esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Benchmark Testing and Performance Analysis of MRSO
### Experimental Configuration and Evaluation Methods
#### 5.1.3 Comparative Analysis with Wilcoxon and Friedman Methods  
Statistical tests are essential for determining the significance and robustness of results in optimization algorithm evaluation. The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test, a non-parametric method, compares two independent samples without assuming a normal distribution, making it suitable for performance metrics that do not follow typical distribution patterns. It calculates a \(p\)-value to indicate whether the differences in performance are statistically significant, with a \(p\)-value below 0.05 confirming the superiority of one algorithm over another [35; 36].  
The Friedman Mean Rank Method extends this comparative analysis to more than two algorithms across multiple datasets. By ranking the algorithms for each dataset and calculating average ranks, this method identifies significant differences in effectiveness, with lower ranks indicating better performance. Together, these tests provide a comprehensive framework for validating the performance of optimization algorithms, ensuring that observed differences are statistically meaningful and reliable across various datasets [36; 37].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Properties of Slag Cements (SCs) manufactured by 40% Slag
#### 3.3.3 Soundness (Expansion)  
The expansion values measured for the slag cements are presented Table 12. However, these values are higher than those of cements with 20% slag, they still remain well below the standard limit value of 10 mm. These encouraging results support that 40% slag content in the cement substituting clinker can take place without causing volume stability issues.
## 2 IMC with Synchronized Decoupled Controller
### Configuration Parameters  
The main configuration parameters of the developed controller include the input source parameters, PWM rectifier, PI controllers, and SPWM inverter. In this regard, the input source parameters refer to the three-phase input voltage supply (\(\mathbf{v}_{s_{abc}}\)) and three-phase input voltage supply (\(\mathbf{i}_{s_{abc}}\)), where the frequency of these inputs is 50 Hz. In addition, inductors \(\mathbf{L}_{s}\) of 5 mH and resistors (\(\mathbf{R}_{s}\)) of 5 \(\Omega\) are considered as the input filter of the charger, which is connected to the input of the next part of the charger (PWM rectifier). This rectifier consists of six switches of insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) transistors connected to and DC-link capacitor, where the output of this capacitor connected to the three-phase inverter (SWPM inverter). This inverter consists of six switches of IGBT transistors, where the output of each phase is connected at the middle of each inverter leg. The output of the comparators provides the gating pulses required for controlling the switching operation of all three legs in the inverter. The switching frequency applied for the PWM is set at 12 kHz. The charging process is performed by three PI controllers to control the input current and output voltage.  
Figure 6: The block diagram of synchronized decoupled controller with three proportional integral (PI) controllers.
## 3 Results
### Knowledge and/or Behaviour-Focused Interventions  
Interventions which had a focus on knowledge and behavioural changes formed a significant portion of the reviewed literature, with studies frequently employing structured nutrition and health education sessions aimed at fostering healthier eating habits among adolescents (\(n=15\)). These interventions frequently relied on established behavioural theories, including the social cognitive theory, transtheoretical model, and health belief model, to guide programme development and implementation [58; 76; 85; 86; 88; 100]. Theoretical underpinnings enabled a focus on elements such as knowledge acquisition, self-efficacy, goal setting, and behaviour modification. Sessions were typically classroom-based and tailored to the age group, aiming to make nutrition concepts accessible and relevant to students [70; 84]. A key advantage of education-based interventions is their ability to be incorporated into existing school curricula, making them logistically feasible and cost-effective [76]. The content covered ranged from basic nutritional knowledge such as understanding macronutrients and portion sizes to practical applications, such as meal planning and label reading [17; 74; 96; 101]. The duration of these interventions varied from a few weeks to several months, with more extended programs often showing greater impact [63; 70; 72; 74] with the exception of one study ([PERSON] et al., 2020 [74]).  
However, challenges were noted, including varying levels of student engagement and retention of information. Some studies highlighted the importance of interactive and participatory elements, such as discussions, group activities, and hands-on demonstrations, to enhance the learning experience [17; 70]. Additionally, studies emphasised the need for culturally appropriate content to address the diverse dietary habits and preferences of adolescents around the world [17; 63].  
Figure 2: Heat map of publications by region (\(n=50\)).
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, active aerodynamic control using flow discharge was investigated using a two-dimensional simplified vehicle with a spoiler configuration. The discharge flow velocity was limited by the geometric shape of the spoiler because the ram air is used as the discharge flow, and under the conditions considered in this work, it was noted that the discharge flow rate was approximately 40% of the vehicle driving speed.  
