## 2 Results and Discussion
### Characteristics of the T/O Compounds in Freshwaters of the World
#### 2.4.2 Implications of Spatiotemporal Distribution of T/O Compounds for Management

Table 4: _Cont._From the perspective of the temporal distribution of T/O compounds, most peak concentrations occur during the summer and autumn seasons. In terms of management and monitoring, it is crucial to recognize that many studies do not provide year-round coverage and tend to favor observations during these two seasons. Notably, certain T/O compounds in specific water bodies exhibit peak concentrations in other seasons, which recommended involving winter data in future predictions models ([96] and this study). Moreover, studies also emphasized the temporal variability of odor occurrences within the same water body across different years, which could be attributed to various factors, including environmental conditions, biological dynamics, water mixing patterns, and anthropogenic influences [11; 22; 23; 33; 35; 42; 64; 65]. A comprehensive understanding of the temporal dynamics of odor events was crucial in developing water quality management and treatment strategies, facilitating the recognition of patterns and trends, and furnishing essential information for the establishment of early warning systems. The spatial distribution of odorants reveals that odor issues were widespread in water bodies globally, with different water systems exhibiting diverse odorant scenarios. This variability could be attributed to factors such as nutrient concentration, sources, and geographical conditions. In China, lakes with severe eutrophication, such as Chaohu and Taihu Lake, experienced prominent odor problems. Among all the lakes in China, Taihu Lake stood out for its more severe T/O issues and increased attention, likely due to the warmer temperatures and well-developed economy in the surrounding areas [22]. Similarly, situated in the central part of China, Chaohu Lake is a vital managed water body grappling with significant eutrophication, demanding heightened attention. However, there is a noticeable dearth of literature addressing taste and odor occurrences in Chaohu Lake, highlighting the need for further research. For the same water body, such as Lake Taihu, variations in odor compounds among different regions exist. [PERSON] et al. (2019) unveiled spatial disparities in nutrients and T/O compounds between blooming and non-blooming areas [64]. Elevated concentrations of compounds like CYC and ION in blooming areas contrasted with lower levels in non-blooming areas. Considering both the biological and non-biological factors in lake management facilitated the development of effective odor control strategies, thereby contributing to water quality management and ecological balance. Additionally, attention should be directed toward the distribution of odor compounds in different water layers. Research on Lake Zurich illuminated the significant seasonal dynamics of odorant concentrations influenced by lake stratification [86]. Internal factors, such as temperature gradients and nutrient distribution, led to distinct odorant concentrations across various water layers. Managing water extraction necessitated addressing odorant variability in specific lake layers, thereby influencing water quality at extraction points. Recognizing the importance of considering seasonal variations and lake stratification was crucial in water resource management for predicting and controlling odorant distribution, ensuring stable and safe water quality at intake points.