esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Algorithm for Option Number Selection in Stochastic Paired Comparison Models
## 3 Comparison of Models Allowing Different Options in Choices from a Theoretical Aspect
### The Case of \(s=2\) and \(s+2=4\)
These types of graphs are known as strongly connected graphs in graph theory. This property is equivalent to the existence of a directed path between any two nodes. In the case of the four-option model, the following set of conditions has been proven sufficient for evaluability:  
* C.4.1. Both types of edges are included in the graph \(GC^{(A^{(4)})}\). * C.4.2. For every nonempty partition of \(S\) and \(\overline{S}\) (\(S\cup\overline{S}=\{1,2,\ldots,n\}\), \(S\cap\overline{S}=\emptyset\)), there are two (not necessarily different) index pairs \((i_{1},j_{1})\) and \((i_{2},j_{2})\), \(i_{1},i_{2}\in S,j_{1},j_{2}\in\overline{S}\), for which \[0<A^{(4)}_{i_{1},j_{1},4}\text{ and }0<A^{(4)}_{i_{2},j_{2},1}\] (12) are satisfied or there exists such an index pair \((i_{3},j_{3})\) for which \[0<A^{(4)}_{i_{3},j_{3},2}\text{ or }0<A^{(4)}_{i_{3},j_{3},3}\] (13) is satisfied. * C.4.3. There exists a cycle in the graph \(GC^{(A^{(4)})}\) along the'slightly better' and'much better' edges which contains at least one'much better' edge. In other words, there exists a cycle \((i_{1},i_{2},\ldots,i_{k},i_{1})\), \(i_{1},i_{1}=1,2,\ldots,k\) for some \(k=2,\ldots,n\), where \(i_{1},i_{2},\ldots,i_{k}\) are distinct, for which \(0<A^{(4)}_{i_{1},i_{1}+1,3}\) or \(0<A^{(4)}_{i_{1},i_{1}+4}\), and there exists at least one index pair in the cycle for which \(0<A^{(4)}_{i_{1},i_{1}+4}\). We note that this cycle might contain only two different nodes. Using the above set of conditions for evaluability, C.2.1., as well as C.4.1., C.4.2., and C.4.3., we can prove the following theorem:  
**Theorem 1**. : _Suppose that there exists at least one index pair \((i_{1},j_{1})\) for which \(0<A^{(4)}_{i_{1},j_{1},3}\) is satisfied and there exists an index pair \((i_{2},j_{2})\) for which \(0<A^{(4)}_{i_{2},j_{2},4}\) holds. Redefine the data in the two-option model using (10) and (11). If condition C.2.1.is satisfied, then \(A^{(4)}\) is evaluable in the four-option model._  
Proof. : We check the conditions C.4.1., C.4.2., and C.4.3. C.4.1. is already required in the assumptions. C.4.2. Consider an arbitrary partition \(S\), \(\overline{S}\). As there exists an index pair \((i_{1},j_{1})\)\(i_{1}\in S\)\(j_{1}\in\overline{S}\) for which \(0<A^{(2)}_{i_{1},j_{1},2}\), there exists an index pair for which \(0<A^{(4)}_{i_{1},j_{1},3}\) or \(0<A^{(4)}_{i_{1},j_{1},4}\). Similarly, as there exists an index pair \((i_{2},j_{2})\)\(i_{2}\in S\)\(j_{2}\in\overline{S}\) for which \(0<A^{(2)}_{i_{2},j_{2},1}\), there exists an index pair for which \(0<A^{(4)}_{i_{2},j_{2},2}\) or \(0<A^{(4)}_{i_{2},j_{2},1}\). These mean that (12) or (13) is satisfied.
