## 3 Results
### Hempeseed Screenings Bioprocessing  
#### 3.2.1 Hempseed Screenings Bioprocessing Treatments Increased the Solubility of Dietary Fibre (NSP)  
The insoluble NSP in the raw hempseed screenings (Table 2) is mainly composed of 7.01% xylose, 4.46% glucose, 0.86% arabinose, 0.48% galactose, and 3.10% uronic acid, which suggested the existence of pectin and hemicellulose fractions (such as xylan, xyloglucan, arabinoxplan, and galactoxyglolcan). Insoluble fibres are dominant in hempseeds, consisting of approximately cellulose (46%), lignin (31%), and hemicellulose (22%) [36]. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that hempseed hulls were almost entirely dominated by xylose (99.65%), with a limited amount of rhannose, glucose, arabinose, and galactose [37]. The soluble NSP in the raw hempseed screenings is mainly composed of 0.08% arabinose, 0.06% galactose, 0.06% uronic acid, 0.04% glucose, and 0.04% fucose, as well as a low amount of 0.03% xylose. This indicates that uronic acid-containing polysaccharides such as glucurono-arabinogalactan are probably the major type of soluble NSP. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Proximate**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Amino Acids Composition**} \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Composition**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Content (\%)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**EAA 2**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Content (\%)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Non-EAA 3**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Content (\%)**} \\ \hline dry matter & 94.32 \(\pm\) 0.13 & tryptophan & 3.83 & glutamic acid & 3.02 \\ ash & 4.47 \(\pm\) 0.01 & leucine & 1.21 & aspartic acid & 2.03 \\ protein & 20.15 \(\pm\) 0.11 & valine & 0.88 & arginine & 1.91 \\ total fat & 25.06 \(\pm\) 0.22 & phenylalanine & 0.85 & serine & 0.95 \\ total carbohydrate & 8.27 \(\pm\) 0.14 & isoleucine & 0.71 & glycine & 0.79 \\ total starch & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0 & threonine & 0.71 & proline & 0.77 \\resistant starch & n.d. 4 & histidine & 0.67 & alanine & 0.76 \\ total NSP 1 & & lysine & 0.67 & cysteine acid 1 & 0.52 \\ -Insoluble & 16.46 \(\pm\) 0.86 & methionine & 0.27 & tyrosine & 0.42 \\ -Soluble & 0.32 \(\pm\)0.05 & & cysteine & 0.20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{1}\) NSP means non-starch polysaccharides. 2 EAA means essential amino acid. 3 non-EAA means nonessential amino acid. 4 n.d. means not detected (i.e., below the detection level).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Proximate composition and amino acids composition of the raw hempseed screenings (% _w/w_). The values are expressed as g/100 g dry weight \(\pm\) SD (standard deviation). Interestingly, both the first and second bioprocessing treatments effectively decreased the content of insoluble NSP and increased the content of soluble NSP (Table 2). After the first bioprocessing, using enzyme mixture I (EM_1) resulted in the lowest content of insoluble NSP (14.32%) and the highest content of soluble NSP (0.58%). After the second bioprocessing using EM_2, the lowest content of insoluble NSP (11.96%) was observed, followed by EC+BY_2 (12.50%) and EC_2 (12.87%). Meanwhile, after treatment with EC_2, the highest content of soluble NSP (0.52%) was obtained, followed by EC+BY_2 (0.48%) and EM_2 (0.46%) treatments. This suggests that the second bioprocessing was most suitable for the solubilization of hemicellulose compared to the first bioprocessing, and the combination of enzymatic and fermentation treatments was more capable of depolymerizing the cell wall compared to fermentation alone. Regarding the monosaccharides composition of insoluble NSP (Table 2), the first and second bioprocessing consistently decreased the content of glucose, arabinose, galactose, and uronic acid. Specifically, the second bioprocessing effectively decreased the content of glucose for insoluble NSP compared to the first bioprocessing, while the glucose content of the insoluble NSP was similar after treatment with EC_2 with cellulase (3.25%), EM_2 without cellulase (3.17%), and EC+BY_2 (3.05%).