## 1 Introduction
Therefore, to protect the authenticity and effectiveness of information disseminated by VDES base stations, proactive measures must be implemented to monitor vulnerabilities in the VDES data link, with a particular focus on ensuring the credibility of the data link [24]. Research on the credibility of the VDES data link remains nascent and exploratory. [PERSON] et al. significantly enhanced the data transmission credibility of the VDES ground subsystem in complex multipath interference scenarios by integrating OFDM technology. This advancement not only improved the credibility of long-range maritime transmissions within the VDES framework but also provided practical technical solutions and theoretical foundations for assessing the credibility of the VDES base station data link. However, this study failed to fully mirror the long-term stability and large-scale application effects of the VDES system integrated with OFDM technology in complex real marine circumstances [25]. In a related effort, [PERSON] et al. introduced the concept of virtual beacons based on VDE-SAT, developed a message framework for disseminating long-distance virtual beacon data, and validated the coherence of this framework through illustrative examples, thereby offering a new perspective on long-range navigational support. This initiative also strengthened the data transmission integrity and security of the VDES infrastructure. However, the acceptance and integration of any new technology within the industry typically entail time, rendering promotion and adoption potentially challenging [26]. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. thoroughly examined the system architecture and spectrum allocation strategy of VDES, offering a detailed overview of key technologies and developmental milestones within the VDES domain. Their comprehensive investigation into the architectural framework and critical technologies of the space-air-ground-sea communication network based on VDES provided technical support and theoretical rationale for the secure and efficient operation of intelligent maritime communication systems, while also enriching discussions on the stability and credibility of the VDES base station data link. Additionally, the study fails to investigate the specific challenges that VDES might encounter during actual deployment [27]. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. proposed an ultra-low-power RF fingerprint recognition system using pulse neural networks (SNN) combined with an attention mechanism for authenticating satellite components within the VDES framework. By integrating these features, they enhanced the precision and resilience of the system. Moreover, some technical challenges must be overcome before the SNN-based RFFI system can be applied practically [28]. Concurrently, [PERSON] et al. explored advanced very-high-frequency data link (A-VDL) technology relevant to aviation VHF communication. Their design of a filter significantly  
Figure 2: Two types of VDES data link interference scenarios mentioned in the IALA G1181 guidelines. reduced out-of-band power emissions in A-VDL, mitigating adjacent channel interference and improving the system's spectral efficiency, thus enhancing communication quality within the VDES spectrum. The study also lacks performance verification under non-ideal circumstances [29]. In parallel, [PERSON] et al. proposed a Feedback based Time Division Multiple Access (FBTDMA) protocol to prevent transmission conflicts among vessels. Their findings showed a marked reduction in transmission conflict rates among vessels using VDES for communication, along with an increase in the system's throughput, thereby paving the way for further exploration of channel utilization within the VDES data link. While augmenting the throughput of the VDES system, it concurrently increases communication complexity and potential latency [30]. Lastly, [PERSON] et al. designed and implemented a circularly polarized rotatable gate antenna specifically for satellite VDES, significantly expanding the coverage angle of satellite communication.