The aerodynamic drag and downforce were simulated with respect to the discharge position and discharge direction for a single spoiler shape. In the case of the flow discharge at 0.50C, strong flow separation occurred, and thus the drag increased sharply. However, when the flow was discharged with a speed of Vb/U = 0.4 at 0.75C, where the flow separation began, the pressure increased at the lower surface of the spoiler, including leading-edge suction. This pressure increase at the lower surface of the spoiler and the cambered spoiler shape resulted in a simultaneous reduction in the aerodynamic drag and downforce.  
When the flow was discharged at the position of 0.50C, the aerodynamic drag of the spoiler itself increased owing to the occurrence of the strong flow separation, which is similar to the corresponding phenomenon for a single spoiler. However, the aerodynamic drag of the vehicle decreased owing to the interaction of the spoiler separation flow and the wake of the vehicle, resulting in an average drag reduction of 2.2% for the entire system. At this time, the downforce reduced by up to 15%. The flow discharge at 0.75C led to a decrease of 2.1% and 6.4% in the aerodynamic drag and downforce, respectively. Overall, it was observed that flow discharging at a position of 0.50C is effective for realizing a reduction in the downforce and aerodynamic drag for a simplified vehicle-spoiler configuration.  
In this study, a simplified two-dimensional configuration was used to enable the performance of hundreds of iterative calculations with reasonable computational resources. However, in an actual three-dimensional shape, the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the spoiler leads to the generation of a wingtip vortex. In general, the wingtip vortices cause upwash flow in the spoiler and change the effective angle of attack, thereby creating induced drag, which is the so called \"three-dimensional effect.\" Therefore, the reduction in the downforce can further decrease the aerodynamic drag, thereby indicating that the drag reduction effect in this case would be greater than that in the two-dimensional case. Future research can thus focus on investigating the three-dimensional effect of the flow discharge.  
Conceptualization, H.L.K. and S.W.L.; Methodology, S.W.L. and H.L.K.; Software, S.W.L.; Writing--original draft preparation, S.W.L.; Writing--review and editing, S.W.L. and H.L.K. This study was supported by research fund from Honam University, 2019. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
In cold regions, the rock mass of open-pit mine slopes is continuously exposed to freeze-thaw (_FT_) environments, during which the fracture structures and their infilling materials undergo significant degradation, severely affecting slope stability and the assessment of service life. Conventional laboratory _FT_ tests are typically based on uniform temperature settings, which fail to reflect the actual thermal variations at different burial depths, thereby limiting the accuracy of mechanical parameter acquisition. Taking the Wushan open-pit mine as the engineering background, this study establishes a temperature-depth relationship, defines multiple thermal intervals, and conducts direct shear tests on structural plane filling materials under various _FT_ conditions to characterize the evolution of cohesion and internal friction angle. Results from rock mass testing and numerical simulation demonstrate that shear strength parameters exhibit an exponential decline with increasing _FT_ cycles and decreasing burial depth, with the filling material playing a dominant role in the initial stage of degradation. Furthermore, a two-dimensional fracture network model of the rock mass was constructed, and the representative elementary volume (REV) was determined through the evolution of equivalent plastic strain. Based on this, spatial assignment of slope strength was performed, followed by stability analysis. Based on regression fitting using 0-25 FT cycles, regression model predictions indicate that when the number of _FT_ cycles exceeds 42, the slope safety factor drops below 1.0, entering a critical instability state. This research successfully establishes a spatial field of mechanical parameters and evaluates slope stability, providing a theoretical foundation and parameter support for the long-term service evaluation and stability assessment of cold-region open-pit mine slopes.  
freeze-thaw cycles; filled fractured rock mass; Hoek-Brown criterion; slope stability Article
# Implementation of Climate Change Effects on Slope Stability Analysis
## 3 Example of Landslide
### Analyses and Results  
Based on the geological-geotechnical survey and estimated, extreme rainfall of 139 mm/day [29], the stability analysis was performed. The failure of slope occurred after three days of rainfall, therefore the three days average water net infiltration at the ground surface was evaluated as 27.8 mm/day, or 3.22\(\cdot\)10\({}^{-7}\) m\({}^{3}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/s.  
