# Enhancing Space Management through Digital Twin: A Case Study of the Lazio Region Headquarters
## 1 Introduction
### Advanced Digital Technologies  
In this transition scenario, digital systems play a key role in optimizing the management of the built environment, including via Building Information Modelling (BIM), which offers advanced solutions for the design, construction, and management of buildings and infrastructure [10; 11; 12; 13]. BIM has revolutionized the traditional approach to design and construction, enabling better integration and collaboration between the actors involved in the lifecycle of a construction project [14]. Its integration with DT represents the most advanced frontier in the management of the built environment [15]. By creating an accurate digital replica of a building, integrated with real-time data provided by IoT devices, DT offers enormous potential for optimizing space utilization, improving energy efficiency, and ensuring more effective resource management [16]. These devices mainly act as sensors to collect information from the physical environment, or as actuators to control objects (Figure 1). [PERSON] et al. examine the potential for improving the energy efficiency of European buildings constructed prior to 2001 through the application of DT technology. They investigate the use of DT in building operations and maintenance, with a particular emphasis on enhancing energy efficiency. A total of 21 case studies were selected for analysis, comprising six DT business solutions. The results revealed five main applications: component monitoring, fault detection, operational optimization, predictive maintenance, and the simulation of alternative scenarios. The findings also highlighted the dependence on BIM and the need for robust data-acquisition systems, which complicate the implementation  
Figure 1: Integration overview of interconnected technologies in smart infrastructure environment. of DTs in existing buildings. [PERSON] et al. discuss managing building energy systems with a sustainable approach amid climate change. They present a DT toolchain using BIM and extended-reality (VR and AR) technologies. This toolchain creates georeferenced DTs when commissioning TBEs. A scan vs. BIM comparison process identifies discrepancies between the planned and actual construction, allowing automatic updates of the BIM model. Validation methods ensure TBEs are accurate. VR and AR help with commissioning, providing visualization and sensor data. Evaluations show the toolchain is scalable and efficient. Future work aims to integrate more operational data, enhancing DTs' capabilities for managing building energy systems [17]. Among the most commonly employed sensing devices are passive infrared (PIR) sensors, which are electronic devices that detect infrared radiation emitted by objects within their field of view [18]. The advantages of PIR sensors include their low cost, low power consumption, and the ability to interface with various devices while ensuring complete privacy. [PERSON] et al. develop a new approach to improve occupancy detection in buildings. Using passive infrared PIR sensors and smart meters, combined with a convolutional neural network (CNN) model, they analyzed temporal data to increase the accuracy of occupancy detection. A case study in a university office showed that this new model outperformed traditional models, improving accuracy by 26.8%. The model was used to optimize the management of the outdoor air system, improving environmental comfort and saving energy [19]. [PERSON] examines the effectiveness of image-based sensors for lighting control in relation to passive infrared (PIR) sensors, which monitor changes in infrared radiation caused by occupant movement. A combined approach using both PIR and image-based sensors was evaluated. An experiment in an office showed that the combined sensor reduces overall energy consumption by at least 3.59% compared to the use of single sensors [20].