esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electrochemical Measurement
The semicircle at the high-to-medium frequency domain describes the resistance of the cathode surface film (R\({}_{\text{sf}}\)) and the corresponding constant phase element (C\({}_{\text{sf}}\)), while the semicircle at the low frequency range reflects the charge transfer resistance of electrochemical reactions (R\({}_{\text{ct}}\)) and the corresponding constant phase element (C\({}_{\text{ct}}\)). R\({}_{\text{s}}\) stands for the resistance of circuit elements (electrolyte, current collectors, electrode leads, etc. ), and L for the inductance of the current collector and cable in the circuit. Warburg impedance (W) describes semi-infinite linear diffusion [17]. The equivalent circuit in Figure 7b was used to fit the EIS data, and the results are shown in Table 3, where \(\chi^{2}\) is the deviation  
Figure 5: Comparison of rate capability between pristine and SiO\({}_{2}\)-coated NMC622. indicator. Because the SiO\({}_{2}\) coating layer is electrically isolating, a slightly higher R\({}_{\rm sf}\) in the SiO\({}_{2}\)-coated NMC622 is seen. It is obvious that the second semicircle, charge transfer resistance, contributes the major part of the total impedance. Specifically, in pristine NMC622 material, the surface degradation due to the formation of thicker SEI leads to a higher resistance to ionic diffusion, which affects the insertion/extraction Li-ions. It could also explain the reduced discharge potential plateau in the above charge-discharge curve (Figure 6). Totally, the resistance of SiO\({}_{2}\) coated NMC622 did not increase, that confirms the conclusions drawn from the rate capability test (Figure 5). Figure 6: Cycling performance of electrode from pristine and SiO\({}_{2}\)-coated NMC622: (**a**) Capacity retention, and the charge–discharge curve of (**b**) pristine NMC622 and (**c**) SiO\({}_{2}\)-coated NMC622. The arrows show the discharge potential plateau decreasing. Figure 7: EIS measurements of the pristine and SiO\({}_{2}\)-coated NMC622: (**a**) Nyquist plots of both samples after 700 cycles and the fitting results; (**b**) the applied equivalent circuit model [17].
# Protective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Djulis Hull on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury
## 3 Results
### Effects of EEDH Pretreatment on IND-Induced Changes in Gastric Mucosal Histopathology  
From the observation of the appearance of the stomach, it was shown that oral administration of IND caused obvious damage to the gastric mucosa. We further examined the general overview of mouse gastric tissue structure by H&E staining for histopathological evaluation. It has been illustrated in the Figure 2A that mice in the control group had intact gastric mucosal tissue and normal distribution of submuc, whereas those in the IND group showed severe damage in the gastric epithelial cells, decreased and arranged disorderly in the mucosal glands, and significant inflammatory edema in the submucosal layer (Figure 2B). Different preadministration doses of EEDH (200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg)  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Ulcer Area (mm2)** & **Protective Index (\%)** \\ \hline Control & 0 & – \\ IND & 2.7 \(\pm\) 0.9 * & – \\ EEDH200 + IND & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.3 * & 67 \\ EEDH500 + IND & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.3 ** & 80 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The ulcer area was quantified by using Image J. Data are expressed as means \(\pm\) SD (\(n\) = 8). \({}^{\bullet}\)_p_ \(<\) 0.05 compared with control group. \({}^{\bullet}\)_p_ \(<\) 0.05 and \({}^{\bullet}\)_p_ \(<\) 0.01 compared with IND-treated group. Protective index (\(\%\)) = [(Uker area\({}_{\text{IND group}}-\) Ulcer area\({}_{\text{EDH1 group}}\))/Uicer area\({}_{\text{IND group}}\)] \(\times\) 100\(\%\).  
\end{table}
Table 1: Effects of EEDH on gastric ulcer area and protective index in mice treated with IND.  
