## 3 Energy and Economic Analysis Model
### Simulation Concept  
Energy consumption and production were evaluated using TRNSYS (Figure 3) [17; 18]. TRNSYS can dynamically analyze unsteady state and is suitable for this simulation as it is a commercial program that meets ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2001. We chose two areas for building locations, Seoul and Busan, so that the climatic zones could be different, and the average value of the meteorological data for 30 years was applied. The heating set-point temperature is 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C and cooling set-point temperature is 26 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The air change rate is set as 0.5 per hour [19; 20].  
For the calculation of energy consumption, the thermal properties of envelopes for large office and primary school were applied as shown in Table 5. To calculate the energy consumption according to the direction of the building, the annual energy consumption was calculated for each of the 36 directions [21].  
In the midrise apartment building, three types of panels, 260 W, 300 W, and 346 W, were used and increased in increments of 10% from 30% to 90% of the roof area in order to calculate the energy production due to the application of the photovoltaic system [22]. For economic analysis, we performed the simulations by analyzing the performance and unit price of two manufacturers for the passive and active elements, the window, and the solar system in the midrise apartment building [23; 24]. The simulation model is shown in Figure 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Rooftop PV**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**BIPV**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**Building Type** & **Area** & **Capacity** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**South Facade**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**West Facade**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**East Facade**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & **(\%)** & **(kW)** & **Area** & **Capacity** & **Area** & **Capacity** & **Area** & **Capacity** \\ \cline{2-7}  & **(\%)** & **(kW)** & **(\%)** & **(kW)** & **(\%)** & **(kW)** & **(\%)** & **(kW)** \\ \hline Large Office & 70 & 256.5 & 30 & 62.7 & 30 & 41.8 & 30 & 41.8 \\ \hline Primary School & 70 & 513.0 & 30 & 43.7 & 30 & 26.6 & 30 & 34.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Conditions for application of solar panels.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Total Thickness (m)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**U-Value**} \\ \cline{3-5}
**Properties** & **Wall Type** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Seoul**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Busan**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Seoul**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Busan**} \\ \hline  & Adjacent Ceiling & 0.358 & 0.330 & 0.220 & 0.260 \\  & Adjacent Wall & 0.207 & 0.178 & 0.360 & 0.450 \\ Large & Exterior Roof & 0.480 & 0.420 & 0.150 & 0.180 \\ Office & Exterior Wall & 0.270 & 0.213 & 0.260 & 0.320 \\  & Ground Floor & 0.430 & 0.370 & 0.220 & 0.250 \\  & Window & 0.026 & 0.026 & 1.400 & 2.300 \\ \hline Primary School & Adjacent Ceiling & 0.358 & 0.330 & 0.220 & 0.260 \\  & Adjacent Wall & 0.207 & 0.178 & 0.360 & 0.450 \\ Primary School & Exterior Roof & 0.480 & 0.420 & 0.150 & 0.180 \\  & Exterior Wall & 0.270 & 0.213 & 0.260 & 0.320 \\  & Ground Floor & 0.430 & 0.370 & 0.220 & 0.250 \\  & Window & 0.026 & 0.026 & 1.400 & 2.300 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Thermal properties of walls and windows.