# Insight from Review Articles of Life Cycle Assessment for Buildings
## 3 Results
### Scientometric Analysis
#### 3.1.4 Analysis of Co-Authorship
* Review studies on LCA-B encompasses dual dimensions: building classifications and internal components within buildings including structural components and energy systems. (1) Building classifications, such as residential units, commercial buildings, office buildings, refurbished buildings, nearly/net-zero energy buildings (nZEBs/ZEBs), green buildings, and passive houses. The aim is to understand their operational mechanisms and provide directions to establish performance benchmarks for different types of buildings and accelerate their implementation. (2) Building materials or structures, such as cement, concrete, building envelope, roof, and window, are investigated to explore appropriate strategies for reducing both energy consumption and GHG emissions. (3) Energy systems, such as heat pump, HVAC, and solar thermal systems, are examined to optimize sustainability practices. * Review studies address comprehensive evaluation perspectives of LCA-B: LCA, LCCA, LCEA, LC(CO\({}_{2}\))A, and dynamic LCA are the most popular assessment viewpoints. LCA prioritizes comprehensive analysis of energy consumption and ecological impacts throughout product/system lifespans. LCCA adopts an economic lens to evaluate cost viability of energy usage and environmental impact. LCEA emphasizes quantifying total energy demands across building life cycles, encompassing material production, construction, operation, and deconstruction phases. * Research methods involved in LCA-B studies and review papers: In terms of LCA-B studies, building simulation and energy simulation are the basic and traditional approaches to derive building energy consumption during operation stage. Assessment tools, such as SimaPro, One Click LCA, Pleiades Equer, and Athena Impact Estimator, are the most used software to evaluate the potential environmental impacts [102]. In addition, the integration of digital technologies is assuming growing significance in low-carbon building practices, as evidenced by Building Information Modeling (BIM). This tool has demonstrated transformative potential in architectural planning, structural implementation, and data-driven lifecycle governance. In terms of LCA-B review articles: bibliometric analysis, machine learning, and science mapping are used  
Figure 8: Classification of keywords based on four-fold philosophical framework. in a high frequency recently. Bibliometric analysis focuses on external characteristics of the literature (such as author regions, article sources, keywords, and citation numbers) and aims to reveal the development disciplines and trends through quantitative indicators. Science mapping is commonly applied in bibliometric analysis to provide information visualization and network analysis through software (such as VOSviewer, CiteSpace) and machine learning. * Cost performance: Life cycle costing provides a comprehensive economic viewpoint for different stakeholders, which is more reasonable compared with the traditional cost analysis method that focuses on a certain stage. * Energy performance: Previous literature encompasses diverse energy classifications throughout the whole building life cycle, prioritizing operational energy (OE) and embodied energy (EE), while additionally detailing specific energy subtypes including primary energy, transportation-associated energy, and recurrent embodied energy. The tailored energy-saving strategies can be designed based on energy consumption and energy utilization efficiency analysis. * Environmental performance: Within the context of sustainable development, environmental consequences of buildings have garnered substantial interest and are extensively investigated by scholars. Contemporary examinations of environmental burdens in LCA-B predominantly focus on quantifying greenhouse gas discharges from the building sector, employing methodologies such as carbon footprint tracing and CO2 emission inventories to rigorously evaluate the environmental impact of construction-related activities.