## 5 Operation Results  
Instead of using normal quantifiable parameters to evaluate the performance of the developed SCADA system, the results of its implementation are reflected in the ability to manage, monitor and control the Lerma Basin's water supply network. One of the most notable outcomes is the 24/7 access to real-time information about the status of the wells, pumping stations, and storage tanks. Operators can monitor critical parameters such as water levels, pressure, and flow rates at any time, ensuring continuous oversight of the system's performance. This capability is particularly valuable in a region as complex and geographically dispersed as the Lerma Basin, where manual monitoring would be impractical and inefficient.  
Another key result is the system's ability to perform water balance calculations. By integrating data from the 160 operational wells and the sensors at the entrance of the main collector, the system can determine the exact amount of water being extracted from each well and compare it with the total volume entering the collector. This balance allows operators to identify discrepancies that may indicate water leaks or theft [1]. For example, if the total volume of water entering the collector is significantly less than the sum of the volumes reported by the wells, it suggests a potential issue in the network that requires immediate attention.  
The system's advanced analytics tools further enhance its ability to detect anomalies. By analyzing historical data and real-time inputs, the SCADA system can generate alerts when unusual patterns are detected, such as sudden drops in pressure or unexpected changes in flow rates. These alerts enable operators to investigate and address issues promptly, minimizing water loss and ensuring the efficient operation of the network.  
Additionally, the 3D visualization interface plays a crucial role in interpreting and acting on the data. Operators can visualize the entire network, including the location of wells, pipelines, and sensors, in an interactive 3D environment. This spatial awareness makes it easier to pinpoint the source of a leak or identify areas where water theft may be occurring. Overall, the SCADA system has demonstrated a reduction in response times to operational issues and a significant decrease in water losses due to leaks or theft. These improvements not only enhance the efficiency of the water supply network but also contribute to the sustainable management of the Lerma Basin's water resources.  
As mentioned previously, nowadays SCADA systems are specific CPS. In this sense, taking into account the accelerated development of the technology every day, this project includes not only the design and implementation of the system, but it also considers a periodic revision of the necessities, the technology advancement and the system performance, to carry out any required adjustment and even a redesign of the system modules. This measure will ensure flexibility to increase the number of wells controlled and monitored by the system, and the quality of the services generated. Among others, the following points are considered in this update stage:  
* Improvement of the real-time performance and accuracy of the 3D visualization systems.
* Reduction in the data transmission latency.
* Implementation of AI to further data processing.
* Increase the network security protection capabilities of the system.  
From the operational tests, some limitations of the system have been detected. Among the most important issues are the following:* The turn-off and start of pumps is not automatic, it has to be activated by the operator.
* Some external variables that can affect the operation of the pumps are not yet considered, such as the quality of the electric energy supply or the lack of alarm signals corresponding to open cabinets.
* There is no surveillance system associated with the SCADA system, and some failures due to physical intrusion can be misinterpreted by the system.