## 11 Omics Technology for AKI Diagnosis and Prevention  
The prevention of AKI is still a challenge, and therapeutic strategies for AKI are mostly supportive and nonspecific. In this context, AKI imperatively needs more impactful and useful prevention and therapeutic interventions.  
Recently, research in omics technologies and omics methodologies, ranging from genomics to metabolomics, has been improved. These innovative approaches investigate biological molecules, networks, pathways, and final products on a huge scale, using new generation instruments and computational and bioinformatics approaches.  
A comprehensive strategy and integration of multiomic approach could offer a deeper understanding of molecular dynamics and pathways. This strategy could offer the possibility of new and individualized approaches for early detection, specific treatment, and effective prevention on an individual basis.  
Given the multifaceted features of AKI, -omic analysis, together with clinical data and disease features, can be helpful to recognize and identify molecules involved in the mechanism that could be used as biomarkers (for example: prognostic biomarkers, biomarkers associated with therapy, prediction biomarkers, and biomarkers to develop precision medicine) [59].  
In order to ameliorate patient's outcome, recognition of biomarkers to identify AKI progression, to evaluate the need of renal replacement therapy, and to predict the response to therapy, as well as the grade of renal regeneration or residual CKD post-AKI, would be useful. Recently, many novel biomarkers have been described as early detectors of AKI. Unfortunately, the majority of those are associated only and strictly to a single physiopathologic mechanism, for example tubular injury. This observation can clarify why these markers often have failed in AKI secondary to other pathological processes or with heterogeneous origin [63].  
Recently, the introduction of proteomics and metabolomics highlighted how a single isolated molecule cannot entirely explain the multifaceted pathogenesis of AKI. In this context, integrating different markers in one biomarker panel could be a good and desirable goal [58]. Numerous biochemical methodologies are used for proteomics research.  
The identification of novel biomarkers for a promptly and early diagnosis of AKI is a promising field of coming research. An ideal biomarker for AKI should meet different requirements. For example, it should be appropriate in pre-analytical setting, it should be specific and sensitive, accurate, stable, reliable, standardized, fast, and cheap.  
Unique and comprehensive biomarker for AKI will not capture all clinical conditions caused by AKI [63]. Promising results about -omics application for AKI are mainly available in the context of sepsis-associated AKI (SA-AKI), with biomarkers aiming to predict the risk of AKI development [64; 65; 66] or worse outcomes [67; 68; 69]. Other examples include biomarkers in the context of AKI after cardiac surgery [70; 71], and urinary markers [72; 73; 74] or plasmatic markers associated with renal recovery [75; 76]. A complete panel with multiple and appropriate AKI biomarkers could be successfully applied and improve performance for AKI diagnosis and could be more sensitive, specific, and predictive with respect to the single marker evaluation system [77; 78] and could be useful in early identification of AKI complications, including involvement of other organs (cardio-renal syndrome, hepato-renal syndrome, etc.).