###### Abstract  
Preserving heritage sites is a complex challenge that requires multidisciplinary approaches, combining scientific accuracy with cultural and historical sensitivity. In alignment with UNESCO's conservation guidelines, this study investigated the airflow dynamics and wind-induced structural effects within ancient architecture using advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The study site was the Na Phra Meru Historical Temple in Ayutthaya, Thailand, where the shear stress transport \(k-\omega\) turbulence model was applied to analyze distinctive airflow patterns. A high-precision 3D computational domain was developed using Faro focus laser scanning technology, with the CFD results being validated based on onsite experimental data. The findings provided critical insights into the temple's ventilation behavior, revealing strong correlations between turbulence characteristics, wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity. Notably, the small slit windows generated complex flow mixing, producing a large internal recirculation zone spanning approximately 70% of the central interior space. In addition to airflow distribution, the study evaluated the aerodynamic forces and rotational moments acting on the structure based on five prevailing wind directions. Based on these results, winds from the east and northeast generated the highest aerodynamic loads and rotational stresses, particularly in the lateral and vertical directions. Overall, the findings highlighted the critical role of airflow and wind-induced forces in the deterioration and long-term stability of heritage buildings. The study demonstrated the value of integrating CFD, environmental data, and structural analysis to bridge the gap between conservation science and engineering practice. Future work will explore further the interactions between wall moisture and the multi-layered pigments in rural paintings to inform preservation practices. UNESCO; conservation; restoration; CFD; heritage; sustainability; environmental analysis 2020 IEEE/RSJ Web  
to variations in the environment over long periods means that the rate of damage to historical objects can accelerate. In archaeology, there is a continuous effort to develop new methods and technologies for preservation and more precise restoration, including new protection techniques, materials compatible with original ones, and advanced equipment for monitoring damage. However, some projects can only be implemented in specific areas due to cultural, material, expertise, and location differences. Techniques such as lime plaster consolidation, commonly used in European heritage conservation, may be unsuitable for heritage structures in Ayutthaya due to differences in tropical climate, elevated humidity levels, and the unique composition of laterite and traditional clay-based materials characteristic of Thai temples. In Thailand, traditional architecture dates back to the early Ayutthaya period, over 600 years ago. Many materials used in these structures are organic and specific to local sources. For example, the original compounds used in the Ayutthaya era may differ from those in the Sukhothai era, even though they have been sourced from the same region. This variation explains why certain globally applied preservation techniques may not be suitable for heritage objects in the Ayutthaya area. Similarly, traditional buildings in Ayutthaya, while different within the same region, require a clear understanding of basic airflow behavior before taking the next steps in conservation. Although published research from other areas may not be entirely applicable, it can provide a foundation for adapting conservation methods to suit specific purposes. The managers of heritage sites worldwide are well aware of the problem of global warming as a world issue to be addressed in preserving heritage, with UNESCO recommending reducing potential sources of deterioration [1].