# Deploying Secure Distributed Systems: Comparative Analysis of GNS3 and SEED Internet Emulator
### Research Contributions  
In this study, we present the experimental results of a proof-of-concept network and analyze the performance of various solutions, including physical (Cisco infrastructure), emulated (GNS3, SEED Internet Emulator), and a hybrid network model (hybrid emulated). We begin by conducting comparative testing of the performance between GNS3 the SEED Internet Emulator based on predefined performance criteria, such as the bandwidth, latency, throughput, as well as some other relevant metrics. The hybrid system is developed by integrating physical Cisco devices and emulated (GNS3) Cisco appliances, enabling us to evaluate the performance and quality of the hybrid emulation integration through similar experiments. Finally, we assess the economic benefits of a specific network implementation in energy consumption and cost.  
The main contributions of our research are:  
1. Providing a comprehensive analysis of cybersecurity in virtualization technology, networking, and hybrid systems, including cryptographic mechanisms, and a security evaluation through an exploration of evidence-based related literature (Section 2).
2. Conducting a performance comparison of network emulation systems and a hybrid system, considering specific benchmarks such as the bandwidth, latency, throughput, and other relevant metrics (Section 5), as well as evaluating the energy consumption and cost-effectiveness through data analysis and addressing the reliability and usability considerations around the platforms (Section 6).
3. Analyzing the deployment and application of hybrid emulation systems, combining physical Cisco infrastructure with emulated (GNS3) components, and conveying an evaluation, including identifying the strengths, challenges, and notable findings of hybrid emulation (Section 4), as well as providing specific recommendations for its implementation, optimization, and further enhancements (Section 6).
## 3 Experimental Setup
### Hardware Implementation
#### 3.1.3 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Charger  
The V2G charger utilizes EVs as mobile energy storage units, enabling bidirectional energy exchange between the vehicles and the building's power system [41; 42; 43]. During peak demand periods, the EVs can discharge stored energy into the building, reducing reliance on grid electricity and enhancing flexibility in demand-side energy management. The charger features a specially designed charging and discharging unit, developed for demonstration purposes, to ensure optimal integration with the building's power infrastructure. The vehicles used in this demonstration are commercially available EV models, adapted specifically for V2G functionality, allowing for controlled energy transfer and real-time performance evaluation. The V2G charger supports a maximum charging power of 50 kW per vehicle and a maximum discharging power of 7 kW per vehicle, making it a key component in stabilizing power demand fluctuations.
# Image-Based Dedicated Methods of Night Traffic Visibility Estimation
## 4 Experiment
### Adjustable Brightness Target  
So far, our methods have passed the laboratory analysis of the measured values in different cases under the assumption of continuous unfavorable visibility. In the actual environment, the detection needs a reference target. We installed a large, specific target with adjustable brightness on the test road. The idea is to take photos of the target in different weather conditions and to estimate the visibility, which is based on the attenuation of their brightness and contrast. This static measurement, which uses a reference target, can then be compared on the images with the results of the same context, which require no reference. The target is designed to have the goal of maximum contrast, as shown in Figure 5.  
Compared to other targets, our target has two advantages. First, the goal is an LED panel light with adjustable brightness, which can adapt to different actual environments. Secondly, the target has six black parts in different sizes, and the current atmospheric transmissivity can be estimated by the visible condition of the six parts, which has different powers for estimating visibility. Take the centerline of the adjustable brightness target image as the reference line. The left-to-right position of the center line is the x-axis, and the pixel value of each position of the center line is the y-axis. A horizontal brightness histogram is created, as shown in Figure 6. The \((t_{l},\ t_{h},\ t_{c})\) of the adjustable brightness target can be obtained.  
Figure 5: Graphic design of the reference target.
## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Predicting Factor**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Matching Accuracy**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Predicting Factor**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Matching Time**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Coefficient** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Contribution** & \(\mathbf{R^{2}}\) & & **Coefficient** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Contribution** & \(\mathbf{R^{2}}\) \\ \hline Constant & \(-1.05\) & 0.000 & 59.53\% & Constant & 23.85 & 0.000 & 42.96\% \\ Semantic Distance & 0.42 & 0.000 & 59.53\% & & Concreteness & \(-6.72\) & 0.000 & 38.28\% & \\  & & & & Familiarity & 2.50 & 0.000 & 4.68\% & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Multiple regression analysis for matching accuracy and matching time. traffic flow prediction. In connection with traffic flow condition, [PERSON] et al. [54] developed a novel operational design for flex-route transit services to reduce vehicle operations and improve the service quality of customers. The regime allowed the simultaneous dispatch of a certain number of modular autonomous vehicles (MAV) from a bus terminal at a departure time, where each MAV was allowed to visit customers freely outside of checkpoints.
