###### Abstract
Even if the hygrometric test (HT) measures the moisture level of the outer layer, usually a certain degree of correlation between surface and subsurface moisture is present. The moisture maps can then be superimposed on the SPV ones looking to highlight anomalous regions. Further, the moisture maps give helpful indications for the conservation and restoration of the painting layer. Another NDT technique that is frequently used to assess the presence of water ingress and the distribution of moisture is infrared thermography (IRT), both in passive (mainly) and in active modalities [11; 12; 13]. Unlike HT, passive IRT produces images that give qualitative information on the wall under analysis, if the boundary conditions allow [14]. It is possible to understand how, similarly to SPV, IRT is sensitive to moisture, detachments, voids, cracks, weak adhesion, buried structures, etc. In general, in thermograms, such kinds of defects are detected as a rise in the local temperature, whereas there is a decrease in moisture level. Combining SPV, HT, and IRT can help distinguish between moisture and detachments, voids, weak adhesion, and other defects. It should be noted that some of the above-mentioned types of defects cannot always be detected, as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of passive thermography images relies on temperature gradients due to environmental sources (i.e., different sun exposure) and on variations in the emissivity of materials. Active IRT is thus used to increase the SNR by exciting the sample under testing with a controlled heating source. By active thermography, larger sensitivities are obtained, even if the range of inspection is smaller than in passive IRT, and further depth-dependent information can be extracted, which is helpful to study the stratigraphy of the fresco support. In this way, a more qualitative moisture analysis can be carried out [15; 16]. In this paper, we report the combined application of SPV, HT, and IRT to the frescoes created by [PERSON] and his workshop between the years of 1491 and 1494 in the apsidal chapel of St. Panfilo Church in Villagrande di Tornimparte (L'Aquila). These frescoes illustrate key moments of [PERSON] Passion. Moreover, the ceiling shows imagesof [PERSON], Angels, and the Blessed in Paradise, and represent a precious example of Italian Renascence art. The measurement campaign was part of a research project conducted by members of the Italian Association of Archaeometry (AIAr), and the results were compared and integrated with those of other non-destructive and analytical methods. The scheme methodology of data/image acquisitions was affected by strict restrictions due to laws linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. The research groups worked in a disjointed manner, although guided by a protocol that described the main activities to do and the timelines. The results of other non-destructive and micro-destructive analyses on the St. Panfilo's wall will be discussed in other articles of the Special Issue \"Results of the II National Research project of AIAr: archaeometry study of the frescoes by [PERSON] and workshop at the church of St. Panfilo in Tornimparte (AQ, Italy)\". For in-depth details on the aims of the project, see the introduction of the Special Issue [17]. The paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, the methods used to collect and process experimental data are reported for SPV, HT, and IRT; in Section 3, the results are summarized. In Section 4 the results are discussed and conclusions are drawn.