## 2 Related Works  
Mostly, in large scale networks such as the IoT and SNs with restricted constraints, the demanding factor is energy conservation. Generally, in networks based on clusters [6], the controlling entity is CH, whose significant role is to gather data and transmit them. Furthermore, in large scale WSNs integrated with the IoT, the crucial part is to route data securely as they involve constrained resources. Several existing approaches do not provide reliable and secure data routing in the network as they lack protection schema against threats [7]. A low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol consists of multi-stages [8]. The LEACH protocol's performance was improved by applying a multi-hop basis for transmitting information [9]. The design elucidated the unstable consumption of energy as the clusters were randomly created. Moreover, the multi-hop paths created were not optimized, which resulted in route breaks. In a chain-chain-based routing protocol (CCBRP) [10], the principles of LEACH as well as Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS) were integrated, which resulted in scalable energy conservation in SNs while forwarding data. This hybrid CCBRP protocol, which was executed in two stages, reflected the drawback of a higher energy consumption in the nodes and the production of high latency. Subsequently, as the scalability is restricted, CCBRP was not suitable for larger networks. [PERSON] et al., proposed a data collection as well as a load balancing scheme that was designed to save energy. The network performance was improved in this scheme as the aggregating data were sequenced by data forwarding [11]. A vigorous authentication protocol for energy efficiency was developed for an industrial IoT-based WSN, which provided scalable data security. In this method, mutual authentication was followed between nodes, but the energy was consumed gratuitously, thereby compromising the network lifetime [12]. Likewise, the Shamir secret sharing method comprised two phases, namely, share generation as well as reconstruction. The generated secret was distributed among nodes and the secret key was reconstructed by the usage of any nodes of the subset. The data transmission using this method consumed additional energy leading to routing overheads [13]. If the flow entry exists, the forwarding is performed according to the flow table, and if not, the packet-in message is sent to the subset. After receiving the packet-in message, the subset will make a decision. An improved three-layer hybrid clustering method (ETL-HCM) analysed and limited the control traffic specifically while selecting CH. This method achieved an 18% improvement in the lifetime of the network as well as half of the nodes being alive compared with the hybrid hierarchical clustering approach (HHCA). However, this method was not suitable for selecting the grid head (GH) [14]. To beat hateful attacks such as Sybil, wormholes and a black hole, a novel protocol was introduced by [PERSON] et al. to ensure reliable routing and data transmission [15]. The functioning of a combined GIN with GEAR protocol resulted in being too complicated to achieve data security [16]. A voting-based hybrid ensemble classification method was introduced for predicting the availability of parking lots, wherein 96% of the accuracy and 89% of the availability rate was achieved [17]. An optimal network coding backpressure routing (NCBPR) method was developed for a large-scale IoT to divert the flow of data packets from highly congested nodes to low ones, thereby balancing the load and optimizing the battery power [18]. The nodes in the network were formed as clusters and the CHs were selected based on the battery power. Moreover, an efficient data aggregation model was involved to improve the network throughput, wherein the redundant data packets were eliminated.