# Evaluating Slope Deformation of Earth Dams Due to Earthquake Shaking Using MARS and GMDH Techniques
## 4 Results and Discussion
### MARS Modeling
#### 4.2.1 Piecewise-Linear Method  
In the first technique, linear nodes are used to create data prediction conditions. Each variable (X1 to X6) is considered under different conditions and creates states to evaluate the slope deformation of earth dams. All the states between these variables for the prediction are given in Figure 8. As can be seen, these scenarios are designed for a variety of linear conditions and ultimately provide a MARS model to predict the slope deformation of earth dams. The results of this model are presented in Table 4. Finally, the structure of the model is presented using Table 4 and Equation (8).  
\[\begin{array}{l}\text{y}=5+4.4\times\text{BF1}-10\times\text{BF2}+9.4\times 1 0^{2}\times\text{BF3}+17\times\text{BF4}-9.6\times\text{BF5}-6.6\times\text{BF6 }+9.6\times\text{BF7}\\ \quad+1.8\times\text{BF8}-0.86\times\text{BF9}+0.13\times\text{BF10}+21\times \text{BF11}-4.1\times 10^{2}\times\text{BF12}-10^{2}\times\text{BF13}+14\times\\ \quad\text{BF14}-79\times\text{BF15}-3.1\times 10^{2}\times\text{BF16}-11\times\text{BF1 7}+11\times\text{BF18}-6.5\times\text{BF19}-9.1\times\text{BF20}-\\ \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad 10\times\text{BF21}+9.1 \times\text{BF22}\end{array} \tag{9}\]Figure 8: _Cont._  
This relationship can be a good solution for issues that need to be more realistic. This formula is one of the advantages of the MARS method that can be used in various fields of geotechnical and civil engineering. Using this relationship, the slope deformation of earth dams can be determined with an accuracy of R\({}^{2}\) = 0.8905 and 0.8956 for two sections of training and testing the MARS model based on the piecewise-linear technique.
## 2 Working Principles of the Piezoelectric-Hydraulic Pump Brake System
### Effect of Phase Shift between the Piston and Check Valves on the Flow Rate Performance  
Each cycle oscillation of the PZT actuator is separated into 2 processes: one is pushing fluid out of the chamber (from \(t_{0}\) to \(t_{1}\) in Figure 3), and another is pulling fluid into the chamber (from \(t_{1}\) to \(t_{2}\) in Figure 3). With the phase shift at 0 (Figure 3a), the PZTactuator pushes the fluid out of the chamber, whereas the inlet check valve closes and the outlet check valve opens. This results in all fluid exiting through the outlet check valve. Otherwise, when the PZT actuator pulls the fluid out of the chamber, the inlet check valve opens and the outlet check valve closes. This means that the whole fluid flows into the chamber through the inlet check valve. Consequently, the fluid continually flows from inlet to outlet and the volume of flow obtained at the outlet is at its greatest. In the case of the phase shift increasing to \(\pi/2\) (Figure 3b), the entering and exiting liquid flows equally through each check valve in each process. Therefore, the total flow rate through the outlet check valve is zero. Contrary to the first case, the fluid will flow into the outlet and discharge through the inlet when the phase is close to \(\pi\) (Figure 3c). This leads to the reverse flow coming forth.  
The example above helps to estimate the effect of the phase shift between the valve and the piston motion on the amount of fluid exiting from the outlet. When the driving frequency of the piston oscillation increases, the phase shift value also increases. This result has been verified in previous studies [21].
