# Soriasis: From Pathogenesis to Pharmacological and Nano-Technological-Based Therapeutics
## 5 Nanotechnological Approaches for Psoriasis
### Microneedles
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Nanocarier** & **Advantages** & **Limitations** & **Drug Released** & **Administration** & **References** \\ \hline Nanospheres & Enhanced solubility, extended release of drug, and improve absorption. & Poor drug loading, agglomeration, storage issues, problems in large scale production. & Vitamin D3 & Topical & [128] \\ \hline Nanocapsules & Improved skin permeation, sustained and controlled release, improved selectivity, and biocompatibility. & Poor drug loading, agglomeration, storage issues, problems in large scale production. & Bethamethane bisodium & Intravenous & [157] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Dendrimers} & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Improved skin permeation, sustained and controlled release, improved selectivity, and biocompatibility. \\ \end{tabular} } & Poor drug loading, agglomeration, storage issues, problems in large scale production. & Retention & Topical & [158] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & Desamethasone & Topical & [131] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Micelles} & Self-assembling, thermodynamic, stability, and targeting potential. & Not good for hydrophilic drugs. & Tucrolimus & Topical & [136] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & Cyclosporine A & Topical & [160] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Liposomes} & Biocomputtible, ease of surface modification, and amphiphilic nature. & Weak loading capacity, rapid drug leakage, limited physical and chemical stability during storage. & Cyclosporine & Topical & [162] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Lipospheres} & Biocomputtible, amphiphilic nature, and surface modification is easy. & Weak loading capacity, rapid drug leakage, limited physical and chemical stability during storage. & Tucrolimus and curcumin & Topical & [142] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Ehosomes} & Very good permeation power, high patient compliance. & Poor yield & Pyoralen & Topical & [144] \\ \cline{3-5}  & Composition is safe for dermal and pharmaceutical use. & & Tacrolimus & Topical & [165] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Solid lipid nanoparticles} & Biocomputtible, biodegradable, higher efficacy, flexibility of size, and surface manipulation & Poor stability, poor batch to batch reproducibility, sterilization difficulties, and low drug loading & Fluocinolone acetonide & Topical & [149] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & Capsaicin & Topical & [166] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Nanostructured lipid carriers} & Biologgradable, biocompatible, reduces exposition of drug during storage, good drug load & Sterilization difficulties & Fluticasone propionate & Topical & [168] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Biodegradable nanotechnology-based treatments for psoriasis. [PERSON] et al. studied the combination of nanotechnology and microneedles using nanocrystals loaded with methotrexate disodium [170]. Methodology, optimization, and characterization of the microneedle's patches with the nanocrystals were studied. The next step was studying their behavior in vitro, with interesting results on the release rates. Finally, an in vivo study was carried out with Sprague Dawley rats, comparing the use of microneedle patches with the usual administration route of methotrexate via oral administration. Their results suggest a successful insight into the use of microneedles in the delivery of methotrexate in rats, obtaining a sustained release of methotrexate during 72 h due to the drug retention capacity of the skin. Following these results, more studies are required to determine the efficacy of this new administration route in psoriatic models.