esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Inhibition of the Maillard Reaction by Phenolic Compounds
#### 3.3.1 Blocking or Modification of Amines  
One of the strategies to inhibit the Maillard reaction concerns the activity toward MR reactive sites, such as amino groups. It is possible to modify amines using oxidized polyphenols, i.e., quinones. The formation of quinones occurs easily during the processing and storage of foods containing polyphenols. Quinones can react with amines, forming benzoquinone mimics or amine-quinone adducts through nucleophilic addition [5]. The specific reaction product formed depends on the incubation conditions of the samples in terms of time and temperature. If the samples are incubated at room temperature, only the amine-quinone adduct is detected. If they are heated to 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min, both reaction  
Figure 4: Degradation of Amadori/Heyns compounds and the formation of flavor compounds, melanoidins, and AGEs. Lys: lysine; Arg: arginine; AGEs: advanced glycation end products.  
products are formed [5]. Further reactions can take place with these products. Reoxidation of the amine-quinone adduct can occur, or a reaction can occur with another amino group, leading to the formation of an amine-quinone-amine adduct. To understand the feasibility of this strategy, it is important to consider the initial concentration of amines in the food matrix. If the polyphenol, i.e., the inhibitor, is present at low concentrations compared with amines, it becomes difficult to block or slow down the Maillard reaction because amino groups can react with reducing sugars or with \(\alpha\)-dicarbonyls [5]. Another aspect to consider is to evaluate whether this strategy is feasible even in cases where the amino groups of lysine residues are involved. In fact, a modification of lysine, an essential amino acid, would lead to a reduction in the nutritional value of the food matrix.  
In addition, quinones can also act with thiol groups present on amino acids, peptides, and proteins to form thiol-quinone adducts. The reaction with thiols is favored because it is much faster than the reaction with amines. But usually in foods, the concentration of thiols is much lower than that of amines, and for this reason, it is easier for quinones to modify amines [5].
###### Abstract  
In this paper, we enhance the performance efficiency of the free-space optical (FSO) communication link using the hybrid on-off keying (OOK) modulation, M-ary digital pulse position modulation (M-ary DPPM), and M-pulse amplitude and position modulation (M-PAPM). This work analyzes and enhances the bit error rate (BER) performance of the moment generating function, modified Chernoff bound, and Gaussian approximation techniques. In the existence of both an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, atmospheric turbulence (AT) channels, and interchannel crosstalk (ICC), we propose a system model of the passive optical network (PON) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique for a dense WDM (DWDM) based on the hybrid fiber FSO (HFFSO) link. We use eight wavelength channels that have been transmitted at a data rate of 2.5 Gbps over a turbulent HFFSO-DWDM system and PON-FSO optical fiber start from 1550 nm channel spacing in the C-band of 100 GHz. The results demonstrate (2.5 Gbps \(\times\) 8 channels) 20 Gbit/s-4000 m transmission with favorable performance. In this design, M-ary DPPM-M-PAPM modulation is used to provide extra information bits to increase performance. We also propose to incorporate adaptive optics to mitigate the AT effect and improve the modulation efficiency. We investigate the impact of the turbulence effect on the proposed system performance based on OOK-M-ary PAPM-DPPM modulation as a function of M-ary DPPM-PAPM and other atmospheric parameters. The proposed M-ary hybrid DPPM-M-PAPM solution increases the receiver sensitivity compared to OOK, improves the reliability and achieves a lower power penalty of 0.2-3.0 dB at low coding level (M) 2 in the WDM-FSO systems for the weak turbulence. The OOK/M-ary hybrid DPPM-M-PAPM provides an optical signal-to-noise ratio of about 4-8 dB of the DWDM-HFFSO link for the strong turbulence at a target BER of \(10^{-12}\). The numerical results indicate that the proposed design can be enhanced with the hybrid OOK/M-DPPM and M-PAPM for DWDM-HFFSO systems. The calculation results show that PAPM-DPPM has increased about 10-11 dB at BER of \(10^{-12}\) more than the OOK-NRZ approach. The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid optical modulation technique can be used in the DWDM-FSO hybrid links for optical-wireless and fiber-optic communication systems, significantly increasing their efficiency. Finally, the use of the hybrid OOK/M-ary DPPM-M-PAPM modulation schemes is a new technique to reduce the AT, ICC, ASE noise for the DWDM-FSO optical fiber communication systems.  
