## 5 Experimental Analysis
### Comparison Results from the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2022 (CEC2022) Benchmark  
As seen in Table 2, the JADEDO algorithm demonstrates superior performance in comparison to other optimizers across multiple functions, as indicated by its rankings in the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c} \hline \hline
**Acronym** & **Algorithm Name** & **Year** \\ \hline AO & Aquila Optimizer [27] & 2021 \\ CHIMP & Chimp Optimization Algorithm [28] & 2020 \\ CPO & Chinese Pangolin Optimizer [29] & 2024 \\ DOA & Dingo Optimization Algorithm [30] & 2021 \\ FLO & Frilled Lizard Optimization [31] & 2024 \\ FVIM & Four Vector Optimizer [32] & 2024 \\ GA & Genetic Algorithm [33] & 1960 \\ GWO & Grey Wolf Optimizer [34] & 2014 \\ MFO & Meth-Flame Optimization Algorithm [35] & 2015 \\ PSO & Particle Swarm Optimization [36] & 1995 \\ ROA & Remote Optimization Algorithm [37] & 2021 \\ SA & Simulated Annealing Algorithm [38] & 1983 \\ SCA & Sine Cosine Algorithm [39] & 2016 \\ SCSO & Sand Cat Optimization Algorithm [40] & 2023 \\ SHIO & Success History Intelligent Optimizer [41] & 2022 \\ MVO & Multi-Verse Optimizer [42] & 2016 \\ SOA & Seagull Optimization Algorithm [43] & 2019 \\ SSOA & Synergistic Swarm Optimization Algorithm [44] & 2024 \\ STOA & Sooty Tern Optimization Algorithm [45] & 2019 \\ WOA & Whale Optimization Algorithm [46] & 2016 \\ ZOA & Zebra Optimization Algorithm [47] & 2022 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Compared optimization algorithms. table. For F1, JADEDO achieves the best mean fitness value (300) with the lowest standard error of the mean (SEM), ranking first among the optimizers. Similarly, in F2, JADEDO also ranks first with a mean fitness value of 406, outperforming others in terms of both mean value and consistency as indicated by its low standard deviation (3.89) and SEM (1.74). For F3, JADEDO again ranks first, showing exceptional stability with the lowest standard deviation and SEM among the top performers. However, in functions F4 to F6, while JADEDO maintains competitive performance, its rankings vary, with its lowest ranking being 12 th in F6, where the mean value (5650) is lower compared to the best-performing optimizer (CPO). Overall, JADEDO consistently ranks highly, especially excelling in F1, F2, and F3, but shows a slight decline in performance on more complex functions like F6, where other algorithms such as CPO and TTHHO show better performance. The performance of the JADEDO algorithm, as demonstrated in the table, consistently ranks it among the top performers  
instance, JADEDO consistently ranks within the top 10 for most functions, although it faces stiff competition from algorithms like GA and SCSO, which show strong performance, particularly in functions such as F1 and F2. Specifically, JADEDO ranks 4 th in F1 with a mean value of 3.18 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\), outperformed only by WOA and two variants of GA. In functions like F2 and F3, JADEDO maintains a middle-tier ranking with solid but not top-performing mean values. Its standard deviation and SEM values are generally low, indicating stable performance, although some functions like F7 and F8 show JADEDO slightly lagging behind in rank due to higher variance or less optimal mean values. Despite this, JADEDO's overall performance is robust, often outperforming or matching other well-known optimizers like MFO, SHIO, and ZOA in several instances. This balance between stability and competitive mean values makes JADEDO a reliable choice, especially in scenarios where consistent performance across various problem types is desired. The JADEDO algorithm displays varying performance across different benchmarks when compared to other optimizers in the table. For instance, in the F7 function, JADEDO ranks 16 th with a mean of 2.06 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\), while the best algorithm achieves a slightly lower mean of 2.03 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\), indicating that JADEDO is relatively close in performance but not leading.