## 2 Related Work
### Accessibility Evaluation Using Mixed Methods  
In the literature, several studies have examined the accessibility of a wide range of websites for VI users using a mixed-method approach that incorporates several methods, such as automated testing and expert evaluation and/or user testing methods. Following this approach, some studies showed that the results obtained from automated and user testing were inconsistent. For example, in [28], the authors investigated the difficulties in accessing web-based educational resources provided by Thailand Cyber University (TCU) for VI users. The study employed two evaluation methods to collect data: automated testing and user testing. A total of 13 selected pages were evaluated. The results of the automated testing using AChecker and ASTEC tools showed that all selected web pages failed to meet the minimum requirements of the WCAG 2.0;however, eight VI participants rated only one of the 13 pages as inaccessible, Similarly, [PERSON] [29] presented an exploratory study that followed a mixed-methods approach to understand the best practices for the accessible design of academic library websites for VI users. Three library websites, two academic and one public, were tested for their usability and accessibility with six VI persons. The websites were also tested for standards-compliant code using AChecker. After analyzing the test results, the authors noticed that most of the barriers identified during the usability testing were not related to any of the errors identified by the AChecker tool; rather, the barriers were more related to semantics and navigational design. [PERSON] et al. [30] evaluated the accessibility and usability of an e-commerce website using several methods: automatic testing using the SortSite tool, manual testing, expert evaluation, and user testing. The results showed that expert and manual evaluations discovered some accessibility and usability problems that were not detected by the automatic tool. Moreover, the results of user testing with a group of 20 VI users showed that the site had some accessibility and usability issues that negatively affected the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction of users. Moreover, several studies have evaluated a wide range of educational, governmental, and transactional websites and revealed some critical issues affecting their accessibility for VI users. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [31] presented a study in which several massive open online courses (MOOC) websites were evaluated for their accessibility using manual evaluation and user testing methods. The result of this study illustrates that some critical barriers appear to have a serious impact on the completion of the assigned tasks, which were mainly related to dropdown menus, repetitive elements, and dynamic webpage structure. Aside from educational websites, [PERSON] et al. [32] evaluated the accessibility of several prototypes of e-voting systems for users with different types of impairment (low vision, totally blind, and deaf). The study used three different methods for its evaluation purposes: automated testing, expert testing, and user testing. Each prototype was tested against two scenarios with 24 participants with different levels of impairment. As a result, many usability and accessibility issues were identified. However, the overall experience of the participants was positive. Moreover, the accessibility of nine Jordanian e-government websites by VI users was broadly studied in [33]. The study was conducted using three different approaches: questionnaire, user testing, and an expert's evaluation. Results showed that most of the evaluated e-government websites had some accessibility issues, which made most of the tested tasks impossible to complete. Finally, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [34] proposed a design for an open educational resources (OER) website that aims to enhance accessibility through personalization of the whole OER environment based on a user profile that includes self-identification of the user's disability status.