## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Region  
Teluk Lipat, as shown in Figure 1, is located in Terengganu, Malaysia. In 2011, severe erosion occurred along this beach due to a high tidal surge phenomenon. The tidal wave ravaged the wall road and crumpled the trees along the coastline. This beach extends approximately 13 km to Kuala Dungun from Bukit Bauk, which is in the south. A university, a school and residential housing are located along this coastline. The study region covers the latitude range of 4\({}^{\circ}\)39\({}^{\prime}\)5.12\({}^{\prime\prime}\)-4\({}^{\circ}\)48\({}^{\prime}\)21.74\({}^{\prime\prime}\) north and the longitude range of 103\({}^{\circ}\)23\({}^{\prime}\)28.33\({}^{\prime\prime}\)-103\({}^{\circ}\)30\({}^{\prime}\)12.11\({}^{\prime\prime}\) south.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sensor** & **Bands** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**TSS Algorithm**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Study Area**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**References**} \\ \hline TM 5 & 1, 2, 3, 4 & TSS = 361.89 (Res(0.69) - 1018.25 ((Res(0.69))/Res(0.69)) - & & \\  & 1919.21((Res(0.52)/(Res(0.69)) - 26.15(Res(0.69))/Res(0.90)) - 182.90 & Rrs(0.52) & Florida USA & [23] \\  & + 28855.76 & & & \\ \hline OLI 8 & 3, 4 & log10 (TSM) = 1.291 + 63.85 (Res(0.67) - 50.46 & Rrs(0.59) & Zhuhai-Macau Bridge Region, \\  & & & Hong Kong & \\ \hline TM 5 & 2, 3 & ln(SSC) = (4.38 ((Res(0.69)/Rrs(0.60))) - 0.75 & Aragua River-Brazil & [1] \\ \hline MSI & 5 & TSM = 0.7198 exp[329.73 (Res(0.704.5]) & The Pertusillo Lake Case & \\  & & & Study (Italy) & [40] \\ \hline OLI 8 & 3, 4 & TSS = 172.19 ln[2 Rrs(0.59)/Rrs(0.67)] - 190.809 ln[Rrs(0.59)/Rrs(0.67)] + 61.6 & Inland Reservoir, South China & [37] \\ \hline OCM-2 & 5, 6 & TSS = 5846.1((Rsr(566)/Rrs(630)) - 516.82 & West Bengal & [36] \\ \hline OLI & 2, 3 & log TS = 1.5212[log(RS(0.51)/log(Rrs(0.59))] - 0.3698 & Indonesia & [29] \\ \hline OLI & 2, 3, 8 & TSS = -191.02 (Res(0.51) + 36.8 (Rrs(0.59) + 172:66 (RSR(0.68) + 4.57) & Xin’anjiang Reservoir & [31] \\ \hline TM 4 & 4 & TSS = 229.457.695 (Res(0.90)2\({}^{+}\) 146.462 (Res(0.90) + 5.701 & Bohai Gulf & [32] \\ \hline TM 5 & 2, 3 & log TS = 6.2244 (Rrs(0.60) + Rrs(0.90)/[Rrs(0.60) + Rrs(0.69)] + 0.892 & Yangtze estuary & [35] \\ \hline Modis Aqua & 1 & TSM = -1.91 (1140.25)Res(670) & Northern Gulf of Mexico & [3] \\ \hline SPOT & 2, 4 & TSS = 29.022 exp 0.0335((Res(1.75)/Rrs(0.68)) & Gironde estuaries & [28] \\ \hline TM 5 & 1, 2 & TSS = 16.826 - 5.2369 ((Res(0.52)/Rrs(0.60)) & Moroton Bay & [30] \\ \hline TM5 & 1, 2 & ln TS = 2.71 ((Res(0.52)/Rrs(0.60))^{2}\) - 9.21 ((Res(0.52)/Rrs(0.60)) - 8.45 & Enid Reservoir in & \\  & & & north-central Mississippi & [34] \\ \hline TM 5 & 1, 3 & TSS = 0.0167 exp[12.3 (Res(0.69)/Res(0.52)] & Embayment of Lake Michigan & [33] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Review of previous TSS algorithms. For TM 4 and TM 5, the wavelength of B1,B2,B3 and B4 are 0.45–0.52, 0.52–0.60, 0.63–0.69, 0.76–0.90 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. For Landsat 8, the wavelength for B2,B3,B4 and B8 are 0.45–0.51, 0.53–0.59, 0.64–0.67, 0.50–0.68\(\upmu\)m, respectively. For MSI (MultiSpectral Instrument), the wavelength for B5 is 704.5 nm. For OCM-2, the wavelength for B5 and B6 are 546–566 and 610–630 nm, respectively. For MODIS Aqua, the wavelength for B1 is 620–670\(\upmu\)m. For SPOT, the wavelengths for B2 and B4 are 0.61–0.68, 1.58–1.75 \(\upmu\)m.