Figure 1: Representative gross gastric images of mice. (**A**) Control group; (**B**) IND group, treated with IND (120 mg/kg); (**C**) EEDH200 group, treated with EEDH (200 mg/kg) + IND (120 mg/kg); (**D**) EEDH500 group, treated with EEDH (500 mg/kg) + IND (120 mg/kg). Mice were administered dose of EEDH orally for 21 consecutive days. 120 mg/kg of IND was then given orally to mice on the last day of experiment and sacrificed 6 h later. The gastric tissue of mice was harvested and photographed. The arrows showed in the figure depict bleeding ulcers.  
revealed protective effects via ameliorating the damage of stomach epithelium and the submucosal edema in mice (Figure 2C,D). Gastric mucosal damage and submucosal edema were the least in mice in the EEDH500 group, suggesting that EEDH pretreatment could reduce gastric mucosal damage in mice in a dose-dependent manner.
# Semantic Matching Based on Semantic Segmentation and Neighborhood Consensus
## 4 Experiments
### Quantitative Results  
The PF-PASCAL benchmark [9] is built from the PASCAL VOC 2011 dataset [44] and contains 20 categories and a total of more than 1300 image pairs. These images are annotated with keypoints, which are used for network training and the evaluation of semantic matching performance. The PF-PASCAL dataset is divided into three subsets, namely training set, validation set, and test set. We trained the proposed model on the training set and used the test set to test the matching performance. To verify the domain adaptability of the model, we applied the trained model to the PF-WILLOW dataset [23]. The PF-WILLOW dataset consists of 900 image pairs.  
To quantitatively evaluate the semantic matching performance, we use the percentage of correct keypoints (PCK) as the metric. Specifically, we first map the keypoints in the target image to the source image according to estimated semantic correspondences, then calculate the Euclidean distance between the estimated keypoint and the real keypoint in the source image. If the distance is less than \(\alpha\cdot\max(h,w)\), where \(h\) and \(w\) are height and width of the image or the bounding box, then the estimated keypoint is considered accurate. The formula of PCK is as follows:  
\[\text{PCK}=\frac{1}{N_{p}}\sum_{(p_{s},p_{t})\in\mathcal{P}}\mathbf{1}[d(p_{s},\mathcal{T}_{t\to s}(p_{t}))\leq\alpha\cdot\max(h,w)], \tag{9}\]  
where \(N_{p}\) is the number of keypoint pairs \((p_{s},p_{t})\) on an image pair, and \(\mathcal{T}_{t\to s}\) is the estimated matching field from the target image to the source image. The larger the PCK value, the more keypoints with correct matching. The final PCK of a benchmark is evaluated by averaging PCKs of all input image pairs.  
Table 1 shows the quantitative experimental results. It can be seen that on the PF-PASCAL dataset, our method has a higher PCK than other semantic matching methods, indicating the superior performance of our algorithm. On the PF-WILLOW dataset, our method also obtains higher PCK values than other algorithms.
## 5 Discussion
### Significance of Hydrocarbon Exploration
#### 5.2.4 Hydrocarbon Accumulation Potential  
Through the analysis of drilling data from nine wells in the Xisha sea area and the detailed interpretation of nearly 2000 km of high-precision seismic data, the results show that the Miocene reefs and carbonate platforms in the Xisha waters are widely distributed and large in scale. During the process of development, as the relative sea level declined, the area experienced multiple periods of exposure and infiltration. The secondary porosity of the carbonate rocks further increased, providing a prerequisite for the formation of high-quality reservoirs. For the accumulation system, the source rock is crucial. Currently, the study area mainly consists of two sets of source rocks: Eocene lacustrine mudstone, and Oligocene half-enclosed marine mudstone, which are mainly distributed in the Huaguang Sag of the Qiongdongnan Basin and the northern Zhongjiannan Basin [16; 33]. Since the Late Miocene, the region has experienced a rapid heat sink. During this period, large amounts of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion began [33; 34; 39]. The generated oil and gas began to migrate vertically and laterally on a large scale by communicating with the sequence's Paleogene faults, unconformities, and internal transport layers. The oil and gas accumulated in traps at the edges of the Miocene carbonate platform. The reef is the primary trap type at the platform's edge, and it developed in multiple phases as the platform's edge gradually migrated to the higher sections of the structure, as shown in Figure 13. The mudstones of the overlying Huangliu Formation and Yinggehai-Ledong Formation are 500-1500 m thick. The very thick mudstone formation provides good cap-rock conditions for the preservation of oil and gas reservoirs and generates large displacement pressure, resulting in the formation of an abnormal overpressure system within the Miocene strata, which is conducive to the migration of oil and gas. In summary, the organic reefs in the Xisha waters close to the edge of the depression platform have formed a typical accumulation model characterized by \"lower generation, and upper accumulation\".
