# Longitudinal Study on Construction Organization's BIM Acceptance
## 5 Comparisons of BIM Acceptance between 2012 and 2019
As such, mandatory use policies in an organization have a positive effect on the intent to accept BIM only when users perceive BIM as a useful tool to facilitate work performance once the use of BIM has reached a certain level. This is in contrast with the initial stages of BIM use when mandatory use policies affect the intent to use BIM because users are yet unaware of the ease of use or usefulness of BIM. Secondly, top-level management support, a sub-factor indicating organizational competency regarding the extent of the provision of hardware, software, and training, was a significant evaluation factor in the 2012 model; however, it was not a significant factor in 2019. This may be a result of construction companies' improved awareness of BIM effects and usages as well as the establishment of a physical environment for the use of BIM. In this organizational context of consensus about technology acceptance and the establishment of necessary resources, the continued use of the technology hinges on \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Constructs**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Levene’s Test for**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**t-test for Equality of Means**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Equality of Variances**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**t**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Mean Difference**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**95\% Confidence Interval**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & & **(Std. Error** & & **of the Difference** \\ \cline{2-8}  & F & **p** & & **Difference** & & **Lower** & **Upper** \\ \hline OC & 0.173 & 0.678 & 2.960 \({}^{**}\) & 0.510 & 0.171 & 0.850 \\  & & & & (0.172) & & \\  & 1.308 & 0.254 & 2.109 \({}^{**}\) & 0.285 & 0.019 & 0.552 \\  & & & & (0.135) & & \\ PC & 1.528 & 0.218 & 6.266 \({}^{***}\) & 0.895 & 0.613 & 1.176 \\  & & & & (0.143) & & \\ BC & 0.440 & 0.508 & 3.768 \({}^{***}\) & 0.604 & & \\  & & & & (0.160) & & \\ PEU & 10.121 & 0.002 & 3.796 \({}^{***}\) & 0.644 & & \\  & & & & (0.170) & & \\ PU & 2.009 & 0.158 & 5.243 \({}^{***}\) & 0.726 & & 0.453 & 0.999 \\  & & & & (0.138) & & \\ COA & 14.005 & 0.000 & 4.611 \({}^{***}\) & 0.784 & & \\  & & & & (0.170) & 0.449 & 1.120 \\ IIA & 0.152 & 0.697 & 5.464 \({}^{***}\) & 0.864 & & \\  & & & & (0.158) & 0.552 & 1.175 \\ OIA & 0.303 & 0.583 & 4.686 \({}^{***}\) & 0.886 & & \\  & & & & (0.189) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: T-test results of BIM Acceptance between 2012 and 2019.  
the ease of use. For example, in the 2012 model, PEU was a significant factor affecting BIM acceptance for both collaborative and individual work; however, in 2019, PEU was no longer a significant factor affecting individual work. This may be a result of users having come to recognize BIM as a tool that supports collaboration more than individual work. Meanwhile, usability had an indirect effect on BIM acceptance through utility in 2020, while usability of BIM became an important factor in enhancing BIM acceptance through a direct effect in 2019. Even the BC has an indirect effect on BIM acceptance through usability. For this reason, any system for vitalizing BIM utilization should also be designed to support the usability of the members in the construction organization to enhance the intention of BIM acceptance on the organizational level, rather than the mandatory system of BIM utilization in construction organizations. It is easier for users to adopt BIM when organizational policies, such as mandatory use or incentivization, are in place. This reinforces the importance of an organizational, rather than individual, push toward BIM adoption. However, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] showed that usability has a greater effect than utility in the U.S. BIM acceptance model. If the environment where BIM can be smoothly used is established on the national and organizational levels, enhance productivity of individuals or in collaboration, rather than usability, would be more prioritized. Thirdly, in the 2012 model, the results of the relationship hypothesis test on PU, PEU, and OIA showed have an indirect relationship through COA.