ASE noise; ICC; DWDM-FSO/PON optical fiber network; hybrid OOK/M-ary DPPM-M-PAPM; hybrid fiber FSO (HFFSO) link +
Footnote †: journal: _Photonics_
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Surface Damage Characteristics
#### 3.2.2 Fissure Expansion and Fissure Evolution Processes
The maximum relative displacements of the rock body under different early damages are shown in Figure 7. The relative displacement expanded rapidly after reaching 75% peak stress, and the rate of sample rupture was significantly accelerated compared to the increase up to 75% peak stress. Furthermore, as the early damage increased from 0% to 40%, the strength of the sample gradually increased, and the impact point of the stress increased; that is, the speed of its rupture increased and became greater with the early disruption. For the 60% early damage sample, the pressure in the sample is higher under greater stress, and the initial relative shift of the load is less, so that the degree of rupture and the speed of the rupture increase faster in the stable disruption and post-peak phases but remain less than 40% in the early damage sample.
## 3 Methods  
The relative novelty of the studied topic encourages us to use a single case study design [61; 62]. Case study methodology allows for the exploration of a complex phenomenon, such as the relationship between ICT use and sustainable management of tourism sites, within a well-defined situational context [63]. Building on the argument that ICT can change the organisational principles of collective action and that it can, thereby, influence the sustainable management of tourism sites [15; 19], a single case study approach enables to explore the use of ICT in ensuring the quality of tourism. It also provides room for personal interactions between the researchers and the participants, while giving study participants the opportunity to describe their views on ICT use and sustainable management of tourism sites within the Arctic context they operate [63]. Given the geographical focus on the polar regions in this special issue, we apply the theory of collective action to a unique, and spatially well-defined, polar tourism case study [62]. Through the participants' stories, we are able to explore contextual factors that are relevant to the topic. Therefore, we applied a so-called \"extreme case\" selection strategy [64], meaning that we have selected a case that demonstrates unusual characteristics of the phenomenon of interest. Consequently, we focused on Svalbard which is a remote location, based on natural attractions, and that is characterized by a relatively developed polar tourism industry.  
The network this paper focuses on is the AECO, which was established in 2003 as an industry initiative to promote and practice sustainable Arctic cruising activities. The main objective of the network is to ensure environmentally friendly and safe cruising operations. Collective action within AECO is evident in its self-regulatory tools, which are agreed on between members and are often stricter than governmental regulations. The network has headquarters with administrative and institutional functions and is mainly financed through member fees. Participation is voluntary but necessitates compliance with the organization's goals and values. By 2015, the network had grown to 48 members from a meagre 13 members in 2009 (AECO Annual Report 2015). AECO members include primarily cruise operators but also other international and local organizations, such as ice management service providers, port agents, consultancies and airlines.  
The network provides expertise to tour operators and develops operational guidelines. These guidelines define, for example, the minimum distance to wildlife or expected behaviours by both operators and tourists. The network is especially active in Svalbard, where most operators are members. Here, AECO supports programmes such as _Clean Up Svalbard_--an initiative that engages tourists in cleaning up beaches. One of its main tasks in Svalbard is to manage the use of tourism sites by its members. ICT solutions are increasingly used to facilitate the management of tourism sites.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds Analysis of Withered Leaves under Different Shaking Combinations  
