## 1 Introduction  
Electrical charges and discharges are phenomena that occur in everyday life. Electrical discharges (ESDs) can cause dangerous explosions in areas where substances with low ignition energy values are present. ESD also impacts product reliability in every aspect of today's electronic environment. The challenge of protecting electronic systems against ESD energy is present at all stages in the life of electronic hardware, including during manufacturing, storage, delivery, and use. ESD can cause data loss, temporary loss of functionality, or permanent failure. Average product losses due to ESD correspond to between 8 and 33%, and the cost of ESD defects in the electronics industry reaches billions of dollars per year [1]. Improper operator clothing in the production environment leads to approximately 30-50% of all electronic product failures detected during production [2]. Electrical charges are generated during operator movement due to triboelectric effects. Rubbing two textiles against each other can transfer electrostatic charge from one material to the other. If one or both surfaces have low conductivity, the transferred charge remains on the surface after separating them. Almost all synthetic fibers have low humidity and tend to act as insulators, thereby preventing the dissipation of electrostatic charge. ESD protection is a significant topic in automobile manufacturing plants and the aerospace industry, where a dust-free environment is required [3]. Critical components in power systems, such as cables and circuit boards, often operate at DC voltage. As a result, surface charges are prone to accumulate on the surface of the insulation, resulting in a distorted electric field and triggering electrostatic discharge. ESD is one of the leading causes of severe damage to power equipment and communication systems. Environmental conditions, i.e., air pressure, relative humidity, and temperature, vary according to application area, affecting charge transport and causing difficulties in studying the mechanism of surface discharge [4]. ESD also plays an essential role in the chemical industry and all industries that use filters. Electrical charges accumulated on the walls of a filter can cause hazardous sparks and explosions of flammable substances or combustible dust [5]. Therefore, filters must be designed to dissipate accumulated charges quickly. Small amounts (less than 5%) of conductive fibers randomly distributed in a volume or forming a conductive grid with a grid size of up to a few centimeters allow accumulated charges to be dissipated quickly. However, research is still needed to optimize the nature of the conductive fibers, the amount of conductive fibers used in the felts, and the geometry. Reducing the amount of stainless-steel fibers in a polyester felt by 1% reduces the product's cost by about 20% [6]. A dissertation by [PERSON] [6] focused on the in-depth understanding of charge conduction and dissipation mechanisms on a microscopic scale in antistatic felts and different types of fibers, such as polyester and conductive stainless-steel fibers. Variable electromagnetic fields produce electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic waves are subject to reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and absorption. Research focuses on shielding that diffuses or reflects radiation to protect against the harmful effects of radiation. Textile materials can also be used to shield against electromagnetic fields. The shielding effectiveness decreases as the diameter of the metallic wires placed in the fabric increases. Thinner conductive fibers guarantee greater shielding effectiveness. [PERSON] et al. [7] presented the results of a study of the shielding effectiveness of a unique hybrid yarn containing a ferromagnetic core and an electrically conductive wire inserted into the fabric.