## 3 Results and Discussion
From the system, Figure 8  
Figure 6: Emissions contributed to the ‘Climate Change Human Health’ impact category (damage assessment/excluding long-term emissions). Figure 7: Elements released in the air contributed to the ‘Particulate matter formation’ impact category (damage assessment/excluding long-term emissions). depicts the substances that contributed to human toxicity assessment. Water/barium dominated more than half of the portion with the index of \(8.93\times 10^{-7}\) DALY, and air/iodin, 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorolibenzo-p-was the next largest slice of \(4.37\times 10^{-7}\) DALY per 1 kg of containers. Barium enters the air during refining processes and coal and oil combustion, and its compounds that dissolve in water can be harmful to human health. Extraordinarily large amounts of barium that are water-soluble may cause paralysis and even death [45]. Nevertheless, the common amount of barium found in food and water is typically low and not harmful to human health. Workers in the barium-related industry have a higher risk of barium exposure [45]. While iodin, 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorolibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is produced from burning or heating of commercial, and it might affect the reproductive system when excessively exposed [46]. Lymphoma and stomach cancer are also associated with exposure to large amounts of materials contaminated with TCDD. Ozone depletion had the lowest contribution to human health damage assessment. Figure 9 shows the results of the ozone depletion damage assessment of the system for takeout food containers made of SPF-reinforced sago starch composite. Earth's stratospheric ozone layer losses to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances, such as greenhouse gases (N\({}_{2}\)O and CH\({}_{4}\)) [47]. Depletion of stratospheric ozone leads to an increase of ultraviolet radiation on the Earth's surface and affects human health, such as skin cancer (melanoma), eye cancers (cornea and conjunctiva), and affecting immunity and causing infection [48]. From the results, air/methane, tetrachloro-, CFC-10 contributed the most with \(4.04\times 10^{-10}\) DALY, followed by air/methane, bromotrifluoro-, halon 13012, air/ethane,1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-, CFC-114, and air/methane bromochlorofluoro-, Halon 1211 with metrics of \(2.98\times 10^{-10}\) DALY, \(2.33\times 10^{-10}\) DALY, and \(1.74\times 10^{-10}\) DALY per 1 kg of containers, respectively. All substances emitted from the system analyzed were less than 0.00001 DALY. Figure 8: Substances impacting human toxicity analyzed from 1 kg of SPF-reinforced sago starch composite takeout food containers. Climate change contributed to a significant share in the destruction of the ecosystem [49]. Global warming led to increased temperatures, sea levels, and ocean acidity, which disrupt the ecosystem's natural balance [50]. Biodiversity is defined as \"the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems\" [49]. In the analysis, the unit used to measure the ecosystem damage is species.year (species.yr. ), which is approximately any species extinction estimated over time. Contributions of each impact category to the total ecosystem damage (species.yr) are shown in Figure 10. The climate change ecosystem impact category contributed to 95% of the total ecosystem damage. The other impact categories were extremely low and can be assumed not impacting the total ecosystem damage (species.yr). Figure 10: Contribution of each impact category to the total ecosystem damage (species.yr) of 1 kg of SPF-reinforced sago starch composite takeout food container. Figure 9: Ozone depletion damage assessment of 1 kg of SPF-reinforced sago starch composite takeout food container (damage assessment/excluding long-term emissions/cut off 1%).