# A 5G V2X Ecosystem Providing Internet of Vehicles +
## 3 5G Standards and Features
### 5G Features  
The 5G mobile communications systems are considered as new disruptive technology and can be an end-to-end ecosystem that will allow a fully mobile and connected society. Examples of design aspects for 5G architectures were presented by [33; 34]. The 5G networks will account on the new radio, supporting technologies such as LTE-A, mmWave, Wi-Fi and Wireless Gigabit (WiGig), serving from cells with ultra-density to D2D [35; 36]. The set of required resources and functionalities to develop the 5G network is provided through reference architectures found at the 3 GPP Release 15 [37] and Technical Specification (TS) 23.501 [38]. The 5G network use cases are typed by enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) and Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC) [39]. Access to multimedia content, services and data such as virtual reality and augmented reality are typical applications of eMBB use case, providing a perfect user experience. mMTC use case is characterized by the Internet of Things (IoT) and D2D applications use with large number of connected devices and typical transmission of low volume data and non-delay-sensitive, with low-cost devices and long battery life. Wireless control of industrial manufacturing or production processes, IoT applications, remote medical surgery, delivery automation in a smart grid and transportation safety are examples of URLLC use case, demanding stringent requirements for reliability, latency, and network availability. The 5G Access Network (5G-AN) can be designed in the 5G network considering the following aspects: outdoor or indoor, wide area macro or micro coverage. The types of 5G deployment scenarios are rural, suburban, urban, dense urban and indoor. The Rural Macro (RMa) environment focuses on larger and continuous coverage, supporting high-speed vehicles. The Suburban Macro (SMa) focuses on residential areas coverage as well as on rural towns with low-rise buildings. The Urban Macro (UMa) usually has on large cells and continuous and ubiquitous coverage. Dense Urban or Urban Micro (UMi) has high traffic loads, outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor coverage. Finally, Indoor Hotspot (InH) is characterized by small coverage and high capacity. Considering 5G a heterogeneous high-speed network, several advanced features are expected and its development is a rather complex process. The operational network efficiency improvement will occur through technologies integration and use, such as cloud, fog, VANETs, Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and SDN [40; 41]. Figure 2 shows a 5G system integration view and its relationship with SDN. The services offered on the 5G network are the application layer. The SDN paradigm allows a network to be directly programmable by decoupling the control plane and the data plane. It puts the network intelligence on SDN controllers enabling the network dynamic management [42]. As Figure 2 shows, the business applications layer has the services and it communicates with the management and orchestration layer. Technologies such as LTE-A and mmWave with high frequencies, are part of the physical system, called convergent layer. The SDN functional architecture is composed by the Infrastructure layer represented by the data plane with the network elements, the Control layer represented by the SDN controller and, finally, the Application layer represented by the service plane with the services and the applications. Between the layers, there are the Southbound Interface (SBI) and Northbound Interface (NBI) that are communication interfaces which, respectively, pass along the characteristics of the network elements to the controller via the Data-Controller Plane Interface (D-CPI), and via the Application-Controller Plane Interface (A-CPI) connect it to the SDN application. The coordinators are responsible by the resources installation and by specific policies passed from the management layer through the Operations Support System (OSS) or Business Support System (BSS).