# A Review of Digital Twin Technology for Electric and Autonomous Vehicles
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper provides a complete survey of the existing literature in the last five years on the use of DT technology in Intelligent Transportation Systems. The awareness of DT has been growing exponentially due to the number of applications that demonstrate its capabilities for connecting the physical and digital worlds. EVs are physical objects for which DT can overcome some important limitations and enhance their functionalities. There is a lack of coverage on the analysis of critical technologies in DT for electromobility, especially for the next generation of self-driving systems. We found insufficient reviews that consider the importance of data generated by ITS and how it could be utilized in DT to allow for the creation of value-added services. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Services** & **BMS and Charging** & **User** & **Tracking Monitoring and Control** & **Privacy and Security** & **Reviews** \\ \hline
5G \& Networks & [52] & [31, 32] & [25, 33, 35] & [59, 60, 75, 76] & [5–7, 9, 14] & AI, ML, and Big & Data in Digital Twinning \\  & & & & & [8] & DT for cyber \\ \hline  & & & & & [22] Survey on Digital Twin & Networks \\ AI \& ML & [19, 35, 65, 67, 68] & [16, 17, 20] & [15, 37, 64, 69] & [61, 66, 74, 79] & [10, 24] Enabling technologies, challenges and open research in manufacturing using IIoT \\ \hline IoT and cloud & [20, 29, 30, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51] & [18, 21, 55] & [12, 13, 23] & [11, 56] & [39] A Systematic Literature Review \\ \hline VS and IoV & [26, 27, 44] & [2, 28] & [46, 70] & [58, 77] & [53, 79] A review of electric vehicle life-cycle emissions \\ \hline AV & - & [40] & [3, 37, 38, 41, 43] & [57, 71, 78, 80] & [72] review of current ML approaches for anomaly detection \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Paper classification based on the technologies and services applied for DT. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Big Data** \\ **\& ML** \\ \end{tabular} & **IoT** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Digital Digital** \\ **Manufacturing** \\ \end{tabular} & **Security** & **5G** & **Mobility** & **AV** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [5] & - & Yes & Yes & - & - & - & - \\ \hline Grieves [6] & - & Yes & Yes & - & - & - & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [8] Yes & Yes & Yes & - & - & Yes & - & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [13] & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & - & Yes & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [19] & Yes & Yes & Yes & - & - & Yes & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [14] & Yes & - & Yes & Yes & - & Yes & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [16] & Yes & - & Yes & - & - & Yes & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [27] & Yes & Yes & Yes & - & Yes & Yes & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [42] & Yes & Yes & - & Yes & - & Yes & Yes \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [47] & Yes & Yes & - & - & Yes & Yes & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [57] & - & - & Yes & - & - & Yes & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [76] & Yes & Yes & - & Yes & Yes & - & - \\ \hline Our Survey & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Digital twin review work comparison based on the analyzed technologies. The paper addresses the complexity of integrating ITS with emerging technologies and communication tools using the DT concept to accelerate the technological advancement goals and achievements of EVs and AVs. It highlights the potential of DT technology based on several aspects, such as tracking and monitoring, security and privacy, data analytics, and intrusion detection, which could enhance efficient electric and autonomous vehicle network management. Since the DT application is relatively new and rapidly changing, the presented review only focuses on articles published in the last five years. A future analysis will use AI techniques to perform a larger and more accurate review. Conceptualization, W.A.A., M.R. and M.P.F. ; methodology, W.A.A., M.R. and M.P.F. ; validation, W.A.A., M.R. and M.P.F. ; formal analysis, W.A.-A., M.R. and M.P.F. ; investigation, W.A.A., M.R. and M.P.F. ; resources, M.R., M.P.F. and L.R.