## 2 Related Work
Concept formalization involves all concepts in the strategic planning process, their properties, and relationships between them. 2. The formalization of procedures to perform them in the SP process, obtained from the relationships between the various concepts. 3. Formalization of stakeholders associated with a particular task or concept in the SP process. The authors of [5] define concepts represented with a hierarchical structure that determines the inheritance of properties between a parent node (or concept) and the child node (or concept). All concepts directly or indirectly inherit the properties of an object. The IS-A relation is a relation that organizes terms or concepts from general to specific ones. The hierarchical structure of concepts is represented by the IS-A relation. Specific inherent features of the general IS-A relation are the backbone of knowledge organization and sharing [10]. The authors of [17] define three steps of the SP process:  
1. The first step involves creating an instance of the concept mission. The description property of the created instance contains a value that defines the mission of the organization in the SP process. 2. In the second step, instances of concepts are created. These instances define the types of information and stakeholders. 3. In the third step, ontology is used to integrate information and knowledge into the SP process. According to the authors of [7], the ontological structure (explicit specification of the conceptualization of the domain) can be formally defined as follows: \(O=\{C,R,A^{o}\}\), where \(C\) is a set of elements called concepts/classes, with properties describing their features and attributes. \(R\subseteq C\times C\) is the set of relationships between the concepts/classes of \(C\), which is defined so that it represents hierarchical taxonomy. \(A^{o}\) is the set of axioms in \(O\) that impose restrictions on the concepts and their relationships. The lexicon (language) \(L\) represents common vocabulary regarding conceptualization \(O\) and is defined as \(L=\{L^{C},L^{R},F,G\}\), where \(L^{C}\) is the set of elements called lexical entries of concepts, \(L^{R}\) is a set of elements called the lexical entries of relationships. \(F\subseteq L^{C}\times C\) is a reference to concepts that establish the link between a concept and a lexical entry. \(G\subseteq L^{R}\times R\) is a reference to relationships that establish the link between a relationship and a lexical entry. Using this previous definition, the authors of [7] have then formally defined ontology as \(O_{m}=<O,L>\), where \(O\) is the ontological structure and \(L\) is the corresponding associated lexicon (language). In the same paper, the authors presented a detailed hierarchical view of ontology for the SP process. Different methodologies are used to predict the economic impact of development strategies on individual income, tax, employment, business, sales, and value-added of the observed region. To identify multipliers that represent direct, indirect, induced, and dynamic types of economic impacts, the authors propose the use of an input-output model (I/O). The proposed model identifies links between industry, purchase, and sale of the observed environment (region, country) [19]. The input-output model is a quantitative economic technique that represents the interdependencies between different branches of the national economy or different regional economies [20]. [PERSON] (1905-1999) is credited with the development of this model [21]. [PERSON] won the Nobel Prize in Economic Science for the development of this model. The model states that sectors in the economy are dependent on other sectors because, to produce something, each sector needs to consume output from other sectors. In an economy with I sectors, each sector produces x units of a single homogeneous good. Each sector sells some of its output to other sectors and some of its output to consumers (final output x, final demand c).