# A Review of Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Process Security Risks
## 2 A Complete Paradigm Shift
### Definining Industry 4.0 in Context  
The previous sections have highlighted a new trend that is being increasingly observed in various industries. The fact that various technological platforms are brought together to function in an entirely new fashion that neither of the platforms were necessarily designed for, is what makes this new trend a paradigm shift and revolutionary.  
Industry 4.0 involves the integration of various technologies, particularly IoT technologies, into existing technologies used in the industrial manufacturing and production sectors [15; 16]. The integration of these technologies enables new possibilities in terms of manufacturing capabilities, industry productivity and efficiency. A key focus on the integration of these technologies is the concept of industrial value creation [15; 17; 18], to account for and react to various factors such as market volatility, innovative problem solving, competitor influence and competition. As a result, new trends in problem solving, collaboration and innovation start to emerge, such as global collaboration via the Internet to perform engineering and design work between teams across the globe [8; 9].  
With increased process efficiency and productivity being key drivers in the Industry 4.0 movement, the business models for industries and businesses will also be adapted to reap the maximum possible benefit [9].  
The large scale integration of technologies particularly involves the use of many sensors within a manufacturing or production environment. The constant analysis of data from these sensors to monitor the states of the equipment and processes involves the transmission of large amounts of data between systems, also known as \"big data\". Big data from these sensors can also be used to perform predictive maintenance of systems, improve system reliability and risk management [19; 20].  
Another definition for Industry 4.0 is the \"real-time, intelligent, horizontal, and vertical networking of people, machines, objects, and information and communication systems with the aim of dynamically controlling complex systems\" [17; 21]. Although this definition can be considered rather broad in scope, it essentially captures the thought of the interaction between humans and machines. Furthermore, with the Internet at the heart of the Industry 4.0 movement, there is essentially a bridging between the virtual world and the real world [15].  
Although there is a reference of interaction between humans and machines, there is also concern about the social and ethical impact that Industry 4.0 keeps in store. With industrial environments becoming increasingly automated, there is a very real possibility that jobs in the industrial manufacturing and production sectors will evolve into jobs with a focus more towards roles such as maintenance and production management instead of manual labor. This would mainly be due to machines that could perform hard-labor tasks at a scale that is not possible to be sustained by humans. This forms part of what is referred to as the \"Triple Bottom Line\" [22; 23] that considers the sustainability of industries and businesses in the context of the associated economic, environmental and social impacts. However, the consideration of these aspects is beyond the scope of this article.  
The adoption of new technologies always includes some measure of uncertainty and unknown aspects that are discovered as the adoption thereof progresses. This is particularly true for technologies where the Internet forms a key part of this technological interconnection, essentially exposing the technologies to the outside world, and within anyone's reach in terms of digital interconnectivity. As such, there are a number of security risks that must be considered to ensure that the integration and ultimate use of these technologies can be done in a secure manner. This article focuses on building a train of thought to identify such risks, and possible solutions to address these risks.