The FEM analysis, using the SEEP/W with coupling and continuous calculation of the factor of safety for all simulation time steps shows a decrease in the factor of safety from F = 1.158 at the beginning of the extreme rainfall (Figure 6) to less than 1 after the third day of rain (Figure 8).  
Figure 5: Geometry and mesh of the numerical model of the slope.  
The factor of safety changes constantly after the onset of rainfall, depending on the characteristics of the slope and soil parameters. Figure 6 shows the water flow through the slope 3 days after the beginning of the rainfall.  
Similarly, the porewater pressure changed with time after the onset of rainfall, during water flow, depending on the characteristics of the slope model and soil parameters. Figure 7 shows the porewater pressure, 3 days after the beginning of the rainfall.  
At the beginning of the rainfall when net infiltration of water has no effect on stability the factor of safety depends on soil shear characteristics and slope geometry and stratigraphy (Figure 8).  
Figure 6: Computed water flow within the slope after 3 days of rainfall (in m\({}^{3}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/s).  
Figure 7: Computed porewater pressure within the slope after 3 days of rainfall (in kPa).  
Net infiltration of surface water starts at the beginning of the rainfall and due to water flow through the slope the porewater pressure changes. Therefore, the factor of safety decreases during the rainfall and thereafter, depending on slope soil characteristics. Figure 9 shows the slope with critical failure line and safety factor after 3 days of rainfall.  
On the slope under consideration, the landslide has already been triggered. However, if intervention reconstruction measures are taken to reduce the net infiltration of water (from \(3.22\cdot 10^{-7}\) m\({}^{3}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/s to \(8.05\cdot 10^{-8}\) m\({}^{3}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/s), the slope will remain stable. The analysis shows that in the case before the activation of the landslide, only an already increased surface runoff on the road surface would be sufficient and the safety factor would remain above the value of 1. This can be achieved by ditches and drainage system which lead the surface water away from soil body. Figure 10 shows the slope critical failure line and the safety factor after 3 days of rainfall, for increased surface runoff and thus decreased net infiltration.
# On-the-Fly Sleep Scoring Algorithm with Heart Rate, RR Intervals and Accelerometer as Input
## 2 Materials and Methods
### On-the-Fly Sleep Scoring Algorithm  
As previously stated, a second version of the algorithm was developed, capable of performing on-the-fly sleep scoring without the accelerometer. The idea is similar to the previous one, where signals were compared to thresholds inside a window to identify the sleep stage. Also in this case, the algorithm begins with the assumption that the user who starts it is awake. Then, after each sample acquisition, if the subject is awake, the algorithm looks for an HR decrease and for the following HR stabilization inside the evaluation window. If it happens, the subject has fallen asleep. When the subject is sleepy, the algorithm behaves as follows:  
* ELSE IF
* the standard deviation of the smoothed HR inside the window is smaller than the threshold, THEN the subject is in DEEP sleep;
* ELSE IF
* a large enough portion of the SDNN is larger than the 1 st threshold AND a large enough portion of the SDNN is larger than the 2 nd threshold, THEN the subject is in REM sleep;
* the subject is in LIGHT sleep. The flowchart is shown in Figure 2.  
Figure 2: Flow chart of the on-the-fly sleep scoring algorithm.
# Latency Analysis of Blockchain-Based SSI Applications +
## 1 Introduction
As many solutions are being continuously proposed, it must be a burden to utilize and test several frameworks before assuring that the application requirements are fulfilled by a selected BC framework. BC technology is especially useful in applications where the database is managed by a community and it is important for the data to be immutable. One of the most limiting factors is the response time of the BC, which can be measured by latency or throughput. A good example is Bitcoin, which is only capable of confirming seven TXs per second. This is remarkably slow compared with the performance of traditional databases, reaching thousands of TXs per second. For a transaction to be confirmed, it takes around 10 min, so it is clear that the performance problem requires improvements to make the technology useful for more applications, and it implicitly requires performance measurements. As several recent works have utilized Hyperledger Indy [14], and several projects are currently investigating its deployment for their SSI applications, the aim of this work is to analyse Hyperledger Indy in terms of latency. To reach these aims, we propose a deployment architecture using Indy and Aries suitable for SSI applications. We have developed a Python application with containerized Indy and Aries components, building on the official open-source Hyperledger projects. This work is an extension of our previous work [15], where we deployed and examined our application in multiple virtual machines in the Google Cloud Platform. Now, we revise and extend these experiments with detailed performance evaluation and comparison with our locally deployed application in the private Kubernetes Cluster, using different scenarios with a variable number of BC nodes and TX arrival rate. An example of the utilization of these results may be to help decide if it is practicable to use Indy for a given latency-sensitive application. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses recent related works. Section 3 presents a brief architectural and technical background of Hyperledger Indy, and details the considered architecture and the research methods. Section 4 presents the results we obtained by running our experiments both in a public and private cloud, which are discussed in Section 5. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.