## 3 Case of Study
### Field Exposure Conditions  
The geomembrane was installed in Brazil in a location with a temperate climate, with an average annual temperature of around 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C and a rainfall rate of approximately 1400 mm/year. The average altitude is 650 m above sea level. In this region, summer (December-March) is marked by high temperatures and precipitation. Winter (June-September) is marked by lower temperatures, as well as lower amounts of precipitation. The highest UV index values are observed in spring (September-December), and the lowest values are seen in autumn (March-June). Despite these variations, the UV index value appears to remain stable throughout the months of the year, averaging around 5. Figures 2-4 show graphs characterizing the climate of the exposure site, representing the variation in the average values of the lowest and highest temperatures measured by the local meteorological station in each month; the precipitation; the UV index; and sun h/month over a 1-year period.  
In addition to being exposed to weathering from climatic conditions, samples 2 and 3 of the geomembrane were alternately exposed to chemical weathering caused by contact with the tailings from gold mining deposited in the reservoir.  
Following extraction from the original mine, the run of mine (ROM) material is conveyed to the beneficiation plant, where the gold recovery process is initiated. This process comprises several key stages, including crushing, separation, gravity concentration, cyanide leaching, gold recovery, and the production of tailings. Additionally, the facility employs an industrial effluent treatment system to facilitate water reuse. The leaching  
Figure 1: Schematic layout of the tailing dam showing the locations where the evaluated samples were exhumed.  
Figure 2: Variation in average monthly air temperatures over a 1-year period at the sample exposure site.  
process employs cyanide to enhance gold recovery, leading to the storage of cyanide tailings in a line dam due to their hazardous classification.  
The tailings contained in the dam have levels of arsenic, iron, and sulfate significantly above the maximum permissible limits [69], indicating high potential for contamination. The cyanide value is slightly above the limit. The pH value indicates a slightly alkaline solution. Table 1 displays the levels of these constituents in the mining tailings compared to the maximum values from the standard [69].
# Virtual Synchronous Machine Control of RES Plants in Isolated Power Systems
## 5 Conclusions  
Using VSC with a swing controller and VCC with two different options for the RC on RES-based generators has been demonstrated to have mutual advantages in normal and faulty operation for small isolated power systems. The proposed VSM model allows for the implementation of virtual inertia and damping in the isolated grid, also improving grid stability in the presence of extremely severe fault situations such as those represented by the phase-to-phase fault. In the simulations performed for the Island of Pantelleria in the Mediterranean Sea, the transients of the active power output of the VSC and of the voltage at the PCC have been observed. The study shows how the value of the SCR can influence the behavior of the VSC. Moreover, the acceptable level of grid power quality has been ensured via harmonic analysis of the PCC voltage. The precise design of different stages of the proposed model is required to maximize the benefits gained in both the static and dynamic behavior of the isolated grids.  
The performed study is useful for setting the parameters of the VSM control of VSCs in small islands not supplied by the main power transmission grid; however, this is only a first step of a more complex process for fostering the penetration of RESs in small islands.  
