esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Automatic Watershed Segmentation of Cancerous Lesions in Unsupervised Breast Histology Images
## 3 Results and Discussion
#### Limitations  
Over-segmentation is the one main drawback of the watershed technique. Most existing watershed segmentation techniques, use markers to label ROIs in human histology images as discussed in the literature review section, instead of connected nuclei objects(masks). Also, most existing nuclei segmentation methods tend to segment nuclei objects on the entire normalized image which contains both nuclei features and tissue structures, thus increasing processing time.  
Another limitation is the reluctance of pathologists to invest in CAD systems due to their high number of false positive results. Hence, there is a need to introduce deep-learning neural networks within CAD systems to assist, in the early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Therefore, methods like the automatic watershed segmentation of cancerous lesions in human breast histology images can be used to segment nuclei objects, not on the entire normalized image but rather isolate nuclei features to form a normalized H (nuclei features) dataset different from other tissue structures dataset for easier and faster model processing.
# Analytical Model for Enhancing the Adoptability of Continuous Descent Approach at Airports
## 3 CDA Adoptability and Aircraft Descent Times
### Evaluation of Aircraft Estimated Descent Time  
To evaluate the calculations outputs of BADA APM, Figure 4 shows a comparison between the estimated landing times computed by BADA APC and actual landing times for an aircraft with CDA operated at Nashville International Airport (BNA) on 17 June 2015. There is a slight variation observed across the compared values between the estimated landing times and actual landing times. For example, with a CRJ9 aircraft that has estimated and actual landing times of 38 min and 27 min, respectively, there is an error of almost 29%, while for a CRJ7 aircraft with estimated and actual landing times of 20 min and 19 min, respectively, there is an error of 5.3%. On average, BADA APC have estimated the landing time for an aircraft with CDA operations to be 20 min. When compared with the actualaverage landing time for an aircraft with CDA at BNA airport, which is 21 min, an error of 4.7% was generated from this estimation.  
Similarly, Figure 5 shows a comparison between the estimated landing times computed by BADA APM, using BADA APC, and actual landing times for an aircraft with SDA operated at BNA. It shows that for a B737 aircraft with estimated and actual landing times of 32 min and 36 min, respectively, BADA APC produced an error of about 11%, with an error of about 8% for an E135 aircraft with estimated and actual landing times of 39 min and 36 min, respectively. However, there are SDA instances where BADA APC was able to match the estimated landing time with the actual landing time, such as with the MD88 aircraft, or provide close to a match, such as with the FA50 aircraft. On average, BADA APC have estimated the landing time for an aircraft with SDA operations to be 21.7 min. When compared with the actual average landing time for an aircraft with SDA at BNA airport, which is 24 min, an error of 9.6% results from this estimation.  
Figure 4: Evaluation of aircraft landing times with CDA at BNA airport.  
Figure 5: Evaluation of aircraft landing times with SDA at BNA.
## 4 Conclusions  
In the present work, the influences of temperature and environment on the tribological properties of ZrO\({}_{2}\)/DLC films are investigated from room temperature to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C in dry nitrogen, hydrogen, vacuum and ambient air and the friction mechanism of ZrO\({}_{2}\)/DLC films is discussed. The conclusions can be summarized as follows.  
1. CoF of ZrO\({}_{2}\)/DLC films in ambient air at the temperature of 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C is 0.02, which exhibits ultralow friction. CoF decreases with the increasing of temperature. The ultralow friction in ambient air is attributed to the liberation of hydrogen due to the hydrothermal oxidation and the dehydrogenation catalyst of Zr.
2. CoF of ZrO\({}_{2}\)/DLC films is low and stable in dry nitrogen and hydrogen environment from room temperature to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
CoF of ZrO\({}_{2}\)/DLC films is as low as 0.05 at the temperature of 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C in vacuum, which exhibits excellent antifriction behavior.
* The ultralow friction mechanism is attributed to the shielding action of hydrogen in DLC films and the formation of hydrogenated carbon-related transferred films on the worn surface of ZrO\({}_{2}\) ball. The catalysis and its tribochemical reaction are beneficial to high antifriction and antiabrasive behaviors of ZrO\({}_{2}\)/DLC films.  
The present work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51675409 and 51305331) and China Scholarship Council. Raman spectroscopy was performed at the Center for Nanoscale Materials, a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science and Office of Basic Energy Sciences User Facility under Contract No. DE-AC02-06 CH11357.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] performed the experiments and analyzed the data; [PERSON] contributed diamond like carbon films. [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A High Performance 0.3 V Standard-Cell-Based OTA Suitable for Automatic Layout Flow
## 6 Design of the Standard-Cell-Based ULV OTA
### Design Flow  
The OTA of Figure 6 has been designed and simulated in the Cadence environment considering the 130-nm CMOS standard-cell library from STMicroelectronics. The reference inverter assumed to implement the control loop of Figure 1 and the circuits in Figures 2, 4, and 7 is the \(\times 20\) of the standard-cell library (i.e., 10 times larger than the minimum-sized inverter of the standard-cell library), whereas the reference inverter assumed to implement the error amplifier in Figure 5 is the \(\times 2\) (i.e., the minimum-sized inverter of the standard-cell library).  
