## 1 Introduction  
With the continuous development of construction technology and construction methods, the traditional reinforced concrete (RC) frame-shear wall structure system has gradually controlled building collapse and personnel casualties. However, the economic losses and social impacts caused by earthquakes are still significant [1, 2]. Therefore, a precast RC structure with the goal of achieving rapid functional recovery after earthquakes may become a key technology in the field of seismic engineering [3, 4]. To meet the functional requirements of buildings and structural seismic resistance requirements, precast RC frame-shear wall structural systems are commonly used in schools, office buildings, hotels, and medical facilities [5]. As the main lateral force-resisting component for the precast RC frame-shear wall structure, the shear wall has a significant effect on the seismic responses for this structural system. At present, the concept based on equivalent cast-in-place is often adopted in the design of a precast shear wall, which features the same seismic performance as the traditional shear wall that can be found in the precast shear wall with wet joints. Sleeve grouting connections [6], pore-forming grouted connections [7], post-pouring belt connections [8], etc., are the main wet joints, which have the disadvantages of more wet work, difficulty in positioning steel bars, and quality assurance for construction. In addition, shear walls are difficult to repair and reinforce after earthquakes due to the higher stress concentration. The above problems can be found in the 2010 Chile earthquake [9], 2011 New Zealand Christchurch earthquake [10], and 2023 Turkey earthquake [11]. However, in New Zealand, the Southern Cross Hospital Endoscopy Building was subject to the design concept of resilient structures after being damaged slightly, and those structures meant the building remained in working order after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake [12]. Among the efforts to improve the repairability of a shear wall, the vertical seams of the shear wall connected by dampers have been proven as an effective method. In comparison to the traditional shear wall, the flexural failure mode has been an improvement and now constitutes the main failure mode for this shear wall system because the dampers can serve as the first seismic fortification line for protecting the shear wall. According to the energy-dissipating principle, the dampers adopted in engineering structures are mainly divided into metal dampers, friction dampers [13], and viscoelastic dampers [14; 15; 16]. Additionally, metal dampers with the benefits of low cost, convenience to obtain, and excellent energy dissipation are the most widely used, which can be divided into flexural-yield-type, shear-yield-type, and tension-yield-type metal dampers. Owing to the simple design and excellent energy-dissipating capacity of the ADAS [17] and U-shaped dampers [18], the flexural-yield-type metal dampers [19; 20; 21; 22; 23] developed lately are mostly derivatives of the aforementioned dampers and are often designed with new metal materials [24]. These have mainly been successfully applied in the frame structure [19; 20], shear wall structure [21; 22], self-centering concrete wall structure [23], and base-isolated structure [24; 25] to improve the seismic resilience of a structure. Although the stable energy dissipation can be found in the flexural-yield-type metal dampers, the stiffness and bearing capacity of this metal damper are relatively lower considering the obvious out-of-plane deformation behavior. Compared with the flexural-type metal dampers, the shear-type metal dampers have higher stiffness and bearing capacity due to in-plane deformation behavior. To effectively make full use of the steel materials, the yield energy dissipation segment of steel plates is often induced directionally by means of a weakening section, resulting in the development of an X-shaped metal damper [26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31].