#### 3.3.1 Overall Analysis of Volatile Compounds  
In total, 52 volatile components were obtained from in-process withered leaves (Table S3). The total volatile content in witnessed leaves increased significantly after  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Name of Odorants**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **OT** \\ **(\(\mathbf{g}\)-\(\mathbf{L}^{-1}\))** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Odor Characteristic**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Average rOAV**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & **CK** & **S** & **YLS** & **HTS** & **HYS** \\ \hline Linalool & 0.22 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Floral, sweet, \\ grape-like, woody \\ \end{tabular} & 4.72 \(\pm\) 0.75 c & 30.34 \(\pm\) 11.08 b & 54.78 \(\pm\) 0.82 a & 22.14 \(\pm\) 1.71 b & 23.20 \(\pm\) 7.45 b \\ \hline Cedrol & 1.00 & Cedarwood aroma & 6.08 \(\pm\) 2.65 c & 19.16 \(\pm\) 7.02 a & 21.29 \(\pm\) 2.96 a & 7.50 \(\pm\) 0.33 c & 14.33 \(\pm\) 4.30 ab \\ \hline
3-methyl-Butanal & 0.50 & \begin{tabular}{c} Apple-like and \\ chocolate-like flavor \\ \end{tabular} & 2.53 \(\pm\) 0.16 d & 18.14 \(\pm\) 5.07 ab & 25.63 \(\pm\) 4.82 a & 8.19 \(\pm\) 0.75 c & 16.87 \(\pm\) 3.13 b \\ \hline Trans-\(\beta\)-Ionone & 0.007 & \begin{tabular}{c} Violet-like, floral, \\ and raspberry-like \\ \end{tabular} & 16.29 \(\pm\) 6.28 c & 8.51 \(\pm\) 3.60 c & 65.13 \(\pm\) 7.99 a & 37.66 \(\pm\) 3.77 b & 78.50 \(\pm\) 32.76 a \\ \hline Dimethyl sulfide & 0.33 & \begin{tabular}{c} Corn, sulfuro \\ flavor \\ \end{tabular} & 0.88 \(\pm\) 0.22 c & 12.35 \(\pm\) 4.39 a & 7.64 \(\pm\) 0.61 a & 2.91 \(\pm\) 0.36 b & 4.16 \(\pm\) 1.00 b \\ \hline Benzeneacetaldehyde & 1.20 & \begin{tabular}{c} Hawthorne, honey, \\ sweet \\ \end{tabular} & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.04 c & 1.02 \(\pm\) 0.36 b & 1.77 \(\pm\) 0.03 a & 0.82 \(\pm\) 0.10 b & 1.79 \(\pm\) 0.24 a \\ \hline \(\alpha\)-Cedrene & 2.13 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Floral \\ \end{tabular} & 0.89 \(\pm\) 0.19 c & 4.66 \(\pm\) 3.20 abc & 5.67 \(\pm\) 0.46 a & 1.66 \(\pm\) 0.13 bc & 3.68 \(\pm\) 1.57 ab \\ \hline Nonanal & 1.10 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Rose aroma, aroma \\ of citrus flower, \\ creamy aroma \\ \end{tabular} & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.05 c & 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.69 ab & 1.90 \(\pm\) 0.07 a & 0.80 \(\pm\) 0.03 b & 1.21 \(\pm\) 0.76 ab \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Relative odor activity values (rOAVs) of 8 key aroma compounds (rOAV> 1) in black teas under different shaking combinations.  
S and HYS treatments compared to CK, while YLS showed a non-significant increase (Figure 4A). HTS exhibited a decrease in volatile content, suggesting that high-temperature withering may hinder volatile compound formation in withered leaves. Moreover, PLS-DA analysis of withered leaves (Figure 4B) showed distinct clustering of samples under different treatments, with S and YLS in the first quadrant, HTS in the second, CK in the third, and HYS in the fourth, indicating significant differences in the volatile composition of withered tea leaves.
# Life Cycle Assessment for the Production Phase of Nano-Silica-Modified Asphalt Mixtures
## 3 Methodology
### Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)  
Material Extraction and Production Processes  
The life cycle inventory stage is the stage of actual data collection and the modeling of the system product. For the data on material extraction, processing, and production, an openLCA database was used. OpenLCA is an open source LCA tool from GreenDeLTa located in Berlin, Germany. The software uses an Eco-invent 2.2 database and other proprietary databases and produces equally good results compared to other proprietary LCA tools such as SimaPro, Gabi, etc. The software allows the user to import any external database into its platform and it can be used to model any product. For the production process of nano-silica, silica gel and precipitated silica type, the process outlined by Ref. [42] was followed. A 1000 kg production of bitumen and aggregates was assumed. For the input amount of  
Figure 3: Key processes of nano-modified asphalt materials.  
