# Agricultural Residues of Lignocellulosic Materials in Cement Composites
## 3 Results and Discussion  
Figure 1 presents the FreeViz algorithm of the chemical composition of the lignocellulosic material residues and displays the projected data in a scatterplot. In this figure, the colours are associated with each lignocellulosic material evaluated, and the colour position indicates which chemical components have greater or lesser effects on the composition of the lignocellulosic material. On the basis of the mean chemical components, the aptitude of the material is determined. Table 1 presents the chemical composition statistical analyses of the different types of lignocellulosic material evaluated. The plant-based natural fibres consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractives, and ash, and their concentrations depend on factors such as fibre type, growth condition, dimension, age, location on the plant, and extraction and processing methods [33]. Figure 1 and Table 1 show the most influential chemical composition in each evaluated lignocellulosic material. Banana pseudostem had the highest average content of ash among the lignocellulosic materials, and a lower content of lignin was evaluated. Coconut shell had the highest composition of lignin, but the lowest content of extractives and holocellulose. Eucalyptus showed an intermediate amount of lignin and holocellulose. Sugarane had the highest extractives and the lowest ash values. In general, the results were consistent with those observed in other studies performing chemical analyses of different types of lignocellulosic materials [6; 9; 34]. In most cases, the extractives are primarily responsible for the inhibition of cement solidification [1]. The extractives are resins and other chemicals that may migrate to the surface of the particle during the drying process, thus potentially resulting in the formation of a hydrophobic layer, which reduces the hydrogen bonds between the lignocellulosic material and cement, and consequently, increases the bonding strength [35]. The chemical composition of plant-based fibres strongly influences their mechanical properties because cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are primarily responsible for the bond behaviour and degradation of natural fibres in composites [33]. Coconut shell exhibited the highest lignin content, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Lignocelloxic Materials** & **Lignin (\%)** & **Total Extractives (\%)** & **Ash (\%)** & **Holocellulose (\%)** \\ \hline Eucalyptus & 28.00 d (0.667) & 11.65 b (0.145) & 1.46 b (0.286) & 58.90 b (1.098) \\ \hline Sugar cane & 17.34 b (0.667) & 24.20 d (0.920) & 0.84 a (0.037) & 57.63 b (1.550) \\ \hline Banana & 11.79 a (0.104) & 17.97 c (0.350) & 10.68 d (0.179) & 59.55 b (0.275) \\ \hline Coconut shell & 39.07 e (0.041) & 7.39 a (0.590) & 3.65 c (0.204) & 49.89 a (0.428) \\ \hline Coffee husk & 21.40 c (0.190) & 12.35 b (0.025) & 1.41 b (0.054) & 64.87 c (0.269) \\ \hline \(p\) value & 0.0000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ \hline CV (\%) & 1.84 & 3.52 & 4.95 & 1.53 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Averages followed by the same letter in the column are statistically equivalent according to the Tukey test at 5% significance. The values in parentheses are standard deviations. CV: coefficient of variation.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Averages and standard deviations of the chemical compositions of the lignocellulosic material residues. Figure 1: FreeViz optimization of the chemical composition of the lignocellulosic material residues. whereas holocellulose exhibited the lowest lignin content. The lignin content in banana pseudostem was significantly lower than that in the other materials evaluated. The total extractives content of the lignocellulosic materials evaluated showed significant differences. The extractive content is the most limiting factor in the production of cement composites because extractive action may result in lower resistance of the composites [36]. According to [PERSON] et al.