esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Design of a High-Speed Real-Time Defect Detection System Based on Line-Scan Camera
The image standardization system is a module that performs image preprocessing. Depending on the movement direction of the camera, certain preprocessing steps, such as vertical or horizontal flipping of captured images and extraction of specific inspection targets, can be performed. After image preprocessing, the defect detection AI engine inspects the images to determine whether they are good or defective. The defect detection management system  
Figure 3: Framework of Line-Scan Camera-Based Defect Inspection System. integrates defect detection through real-time monitoring, data collection for historical management, and other functions. Image preprocessing is the most important module for defect detection. By applying the multi-stroke solution--a multi-conditional image acquisition technology based on strobe lighting--to perform complex imaging on a single inspection device, defects detected under a specific angle of light or within a particular wavelength range, such as IR, can be inspected simultaneously. Figure 6 shows the preprocessing of the main image. Image preprocessing is necessary to detect defects by applying deep learning. Image standardization is achieved by  
Figure 4: Software Architecture of Line-Scan Camera-Based Defect Inspection System. Figure 5: Prototype of defect inspection using line-scan camera. implementing methods for extracting the inspection object, resolving image distortion, standardizing the image for defect detection, and aligning the object image using the average hash matching method. Multi-strobe technology and four-line scan cross-illumination can also be used for photometric stereo imaging. Thus, the image of the sample captured with four different directions of line-scan cross-illumination can reveal various surface reflection patterns due to the different illumination directions, facilitating easier defect detection based on photometric stereo processing results.
## 2 Stability of the Equilibrium Point
### Stability Analysis by Lyapunov-LaSalle Energy-Based Approach
\begin{array}{c}{x_{1}}\\ {x_{2}}\end{array} \right]\), and we want to find the equilibrium state (equilibrium point and/or limit cycle if there exists one) of this dynamical system. First of all, we can choose the Lyapunov candidate function as \(V(\underset{-}{x})=\left({x_{1}}^{2}+2{x_{2}}^{2}-9\right)^{2}\), and by looking at the time derivative of \(V(\underset{-}{x})\), we can determine how \(V(\underset{-}{x})\) changes as time goes on. After calculation, we have below:  
\[\dot{V}(\underset{-}{x})=-4{\left({x_{1}}^{2}+2{x_{2}}^{2}\right)}{\left({x_{1 }}^{2}+2{x_{2}}^{2}-9\right)}^{2}<0 \tag{5}\]  
Based on the [PERSON] global invariant set theorem, we can conclude that \(\dot{V}(\underset{-}{x})=0\) as time goes on, which further indicates that \(\left( \begin{array}{c}{x_{1}}=0\\ {x_{2}}=0\end{array} \right)\) or \({x_{1}}^{2}+2{x_{2}}^{2}=9\) as time goes on. This means, starting from anywhere, the trajectories will tend to \(\left( \begin{array}{c}{x_{1}}=0\\ {x_{2}}=0\end{array} \right)\) or \({x_{1}}^{2}+2{x_{2}}^{2}=9\). Also, from here, we can see that the given dynamical system has an equilibrium point \(\left( \begin{array}{c}{x_{1}}=0\\ {x_{2}}=0\end{array} \right)\) and a limit cycle \({x_{1}}^{2}+2{x_{2}}^{2}=9\). However, the question is that which one of the above (i.e. the equilibrium point or the limit cycle) the trajectories will go to. Just based on the [PERSON] global theorem, we cannot further give conclusions. By further using the [PERSON] local theorem, we can then conclude that all trajectories will tend to the limit cycle unless the trajectory starts exactly from the equilibrium point at \(\left( \begin{array}{c}{x_{1}}=0\\ {x_{2}}=0\end{array} \right)\), which indicates that the equilibrium point at origin is unstable whereas the limit cycle is stable. The _proof_ is as follows: as \(\dot{V}(\underset{-}{x})<0\), this indicates that \(V(\underset{-}{x})\) decreases as time goes on. So, starting from the nearby limit cycle, all trajectories will come back to the limit cycle. Additionally, starting from nearby origin, all trajectories will move away from the origin. We can also use the computer simulation to verify the result. The plot of the Lyapunov candidate function \(V(\underset{-}{x})=\left({x_{1}}^{2}+2{x_{2}}^{2}-9\right)^{2}\) is illustrated as below in Figure 3. We can see that all the trajectories starting nearby the limit cycle will come back to the limit cycle because \(\dot{V}(\underset{-}{x})<0\), as shown in Figure 3c. The valley in Figure 3a is the limit cycle, and it can be seen from the top view, as indicated in the Figure 3b. Figure 2: Plot of the Lyapunov candidate function of case 1. We can also extend the above method to other dynamical systems. First of all we will need to choose a Lyapunov energy like function \(V(\underset{-}{x})\) and look at the \(\dot{V}(\underset{-}{x})\) and then subsequently make a conclusion about the stability of an equilibrium point.
