## 2 Smart Grids System
### Power Supply  
An electrical device transforms electricity (the proper voltage, current, and frequency) from a source to an electrical load [63]. This section describes the relationship between power and energy, and their management techniques; as seen in Equation (4) and (5). Both power and energy are defined in terms of the work that a system accomplishes. It is critical to understand the distinction between power and energy. A reduction in power consumption does not always imply a reduction in the amount of energy utilized. For example, reduce central processing units (CPU) performance by lowering voltage and frequency led to reduced power consumption. It may take longer to complete the program execution in this situation. The amount of energy consumed may not be reduced even with reducing power usage [64]. As explained in the next parts, energy consumption may decrease through implementing static power management (SPM), dynamic power management (DPM), or by combining the two solutions and services [65; 66]. Furthermore, electricity consumption may be divided into three categories:First: The energy consumed via parts of the system due to leaking electricity in the supplied technique is called SPM. It is unaffected by clock rates and does not rely on use situations dictated by the device type and architecture used in the service's CPU [67].  
Second: Dynamic power consumption (DPC): This type of energy usage is caused by device action and is largely influenced by clock rates, I/O traffic, and the utilization situation. DPC is caused by two factors: changed capacity and short circuit current [68,69]. To identify basic terms: Charge can be defined as the quantity of electricity responsible for electric phenomena in Coulombs (C). Current is defined as the passage of electric signals through a network for each component during a given period, measured in amperes (A), which is expressed in Equation (1) [70]. Voltage is the amount of effort or energy necessary to move an electric charge, measured in volts (V) and expressed in Equation (2). Power is the system's rate of work, measured in watts (W), described in Equation (3). Compute power is the element current multiplied by the element voltage, expressed in Equation (4). Energy is the entire quantity of tasks finished during a period of time, measured in watt-hours (WH), described in Equation (5).  
\[\text{a}=\frac{\Delta\text{c}}{\Delta\text{t}} \tag{1}\]  
where a is ampere, \(\Delta\text{c}\) is change of current and \(\Delta\text{t}\) is change of time.  
\[\text{v}=\frac{\Delta\text{w}}{\Delta\text{c}} \tag{2}\]  
where v is Volt and \(\Delta\text{w}\) is change of watt and \(\Delta\text{c}\) is change of current.  
\[\text{p}=\frac{\Delta\text{w}}{\Delta\text{t}} \tag{3}\]  
where p is power, \(\Delta\text{w}\) is change of watt, \(\Delta\text{t}\) is change of time.  
\[\text{P}=\frac{\Delta\text{w}}{\Delta\text{t}}=\frac{\Delta\text{c}}{\Delta \text{t}}*\frac{\Delta\text{w}}{\Delta\text{c}}=\text{a}*\text{v} \tag{4}\]  
via derivation and substitution of variables, \(\text{P}=\text{a}*\text{v}\)  
\[\text{E}\ =\ \text{P}*\Delta\text{t} \tag{5}\]  
where E stands for energy, P for power, and \(\Delta\text{t}\) stands for alteration of time.