# Blockchain Interoperability for Future Telecoms
## 4 Results and Discussion  
The comparison and evaluation results of interoperability solutions are displayed in Table 1. Based on the requirements and essential feature set, researchers can identify the most suitable solution for a specific telecom use case. To align with the strict privacy and security requirements of telecoms, only permissioned blockchain solutions should be considered for the final interoperability deployment. Furthermore, decentralization is crucial as intermediaries cannot be part of the final design. Mainchain isolation is a vital aspect that should be considered for improved performance and security; however, this may not be a high priority for an initial MVP (minimum viable product). Sovereignty is also a key deciding factor for privacy expectations, and the architecture should not be extended to a hybrid access management model. Due to the limited literature, a performance design solution can be planned for future research projects, as much of the existing literature has failed to provide solid arguments in this regard. A solution supported by a strong community will encourage researchers to invest in a future-oriented design. A side-by-side design is the most critical feature for decentralization and privacy security. The results indicate that Weaver is a comprehensive solution for deploying a private multi-domain blockchain architecture. Weaver is also designed as a side-by-side architecture that supports multiple deployments of interoperated chains. In addition, the results of this study suggest that storage efficiency features are a critical consideration with respect to performance. The Weaver architecture, as illustrated in Figure 11, was designed for heterogeneous hybrid blockchain networks. Weaver has recently been merged into the Hyperledger Cacti [73] project, with the aim of providing more cross-chain communication options by unifying the existing Cactus project with Weaver. As of January 2025, Weaver's design offers interoperability relays for Hyperledger Fabric, Hyperledger Besu [74], and R3 Corda [75], including data transfer, asset transfer, and asset exchange features. Hyperledger Besu is an Ethereum client designed as an enterprise-friendly blockchain supporting permissionless and permissioned requirements. R3 Corda is designed for financial service interoperability, allowing value exchanges between R3 users. These three projects are popular in research and are supported by a significant community. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Interoperability** & **Decentralized** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Multi-** \\ **Network** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Mainchain** \\ **Isolation** \\ \end{tabular} & **Sovereignty** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Storage** \\ **Efficiency** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Side-by-Side** \\ **Design** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Support** \\ **Community** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline Cactus [63] & Hybrid & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & Medium \\ [PERSON] et al. [64] & Permissioned & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & Weak \\ [PERSON] [66] & Hybrid & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & Strong \\ [PERSON] [68] & Permissioned & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & Weak \\ [PERSON] [69] & Hybrid & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & Medium \\ [PERSON] et al. [70] & Permissioned & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & Weak \\ [PERSON] et al. [45] & Permissioned & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & Weak \\ [PERSON] et al. [49] & Permissioned & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & Medium \\ [PERSON] [65] & Hybrid & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & Medium \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of interoperability solutions.