1 kg nano-silica production, the data provided by Ref. [43] were referred to. Additives are often applied in small percentages (1-10%) by weight of asphalt binder. This study used 3% of nano-silica for asphalt binder modification. Therefore, the input amount of 30 kg nano-silica was required to modify the bitumen. Data from Refs. [13; 14] were used regarding the energy consumption data per kg of material required for bitumen production, aggregates, and the mixing of asphalt materials at the plant. In other studies, such as the one reported by Ref. [3], the modification of asphalt binder with additives results in an increase in fuel consumption by approximately 15%. Therefore, it was assumed that an increase of 15% in energy for bitumen production was required to modify the bitumen. Hence, to account for the asphalt binder modification with nano-silica in the analysis, an additional 15% increase in energy (fuel) was added to the 0.51 MJ energy for bitumen production. Transportation of nano-silica material to the milling terminal for modification was assumed as 100 km, while the total transportation for bitumen and to the asphalt plant was also assumed to be 100 km and that for aggregates was assumed as 5 km to the mixing plant. In Table 2, the material and energy requirements for the production of nanomaterial (nano-silica) and asphalt materials is summarized.
###### Abstract  
An effective way to perform maintenance on the wind turbine generator (WTG) blades installed in grid-connected wind farms is to inspect them using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). The ability to detect wind turbine blade defects from these laser and RGB images captured by drones has been the subject of numerous studies. The issue that most applied techniques battle with is being able to locate different wind turbine blade defects with high confidence scores and precision. The accuracy of these models' defect detection decreases due to varying testing image scales. This article proposes the Res-CNN3 technique for detecting wind turbine blade defects. In Res-CNN3, defect region detection is achieved through a bipartite process that processes the laser delta and RGB delta structure of a wind turbine blade image with an integration of residual networks and concatenated CNNs to determine the presence of typical defect regions in the image. The loss function is logistic regression, and a Selective Search (SS) algorithm is used to predict the regions of interest (RoI) of the input images for defects detection. Several experiments are conducted, and the outcomes prove that the proposed model has a high prospect for accuracy in solving the problem of defect detection in a manner similar to the advanced benchmark methods.  
deep learning; defects; wind turbine generator blades; Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) 2023  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], T. Defects Detection on 110 MW AC Wind Farm's Turbine Generator Blades Using Drone-Based Laser and RGB Images with Res-CNN3 Detector. _Applied_  
13, 13046. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/appl32413046](https://doi.org/10.3390/appl32413046)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/appl32413046](https://doi.org/10.3390/appl32413046))
## 3 Results
### Time-Varying Centroid Frequency Attribute Analysis  
We then utilize the time-varying centroid frequency attribute proposed in our previous work [9] to further assess the attenuation at the interleaved areas, as depicted in Figure 9 and Table 2. In lossy media, there is a noticeable reduction in centroid frequency attributed to the attenuation effect (i.e., dielectric losses) with an increase in the propagation time of radar waves. This reduction is more prominent in water compared to common lossy media such as soil and concrete. Additionally, minimal attenuation is observed during wave propagation through air.  
In Figure 9, the centroid frequencies exhibit two distinct characteristics in the vicinity of underground pipelines or spaces: minimal attenuation around the center frequency of 450 MHz (indicated by dashed boxes labeled \"1\"), and a noticeable reduction in the range of 200 to 300 MHz (indicated by dashed boxes labeled \"2\"). In Figure 9, the centroid frequencies also exhibit two distinct characteristics near manholes with metal covers exposed on the ground surface: minimal attenuation around the center frequency of 450 MHz (indicated by dashed boxes labeled \"3\"), and a noticeable reduction in the range of 200 to 300 MHz (indicated by dashed boxes labeled \"4\"). Similar observations can be made in other sub-figures.  
