# Internet of Things (IoT) and the Energy Sector
## 4 IoT in the Energy Sector
### Smart Cities
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Application** & **Sector** & **Description** & **Benefits** \\ \hline Smart grids & Electric grid management & A platform for operating the grid using big data and ICT technologies as opposed to traditional grids. & Improving energy efficiency and integration of distributed generation and load; improving security of supply; and reducing the need for backup supply capacity and costs. & Improving energy efficiency and integration of distributed generation and load; improving security of supply; and reducing the need for backup supply capacity and costs. & Improving energy efficiency and integration of distributed generation and load; improving security of supply; and reducing the need for backup supply capacity and costs. \\ \hline Network management & Electric grid operation \& the energy consumption \& the energy consumption of the grid more optimally. & Improving the response to charging demand at peak times; analyzing and forecasting the impact of EVs on load; and identifying areas for installing new charging stations and reinforcement of the distribution grid. \\ \hline Control and management of vehicle to grid (V2G) & Electric grid management & Analyzing load and charge/discharge pattern & Improving the flexibility of the system by activating EVs in supplying the grid with electricity; Reducing the need for backup capacity during peak hours Control and management of EV fleet to offer optimal interaction between the grid and EVS. \\ \hline Microgrids & Electricity grid & Platforms for managing a grid independent from the central grid. & Improving the efficiency of the grid in meeting demand; reducing the temperature of hot water supply and saving energy when possible; and identifying grid points with the need for reinforcement. \\ \hline Control and management of the DHT network & DH network & Analyzing big data of the temperature and load in the connected consumers. & Improving the efficiency of the grid in meeting demand; reducing the temperature of hot water supply and saving energy when possible; and identifying grid points with the need for reinforcement. \\ \hline Demand response & Residential/ commercial \& industry & Central control (i.e., by shedding, shifting, or leveling. & Reducing demand at peak time, which itself reduces the grid congestion. \\ \hline Demand response (demand side management) & Residential/ commercial \& industry & Central control (i.e., by shedding, shifting, or leveling. load of many consumers by analyzing the load and operation of appliances. & Reducing demand at peak time, which itself reduces the grid congestion; reducing consumer electricity bills; and reducing the need for investment in grid backup capacity. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & Advanced metering infrastructure & End users & Using sensors and devices to collect and analyze the load and temperature data in a consumer site. & Having access to detailed load variations in different time scale; identifying areas for improving energy efficiency (for example overly air-conditioned rooms or extra lights when there is no occupants); and reducing the cost of energy use. \\ \hline Battery energy management & End users & Data analytics for activating battery at the most suitable time & Optimal strategy for charge/discharge of battery in different time scale; improving energy efficiency and helping the grid at peak times; and reducing the cost of energy use. \\ \hline Smart buildings & End users & Centralized and remote control of appliances and devices. & Improving comfort by optimal control of appliances and HVAC systems; reducing manual intervention, saving time and energy; increasing knowledge on energy use and environmental impact; improving readiness for joining a smart grid or virtual power plant; and improved integration of distributed generation and storage systems. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Applications of IoT in the energy sector (2): energy grids and demand side.