## 4 Results and Discussion
### Technical Results  
The analysis within this work was conducted using the PV \(*\) SOL Premium Simulator (version 2024 R3) to assess the impact of solar integration on EV charging capabilities and to design an example of an EVCS implementing PV energy. Feasibility modeling for the installation of solar PV at LuLu's Hypermarket in Hail revealed several important characteristics regarding the module areas. Table 9 presents a summary of the solar array installations in various regions of the facility. The data provided include information regarding the overall surface area occupied by the arrays, as well as the quantity of modules deployed in each specific part. The system is composed of 1703 PV modules. The output of the PV generator is calculated scientifically based on the individual output capacity of each module with a capacity of (1703 \(\times\) 0.615) 1047.35 kWp. Eight inverters, each with a capacity of 8 kW, were used to charge 600 cars per day. Figure 6 illustrates the intricate design of the carrot and roof-mounted solar PV systems. The annual available energy with solar radiation on the solar cell field can be calculated as follows:  
\[2222.11\ \mathrm{kWh/m^{2}}\ \times 4760.41\ \mathrm{m^{2}}=10,578,164.61\ \mathrm{kWh}\] \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Home Charging** & **0\%** & **20\%** & **40\%** & **60\%** \\ \hline Zone 1 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Zone 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Zone 3 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Zone 4 & 7 & 6 & 5 & 4 \\ \hline Zone 5 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Zone 6 & 6 & 5 & 4 & 3 \\ \hline Zone 7 & 6 & 5 & 4 & 3 \\ \hline Zone 8 & 5 & 4 & 3 & 3 \\ \hline Zone 9 & 3 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Zone 10 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Zone 11 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Zone 12 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Zone 13 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Zone 14 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Zone 15 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Zone 16 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Zone 17 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Expected PV charging stations (adjusted–NS’) in Hail City. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline
**Area Description** & **Total Surface Area (m\({}^{2}\))** & **Number of Modules** \\ \hline Roof & 3552.8 & 1271 \\ \hline Carport 01 & 150.9 \(\times\) 2 = 301.8 & 54 \(\times\) 2 = 108 \\ \hline Carport 02 & 201.3 \(\times\) 2 = 402.6 & 72 \(\times\) 2 = 144 \\ \hline Carport 03 & 251.6 \(\times\) 2 = 503.2 & 90 \(\times\) 2 = 180 \\ \hline Total Combined PV Module Area & 4760.4 & 1703 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: PV array and number of module installations in LuLu’s Hypermarket EVCS. Table 10 provides detailed information on the PV system. The total annual energy output is 2,054,029 kWh, with 1,629,534 kWh used for charging EVs, 416,199 kWh fed into the grid, and 8295 kWh used directly, which means that the solar fraction is 66.1%. In its first year, including the effects of module degradation, the system is projected to feed 415,062 kWh into the grid. This ties into the total annual energy output previously detailed, with significant portions allocated to direct use and EV charging, as well as a specified portion fed back into the grid. Over the assessment period of 30 years, the system's performance metrics, including a yield factor of 1961.04 kWh/kWp and a high PR of 88.2%, demonstrate its efficiency and reliability in converting solar energy into usable power. The minimal impact from shading, at just 0.3% per year, indicates an optimal setup with negligible losses due to environmental factors. Financially, the system carries an interest on capital of 1%, reflecting the investment's cost over time. This interest rate will affect the overall financial returns, especially when considering the long-term energy production versus operational and maintenance costs.