esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
It consists of the following tasks:  
1. get a corpus of news published by the local newspaper through an RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feed,
2. get a vector characterization based on the well-known Bag-of-Words (BoW) representation [6],
3. select features through a mutual information-based method,
4. train a supervised-learning model,
5. classify online news reports in real-time; the interest is in the 'traffic accident' class,
6. process the text of the RSS reports to retrieve the location where the accidents happened, and
7. notify users about the events on a map. Two fields of Artificial Intelligence converge to solve this problem: Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning. However, the presence of class imbalance is one of the most challenging issues to address Points 4 and 5 satisfactorily. According to the scientific literature [7; 8; 9; 10], this issue often degrades machine learning approaches, which skews the classification capacity in favor of the most crowded class. On top of that, most of the studies in the literature are highly focused on the English language. As far as we know, a few studies are researching about classifying Spanish news with class imbalance, even though:1. Latin-America is the second most urbanized region of the world [1],
2. Spanish is the second most spoken language [11], and
3. Spanish is the third most used language on the Web [12]. However, communities of native Spanish speakers also have the needs that entail the successful application of NLP to take a further step towards becoming an SC. In this regard, our proposal contributes by addressing one of these demanding needs. The present document is structured, as follows: Section 2 contains the scientific basis for developing our proposal; Section 3 reviews the contributions of relevant studies that address this problem; Section 4 provides the algorithm and architecture of our project, giving an in-detail description; Section 5 shows the experimental results that back the validity of this proposal up; and, finally, in Section 6, we discuss some conclusions and directions for future research.
## 3 Experimental Rock Characterization Methods
### X-ray Diffraction  
Our XRD analysis aims to characterize sample mineralogy and to identify the presence of authigenic carbonate cement or clay, which may inhibit porosity. Preparation involved gently crushing the samples to powder using a pestle and mortar. XRD patterns were collected using a Rigaku MiniFlex 6G X-ray diffraction apparatus (Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a D/teX Ultra detector, a 6-position (ASC-6) sample changer and a sealed copper tube (Cu K-\(\alpha_{1}\) and K-\(\alpha_{2}\) wavelengths 1.5406 and 1.5444 A). Diffraction patterns were measured as \(\theta\)/2\(\theta\) scans typically over a range of 3 \(>\)2\(\theta\) \(>\) 80. Data collection and analysis utilized Rigaku SmartLab Studio II software with the Crystallography Open Database [39]. The Reference Intensity Ratio method was used for quantitative analysis of mineralogical composition.
## 3 Selenium Human Uptake and Distribution  
### Gastrointestinal Uptake  
Selenium is present in diet in the forms of selenomethionine, selenocysteine, selenite and selenate (Figure 2).  
Selenomethonine represents the main chemical form of Se in the human diet. Once ingested, Se-Met is absorbed in the same sodium transport system as methionine [60]. It is transported to liver where it is metabolized following the same pathway as methionine and can be transformed into Se-Cys following the trans-sulfuration pathway [60]. The concentration of Se-Cys is lower in plant proteins than Se-Met, while its abundant in diets containing products of animal origin [59]. Se-Cys can also be absorbed in the same way and in completion with its analogue cysteine [61].  
The human genome codes for 25 selenoproteins in which the stop codon UGA specifically insert the selenocysteine. This amino acid is not charged as such on its dedicated tRNA but is instead synthesized onto a specific Se-Cys-tRNA[Ser]Se-Cys from the serine [62].  
Selenocysteine is catalyzed by the enzyme Se-Cys \(\beta\)-lyase to elemental Se [63]. The latter is further reduced to H\({}_{2}\)Se. The addition of phosphate to Selenide by the selenophosphate 2 synthetase produce a selenophosphate (H\({}_{2}\)SePO\({}^{3-}\)) [64], which can be used as a precursor for selenocysteine synthesis [62].  
In the case of excess Se, H\({}_{2}\)Se is methylated to DMeSe and trimethylselenonium (TriMethylSe) or converted to selenosugar (SeGalNac) and exhaled or excreted [59; 60].  
