## 4 Conclusions  
The presented study provides the first report on the composition and biological activity of crude polysaccharides obtained from rose roots. It indicates new possibilities of use of this plant material as a source of water-soluble and insoluble carbohydrates, including glucans. Our study revealed the presence of protein that has previously not been reported in this species. At this stage, it is difficult to assess the contribution of the protein to the activity of the sample. However, due to the total low protein content in the CPL-Rx, this impact is likely to be inconsiderable. To sum up, our research provides the first insights  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**TEAC** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**DPPH Scavenging Activity**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ORAC**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{(mmol/g DE) \(0.302\pm 0.01\)} & EC\({}_{0}\) & TE & AsAE & TE \\  & (mg DE/mg DPPH\({}^{\bullet}\)) & (mmol/g DE) & (mmol/g DE) & (mmol/g DE) \\  & 3.92 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.092 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.159 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.134 \(\pm\) 0.10 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: DE—dry extract; TE—Trolox equivalent; AsAE—ascorbic acid equivalent. Values are presented as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (\(n\geq 3\)).  
\end{table}
Table 4: Antioxidant activity of _R. rugosa_ root crude polysaccharide determined with Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), DPPH\({}^{\bullet}\) radical scavenging activity, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays.  
Figure 3: Antiproliferative activity of CPL-Rx expressed as % of viability.  
into the bio-active macromolecules of rugosa rose roots. Since _R. rugosa_ is one of the rose cultivars and industrial amounts of roots can be obtained from its plantations, its root polysaccharides deserve further attention and research. Our results suggest that CPL-Rx may potentially be used in cosmetics, food and biomedical industries, especially as an antihyaluronidase and chemopreverity agent. We believe that our paper will contribute to the valorisation of post-harvest wastes and the more efficient utilisation of rose crops.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app121910126/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app121910126/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app121910126/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app121910126/s1)), Figure S1: Result of identification of protein revealed in CPL-Rx; Figure S2: Graphical representation of the alignment of Protein Plastid Transcription Active 14 from _Rosa chinensis_ and _Arabidopsis thaliana_. Figure S3: Morphology of _Rosa rugosa_ Thunb.  
Conceptualisation, M.O. and N.N.-J.; Funding acquisition, M.O. and N.N.-J.; Investigation, A.L.-N., M.O., N.N.-J., A.M., M.M. ([PERSON]) and S.K.; Methodology, M.O., N.N.-J., K.K., M.M. ([PERSON]) and M.M. ([PERSON]); Project administration, M.O.; Writing--original draft, A.L.-N., M.O., N.N.-J., A.M. and M.M. ([PERSON]); Writing--review and editing, M.O. and N.N.-J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Medical University of Lublin (grant No. MNNb 50).  
Not applicable.  
The paper was developed using equipment purchased within the Project 'The equipment of innovative laboratories doing research on new medicines used in the therapy of civilisation and neoplastic diseases' within the Operational Program Development of Eastern Poland 2007-2013, Priority Axis I Modern Economy, Operations I.3 Innovation Promotion. LC-MS work was conducted as a commercial service in the Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Warsaw, Poland) and the equipment used was sponsored in part by the Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), a project co-sponsored by the European Regional Development Fund and Innovative Economy, The National Cohesion Strategy of Poland.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.