## 1 Introduction
(**a**) With glucose, BY4741 was cultured in WG+HLMU medium (\(\bullet\)), in YG+HLMU medium (\(\blacklozenge\)), and in G+HLMU medium (\(\blacklozenge\)). (**b**) Without glucose, BY4741 was cultured in W+HLMU medium (\(\circ\)), in Y+HLMU medium (\(\circ\)), and in HLMU medium (\(\triangle\)). (**c**) With glucose, BY4741 was cultured in W+HLMU medium (\(\circ\)), in Y+HLMU medium (\(\circ\)), and in HLMU medium (\(\triangle\)). (**n** = 6–12). Figure 3: Time course profiles of fermentation by BY4741 in each medium. BY4741 was cultured in WG+HLMU medium and YG+HLMU medium to evaluate DCW as cell production (\(\blacklozenge\): in WG+HLMU medium; \(\Diamond\): in YG+HLMU medium), glucose concentration as glucose consumption (\(\blacktriangle\): in WG+HLMU medium; \(\triangle\): in YG+HLMU medium), and ethanol concentration as ethanol production (\(\bullet\): in WG+HLMU medium; \(\Diamond\): in YG+HLMU medium) over time (\(n\) = 6–12). Figure 2: Time course profiles of growth of BY4741 and BY4741/pATP425 in each restricted medium. BY4741 was cultured to evaluate cell usability in each restricted medium prepared with wheat bran. (**a**) BY4741 was cultured in wheat bran media without histidine (\(\blacklozenge\): WG+LMU medium), without leucine (\(\blacksquare\): WG+HMU medium), without methionine (\(\blacktriangle\): WG+HLU medium), without uracil (\(\blacklozenge\): WG+HLM medium), and with nothing missing (\(\times\): WG+HLMU medium) (n = 6–12). (**b**) BY4741/pATP425 was cultured in wheat bran media without leucine (\(\square\): WG+HMU medium) and BY4741 was also cultured in wheat bran media without leucine (\(\blacksquare\): WG+HMU medium) (\(n\) = 6–12). Figure 4: Comparison of gene transcription levels in YG+HLMU medium and WG+HLMU medium in glycolysis. Data are shown as relative mRNA transcription levels normalized by the level of _RDN18_ as a housekeeping gene. Relative transcription levels in YG+HLMU medium and WG+HLMU medium at 15-20 h of main fermentation are shown in black and red, respectively. Error bars indicate SD of 3–8-time replicates experiments. Gene abbreviations in **(a)**: _ADH6: NADP-dependent alcohol_  
dehydrogenase 6, ADH7: NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase 7, ALD2: aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD\({}^{+}\)) 2, ALD3: aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD\({}^{+}\)) 3, ALD6/ADL1: aldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP\({}^{+}\))/aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD\({}^{+}\)) 6, DAK1: dihydroxacetone kinase/FAD-AMP lyase 1, DAK2: dihydroxacetone kinase/FAD-AMP lyase 2, FBA1/LOT1: fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, FBP1/ACN8: fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphate, GAL10: UDP-glucose 4-epimerase ddose 1-epimerase, GCY1: glycerol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP\({}^{+}\)), GLK1/HOR3: hexokinase, GPP1/RHR2: glycerol-1-phosphatase 1, GPP2/HOR2: glycerol-1-phosphatase 2, GPT2/GAT: glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase/dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase, GUT1: glycerol kinase1, GUT2: glycerol kinase 2, HXK: hexokinase, HXK1: hexokinase 1, HXK2: hexokinase 2, PFK1: fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, PGK1: phosphoglycerate kinase, PGII/CDC30: glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, PGMI: UDP-glucose 4-epimerase ddose 1-epimerase, PGM2/GAL5: phosphogluc-comutase 2, PHMS: 2-lysophosphidate phosphatase, PRM15/PGM3: phospholipidutase 3. SCT1/GAT2: glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase/dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase 2, TDA10: putative ATP-dependent kinase/D-glycerate 3-kinase, TDH1/GLD3: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1, TDH2/GLD2: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 3, TTP1: fructose-phosphate isomerase 1.