# Resource Management in Cloud Radio Access Network: Conventional and New Approaches
## 2 Evolution of C-RAN Architecture, and Its Types, Advantages, and Challenges
### Cloud Radio Access Network
#### 2.3.2 Remote Radio Head  
The RRHs are distributed over a geographical area where mobile users are provided with communication services, which is referred to as service area or cell sites. The area around an RRH where transmission conditions are favorable enough to maintain a connection between a user and an RRH according to the required QoS is called the coverage area of the RRH. The RRH has two parts: a transmitting part and a receiving part. In the transmitting part, a digital signal is received via a CPRI interface, converted to analog, upconverted to an RF frequency, amplified, filtered, and then output via an antenna. The receiving part receives a signal from the antenna, filters it, amplifies it, down-converts it to an IF Frequency, and then converts it to a digital signal before sending it out via the CPRI to a fiber for further processing.
# A Machine Learning Approach for Mapping Chlorophyll Fluorescence at Inland Wetlands
## 3 Results
### Evaluation of the Model Performance  
To evaluate the XGBoost algorithm results, we compared the predicted chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm with reference data, collected in situ during the growing season in 2022. The evaluation of the model performance is presented in Figure 7. It is worth noting that high coefficients of determination at R\({}^{2}\) = 0.71 and low errors at the levels of RMSE = 0.012, rRMSE = 0.016, and MAE = 0.009 were found with the used algorithm. These findings indicate quite good prediction, especially having the short time span of analysis (April-October 2022). The evaluation results indicate that the XGBoost algorithm has high monitoring accuracy, which is consistent with the results of a previous study [78] that used different models. This suggests that the XGBoost algorithm is not only universal but also scalable for vegetation monitoring.  
Figure 6: Ranking of features calculated by XGBoost by gain parameter.
# Improving RF Fingerprinting Methods by Means of D2D Communication Protocol
## 4 Experiment and Results
### Amount of Measurements  
D2D communication assisted positioning performances mentioned above are based on three measurements, that means a device communicated with another device for three times. With the purpose to check if the accuracy results are affected by the number of measurements considered, a test considering up to seven measurements was carried out. Results are shown in Figure 11.  
From Figure 11 it can be seen that four and five times measurement provides better accuracy than that of baseline three times measurement. Six and seven times measurement between UE and other devices provide even better accuracy. However, the computational load increases as the number of considered references are included. There should be a trade-off between positioning accuracy and the number of measurement to keep the calculation complexity and energy consumption as low as possible.  
Figure 10: Positioning accuracy based on other devices’ moving direction.
# A Solution Procedure to Improve 3D Solid Finite Element Analysis with an Enrichment Scheme
## 3 Improving 3D Solid FE Solutions  
Adaptive enrichment schemes can be an effective alternative to mesh refinement or the use of higher-order elements for improving the accuracy of finite element solutions. This is because repeated mesh refinement or the use of higher-order elements can be time-consuming and require significant human effort. Adaptive enrichment schemes, on the other hand, do not require additional nodes or elements, nor do they require special transition elements to connect lower and higher-order elements, as seen in previous studies [11; 13; 26; 27]. Furthermore, the procedure can be performed automatically using a suitable cover function selection scheme.  
The initial development of an automatic procedure that improves solution accuracy was carried out by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13]. This procedure starts with a finite element analysis that yields insufficiently converged solutions. The procedure utilizes an error indicator to evaluate the error at each node and applies the appropriate degree of cover functions to selected nodes based on a cover function selection scheme.  
The authors outlined several requirements for an efficient implementation of the procedure, including computationally efficient error indicators that asymptotically converge with the actual error, an effective cover function selection scheme that identifies appropriate nodes and degrees of cover functions, and minimizing the use of artificial parameters. However, the proposed procedure does include several artificial constants, and different values were applied for each example.  
In a recent study, an automatic procedure for improving the accuracy of 2D solid finite element analysis was developed, which included the 4-node quadrilateral element, free from the linear dependence problem [25]. Unlike previous studies, this procedure uses fewer artificial coefficients in the error estimation indicator and the cover function selection scheme. However, this procedure still employs some artificial constants and is restricted to 2D finite element analysis.  
This section outlines a novel adaptive enrichment procedure developed for 3D solid finite element analysis. The procedure includes an error indicator that has been suggested in previous research [25] and a cover function selection scheme aimed at reducing stress jumps and accurately representing stress concentrations. Precise prediction of stress concentrations is crucial in practice as they have a critical impact on the failure process.