Figure 2: Main selenium species in various human organs and in blood (adapted from [PERSON] et al. [59]). SeO\({}_{3}\)2\({}^{-}\) = selenite, SeO\({}_{4}\)2\({}^{-}\) = selenate, Se-Met = selenomethonine, Se-Cys = selenocysteine, SePP = selenoprotein P, GPx = glutathione peroxidase, DIO = iodothyonine deiodinase, TRx = thioredoxin reductase, SeAlb = serum albumin, TriMethylSe = trimethylselenonium, SeGalNac = selenosugar.  
Inorganic selenium such as Selenate passes through the membrane at the edge of the intestinal brush, where absorption is via the sodium-facilitated and energy-dependent system utilized by sulfate, due to their structural analogies and reduced to selenite by the sulfate reduction pathway [33]. Selenite is absorbed by non-mediated passive diffusion. Absorption of selenite ranges from 50 to 90%, being affected by dietary constituents on which it is strongly adsorbed, while selenate absorption is almost complete [65; 66].  
Despite the use of inorganic forms in Se supplementation their absorption is not as high as that of Se-Met [66]. A supplementation of Se-Met at 37 ug/day increases the activity of GPx in human plasma up to its saturation level of 150 U/L, whereas for sodium selenite, 66 ug/day are necessary to reach the same level [67; 68].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Gypsum Plasters
#### 3.1.1 Dry State Density  
Figure 4 shows the results obtained for the dry state density of the new plasters. As it can be seen, the density results varied depending on the percentage of bioceramics added. It was observed that, as the amount of bioceramics added increased, the density also increased slightly. This increase was most noticeable for GBC-1 samples, reaching a value of 1220.22 kg/m\({}^{3}\), which is higher than the one achieved for the reference sample. For lower percentages of bioceramics (GBC-0.3) the density value decreased, being even lower than the reference mixture.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Dry State Density** & **Flexural Strength** & **Compressive Strength** \\
**Samples** & **[kg/m\({}^{3}\)]** & **[MPa]** & **[MPa]** \\
**(CoV [\%])** & **(CoV [\%])** & **(CoV [\%])** \\ \hline
**Reference (R)** & 1209.56 (0.26) & 3.84 (4.55) & 9.02 (21.16) \\
**GBC-0.3** & 1206.65 (1.49) & 3.81 (7.87) & 9.36 (18.76) \\
**GBC-0.65** & 1209.61 (1.85) & 3.89 (6.06) & 9.58 (33.26) \\
**GBC-1** & 1220.22 (1.24) & 3.96 (6.49) & 10.96 (20.49) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Summary table with all the test results obtained for gypsum plasters.  
Figure 3: Equipment used for the several test methods conducted for the gypsum plasters and cement mortars characterization: (**a**) Suzpecar multi-test press for flexural and compressive strength tests; (**b**) Phillips XL-30 Scanning Electron Microscope used for SEM tests; (**c**) Poremaster 60 GT used for MIP tests.
###### Abstract  
The conventional electromagnetic ultrasonic transducers (EMATs) rely on the static magnetic field created by magnets. The magnet increases the size of the EMATs, and the strong magnetic force of the magnet attracts the detected steel and even ferromagnetic particles. It can cause mechanical damage to the transducer and the detected objects. A new high-energy acoustic excitation system, without a static bias magnetic is designed, which does not include any magnets. As the core of the system, the high-energy pulse excitation power supplies a transient high voltage to the excitation coil by the LC oscillation circuit. The maximum amplitude of current can reach 1700 A, which is much larger than the current in the conventional EMATs. Compared with the conventional EMATs, the intensity of the ultrasonic signal is greatly strengthened and the size of the EMAT is effectively reduced. Therefore, it can detect high-temperature steel plates at a higher lift-off distance. In this paper, the transduction mechanism of high-energy pulse electromagnetic acoustic on ferromagnetic materials was studied, and the high-energy pulse excitation coil used for the A0 mode Lamb wave was designed. The interaction rule of the magnetic field, the force field, and the acoustic field, was obtained. Then, the EMAT lift-off characteristic experiment of the high-energy pulse excitation was carried out, and the defect detection experiment was conducted on a cracked steel plate. The results show that the A0 mode Lamb waves have caused a high signal-to-noise ratio and can accurately locate the crack, which has a great advantage in detecting the microcrack defects of ferromagnetic materials.  
high-energy pulse; electromagnetic acoustic; lift-off distance; defect detection +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 3 Proposed Algorithm
### The Proposed ISOD Algorithm
#### 3.3.5. Pseudocode of ISOD  
Based on the above steps, the pseudocode of the ISOD algorithm is given in Algorithm 1.  
