# Password Managers--It's All about Trust and Transparency
## 4 Results
### Usability Test and Interview Study
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Password Managers** & **Problems** & **Violated Principles** & **Severity** \\ \hline All 3 & Recovery from a serious wrong function as there is no undo when saving new changes. & Help users recognize and recover from errors, User control and freedom. & 4 \\ \hline All 3 & No asterisks in data entry and dialog boxes mandatory. & Recognition rather than recall, Flexibility and efficiency of use. & 2 \\ \hline All 3 & The system does not prevent a user from inserting incorrect data in a field or storing incomplete data. & Error prevention, Help users recognize and diagnose errors, Flexibility and efficiency of use. & 3 \\ \hline All 3 & Store different passwords for the same account as there is no prevention. & Error prevention, Help users recognize and diagnose errors, Flexibility and efficiency of use. & 3 \\ \hline All 3 & The use of extensive computer jargon by the system. & Match between system and the real world. & 3 \\ \hline LastPass & Account settings functions are not visible and not well organized. & Visibility of system status. & 2 \\ \hline LastPass & Users can create a master password that does not match the requirements. & Error prevention, Help users recognize and diagnose errors. & 5 \\ \hline LastPass & Auto change password does not work with many websites and is not visible. & Consistency and standards, Flexibility and efficiency of use. & 2 \\ \hline LastPass & Inconvenience in generating a new password. & Flexibility and efficiency of use, Visibility of System Status. & 2 \\ \hline LastPass & Recovering a LastPass account is difficult as it has to be from the same device and browser and requires a smartphone. & Flexibility and efficiency of use, Help users recognize and diagnose and recover from errors. & 4 \\ \hline Dashlane & Dark colour used for main menu. & Visibility of system status. & 2 \\ \hline Dashlane & Users can create a master password that meets strong requirements, but only by using an email address. & Error prevention, Help users recognize and diagnose errors. & 5 \\ \hline Dashlane & Changing the master password while synchronization is disabled causes loss of data stored on other devices. & Flexibility and efficiency of use. & 4 \\ \hline Dashlane & To recover an account in Dashlane requires contacting the business team and is ”not free”. & Flexibility and efficiency of use, Help users recognize and diagnose and recover from errors. & 4 \\ \hline Dashlane & Users have to install the Dashlane app to register and use all its functions and features, because it is not available on the webpage or in the browser extension. & Flexibility and efficiency of use, Consistency and standards. & 3 \\ \hline Keeper & User can create a very weak master password. & Error prevention, Help users recognize and diagnose errors. & 5 \\ \hline Keeper & There is no random password generator in browser extension of Keeper. & Flexibility and efficiency of use. & 3 \\ \hline Keeper & For free version, users can only use an application but cannot use browser extension nor webpage. & Flexibility and efficiency of use. & 3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Problems, violations of Nielsen’s principles and severity ratings for LastPass, Dashlane and Keeper. Explanation of problems and recommendations can be found in the Appendix A.2, along with all figures “from Figure A1 to Figure A26”. while 14 participants considered themselves non-users because they did not save passwords in any password manager tools or occasionally stored a few unimportant accounts. Overall, we had 14 (47%) non-users and 16 (53%) users of password managers. Please note that 29 participants used LastPass (a cloud-based password manager) for the first time and there was only one LastPass user who said that they were not aware of the features and functions that currently exist in LastPass and only used the LastPass extension to store and auto-fill passwords.