## 1 Introduction
### Study Area  
This research focuses on Cluj County, situated in the North-West Region of Romania, covering 6674 km\({}^{2}\) (2.8% of Romania's territory) and with a population of 679,141 as per the 2021 census. It is a strategically positioned and economically influential county, ranking second after Bucharest in Romania's economic landscape [34]. The diverse landforms include the Apuseni Mountains in the west, surrounded by basins, plateaus, and hills, forming a complex topography [35] (Figure 1). Because of its geographical location and degree of economic development, Cluj County has a strategic position that allows for the polarization of large areas within the Transylvanian Basin and even beyond. Economic activities as well as its demographic, cultural, and tourist attractiveness provide a high potential for economic development and therefore an increased impact and higher degree of influence over the neighboring areas. The land use in Cluj County comprises 63.8% agricultural land, 25.1% forest, 2.9% construction, and 1.8% transport infrastructure, with 5% identified as degraded or unproductive. Slope processes, including landslides and soil erosion, pose natural threats, impacting agriculture and infrastructure. A comprehensive study mapped 3836 active and stabilized landslides, emphasizing the need for spatial planning to address natural risk assessments and mitigate potential disruptions to human activity. The housing stock in Cluj County has seen rapid growth, especially after 2006, with 2011-2018 witnessing the highest construction activity. Considering this accelerated urbanization, it is crucial to assess potential risks associated with territorial expansion. In order to study the spatial distribution and determine the conditions for the emergence of such processes, 3836 active and stabilized landslides were mapped after thorough field investigations. Stable landslides may potentially reactivate and all landslides were assessed to obtain cause-effect-type information and to create a complete inventory of all the geomorphic processes that endanger human activity and the slope balance. The spatial planning process therefore takes into account aspects related to natural risk assessment, the identification of cause-effect-type relations, and the impact assessment on human activities. The housing stock in Cluj County has shown a greater and faster expansion of its built-up stock compared to the whole country. While between 1990 and 2006 the growth was constant, after this year the built stock registered a rather vertiginous increase, with 2011-2018 being the construction period with the most dwellings by total number, namely 33,000 [34]. It is therefore important that the territory is assessed in terms of potential risks that may manifest themselves in the context of accelerated urbanization. In Anne 7 of Law 575 of 22 October 2001 on the approval of the National Territorial Planning Plan-Section V-Natural risk areas [26], the administrative-territorial units affected by landslides are listed by county, and the landslide potential and type (primary or reactivated) are mentioned for each locality. In the case of Cluj county, 27 TAUs are included,  
Figure 1: Geographical position of the study area and main features of Cluj County. including two municipalities (Cluj-Napoca and Dej), one town (Huedin) and 24 communes. Regarding the landslide production potential, the high potential predominates, present in 56% of the TAUs, followed by medium (26%), medium-low (15%), and low (4%). In 55% of the TAUs, primary landslides predominate, and in 45%, there are reactivated landslides. In Cluj-Napoca, Cojocna, and Sanpaul, both types of landslide (primary and reactivated) are encountered. According to the North-West Region Development Plan, in 2017, an area of 95,500 ha was affected by landslides in the region; in Cluj county, the total area affected by natural processes in 2018 was 47,508 ha, which represents 50% of the entire region [30].