esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Comprehensive Review of the Application Characteristics of Biodiesel Blends in Diesel Engines
## 5 Emission Characteristics  
### Regulated Emissions  
#### 5.1.1 Hydrocarbon  
Hydrocarbon (HC) is usually formed when the mixture of oil and gas is too lean or too rich and the temperature in the cylinder is low. Similarly, HC is also generated due to poor atomization and corresponding wall humidity caused by the higher viscosity of biodiesel [81]. In addition, the gap volume and the presence of flame quenching are also sources [82; 83]. Unburned hydrocarbons exist in the exhaust gas in the form of a complex mixture of unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons [84]. Compared with traditional diesel, the combustion of biodiesel produces less HC in most cases [59; 85; 86]. [PERSON] et al. used waste fish oil biodiesel and diesel as a blended fuel in a single-cylinder engine having a variable compression ratio (Max. CR22) and displacements of 507 cc to test the emission characteristics. They found that biodiesel had lower HC emissions than traditional diesel at all loads [59]. [PERSON] et al. also found that the average reduction rates of HC emissions of fuels with 5 vol% and 10 vol% of aphanamixis polystachya biodiesel were respectively 9.86% and 22.32% of those of traditional diesel over the entire speed range as shown in Figure 9[87]. Other studies [88; 89] also confirmed this view. This phenomenon is mainly because biodiesel tends to have more oxygen, leading to an increase in the temperature of the gas and reducing possible incomplete combustion. Biodiesel may also provide some positive factors such as post flame oxidation and higher flame speed [4; 54; 59; 87; 90]. In addition, a higher cetane number will shorten the ID by reducing the probability of over-mixing and lean regions during the delay period, thereby reducing local fuel enrichment during combustion and reducing HC emissions [59; 91]. However, a few studies have come to the opposite conclusion. [PERSON] et al. found that adding licella biodiesel to diesel will increase THC emissions. This may be related to the low volatility of licella biodiesel, while a lower cetane number results in longer ID, which may increase the amount of hydrocarbons in the exhaust [92]. There are also claims that the engine type also has an impact on the emissions [93].  
Figure 8: Heat release rate of Cymbopogon flexuosus biofuel [54].
## 4 Experiment
### Relationship Fusion Function  
We proposed a relationship fusion \(\Phi_{er}(\cdot)\) to aggregate the relationship information in the graph structure message transmission path to the central node, and devised a set of experiments to conduct on this function to verify its effectiveness. We conducted multiple experiments on FB15k and FB15k-237 datasets for different values of hyperparameter k. We analyzed and checked the relationship weight hyperparameter k by sampling it with a fixed step size of 0.1 in the range of 0 to 1. The experimental results obtained using MRR as an evaluation indicator are shown in Figure 4:  
When k equals 0, it means that the relationship fusion function \(\Phi_{er}(\cdot)\) is not used. The experimental results indicate that when k is greater than 0 in both datasets, the experimental results are above the initial value, which means that relationship fusion function \(\Phi_{er}(\cdot)\) is  
Figure 4: Parameter sensitivity of hyperparameter k.  
Figure 3: Result of different embedding methods in the FB15K-237 dataset on Hits@N.  
conducice to improvements in the performance of the model. When the value of k is 0.2, our model has the best MRR indicator results on the FB15k dataset. When the value of k is 0.3, our model has the best MRR indicator results on FB15k-237. However, as the value of k gradually increases, the experimental results gradually decrease. The possible reason is that excessive relationship weights may mask neighbor information with lower attention weights according to our analysis.
## 6 Conclusions  
The in-band sharing studies between the FS and 5G showed that when using \(I/N\) protection criterion, the separation distance of the FS receivers from the edge of the 5G network for the main lobe interference scenario should be from 10 to 62.5 km, depending on the FS station antenna height and 5G deployment scenarios. For the side lobe scenario, the protection distance should be less than 1 to 10 km, depending on the FS antenna height and 5G deployment scenario. When using the \(C/I\) protection criterion, distances should be from 3 to 32 km for the main lobe scenario and less than 1 km for the side lobe scenario. The protection distances based on \(C/I\) are enough to provide compatibility in a worst-case scenario, since the protection distances are shorter than the FS link lengths.  
When 5G and FS are located inside the territory of one administration, frequency separation can be used, and based on the results of \(I/N\) criteria, it can be seen that \(I/N\) values exceed the protection criteria \(I/N=-10\) dB. The results for additional protection criterion \(C/I=30\) dB indicate \(C/I\) ratio is fulfilled with sufficient margins for every modulation order; thus, when using \(C/I\) protection, criteria compatibility can be achieved using frequency separation between the 5G and FS channels in co-location scenarios.  