```
Input:\(X=\left[x_{ij}\right]_{n\times d}\) with \(n\) samples and \(d\) features Output: Outlier scores \(\{O_{1},O_{2},\ldots,O_{i},\ldots,O_{n}\}\)
1. for each dimension \(1\leq j\leq d\):
2. calculate the quantile of each data in this dimension \[Q_{ij}=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n}\mathbb{I}\left\{X^{j}_{k}\leq X^{j}_{ i}\right\}\quad\forall 1\leq i\leq n,1\leq j\leq d\]
3. calculate the skewness coefficient for each dimension: \[\gamma_{j}=\frac{\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\left(X^{j}_{i}-\overline{ X^{j}}\right)^{3}}{\left[\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\left(X^{j}_{i}- \overline{X^{j}}\right)^{2}\right]^{\frac{3}{2}}}\]
4. end for
5.for each data \(X_{i}\)\(1\leq i\leq n\):
6. calculate the anomaly score for each dimension \[o_{ij}=-\text{log}_{2}\,Q_{ij}\times\left(-\gamma_{j}\right)\text{ when }\gamma_{j}<0\] \[o_{ij}=-\text{log}_{2}\big{(}1-Q_{ij}\big{)}\times\gamma_{j}\text{ when }\gamma_{j}>0\]
7. calculate outlier score for \(X_{i}\): \[O_{i}=\sum\limits_{j=1}^{d}o_{ij}\]
8. endfor
9.Return\(\{O_{1},O_{2},\ldots,O_{i},\ldots,O_{n}\}\) while\(\{O_{1}\geq O_{2}\geq\ldots\geq O_{i}\geq\ldots\geq O_{n}\}\).
```  
**Algorithm 1**ISOD
# Design and Development of OECT Logic Circuits for Electrical Stimulation Applications
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Testbed for Validation of OECT-Based Demultiplexer Switching Capabilities  
For validation of the printed OECT-based demultiplexer circuits, we designed a testbed featuring a single-channel current-controlled stimulator and a custom digital output board for control of the printed 2-4 OECT-based demultiplexer circuits that allowed routing of the stimulation signal to an arbitrary pad of a multi-pad electrode (see Figure 6). The digital output board contained integrated adjustable voltage dividers that converted the signals from the digital logic outputs of the MCU to OECT driving voltages, here set to 1.3 V for logic high and 0.3 V for logic low. The testbed was based on the same modular  
Figure 5: Schematics of the circuit design of the testbed developed for characterization of novel OECT architectures adapted for the requirement of high current and high voltage throughputs in electrical stimulation applications. The MCU controls the logic signal that is directed to the gate electrodes of two OECT devices connected in parallel, and it also generates the current-controlled stimuli via the pulse generator. An additional FET is introduced in the circuit to enable charge consolidation by grounding the OECTs during the period when the stimulation is inactive.  
architecture used for the OECT characterization, allowing them to share the same MCU and pulse generator modules. The firmware was upgraded to include control of the board for the digital outputs and a communication module for real-time selection of the active pad through a wireless channel.  
The validation process included sequential pad activation by shifting the output state of the printed OECT-based logic circuits. All four output currents were measured in all states. The measurements in this test were performed with the pulse generator set at a maximal output voltage of 20 V and a current amplitude of 2 mA, conditions in which optimal performance was observed during the characterizations of the standalone OECTs. With this, the effects of the inherent variability in the switching characteristics of the OECTs in each of the four branches of the decoders, as well as the cumulative error caused by the cascade connection of 6 OECTs in the printed 2-4 demultiplexer unit, were minimized. The pulse width and the stimulation frequency were kept at 400 us and 30 Hz, respectively.