# An Accurate, Efficient, and Stable Perspective-n-Point Algorithm in 3D Space
## 3 Experiments and Analysis
### Comparative Simulation Test of Calculation Efficiency of Different PnP Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Algorithms** & **4** & **25** & **50** & **75** & **100** & **100** & **200** & **200** & **300** & **400** & **500** \\ \hline L3H4 & 2.5609 & 7.2907 & 12.1905 & 15.6910 & 21.7186 & 30.6588 & 42.5940 & 53.1120 & 61.6488 & 71.9865 & 90.2028 & 99.3930 & 119.7788 \\ EEP-CN & 1.6588 & 2.1431 & 2.2536 & 2.5646 & 2.9165 & 3.4827 & 4.5386 & 4.6227 & 5.6649 & 5.9080 & 6.6208 & 7.6058 & 8.3368 \\ EEP-CN & 6.6488 & 2.0579 & 6.0400 & 9.0443 & 1.0088 & 1.4653 & 1.3070 & 2.3455 & 2.2211 & 2.2946 & 4.7716 & 5.3457 & 6.2618 \\ EEP & 3.0077 & 4.5584 & 6.4186 & 8.5721 & 9.6462 & 7.7611 & 9.8981 & 2.0115 & 42.3799 & 28.3101 & 55.4426 & 39.2722 & 69.4986 \\ ONP & 20.1334 & 20.5736 & 19.7994 & 21.6439 & 20.3054 & 19.8825 & 20.6554 & 30.0248 & 19.9861 & 21.3331 & 25.5705 & 23.9996 & 19.4722 \\ SENP & 1.6686 & 1.5887 & 1.6436 & 3.0689 & 2.4218 & 3.5293 & 4.5588 & 5.0275 & 4.3327 & 6.3713 & 11.2222 & 14.4241 & 15.3238 \\ NOLT & 1.6073 & 1.6073 & 1.60310 & 1.60110 & 2.3011 & 2.3013 & 2.3030 & 2.4230 & 4.1015 & 5.3194 & 3.9922 & 3.6488 & 6.8811 \\ ASPN & 2.5688 & 2.3886 & 2.4077 & 2.3388 & 2.4048 & 2.5322 & 2.6157 & 2.6698 & 3.2048 & 3.1288 & 3.0530 & 3.4922 & 3.2584 \\ Hidden PLD & 1.6793 & 2.7446 & 1.6453 & 1.6529 & 1.4013 & 1.5026 & 2.0099 & 1.4046 & 2.7153 & 1.8077 & 2.2060 & 2.0262 & 2.209 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of the average running time of the PLP algorithm when the number of spatial reference points n ranged from 4 to 500 (unit: ms).
## 1 Introduction  
### Background  
Considering the security perspective of digital content, particularly audio data, many studies focus on different approaches to guarantee the reliability and integrity of the audio data, such as privacy preservation for audio deepfake detection [1], AudioGuard on speech recognition for audio adversarial examples [2], measurement for eavesdropping [3], and methods to detect tampering [4, 5]. Digital technologies rapidly evolve, necessitating robust measures to protect digital content from tampering. Information hiding techniques, which embed imperceptible data within the content itself, offer a promising solution. This technique can be applied to various media types, including audio [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11], images, and video [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23].  
For reversible data hiding [24], high capacity and minimal distortion are crucial. The original data must be fully recoverable, especially in sensitive domains like military, medical, and legal applications.  
The choice of embedding domain significantly impacts the effectiveness of information hiding. Techniques like time-domain linear predictive coding [9] and cochlear delay-based methods [25] have been explored in the audio domain. For images, integer discrete cosine transform (intDCT) has proven to be a popular choice due to its ability to achieve high capacity and low distortion [26].  
However, directly embedding data into higher or lower DCT coefficients can lead to suboptimal results. For images, embedding in higher coefficients compromises robustness, while embedding in lower coefficients affects perceptual quality [27]. In audio, the human auditory system is less sensitive to high-frequency variations [28], making higher coefficients a potential target for embedding.
