## 4 Authentication in UAV Networks
### 6G Enabled Light Weight Authentication Protocols  
In this study [101], a light weight authentication protocol is described that promises the privacy and security of a wireless network that is 6G enabled and supports a maritime IoT-based transportation mechanism. In order to critically verify the security features, methods such as real or random oracle scheme are employed. IoT integrated with blockchain schemes is one of the promising designs in connection with future applications ensuring \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Concept** & **Description** \\ \hline
[96] & UAV application & Military, business analysis, health and traffic analysis. \\
[97] & WSN-based applications & Business requirements for targeted advertisements and to show you how well you convert outside traffic \\  & & & into engaged visitors. \\  & & & Techniques proposed to shorten the time necessary for authentication during vertical handoff across heterogeneous networks. \\
[99] & Handoff latency & Switch access networks while performing tasks such as accessing the internet. Using real-time applications, or working in cooperative information systems \\
[100] & Real-time applications & seamless and efficient handoff, service continuity with light weight authentication. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Lightweight authentication. Figure 12: Authentication in UAV systems. inherent requirements including security-focused authentication-based needs on data integrity, non-reputability and audibility. Existing literature presents ideas related to IoT coupled with blockchain technology. However, a number of issues arise once pertinent considerations such as calculation burden and power limitations, thus other network overheads are examined in relation with blockchain technology implementation with IoT. In this study [102], integration shortcomings of blockchain with IoT are reviewed by assessing challenges and major inadequacies of these technologies. The main challenges include the inherent feature of authentication protocols to provide defense against probable attacks and other protocol implementation complexities. This paper [103] presents a light weight authentication scheme for Internet of Things. The protocol is spelled as \"Light Edge\" employing a hierarchy comprising of three layers. The three layers include a device layer, a secondary edge layer related to a clearinghouse for information about practices, policies and procedures on privacy, security, transparency and compliance and a third layer corresponds to the cloud service operator. The detailed examination in the paper describes the effectiveness of the suggested protocol against other methods in terms of protection against network attacks, cost effectiveness in respect to the overall communication model and time. An efficient and smart way of managing assets of a smart city is the development of state infrastructure that may cater requirements of numerous potential network technologies and huge data that flows through said networks. This research [104] describes a network topology for SCNM-LSM. The term SCNM-LSM stands for smart city networking model environments utilizing the light weight security module. This paper appends details regarding proposed artificial intelligence-based security features that are adapting to an IoT-6G environment [105]. In this network model, IoT devices are converged with mobile communication networks through various frequencies that include mm and THz waves. Major light weight authentication domains in UAV systems are shown in Figure 13.  
In the study [106], in order to predict future yielding power, the EKF technique was employed. EKF stands for extended kalman filter. In the future 6G communication model, IoT devices are supposed to maintain a power yielding method. This aspect has a wide scope of utilization to meet energy limitations in the 6G environment. In the above stated  
Figure 13: UAV systems light weight authentication domains.