Conceptualization, A.P. and V.T.; methodology, A.P.; software, A.P.; validation, V.T., A.P. and E.D.; formal analysis, A.P., V.T. and E.D.; investigation V.T., A.P., E.D. and A.K.; resources, V.T. and A.P.; data curation, A.P. and E.D.; writing--original draft preparation, A.P.; writing--review and editing, V.T. and E.D; visualization, A.P. and A.K.; supervision, V.T. and E.D.; project administration, V.T.; funding acquisition, V.T. and A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Digital Industry Ministry of Russia and JSC \"RVC\" within the activities of LIC \"GIS\". Agreement No. 015/20 dated 18 May 2020. Subsidy agreement identifier--000000007119P19000.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
Figure 12: Cross-border scenario case.
## 4 Discussion
These results were proven to be statistically significant, with \(p\) = 0.01 and \(p\) = 0.001 for blood transfusion units and days spent in hospital, respectively. The polytrauma patients received almost 60% more blood units compared to patients who sustained isolated pelvic ring fractures (mean value 1.0 vs. 0.6 units of blood). There is no doubt that these findings were to be expected due to the nature of polytrauma injuries involving pelvic fractures, which, in many cases, are characterized by massive blood loss and an urgent need for blood transfusions [22; 36; 37; 38]. In our study, a total of 62% of patients were found to suffer additional injuries with a pelvic ring fracture. Our findings agree with a recent study by [PERSON] et al. They discovered that 69% of the patients who sustained a pelvic ring injury also had concomitant injuries [22]. [PERSON] et al. investigated isolated pelvic and isolated acetabular fractures. They demonstrated that 38% of pelvic ring fractures are not associated with concomitant injuries, regardless of the mechanism of injury [25]. Interestingly, the percentage of isolated pelvic ring fractures in our studied population is exactly the same, equal to 38% of all pelvic ring fractures. What also may not come as a surprise is that the patients who sustained concomitant injuries with pelvic ring fractures had an over 62% longer stay in the hospital compared to the patients who suffered an isolated pelvic ring fracture (mean 5.8 days vs. 3.6 days). The reason for this is obviously the overall worse initial condition of the patients with additional injuries, greater blood loss, and the further need for eventual surgeries concerning other injuries, such as fractures of the long bones, thoracic or abdominal organs, spine or head trauma [39; 40]. Our results also seem to be coherent with the 2012 study of [PERSON] et al. They presented a study on the predictors of mortality in traumatic pelvic fractures. They discovered that patients who did not survive were characterized by severe multiple trauma, massive blood loss, and being of the male gender [39][PERSON] All of the above-mentioned cate gories characterize our dominant group of traumatic pelvic injuries. Therefore, it seems rational to suggest that males who sustained pelvic ring fractures and concomitant injuries should be carefully and thoroughly examined since they have the highest statistical chance of death[PERSON]  
Nonetheless, it is important to point out the limitations of our study. One of the limitations is the sample size, primarily consisting of a local population, represented by a single trauma center. As a retrospective study, there may be biases that could influence our results and attitudes towards the outcomes. Another issue concerns the operative team, which only consisted of two main operators. Not only did they perform all of the procedures but they also assisted each other during their surgeries. We believe that a greater number of operators would provide less biased results and could provide a broader perspective on the issue of pelvic fractures and their associated issues.
# Surgical Phase Recognition: From Public Datasets to Real-World Data
## 4 Discussion
The absence of some phases in individual videos in our dataset made it difficult for the temporal models to capture these phases. Consequently, Trans-SVNet [15] could not bring much improvement compared to the TeCNO model on which it was based. The models struggled to detect less prevalent surgical phases. We attempted to tackle this imbalance by weighting the samples in the Trans-SVNet loss function according to the phase prevalence. This improved the model's capability at detecting extremely under-represented phases such as _gallbladder drainage_ and _liver biopsy_. Yet, the model still displayed lower performance in minority phases. Interestingly, the online version of MSTCN (TecNO) proved better at recognizing minority phases compared to its offline version (TeCNO-Off). This was counter-intuitive since the offline model is intrinsically able to process more contextual information: for each frame, it considers both preceding and succeeding frames. This lower performance on minority phases may be due to offline models producing smoother predictions which favors longer and more common phases. Overall, our results shed the light on a possible model selection bias when developing models on a single publicly available dataset. The performance of surgical phase recognition has already reached a promising 90 percent accuracy [15] on Cholec80. Yet, the discrepancy between Cholec80 data distribution and data observed in more real-world scenarios might bias the model selection, e.g. when deciding the best architecture, weights, and loss function. For example, working solely on Cholec80, the developed models might become better at recognizing predominant phases but fail at capturing extremely under-represented phases. Automation of phase recognition is a prerequisite to numerous applications ranging from post-operative analysis to intra-operative assistance. Surgeons will perform the rare surgical phases we observed in our dataset. Better understanding the data distribution in real-world scenarios is the first step to developing models that are tailored at recognizing these rare phases. While improving the accuracy of the models in the presence of rare phases, would also open the door to new applications of phase detection for these specific phases. Nevertheless, more data and dedicated modeling efforts are necessary to improve the performance for these complex phases.