# Centrosymmetric Optical Vortex
## 1 Introduction  
Optical vortex carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) has been extensively studied in particle manipulation [1; 2; 3], high capacity optical communication [4; 5; 6; 7], optical measurements [8; 9], and astronomical observations [10]. In the field of particle manipulation, intensity and OAM of the optical vortex (OV) provide gradient force and azimuthal light spanner force, respectively. Therefore, it is significant to study the modulation techniques of the intensity and OAM distributions.  
The most common method for OAM modulation of the OV is realized to control its magnitude by changing the topological charge (TC) [11]. However, the distribution of OAM cannot be modulated via this method, which limits the universality of its application in micro-particle manipulations. To break this limitation, the asymmetric (i.e., non-circular symmetry) OV attracted diverse attentions. For the generation of asymmetric OVs, one method is to inset an extra factor into the conventional OVs. For instance, an off-axis factor is brought in OVs to generate a series of asymmetric light fields, such as asymmetric Bessel modes [12], asymmetric Laguerre-Gaussian beam [13], and asymmetric Gaussian optical vortex [14]. Furthermore, to increase the mode distributions of the perfect OV, the elliptic perfect OV has been reported recently, which is regulated via a scaling factor [15; 16]. Moreover, by modulating the phase gradient and the phase jump factors, the power-exponent-phase vortex [17] and the remainder-phase optical vortex [18] are generated, respectively. To obtain more diverse OAM distributions, another method is the beam shaping technology [19]. Recently, this method developedinto three-dimensional shaping of light field and the significance has been widely demonstrated in micro-particle manipulations [20; 21]. In short, the distributions of the light fields generated by the above methods are abundant and significant in the extreme, but these OAM distributions are always continuously distributed.  
However, for some special occasions, such as cell separation, the detached asymmetric light fields are more useful [22]. To enrich the mode distributions of the asymmetric light fields, we propose a centrosymmetric optical vortex (CSOV) by joining four local spiral phases. Combining the numerical and experimental analyses, such as the intensity distribution, OAM state, and OAM density, etc., the properties of the CSOV are studied. The OAM distributions of the CSOV satisfy centrosymmetric distribution and it is confined within a single ring. The radius and magnitude of the CSOV's OAM distribution can be freely modulated. Our work provides a special light field distribution which is of significance in micro-fabrication, micro-particle manipulations, especially separating cells.
# Singular Phenomenon Analysis of Wind-Driven Circulation System Based on Galerkin Low-Order Model
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Bifurcation Analysis of the System under Second-Order Wind Stress
As the wind stress intensity changes, three equilibrium states coexist in the system after passing through the catastrophe point set and entering the \(D_{2}\) area, which can be divided into the following four situations: (1) unstable node, \(Q_{UN}\), saddle point, \(Q_{S}\), and stable focus, \(P_{SF}\), coexist, as shown in Figure 8c; (2) two stable focuses, \(P_{SF1}\) and \(P_{SF2}\), and saddle point, \(Q_{S}\), coexist, as shown in Figure 8d; (3) unstable focus, \(Q_{UF}\), saddle point, \(Q_{S}\), and stable focus, \(P_{SF}\), coexist, as shown in Figure 8e; and (4) two stable nodes, \(P_{SN1}\) and \(P_{SN2}\), and saddle point, \(Q_{S}\), coexist, as shown in Figure 8f. Although the system exhibits different types of equilibrium states depending on the wind stress intensity, there is always a stable equilibrium state present in the dynamical system, typically characterized as a stable node or stable focus. Additionally, the phase diagram reveals that, over time, the trajectory of each point tends to approach the stable equilibrium position from an unstable equilibrium position after a prolonged period of evolution. In the study of the low-order model of the circulation system, it has been observed that the amplitude of the first two modes corresponding to the system exhibits catastrophic behavior as the wind stress intensity changes. The number and types of equilibrium states within the system undergo significant changes before and after the catastrophe. This observation further confirms that multiple equilibrium states coexist in the wind-driven ocean circulation system, and vortex motion facilitates the transition from an unstable to a stable state. As the system possesses multiple stable equilibrium states, as illustrated  
Figure 7: Bifurcation diagram of system Equation (16) when \(w_{1}\) is fixed. (a) Along parametric curve \(L_{1}\); (b) along parametric curve \(L_{2}\). in Figure 8d,f, a slight disturbance can alter the final equilibrium position. In the context of the circulation system, when vortex motion is slightly perturbed by environmental factors, its state may oscillate between stable equilibrium states, potentially contributing to low-frequency oscillations observed in the atmosphere-ocean system.
