## 4 Case Study Analysis and Results  
### ERP Mapping  
On the international scene, the leading ERP solutions for large companies are SAP, Oracle and Microsoft (Dynamics 365) [75]. The use of SAP is primarily in enterprise resource planning (ERP), which works to integrate different business software applications designed to work for specific types of businesses. The use of SAP has been synonymous with large corporations. On the other hand, Oracle stands for object-relational database management systems (ORDBMS) and can be hosted on numerous platforms [76]. ORDBMS versions are available from simple arrangements that can be quite well employed for personal use to enterprise-class versions. Oracle is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) that comes from the massive Oracle Corporation. Its use can be scaled to personal service as broad as the boundaries of a large company. The programming language in Oracle DBMS is SQL, commonly referred to as structured query language [77]. The most important feature of Oracle is that its scripts can be run independently. Oracle and SAP differ in that SAP consists of complex ERP software to enable the integration of multiple companies. At the same time, Oracle is delivered as an ORDBMS that can be run in business environments. Data management is possible in the enterprise using Oracle, while real-time business process management is possible with SAP [78]. SAP can be integrated with different database systems, including Oracle [79]. SAP integrates business applications using its enterprise resource planning software (ERP), while Oracle, an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), is used in business environments. Real-time business process management is available through SAP, while Oracle manages data across enterprises. SAP development can include Oracle as a database system as it can be integrated with numerous databases. Both SAP and Microsoft offer structured solutions, market leaders and are widely used in the essential companies [80]. Dynamics 365 delivers real-time results through a well-designed unified interface that allows employees to increase productivity even on the move [81]. It contains many functions such as sales, field service and marketing. Microsoft's main merit was to bring together the parts of CRM with those of ERP in a single environment. Therefore, ERP systems have significant similarities that can allow generalisations, but at the same time, they have differences that provide justifications to use SAP as the primary example concerning integration. The popularity of SAP is confirmed because KPMG offers specific ERP systems installation, configuration, integration services, testing, and training for these three providers among the so-called big four audit companies [82]. SAP, Oracle and Microsoft, also named \"the big three\" [83], are often compared in market share, users appreciation, easy-to-use, and development. Therefore, we prefer to use SAP as the leading example in the case study. Intending to find IT solutions for companies, the multinational has produced business intelligence, CRM (customer relationship management) systems and one of the most efficient ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems in the world. SAP, the acronym of \"_systems, applications and products in data processing_\", is the most widespread and practical software of the ERP array. Its characteristics make it ideal for company management; in fact, it is adopted by multinationals or large companies, but lately, SMEs are also implementing it to manage and plan all activities. The main features of this software are listed below:  
It allows combining each area of the company because all data is collected in a shared database. It has a modular structure that we will deepen below. It is customisable. That is, it presents a prescriptive approach that favours business process reengineering. This means that the program itself is implemented in such a way as to adapt it to the needs of individual companies and the particular function it will perform.