## 2 Materials and Methods
### Case Study of the Selected Area: The Skikda Region
#### 2.2.2 System Components  
The studied hybrid system comprises wind turbines, solar panels, converters, control systems, communication devices, and excludes batteries. Figure 3 illustrates the schematic diagram of the system. A comprehensive description of the main components--including photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and associated accessories--utilized in the proposed hybrid energy system is provided in the Appendix B. This includes technical specifications of each element within the system architecture. In this context, the energy consumption calculation is assumed to exclusively refer to the end-use appliances powered by the HRES--specifically, the water pumps and associated control systems--excluding the generation components, such as PV modules, wind turbines, and inverters. The energy consumed by these devices is given by the following formula:  
\[E_{consumed}=\sum_{i=1}^{n}N_{i}P_{i}t, \tag{1}\]  
where:  
\(N_{i}\): The number of devices. \(P_{i}\): The rated power of each device. \(t\): Number of hours of use. \(E_{consumed}\): Energy consumed by these devices (energy requested by the system). The total energy consumed was 24 kWh. **Model Assumptions**  
In the system model, several simplifications are imposed. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Tree Type** & **Water Need (1 st Year)** & **Water Need (2 nd Year)** & **Water Need (>2 nd Year)** & **Number of Trees** & **Area Occupied (\%)** \\ \hline Olive & 100 L (2–3 times/ week) & 80 L (1–2 times/week) & 50 L (1 time/week) & 225 & \(\approx\)27\% \\ Fig & 100 L (2–3 times/week) & 80 L (1–2 times/week) & 50 L (1 time/week) & 150 & \(\approx\)18\% \\ Almond & 100 L (2–3 times/week) & 80 L (1–2 times/week) & 50 L (1 time/week) & 120 & \(\approx\)14.45\% \\ Prune & 100 L (2–3 times/week) & 80 L (1–2 times/week) & 50 L (1 time/week) & 335 & \(\approx\)40.3\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Irrigation requirements for the cultivated fruit trees (spring and summer seasons). Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the system. * The pump is assigned a constant overall efficiency of 70%. This single efficiency value (power out versus power in) is used for every operating point rather than modeling the pump's performance curve or efficiency variation with flow or age. * Open-water evaporation from the reservoir is accounted for by subtracting a fixed depth (in mm/day) for each time-step. This rate is taken from local climatic averages (for example, a hot, arid reservoir may typically lose an order of 3-5 mm of water per day). * Equipment aging (such as PV module degradation over years of service) is not applied to the simulated time-series output. Instead of gradually reducing solar conversion or pump efficiency over time, the model treats all components as 'new' throughout. (In practice, one would budget for end-of-life replacement; for example, PV modules lose on the order of 0.5% of output per year, but this degradation is implicitly captured only in the financial life-cycle cost analysis, not in the operational model itself.) * All meteorological forcing (solar irradiance, temperature, wind, etc.) is drawn from a multi-year historical dataset (e.g., a long-term weather station record or reanalysis data). By design, the model, therefore, assumes that future weather will be statistically similar to the past and does not explicitly include any rare or unprecedented weather extremes beyond those contained in the historical record. **Note:** A solution is proposed to address the challenges associated with operating a renewable energy system without batteries. Specifically, the implementation of grid-forming inverters with virtual inertia control was planned, providing a synthetic inertial response similar to that of synchronous machines.