# An Efficient and Secure Fog Based Routing Mechanism in IoT Network
## 3 Methodology  
The proposed methodology is explained in conjunction with the system preliminaries of mathematical models that have been used to get the intended results. For the last several years, it is undeniable that the research aim in IoT is to find the safe, reliable and efficient transmission of data from source to destination. Hence, the proposed work goal is to implement a trust-aware security mechanism to make the data transmission path secure, smooth and seamless. This is accomplished by anticipating the future behavior of the nodes by evaluating their history and excluding compromised nodes that can execute various malicious activities. The proposed methodology is applied in three stages as shown in Figure 1.  
The proposed methodology is based on trust-aware security, which has been considered one of the primary requirements for the sensor nodes to take part in data transmission. The comprehensive trust value of every sensor node is calculated through the four parameters such as direct trust value, indirect trust value, energy trust value and volatilization factor. This comprehensive trust value is compared with the predefined threshold comprehensive trust value of every node and if the comprehensive trust value of any node is greater than or equal to the threshold comprehensive trust value, that node is declared as trustworthy otherwise it is notified as a malicious and faulty node. In this proposed paradigm, the IoT is thought to be made up of n sensor nodes spread throughout the m \(\times\) m square region of interest. Once every node collects data, it transmits to respective cluster head, after which it is passed to a sink node or BS via trustworthy neighbors. Aside from this, the proposed model makes the assumption that all the sensor nodes are supposed to be placed randomly across a 500 \(\times\) 500 m\({}^{2}\) region of interest. All of the nodes are immovable, so once they are installed, they cannot be moved and each node in the IoT has its own unique ID. There are mathematical preliminaries are used to get the results of the proposed methodology which are discussed in the next sub-sections. The unit of trust value would be a dimensionless value expressed on a scale by combining the factors discussed in the above section, just like usage and remaining power of any node and many more. The scale is between 0 to 150 (watt unit of energy) in case of individual calculation and 0 to 300 watts in case of T-comp calculation.
# Recent Advances in Efficient Dynamic Graph Processing
## 4 Algorithms
### Path Traversal
#### 4.4.2 Shortest Distance Queries
These indices are designed to reduce the need for recomputing shortest paths from scratch after each update, which is especially important in large-scale or highly dynamic graphs.
# Using Canola Oil Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel in Diesel Engines: A Review
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper provides a detailed summary and review of the application of canola oil biodiesel to diesel engines based on the fuel performance (such as density, viscosity, oxygen content, cetane number, etc.), engine performance, and combustion and emission characteristics. Our findings are summarized as follows:  
* COB can be used as a good alternative fuel and can be used in diesel engines without engine modifications.
* Based on engine combustion performance and exhaust emission characteristics, BD20 is a qualified alternative fuel compared with other blended COB fuels.
* The oxygen atoms in COB play a major role in reducing CO, HC, and PM emissions. However, their presence promote combustion, increase combustion temperature, and increase NO\({}_{x}\) emissions. EGR technology can significantly reduce NO\({}_{x}\) emissions.
* The optimum conditions for the direct injection of high common rail diesel engine fueled with COB are obtained based on a large amount of experimental data related to engine combustion performance and exhaust emission characteristics. The optimal conditions are 2000 rpm engine speed, 10% EGR rate, and 10 degree pilot injection timing.
* This paper reviewed the research findings of various blended ratios of COB fuels in a variety of complex experimental conditions. The optimum mixing ratio of biodiesel and optimum engine parameters were obtained. This paper will serve as a valuable reference for the development and application of COB to diesel engines and the design of engines.  
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (Project No. 2016R1D1A1B03931616).  
[PERSON] made suggestions, analyzed all experimental data, and wrote this review paper. [PERSON] provided reference material for the common rail diesel engine under a low constant load with various engine speeds. [PERSON] formulated the idea for the review paper, analyzed the experimental data, and provided English grammar help.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 18: BSNO\({}_{x}\) (brake specific nitrogen oxides) of BD20 at various pilot injection timings and EGR rates.