## 3 Results
### Hemodynamic Characteristics  
4D flow data is reported in Table 3, and sample datasets are illustrated in Figure 2. Maximum EL was lower in PHT patients in all regions of the PA (LPA: 1.06 \(\pm\) 0.75 \(\mu\)W vs. 2.12 \(\pm\) 1.22 \(\mu\)W, \(p\) = 0.002; MPA: 2.76 \(\pm\) 1.20 \(\mu\)W vs. 4.30 \(\pm\) 1.93 \(\mu\)W, \(p\) = 0.001; PA: 3.94 \(\pm\) 1.71 \(\mu\)W vs. 7.27 \(\pm\) 3.24 \(\mu\)W, \(p\) < 0.001; RPA: 0.88 \(\pm\) 0.70 \(\mu\)W vs. 2.06 \(\pm\) 1.22 \(\mu\)W, \(p\) = 0.001) relative to controls. Although mean EL did not differ in the MPA (1.24 \(\pm\) 0.56 \(\mu\)W vs. 1.27 \(\pm\) 0.45 \(\mu\)W, \(p\) = 0.800) or the entirety of the PA (1.76 \(\pm\) 0.83 \(\mu\)W vs. 2.00 \(\pm\) 1.09 \(\mu\)W, \(p\) = 0.439), it was increased in PHT patients in the LPA (1.76 \(\pm\) 0.39 \(\mu\)W vs. 0.49 \(\pm\) 0.51 \(\mu\)W, \(p\) = 0.022) and decreased in the RPA (0.06 \(\pm\) 0.24 \(\mu\)W vs. 0.46 \(\pm\) 0.56 \(\mu\)W, \(p\) = 0.001). Figure 2: Sample dataset of advanced 4D-flow based measurements. Top raw shows a healthy control, man, 36-year-old. Bottom raw shows a pulmonary hypertension (PHT) patient, man, 58-year-old. WSS: wall shear stress; EL: energy loss; KE: kinetic energy. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l l l l} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**LPA**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MPA**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PA**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**RPA**} \\ \cline{2-11} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pulmonary**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Controls**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pulmonary**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Controls**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pulmonary**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Controls**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Hypersection**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Hypersection**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Hypersection**} \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(\(\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{ }}}}}}}}}}}}}}\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(\(\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{ \mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{ }}}}}}}}  
Maximum WSS for PHT patients was lower in all regions (LPA: 0.75 \(\pm\) 0.29 Pa vs. 1.17 \(\pm\) 0.26 Pa, \(p\) \(<\) 0.001; PA: 0.98 \(\pm\) 0.28 Pa vs. 1.28 \(\pm\) 0.28 Pa, \(p\) = 0.001; RPA: 0.64 \(\pm\) 0.26 Pa vs. 1.08 \(\pm\) 0.30 Pa, \(p\) \(<\) 0.001), except the MPA (0.97 \(\pm\) 0.28 Pa vs. 1.06 \(\pm\) 0.18 Pa, \(p\) = 0.224). Mean WSS (LPA: 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.05 Pa vs. 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.05 Pa, \(p\) = 0.001; MPA: 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.03 Pa vs. 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.04 Pa, \(p\) = 0.022; PA: 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.03 Pa vs. 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.04 Pa, \(p\) = 0.002; RPA: 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.04 Pa vs. 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.05 Pa, \(p\) \(<\) 0.001) and the mean of the highest 5% WSS values (LPA: 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.20 Pa vs. 0.76 \(\pm\) 0.15 Pa, \(p\) \(<\) 0.001; MPA: 0.52 \(\pm\) 0.13 Pa vs. 0.68 \(\pm\) 0.14 Pa, \(p\) \(<\) 0.001; PA: 0.52 \(\pm\) 0.14 Pa vs. 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.14 Pa, \(p\) \(<\) 0.001; RPA: 0.40 \(\pm\) 0.16 Pa vs. 0.70 \(\pm\) 0.18 Pa, \(p\) \(<\) 0.001) were lower in all regions of the PA. The mean of all WSS values above 95% was decreased in the LPA (0.73 \(\pm\) 0.28 Pa vs. 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.26 Pa, \(p\) \(<\) 0.001) and RPA (0.63 \(\pm\) 0.25 Pa vs. 1.03 \(\pm\) 0.32 Pa, \(p\) \(<\) 0.001), but not the MPA (0.94 \(\pm\) 0.27 Pa vs. 1.03 \(\pm\) 0.17 Pa, \(p\) = 0.234) or the entirety of the PA (0.96 \(\pm\) 0.27 Pa vs. 1.51 \(\pm\) 1.44 Pa, \(p\) = 0.123) relative to controls. Maximum vortex volume was only increased in the MPA (27.08 \(\pm\) 10.66 mm\({}^{3}\) vs. 20.33 \(\pm\) 7.09 mm\({}^{3}\), \(p\) = 0.01) but otherwise did not differ (LPA: 5.60 \(\pm\) 3.01 mm\({}^{3}\) vs. 4.44 \(\pm\) 1.85 mm\({}^{3}\), \(p\) = 0.090; PA: 33.99 \(\pm\) 12.14 mm\({}^{3}\) vs. 27.47 \(\pm\) 7.08 mm\({}^{3}\), \(p\) = 0.053; RPA: 4.11 \(\pm\) 2.22 mm\({}^{3}\) vs. 3.70 \(\pm\) 1.89 mm\({}^{3}\), \(p\) = 0.493).