# Brazilian Propolis: Nature's Liquid Gold with Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Potential
## 4 Secondary Metabolites of Brazilian Propolis
The potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of Brazilian propolisis is presented in Figure 5. Other examples of studies on the anti-inflammatory effect of Brazilian propolisis extract in in vitro and in vivo models are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Propolis** & **Class of Compounds** & **Cell Line** & **Dose** & **Activity/Mechanism/Effect** & **Ref.** \\ \hline
**Brazilian Propolis** & Polyphenols & RAW 264.7 macrophages transfected with the NF-kB-pLUC gene & 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, and 200 ug/mL & Treatment with an ethanolic extract of Brazilian propolis resulted in a decrease in NF-kB activation and a considerable reduction in the levels of TNF-A. These results confirm the potential use of propolis as an anti-inflammatory compound. & [65] \\ \hline
**Brazilian Propolis** & - & Human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) & 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 ug/mL & An ethanolic extract of Brazilian propolis caused notable improvement of osteogenic potential and suppressed expression of IL-18 and IL-6 was observed after exposure to LPS. It also had a significant anti-inflammatory and mineralizing effect on hDPCs. & [66] \\ \hline
**Brazilian Propolis** & - & THP-1 human monocyte cell line & 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 ug/mL & Propolis excreted an anti-inflammatory/anti-selfergic effect. in the presence of LPS, it induced a higher HMOX-1 expression but inhibited CD86 expression stimulated by DNFB. & [67] \\ \hline
**Red Brazilian** & (e.g., vestitiol and neovestitiol) & RAW 264.7 murine macrophages & 40–100 ug/mL & An ethanolic extract of red Brazilian propolis inhibited multiple signalling pathways in macrophages involved in the inflammatory process activated by LPS. & [68] \\ \hline
**Red Brazilian** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Daidzein, \\ Formonentien, \\ Biochanin \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Neutrophils isolated \\ from male, SPF \\ (specific-pathogen free), \\ \end{tabular} & 0.01, 0.1 and 1 ug/mL & An ethanolic extract of red Brazilian propolis at 1 ug/mL reduced calcium influx in neutrophils under CXCL/MIP-2 stimulation. Blocking calcium influx reduced neutrophil chemotaxis. & [69] \\ \hline
**Red Brazilian** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Isoflavvonoids \\ (e.g., vestiol, \\ neovestiol), \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Transgenic RAW 264.7 \\ macrophages \\ transfected with the \\ nuclear factor xB \\ (NF-kB) \\ \end{tabular} & 10, 20, and 30 ug/mL & An ethanolic extract of Brazilian red propolis at 30 ug/mL considerably decreased NF-kB activation and TNF-x. The LPS-stimulated macrophages treated with EEBRP showed no reduction in viability at concentrations of up to 30 ug/mL. \\ \hline
**Green Brazilian** & \begin{tabular}{c} Artepillin C \\ **Propolis** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} AMJ-2 macrophages \\ \end{tabular} & 34, 60, and 120 ng/mL &
\begin{tabular}{c} A green Brazilian propolis hydroalcoholic extract reduced the TNF-x level in LPS-stimulated macrophage culture. \\ \end{tabular} & [71] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of various Brazilian propolis extracts. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline Type of Propolis & Class of Compounds & Cell Line & Dose & Activity/Mechanism/Effect & Ref. \\ \hline Green Brazilian & & & & An ethanolic extract of green Brazilian propolosis (EEBP) & \\ Propolis & - & Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1 cells) & 1, 10, and 20 ug/mL & & simulated human gingival fibroblasts to secrete high levels of acidic FGF-1 and caused a decrease in E-selectin secretion by HGF-1 cells. Artepillin C- and other various compounds (such as flavoods) in EEBP may have an anti-inflammatory effect & [72] \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & and accelerate the process of wound healing.