## 1 _Applied_  
### _Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment_  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 1,2 and [PERSON] 3,*(c)**  
In order to operate, ships and offshore structures heavily rely on bunker oil and marine diesel oil. However, emissions caused by the fuels, specifically sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide, contribute to air pollution. As concerns about global climate change increase due to the enormous amount of environmental pollution from industrial sources, the maritime industry faces stricter regulations regarding emissions from commercial seagoing vessels. Designing environmentally friendly ships requires a careful evaluation of structural responses, considering potential hazards such as fuel leakage. Therefore, it is necessary to determine appropriate design loads under accident conditions such as collisions, explosions, and groundings. Nevertheless, ensuring safety and reliability remains a complex challenge. [PERSON] et al. [1] introduced a system concept using the integrated computer-aided manufacturing (ICAM) definition for function modeling (IDEF0). They constructed a database and formulated a secondary energy conversion system, while developing reliability assessment algorithms and programs. They then validated the results by applying them to a representative movable wave power generator, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed process flow diagram (PFD) and reliability assessment program. [PERSON] et al. [2] performed a numerical investigation of the plastic deformation of flat plates subjected to slamming impact. The research approach involved examining the dynamic impact pressure of flat plates subjected to various weights and drop heights. The results of the simulation and the experiment showed a generally good agreement for the deflection range. However, because the initial plate condition was not reflected in the simulation, discrepancies were observed at maximum deflections. [PERSON] et al. [3] proposed a novel method for establishing the true dynamic bending moment of a propeller shaft using a single bridge of a strain gauge. They validated the results by performing experiments during the trial of a 50,000 DWT oil/chemical tanker at sea, where they detected significant fluctuations in the propeller force, leading to a non-uniform oil film distribution in the bearings. [PERSON] et al. [4] conducted tests on widely used ship and offshore industry polymers, namely acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). They examined the quasi-static stress-strain responses of the polymers at different strain rates and temperatures, and found that ABS exhibited a lower fracture strain and modulus of toughness compared with PE and PVDF. [PERSON] et al. [5] investigated the sagging damage of a simplified hull girder (SHG) subjected to an underwater explosion bubble. Using the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method, they simulated the damage mechanism of 11 SHG structures and identified regular plastic hinge lines, primarily dependent on the folding of the side plates. The study also revealed the influence of distant transverse bulkheads on the total longitudinal strength of SHGs under near-field underwater explosion conditions. [PERSON] et al. [6] examined the applicability of the triangular impulse response function (TIRF) method in evaluating the ultimate strength of liquefied natural gas (LNG) cargo containment systems under sloshing impact loads. Their study compared the structural responses and impulses obtained using the TIRF method with those from direct dynamic nonlinear transient assessments. Based on the findings, they proposed partial safety factors for calculating the ultimate bending and shear capacities of LNG cargo containment systems, taking into account the dynamic impact of sloshing loads. [PERSON] et al. [7] conducted experimental and numerical investigations on cryogenic leakages within welded steel plates.