## 1 Introduction
A study by [16] explored the use of transient tests, such as Transient Test-Based Techniques (TTBIs), for fault detection in water transmission mains. This technique involves inserting a small pressure wave into a pipeline, which travels through the pipeline, detecting leaks, partial blockages, and the reduction of the pipe wall's thickness due to corrosion. The study illustrated the successful usage of TTBIs in a real-life pipe system. Another study designed a smart-portable pressure wave maker (S-PPWM) for leak detection in TMs as a form of TTBT [17]. The design was built to minimize the TM volume and to ease the evaluation of the minimum detectable leak for a given TM. The device has been proven to be used within leak detection surveys of TMs based on the execution of safe transient tests (TTBIs) [17]. The reviews of existing leak detection methods indicated the problem of accuracy in identifying the location of leakages. Therefore, combining different technologies to improve the accuracy of leak detection has proven to be most effective [18]. Recent studies have explored the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing for different practical applications. One study by [19] developed a database of morphometric characteristics and their hydrological implications using a satellite image of the Jimen basin located in northern Iraq. The study evaluated the effect of solar radiation on the basin's surface runoff, allowing them to predict the presence of saturated soil for water harvesting [19]. In addition, a study conducted in southwest Saudi Arabia integrated GIS and remote sensing to determine the hydrological characteristics of a watershed in Saudi Arabia [20]. The paper's findings serve as a basis for practical applications in flood management and water harvesting [20]. This paper aims to use GIS and remote sensing with an infrared camera to accurately detect leakage in a pipe network. GIS refers to a computer-based system that stores, analyzes, and displays geographically referenced data [21]. Therefore, GIS is essential for the operation of water networks; studies have shown the integration of GIS can assist in real-time leak detection [22; 23]. A study by [23] employed the use of GIS to help water utility companies predict and assess vulnerable locations prone to leakage in WDNs. Anotherstudy [24] utilized the ArcGIS software 3.2 to assist in the analysis of water losses in a WDN by using four feature classes: pipeline layer, meter layer, elevation map, and field operations layout. ArcGIS displayed the results obtained from the field and the results calibrated, which illustrated the faulty meters and pipe leak locations [24]. Combining the results of the model displayed on GIS with other layers, like a topographic layer of the region or district metered area zones, enhanced the analysis of critical zones of WDNs for optimal operation and management of the network [24]. Remote sensing provides better temporal and spatial coverage than ground detection methods [25]. Recent studies have shown that spatial resolution is an essential parameter for the detection and mapping of water leakage regions using remote sensing data. A study [18] identified leakages by recording remote sensing data from ground spectroradiometers and hyperspectral data from a low-altitude system. The study deduced that water leakages can be monitored and detected using the appropriate spatial resolution images. The spectral signals of dry and wet soils were recognizable in the visible range of 400-700 nm and in the near-IR range of 750-900 nm [18]. In comparison to dry soils, wet soils have 20-25% lower reflectance values, and the difference is maximized in the near-IR range [16]. The research study concluded that remote sensing is effective for the determination of water pipe location and leakage [18]. The literature on using hyperspectral imaging for water leakage detection is limited; however, it is a growing area in remote sensing [26].