# Incorporating Artificial Intelligence Technology in Smart Greenhouses: Current State of the Art
## 2 Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Smart Greenhouses
### Robotics and Algorithms for Precision Agriculture and Smart Greenhouses
#### 2.4.1 Role of AI Technologies and Biological Pesticide Compounds in IPM  
The use of AI technologies in place of chemical products (including Prestop(r), Microfora PROTM, and Active FlowerTM) and biological powdery mildew management techniques was validated by ecological and cost considerations [115] and the mixed benefits of bio-pesticide formulations (such as succinic acid and methanolic extract of _Rosmarinus officinalis_) [96]. The case for the biological control interventions by [PERSON] et al. [96] was in line with the research of [PERSON] et al. [116], which affirmed that biological control agents were effective compared to the traditional chemical agents (including Radiant 12% SC, Kanemite 15% SC and Actra 25% WG) in the management of pests, including whitefly, _Frankliniella occidentalis_, and flower thrips [116]. In addition to the superior efficacy of the biological control agents, the sweet pepper plants exhibited superior yields (35% better) following treatment with the biological control agents. Despite the positive observations made by [PERSON] et al. [96] and [PERSON] et al. [116], one must acknowledge that the effectiveness of the biological control agents is contingent on the seasons and the  
Figure 4: Hyperspectral imaging and artificial intelligence detection of powdery mildew in squash plant leaves. Images labeled (**a–c**) demonstrate different developmental stages of the powdery mildew disease in in-house leaves; (**e,f**) represent disease severity in outdoor squash plants. (**a**) Powdery mildew was not detected in the regions of interest. (**b**) Low severity of the powdery mildew disease (in-house photos). (**c**) High severity of the powdery mildew disease. (**d**) Powdery mildew was not detected in the regions of interest (outdoor plants). (**e**) Low severity of the powdery mildew disease (outdoor plants). (**f**) High severity of the powdery mildew disease (outdoor plants) [113]. intensity of the pests and disease. The biological control agents might be less effective if there is a high intensity of pests and diseases. Other major issues of concern with biological control agents include the mixed performance of the biological control agents. Despite the reservations, the emphasis on biological rather than commercial IPM technicals by [PERSON] et al. [96] and [PERSON] et al. [116] represents an emerging pattern in commercial agriculture, guided by the need to conserve the environment and reduce pesticide resistance--a phenomenon that is most common with commercial pesticides [75]. For example, studies conducted in the Russian Federation established that mites gradually became resistant to avermectin pesticides in the past 20 years [117]. The observations made by [117] in the Russian Federation were comparable to the research of [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s [118] and [PERSON] et al. [66] in Turkey, where farmers recorded higher _Tetranychus Utric_ resistance to Biferanazte and Abametcin. The observations made by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [118] and [PERSON] et al. [66] concerning the growing pesticide resistance in Turkey were affirmed by [PERSON] et al. [119], who attributed the arrhenotokous reproduction and high fecundity of _Tetranychus urtice_ populations in greenhouses to acaricide resistance. However, in the latter case, the pesticides were resistant to a wide range of pesticides, bifenthrin, and hexythiazox. From a globalist perspective, _Tetranychus urtice_ resistance to pesticides would create a monumental challenge for Turkey and the larger EU. Acaricides purchases represented 14% of the pesticide expenditure in the continent [120]. Higher expenditure on acaricides denotes greater dependence, which has catastrophic effects on crop yields if widespread pesticide resistance is documented. Even though there was compelling evidence to catalyze the industry transition to biopesticides and intelligent IPM, the rate of biological agent adoption was inadequate [121]; this was despite favorable legislation and regulations, including Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009 and 2016/2903 (RSP) [122].