## 4 Discussion  
To our knowledge, no study has previously revealed the effect of soursop leaf ethanol extract (_Annona muricata_) on the glomerular diameter in a Swiss Webster mice model of DM. We compared the effects of _A. muricata_ leaf aqueous extract on the glomerular diameter in Wistar rats induced by a diet of high-fat and high-fructose (dyslipidemia condition). In contrast to our findings, [PERSON] reported a reduction in the glomerular diameter of the right kidney following the administration of water extract of _A. muricata_ leaves (200 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW) in Wistar rats with DM [36]. Dyslipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by increased total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and reduced HDL levels. DM is a common cause of dyslipidemia [37]. Our findings are different from the research conducted by [PERSON] et al., which examined the effects of other herbs, cowpea (_Vigna ungiculata_), on the microscopic features of diabetic kidneys. They found an improvement in the diameter of the glomerulus in diabetic mice. These effects may partly be due to antioxidant activities of vitamins C and E, which are also found in _A. muricata_[38]. The antioxidant effect in _A. muricata_ leaves can neutralize cellular oxidative stress in DM, which may lead to improved renal morphology [39; 40]. Thus, the increased oxidative stress in renal cells in DM can pathologically expand glomerular diameter [25; 41]. We examined several changes in renal morphology, including Bowman's space width of Swiss Webster mice with DM, following the administration of ethanol extract of _A. muricata_ leaves. Previous studies show that the ethanol extract of _A. muricata_ leaf has antidiabetic potential [24; 42]. The alterations in renal morphology, in particular a narrowing of Bowman's space width and a decrease in the necrotized renal glomerular in DM rats, are a sign of kidney structure refinement [43]. Treatment with ethanolic extract of _A. muricata_ showed improvement in diabetic rats. _A. muricata_ leaf ethanolic extract is considered a  
Figure 5: One-way ANOVA test results from some variables of left and right kidneys in the treatment mice groups. * \(p\) < 0.05 indicated significantly different results. LD-SLEE = low-dose ethanol extract of soursop leaf; MD-SLEE = medium-dose ethanol extract of soursop leaf; HD-SLEE = high-dose ethanol extract of soursop leaf. source of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. The alkaloid compound derivatives such as anonaine, cocal taurine, isolaureline, norcorydune, reticuline, and xylopine may contribute as antioxidants. Similarly, flavonoid derivatives such as clorogenic acid, isoquercetin, kaempferol, quercetin and rutin may have potential antioxidant acitivites. Terpene derivatives of some parts of soursop plants are effective as an antioxidant. It is also known to have antimicrobial and antitumor activities [28]. Hyperglycemia relates to an overproduction of ROS, which damages the mitochondria, causing cell death [39]. Oxidative stress due to excessive production of ROS can induce pathological alterations in renal morphology by narrowing Bowman's space width [44]. The SLEE treatment showed a reduction of Bowman's space width and this treatment dose is potential for repairing the damage in diabetic-induced mice. Some studies showed that a dose-dependent manner of _A. muricata_ extract enhanced the repairment of diabetic rodents [45; 46; 47]. This is due to the role of antioxidant substances in _A. muricata_ extracts, such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamins C and vitamin E [25; 41]. The antioxidant activity of _A. muricata_ can suppress ROS formation [25; 41; 44]. Therefore, _A. muricata_ leaf extract is expected to prevent complications of DM, in particular renal damage as in diabetic nephropathy, which is characterized by changes in kidney morphology, including narrowing of [PERSON]'s space width [25; 41; 44]. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) plays a role in the reabsorption of urine.