# HMD-Based VR Tool for Traffic Psychological Examination: Conceptualization and Design Proposition
## 2 Cognitive Measures Crucial for Driving  
As discussed above, crucial psychological measures important for adequate driving performance such as intellect, attention, reactivity or personality traits are tested within the standard TPE. The standard tests such as the Vienna test system distributed by official providers (e.g., Schuhfried) include assessment of logical reasoning (Adaptive matrices tes-AMT, Concentration (COG), stress tolerance/resilience (DT), reactivity (RT), attention performance/obtaining an overview (ATAVT), peripheral perception (PP-R), orientation ability (LVT) and driving related personality questionnaire (IVPE-R). All mentioned measures are usually captured as separate variables, which questions the validity of real performance of the driver within the driving process, where individual skills mix and complement each other [51]. Furthermore, there are several complex and dynamic cognitive constructs that are currently very hard to reliably assess in drivers. The main reason they cannot be easily measured is their complexity or the technological difficulty of the requested measurement tool. These concepts usually reflect the complexity within the process of car driving, raising the importance of predictions based on a driver's performance in a real-context scenario. A crucial construct, which has been identified as a significant predictor of successful driving [52], is situational insight or situation awareness [53], in which both the assumptions of a standard TPE (such as intelligence or attention) and driving experience are involved. SA is commonly discussed in highly specialized areas such as air traffic control [54], military activities [55; 56], remotely controlled vehicles operation [57] and it is also directly studied in the context of virtual car driving [58; 59]. Situational awareness represents the capability to perceive elements in the surrounding within a specific period of time and volume of space. However, it also expresses the ability to comprehend the meaning of these elements and ability to project their status into the near future--i.e., reliably anticipate events. Some researchers label situational awareness as an ability to dynamically diagnose the real-world features [60], where more than simple memory mechanisms are used within the complex and organizational construct standing behind the mental model of the world [61]. [PERSON] includes three abilities in situational awareness: elements of perception of a given situation, their understanding and prediction of future events [53]. These three abilities enable decision-making during the driving process. In other words, situational awareness is a mental process against the background of successful responses and interactions in traffic situations. Various aspects are emphasized in this mental process. For example, [PERSON] emphasizes the processes of perception [62] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] emphasize the processes of memory [63]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] emphasize that both the processes of perception and the processes of memory and situational awareness are externally focused consciousness that creates knowledge about the current situation [64]. Situational insight thus represents a key category within TPE since previous studies suggested that a driver's SA is crucial for decision-making and behavior in driving [52]. Concurrently, they emphasized that SA is influenced by several basic factors, which were, actually, usually only studied separately. Regarding this, they identified crucial factors and significant effects for these factors affecting the level of drivers SA (see Figure 2). Specifically, SA was found to be affected by cognitive abilities (0.500), the driver's emotional and fatigue states (0.360), the drivers' age (0.277), driving experience (0.198) and gender (0.156). Additionally, SA was negatively affected by distracting elements (\(-\)0.253) and road characteristics (\(-\)0.213).