To illustrate the design of the proposed standard-cell-based OTA, we exploited Equations (22)-(25) assuming a load capacitance \(C_{L}=150\) pF and considering \(m\phi\approx 52\) deg in order to guarantee stability. As further design constraints, we have assumed a GBW of  
Figure 8: Voltage gain of the proposed standard-cell-based basic voltage amplifier as a function of \(k\). Ideal values obtained assuming \(gds=0\) (Equation (11)) are reported in green, the values obtained from Equation (13) are reported in blue, and the values obtained from simulations are depicted in red.  
10 MHz and a gain of 50 dB. From these constraints, the values of \(g\), \(h\), \(k\), and \(M\) have been found according to the guidelines given in Section 5.1, and they are reported in Table 1.
# A Very High-Resolution Urban Green Space from the Fusion of Microsatellite, SAR, and MSI Images
## 2 Methodology  
### Study Area  
This study is focused on Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia (Figure 1). Jakarta covers an area of 661.23 km\({}^{2}\) and is located in the western part of Java Island. It is divided into five Despite being the smallest province in Indonesia in terms of land area, in terms of population, Jakarta boasts the largest metropolitan area in the ASEAN and the second-largest in the world, surpassed only by Tokyo, Japan [21]. Jakarta is characterized by its extensive urban development and numerous manmade structures, making it the most densely populated city in Indonesia. This high population density is one of the key reasons for selecting Jakarta as the study area. Additionally, the city was chosen due to its diverse urban green spaces and the most updated availability of ground truth samples from Google Maps Street View images.
# Response of Grassland Vegetation Growth to Drought in Inner Mongolia of China from 2002 to 2020
## 1 Introduction
This study aimed to answer the following questions: (1) What are spatial and temporal patterns in the characterization of Inner Mongolia grasslands, such as NDVI, EVI, GOSIF, and GPP? (2) To what extent do typical drought events influence grassland ecosystems in Inner Mongolia? (3) How do NDVI, EVI, GOSIF, and GPP reductions vary in different grassland biomes? Our results provide a more robust understanding and reduced uncertainty by applying a single data source and scientific basis to examine grassland ecosystems' responses to droughts at various levels.
# Downscaling of Remote Sensing Soil Moisture Products That Integrate Microwave and Optical Data
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Downscaling Results
#### 3.2.4 Limitations of This Study  
Machine learning models are effective in exploring nonlinear relationships between data [17; 45; 47]. Although RF and XGB perform well in many practical applications, it is difficult to understand the specific decision-making process. When choosing to use these two methods, a reasonable evaluation and selection should be made based on the needs of the specific problem, data characteristics, and available resources. At the same time, we can consider combining other models or methods to improve the overall prediction performance and model interpretability.
## 4 Classification of MAC Protocols Based on Channel
### Cooperative Multi-Channel MAC Protocols  
In this type MAC protocol, the capabilities of multiple channels and cooperative communications are integrated for performance enhancement at the MAC layer.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### SPME Fibre Selection  
Pear aromas are extremely complex and may comprise hundreds of constitutes of different physical and chemical properties. Therefore, four SPME fibres coated with different stationary phases were compared for extraction of volatile compounds. They are 100 \(\upmu\)m PDMS (nonpolar), 85 \(\upmu\)m PA (polar), 65 \(\upmu\)m PDMS/PVB (bipolar) and 50/30 \(\upmu\)m DVB/CAR/PDMS (bipolar). The aroma components of a same yali pear (_P. bertschneideri_ Reld) were analyzed for fibres comparison. The aroma extraction process was repeated for three times to guarantee the accuracy of the results. Figure 2 illustrates the peak numbers and the average peak areas for volatile compounds extracted from yali pear using different SPME fibres. A total of 146 and 163 volatile compounds were identified using 65 \(\upmu\)m PDMS/PVB and 50/30 \(\upmu\)m DVB/CAR/PDMS, respectively. The fewest compounds were extracted by 85 \(\upmu\)m PA fibre. In contrast to PDMS/PVB fibre, the use of DVB/CAR/PDMS fibre can obtain higher peak areas. The peak numbers of different classes obtained using four SPME fibres were shown in Table S1. These results indicated that the 50/30 \(\upmu\)m DVB/CAR/PDMS fibre was the optimum for extracting volatile compounds from pears. Therefore, 50/30 \(\upmu\)m DVB/CAR/PDMS fibre was selected for aroma extraction in this study.
