## 3 Results
### Spatial Access Disparities to the MOH Healthcare Centers: Analysis of 2 SFCA Results
For instance, it was found that the population of the central districts in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia can easily access health services with the least distance and fastest time because of the high spatial concentration of these services at the level of central districts [69]. Moreover, according to [PERSON] et al. [18], the central urban areas of Wuhan have a higher or the highest level of medical accessibility that is attributed to the spatial concentration for most population and medical services in these areas. In the case of Jeddah, it is clear that the Ministry of Health has given a priority to densely populated districts (i.e., central districts) when allocating healthcare centers in order to serve a larger population. Therefore, we find that the central districts had a higher or the highest spatial accessibility scores because of the spatial concentration for the population and healthcare centers in these districts. However, one of the most important strategic goals of Saudi Vision 2030 is to facilitate access to healthcare services at the right time and place. Therefore, the Ministry of Health has recently focused on how to provide healthcare with equal access for all populations of Saudi cities. In Jeddah, for example, a number of new healthcare centers have recently been operated at the level of peripheral districts, especially in the northern and southern districts of the city, in order to reduce spatial disparities in access to healthcare in Jeddah. This is confirmed by the results of this study, which indicated that the peripheral districts, especially those located in the southern part of the city, are less-served areas by healthcare centers. This study used the 30-min drive-time threshold to calculate spatial accessibility scores, similar to some previous studies that considered that the acceptable travel time to access healthcare should not exceed a 30-min drive time [58; 59; 60]. However, it might come to mind, if the travel time threshold was increased by more than 30 min or reduced by less than 30 min, would this affect spatial accessibility scores? Furthermore, would this change affect the magnitude of spatial disparities, especially given that 5-10 min in travel time is a reasonable fluctuation in travel time for daily commutes in and out of the city? In fact, several studies [16; 18; 70] indicated that the use of different travel-time thresholds can affect the analysis and evaluation of healthcare accessibility. For example, in the study of [PERSON] et al. [18], the accessibility of medical services for elderly people in Wuhan, China was measured using the E2 SFCA method based on different travel-time thresholds (i.e., 10 min and 60 min). The results of the study indicated that accessibility scores were affected when using two time thresholds, which led to the change in the magnitude of spatial disparities. When using the 10-min threshold, the accessibility scores presented the pattern of cluster spatial distribution and there were 84.01 million elderly people who had higher medical accessibility. In contrast, the scores increased when using the 60-min threshold, and there were more than 128.31 million elderly people who had higher medical accessibility. In the case of Jeddah city, we expect that the use of different time thresholds will affect the results of the accessibility scores. Increasing the threshold by more than 30 min may improve the overall level of spatial accessibility, where healthcare centers further away from the population centroid will become accessible. Spatial accessibility scores may excessively increase at the level of central districts, with a slight increase for peripheral districts due to the existence of a limited road network in these districts. In general, increasing the threshold may contribute to reducing the spatial disparities in access to healthcare centers, especially given that some districts may be reclassified as districts with access to healthcare centers.