## Minimum Expected Delay-Based Routing Protocol (MEDR) for Delay Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks  
**[PERSON], [PERSON] *, [PERSON] and [PERSON]**  
School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.F.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.M.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.G.G.)  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +86-028-618-31134; Fax: +86-028-618-31802.  
_Received: 20 July 2010; in revised form: 10 August 2010 / Accepted: 20 August 2010 / Published: 3 September 2010_  
**Abstract**: It is a challenging work to develop efficient routing protocols for Delay Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks (DTMSNs), which have several unique characteristics such as sensor mobility, intermittent connectivity, energy limit, and delay tolerability. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol called Minimum Expected Delay-based Routing (MEDR) tailored for DTMSNs. MEDR achieves a good routing performance by finding and using the connected paths formed dynamically by mobile sensors. In MEDR, each sensor maintains two important parameters: Minimum Expected Delay (MED) and its expiration time. According to MED, messages will be delivered to the sensor that has at least a connected path with their hosting nodes, and has the shortest expected delay to communication directly with the sink node. Because of the changing network topology, the path is fragile and volatile, so we use the expiration time of MED to indicate the valid time of the path, and avoid wrong transmissions. Simulation results show that the proposed MEDR achieves a higher message delivery ratio with lower transmission overhead and data delivery delay than other DTMSN routing approaches.  
**Keywords:** delay tolerant mobile sensor networks; wireless sensor networks; routing protocol; minimum expected delay
# Energy and Spectrally Efficient Modulation Scheme for IoT Applications
## 3 OSP-MSK Performance Analysis  
In this section, the analytical average bit error rate (ABER) performance of the proposed OSP-MSK modulation is derived. Furthermore, to evaluate the spectral efficiency of the OSP-MSK, its analytical power spectral density (PSD) is obtained in detail.
## 5 Descriptive Analysis  
This study was conducted based on 48 publications published until August 2023. The primary aim of the descriptive study is to investigate: (i) factors that influence the user's trust in the adoption of blockchain technology in digital payment systems; (ii) factors influencing users' acceptance of blockchain technology in digital payment systems; (iii) the potential for incorporating the trust and acceptance paradigm for the adoption of blockchain technology inside digital payment systems. A descriptive analysis was performed to gain insights into the temporal distribution of publications and examine the theme analysis and distribution of publications across time.  
Although the search was run without time restrictions until 2023, only papers relevant to the topic were found from 2016 onward. Figure 2 below presents an overview of the selected articles. According to current trends, publication is seeing a growing momentum and annual increase. The research was mostly carried out in other areas before 2016, and a significant portion of the publications lacked peer review. The upward trajectory indicates the scholarly significance of examining the use of blockchain technology in payment systems. There is a notable interest in examining the extent to which blockchain technology can be applied within digital payment systems. In the early stages, most research focused on examining cryptocurrencies and the broader adoption of blockchain technology without delving into the specific factors influencing consumer trust in and acceptance of blockchain in payment systems. However, there appears to be a growing recognition of the need to examine the user's perspective on trust and acceptance, as seen in Figure 2.  
The distribution of domain-specific data obtained from a sample of 48 research articles over time identifies eight factors as having a substantial impact on the trust in and acceptance of blockchain adoption in digital payment systems. The use of blockchain technology in digital payment systems is expected to be strongly influenced by crucial aspects such as security, privacy, and regulations. The influence of this phenomenon extends beyond trust and holds relevance in shaping acceptance. Transparency is an additional aspect that influences trust. The acceptance of a particular phenomenon is influenced by several essential aspects. However, to be understood from the user's perspective, UTAUT [45] has been found to be prominent [25; 33], and its factors, namely social influence, facilitating conditions, effort expectancy, and performance expectancy, have been found to be significant. Furthermore, several more factors impact the trust in and acceptance of blockchain technology in the context of digital payment systems [21; 25; 33; 50]. Various factors, such as quality, design, awareness, experience, financial literacy, perceived ease of use, usefulness, and risk, influence the trust in and acceptance of blockchain technology in digital payment systems. In the following sections, the significance of these eight factors is elaborated.  
Figure 2: Analysis of selected articles published yearly.
# An Efficient Location Verification Scheme for Static Wireless Sensor Networks
## 6 Performance Evaluation
### Effect of the Fake-Angle of Malicious Sensors  
The second factor that is related to verification performance is the fake-angle of the attacker. Figure 14b describes the srr of the MSRLV when the fake-angle is 10, 30, 60 and 90 degrees. For each fake-angle scenario, we set the total number of sensors to 400 and 1000 in the grid and the uniform random deployment strategy. The portion of the malicious sensor is fixed to 10% of the all of the sensors.  
