## 4 Avinomics Assessment
### Communication
BLE  
Representing an enhanced version of Bluetooth, BLE is designed for applications that require short range demands with low power, having the same bit rate, frequency range (i.e., from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz), and range of traditional Bluetooth [241]. In combinationwith the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) technique, the BLE-RSSI combined method presented a lack of precision in UAV positioning, which was overcome in [242]. With regard to UAV navigation in GNSS-denied environments, an indoor positioning system for UAVs is set up through BLE beacons by analyzing the RSSI, where the final position estimation is acquired by trilateration [243]. In the catapult launcher of small UAVs in [244], BLE consisted of a positioning feedback system, providing a continuous connection between the user and the control panel. BLE can be added to a UAV through the nRF54H20 System-on-Chip (SoC) which presents multiple ARM Cortex-M33 processors with a 1 MB of RAM, providing a long range with a 10 dBm of transmission power [245]. The nRF54L15 SoC from the same series, on the other hand, comes with a single 128 MHz Arm Cortex-M33 processor and 256 KB of RAM, with 8 dBm of transmission power [246]. Different from the nRF54-based series, CC2650 [247] represents another medium with which BLE communication can be enabled in a UAV, and it comes equipped with a 20 kB of RAM and up to 31 GPIO ports. LTE-M  
A low-power, wide-area, cellular-technology-based communication supports machine-to-machine interaction as well as IoT. LTE-M presents a high data rate and an increased bandwidth and can be easily integrated with existing cellular networks [248]. By means of LTE-M, the range of UAV operations can be extended by the supported Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) [249]. In [250], the performance of LTE-M was investigated with a UAV for a distance of 450 feet, where 5G communication was found to have better signal strength. To equip UAVs with LTE-M communication, Quectel BG95-M3 LGA [251], on the one hand, presents a good solution featured by an ultra-low power consumption as well as multiple frequency band support. Telit ME310G1-WW [252], on the other hand, adopts another low-power operation by adapting a specific wakeup-transmit-sleep mechanism, also supporting various LTE bands and GNSS technologies. According to the different surveyed communication technologies that can be employed in a UAV, the choice for a specific module based on communication theory/protocol can be challenging. It is true that all methods share the wireless connectivity criterion, but still, many other factors must be taken into consideration when embedding a communication module in a UAV. Firstly, the range of communication (i.e., coverage zone) reflects a great impact factor, and it can be noticed between LoRa and BLE. Environmental constraints (e.g., signal degradation, deterioration, and complete loss) are another key factor for the choice of the surveyed modules. How to program each module is another topic, since the programming requirement is another decisive factor. LoRa-based modules can cover wide zones with a high bitrate, but their supported frequencies may not intersect with those received in the ground/remote station. LTE-M based modules, on the other hand, possess the greatest bitrate (i.e., optimum for high data exchange) but are heavily dependent on network coverage. Table 7 provides a standardized assessment of each physical module in each of the four main communication sets surveyed (i.e., as much as applicable since some differ intrinsically).