## 3 Results and Discussion
Even though this result was not an accurate comparison because of its entirely different product system studied, but the two figures showed how much CO\({}_{2}\) was being released from the system, and the metric in this study was much lower. The next largest contributor was air/nitrogen oxides of \(2.93\times 10^{-6}\) DALY, followed by air/particulates \(<\)2.5 \(\upmu\)m of \(2.75\times 10^{-6}\) DALY, air/methane of \(2.1\times 10^{-6}\) DALY, air/sulphur dioxide of \(1.9\times 10^{-6}\) DALY, air/particulates \(>\)2.5 \(\upmu\)m and \(<\)10 \(\upmu\)m of \(9.5\times 10^{-7}\) DALY, water/barium \(8.93\times 10^{-7}\), respectively and other remaining substances (less than 2% contribution) of \(1.7\times 10^{-9}\) DALY, for 1 kg of containers. Human health could be affected by heat and heatwaves due to climate change that is understood as the modification of the natural environment. It affects the functioning ecosystems in terms of the quantity and quality of functions with a beneficial role for human physical health [40]. The outdoor air quality associated with climatic factors and changes in wind affects the distribution and level of associated health burdens, including respiratory, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases [41]. Figure 6 shows the elements released, which contributed to the climate change and affecting human health. Air/carbon dioxide, fossil was the major release of \(1.3\times 10^{-5}\) DALY per 1 kg of containers. Air/methane of \(2.1\times 10^{-6}\) DALY and air/methane, fossil of \(4.35\times 10^{-7}\) DALY were also emitted. Accumulative of \(2.65\times 10^{-7}\) DALY per 1 kg of containers came from other elements emitted from the system. Particulate matter formation impact category was the second-highest element under the human health damage category with a metric of \(0.87\times 10^{-5}\) DALY per 1 kg of containers. Particulate matter (PM) is a solid particle or liquid droplet present in the atmosphere and is also called an aerosol. Anthropogenic sources of PM include smog, fly ash, chemical mist, etc., and their suspension in the atmosphere in large concentrations is known as air pollution. Inhaling PM could cause bad effects on human health because they are easily deposited in the respiratory tract and lungs. Respiratory diseases are caused by PM deposition, especially in the alveolus and in the case of carcinogenic PM, the tissue could become cancerous [42]. Nitrogen oxides (NO), sourced from combustion, rapidly react with ozone or radicals in the atmosphere, forming NO\({}_{2}\)[43]. Sulfur dioxide (SO\({}_{2}\)) is too produced from fossil  
Figure 5: Emissions contributed to the human health damage assessment of 1 kg of SPF-reinforced sago starch composite takeout food container analyzed (damage assessment/excluding long-term emissions). fuel combustion, especially combustion processes for energy production and road transportations [43]. Whereas the particles' size determines their deposition site in the respiratory tract, <2.5 \(\upmu\)m particles are able to reach lungs alveoli. Exposure to increased levels of SO\({}_{2}\) would give symptoms of nose and throat irritation, followed by bronchoconstriction and dyspnea, especially in asthmatic individuals [43]. Figure 7 shows the results of particulate matter formation impact assessment for the product system. Air/nitrogen oxides, air/particulates, <2.5 \(\upmu\)m, and air/sulphur dioxide contributed to the major damage with the metric of \(2.93\times 10^{-6}\) DALY, \(2.75\times 10^{-6}\) DALY, and \(1.9\times 10^{-6}\) DALY per 1 kg of containers, respectively. The DALY metrics for the three major elements though were below that of 0.00001 DALY. Another impact category analyzed was human toxicity, and human toxicity potential is the potential harm of a unit of chemical released into the environment. Toxicity is represented by the cancer potential for carcinogens and the safe dose for non-carcinogens [44].