As expected, in the uniform random deployment, the srr is increasing in the sparse scenario with 400 sensors and almost maintained in the dense scenario with 1000 sensors. However, the srr remained constant throughout all grid deployment scenarios. This is because sensors are evenly distributed so that they can contribute to the verification.
# Characteristics of Summer Flash Drought and Its Effect on Maize Growth in Liaoning Province, China
## 3 Results
### Effects of Summer Flash Drought in Typical Years on Maize Growth
#### 3.2.1 Effects of a Summer Flash Drought on Maize Growth in 1989  
In late July 1989, precipitation was low in central, southern, and western parts of Liaoning (Figure 7a), and a drought occurred in late July 1989. In early August, a precipitation deficit in the province was observed (Figure 7b), and regional high-temperature events occurred concurrently. By 6 August, 17 sites recorded high-temperature events, and the longest high-temperature duration was 7 days (Figure 8). Within 2 weeks, most areas rapidly developed moderate, severe, extreme, and exceptional drought (Figure 9b). In mid and late August, precipitation in most areas remained severely deficient (Figure 7c,d), and the drought severity category continued to worsen with the drought peak recorded in mid-August (Figure 9c). In mid and late August, no high-temperature event was recorded and the drought severity category eased (Figure 9d). At the end of August, the flash drought was over.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Region** & **Jointing Stage Date** & **Tasseling Stage Date** & **Milk Stage Date** \\ \hline Eastern Liaoning & 6–28 & 7–19 & 8–18 \\ Western Liaoning & 6–28 & 7–19 & 8–29 \\ Southern Liaoning & 6–23 & 7–17 & 8–14 \\ Northern Liaoning & 6–24 & 7–20 & 8–26 \\ Central Liaoning & 6–15 & 7–14 & 8–12 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Average development date of maize in different climatic regions of Liaoning Province in June, July, and August (Month-Date).  
Figure 7: _Cont_.  
At the end of July, the GPP of maize was low in some areas (Figure 10a). In early and mid-August, maize was in the filling stage, which is the developmental stage most sensitive to water stress. Maize development was inhibited by extreme drought. At the end of August, the GPP of maize in most areas decreased, and in parts of Southwestern and Southern Liaoning, the maize GPP decreased by more than 20% (Figure 10b). Droughts during the filling stage have a strong impact on maize yield, which leads to a reduction in yield. In 1989, the actual maize yield per unit area was reduced in most regions, with the reductions observed in areas situated in Western, Northern, and Southern Liaoning. This result corresponded with the areas experiencing a decline in GPP during July and August (Figure 11).  
Figure 8: High-temperature duration days in August 1989.  
Figure 7: Precipitation anomaly in the summer of 1989: (**a**) the last 10 days of July; (**b**) the first 10 days of August; (**c**) the middle 10 days of August; (**d**) the last 10 days of August.
# Reconstruction of Land and Marine Features by Seismic and Surface Geomorphology Techniques
## 7 Integrated Seismic Geomorphology with Surface Geomorphological Techniques
In addition, this kind of integration is also beneficial for reducing the uncertainty that is produced by surface and subsurface data, whereas more accuracy is always needed utilizing updated technology for surface and subsurface data. Finally, our integrated workflow that helps for better geomorphological mapping as well as 3D earth surface imaging and reconstruction could be applicable with available and similar datasets worldwide.
## 1 Introduction
### Scope and Structure of This Work  
While these recent concepts allow for a high data rate communication at suitable power levels, there are two general limitations: first of all, the communication systems are either highly dependent on the properties of the parallel wireless power transfer interface or generally incompatible with such an additional near-field interface. Secondly, the implementations all rely on custom CMOS designs, so that their applicability and adaptability are not directly assured. It is therefore the objective of this work  
1. to provide electromagnetic interfaces and analog front-ends that are resilient against the parallel operation of a wireless power transfer interface and
2. to present a minimalistic and mostly digital transceiver architecture that allows for implementing the NFC circuitry with a small footprint, reduced energy consumption and low bit error rate, favorably in one of today's miniaturized low-power FPGAs with only a few additional off-the-shelf components.  
The main methodological steps and circuit blocks to reach these objectives are presented in this paper: first, we will present the core ideas and novel approaches of the overall system, being the baseline for subsequent analysis of the electromagnetic interface (i.e., the data transfer coils and their capacitive tuning), of the analog front-end (including a low-power amplifier and impedance matching/filtering networks) and of the digital modulation and demodulation circuits. The overall system will be investigated both theoretically with respect to bit error rate as well as experimentally, where characteristics on data rate, energy consumption and bit error rate are acquired from prototype circuits and compared to existing solutions.