###### Abstract  
A literature review is presented on energy consumption and heat transfer in recent fifth-generation (5G) antennas in network base stations. The review emphasizes on the role of computational science in addressing emerging design challenges for the coming 6G technology, such as reducing energy consumption and enhancing equipment thermal management in more compact designs. It examines the contributions of (i) advanced modeling and simulation sciences, including antenna modeling and design, the use of (ii) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and heat transfer, and (iii) the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in these settings. The scientific interactions and collaborations between these scientific multidisciplinary approaches are vital in the effort to develop innovative 6G thermal equipment designs. This is essential if we are to overcome the current scientific barriers and challenges faced by this evolving technology, where the rapid transition from 5G to 6G will shape the expanding fields of deploying smaller satellites into lower orbits in outer space. energy consumption; thermal management; electronic devices; artificial intelligence; 5G; 6G; mobile telecommunication; computational science; antennas design +
Footnote †: journal: _Energies_  
0000-0001-5000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0  
Today, the present 5G technology employs non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and enables data rates up to 100 gigabytes per second [3]. Future 6G networks will embed AI-based transceivers that can reach up to one terabyte per second [4,5] and will thus offer ultra-high data rate speeds with widespread connectivity overall. Thus, future thermal management challenges will evolve with the advent of 6G due to the continuous increase in data rates and device density. This will lead to higher heat flux and thermal power that should be better removed with enhanced thermal management systems to achieve good control of critical temperatures and operating conditions. Energy consumption and equipment overheating [6,7] presently pose serious questions for research and development, especially when it comes to reliable 5G and 6G networks. This is due to the spacial dispersive installation and the density of structures, in addition to the continuous rising demand among the population for higher-speed data rates [8]. Equipment overheating and the high energy consumption of electric devices will need further research and development; it is important that we seek enhanced solutions for a better, more sustainable future [9]. In fact, the rapid transition from 5G to 6G networks will bring changes in energy consumption and heat transfer, pushing the boundaries of mobile telecommunication networks through faster data rates, higher frequencies, and a tremendous number of devices that are connected over the net. This will induce a noticeable increase in the energy demands and the overall heat production from associated equipment and electronic devices. Future solutions must rely on advanced heat transfer and electronic device cooling methods [10]. AI-based thermal management protocols [11,12] should be integrated with energy-efficiency strategies [13]. The degree to which we can retain the high performance level of electronic devices, along with reduced reliable power consumption, will define the overall efficiency of future 6G networks, and thus will shape their level of sustainability in the coming future. This review of the scientific literature is developed and presented in order to explore various aspects of energy consumption and thermal management strategies in last-generation mobile telecommunication base station antennas and networks.