## 5 Conclusions  
The present study analyzed the physicochemical characteristics and genetic diversity of different wheat varieties cultivated in Romania of various species. Our data showed significant physicochemical differences between ancient and modern wheat species regarding ash, protein, wet gluten, lipid, starch, falling number and damaged starch values. All of the wheat samples clustered together according to their physicochemical data showed an association between wheat species. For all wheat samples, there were inverse correlations between the variables starch and physicochemical characteristics protein, wet gluten, lipid and ash and between falling number and damaged starch. The ISSR technique for genetic diversity showed that only 6 out of 11 ISSR primers had significant patterns of amplified fragments with clear and well-defined bands. The number of DNA bands per primer ranged from 3 to 8, with an average of 4.83 bands/primer. Most of the primers had a number of polymorphic fragments equal to the number of amplified fragments. The obtained data were analyzed using NTSYSpc software considering the coefficients of similarity (_Jaccard_) and dissimilarity (_Neighbor joining_). The genotypes obtained were divided into 5 groups (C1-C5). C5 was the most extensive cluster and contained 16 genotypes from different countries. C4 contained 6 genotypes, 5 from Romania and 1 from Switzerland. land. Additionally, C3 included 6 genotypes, also from different countries. In cluster C1, 2 genotypes were identified, both from Romania, and cluster C2 contained 1 genotype from France. Over time, many studies have been carried out that have demonstrated the utility and importance of ISSR-type molecular markers in genetic diversity research. The cultivars used in this study were selected due to their high wheat consumption and large cultivated areas of wheat grains in Romania. This research is of great importance worldwide considering that Romania occupies fourth place as a wheat producer at the European level. Knowing the genetic diversity of a germplasm collection and assessing the extent and nature of genetic variation in wheat is important for breeding programs and for the conservation of genetic resources. Except for a _Triticum aestivum_ L. variety sample (TA5), which needs gluten addition to be used for bread-making, all analyzed wheat samples may be recommended to be cultivated by farmers. From the wheat samples analyzed, the ancient ones were of the highest quality for bread-making. They also presented the highest amounts of lipids and mineral nutrients, indicating that these species are nutritionally valuable for use in the bakery industry. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13084992/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13084992/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13084992/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13084992/s1)), Figure S1: DNA migration pattern of ISSR marker (UBC 810) for all 31 samples of _Triticum_ (2% agarose gel, migration for 130 min, 70 V); Figure S2: DNA migration pattern of ISSR marker (UBC 855) for all 31 samples of _Triticum_ (2% agarose gel, migration for 130 min, 70 V); Figure S3: DNA migration pattern of ISSR marker (UBC 857) for all 31 samples of _Triticum_ (2% agarose gel, migration for 130 min, 70 V); Figure S4: DNA migration pattern of ISSR marker (UBC 859) for all 31 samples of _Triticum_ (2% agarose gel, migration for 130 min, 70 V); Figure S5: DNA migration pattern of ISSR marker (UBC 880) for all 31 samples of _Triticum_ (2% agarose gel, migration for 130 min, 70 V); Table S1: Physicochemical data of the analyzed wheat samples; Table S2: Number and frequency of alleles related to all six ISSR primers. Conceptualization, C.M.G. and G.G.C. ; methodology, P.-M.G. and L.-I.L. ; software, C.M.G. and G.G.C. ; validation, C.M.G. and G.G.C. ; formal analysis, P.-M.G. and L.-I.L. ; investigation, C.M.G. ; resources, C.M.G. ; data curation, C.M.G. ; writing--original draft preparation, C.M.G. and G.G.C.