Indeed, some other aspects must be considered before transformation towards a 100% RES-based generation system can be achieved. For example, there is still a lack of research in the determination of the required amount of power from VSC with VSM control that can be installed without creating a stability issue in the grid due to the interactions between converters. This study has been already started and is partially presented in [11], and will be the next important step in the current research on VSM application to small island power systems.  
Conceptualization, M.A.N.N. and G.Z.; methodology, S.F.; validation, G.Z. and J.A.S.; formal analysis, J.A.S. and M.A.N.N.; writing--original draft preparation, M.A.N.N. and G.Z.; writing--review and editing, J.A.S. and S.F.; supervision, S.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The present work was realized in the framework of the Research Cooperation Agreement between the Engineering Department of the University of Palermo and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Birzeit University, for the project DGWG (Distributed Generation integration in Weak Grids).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Synthetic Approaches to 1,3,4-Oxadiazole-Containing Boronic Derivatives
## 2 General Approaches for the Synthesis of Organoboron Derivatives
### Method B: Miyaura Borylation  
Miyaura borylation is a well-established method for the synthesis of boronic esters, developed by the research group of [PERSON] (Scheme 2). It involves the cross-coupling of bis(pinacolato)diboron (B\({}_{2}\)(pin)\({}_{2}\)) with aryl or vinyl halides at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This method offers several advantages, particularly its mild reaction conditions (e.g., high functional group tolerance, temperature up to 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, without highly reactive organometallic bases), which are beneficial for the preparation of boronic esters that are not accessible through traditional lithium- or Grignard-based borylation approaches. Furthermore, the Miyaura borylation exhibits a broad substrate scope and wide functional group tolerance [13; 14].  
Figure 5: Application of 1,3,4-oxadiazole boronic acid derivatives in materials science and medicinal chemistry fields.  
The role and importance of reaction components in the Miyaura borylation were defined by [PERSON] in 1995 and have remained largely unchanged since then. Potassium acetate (AcOK), a weak base, is widely recognized as the optimal choice, providing high yields and selectivity. Employing stronger bases, such as K\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4}\) and K\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\), can lead to side reactions, such as competitive coupling of the boronic ester with the aryl halide, resulting in undesired Suzuki reaction products. The reaction proceeds more rapidly in polar solvents, with DMSO generally exhibiting the highest reactivity, followed by DMF, dioxane, and toluene. Furthermore, Pd(dppf)Cl\({}_{2}\) has proven to be the most effective catalyst [13].
# In-the-Loop Simulation Experiment of Aero-Engine Fault-Tolerant Control Technology
###### Abstract  
Aeroengines are prone to failure due to their large range of working envelopes and bad working environments. Fault diagnosis and a fault-tolerant control strategy for aeroengines and control systems are important means to improve the reliability of aeroengine. In this article, the turbofan engine is taken as the research object, and the fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control of an aeroengine control system are studied. First, based on the principle of component-level modeling and the algorithm of the extended Kalman filter, an adaptive turbofan model is established, and the adaptive effect of the model in the range of the full envelopment is verified by digital simulation. Next, based on the analytical redundancy provided by the adaptive model, sensor fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control are studied. The low-voltage speed closed-loop control and EPR closed-loop control are designed, and the sensor fault-tolerant control based on analytic redundancy and the switching control rate is studied. The simulation results show that the filter based on the adaptive model can accurately locate and diagnose the sensor faults, and the sensor fault-tolerance based on the analytic redundancy and switching control rate can be effective fault tolerance for the sensor faults. Finally, as a hardware platform, this article selects MC203 VxWorks as an embedded system, the adaptive model for a turbofan engine as the research object, and has carried on the fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control in the loop simulation experiment research; the experimental results show that the adaptive model can provide accurate analytical redundancy, and the real-time and fault tolerance of sensor fault effect is better.  
