## 2 Materials and Methods
### Designing the Test Artifact  
Many benchmark artifacts have been proposed over the years, but few are widely used. For a comprehensive overview of geometric benchmarks for AM, the interested reader is referred to [33]. For the current research, the artifact proposed in [34] was adapted by eliminating redundant features and adding a few elements. The artifact is designed specifically to enable inspection with a CMM and can be manufactured in its original orientation by any current AM technology without the need for support structures. Moreover, the design process was guided by the dimensions of the build space available for the experiment, thus restricting the allowable dimensions of the design. Specifically, it was desired to fit three specimens in their initial build orientation on the same plane in the build space, while maintaining a safe distance between all specimens, as well as between the specimens and the boundaries of the build space (the details on the build layout is presented in Section 2.3.). The feature types selected for the design serve the purpose of gauging the quantitative accuracy of the process rather than the qualitative capabilities. Several dimensions of cylinders and cones are present to enable the analysis of how different feature sizes are affected by the build orientation. The resulting artifact is displayed in Figure 2, where all features are labeled in line with the naming convention of [34], where the elements are assigned a short name based on the surface type and numbered if there are more than one (e.g., CC1 for the first truncated cylinders and SP for the spheres). The artifact was designed in the computer-aided design (CAD) software SolidWorks 2018 and exported as an STL (Stereolithography) file in ASCII-format using deviation tolerances of 0.01 mm and 2\({}^{\circ}\). The artifact was inspected and reoriented to aligned with Cartesian orthogonal axes using Microsoft 3D Builder and converted to binary format. The interested reader is referred to [35] and [36] for details on STL files and the challenges they impose on AM and tolerancing. The artifact is available online, along with all supplementary data. Following the specifications given in [34], the spherical features (SP) are both 24 mm in diameter, and CC1 and CC2 comprise cylindrical features of the four diameters 4 mm, 8 mm, 16 mm, and 24 mm in both concave and convex form. All cylinders are 8 mm in height to enable inspection with CMM while keeping the dimensions of the artifact at a minimum. The cones in TC1, TC2, and TC3 are all 16 mm tall, with an apex angle of 30 degrees and larger diameters of 12 and 24 mm convex and concave. The HX1 and HX2 are both hexagons extruded 16 mm from the base plate, angled 15 degrees relative to each other, yielding 12 vertical planes in unique orientations evenly distributed from 0 to 275 degrees. All features protrude from a 5 mm thick base plate with rounded corners to minimize the volume of the design. The bounding box of the design is 89.67 mm \(\times\) 69.24 mm \(\times\) 21 mm, and the volume of the design is 53,230 mm\({}^{3}\). Details on all the elements of the design are available in Table 2.