# Proactive Approach to Production Control Utilizing Heterogeneous Shop-Level Production Data
## 3 Methodology
### CSV for Production Orders
#### 3.1.1 Viewing and Modification of Incoming Production Orders  
After performing the initial system analysis on the studied PrS, the first identified requirement was to integrate with a control platform, enabling a PrS operator to actively adjust the ongoing production. It could be done through, e.g., a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) panel or direct access to various interfaces of the manufacturing execution system (MES). In our studied use cases, the operator had access to data related to the production orders (PO), particularly to the incoming request execution priority. The operator was then able to adjust the priority of PO based on the current state of the PrS. The importance of fulfilling this requirement emerged from the fact that the control activity was performed at the start and at the end of the data integration and production process simulation.  
To achieve full control over PO modification at the start of the data integration process, a custom multi-functional application tailored to the studied PrS, codenamed Order Management Interface (OMI), was proposed and implemented. The application shared a functionality similar to the overarching MES system while also allowing us to quickly generate multiple production scenarios for process analysis. To achieve this functionality, the OMI has been equipped with multiple control elements, which allow it to generate  
Figure 1: Data exchange schema for the proposed approach.  
CSV files and ECFs based on the state of these elements, e.g., setting a different priority for bottle filling from 0%->50%->100% to 50%->0%->100% or changing a filling priority from solid filling to liquid filling to be executed first, which changes the output file composition and creates a new scenario for the simulator. Similarly, the OMI operator can opt into simulating a partial breakdown using elements related to this functionality. This occurrence creates a potential scenario in the simulator, where the production system can only produce one type of products, while the broken-down subsystems related to the specified resource are undergoing maintenance. It served the purpose of an offline research alternative, while the MES still fulfilled the functionality of directly controlling the production process in the physical system.  
The following figure (Figure 2) contains a simplified showcase of the data file structures created by the OMI at the start of the simulation process. Individual modules of the simulation model then parse the CSV files. Concurrently, the command file provides scenario-specific parameters. This process is described in a later chapter.
# Review on Silver Nanoparticles as a Novel Class of Antibacterial Solutions
## 2 Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis
### Chemical Methods  
Chemical methods used for the synthesis of nanoparticles include: chemical reduction, photo induced reduction, micro emulsion (see Figure 1), microwave assisted synthesis, UV initiated photo reduction, electrochemical synthetic approach, irradiation methods [10].  
The authors propose a multi-step synthesis method, including (1) dispersion of water droplets in a continuous oil phase, (2) stabilization by means of surfactant molecules at the water/oil interface, (3) mixing the two microemulsions, (4) collision of water droplets with each other and exchange of reactants, (5) nucleation reaction, (6) growth of silver nanocrystals, (7) adsorption of surfactant molecules onto the surface of nanocrystals when the size of newly prepared nanocrystals reached comparable size with that of liquid droplets [11].  
Out of the chemical methods, the wet chemical reduction stands due to its cost-effectiveness, low impurity factors, thermal stability and ability to use a multitude of stabilizers to enhance the nanoparticle's stability. However, the chemical methods are in general toxic, need more energy for the producing process, more chemical substances and it is more expensive than green methods [8].  
One of the most used protocols are the ones reported by [PERSON] and [PERSON]. The [PERSON] methods comprises the following steps: 9 mg of AgNO\({}_{3}\) is dissolved in 49 mL of ultra-pure water and the resulting solution is heated to 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C while stirring. Next, 1 mL of 38.8 mM sodium citrate solution is added, and the mixture is brought to room temperature after 45 min, with removal of large particles by using a centrifuge for 1 h at 500 rpm. Storage of the obtained pure and stable Ag nanoparticles at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. [PERSON] et al [12] used [PERSON]'s method to test the antibacterial activity of the resulted nanoparticles against _S. aureus_. They have discovered that more than 1 mg/L of AgNP could stop bacterial growth.  
Figure 1: Schematic of the reaction process with a reverse micro emulsion method.  
