## 1 Introduction
### Traffic Safety Education in Pakistan  
Pakistan is the sixth largest country in the world, having a population of more than 222 million [42]. Regarding road traffic accidents in Pakistan, around 16% occurred among children and adolescents aged between 5 and 19 [43]. There is an alarming rise in road traffic accidents mainly due to a phenomenal increase in motor vehicles [44]. Pakistan has seen significant growth (268%) in the number of registered motor vehicles, mainly motorcycles (613 percent), in the last ten years [45]. According to statistics from 2018, motorcycles make up about 74% of all registered vehicles in Pakistan [46].  
Globally, the rising use of motorcycles causes far more fatal road incidents than other motor vehicles. Since motorcycle riders are vulnerable road users, most motorcycle accidents result in severe injuries [47]. Most motorcycle riders do not adhere to traffic laws since their driving licenses were not issued with sufficient examination, leaving most of them without knowledge of the rules [44]. In mega cities of Pakistan, there are extremely few alternative and convenient transportation options, making motorcycles an accessible and affordable method of transportation for the lower middle class [48]. Specifically in Lahore, motorcyclists were found to be the most vulnerable users (61%), with most accidents occurring due to a collision with another vehicle (45%) [49].  
In addition, research was conducted in Karachi about injuries among children younger than 15 years. The authors extracted the data from the emergency transport services [50]. The retrospective study was carried out of injured children transported by emergency transport. The result showed that most of the injuries were caused by motorcycle crashes, i.e., 80% of the injuries were among children, and most were males in those injuries. The study also highlights that enforcing driving laws and child safety education could reduce causalities and injuries. A recent survey in Karachi revealed that students between 13 and 17 years old are more exposed to traffic injuries while riding a motorbike, mainly due to unawareness of traffic rules and regulations [51]. Hence, this indicates that education targeting knowledge about traffic rules and regulations is essential.  
Scarce studies have been conducted in Pakistan about traffic safety education for children. To our knowledge, one study explored the possibilities of traffic safety education conducted in Karachi. The study investigated a book to improve the understanding of road traffic injuries among school children [52]. The target group for this study was fourth- and fifth-grade students aged 8-12 years old. The colorful bilingual (Urdu and English) storybook was used for an interactive discussion about traffic safety. The results show increased knowledge among children after the post-test, indicating that this kind of storybook can be valuable to add to the curriculum. The possibilities of online traffic safety education in Pakistan have yet to be investigated, while online education has several benefits compared to classroom education. One of the primary benefits is flexibility, which allows students to work at their own pace and schedule, balancing work or other commitments [53]. Additionally, online education provides immediate feedback and assessments through analytics tools and automated grading systems, allowing students to assess their progress and learning skills immediately [54].