# Successful Tests on Detecting Pre-Earthquake Magnetic Field Signals from Space
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Seismic Data  
Catalogs of earthquakes that have occurred and include earthquake source parameters such as origin time, epicenter, magnitude, etc., are the principal source for various earthquake studies undertaken by national and international agencies. For this study, we use the data extracted from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) ([[https://www.usgs.gov](https://www.usgs.gov)]([https://www.usgs.gov](https://www.usgs.gov))) because it is considered complete worldwide above magnitude \(M\) = 4.5-5.0.  
We downloaded data on the earthquakes that occurred in the interval from 1 January 2014 to 7 December 2023 in the Alpine-Himalayan belt with magnitude \(M\)\(\geq\) 5.0. Data on a total of 1077 earthquakes were obtained. Among these, 882 cases have magnitudes between 5.0 and 5.5, 132 events have magnitudes between 5.5 and 6, and 63 events have magnitudes greater than 6.0. The epicenters of the earthquakes are shown in Figure 1. Table S1 of the Supplementary Material contains the list of all earthquakes with specific information such as earthquake numbers, dates, latitudes, longitudes, depths, and the magnitudes of the earthquakes. In Figure S1, the histogram shows the distribution of earthquakes' magnitude (please note that with the initial S, we indicate the figures in the Supplementary Material).
# A Review of Training and Guidance Systems in Medical Surgery
## 2 Theoretical Framework
### Surgical Simulators
#### 2.1.3 Visuo-Haptic Simulators  
Visuo-haptic simulators typically involve virtual simulation that is combined with end-effectors, such as haptic devices. These environments allow the reproduction of the sense of touch. In this way, the user interacts with the simulation exerting and feeling the actual forces that they would apply to perform a real intervention [8]. In computer-assisted or teleoperated surgery, some stations provide haptic feedback while performing the surgery, such as the da Vinci system (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., CA, USA). This system was designed to facilitate operation using a minimally invasive approach controlled by a surgeon from a console.
# Rapid-DEM: Rapid Topographic Updates through Satellite Change Detection and UAS Data Fusion
## 4 Discussion
### Priority Queue  
The presented case study demonstrated how an urban topographic change was detected and prioritized for UAS-based fusion with existing USGS NED DEM data. The priority queue identified and ranked 109 areas representing 1.5% of the Walnut Creek Watershed by importance with 47% accuracy that was increased to 90.5% by the use of median filters. The main causes of error found in the priority queue were small polygons generated when converting the raster priority queue to a vector polygon, variations in spectral responses from building rooftops, and seasonal variation of the tree canopy. These results indicate that a higher threshold could be set to remove small objects from the binary change mask before object prioritization.  
In future work the priority queue could also be expanded to give more detailed insights into the specific type of change (e.g., construction phase), tracking progress over time, and use of other methods such Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) could be explored [62]. Participatory approaches could also be implemented by allowing diverse stakeholders to co-weight the priority change and priority context tables. The approaches would examine using a grassroots (bottom-up) approach to site prioritization compared to the current method, which utilized expert knowledge (top-down) [4]. However, regardless of the prioritization method used the results from the priority queue should be assessed to ensure that the most important changes to the urban topography are represented. Conceptually, Rapid-DEM provides modular flexibility that allows researchers to implement their classification models to perform thematic classification and set prioritization transition weights in the priority change table. Some examples of different use cases include priority changes in forest or agricultural land cover or changes due to natural disasters (e.g., landslides, tornadoes).
# Mapping National Mangrove Cover for Belize Using Google Earth Engine and Sentinel-2 Imagery
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
Belize, located on the Caribbean coast of Central America between approximately 14.8\({}^{\circ}\) N and 18.5\({}^{\circ}\) N and 87.4\({}^{\circ}\) W and 89.3\({}^{\circ}\) W, has a total mainland and offshore land area of approximately 23,000 km\({}^{2}\). Belize has mangrove ecosystems distributed along its mainland coastal zone and along the caves of the BBR. Both the mainland and the caves are included in the MAR ecoregion, which extends along most of the Caribbean coasts of Mexico and Handuras and the entire Caribbean coasts of Belize and Guatem (Figure 1).
