## 3 Results and Discussion
### Moisture Penetration  
#### 3.3.1 WDR Spell Identification  
The five periods of time selected for Lisbon, i.e., near past (NP), near future (NF), and far future (FF) for scenario RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, were assessed in order to identify the respective wind-driven rain (WDR) spells. For this purpose, the methodology described in EN ISO 15927-3 [27] and BS 8104 [28] was followed. Note that the WDR spells are dependent on the orientation of the walls, so for this study, the worst-case scenario was adopted for each climate, i.e., the orientation with the highest WDR load, which is considerably dependent on the wind patterns. The selected orientation for NP was north; for RCP 4.5, in the NF, it was northeast and west for the FF, while for RCP 8.5, in the NF, it was northwest and southwest for FF. The tested assembly was the exterior lime mortared (15 mm) with brick layer (220 mm) assembly. Figure 13 shows the number of WDR spells for each of the five selected periods as well as the respective annual precipitation. In addition to the total number of spells, four magnitudes of spells, in accordance with their respective total spell precipitation, were determined in order to identify the periods most prone to moisture penetration, i.e., total spell precipitation above 5, above 10, above 15, and above 20 L/(m\({}^{2}\)h). In general, it is visible that in the future, a greater number of WDR spells are expected (Figure 13, green cross markers), although a decrease in the precipitation is also expected for most of the studied future periods when compared with the near past (Figure 13, black circle markers). The exceptions are FF for RCP 4.5, which has slightly higher precipitation, and NF for RCP 8.5, which has the same number of total WDR spells as NP. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Case**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**U\({}_{\text{T}}\)/U\({}_{\text{S}}\) (\%)**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & & **Zurich** & **Essen** & **San Francisco** & **Lisbon** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} SC \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} 5.9 \\ \end{tabular} } & 5.9 & 15.8 & 14.0 & 19.4 \\ \cline{3-5}  & & L & 4.5 & 14.3 & 8.4 & 13.2 \\ \cline{2-5}  & & LC & 5.2 & 17.0 & 5.4 & 4.8 \\ \cline{2-5}  & & C & 2.1 & 5.6 & 3.7 & 0.9 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Plaster \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} L \\ \end{tabular} } & 6.4 & 16.6 & 14.5 & 20.1 \\ \cline{2-5}  & & LC & 6.6 & 17.6 & 15.2 & 21.7 \\ \cline{2-5}  & & C & 6.6 & 18.5 & 15.8 & 24.3 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Render and Plaster \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} L \\ \end{tabular} } & 4.9 & 15.0 & 8.7 & 13.7 \\ \cline{2-5}  & & LC & 5.8 & 18.7 & 5.8 & 5.4 \\ \cline{2-5}  & & C & 2.3 & 6.0 & 3.8 & 1.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Thermal transmittance in steady-state (U\({}_{\text{S}}\)) and in transient conditions (U\({}_{\text{T}}\)) relation in % (U\({}_{\text{T}}\)/U\({}_{\text{S}}\)) for each of the tested wall assemblies in each of the four simulated climates. However, the same conclusion is not drawn for the higher total spell precipitation spells. For above 5 L/(m\({}^{2}\)h) spells, the number is very similar for the five analysed periods except for FF for RCP 4.5, which has more three spells than NP (Figure 13, red asterisk markers). For above 10 L/(m\({}^{2}\)h) spells, the RCP 4.5 periods have one to two more spells than NP, and the RCP 8.5 periods have one less spell than NP (Figure 13, orange square markers). For above 15 L/(m\({}^{2}\)h) spells, the periods in the FF for both scenarios have the same number of WDR spells as NP, but for the NF periods, they have one less spell (Figure 13, grey diamond markers). For above 20 L/(m\({}^{2}\)h) spells, the number is the same as the NP for all selected periods with the exception of NF for RCP 8.5, which has one less spell (Figure 13, blue cross markers).