# Emerging Trends in Sustainable Biological Resources and Bioeconomy for Food Production
## 1 Introduction
### Policies and Regulatory Frameworks  
In recent years, there has been a significant push towards policies that promote sustainability and the bioeconomy in food production, both globally and locally. These policies aim to transform food systems towards more sustainable models, minimizing environmental impacts, promoting the efficient use of natural resources, and encouraging the circular economy and the development of biotechnologies [11].  
The United Nations has set 17 SDGs, which include specific targets for transforming food systems towards sustainability. Of particular note are targets related to zero hunger (SDG 2), responsible production and consumption (SDG 12), and climate action (SDG 13), which promote the bioeconomy and reducing waste in food production. On the other hand, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) promotes a sustainable bioconomy model in the food sector through its Strategic Framework, which focuses on improving resource efficiency, reducing waste, and utilizing agricultural and food by-products. Finally, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), through initiatives such as the Paris Agreement, promotes emission reductions in the agricultural sector and the transition to sustainable practices, including incentives for low-emission and climate-resilient agricultural systems.  
In light of the aforementioned global challenges, this review is driven by three primary motivations. Firstly, the escalating imperative to ensure food security for a progressively expanding global population underscores the necessity to identify sustainable and scalable biological resources. Secondly, there is mounting environmental pressure to reduce the ecological footprint of conventional food systems, particularly livestock production, which necessitates a transition to alternative, low-impact protein sources. Thirdly, recent policy developments and international sustainability frameworks, including the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, have increasingly emphasized the importance of the bioeconomy in achieving systemic reform. In response to these drivers, the present review focuses on emerging green (terrestrial) and blue (aquatic) biological resources and their role in fostering resilient, circular, and low-carbon food systems aligned with global sustainability objectives.  
The objective of this review is to comprehensively examine emerging trends in the sustainable use of biological resources within the context of the green and blue bioeconomy as they relate to food production. Special emphasis is placed on novel food sources such as plant-based proteins, edible insects, algal bioactives, and microbial fermentation products, as well as on innovative approaches to valorizing agricultural residues. The review also aims to explore how these strategies align with global sustainability frameworks (particularly the Sustainable Development Goals) and contribute to enhancing food security, minimizing environmental impact, and promoting circular economy principles in the agri-food sector.