## 2 Study Area  
The G3033 Duku Expressway, located in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, spans approximately 460 km in length and has a ratio of bridges and tunnels exceeding 50%. It functions as the replacement of the original G217 Duku Highway, which only opens from July to October for safety considerations due to heavy snowfall. It enables all-weather traffic and is an important component for enhancing the resilience of Xinjiang's road network. Serving as a crucial line connecting southern and northern Xinjiang, the G3033 Duku Expressway holds significant importance for the exploitation of mineral resources, tourism development, and economic growth in the Tianshan Mountains area.  
The G3033 Duku Expressway crosses the Tianshan Mountains, which are characterized by significant topographical variations, complex landforms, densely distributed faults, and strong tectonic movement [17]. The combined effects of the area's lithology, lineaments, topography, meteorology, and hydrology have resulted in the frequent occurrence of high-speed and long-run-out landslides ranging from 200 m to 2 km [18,19]. Thus, the 2 km buffer zone of the route was chosen as our AOI (Figure 1). The study area covers approximately 2215 km\({}^{2}\) and is geographically bounded by latitudes 44.54597\({}^{\circ}\) N to 41.60042\({}^{\circ}\) N and longitudes 82.85542\({}^{\circ}\) W to 85.11153\({}^{\circ}\) W. Figure 2 shows the significant elevation changes along the Duku Expressway, showing that it traverses through diverse terrains with varying altitudes. Specifically, the elevation of the AOI ranges from 358 m (green) to 4678 m (red).  
The annual average temperature is 9.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a typical January average of \(-\)15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and an extreme minimum of \(-\)35 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In July, the average temperature reaches 18 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with an extreme maximum of 32 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This area is classified as semi-arid, with precipitation being low in all seasons except summer. Rainfall primarily occurs as heavy rain or showers, with the regions along the route experiencing heavy rain almost every year. The heavy rainfall typically concentrates between June and August, accounting for over 50% of the  
Figure 1: Area of Interest. (**a**) Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; (**b**) 2 km buffer zone of G3033 Duku Expressway. The base image was created using Google Earth online (version 10.85.0.1, Multi-threaded).  
Figure 2: Elevation of AOI.  
total annual precipitation. The main lithologies are limestone, sandstone, conglomerates, and sand-gravel.  
The surrounding population density is quite low, and the availability of resources for emergency road recovery is limited. Geological hazards along the route exhibit characteristics such as frequent occurrence, recurrence, and hidden nature. Once geological disasters occur, ensuring timely rescue operations becomes challenging. To achieve the overall goal of a safe and all-weather accessible expressway, it is imperative to conduct a landslide susceptibility assessment along the G3033 Duku Expressway, establish an accurate and efficient landslide susceptibility model, and provide quantitative data for strengthening disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities.