## 1 Introduction
In biological material that has been subjected to an electric field, as a result of the impact of electrical impulses on cell membranes, a significant increase in their conductivity is observed, mainly through the formation of free spaces on the surface, the so-called pores. Their presence allows the free flow of various components through the cell membrane. Thanks to this phenomenon, it becomes possible to transfer ions, molecules and even more complex compounds (i.e., drugs, nucleic acids, monoclonal antibodies, oligonucleotides or plasmids) into the cell [23]. It is believed that the PEF can potentially be used to control and optimize the process of sprout growth and modify its composition, in particular nutritional values and bioactive ingredients [24]. PEF can also effectively stimulate germ growth and positively affect metabolism and nutrient content [24; 25]. The effect of PEF on germination depends on the type of plant and the strength of the used field, while on some species such as marigold tomato or radish no significant effect was observed. In the case of lentil, a 50% increase in germination rate was observed. The effect of changes in germination rate induced by PEF is probably associated with changes in the metabolism of amino acids occurring in seeds [25] while PEF induces electroporation causing increased membrane permeability. Electroporation is a reversible process, however, when too high values of the PEF process parameters are used, irreversible changes in the structure of the cell membrane can occur [26]. Depending on the duration and the number of pulses and the strength of the electric field, the cell membrane may even be destroyed (i.e., irreversible electroporation) [25]. Red clover _Trifolium pratense_ L. is an interesting plant. Throughout the world, it is most often known as a feed plant because it is used for fodder. There are many publications on bioactive compounds and their variability resulting from the cultivation of a mature plant. Many pharmaceutical preparations and dietary supplements [27; 28] are also obtained on the basis of this plant. There is little research on carotenoids in red clover, and no such data were found in the available literature. Research and modelling of carotenoids content in red clover sprouts are innovative. It should be noted that it has been confirmed that red clover sprouts are a rich source of bioactive compounds, including isoflav, compounds with similar effects to oestrogen and can supplement the daily diet [6]. Another factor more and more often considered in the scientific literature, regarding the plants' cultivation, including sprouts, is the effect of light of different wavelengths on growth factors, as well as the content of biologically active compounds, including carotenoids [29]. Light, its intensity and wavelength have a significant impact on germination and plant development. Analysing the reports of various authors, the impact of light of varying wavelengths on sprouts of plants of different species is different. There is no information on the effect of light of varying wavelengths on the content of carotenoids in red clover sprouts. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to attempt to model the content of carotenoids in red clover sprouts using the effects of the PEF on their cultivation and the light of different wavelengths during their growth.