## 2 Energy Management and Review of Surveys
### Objective Functions and Constraints
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Location** & **Components** & **Optimization Techniques for EMS** & **Economic Analysis** \\ \hline Al-Akhawayn campus, Morocco & RES, Smart meters Sensors & Energy management system & Minimize energy losses and GHG emissions \\ AMU (Ali Garb Muslim University), India & PV, Grid, wind & HOMER analysis & Net present cost (NPC), CO2 emissions \\ Chonnam National University Yongbong Campus, Gwangju, South Korea & ESS, PV, Load controllers, Power load-bank & P2P trading mechanism & Maximizing the performance of every interlinked microgrid \\ Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands & RES, DCs, ESS & GA & 400 kWh energy production \\ Guangdong University of Technology, China & BESS, PV & NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II) & Maximizing PV consumption and minimizing the operational cos \\ Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA & DERs, DG, ESS & Energy scheduling optimization problem (ESOP) & Power balance reliability sustainability \\ Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA & PV, Utility grid & Charging/discharging algorithm & Reducing the energy consumption \\ McNese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA & Grid, Battery & Forecasting method & Reducing the peak energy consumption \\ McNese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA & PV, CHP, NG micro turbine, PV plant & Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm & Control water flow for higher thermal recovery \\ METU (Middle East Technical University) campus and NCC (Northern Cyprus Campus) & RES, ESS & HOMER analysis & The efficient system includes CHP, and PV \\ Multiple Microgrids location such as Nanjing University (EV), Gias turbine EV, Wind system, PV & Generalized reduced gradient (GRG) algorithm & Increasing the RES fraction, demand and supply fraction, cost of electricity (COE) \\ Nnamdi Azikiwire University, Nigeria & Solar-PV, Diesel generator & HOMER analysis & Reducing transmission loss Net present value (NPV) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) \\ Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA & Smart meters, 2 Solar-PV arrays & Linear optimization & Energy management and voltage-regulated \\ Proposed University based in India & Wind system, PV, ESS, Biomass & Newton–Raphson technique, Swarm intelligence approach & Improving the energy exchange among grids, and enhancing power quality \\ Purdue University, Indiana, USA & Solar-PV grid, 3 lead-acid batteries & EMS technique & Annual return on investment, payback period \\ Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia & RES, Solar–PV, Energy Storage & HOMER analysis & Net present cost, internal rate of return \\ University of Coimbra, Portugal & PV, Li-ion batteries, EV, Controllers & LabVIEW analysis & Minimizing energy consumption \\ University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA & Wind turbine, fuel cell, PV, ESS, Hydro-kinetic systems & HOMER analysis & The optimal configuration of MG is selected, including solar PV, wind turbine system, and ESS \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Details of some campus MGs with their EMS [15]. capacitor bank switching, social welfare, reserve cost, and load adjustment. Furthermore, the constraints were divided into constraints of active power (generation or power supply to the load), reactive power, voltage, current (thermal rate or maximum capability), voltage angle, tap position, capacitor bank switching, curtailment, Reserve, Flowing AC power to DC grid, and vice versa.