## 3 Proposed Solution
### Forward Error Correction
In the future, it may be used over other advanced codecs such as High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) [73], Google VP9 [74], and Versatile Video Coding (VVC) [75]. In fact, H.264/AVC's CABAC entropy already exists in lightly modified form as the sole entropy coder of HEVC. This research can also further be expanded to the scalable coding environment, where the number of redundant or parity bits added will be dependent on the configuration of a scalable video bitstream. ## 6 Conclusions

During data transmission over 5G wireless networks incorporating CR, errors may propagate because of unwanted noise within the communication channels that may flip the bits of transmitted data from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0, or it can be corrupted due to various other network artifacts, all of which can harm the video content. In today's insecure environments, encryption is vital, but it can make the recovery of the original video data all the more difficult because of the corruption due to transmission and network errors. Considering these transmission scenarios of compressed videos, this paper proposed an effective schemefor protecting the visual quality of selectively encrypted compressed videos by utilizing the block coding-based FEC method. The FEC method corrects corrupted bits after locating them within blocks of the encrypted video bitstream. For securing the videos, selected syntax elements output by the CABAC entropy coder of H.264/AVC were encrypted by a two-round secure process, which permits real-time operation by low-complexity processing devices, such as those now being deployed within sensor networks. The visual and VQA results (Section 4) from applying the FEC method were compared with error-corrupted and selectively encrypted H.264/AVC videos, which were encoded and decoded without FEC. In the experiments with different QP values, the applied FEC algorithm's performance was proven to be best at QP 24. Moreover, in the proposed method, the packet loss pattern may not affect unlike levels of distortion, as FEC is implemented on codewords, not on the individual frames. The complexity of our applied FEC is \(O(k(n-1))\). The calculated execution time (Figure 12) shows the nominal increase in time (ms) when videos were encoded with FEC. The comparative analysis given in Table 1 also implies that the cost-benefit trade-off from applying FEC is much in favor of its application for error-prone videos. In the quantitative comparison, the proposed VQProtet also outperformed other techniques (Section 4.4 and Table 1) in terms of PSNR evaluation. The computational cost analysis and worst-case complexity of the implemented FEC scheme is a relatively simple method that does not noticeably increase computational complexity because it does not involve complex mathematical operations. Furthermore, it does not require any back-channel to re-transmit missing data in the event of persistent errors, causing transmission delay. Therefore, combining an FEC scheme with the selective encryption of compressed video streams is a way forward, especially for the anticipated incorporation of Cognitive Radio into the 5G radio initiative to increase mobile densification. Conceptualization, M.N.A. ; Formal analysis, A.S. and S.A.; Methodology, M.N.A., N.K. ; Project administration, S.A.; Software, S.M.G. and M.F. ; Supervision, M.N.A. and S.A.; Writing--original draft, S.M.G. ; Writing--review & editing, M.N.A., A.S., N.K. and M.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding

The authors declare no conflict of interest. ## References

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