## 1 Introduction  
With the rise in global warming and technological growth, the Arctic has become a strategically important region for countries around the world and is of great importance in terms of economic and trade flows, military, and tourism [1; 2; 3]. However, Arctic sea ice, an important factor in the global climate system, is steadily melting [4; 5], which affects the ecological and climatic environment of the Arctic region [6; 7; 8]. From other perspectives, the melting of the Arctic sea ice also facilitates the opening of the Arctic corridor and helps to save trade miles and navigation costs, which has important military and trade implications [9]. In addition, the Arctic is rich in fisheries and mineral resources [10], and thus the opening of the Arctic passage facilitates countries with a high demand for energy to research and exploit the Arctic resources. Consequently, to better plan the Arctic passage and Arctic resource investigation routes, it is particularly important to monitor the distribution of sea ice efficiently and in real-time. Human monitoring of the Arctic sea ice has a long history, starting from early shedding expeditions [11], continuing to aircraft mapping [12], progressing to the use of submarines, icebreakers [13], unmanned equipment [14], and finally to advanced satellite remote sensing technology [15]. Currently, satellite remote sensing technology is the most efficient way to monitor sea ice, and it has advantages of wide-range detection, real-time, and sustainability differing from traditional methods. It is worth affirming that synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is generally not affected by weather disturbances or cloud cover, which greatly enhances its applicability in acquiring remote sensing imagery [16; 17]. However, compared to SAR, optical imagery has some unique advantages in polar research. First, optical remote sensing is one of the most direct methods for satellite remote sensing technology and is able to obtain visible light images and panchromatic images with high spatial resolutions that provide clear spatial texture information of the observation target [18; 19; 20], which is instrumental in the intuitive interpretation of remote sensing images. Second, the acquisition and processing of optical imagery are relatively more straightforward to operate and analyze. Optical images can be directly obtained for free from satellite platforms. It is worth pointing out that acquiring SAR images often involves significant costs. In the processing of SAR images, due to their unique properties, such as speckle noise and polarization characteristics, these images requires higher computational power and specialized expertise to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the image results. Although the use of optical imagery limits the creation of time series, in the Arctic summer, abundant sunlight and less cloud cover make optical imagery an ideal data source for observing sea ice. Furthermore, due to the intuitiveness of optical imagery, it has unique advantages for real-time monitoring and navigation planning [21]. Based on this, our study aims to propose a rapid and accurate identification method, contributing to the planning of navigation routes and the monitoring of maritime emergencies. Generally speaking, researchers usually adopt three methods for identifying Arctic sea ice: thresholding, texture analysis, and machine learning. Thresholding initially employed the adaptive global thresholding method that calculates a global threshold by analyzing the grayscale data of the entire image followed by categorizing the pixels into black and white. However, using this method for sea ice images under various lighting conditions is inappropriate, resulting in imprecise segmentation outcomes. To overcome the limitations of global adaptive thresholding, [PERSON] et al. [22] introduced the local adaptive thresholding method. This method leverages the neighborhood information of every pixel to calculate its local threshold and categorizes pixels into black and white accordingly.