## 1 Introduction  
Steel pallet tracking systems have been widely used around the world since the industrial revolution. Over the years, steel pallet cracking has evolved from hot-rolled profiles to cold-formed steel (CFS) profiles in order to increase the structural performance in terms of engineering optimization. The benefit of steel pallet cracking is its flexibility in using limited space in warehouses. The increase in popularity of steel storage racking means more types of applications are now required to meet the demands of customers [1]. However, the performance of the proposed sections needs to be well understood by full-scale testing. Generally, perforated CFS components are susceptible to bending forces. Following the previous study on the flexural behavior of the perforated CFS profiles, these sections have been subjected to cyclic and monotonic forces where they have experienced different kinds of deformations, notably different types of buckling [2]. There are three primary types of buckling modes for CFS sections including local, distortional and global. Therefore, it is vital to find suitable ways to speed up constraining the buckling process. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [3] and [PERSON] et al. [4] performed a series of four-point bending tests to investigate the distortional and flexural performance of C and Z-shaped section built-up cold-formed steels. [PERSON] et al. [5] evaluated the bending moment of existing authentic experimental results with different code provisions. [PERSON] et al. [6] proposed a new design approach of distortional buckling strength for C and Z-shaped cold-formed steel sections. [PERSON] et al. [7] experimentally and analytically investigated C-shaped cold-formed steel beams with or without edge stiffeners. Using the stiffeners significantly enhanced the flexural stiffness and buckling resistivity of the beam under pure and non-pure bending tests. [PERSON] et al. [8] performed a four-point bending test program on cold-formed steel built-up section beams with web perforations. Local geometric imperfections were also measured. When the hole diameter to web depth ratio (d\({}_{\text{h}}\)/d\({}_{\text{w}}\)) increased from 0.25 to 0.5, the moment rotation capacity reduced slightly by 6%. However, increasing the ratio up to 0.7 reduced the capacity by 16%. The effects of the web-hole ratio on the performance of the perforated cold-formed steel channel section beams were experimentally and analytically investigated. The greater the increase in the hole area, the more reduction in the ultimate distortional buckling moment [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. The reported results also illustrated that the size of the web holes directly affected the distortional buckling moment, with the bigger the hole, the lower the buckling moment. [PERSON] et al. [15] examined the authenticity of the Australia/New Zealand Standard (AS 1391) on the flexural strength design of rectangular tubes manufactured with cold-rolling steel, where the Australian standard has shown reliable design code and unreliable design procedure for normal and high strength steel, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [16] conducted a series of bending tests and also finite element modellings on flexural behaviour of cold-formed steel beams. The authors reported that the dominant failure mode was distortional buckling. Folded-flange sections were developed to present the best performance under bending investigation compared to other typical and industrial sections (the flexural capacity increased by up to 50%), and using partial reinforcing significantly increased the beam strength against the lateral-torsion buckling [17; 18]. [PERSON] et al. [19] performed a series of four-point flexural tests on bolted built-up cold-formed steel beams while using bolts and nuts system. According to the reported conclusions, when the loads were applied on the webs, the flexural behaviour of the beams was dependent just on bolt distances. [PERSON] et al.