# Synthesis of Si-Fe Chondrule-like Dust Analogues in RF Discharge Plasmas
## 1 Introduction  
Chondrules are small spherical objects of varying sizes found in many primitive meteorites that constitute about 80% of meteorites found on Earth [1, 2]. Although most chondrules have diameters in the sub-millimeter range, a few millimeter-sized chondrules have also been discovered [3]. Chondrules are primarily composed of silicate minerals from the olivine (Mg\({}_{\textrm{,Fe}}\))\({}_{2}\)[Si\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\)] and pyroxene (Mg\({}_{\textrm{,Fe}}\))\({}_{2}\)[Si\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{6}\)] groups surrounded by feldspathic material that may be glassy or crystalline. The elemental composition of chondrules is similar to that of the Sun, except for light elements such as helium and hydrogen. Chondrules, along with inclusions rich in calcium and aluminum, are among the oldest materials in our solar system. Most models of planets and planetesimals consider chondrules to be the building blocks of celestial bodies in the Solar System [4]. The process of chondrule formation is presumably based on the coagulation of small particles and/or molecular clouds due to shock waves or the impact of high-energy gas discharges (lightning)in the solar nebula [5; 6]. However, the vast majority of models and primitive experiments aimed at studying the formation of chondrules do not account for the presence of the so-called \"dust plasma\" as a formation medium and the presence of a charge in the particles themselves [7]. Although the properties of the early solar nebula are not very well-known, it is now understood that the gas component was also partially ionised. Thus, the early solar nebula, including the environment where chondrules formed, can be considered as a \"dusty plasma\". Dusty plasma (or complex plasma) is a gas-discharge plasma consisting of electrons, ions, and neutral atoms, in which the micro- and macroparticles of a solid are present [8; 9; 10]. Dust is quite widespread in the universe [11] and represents the majority of the solid matter in it. The gas component of matter in space is often ionised due to hard UV radiation (e.g., from the Sun) and high-energy cosmic particles, so dust coexists with plasma and forms \"dust plasma\" [12]. Typically, the strongest forces acting on dust particles near stars or planets are gravity or radiation pressure. However, in a dusty plasma, the dust particles tend to be charged and are, therefore, also affected by electric and magnetic fields, often in subtle and unexpected ways. Despite extensive research conducted over more than 150 years, the processes leading to the formation of chondrules remain controversial. The texture of chondrules indicates that they were formed due to crystallisation during the process of melt condensation. A realistic model of chondrule formation must correspond to their extreme microstructure, high temperatures (1000-1600 K), and high cooling rates. Chondrules are proposed to form directly from the protoplanetary cloud surrounding the Sun through the condensation of matter and the accretion of dust, with intermediate heating [13]. This heating source is considered to be lightning in the solar nebula. As noted, a small number of studies, including computer simulations, have explored the formation of chondrules in the presence of gas discharges, especially in a plasma-dust environment. [PERSON] et al. [14] first modeled the propagation of hot matter and its role in the formation of distant chondrules. Their calculations showed that surface flow energy could cause rapid heating and cooling, supporting the hypothesis that chondrules form from lightning discharges in the nebula. Computational studies [15; 16] modeled interactions between chondrules and surrounding disks, with and without charge, in chondrule-forming particles. The authors concluded that charge and low turbulence intensify disk particle movement around chondrules, emphasizing the role of charge in chondrule formation. The study in [17] explored the hypothesis that dust aggregates transform into meteorite chondrules under nebular discharges.