###### Abstract
Ontologies along with semantic networks can be utilized to construct a formalized semantic network which can be used in automatic semantic evaluation of text. Formal ontologies are also useful in information comprehension especially where the models generated are too large for the analyst to manage or understand. It can reduce text complexity in the area of planning [7] by simplifying and abstracting the text. This abstraction can be applied to complex and adaptive systems in which human knowledge and technologies are interacting [8], such as the area of smart cities. This can be accomplished by revealing the main concepts that are used in a text that experts can use to determine and understand the underlying issues existent in the text and hint to possible solutions to address them. The usage of formal ontologies requires identification of semantic similarity between in the target text and concepts in the ontology. Traditional methods such as lexical approaches [9] have limited capabilities in this area. Recently, deep learning approaches have obtained high quality results in evaluating natural language similarity. They accomplish this by training models on large corpora of text to generate a high-dimensional vector space in which semantically similar words have closer vector representations. In this paper, a knowledge elicitation methodology is presented for automated evaluation of text-based policies/initiatives generated by multiple-stakeholders at different administrative levels. Semantic networks are constructed on formal ontologies using semantic fusion methods based on the Word2 Vec [10] deep learning techniques for automatic evaluation of knowledge at different abstraction levels. The methodology is demonstrated on smart city initiatives. Three smart city initiatives published by different administrative levels including international, national, and city level are evaluated in terms of relevance, coherence, and alignment of multi-level smart city initiatives. Experiments and analysis ultimately provide a holistic view of the problem to support for decision makers and policy analysts of smart cities in their quest for effective planning of smart city initiatives and policies. The rest of the paper is organized so that Section 2 reviews related work on smart city initiative studies, text-based analysis methods for smart cities, and natural language processing techniques. Section 3 describes, in detail, the knowledge elicitation methodology for the automatic evaluation of text. An experimental evaluation and analysis of multi-level smart city initiatives are provided in Section 4. Section 5 concludes the paper and provides future directions for the research.
## 4 Implementation and Operations  
### Prototype Implementation  
The designed components can be implemented with contemporary Object-Oriented languages such as Java or C++. Although Java is safer and more convenient than C++ in most respects, C++ codes can be run on more platforms than Java because some platforms do not have their own Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Since we wanted for TinyONet to be ported on a wide range of platforms including resource-restricted embedded machine, C++ is selected as the implementation language. We also anticipated that C++ code can be easily converted into Java with a little effort.  
We implemented TinyONet on a commercial embedded Linux machine named EMPOS-Tiny [21], which consisted of Intel XScale PXA-255 CPU, 32 Mbyte Flash memory and 64 Mbyte RAM. A target mote is a commercial product, ZigbeX [22], based on ATMega-128 CPU that has 128 Kbyte code area, 4 Kbyte EEPROM and 2 Kbyte SDRAM. The mote runs TinyOS and uses ZigBee as RF communication. Each mote can sense temperature, humidity and intensity of illumination. All motes install the _TxRx_ module for their communications. The hardware configuration is shown in Figure 3.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Simulating the Problem Scenarios
All four data sets were simulated over five seconds and contained a grid of 30 targets with frequencies chosen randomly from the set containing 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 17 Hz. These target frequencies were chosen to specifically challenge the background suppression algorithm since it performed extremely well for frequencies over 17 Hz in these scenarios. Testing higher-frequency targets would be redundant, as increasing frequency without altering the intensity range correlates directly to higher event rates, as shown in Figure 6. In turn, these higher event rates would result in improved detection performance. To ensure the simulated EVS data had correct temporal dynamics, ASSET frames were generated at 1000 frames per second and upsampled in v2e to 5000 event frames per second. Figure 6 shows the v2e-simulated ON event rates generated by the overwhelming sources, also given as the maximum over one FPA dimension, as well as the targets' ON event rates. Target event rates were calculated from scenarios absent of the overwhelming source since attributing specific, convoluted events to individual sources is impossible in these scenarios (Figure 2). True target event rates in the presence of the overwhelming source are expected to be lower than the figure depicts. As shown by the shape of the overwhelming sources' event rates, the strongest overwhelming source was chosen to maximize the achievable ASSET/v2e combined model event rate.
# Twitter-Based Safety Confirmation System for Disaster Situations
## 3 Proposed Application T-@npi
### Twitter Adoption  
In the proposed application, Twitter was adopted for the following reasons:  
* Twitter is a widely used service. Consequently, most users are conversant with it, and thus, they can use the proposed application easily. Moreover, since users do not often use existing services such as 171 and web171, they are not familiar with using them, and this has been a bottleneck in regard to the acceptance of these applications. The application proposed in this paper addresses this problem.  
Although Twitter has been previously used for rescue requests and other information sharing, rescue requests are not supported by the existing services such as 171 and web171. Therefore, these services are limited to the communication of safety information only. The proposed system overcomes this limitation.