# Experimental Study of Influence of Plant Roots on Dynamic Characteristics of Clay
## 1 Introduction
[21] controlled the growth of willows to provide different root systems and distribution characteristics. Using centrifuge model experiments for stability back-analysis, they found that roots provided only a limited amount of reinforcement. In contrast, when compared with measured root characteristics and commonly used root reinforcement models, roots were found to provide significant reinforcement. Therefore, further research is needed on the effective reinforcement of soil kernels by root systems. The presence of roots has been demonstrated by several studies to enhance the damping ratio and shear strength of soil. For instance, experimental and numerical investigations were conducted by [PERSON] et al. [22], in which metal wires were substituted for plant roots, resulting in an observed increase in the damping ratio with both shear displacement and root density. The performance of root-reinforced soil under cyclic loading was explored through triaxial cyclic loading tests conducted by [PERSON] et al. [23], revealing improvements in the soil's shear strength attributable to the presence of roots. Furthermore, experiments conducted by [PERSON] et al. [24] revealed that roots possess a remarkable capacity to enhance soil resistance against liquefaction, with cross-placed roots exhibiting superior reinforcement effects. However, due to the complexity of soil and the difficulty in representing the three-dimensional distribution of roots with precise mathematical models, as well as the challenges in quantitatively capturing root-soil dynamic interactions), the influence of plant root content on soil dynamic properties remains in its early exploratory stage. As a result, a mass ratio methodology is proposed in this study to ascertain root content and dynamic characteristic tests on red clay with integrated roots prevalent in southern regions of China were conducted. By incorporating considerations such as root mass density and distribution, the temporal variations of the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of root-clay composites are elucidated by this investigation. These research findings provide valuable insights to inform the design of anti-seismic and anti-vibration measures for ecological slope protection along southern railway subgrades.
# PTMD Control on a Benchmark TV Tower under Earthquake and Wind Load Excitations
## 1 Introduction
The complicated setup of the system and time delay caused by computational times of the control system will also affect the control results. The actuator used in the control system may also have its own dynamics and interactions with other structural components, all of which need to be considered. They also have higher maintenance costs, thus limiting their applicability. Therefore, this paper attempts to seek possible application of a bounding tuned mass damper (PTMD) in the reduction of vibration of high-rise structures induced by typhoons and earthquakes. An improved numerical model to predict the bounding force from the impact between the steel mass and the viscoelastic layer will be proposed and validated through experimental data. By taking a super tall benchmark TV tower as the host structure, a comprehensive numerical study will be carried out to verify the control efficiency of the PTMD under wind load and earthquake excitations, and possibly surpass in performance of traditional TMD. A parameter study will be carried out to analyze the influence of parameters on the control results, while seeking better performance of the control system.
# An Efficient Information Retrieval System Using Evolutionary Algorithms
## 4 Implementation
### Query Length Producer and Results  
Since a one-word query is not meaningful, there are 50 queries with different lengths of two-to-four words prepared particularly to test the proposed system with a specified number of related documents. Table 7 depicts these queries with the length and number of related documents. The queries' numbers are used to evaluate the accuracy and performance of the proposed system to discover all the queries' related documents. Two main steps are applied: the first step (webpages intersection with the entered query words) finds and references all the documents that have all user query words; the second step (only shared page selection) filters all relevant documents to select only the documents that contain query words.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l c c} \hline \hline
**ID** & **Query** & **Query Length** & **No. of Related Doc.** \\ \hline
1 & WOODROW BLEDSOE & 2 & 2 \\
2 & OPAL PROJECT & 2 & 3 \\
3 & PASCAL PROGRAMMING & 2 & 9 \\
4 & WERNER [PERSON] & 2 & 25 \\
5 & SOFTWARE TESTING TECHNIQUES & 3 & 2 \\  & ANALYSIS CRYPTOGARPHIC & 3 & 1 \\
6 & PROTOCOS & 2 & 10 \\
7 & [PERSON] & 2 & 10 \\  & VLSI PLACEMENT ROUTING & 4 & 1 \\
8 & ALGORHMS & 2 & 8 \\
9 & [PERSON] & 2 & 8 \\
10 & CAD VLSI RESEARCH GROUP & 3 & 3 \\
11 & [PERSON] & 2 & 10 \\
12 & [PERSON] & 2 & 10 \\
13 & [PERSON] & 2 & 13 \\
14 & [PERSON] & 2 & 10 \\
15 & [PERSON] & 2 & 8 \\
16 & WEB OPERATING SYSTEMS & 3 & 5 \\
17 & [PERSON] ENGINEERING PROJECT & 3 & 10 \\
18 & [PERSON] & 2 & 11 \\
19 & [PERSON] & 2 & 12 \\
20 & COMPUTER COMMUNICATION & 3 & 9 \\
21 & [PERSON] & 2 & 7 \\
22 & [PERSON] & 2 & 31 \\
23 & PROGRAMMING SOLUTIONS & 2 & 3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: List of a queries with length and number of related documents.  
Figure 9: Memory space for document indexing.  
The last step of the proposed system is returning relevant documents to the user query with a high FF value in the last iteration (15 iterations) as an example using the following query:  
Query: ANALYSIS CRYPTOGGRAPHIC PROTOCOLS  
This query contains four documents of shared pages, but only one relevant document contains all the words of the query together.