## 4 Discussion
### Type of Biomechanical Analysis Approaches
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Authors \& Year** & **Shoulder and Key Upper Body Biomechanical Findings** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2018) [57]} & * At BFC, female bowlers exhibited less flexed front hip angles and less extended upper trunk angles * At BR, females exhibited more front-on pelvis and shoulder orientations, more flexed upper trunk angles, and more delayed bowling arm circumduction * Female bowlers exhibited more pelvis rotation between BFC and BR than the males * Male bowlers spent significantly more time between BFC and FFC, but less time between FFC and BR compared to female bowlers * Female bowlers adopted a technique more akin to throwing where ball speed is contributed to by both the whole-body angular momentum and the large rotator muscles used to rotate the pelvis and torso segments about the longitudinal axis to generate greater ball speed * Shoulder angle at BR explained 30\% of the variation in release speed was the best individual predictor whereby a larger shoulder angle relative to the upper trunk was associated with faster release speed * The best four-parameter regression equation explained 74\% of variation in release speed suggests that having a quicker run-up, maintaining a straighter knee and greater shoulder angle throughout the FFC phase, and performing greater upper trunk flexion up to BR are the four key aspects to fast bowling technique \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Handball**} & * Male showed a higher elbow extension velocity (500–432 ms, 300–272 ms), higher shoulder horizontal abduction angle (216–212 ms, 180–176 ms), and higher shoulder ER velocity at 140 ms prior to BR compared to their female counterparts * Male players showed more activity in the transverse plane while female players showed more activity in the sagittal plane * Male players presented a greater outward pelvis rotation (500–484 ms), greater lateral pelvis tilt (500–256 ms) and greater backward pelvis rotation (228–48 ms) before BR and greater pelvis inward rotation (36–200 ms) after BR * Male exhibited higher pelvis lateral tilt velocity (304–188 ms) and higher pelvis forward tilt velocity (100–28 ms) before BR with both the peak velocities located closer to BR \\ \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] \& [PERSON] (2012)} & * Elite male demonstrated significant higher ball release velocity and maximal linear velocities of the endpoints of wrist and hand compared to their female counterparts * At BR, male exhibited larger maximal shoulder abduction and elbow flexion angle * No significant gender differences for maximal angular velocities of different joint movements \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Softball**} & * Peak elbow flexion did not influence ball velocity or peak shoulder distraction force during the acceleration phase of a windmill softball pitch. * Significant and positive relationship between ball velocity and peak shoulder distraction force were found \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2022) [59]} & * Note. The table above presents the summary of shoulder and key upper body biomechanics during overhead throw movement reported by the 34 included studies. AT = alternative technique; BFC = back foot contact; BR = ball release; BW = body weight; ES = effect size; FFC = front foot contact; GIRD = glenbohumeral internal rotation deficit; HSP = history of shoulder pain; IR = internal rotation; IROM = passive internal rotation range of motion; ER = external rotation; MER = maximal external rotation; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; NHISP = no history of shoulder pain; PROM = passive range of motion; ROM = range of motion; SC = shuttlecock contact; TAM = total arc of motion; TT = traditional technique. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._as a strong predictor of higher racket head speed (r = 0.737); this was supported by [45] who found greater shoulder internal rotation moment in the skilled vs. novice players (\(p\) = 0.016). Ref.