocity & \textless{}18.4 cm/year & 15.1 cm/year & \textless{}2.5\,\text{cm}/\text{year} \\ \hline Surface geology & Compressible deposits & Surficial deposits & Volcanic basalt \\ \hline Correlation with & Type of compressible & Correlate with land use & Thickness of soft soil \\ geology & deposits & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of subsidence parameters in Mexico City [8; 40; 42], Jakarta of Indonesia [10; 41], and the Leizhou Peninsula (LZP) [4]. help the government plan aquaculture scientifically and mitigate hazards caused by groundwater over-exploitation. This is particularly important in China as it has a great national territory area, varied relief, complex climate, and rapid development of urbanization which will cause many kinds of hazards.
## 4 Propagation Model
### Atmospheric Absorption  
To determine \(\alpha_{e}\), one needs to calculate absorption loss \(L_{A}(f,d)\) that depends on the distance between ground BS and aircraft \(d\). According to [14; 15], it is defined as  
\[L_{A}(f,d)=\frac{1}{\tau(f,d)}, \tag{10}\]  
where \(\tau(f,d)\) is the transmittance of the medium following the Beer-Lambert law, \(\tau(f,d)\approx e^{-K(f,x)}\), \(K(f,x)\) is the overall absorption coefficient of the medium at the altitude \(x\).  
The frequency- and altitude-dependent absorption coefficient \(K(f,x)\) can be represented as [14]  
\[K(f,x)=\sum_{l,g}k^{i,g}(f,x), \tag{11}\]  
where \(k^{i,g}(f,x)\) represents the individual absorption coefficient for the isotopologue \(i\) of gas \(g\) at altitude \(x\). The coefficients \(k^{i,g}(f,x)\) are available from the HITRAN database [52]. Finally, the average attenuation coefficient due to absorption in the atmosphere is provided by integration,  
\[L_{A}(f,d)=\int_{0}^{d}\sum_{i,g}k^{i,g}(f,x)dx. \tag{12}\]
## 2 Numerical Simulation
### The Selection of the Realizable k-\(\epsilon\)  
Turbulence models are commonly used to describe the changing laws of fluid flow within a submersible well pump and can be divided into Reynolds stress models and eddy viscosity models. The eddy viscosity model can be subdivided into a zero-equation model, a one-equation model, and a two-equation model. The two-equation models are more mature and well developed, and the common two-equation models include the standard \(k\)-\(\epsilon\) model, the RNG \(k\)-\(\epsilon\) model, and the Realizable \(k\)-\(\epsilon\) model. As the Realizable k-\(\epsilon\) model satisfies the constraints on Reynolds stress, its advantage is its ability to predict planar and circular jet diffusion effects more accurately. Moreover, it also performs well for rotating flows, boundary layer flows with strong inverse pressure gradients, flow separation, and secondary flows. Therefore, the Realizable k-\(\epsilon\) model is used in this paper for simulation calculations. Its specific expression is shown in the following equation:  
\[\frac{\partial(\rho k)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial(\rho k\mu_{i})}{\partial x _{i}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}[(\mu+\frac{\mu_{t}}{\sigma_{\tau}}) \frac{\partial_{k}}{\partial x_{j}}]+G_{k}-\rho\epsilon \tag{8}\]  
\(\mu_{t}\) and \(C_{\mu}\) can be calculated using the following formula:  
\[\mu_{t}=\rho C_{\mu}\frac{k^{2}}{\epsilon} \tag{9}\]\[C_{\mu}=\frac{1}{A_{0}+A_{s}U^{*k/\varepsilon}} \tag{10}\]  
where \(A_{0}=4.0\), \(A_{s}=\sqrt{6}\cos\phi\), \(\phi=\frac{1}{3}\cos^{-1}(\sqrt{6}W)\), \(W=\frac{E_{ij}E_{ij}E_{ij}}{\sqrt{(E_{ij}E_{ij})}}\), \(E_{ij}=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{3\mu_{i}}{\overline{x}_{j}}+\frac{\partial\mu_{j}}{ \overline{x}_{j}})\), \(U^{*}=\sqrt{E_{ij}E_{ij}+\Omega_{ij}\Omega_{ij}}\), \(\Omega_{ij}=\Omega_{ij}-2\varepsilon_{ijk}\omega_{k}\), and \(\Omega_{ij}=\Omega_{ij}-\varepsilon_{ijk}\omega_{k}\).  
\[\frac{\partial(\rho\epsilon)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial(\rho\epsilon\mu_{i} )}{\partial x_{i}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}[(\mu+\frac{\mu_{t}}{ \sigma_{\varepsilon}})\frac{\partial\epsilon}{\partial x_{j}}]+\rho C_{1}E_{ \varepsilon}G_{k}-\rho C_{2}\frac{\epsilon^{2}}{k+\sqrt{ve}} \tag{11}\]  
where \(\sigma_{k}=1.0\), \(\sigma_{\tau}=1.2\), \(C_{2}=1.9\), \(C_{1}=\max(0.43,\frac{\overline{\eta}}{\overline{\eta}+\overline{\eta}})\), \(\eta=2(E_{ij}E_{ij})^{1/2}\frac{k}{\varepsilon}\), and \(E_{ij}=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{\partial\mu_{i}}{\overline{x}_{j}}+\frac{\partial\mu _{j}}{\overline{x}_{i}})\).
## 4 Discussion
### Limitations  
Despite offering relevant insights into the potential role of PBMT in the management of Fibromyalgia, this systematic review presents several limitations that should be acknowledged. First, the substantial heterogeneity in the study designs, PBMT protocols, and outcome measures, limited the feasibility of conducting a meta-analysis. Variations in wavelengths, dosimetry, treatment durations, and session frequencies across the studies hinder direct comparisons and synthesis of the therapeutic effects.  
Second, most included trials were characterized by relatively small sample sizes, which may limit the statistical power and reduce the generalizability of the findings. Third, restricting the inclusion to studies published in English introduces a potential language bias, potentially excluding relevant research published in other languages.  
Fourth, the short follow-up periods reported in many studies impair the assessment of the long-term effects and safety of PBMT. Additionally, a high or unclear risk of bias was identified in several trials, often due to incomplete blinding, the absence of intention-to-treat analysis, and limited reporting of adverse events, factors that compromise the overall reliability of the evidence.  
Finally, the current absence of mechanistic clarity regarding how PBMT exerts its effects in Fibromyalgiagia, coupled with the lack of translational experimental models capable of reproducing the condition's multifactorial symptomatology, continues to challenge efforts to elucidate its therapeutic pathways. These limitations underscore the urgent need for large-scale, methodologically robust randomized controlled trials with standardized reporting, longer term follow-up, and deeper exploration of potential mechanisms of action.