## 6 Cascading Failures, Co-Ordination and Cyber Security Issues in Smart Grids
In certain cases, the set points of the volt-VAR curves are only optimized leading to limitations in performance enhancements. Besides, it is also not easy to change the optimal setting of the volt-var curve every hour. There also exits an option to optimize the volt-VAR curves by considering the PV output and system losses, however, the voltage (which is a significant factor) was not considered. In a smart grid, there exists a tight coupling between information and communication technologies (ICT) and physical systems, which also comes with considerable concerns of security. The prevalent security strategies are not scalable and inadequate to address the complex nature of a smart grid. The smart grid cyber physical security remains a challenge with many questions raised related to the cyber components being compromised, robust grid topologies to withstand cyber attacks, the relation between information available and the security risk, etc. There are attacks on information accuracy, denial of information access and reconfiguration attacks. Therefore, a dynamic strategy must be explored that considers the modeling of cyber physical interactions of different sub systems in the smart grid. Cyber security must be a part of system design. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Cascading Tools** & **Developer** & **Availability** & **Description** \\ \hline ACCESS & RTE, France \& National Grid, UK & Commercial & A single software environment is provided to the user for precise specification of Varieties of uncertainties, and for their impacts to be investigated. \\ \hline CAT (Cascade Analysis Tool) & Commonwealth & Commercial & Contingency based analysis. Several of the most important parameters include thermal overload, low voltage and voltage change \\ \hline HIDDEN & Chen and [PERSON] & Research grade & Probabilistic analysis for identification of a relay/relay system which incorrectly reacts to disturbances. \\ \hline Power System & Los Alamos National & & Isolation and connectivity network analyses are performed. Considering both, base-case and component-failure conditions, the power-flow related effects are computed. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Tools for Cascading failure analysis in smart power grids. Future Developments in Network Science, Statistical Inference, Data Science and Deep Learning--Impact on Smart Grids  
A smart grid as such has revolutionized the conventional grid structure since it is integrated with various distributed components, which includes advanced metering and communication infrastructure, distributed energy resources, and electric vehicles [35; 36; 37]. The objective is to provide more fool-proof features in terms of reliability, better control [38; 39; 40; 41], improved energy efficiency and demand side management, as well as more security. Internet of things (IoT) continues to drive the different sub systems of the grid and plays a predominant role at the utility level. Therefore, considerable amounts of data would be processed, stored and analyzed for various subsystems of the smart grid. These energy data can be utilized for condition monitoring of the grid, energy management at the utility side, demand and generation forecasting, fault diagnosis, etc. Network and data science, statistical tools, and artificial intelligence (AI) can be incorporated into the smart grid for performing energy analytics, which will further improvise the performance of the grid and help in decision making. Certain popularly used AI techniques for the purpose of classifying information, demand forecasting, networking, optimizing, and formulating control strategies are the artificial neural network (ANN), reinforcement learning (RL), genetic algorithm (GA), and multi-agent systems. They have been primarily designed for renewable energy sources (RES) integration, energy storage systems (ESS) integration, demand response (DR) management, building and home energy management systems, and security. However, there are inherent challenges as well.