* The proposed system is inexpensive. As information is exchanged only on Twitter, the proposed system requires no large-scale hardware.
* The system administrators and operators do not need to maintain their individual information because all users are uniquely identified by their respective Twitter IDs.
* Unlike Facebook and LINE, Twitter is an open social media, meaning that the proposed application supports mutual and public help.
# Multimedia Vision for the Visually Impaired through 2D Multiarray Braille Display
## 3 Proposed eBook Reader Application for 2D Braille Display
### Components and the Design of 2D Braille Display for the VI
#### 3.4.2 Setting Options for Reading the eBook by Audio, and Shortcut Function for the eBook Reader  
The keyboard design and allocation of buttons are not so different from those shown in Figure 3. The arrows located on the upper left side can be used to increase or decrease the volume of the MP3 or TTS. By long-clicking these, the speed of the TTS can be increased or decreased. Right beside the multiarray display, there are keys to navigate between pages, i.e., to go to the next or previous page. In addition, there are six function (F) keys, a backspace key, an enter key, a space key, the up/down/left/right keys, a shift (S) key, a control (C) key, a power on/off (P) key, a TTS (T) key, and a volume control key. The respective keys perform various roles such as playing or pausing TTS/audio files and saving/fetching/deleting bookmarks.  
An audio is the content feedback that is as important as braille. In this study, if a cursor was moved and touched a cell line in the case of list, the user could listen to the corresponding content by using the TTS function through the smartphone; in the case of a large text such as a book, the part that the user is currently reading is read by the TTS. The VI user can listen to the audio at any time using the setting of TTS saved by him/herself. In the TTS setting, the sound volume and speed can be controlled. The speed can be set to 0.1 times minimum and 2 times maximum. The sound volume is set the same as that of MP3, and it can be controlled by using the multimedia sound volume setting basically provided in the Android OS. Furthermore, an MP3 player is implemented so that if there is a parsed MP3 file in a corresponding eBook, it can be selected when reading the book. When an MP3 file is played, the recorded audio is played and on the braille display, the play and pause marks are expressed so that the user can understand the playing status. Moreover, in additional contents braille display, additional information of corresponding braille page and book is extracted and outputted.  
Furthermore, by using the bookmark function, the user can save a braille page of the corresponding text in a book. Favorites is similar to bookmarks, but, in this case, a book can be saved and opened immediately. A bookmark or favorite is saved in each bmk (bookmark) file format and can be deleted by the user, if required. The compression function compresses all the eBooks in background operation and by saving it in the memory buffer temporarily, it enables the user to read the book without any problem of retrieval. If the book that the user was reading is closed, it is automatically compressed again, and the book that the user has been reading is automatically saved by using Shared-Preference, a data saving method of the Android OS. This is a simple method that uses a database to save the book in the Key-Value format, and until the application is deleted, it is kept as an internal XML file of the application [41].
## 1 Introduction
Their results are robust with respect to thermal and condensed phase conditions and are supported by experimental evidence. For instance, solvent environment was recently shown to be sensitive to positively chirped pulses, and a dependence of the optimal chirp with respect to the displacement between excited and ground state's molecular potentials was also found. On the way to find the optimal chirp for coherent manipulations, the electronic dephasing rate is theoretically studied to take both effects into account. It is found that for increasing dephasing times, the coherence is enhanced especially if negative chirp is added [64]. In this work we study in detail the influence of chirp, detuning and dephasing on the enhancement in population transfer and vibrational coherence in a four level system (Figure 1). We first describe the density matrix model and give the parameters used in Section 2. As mentioned above, the parameters used to solve our system are specific for the case of oxazine; however, due to the simplicity of the mathematical model that we consider, the physical mechanisms elucidated in our study are of a fundamental type and can therefore be extended to other systems. In Section 3 we show the main results obtained from the simulations. Maps showing the enhancement in the populations and the vibrational coherences have been produced by varying the incident spectral phase chirp from \(-10^{3}\) fs\({}^{2}\) to \(10^{3}\) fs\({}^{2}\) and the excitation spectral detuning from \(-5\times 10^{3}\) cm\({}^{-1}\) to \(5\times 10^{3}\) cm\({}^{-1}\). The most relevant regions in these maps are then studied in detail by plotting the evolution in time of the  
Figure 1: Schematic of the four level system showing the transition wavenumbers considered and different excitation frequencies. respective density matrix elements for the important specific cases (enhancement/suppression), and an interpretation of the observed effects is given. In Section 4 we present a study of the influence of the duration of the laser pulse on the observed enhancement effects. The influence of the laser peak intensity in some specific cases is shown in Section 5, and in Section 6 we investigate the important effect of electronic dephasing. A discussion and the conclusions are given in Section 7.