# Nutritional Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Hemp (_Camanabis sativa_ L.) Seed from Romania
## 4 Discussion
### Antioxidant Capacity by 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)  
Antioxidant activity is a crucial biological property with significant implications for industries such as cosmetics, food, and beverages. Since antioxidant potential is vital for determining the therapeutic benefits of plants, this study employed antioxidant assays, specifically the radical scavenging (DPPH) method. This assay is favored for its simplicity, speed, reproducibility, and cost-effectiveness, making it an ideal tool for evaluating the antioxidant activity of plants. Our study's findings on DPPH radical scavenging activity are consistent with those reported in the literature. [PERSON] et al. observed a DPPH free radical scavenging activity value of 51.5% for hemp seed extracts [6]. [PERSON] et al. reported the antioxidant activity of hemp seeds as 40 \(\pm\) 2% DPPH inhibition [46]. [PERSON] et al., in their study on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of various hemp parts cultivated in Lithuania, reported a DPPH radical scavenging activity. Trolox value of 1.556 \(\pm\) 0.004 mmol/L for seed extracts [50]. In another study by [PERSON] et al., the effects of different roasting durations (7, 14, and 21 min) at 160 \({}^{\circ}\)C on the proximate composition, color properties, bioactive compounds, and the fatty acid profile of hemp seeds were examined. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity was 18.37% for unroasted seeds, decreasing to 6.65% after 7 min of roasting and reaching 10.99% after 14 min. Interestingly, the antioxidant activity of the seeds significantly increased with longer roasting times, reaching 33.08% after 21 min [51]. The findings related to the extraction method are consistent with the literature. In a study by [PERSON], [PERSON] et al., two extraction methods were used to obtain total antioxidants from winter and spring rapeseed cultivars: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional solid-liquid extraction. The researchers found that rapeseed extracts obtained after 18 min of ultrasonication had the highest levels of total antioxidants, indicating that UAE was more effective than traditional extraction techniques in extracting antioxidant compounds [52]. Regarding IC\({}_{50}\) values, [PERSON] et al. reported IC\({}_{50}\) values ranging from 1.64 to 4.37 mg/mL in the DPPH test results for two varieties of hemp seed collected from four different Moroccan regions [53]. [PERSON] et al. extracted forty samples from defatted kernels and hulls of two varieties of hemp seed using ten polar solvent systems, reporting IC\({}_{50}\) values ranging from 0.58-4.55 mg/mL for defatted kernels and 0.09-2.21 mg/mL for hulls [54]. [PERSON] and colleagues evaluated the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from Thai hemp seeds, finding that the extract had an IC\({}_{50}\) value of 14.39 mg/mL in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay [55]. [PERSON] et al. studied the chemical composition and biological activity of eight varieties of hemp seeds, both hulled and dehulled, reporting DPPH test (EC\({}_{50}\)) antioxidant activity ranging from 2.5 to 9.2 mg/mL for hulled seeds [29]. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. examined three distinct varieties of hemp seeds grown in a Mediterranean area, reporting DPPH test (EC\({}_{50}\)) antioxidant activity ranging from 0.06 to 0.13 mg/mL [30]. Analysis of the biplot revealed that the HSTE variety was characterized by high values of antioxidant activity (DPPH100) and TC, and HSLV by a high content of ash, protein, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Ni, while HSLO had a high content of Ca and DM. The Mn vector is closely aligned with DPPH100, indicating a strong influence on the antioxidant capacity of hemp seeds. Similarly, the NV vector aligns well with DPPH100, suggesting a significant contribution, while the Lip vector points in a similar direction, implying that lipids also influence DPPH100. Overall, the biplot indicates that Mn, NV, and Lip are the key variables influencing DPPH100, as they have vectors pointing in a similar direction to DPPH100, indicating a strong relationship.