A group of authors studied the reduction of Ag\({}^{+}\) ions by cysteine in presence of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA). In order to obtain Ag nanoparticles, [PERSON] et al used an aqueous solution consisting of AgNO\({}_{3}\) and cysteine. The authors have discovered the effect of PVA on particle size, 30 nm in absence of PVA and 7 nm in the presence of PVA. The obtained nanoparticles were spherical, cross-linking and aggregated. However, a few disadvantages of the above methods are: high number of chemicals involved, resulting morphology, resulting different sizes and shapes of particles [13].
## 2 Related Works
### The Proposed Profile-Aware Routing Algorithms for Opportunistic Mobile Social Networks  
In opportunistic mobile social networks, the Epidemic routing protocol [31] is commonly regarded as a benchmark for most routing strategies because of its high delivery ratio and network delay. For this reason, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2] introduced a social-based Epidemic-based routing protocol (EpSoc). This approach adopts a significant social feature of mobile users which is degree centrality to effectively control the number of message replications. To improve the data dissemination environment, [PERSON] et al. [6] proposed a fuzzy routing-forwarding approach, which utilizes a type of comprehensive node similarity that is the combination of mobile and social similarities to make an accurate decision on relay node selection and message forwarding. [PERSON] et al. [22] recommended a composite routing-delivery scheme, namely explore and wait, for node profile-casting in OSNs. In the explore phase, a profile-based model that allows data packets to be transmitted to profiles that are defined by a delivery function; and message carriers wait until it encounters a node that satisfies the delivery function and then sends data packets to the node in the wait phase.  
Additionally, the social relationship and features of mobile users could be exploited to improve the performance of message delivery. [PERSON] et al. [32] introduced a routing protocol called the Geo-Social-Interest algorithm, which fully considers the impact of geographical information, social characteristics and node interests and then implements a complete data transmission connectivity. [PERSON] et al. [33] developed a routing algorithm on the grounds of Epidemic information dissemination, which defines the social characteristics of mobile users as pre-immunity and immunity, establishing an analytical system by ordinary different formulas to mimic Epidemic information transmission in OSNs. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [34] proposed a cross-layer and reliable routing protocol that utilizes fuzzy inference logic and network topology control strategies to enhance the efficiency and the reliability of message routing and forwarding in mobile ad hoc networks.  
Moreover, in the multi-layer opportunistic social networks [35], the routing algorithm based on social community division employs some different real mobility traces to evaluate their performance. [PERSON] et al. [36] introduced a novel algorithm model for multi-layer opportunistic social networks, where mobile users belong to different types of networks in the same time, and the SNA (social network analysis) centrality metrics have been extended in a real mobility dataset. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [33] developed a novel analytical model to assess the Epidemic data dissemination in mobile opportunistic social networks. This algorithm adopts two novel elements (per-immunity and immunity) to evaluate the change of mobile nodes' interests. Through experimental evaluation, this analytical model based on users' behaviors and interests outperforms other existing ones.
## 2 Background and Related Work
The paper does not directly discuss these points but shows that side-channel attack resistance improves when double-base chains decrease operations, thereby shortening execution time and simplifying detection patterns. While several works have addressed scalar multiplication optimization in ECC, few have applied these directly within authenticated key exchange protocols. For example, methods such as windowed non-adjacent forms (wNAF) or GLV decomposition offer performance benefits but often require additional curve-specific structures or precomputations. Our proposal differs by combining two orthogonal methods--double-base chains (which reduce the number of required doublings and additions) and point halving (which lowers the cost of doublings)--within the scalar computation loop of GN-AK. This combination has not been previously applied to elliptic-curve-based AKE and leads to measurable gains, as shown in our performance evaluation. In summary, the literature highlights three key directions of progress: The study outlines three primary progress avenues, which consist of (1) sophisticated scalar multiplication approaches using DBNS and point halving methods; (2) creation of secure key exchange systems such as GN-AK; and (3) implementation of lightweight cryptographic primitives suitable for resource-constrained environments. The study combines three research directions by applying modern mathematical optimizations within a classical key setting framework, resulting in the development of a protocol characterized by a good level of security and improved performance.