## 2 Theoretical Framework
### Data and Methodological Approaches
#### 3.2.2 Structural Analysis  
Next, _structural analysis_ is used to determine composition of the MIS, mapping the network, stakeholders, institutions, and materiality. From the 95 projects that were analyzed in the first step, 36 cases were selected that were in the last phase of the PLABERUM process and where documents from all phases of the PLABERUM process were available. Five cases were chosen for further in-depth investigation--one from each district, namely North, East, Southeast, South and Centrum, and West and New-West (DGO, 2021). In total, 20 relevant stakeholders within the five cases were interviewed through semi-structured interviews. This began with two experts--an Urban Advisor and the Coordinator Sustainability and Sustainable Urban Development--who were interviewed about the general structure of the system around SUD projects. After each interview, the snowballing sampling method was deployed to identify other most-relevant stakeholders of the project, which led to 18 additional stakeholder interviews, comprised of the eight different types of stakeholders shown in Table 1 below. While the DGO of each of the five districts was interviewed, other stakeholder types were identified based on their relevance to that particular project. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**District**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **East** & **North** & **South** & **Southeast** & **West** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **East** & **North** & **South** & **Southeast** & **West** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **East** & **North** & **South** & **Southeast** & **West** \\ \cline{2-6}  
The interview questionnaire was drafted, starting from a theoretical basis and together with assistance from the experts Urban Advisor and the Coordinator Sustainability and Sustainable Urban Development, and is available upon request because of its length. As an example, questions on structural components of the MIS included the following:  
1. Who are the stakeholders? (A stakeholder is any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the sustainability ambitions of the Municipality of Amsterdam for SUD.) 2. Which stakeholders are directly involved and actively engaged in the exploration phase of the PLABERUM process of SUD projects? 3. Which stakeholders are the most interdependent and how? 4. How do politics influence the development of SUD projects? 5. Which regulations have the most impact on the dynamics between the stakeholders? 6. Are there differences between the PLABERUM phases? 7. What do you expect to be barriers for achieving the sustainability ambitions of the Municipality of Amsterdam? 8. What factors or actors allow them to obtain the best sustainable results and what factors or actors constrain them and why? Questions on achieving sustainability in SUD included:
9. How did you experience the implementation of the sustainability ambitions throughout the PLABERUM phases? 10. What directly hinders you from incorporating sustainability solutions in urban development? 11. In which PLABERUM phase did this barrier come up? 12. What are drivers when incorporating sustainability solutions in urban development? 13. In which PLABERUM phase did this driver come up? 14. What can the municipality do to stimulate the uptake of the sustainability ambitions in SUD projects? 15. What do you think about the standardizing the process of the development and application of the sustainability criteria? In analyzing the interviews, first-order codes were derived from a number of diagnostic questions from TIS literature, with secondary codes emerging during the open coding process, resulting in 121 unique codes. Each interview was coded by a single researcher, and new codes were added to a shared document for cross-referencing. Axial coding was subsequently carried out using a merging of all the coded transcripts, allowing for the identification of relationships among the open codes and providing a conceptual overview. Next, the core variables were named and relating codes were identified via selective coding.