# A Cyber-Physical Approach for Residential Energy Management: Current State and Future Directions
## 4 Data Acquisition
### Summary and Insights  
In this section, a comprehensive description of the Data Acquisition stage, which involves both appliances and metering devices, has been performed. Appliances has been categorized in literature according to the target application of the HEMS, either monitoring or control. The schematic for appliance categorization can be in found in Figure 5. Metering devices, on the other hand, have been less explored in literature regarding standardization and categorization. In Figure 6, it is shown a schematic diagram of a metering device for HEMS according to IEC TS 63297:2021 standard. Publicly available datasets have been also analyzed, reviewing current solutions in the market and revising its main characteristics. The impact of the sampling frequency and its relationship with the feature extraction is also shown in Figure 8.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dataset** & **Resolution** & **Number of Houses** & **Duration** & **Features** & **Location** & **Metering Devices** \\ \hline REDD [120] & 1 Hz, 15 kHz & 6 & 2 weeks & _p, i, v_ & USA & Enmetric wireless plug system \\ AMPds [121] & 1 min & 1 & 2 years & _p, q, s, i, v_ & Canada & 18 units DENT PowerScout \\ UK-DALE [122] & 1 s, 16 kHz & 5 & 3–51 months & _p, i, v_ & UK & CT sensors \\ DRED [123] & 1 Hz & 1 & 2 months & \(p\) & Netherlands & _Without specification_ \\ Dataport & 1 min & 1000 & 2012 present & \(p\) & USA & eGauge data logger \\ GREEND [124] & 1 Hz & 9 & 1 year & \(p\) & Italy \& Austria & Plugwise kit \\ ECO [125] & 1 Hz & 6 & 8 months & _p, q_ & Switzerland & _Without specification_ \\ PLAID [126] & 30 kHz & 56 & Summer 2013 & i, v & USA & _Without specification_ \\ REFIT [127] & 8 s & 20 & 2013–2015 & \(p\) & UK & EnviR aggregator \\ GREEN Grid [128] & 1 min & 45 & 2014–2018 & \(p\) & New Zealand & _Without specification_ \\ BLUED [95] & 12 kHz & 1 & 7 days & _i, v_ & New Zealand & Plug-level FireFly sensors \\ SustDataED [129] & 12.8 kHz & 1 & 10 days & _i, v_ & Portugal & Plugwise system \\  & & & & & & LabJack U6 \\ iAWE [130] & 1 Hz & 1 & 73 days & _p, f, \(\Phi\), i, v_ & India & EM6400 smart meter \\  & & & & & & CT sensors \\ COMBED [131] & 30 s & - & 1 month & _p, i, e_ & India & Schneider Electric EM6400 \\  & & & & & & Schneider Electric EM6436 \\ SmartCity & 30 min & - & 2010–2014 & - & Australia & Plug level equipment \\ Smart [132] & 1 Hz & 3 & 3 months & _p, s_ & USA & eGauge data loggers \\  & & & & & & Smart Energy Switch \\  & & & & & & thermostats \\  & & & & & & CT sensors \\  & & & & & & motion sensors \\  & & & & & & door sensors \\ IDEAL [133] & 1 s, 12 s & 255 & 23 months & P & UK & Temperature sensors \\  & & & & & & humidity sensors \\  & & & & & & light sensors \\  & & & & & current/gas pulse plug-in probes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* **Note:**\(i,v,p,q,s,f,e\), and \(\Phi\) represent current, voltage, real power, reactive power, apparent power, frequency, energy, and phase, respectively. SmartCity: Refers to SmartGrid SmartCity Customer Trial Data. See [[https://data.govau/dataset/ds-dga-4e2](https://data.govau/dataset/ds-dga-4e2) ldea3-9b87-4610-94c7-15a8a77907e/details]([https://data.govau/dataset/ds-dga-4e2](https://data.govau/dataset/ds-dga-4e2) ldea3-9b87-4610-94c7-15a8a77907e/details) (accessed on 18 April 2021) Smart: Refers to UMass Smart Home Data Set.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Details of most commonly used Energy Datasets.