# Continuance Use of Cloud Computing in Higher Education Institutions: A Conceptual Model
## 3 Theoretical and Conceptual Background
### IS Continuance Model  
The IS Continuance (ISC) model [101] was developed based on expectation confirmation theory (ECT) [100]. The model has been used widely in the field of marketing to examine the impact of user satisfaction on a user's intention to continue their adoption of a technology [107; 108]. As Figure 2 indicates, IS continuance behavior in the ISC model is informed by post-consumption variables, namely, the perceived usefulness and satisfaction. [PERSON] [101] applied several theoretical changes to fine-tune ECT theory to the ISC model. The first of these changes relates to the pre-consumption antecedents of confirmation, namely perceived performance, and expectation. Specifically, both antecedents were removed from the model, and the researcher's rationale for doing so was that their influences are addressed in other constructs (specifically, confirmation and satisfaction). The second change relates to the addition of an ex-post expectation variable, namely perceived usefulness. Noteworthily, ex-post expectation is critical in IS services and products, principally because expectations tend not to remain stable over time. Consistent with previous studies on initial IS use [98; 109], the study conducted by [PERSON] [101] reported that perceived usefulness may continuously influence subsequence IS continuance use decisions. Resultantly, perceived usefulness was considered a novel determinant of satisfaction. The third change is that, regarding the usefulness-intention connection originally developed in TAM [98], the ISC model suggests that this may exist not only in the original use context but also in the continuance context. This is linked to the fact that continuance intention in humans can be attributed to a sequence of adoption decisions that are not related to factors such as timing or the behavioral stage [110]. Hence, perceived usefulness should have a direct impact on IS continuance intention to have an indirect effect on IS continuance intention via satisfaction. In the literature, the ISC model has primarily been employed to examine continuance use from an individual perspective. However, the model has been \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Life Cycle Phases** & **Adoption** & **Usage** & **Termination** \\ \hline User/organization Transformation & Intent to adopt & Continuance usage intention & Discontinuance usage intention \\ \hline End-user state & No user & User & Ex-user \\ \hline Individual Level-based theories & TAM [98], and UTAI model [99] & ECT [100], which has taken & \\  & shape in the ISC model [101] & & \\ \hline Organizational Level-based theories & TOE framework [102], DOI [103], & & \\  & and Social Contagion [104] & ISS model [105] & & \\ \hline Legend: IS = Information System, TAM = User Acceptance Model, UTAT = Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, ECT = Expectation Confirmation Theory, ISC = Information System Continuance model, ISS = Information System Success model, ISD = Information System Discontinuance model, TOE = Technology–Environment–Organization Framework, DOI = Diffusion of Innovation theory, ITMAP = Information Technology Post Adoption Model. & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Life Cycle of An IS with Different Theoretical Approaches. extended for organizational post-adoption studies (e.g., [72]); consequently, it is associated with a substantial level of external validity. Besides, the ISC model has been used to explain the continuance phenomenon in the education context (e.g., [111; 112; 113]). The focal point of the ISC model is an individual's continued acceptance of technology, whereas the purpose of this study is to address organizational continuance use. However, several researchers have extended the model for organizational post-adoption context (e.g., [72]).