## 4 Discussion
Furthermore, this effect is not related to dietary sugars but to all macronutrients, which do not differ in their effect on body weight [32; 33]. Obesity is a concern especially for children, because infant obesity can be a risk factor for obesity [34] and cardiometabolic diseases in adults [35]. The Greco study conducted on children (aged 10-12 years) showed anthropometric characteristics (i.e., BMI, body weight, waist and hip circumferences, waist-to-height and waist-to-hip ratios) did not differ between children who exceed or respect the WHO 10% free sugars recommendation [16]. Again, in children and adolescents, an Australian study showed that the absolute intakes of most micronutrients were not significantly different between participants who exceed or respect the 10% free sugars recommendation. Only those with an FS intake of greater than 20% of total energy intake were less likely to meet the NRVs of more than half of the required micronutrients [36]. Regarding food groups, \"cakes and pastries\" and fruit juices were in the top three of the main FS contributors in both adults and children and adolescents. For children and adolescents, soft drinks were also mentioned, and \"sugary products\" were mentioned for adults. For children and adolescents, many of whom exceed the threshold, the French agency ANSES specifically recommends reducing the sugary drinks and cakes and pastriesfrequently consumed as an afternoon snack at first. Some countries--for example, the US [37] or Canada [38]--do not use the WHO definition of free sugars but prefer to use the term \"added sugars\". The major difference between added and free sugars is in fruit juices. It can be noted that, in Europe, most fruit juices are 100% pure juice and do not contain added sugars, according to the regulations. Only nects can contain added sugars, but they represent only a minority of the French market. However, 100% fruit juice could also by a risk factor for body weight gain in children, if consumed in amounts of approximately 200 mL/day [39], and therefore are part of current public health debates. Time and age trends in FS intake (%E) from food contributors were analyzed in Germany in children and adolescents (3 to 18-year-olds) between 1985 and 2016 [40, 41]. FS intake from juices increased between 1985 and 2005, contributing largely to the increase in total FS intake in this time. Since 2005, FS intake from juices and SSB as well as FS from sugar and sweets among girls started to decline. FS intake from dairy products only decreased from 2010 onwards, hence explaining the notable decrease in total FS intake since 2010. While FS intake from different food groups declined, especially in recent years, overall FS intakes continue to exceed the recommendations of 10% TEI in children and adolescents but have decreased since 2005. The study has some strengths and limitations. One strength of the current study is that it was carried out in four successive phases to control for seasonal differences in intake (November-December, January-February, March-April, May-August), during each of which approximately a quarter of the participants were included. Moreover, the seven-day food record method used to obtain intake data during the whole week and the current study has a large, nationally representative sample. A potential limitation of the present design is the fact that participants were recruited as members of households, which may have decreased the variability of dietary responses. Another point to note is the existence of underreporting in the survey, which may affect the results of this analysis. Even if underreporters have been excluded from their energy intake regarding the estimated energy requirements, underreporting is a well-known phenomenon for food items with a negative health image such as sugary foods [42] and could also not be systematically excluded in the current study. Furthermore, socioeconomic status was not addressed as in previous studies, which also used CCAF surveys [43].