# Adaptive Versioning in Transactional Memory Systems +
## 4 Basic Adaptive Versioning
### Contention Management  
A transaction \(T\) is said to be _conflicted_ with another transaction \(T_{j}\) in two cases: (i) \(Rest(T)\) shares at least a memory location with \(Wset(T_{j})\), i.e., \(Rest(T)\cap West(T_{j})\
eq\emptyset\), and (ii) \(Wset(T)\) shares at least a memory location either with \(Rset(T_{j})\) (i.e., \(Wset(T)\cap Rset(T_{j})\
eq\emptyset\)) or with \(Wset(T_{j})\) (i.e., \(Wset(T)\cap West(T_{j})\
eq\emptyset\)). Any contention management technique requires at least \(x-1\) transactions out of the \(x\geq 2\) conflicted transactions to abort. There has been an extensive study on contention management and several techniques with different performance properties are available, e.g., [26; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 27; 67; 68]. We use the following strategies for resolving conflict of a transaction \(T\) with transaction \(T_{j}\), which are discussed in detail in [26; 65; 27].  
* **suicide:**\(T\) aborts and restarts immediately.
* **kill (aka aggressive):**\(T\) kills \(T_{j}\) and continues its execution.
* **delay:**\(T\) aborts immediately but waits until the contended memory location is released before restarting. This increases the chance of the transaction to commit with no interruption upon retry, but may increase total execution time.
* **back-off:**\(T\) uses an exponential back-off mechanism to resolve conflict.
# A Dual-Channel End-to-End Speech Enhancement Method Using Complex Operations in the Time Domain
## 2 Algorithm Description
### Complex Adaptive Spatial Filtering  
Traditional beamforming requires the alignment of the received speech signal with the reference microphone due to differences in the time it takes for sound to reach different microphones. The accurate estimation of steering delay \(\tau_{c}\) plays a crucial role in speech enhancement performance. The proposed CNAB model represents a novel approach to estimating filter coefficients by minimizing a loss function that measures the difference between clean speech and the enhanced one in the time-frequency domains. As a result,  
Figure 2: Complex LSTM.  
the estimation of steering delay \(\tau_{c}\) is implicit in the estimated filter coefficients. For the \(k\)-th frame, the CNAB model's output is denoted by \(y^{a}(k)[t]\), expressed in a frame-wise manner as  
\[y^{a}(k)[t]= (y_{rr}(k)[t]-y_{ii}(k)[t]) \tag{11}\] \[+j(y_{ri}(k)[t]+y_{ir}(k)[t]),\]  
where \(y_{rr}(k)[t]\in\mathbb{R}^{N\times 1}\) is the output result of the real feature, expressed as  
\[y_{rr}(k)[t]=\sum_{c=0}^{C-1}\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}Re(h_{c}^{a}(k)[n])Re(x_{c}^{a}(k )[t-n]), \tag{12}\]  
where \(h_{c}^{a}(k)[n]\in\mathbb{C}^{K\times 1}\) is the estimated beamforming coefficient for channel \(c\). To estimate \(h_{c}^{a}[n]\), we train the entire CNABCFCN network in a joint manner to produce the filter coefficients of each channel. In Equation (11), the features \(y_{ii}(k)(t),y_{ri}(k)(t)\), and \(y_{ir}(k)(t)\) are defined as in Equation (12), and their specific representations are omitted for simplicity.