It is worth noting that, in Figure 9, shallow underground spaces can be identified (labeled as \"2\"), indicating the presence of an underground pipe network beneath the second survey line distributing rainwater and sewage or wastewater from a nearby bathroom.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Types of Underground Spaces** & **From of Instantaneous Energy** & **Position in the Figure 8** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{manholes} & layered (with strong instantaneous energy) & rose dashed box in crossline slice in Figure 8b; \\  & layered (with strong instantaneous energy) & rose dashed box inline slice in Figure 8c,e,h; \\ \cline{2-3}  & cluttered (with weak instantaneous energy) & rose dashed box
## 3 Results  
### Screening for Enzymatic Properties  
Results related to the proteolytic and lipolytic potential of the different microorganisms tested are reported in Table 1. The bacteria tested showed proteolytic and lipolytic activity in a strain-dependent way. _B. subtilis_ B46C, B47C, B28C did not create halos in skim milk or Spirit Blue Agar while they showed a moderate or weak gelatinase activity. On the other hand, strains B5C, B12C, and B15C had good proteolytic (max halo 8 mm) and lipolytic activity (max halo 14 mm), with B5C as the best lipolytic and proteolytic strain. Between the two strains of _B. licheniformis_ tested, only B1M showed lipolytic (10 mm) and proteolytic (8 mm) activity. _B. amyloliquefaciens_ B5M also possessed a good proteolytic (9 mm) and lipolytic (14 mm) activity. Among the yeasts, 4 strains of _Y. lipolytica_ showed proteolytic activity on the skim-milk medium and gelatin. In addition, these strains showed strong lipolytic activity on Spirit Blue Agar medium. Among all the selected strains of _Y. lipolytica_, those with the greatest proteolytic and lipolytic activity (halos of 11 and 15 mm, respectively), were YL2 and YL4.  
The protease activity of the most promising strains (namely _Y. lipolytica_ YL2 and YL4, _B. amyloliquefaciens_ B5M and _B. subtilis_ B5C) was also evaluated. Strain B5C showed an activity of 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.05 U/mL, strain B5M of 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.07 U/mL, YL2 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.10 U/mL and YL4 0.30 \(\pm\) 0.04 U/mL.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Genera and Species** & **Strain** & **Origin** & **Proteolytic Clearing Zone** & **Gelatinase** & **Lipolytic Clearing** \\ \cline{2-5} \multicolumn{1}{c}{_B. subtilis_} & B5C & Plant origin & 8 \(\pm\) 1.0 & ++ & 14 \(\pm\) 0.1 \\ \cline{2-5} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & B12C & Plant origin & 6 \(\pm\) 0.4 & ++ & 10 \(\pm\) 0.3 \\ \cline{2-5} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & B15C & Plant origin & 5 \(\pm\) 0.3 & ++ & 12 \(\pm\) 0.5 \\ \cline{2-5} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & B28C & Plant origin & - & ++ & - \\ \cline{2-5} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & B46C & Plant origin & - & + & - \\ \cline{2-5} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & B47C & Plant origin & - & ++ & - \\ \hline _B. licheniformis_ & B1M & Wine lees & 8 \(\pm\) 0.2 & - & 10 \(\pm\) 0.3 \\ \cline{2-5} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & B21M & Wine lees & - & - & - \\ \hline _B. amyloliquefaciens_ & B5M & Wine lees & 9 \(\pm\) 0.3 & ++ & 14 \(\pm\) 1.1 \\ \cline{2-5} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & B. stratosphericicus & B18M & Wine lees & - & + & 9 \(\pm\) 0.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Results of enzymatic properties of the different tested strains on different substrates. The results are the mean of three replicates (\(n=3\)).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Extraction of perennial Grassland Areas  
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is an effective indicator of vegetation growth and has been proven to be effective in indicating the vegetation cover [32; 33]. In this study, we utilized the NDVI to assist in determining the distribution of perennial grassland. First, we extracted the grassland boundary of the TP based on the 1:1,000,000 Vegetation Map of China released in 2001. Then, NDVI datasets with a temporal resolution of 16 days, a spatial resolution of 250 m, and a time span of 2001-2022 were extracted from the MOD13Q1 v061 product and downloaded from the NASA Earth Science Data System (available at [[https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/](https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/)]([https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/](https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/)) (accessed on 6 May 2024)). Maximum Value Composition (MVC) was used to extract areas where the maximum NDVI values were greater than 0.1 during the growing season (June-September) and greater than 0.15 during the peak growing season (July-August) for each year [34]. Areas meeting the above NDVI requirements for each year from 2001 to 2022 were extracted and considered as perennial vegetation cover areas. An overlapping analysis of the grassland boundary and perennial vegetation cover areas was carried out to obtain the intersections of the two landcover sources, which are considered to be the perennial grassland distribution area of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau, and also the target region of this study.