###### Abstract
Instead of having such a centric nature, with its constraints, the cloud-computing platform offers several features and services to manage the operational activities of numerous SP systems (detailed literature is provided in [12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20]). Traditionally, the IoT also uses a cloud platform to manage its vast data storage, management, analysis, and even the users' query management via cellular applications that run through the cloud [16; 17; 18]. Thus, together, the IoT-cloud platform can offer various solutions to build an effective SP system [16]. However, similar to the cloud, the IoT is entirely a centric and resource-constrained platform that thus lacks the capabilities for managing large SP systems. A single point of failure (SPOF) caused during data storage, periodic maintenance, software updates and scheduling, excessive traffic, etc., can lead to the interruption of the entire central system, which therefore influences the probability of service on time; for example, in the SP system, the accuracy of obtaining an indication as to vacant/nonvacant parking information within a certain period can suffer [19; 20; 21]. Therefore, for an IoT-cloud-centric platform, these are the main challenges, which also include the issue of centralized security management, which can be tackled through the incorporation of emerging technologies, such as fog computing and blockchain [9; 22; 23]. Fog computing is not only a solution to bring and manage the storage and computation closer to the edge devices (for example, in a distributive IoT-cloud environment), but it is also an integral shift in support of various services, such as virtualization, remote access, mobility, and cellular applications, which boost the performance of the existing central cloud by offering minimal latency and high throughput, and especially for the resource-constrained IoT platform [10]. However, fog computing is still not a mature technology, such as the IoT and cloud, as this technology has several challenges related to development costs, performance gains, computation complicities, QoS, scalability, and traffic management, to enable an effective fog infrastructure for systems such as SP [10; 24]. Undoubtedly, incorporating fog computing can strengthen the capabilities of the IoT-cloud platform and therefore manage a scalable well-performing SP system [1; 10]; however, enabling secure end-to-end fog communication is a challenging issue, as this technology lacks the design to combat cybersecurity issues [25]. To address this, blockchain is an emerging solution to mitigate the cybersecurity, security, and privacy issues, as blockchain offers a secure ledger solution to keep a record of every transaction, and it employs resilient cryptographic methods, such as hashing for data integrity, public-key cryptography, and nonbreakable digital signatures. Moreover, blockchain empowers fine-grained transparency to deliver and ensure an end-to-end information stream (for example, the successful transactions between edge devices to fog to cloud to end users, and vice versa) [11; 26]. In particular, the major limitations of blockchain, such as mining, distributive data storage, computation complexities, and energy consumption, can be addressed through the incorporation of fog computing on massive IoT platforms [26]. In this modern technology era, most vehicular companies, such as Toyota, Telsa, Audi, Volvo, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan, Bosch, etc., have started to develop AVs, as reported in [27; 28]. Figure 1 illustrates that the successful navigation of AVs on the road can be possible by employing a range of technologies, including a range of sensors, cameras, the global positioning system (GPS), a highly efficient radar system, high-definition radio antennas, and connectivity to a faster broadband network, such as 5G [29].