# LoRa Enabled Smart Inverters for Microgrid Scenarios with Widespread Elements
## 7 Conclusions  
The main point of this study is to integrate LoRa communication architecture in smart inverters control structure to provide long-range communication capabilities. To conceptualize the research, first a brief overview of different LPWAN technologies was prepared. Based on the findings of this short survey, it was concluded that LoRaWAN is a better candidate for the communication system of the application of interest than MG structure communication layer when long-range capabilities are required. Then, the  
Figure 17: LoRaWAN/MQTT structure for control and management of a conceptual residential MG in rural areas.  
distinguishable parameters of the current study in comparison with the other related publications were described, after a review on LoRa/LoRaWAN application in smart systems. The key points are:  
* The problem has been investigated from both communication and control systems angles. This study can be useful for audiences from both aforementioned backgrounds. In the humble opinion of the authors, it may be challenging to find a similarly structured work, and normally either one of the aspects is overlooked to some extent and the focus is either on control or communication.
* Details on architecture and system design parameters for both viewpoints were described. The point-to-point LoRa communication architecture was developed by using off-the-shelf micropython enabled microprocessors, and the details are provided for other researchers that aim to replicate the system. We found out that the LoRa communication system design is logical and straightforward with ease of implementation, free spectrum, and cost-effectiveness of end-devices. On the other hand, the dSPACE hosted grid-feeding inverter control structure was also comprehensively explained. The designed control structure was performed in a stable a reliable manner, power references are followed, and no frequency synchronization problems were detected.
* The interaction between both systems, communication and control, was described and experimentally validated. We demonstrated the power reference following capability of the grid-feeding smart inverter by utilizing LoRa to connect the transmitter and receiver nodes. It was proved that all the SFs are not capable of creating stable and reliable communication systems, even when the range is low. It is the same for the different transmission power levels that affect the link reliability considerably. In other words, the communication system should be optimally designed so that important aspects, such as coverage, throughput, and energy consumption characteristics, match the required application.  
In order to wrap up the study, at the final part, a potential application for LoRa enabled smart inverters for control, management, and coordination of remote residential MGs when the components are spread over a wide area has been proposed and explained. Future works are required to experimentally implement and evaluate the described structure, which is planned to be conducted by the authors.  
The authors of this manuscript, namely, [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON], identified by the acronyms indicated in brackets, declare the following contributions to the work. [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceptualized the work, developed the methodology and implemented the experiments from the hardware and software point of view for the described system. [PERSON] obtained the funding and supervised the work together with [PERSON] and [PERSON] prepared the original draft with the help of [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by Aalborg University Talent Programme 2016 with the Research Project: The Energy Internet--Integrating Internet of Things into the Smart Grid. This work was supported by VILLUM FONDEN under the VILLUM Investigator Grant (no. 25920): Center for Research on Microgrids (CROM); www.crom.et.aau.dk (accessed on 3 September 2021).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.