# Understanding Consumer Acceptance for Blockchain-Based Digital Payment Systems in Bhutan
## 4 Research Methodology  
### Measurement of Determinants  
The paper uses a quantitative research methodology to investigate the factors that determine the consumer's acceptance of blockchain-enabled digital payments in Bhutan. It addresses the factors that contribute to acceptance by analyzing key constructs like performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions, as outlined in the UTAUT. Its quantitative design enables the analysis of consumer experience and perception using a large, statistically representative sample and provides clear data for generalization to the public. The research used a cross-sectional survey method to collect data within a certain period of time and captured consumer sentiments and attitudes toward blockchain technology across Bhutan's specific socio-economic context. The survey instrument was drafted following a systematic review of blockchain adoption [35]. The questionnaire was constructed with due care, employing empirically proven scales to ensure reliability and validity. A draft survey questionnaire was tested with experts to identify ambiguities and improve clarity. Following their feedback, the questionnaire was revised and then piloted with a smaller sample to see its effectiveness. This iterative process ensured that the instrument was well suited to capture the nuances of acceptance within Bhutan's digital payment system. The final questionnaire included 26 questions addressing the constructs of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions. Every construct was illustrated using items, as described in the study's Appendix A Table A1. Five items assessed performance expectancy, six items assessed effort expectancy, five items assessed social influence, six items assessed facilitating conditions and four assessed acceptance, constituting the crux of the analysis. The survey used a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (very strongly disagree) to 5 (very strongly agree) to make the questionnaire easy and accessible to all participants. Demographic factors, gender, education, age, and location were considered to ensure inclusion and representation. These were selected for their potential to shape blockchain technology perceptions. The questionnaire was administered in English, as it is the primary medium of education in Bhutan. Respondents who were not proficient in English were not included in the survey to ensure accurate comprehension and validity of the response. The survey required all participants to first view an informational video embedded within the survey on blockchain technology and read an accompanying brief write-up before they could start the questionnaire to ensure their understanding of the study's key concepts. The instructional video originated from a popular cryptocurrency payment wallet application that most Bhutanese consumers are familiar with. The video's purpose was to deliver a contextual understanding of blockchain technology through explanations of its opportunities and challenges. The video presentation explained the fundamental concepts of blockchain for digital payments. A concise summary gave respondents insights into blockchain tech nology by explaining how it works and demonstrating its practical uses within financial systems. The video examined how blockchain technology evolved in digital payments and demonstrated its significant impact on Bhutan's financial sector. The structured exposure was crucial to gather informed responses from participants who were required to watch the video and review the written material before taking the survey. Participants were assured that their responses would remain anonymous and be used solely for academic purposes, with full consent obtained before participation. The questionnaire-based approach was intended to evaluate both consumer perceptions and the social and infrastructure factors at play in blockchain adoption.