turbofan engine; airborne adaptive model; extended Kalman filter; fault-tolerant control; performance degradation; object in loop
## 1 Introduction
In response to the problems mentioned above, a novel framework is developed in this work, namely trajectory prediction with attention-based spatial-temporal graph convolutional networks (TPASTGCN). In our scheme, the multi-agent interaction mechanisms of vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-traffic rules are carefully highlighted and effectively learned by a united graph, and they are proven to contribute significantly to the enhancement of the model performance. To capture the spatial dependencies of traffic networks with higher accuracy, the spatial GCN and the temporal GCN are utilized to construct a hierarchical structure. Additionally we embed the attention mechanisms, which help to focus on the vital information, into the GCN to learn the heterogeneous interaction relationships raised above. Moreover, we utilize a gated recurrent unit (GRU) encoder to extract and refine thescene context over time. This enables us to seamlessly incorporate both GCN and GRU networks into a unified feature extraction module. Ultimately, we leverage another GRU network to predict future potential trajectories with high fidelity yet low computational overhead.The key contributions of our work are highlighted below. * The interdependent correlations of the interactions between vehicles and traffic rules in trajectory prediction problems are elaborated for the first time in our work. To further address the issue of data heterogeneity from diverse or varied sources, we also provide an innovative solution to transfer the time-series data of traffic rules into the spatial-temporal ones and produce a homogeneous joint graph along with trajectory data, which provides a fresh idea for the self-driving vehicle to predict the trajectory of nearby vehicles more accurately. * The interactive intensities between agents are effectively learned and distinguished. We introduce an attention mechanism to learn about discrepancies in multi-agent interactions, which impels the graph dynamic in the spatial domain with growing learning ability. In such a way, we boost the model performance in capturing the spatial-temporal dependencies combined with the higher efficiency of GCN and GRU, which is conducive to the improvement of the prediction precision. * A novel framework is developed for trajectory anticipation. It integrates the multi-agent interaction mechanisms and the scene context. Based on the real-world dataset tests, the effectiveness and superiority of our proposal have been verified through quantitative and qualitative analyses. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides the related works that investigate the vehicle trajectory prediction. Section 3 states the framework of the proposed proposal. The method is described in Section 4, and in Section 5, we present experimental results based on a real-world dataset and discuss their implications. Lastly, we summarize the contributions and future directions of our research in Section 6.
# Methodology and Results of Detailed 3D Seismic Exploration in the Zhezkazgan Ore District
## 1 Introduction
However, mining-related seismic explorations are also extremely relevant given the nuances of occurrence of deep ore targets [22,23]. According to the authors of [24,25], the most crucial objectives of ore seismic exploration are as follows:  
* The improvement of methods for field and borehole seismic observations;
* The establishment of dedicated systems for the digital processing and interpretation of seismic data to address ore geology issues;
* The adaptation of numerous currently available technologies for the interpretation of composite wave fields using task-oriented geodata systems for ore horizon modeling and spatial tracking [26,27]. Taking into account the abovementioned points, the objective of this study is to perform sophisticated geological and geophysical modeling with extensive use of seismic exploration data in experimental areas of the Zhezkazgan ore region. The following stages were followed:  
* Obtaining high-resolution time and depth migration seismic data in the time and buildup velocity models using a combination of modern procedures for digital processing of seismic events;* Creating a seismic model that delineates zones of alteration in elastic properties (amplitude, frequency, etc.) associated with geological heterogeneity and the zones of mineralization of copper sandstones;
* Conducting structural and dynamic interpretations of seismic data and creating a seismogeological model of copper mineralization in Zhezkazgan, including structural mapping of hidden promising ore areas, seismic facies analysis, delineation of ore-bearing rocks and the boundaries of ore deposits, and identification of ore-controlling tectonic faults associated with mineralization of the zones of decompression, crushing, and fracturing;
* Developing additional geophysical criteria and factors for identification and localization of copper mineralization and ore bodies of copper sandstones in Zhezkazgan for future planning and management of mining of raw minerals.