# Resource Management for Collaborative 5G-NR-V2X RSUs to Enhance V2I/N Link Reliability
## 5 Improved V2I/N Link Reliability with Proposed Collaborative RSU for Resource Management
### BS-Type RSU with 3D Beamforming  
In the case of 3D beamforming, combining the applied horizontal beam pattern adaptation with the vertical antenna pattern adaptation to maximize the desired user signal enhances the receiver's SINR. Three-dimensional beamforming provides improved transmit power, spectral efficiency, and cell edge throughput. When integrated with ICIC, utilizing both horizontal and vertical planes in conjunction with 3D directional antenna patterns on the base station (BS) for inter-cell interference management, can lead to significant improvements in edge and peak throughput compared to conventional non-adaptive transmission, even at high latency/mobility values. This is because the degradation of channel state information (CSI) due to latency/mobility can be minimized. [30]. It avoids interference by allocating orthogonal resources for VUEs located at cell boundaries and connects to different BS-type RSUs. Configuring the antenna of 3D beamforming involvesusing the technology introduced in Section 3.2. In addition, we define the 3D antenna pattern by a pair of vertical and horizontal angles \((\theta^{\prime\prime},\varnothing^{\prime\prime})\). The vertical and horizontal angle setting is an important parameter that enables the communication between distant nodes, by determining the power transmission location of the antenna in scenario using a directional transmission. The combination of vertical and horizontal patterns follows (16) [31; 32]. \[A^{\prime\prime}_{dB}(\theta^{\prime\prime},\varnothing^{\prime\prime})=-\min \left\{-\left(A^{\prime\prime}_{dB}(\theta^{\prime\prime},\varnothing^{\prime \prime}=0^{\circ})+A^{\prime\prime}_{dB}(\theta^{\prime\prime}=90^{\circ}, \varnothing^{\prime\prime})\right),A_{max}\right\} \tag{16}\]  
The antenna element gain pattern consists of vertical pattern, A\({}_{\text{dB}}\)\" (\(\theta^{\prime\prime}\), \(\varnothing^{\prime\prime}=0^{\circ}\)), and horizontal pattern, A\({}_{\text{dB}}\)\"(\(\theta^{\prime\prime}=90^{\circ}\), \(\varnothing^{\prime\prime}\)), and shows the maximum gain and high directivity in the main lobe direction of 8 dBi of the single element radiation pattern. Equations (17) and (18) represent the vertical and horizontal patterns. \[A^{\prime\prime}_{dB}(\theta^{\prime\prime},\varnothing^{\prime\prime}=0^{ \circ})=-\min\left\{12\left(\frac{\theta-90^{\circ}}{\theta_{3 dB}}\right)^{2},SLA_{V}\right\} \tag{17}\]  
\[A^{\prime\prime}_{dB}(\theta^{\prime\prime}=90^{\circ},\varnothing^{\prime\prime })=-\min\left\{12\left(\frac{\varnothing}{\varnothing_{3 dB}}\right)^{2},A_{max}\right\} \tag{18}\]  
In the equation, \(\theta_{\text{3 dB}}\) and \(\varnothing_{\text{3 dB}}\) mean vertical and horizontal 3 dB bandwidths, \(SLA_{V}\) means the sidelobe level limit, and A\({}_{\text{max}}\) indicates the mean maximum attenuation values. In the case of the vertical pattern, conditions corresponding to \(\theta_{\text{3 dB}}=65^{\circ}\), \(SLA_{V}=30\) dB, Further, \(\theta^{\prime\prime}\in[0^{\circ},180^{\circ}]\) are satisfied, and in the case of the horizontal pattern, conditions \(\varnothing_{\text{3 dB}}=65^{\circ}\), \(A_{max}=30\) dB, \(\varnothing\in[180^{\circ},180^{\circ}]\) are satisfied. To verify the antenna gain of 3D beamforming, a comparison is made between a single antenna configuration and an antenna array configuration consisting of a uniform rectangular panel array with rows and columns of (8, 8) elements. According to [33], using a single rectangular antenna panel can improve cellular capacity through vertical beamforming, and although the single-panel approach may sacrifice some diversity gain, it enables the activation of high-altitude (vertical) beamforming, increasing cellular capacity. MATLAB-based simulators are used to apply beamforming proposed in the 5G NR standard in accordance with the 3 GPP document [25], and the resulting 3D antenna pattern, using the antenna parameters shown in Figure 5, demonstrates an additional gain of 18 dBi.