# Blockchain's Grand Promise for the Real Estate Sector: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Blockchain Merits in the Real Estate Sector
#### 3.2.1 Blockchain in Land Administration  
Land administration is the process of recording and distributing information about the ownership, value, and use of land and its associated resources [24]. Accordingly, this research categorized all proposed, examined, or conceptual blockchain adoption proposals in the literature that specified links to the land, title, or feed registries or discussed property rights under land administration. This classification likely explains why the largest share of the papers focused on land administration, as real estate blockchain adoption proposals often specify links to land or title registries or discuss property rights. The land administration discussion papers, which formed the most significant paper type within land administration, tackled the blockchain in land administration from multi  
Figure 4: Document classification by real estate subsectors and paper types. ple viewpoints. One stream of the reports on land administration discussed country-specific circumstances (see, e.g., [25; 26; 27; 28; 29]). Another stream considered the legal aspects of blockchain in the land administration domain (e.g., [30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35]). Some reports examined blockchain in land administration from the viewpoint of the public sector or governance (e.g., [36; 37; 38]). The concept papers in land administration often developed general technical blockchain concepts, sometimes tailored to a specific country (e.g., [39; 40; 41; 42]) and usually aiming to improve the security of land registration and administration (e.g., [43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50]). The example documents in land administration either provided blockchain land administration as a general example or mentioned some real-world blockchain applications in land administration. Moreover, all but two of the real-world application papers of the total literature concerned land administration [11; 14; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66]. The literature suggested that the main issues blockchain could help solve within land administration are inefficiency, fraud and corruption, and trust issues. Inefficiencies manifest in multiple ways. The land and title registries seem inefficient in their coverage: World Bank estimates that around 70% of the global population does not have official land titles [67]. The large share of unregistered land is a worldwide inequality issue that [PERSON] [68] argues to be the root source of poverty in developing nations, accounting for \"dead capital,\" estimated around USD 9.3-10 trillion globally, leading to restricted economic development [25; 69; 70; 71; 72]. Another category of land administration inefficiency stems from paper-based records and manual, time-consuming processes [13; 25; 67; 73; 74], which make records prone to tampering [67; 75; 76] and errors [77; 78] and may lead to lost documents [79]. The intermediary-dependent title registration process leads to high costs [67; 74; 80; 81]. Corruption within land administration often links to developing countries, but fraud also exists in developing countries. Overall, land registry trust issues, fraud, and corruption lead to disputes [42; 82], unprotected civil rights [82; 83], and high costs [67; 69; 84; 85]. The literature attributes blockchain efficiency to reducing intermediaries' roles [86; 87; 88; 89; 90]. Furthermore, the decentralization provided by blockchain land records would allow removing duplicate tasks and processes, enabling synchronicity [67; 78; 85; 91], removing friction [28], and reducing time and costs [12; 18; 25; 67; 74; 88; 91; 92; 93; 94; 95]. A blockchain land registry could correspond with the title- and deed-centric title registration methods [31], creating a single source of truth for title data [42].